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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 20:11:03 -0700 |
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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 20:11:03 -0700 |
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You may copy it, give it away or re-use + it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License <a href= + "#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this eBook</a> or + online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class= + "tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a></p> + </div> + <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +Title: The Old Testament In the Light of The Historical Records and Legends + of Assyria and Babylonia + +Author: Theophilus Goldridge Pinches + +Release Date: January 31, 2012 [Ebook #38732] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE OLD TESTAMENT IN THE LIGHT OF THE HISTORICAL RECORDS AND LEGENDS OF ASSYRIA AND BABYLONIA*** +</pre> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"></div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style= + "font-size: 173%">The Old Testament</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.44em"><span style= + "font-size: 144%">In the Light of</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.44em"><span style= + "font-size: 144%">The Historical Records and Legends</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.44em"><span style= + "font-size: 144%">of Assyria and Babylonia</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">By</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.44em"><span style= + "font-size: 144%">Theophilus G. Pinches</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">LL.D., M.R.A.S.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">Published under the + direction of the Tract Committee</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style= + "font-size: 120%">Third Edition—Revised, With Appendices and + Notes</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">London:</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">Society For Promoting + Christian Knowledge</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">1908</p> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Contents</span></h1> + + <ul class="tei tei-index tei-index-toc"> + <li><a href="#toc1">Foreword</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc3">Chapter I. The Early Traditions Of The + Creation.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc5">Chapter II. The History, As Given In The Bible, + From The Creation To The Flood.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc7">Chapter III. The Flood.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc9">Appendix. The Second + Version Of The Flood-Story.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc11">Chapter IV. Assyria, Babylonia, And The + Hebrews, With Reference To The So-Called Genealogical + Table.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc13">The Tower Of + Babel.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc15">The Patriarchs To + Abraham.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc17">Chapter V. Babylonia At The Time Of + Abraham.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc19">The Religious + Element.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc21">The King.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc23">The People.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc25">“Year of Šamaš and + Rimmon.”</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc27">Chapter VI. Abraham.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc29">Salem.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc31">Chapter VII. Isaac, Jacob, And + Joseph.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc33">Chapter VIII. The Tel-El-Amarna Tablets And + The Exodus.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc35">Chapter IX. The Nations With Whom The + Israelites Came Into Contact.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc37">Amorites.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc39">Hittites.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc41">Jebusites.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc43">Girgashites.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc45">Moabites.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc47">Chapter X. Contact Of The Hebrews With The + Assyrians.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc49">Sennacherib.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc51">Esarhaddon.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href= + "#toc53">Aššur-Banî-Âpli.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc55">Chapter XI. Contact Of The Hebrews With The + Later Babylonians.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc57">Chapter XII. Life At Babylon During The + Captivity, With Some Reference To The Jews.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc59">Chapter XIII. The Decline Of Babylon.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc61">Appendix. The Stele Inscribed With The Laws Of + Ḫammurabi.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc63">Appendix To The Third Edition.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc65">Notes And Additions.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc67">Index.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc69">Footnotes</a></li> + </ul> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-body" style= + "margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagei">[pg i]</span><a name="Pgi" id="Pgi" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><a name="Plate_I" id= + "Plate_I" class="tei tei-anchor" style="text-align: center"></a></p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"> + <img src="images/frontispiece.png" alt="Plate I." title= + "Bas-relief and inscription of Hammurabi, generally regarded as the Biblical Amraphel (Gen. xiv. 1), apparently dedicated for the saving of his life. In this he bears the title (incomplete) of “King of Amoria” (the Amorites), lugal Mar[tu], Semitic Babylonian sar mât Amurrî (see page 315)." /> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Bas-relief and inscription of Hammurabi, generally regarded as + the Biblical Amraphel (Gen. xiv. 1), apparently dedicated for the + saving of his life. In this he bears the title (incomplete) of + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center">“King of + Amoria”</span> (the Amorites), <span class="tei tei-foreign" + style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">lugal + Mar[tu]</span></span>, Semitic Babylonian <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: center"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sar mât Amurrî</span></span> (see page + <a href="#Pg315" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: center">315</a>). + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="pageii">[pg ii]</span><a name= + "Pgii" id="Pgii" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“There is a charm in finding ourselves, our common + humanity, our puzzles, our cares, our joys, in the writings of men + severed from us by race, religion, speech, and half the gulf of + historical time, which no other literary pleasure can + equal.”</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Andrew Lang.</span></span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="pageiii">[pg iii]</span><a name= + "Pgiii" id="Pgiii" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc1" id="toc1"></a> <a name="pdf2" id="pdf2"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Foreword</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The present work, + being merely a record of things for the most part well known to + students and others, cannot, on that account, contain much that is + new. All that has been aimed at is, to bring together as many of the + old discoveries as possible in a new dress.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It has been + thought well to let the records tell their story as far as possible + in their own way, by the introduction of translations, thus breaking + the monotony of the narrative, and also infusing into it an element + of local colour calculated to bring the reader into touch, as it + were, with the thoughts and feelings of the nations with whom the + records originated. Bearing, as it does, upon the life, history, and + legends of the ancient nations of which it treats, controversial + matter has been avoided, and the higher criticism left altogether + aside.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Assyriology (as + the study of the literature and antiquities of the Babylonians and + Assyrians is called) being a study still in the course of + development, improvements in the renderings of the inscriptions will + doubtless from time to time be made, and before many months have + passed, things now obscure may have new light thrown upon them, + necessitating the revision of such portions as may be affected + thereby. It is intended to utilize in future editions any new + discoveries which may come to light, and every effort will be made to + keep the book up to date.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For shortcomings, + whether in the text or in the translations, the author craves the + indulgence of the reader, merely pleading the difficult and exacting + nature of the study, and the lengthy chronological period to which + the book refers.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A little + explanation is probably needful upon the question of pronunciation. + The vowels in Assyro-Babylonian should <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "pageiv">[pg iv]</span><a name="Pgiv" id="Pgiv" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> be uttered as in Italian or German. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ḫ</span></span> is a strong guttural like the + Scotch <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ch</span></span> in <span class= + "tei tei-q">“loch”</span>; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">m</span></span> had sometimes the pronunciation + of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">w</span></span>, as in Tiamtu (= Tiawthu), so + that the spelling of some of the words containing that letter may + later have to be modified. The pronunciation of <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s</span></span> and + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">š</span></span> is doubtful, but Assyriologists + generally (and probably wrongly) give the sound of <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s</span></span> to the + former and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sh</span></span> to the latter. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">T</span></span> was + often pronounced as <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">th</span></span>, and probably always had that + sound in the feminine endings <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">-tu</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">-ti</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">-ta</span></span>, or <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">at</span></span>, so + that Tiamtu, for instance, may be pronounced Tiawthu, + Tukulti-âpil-Êšarra (Tiglath-pileser), Tukulthi-âpil-Êšarra, etc., + etc., and in such words as <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">qâtâ</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“the + hands,”</span> <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">šumāti</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“names,”</span> and many others, this was probably always + the case. In the names Âbil-Addu-nathanu and Nathanu-yâwa this + transcription has been adopted, and may be regarded as correct. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">P</span></span> was likewise often aspirated, + assuming the sound of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ph</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">f</span></span>, and + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">k</span></span> assumed, at least in later + times, a sound similar to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ḫ (kh)</span></span>, whilst <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">b</span></span> seems + sometimes to have been pronounced as <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">v</span></span>. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">G</span></span> was, to all appearance, never + soft, as in <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gem</span></em>, but may sometimes have been + aspirated. Each member of the group <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ph</span></span> is + pronounced separately. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ṭ</span></span> is an emphatic <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">t</span></span>, + stronger than in the word <span class="tei tei-q">“time.”</span> A + terminal <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">m</span></span> represents the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mimmation</span></span>, which, in later times, + though written, was not pronounced.</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">The second edition, issued in 1903, was revised and + brought up to date, and a translation of the Laws of Ḫammurabi, with + notes, and a summary of Delitzsch's</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"> + <span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Babel und + Bibel</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, were appended. + For the third edition the work has again been revised, with the + help of the recently-issued works of King, Sayce, Scheil, Winckler, + and others. At the time of going to press, the author was unable to + consult Knudtzon's new edition of the Tel-el-Amarna tablets beyond + his No. 228, but wherever it was available, improvements in the + translations were made. In addition to revision, the Appendix has + been supplemented by paragraphs upon the discoveries at + Boghaz-Keui, a mutilated letter from a personage named Belshazzar, + and translations of the papyri referring to the Jewish temple at + Elephantine.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">New material may still be expected from the + excavations in progress at Babylon, Susa, Ḫattu, and various other + sites in the nearer East.</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Theophilus G. + Pinches.</span></span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page009">[pg 009]</span><a name= + "Pg009" id="Pg009" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc3" id="toc3"></a> <a name="pdf4" id="pdf4"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter I. The Early Traditions Of The + Creation.</span></h1> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The Hebrew account—Its principal + points—The Babylonian account—The story of the Creation properly so + called—The version given by the Greek authors—Comparison of the + Hebrew and the Greek accounts—The likenesses—The differences—Bêl and + the Dragon—The epilogue—Sidelights (notes upon the religion of the + Babylonians).</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To find out how + the world was made, or rather, to give forth a theory accounting + for its origin and continued existence, is one of the subjects that + has attracted the attention of thinking minds among all nations + having any pretension to civilization. It was, therefore, to be + expected that the ancient Babylonians and Assyrians, far advanced + in civilization as they were at an exceedingly early date, should + have formed opinions thereupon, and placed them on record as soon + as those opinions were matured, and the art of writing had been + perfected sufficiently to enable a serviceable account to be + composed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This, naturally, + did not take place all at once. We may take it for granted that the + history of the Creation grew piece by piece, as different minds + thought over and elaborated it. The first theories we should expect + to find more or less improbable—wild stories of serpents and gods, + emblematic of the conflicting powers of good and evil, which, with + them, had their origin before the advent of mankind upon the + earth.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But all men + would not have the same opinion of the way in which the universe + came into existence, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page010">[pg + 010]</span><a name="Pg010" id="Pg010" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + and this would give rise, as really happened in Babylonia, to + conflicting accounts or theories, the later ones less improbable + than, and therefore superior to, the earlier. The earlier + Creation-legend, being a sort of heroic poem, would remain popular + with the common people, who always love stories of heroes and + mighty conflicts, such as those in which the Babylonians and + Assyrians to the latest times delighted, and of which the Semitic + Babylonian Creation-story consists.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As the ages + passed by, and the newer theories grew up, the older popular ones + would be elaborated, and new ideas from the later theories of the + Creation would be incorporated, whilst, at the same time, mystical + meanings would be given to the events recorded in the earlier + legends to make them fit in with the newer ones. This having been + done, the scribes could appeal at the same time to both ignorant + and learned, explaining how the crude legends of the past were but + a type of the doctrines put forward by the philosophers of later + and more enlightened days, bringing within the range of the + intellect of the unlearned all those things in which the more + thoughtful spirits also believed. By this means an enlightened + monotheism and the grossest polytheism could, and did, exist side + by side, as well as clever and reasonable cosmologies along with + the strangest and wildest legends.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus it is that + we have from the literature of two closely allied peoples, the + Babylonians and the Hebrews, accounts of the Creation of the world + so widely differing, and, at the same time, possessing, here and + there, certain ideas in common—ideas darkly veiled in the old + Babylonian story, but clearly expressed in the comparatively late + Hebrew account.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It must not be + thought, however, that the above theory as to the origin of the + Hebrew Creation-story interferes in any way with the doctrine of + its inspiration. We are not bound to accept the opinion so + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page011">[pg 011]</span><a name= + "Pg011" id="Pg011" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> generally held by + theologians, that the days of creation referred to in Genesis i. + probably indicate that each act of creation—each day—was revealed + in seven successive dreams, in order, to the inspired writer of the + book. The opinion held by other theologians, that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“inspiration”</span> simply means that the writer was + moved by the Spirit of God to choose from documents already + existing such portions as would serve for our enlightenment and + instruction, adding, at the same time, such additions of his own as + he was led to think to be needful, may be held to be a satisfactory + definition of the term in question.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Without, + therefore, binding ourselves down to any hard and fast line as to + date, we may regard, for the purposes of this inquiry, the Hebrew + account of the Creation as one of the traditions handed down in the + thought of many minds extending over many centuries, and as having + been chosen and elaborated by the inspired writer of Genesis for + the purpose of his narrative, the object of which was to set forth + the origin of man and the Hebrew nation, to which he belonged, and + whose history he was about to narrate in detail.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Hebrew story + of the Creation, as detailed in Genesis i., may be regarded as one + of the most remarkable documents ever produced. It must not be + forgotten, however, that it is a document that is essentially + Hebrew. For the author of this book the language of God and of the + first man was Hebrew—a literary language, showing much phonetic + decay. The retention of this matter (its omission not being + essential at the period of the composition of the book) is probably + due, in part, to the natural patriotism of the writer, overruling + what ought to have been his inspired common-sense. How this is to + be explained it is not the intention of the writer of this book to + inquire, the account of the Creation and its parallels being the + subject in hand at present.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The question of + language apart, the account of the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page012">[pg 012]</span><a name="Pg012" id="Pg012" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Creation in Genesis is in the highest degree + a common-sense one. The creation of (1) the heaven, and (2) the + earth; the darkness—not upon the face of the earth, but upon the + face of the deep. Then the expansion dividing the waters above from + the waters below on the earth. In the midst of this waste of waters + dry land afterwards appears, followed by the growth of vegetation. + But the sun and the moon had not yet been appointed, nor the stars, + all of which come into being at this point. Last of all are + introduced the living things of the earth—fish, and bird, and + creeping thing, followed by the animals, and, finally, by man.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is noteworthy + and interesting that, in this account, the acts of creation are + divided into seven periods, each of which is called a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“day,”</span> and begins, like the natural day in the + time-reckoning of the Semitic nations, with the + evening—<span class="tei tei-q">“and it was evening, and it was + morning, day one.”</span> It describes what the heavenly bodies + were for—they were not only to give light upon the earth—they were + also for signs, for seasons, for days, and for years.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And then, + concerning man, a very circumstantial account is given. He was to + have dominion over everything upon the earth—the fish of the sea, + the fowl of the air, the cattle, and every creeping thing. All was + given to him, and he, like the creatures made before him, was told + to <span class="tei tei-q">“be fruitful, and multiply, and + replenish the earth.”</span> It is with this crowning work of + creation that the first chapter of the Book of Genesis ends.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The second + chapter refers to the seventh day—the day of rest, and is followed + by further details of the creation, the central figure of which is + the last thing created, namely, man. This chapter reads, in part, + like a recapitulation of the first, but contains many additional + details. <span class="tei tei-q">“No plant of the field was yet in + the earth, and no herb ... had sprung up: for the Lord <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page013">[pg 013]</span><a name="Pg013" id="Pg013" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> God had not caused it to rain ..., and + there was not a man to till the ground.”</span> A mist, therefore, + went up from the earth, and watered all the face of the ground. + Then, to till the earth, man was formed from the dust of the + ground, and the Lord God <span class="tei tei-q">“breathed into his + nostrils the breath of life, and man became a living + soul.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The + newly-created man was, at this time, innocent, and was therefore to + be placed by his Creator in a garden of delight, named Eden, and + this garden he was to dress and keep. A hidden danger, however, lay + in this pleasant retreat—the tree of knowledge of good and evil, of + which he was forbidden to eat, but which was to form for him a + constant temptation, for ever testing his obedience. All might have + been well, to all appearance, but for the creation of woman, who, + giving way to the blandishments of the tempter, in her turn tempted + the man, and he fell. Death in the course of nature was the + penalty, the earthly paradise was lost, and all chance of eating of + the tree of life, and living for ever, disappeared on man's + expulsion from his first abode of delight.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the course of + this narrative interesting details are given—the four rivers, the + country through which they flowed, and their precious mineral + products; the naming of the various animals by the man; the forming + of woman from one of his ribs; the institution of marriage, + etc.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such is, in + short, the story of the Creation as told in the Bible, and it is + this that we have to compare with the now well-known parallel + accounts current among the ancient Babylonians and Assyrians. And + here may be noted at the outset that, though we shall find some + parallels, we shall, in the course of our comparison, find a far + greater number of differences, for not only were they produced in a + different land, by a different people, but they were also produced + under different conditions. Thus, Babylonian polytheism takes the + place of the severe and uncompromising <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page014">[pg 014]</span><a name="Pg014" id="Pg014" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> monotheism of the Hebrew account in Genesis; + Eden was, to the Babylonians, their own native land, not a country + situated at a remote distance; and, lastly, but not least, their + language, thoughts, and feelings differed widely from those of the + dwellers in the Holy Land.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Babylonian + story of the Creation is a narrative of great interest to all who + occupy themselves with the study of ancient legends and folklore. + It introduces us not only to exceedingly ancient beliefs concerning + the origin of the world on which we live, but it tells us also of + the religion, or, rather, the religious beliefs, of the + Babylonians, and enables us to see something of the changes which + those beliefs underwent before adopting the form in which we find + them at the time this record was composed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A great deal has + been written about the Babylonian story of the Creation. As is well + known, the first translation of these documents was by him who + first discovered their nature, the late George Smith, who gave them + to the world in his well-known book, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Chaldean Account + of Genesis</span></span>, in 1875. Since that time numerous other + translations have appeared, not only in England, but also on the + Continent. Among those who have taken part in the work of studying + and translating these texts may be named Profs. Sayce, Oppert, + Hommel, and Delitzsch, the last-named having both edited the first + edition of Smith's book (the first issued on this subject on the + Continent), and published one of the last and most complete + editions of the whole legend yet placed before the public. To Prof. + Sayce, as well as to Prof. Hommel, belongs the honour of many + brilliant suggestions as to the tendency of the texts of the + creation as a whole: Prof. Oppert was the first to point out that + the last tablet of the series was not, as Smith thought, an + <span class="tei tei-q">“Address to primitive man,”</span> but an + address to the god Merodach as the restorer of order out of chaos; + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page015">[pg 015]</span><a name= + "Pg015" id="Pg015" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> whilst Delitzsch has + perhaps (being almost the last to write upon it) improved the + translation more than many of his predecessors in the work.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Before + proceeding to deal with the legend itself, a few remarks upon the + tablets and the text that they bear will probably not be considered + out of place. There are, in all likelihood, but few who have not + seen in the British Museum or elsewhere those yellow baked + terra-cotta tablets of various sizes and shapes, upon which the + Babylonians and Assyrians were accustomed to write their records. + And well it is for the science of Assyriology that they used this + exceedingly durable material. I have said that the tablets are + yellow in colour, and this is generally the case, but the tint + varies greatly, and may approach dark grey or black, and even + appear as a very good sage-green. The smaller tablets are often + cushion-shaped, but, with some few exceptions, they are + rectangular, like those of larger size. The writing varies so + considerably that the hand of the various scribes can sometimes be + distinguished. In the best class of tablets every tenth line is + often numbered—a proof that the Assyrians and Babylonians were very + careful with the documents with which they had to deal. The + Babylonian tablets closely resemble the Assyrian, but the style of + the writing differs somewhat, and it is, in general, more difficult + to read than the Assyrian. None of the tablets of the + Creation-series are, unfortunately, perfect, and many of the + fragments are mere scraps, but as more than one copy of each + anciently existed, and has survived, the wanting parts of one text + can often be supplied from another copy. That copies come from + Babylon as well as from Nineveh is a very fortunate circumstance, + as our records are rendered more complete thereby.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Of the obverse + of the first tablet very little, unfortunately, remains, but what + there is extant is of the highest interest. Luckily, we have the + beginning of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page016">[pg + 016]</span><a name="Pg016" id="Pg016" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + this remarkable legend, which runs, according to the latest and + best commentaries, as follows—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">When on + high the heavens were unnamed,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Beneath the earth bore not a + name:</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The primæval ocean was their + producer;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Mummu Tiamtu was she who begot + the whole of them.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Their waters in one united + themselves, and</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The plains were not outlined, + marshes were not to be seen.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">When none of the gods had come + forth,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">They bore no name, the fates + [had not been determined].</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">There were produced the gods + [all of them?]:</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Laḫmu and Laḫamu went forth [as + the first?]:</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The ages were great, [the times + were long?].</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Anšar and Kišar were produced + and over th[em]....</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Long grew the days; there came + forth (?)...</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The god Anu, their + son.....</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Anšar, the god Anu......</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such is the + tenor of the opening lines of the Babylonian story of the Creation, + and the differences between the two accounts are striking enough. + Before proceeding, however, to examine and compare them, a few + words upon the Babylonian version may not be without value.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">First we must + note that the above introduction to the legend has been excellently + explained and commented upon by the Syrian writer Damascius. The + following is his explanation of the Babylonian teaching concerning + the creation of the world—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“But the Babylonians, like the rest of the Barbarians, + pass over in silence the one principle of the Universe, and they + constitute two, Tauthé and Apason, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page017">[pg 017]</span><a name="Pg017" id="Pg017" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> making Apason the husband of Tauthé, and + denominating her the mother of the gods. And from these proceeds an + only-begotten son, Moumis, which, I conceive, is no other than the + intelligible world proceeding from the two principles. From them, + also, another progeny is derived, Daché and Dachos; and again a + third, Kissaré and Assoros, from which last three others proceed, + Anos, and Illinos, and Aos. And of Aos and Dauké is born a son + called Belos, who, they say, is the fabricator of the world, the + Creator.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The likeness of + the names given in this extract from Damascius will be noticed, and + will probably also be recognized as a valuable verification of the + certainty now attained by Assyriologists in the reading of the + proper names. In Tiamtu, or, rather, Tiawthu, will be easily + recognized the Tauthé of Damascius, whose son, as appears from a + later fragment, was called Mummu (= Moumis). Apason he gives as the + husband of Tauthé, but of this we know nothing from the Babylonian + tablet, which, however, speaks of this Apason (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">apsû</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the abyss”</span>), which corresponds with the + <span class="tei tei-q">“primæval ocean”</span> of the Babylonian + tablet.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Daché and + Dachos it is easy to see that there has been a confusion between + Greek Λ and Δ, which so closely resemble each other. Daché and + Dachos should, therefore, be corrected into Laché and Lachos, the + Laḫmu and Laḫamu (better Laḫwu and Laḫawu) of the Babylonian text. + They were the male and female personifications of the heavens. + Anšar and Kišar are the Greek author's Assoros and Kisaré, the + <span class="tei tei-q">“Host of Heaven”</span> and the + <span class="tei tei-q">“Host of Earth”</span> respectively. The + three proceeding from them, Anos, Illinos, and Aos, are the + well-known Anu, the god of the heavens; Illil, for En-lila, the + Sumerian god of the earth and the Underworld; and Aa or Ea, the god + of the waters, who seems to have been <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page018">[pg 018]</span><a name="Pg018" id="Pg018" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> identified by some with Yau or Jah. Aa or Ea + was the husband of Damkina, or Dawkina, the Dauké of Damascius, + from whom, as he says, Belos, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> Bel-Merodach, was born, and + if he did not <span class="tei tei-q">“fabricate the world,”</span> + at least he ordered it anew, after his great fight with the Dragon + of Chaos, as we shall see when we come to the third tablet of the + series.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After the lines + printed above the text is rather defective, but it would seem that + the god Nudimmud (Ae or Ea), <span class="tei tei-q">“the wise and + open of ear,”</span> next came into existence. A comparison is then + apparently made between these deities on the one hand, and Tiamtu, + Apsû, and Mummu on the other—to the disadvantage of the latter. On + Apsû complaining that he had no peace by day nor rest by night on + account of the ways of the gods, their sons, it was at last + determined to make war upon them.</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">They + have become hostile, and at the side of Tiamtu they + advance,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Storming, planning, not resting + night and day,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">They make ready for battle, + wrathful (and) raging.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">They assemble themselves + together, and make ready (for) the strife.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ummu Ḫubur, she who created + everything,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Added irresistible weapons, + produced giant serpents,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Sharp of tooth, unsparing + (their) stings (?)</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">She caused poison to fill their + bodies like blood.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Raging dragons clothed she with + terrors,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">She endowed (them) with + brilliance, she made (them) like the high ones (?)</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Whoever + sees them may fright overwhelm,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">May their bodies rear on high, and may + (none) turn aside their breast.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span></span> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page019">[pg + 019]</span><a name="Pg019" id="Pg019" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">She set up the viper, the + pithon, and the Laḫamu,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Great monsters, raging dogs, + scorpion-men,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Driving demons, fish-men, and + mountain-rams,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Bearing unsparing weapons, not + fearing battle;</span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Powerful are (her) commands, and + irresistible,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">She made altogether eleven like + that,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Among the gods her firstborn, he + who had made for her a host,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Kingu, she raised among them, + him she made chief.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Those going in front before the + army, those leading the host,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Raising weapons, attacking, who + rise up (for) the fray,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The leadership of the + conflict</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">She delivered into his hand, and + caused him to sit in state (?).</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">I have + set firm thy word, in the assembly of the gods I have made + thee great,</span></span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The rule of the gods, all of + them, have I delivered into thy hand,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Only be thou great—thou, my only + husband—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Let them exalt thy name over all the + heavenly ones (?)</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">She gave him then the tablets of + fate, she placed them in his bosom:</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">As for + thee, thy command shall not be changed, may thy utterances + stand firm!</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Now Kingu is exalted, he has + taken to him the godhood of Anu,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Among the gods her sons he + determines the fates.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Open + your mouths, let the Firegod be at rest.</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Be ye fearful in the fight, let resistance + be laid low (?).</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%"> ”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page020">[pg 020]</span><a name= + "Pg020" id="Pg020" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such are the + last verses of the first tablet of the so-called story of the + Creation as known to the Babylonians, and though it would be better + named if called the Story of Bêl and the Dragon, the references to + the creation of the world that are made therein prevent the name + from being absolutely incorrect, and it may, therefore, serve, + along with the more correct one, to designate it still. As will be + gathered from the above, the whole story centres in the wish of the + goddess of the powers of evil to get creation—the production of all + that is in the world—into her own hands. In this she is aided by + certain gods, over whom she sets one, Kingu, her husband, as chief. + In the preparations that she makes she exercises her creative + powers to produce all kinds of dreadful monsters to help her + against the gods whom she wishes to overthrow, and the full and + vigorous description of her defenders, created by her own hands, + adds much to the charm of the narrative, and shows well what the + Babylonian scribes were capable of in this class of record.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The first tablet + breaks off after the speech of Tiamtu to her husband Kingu. The + second one begins by stating how Aa or Ea heard of the plot of + Tiamtu and her followers against the gods of heaven. When his first + wrath on account of this had somewhat abated, he went and related + the whole, in practically the same words as the story is given on + the two foregoing pages, to Anšar, his father, who in his turn + became filled with rage, biting his lips, and uttering cries of + deepest grief. In the mutilated lines which follow Apsû's + subjugation seems to be referred to. After this is another + considerable gap, and then comes the statement that Anšar applied + to his son Anu, <span class="tei tei-q">“the mighty and brave, + whose power is great, whose attack irresistible,”</span> saying + that if he will only speak to her, the great Dragon's anger will be + calmed and her rage disappear.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page021">[pg 021]</span><a name="Pg021" id="Pg021" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">(Anu + heard) the words of his father Anšar,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">(Took the ro)ad towards her, and + descended by her path,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Anu (went),—he examined Tiamtu's + lair, and</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(Not having power to resist her?), turned + back.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">How the god + excused himself to his father Anšar on account of his ignominious + flight we do not know, the record being again defective at this + point. With the same want of success the god Anšar then, as we + learn from another part of the narrative, applied to the god + Nudimmud, a deity who is explained in the inscriptions as being the + same as the god Aa or Ea, but whom Professor Delitzsch is rather + inclined to regard as one of the forms of Bêl.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the end the + god Merodach, the son of Aa, was asked to be the champion of the + gods against the great emblem of the powers of evil, the Dragon of + Chaos. To become, by this means, the saviour of the universe, was + apparently just what the patron-god of the city of Babylon desired, + for he seems immediately to have accepted the task of destroying + the hated Dragon—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The + lord rejoiced at his father's word,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">His heart was glad, and he saith + to his father:</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">O lord + of the gods, fate of the great gods!</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">If then I be your + avenger,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">(If) I bind Tiamtu and save + you,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Assemble together, cause to be + great, (and) proclaim ye, my lot.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">In Upšukenaku assembled, come ye + joyfully together,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Having opened my mouth, like you + also, let me the fates decide,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">That naught be changed that I + do, (even) I.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">May the word of my lips neither fail nor + altered be!</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%"> ”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page022">[pg 022]</span><a name= + "Pg022" id="Pg022" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Anšar, without + delay, calls his messenger Gaga, and directs him to summon all the + gods to a festival, where with appetite they may sit down to a + feast, to eat the divine bread and drink the divine wine, and there + let Merodach <span class="tei tei-q">“decide the fates,”</span> as + the one chosen to be their avenger. Then comes the message that + Gaga was to deliver to Laḫmu and Laḫamu, in which the rebellion of + Tiamtu is related in practically the same words as the writer used + at the beginning of the narrative to describe Tiamtu's revolt. + Merodach's proposal and request are then stated, and the message + ends with the following words—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Hasten, + and quickly decide for him your fate—</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Let him go, let him meet your mighty + foe!</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Laḫmu and Laḫamu + having heard all the words of Anšar's message, which his messenger + Gaga faithfully repeated to them, they, with the Igigi, or gods of + the heavens, broke out in bitter lamentation, saying that they + could not understand Tiamtu's acts.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then all the + great gods, who <span class="tei tei-q">“decided the fates,”</span> + hastened to go to the feast, where they ate and drank, and, + apparently with loud acclaim, <span class="tei tei-q">“decided the + fate”</span> for Merodach their avenger.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here follow the + honours conferred on Merodach on account of the mighty deed that he + had undertaken to do. They erected for him princely chambers, + wherein he sat as the great judge <span class="tei tei-q">“in the + presence of his fathers,”</span> and they praised him as the + highest honoured among the great gods, incomparable as to his + ordinances, changeless as to the word of his mouth, uncontravenable + as to his utterances. None of them would go against the authority + that was to be henceforth his domain.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page023">[pg 023]</span><a name="Pg023" id="Pg023" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Merodach, thou art he who is our + avenger,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(Over) the whole universe have we given thee + the kingdom.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">His weapons were + never to be defeated, his foes were to be smitten down, but as for + those who trusted in him, the gods prayed him that he would grant + them life, <span class="tei tei-q">“pouring out,”</span> on the + other hand, the life of the god who had begun the evil against + which Merodach was about to fight.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then, so that he + should see that they had indeed given him the power to which they + referred, they laid in their midst a garment, and in accordance + with their directions, Merodach spoke, and the garment vanished,—he + spoke, and it reappeared—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“ </span><span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Open + thy mouth, may the garment be destroyed,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Speak to it once more, and let it be + restored again!</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He spoke with his mouth, and the + garment was destroyed,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">He spoke to it again, and the garment was + reproduced.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then all the + gods called out, <span class="tei tei-q">“Merodach is king!”</span> + and they gave him sceptre, throne, and insignia of royalty, and + also an irresistible weapon, which should shatter his enemies.</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“ </span><span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Now, + go, and cut off the life of Tiamtu,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Let the winds bear away her blood to hidden + places!</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">(Thus) did the gods, his + fathers, fix the fate of Bel.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">A path of peace and goodwill they set for + him as his road.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then the god + armed himself for the fight, taking spear (or dart), bow, and + quiver. To these he added <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page024">[pg + 024]</span><a name="Pg024" id="Pg024" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + lightning flashing before him, flaming fire filling his body; the + net which his father Anu had given him wherewith to capture + <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kirbiš Tiamtu</span></span>”</span> or + <span class="tei tei-q">“Tiamtu who is in the midst,”</span> he set + north and south, east and west, in order that nothing of her might + escape. In addition to all this, he created various winds—the evil + wind, the storm, the hurricane, <span class="tei tei-q">“wind four + and seven,”</span> the harmful, the uncontrollable (?), and these + seven winds he sent forth, to confuse <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">kirbiš + Tiamtu</span></span>, and they followed after him.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Next he took his + great weapon called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">âbubu</span></span>, and mounted his dreadful, + irresistible chariot, to which four steeds were yoked—steeds + unsparing, rushing forward, flying along, their teeth full of + venom, foam-covered, experienced (?) in galloping, schooled for + overthrowing. Merodach being now ready for the fray, he fared forth + to meet the Dragon.</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Then, + they clustered around him, the gods clustered around + him,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The gods his fathers clustered + around him, the gods clustered around him.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">And the lord advanced, Tiamtu's + retreat regarding</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Examining the lair of Kingu her + consort.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The sight of the + enemy was so menacing, that even the great Merodach began to falter + and lose courage, whereat the gods, his helpers, who accompanied + him, were greatly disturbed in their minds, fearing approaching + disaster. The king of the gods soon recovered himself, however, and + uttered to the demon a longish challenge, on hearing which she + became as one possessed, and cried aloud. Muttering then + incantations and charms, she called the gods of battle to arms, and + the great fight for the rule of the universe began.</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The + lord spread wide his net, made it enclose her.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The evil wind following behind, + he sent on before.</span> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page025">[pg + 025]</span><a name="Pg025" id="Pg025" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Tiamtu opened her mouth as much + as she could.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He caused the evil wind to enter + so that she could not close her lips,</span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The angry winds filled out her + body,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Her heart was overpowered, wide opened she + her mouth.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Being now at the + mercy of the conqueror, the divine victor soon made an end of the + enemy of the gods, upon whose mutilated body, when dead, he stood + triumphantly. Great fear now overwhelmed the gods who had gone over + to her side, and fought against the heavenly powers, and they fled + to save their lives. Powerless to escape, however, they were + captured, and their weapons broken to pieces. Notwithstanding their + cries, which filled the vast region, they had to bear the + punishment which was their due, and were shut up in prison. The + creatures whom Tiamtu had created to help her and strike terror + into the hearts of the gods, were also brought into subjection, + along with Kingu, her husband, from whom the tablets of fate were + taken by the conqueror as things unmeet for Tiamtu's spouse to own. + It is probable that we have here the true explanation of the origin + of this remarkable legend, for the tablets of fate were evidently + things which the king of heaven alone might possess, and Merodach, + as soon as he had overcome his foe, pressed his own seal upon them, + and placed them in his breast.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He had now + conquered the enemy, the proud opposer of the gods of heaven, and + having placed her defeated followers in safe custody, he was able + to return to the dead and defeated Dragon of Chaos. He split open + her skull with his unsparing weapon, hewed asunder the channels of + her blood, and caused the north wind to carry it away to hidden + places. His fathers saw this, and rejoiced with shouting, and + brought him gifts and offerings.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page026">[pg 026]</span><a name="Pg026" id="Pg026" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And there, as he + rested from the strife, Merodach looked upon her who had wrought + such evil in the fair world as created by the gods, and as he + looked, he thought out clever plans. Hewing asunder the corpse of + the great Dragon that lay lifeless before him, he made with one + half a covering for the heavens, keeping it in its place by means + of a bolt, and setting there a watchman to keep guard. He also + arranged this portion of the Dragon of Chaos in such a way, that + <span class="tei tei-q">“her waters could not come forth,”</span> + and this circumstance suggests a comparison with <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the waters above the firmament”</span> of the Biblical + story in Genesis.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Passing then + through the heavens, he beheld that wide domain, and opposite the + abyss, he built an abode for the god Nudimmud, that is, for his + father Aa as the creator.</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Then + measured the lord the abyss's extent,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">A palace in its likeness he + founded:—Êšarra;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The palace Êšarra, which he + made, (is) the heavens,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(For) Anu, Bêl, and Aa he founded their + strongholds.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With these + words, which are practically a description of the creation or + building, by Merodach, of the heavens, the fourth tablet of the + Babylonian legend of the Creation comes to an end. It is difficult + to find a parallel to this part of the story in the Hebrew account + in Genesis.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-tb"> + <hr style="width: 50%" /> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><a name="Plate_II" id= + "Plate_II" class="tei tei-anchor" style= + "text-align: center"></a></p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"> + <img src="images/illus-ii.png" alt="Plate II." title= + "Plate II. Fragments of tablets (duplicates), giving the words for the different fasts, festivals, etc., of the Babylonians and Assyrians. Line 4 of the small piece, and 16 of the large one, have the words ûm nûh libbi, "day of rest of the heart," explained by sapattum (from the Sumerian sa-bat, "heart-rest"), generally regarded as the original of the Hebrew Sabbath. Sapattum, however, was the 15th day of the month. The nearest approaches to Sabbaths were the 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th, and 19th, which were called u-hul-gallu or ûmu limnu, "the evil day" (the 19th being a week of weeks, from the 1st day of the preceding month), because it was unlawful to do certain things on those days." /> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Plate II. Fragments of tablets (duplicates), giving the words + for the different fasts, festivals, etc., of the Babylonians + and Assyrians. Line 4 of the small piece, and 16 of the large + one, have the words <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">ûm nûh + libbi</span></span>, "day of rest of the heart," explained by + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: center"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sapattum</span></span> (from the Sumerian + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: center"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sa-bat</span></span>, "heart-rest"), + generally regarded as the original of the Hebrew <span lang= + "he" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: center" + xml:lang="he"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sabbath</span></span>. <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: center"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sapattum</span></span>, however, was the + 15th day of the month. The nearest approaches to Sabbaths were + the 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th, and 19th, which were called + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: center"><span style= + "font-style: italic">u-hul-gallu</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: center"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ûmu limnu</span></span>, "the evil day" + (the 19th being a <em class="tei tei-emph" style= + "text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">week of + weeks</span></em>, from the 1st day of the preceding month), + because it was unlawful to do certain things on those days. + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The fifth tablet + of the Babylonian story of the Creation is a mere fragment, but is + of considerable interest and importance. It describes, in poetical + language, in the style with which the reader has now become fairly + familiar, the creation and ordering, by Merodach, of the heavenly + bodies, as the ancient Babylonians conceived them to have taken + place. The text of the first few stanzas is as + follows—</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page027">[pg + 027]</span><a name="Pg027" id="Pg027" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">He + built firmly the stations of the great gods—</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Stars their likeness—he set up + the Lumaši,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He designated the year, he + outlined the (heavenly) forms.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He set for the twelve months + three stars each.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">From the day when the year + begins, ... for signs.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He founded the station of + Nîbiru, to make known their limits,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">That none might err, nor go + astray.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The station of Bêl and Aa he + placed with himself,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Then he opened the great gates + on both sides,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Bolts he fixed on the left and + on the right,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">In its centre (?) then he set + the zenith (?).</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Nannaru (the moon) he caused to + shine, ruling the night,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">So he set him as a creature of + the night, to make known the days,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Monthly, without failing, he + provided him with a crown,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">At the beginning of the month + then, dawning in the land,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The horns shine forth to make + known the seasons (?),</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">On the 7th day crown + (perfect)ing (?).</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The [Sa]bbath shalt thou then + fall in with, half-monthly,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">When the sun (is) in the base of + the heavens, at thy [approach?].</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">...... hath caused to be cut off + and</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">... nearing the path of the + sun.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">[The ...]th [day] shalt thou + then fall in with, the sun shall change (?)...</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">...... the sign seeking its + path.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">... cause to approach and give + the judgment.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">........................ to + injure (?)</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">........................... + one.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The final lines + of this portion seem to refer to the moon on the 7th and other days + of the month, and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page028">[pg + 028]</span><a name="Pg028" id="Pg028" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + would in that case indicate the quarters. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Sabbath”</span> is doubtful on account of the + mutilation of the first character, but in view of the forms given + on pl. <a href="#Plate_II" class="tei tei-ref">II</a>. and p. + <a href="#Pg527" class="tei tei-ref">527</a> (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">šapattu</span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">m</span></span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">šapatti</span></span>) the restoration as + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">šapattu</span></span> seems possible. It is + described on p. <a href="#Pg527" class="tei tei-ref">527</a> as the + 15th of the month, but must have indicated also the 14th, according + to the length of the month.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">An exceedingly + imperfect fragment of what is supposed to be part of the fifth + tablet exists. It speaks of the bow with which Merodach overcame + the Dragon of Chaos, which the god Anu, to all appearance, set in + the heavens as one of the constellations. After this comes, + apparently, a fragment that may be regarded as recording the + creation of the earth, and the cities and renowned shrines upon it, + the houses of the great gods, and the cities Nippuru (Niffer) and + Asshur being mentioned. Everything, however, is very disconnected + and doubtful.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The sixth + tablet, judging from the fragment recognized by Mr. L. W. King, + must have been one of special interest, as it to all appearance + contained a description of the creation of man. Unfortunately, only + the beginning of the text is preserved, and is as follows:—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Merodach, on hearing the word of the + gods,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">His heart urged him, and he made + [cunning plans].</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He opened his mouth and [said] + to the god Aê—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">[What] he thought out in his + heart he communicates ...:</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Let me + gather my blood and let me ... bone,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Let me set up a man, and let the + man ....</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Let me make then men dwelling + ....</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">May the service of the gods be + established, and as for them, let ....</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Let me alter the ways of the + gods, let me chan[ge their paths]—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">As one let them be honoured, as two let them + be ....</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Aê answered him, and the word he + spake.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page029">[pg 029]</span><a name= + "Pg029" id="Pg029" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here come the + remains of ten very imperfect lines, which probably related the + consent of the other gods to the proposal, and must have been + followed by a description of the way in which it was carried out. + All this, however, is unfortunately not preserved. That the whole + of Merodach's work received the approval of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the gods his fathers”</span> is shown by the remains + of lines with which the sixth tablet closes:—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">They + rejoiced ....................</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">In Upšukenaku they caused + .............</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Of the son, the hero, who + brought back [benefit for them]</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">As for + us, whom, succouring, he ...........</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">They sat down, and in their + assembly they proclaimed</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">... they all announced + ...............</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">What they + proclaimed and announced was apparently his glorious names, as + detailed in the seventh and last tablet of the series, which was + regarded by George Smith as containing an address to primitive man, + but which proves to be really an address to the god Merodach + praising him on account of the great work that he had done in + overcoming the Dragon, and in thereafter ordering the world anew. + As this portion forms a good specimen of Babylonian poetry at its + best, the full text of the tablet, with the exception of some short + remains of lines, is here presented in as careful a translation as + is at present possible.</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">The Seventh Tablet Of The Creation-Series, Also + Known As The Tablet Of The Fifty-One Names.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">1 Asari, bestower of planting, establisher of + irrigation.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">2 Creator of grain and herbs, he who causes + verdure to grow.</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page030">[pg 030]</span><a name="Pg030" id="Pg030" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">3 Asari-alim, he who is honoured in the house of + counsel, [who increases counsel?].</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">4 The gods bow down to him, fear [possesses + them?].</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">5 Asari-alim-nunna, the mighty one, light of the + father his begetter.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">6 He who directs the oracles of Anu, Bel, [and + Aa].</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">7 He is their nourisher, who has + ordained....</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">8 He whose provision is fertility, sendeth + forth....</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">9 Tutu, the creator of their renewal, [is + he?].</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">10 Let him purify their desires, (as for) them, + let them [be appeased].</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">11 Let him then make his incantation, let the + gods [be at rest].</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">12 Angrily did he arise, may he lay low [their + breast].</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">13 Exalted was he then in the assembly of the + gods....</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">14 None among the gods shall [forsake + him].</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">15</span> <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tutu.</span></span><a id= + "noteref_1" name="noteref_1" href="#note_1"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Zi-ukenna,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">life of the people</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">16</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">He who + fixed for the gods the glorious heavens;</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">17 Their paths they took, they set</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">18 May the deeds (that he performed) not be + forgotten among men.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">19</span> <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tutu.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Zi-azaga,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span style= + "font-size: 90%">thirdly, he called (him),—</span><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">he who effects purification,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">20</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">God of the + good wind,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Lord of + hearing and obedience,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">21</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Creator of + fulness and plenty,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Institutor of abundance,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">22</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">He who + changes what is small to great,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">23 In our dire need we scented his sweet + breath.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">24 Let them speak, let them glorify, let them + render him obedience.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">25</span> <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tutu.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Aga-azaga,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span style= + "font-size: 90%">fourthly, May he make the crowns + glorious,</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">26</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The lord of + the glorious incantation bringing the dead to + life,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">27</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">He who had + mercy on the gods who had been overpowered,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page031">[pg 031]</span><a name="Pg031" id="Pg031" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">28</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">He who made + heavy the yoke that he had laid on the gods who were his + enemies,</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">29</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(And) for their despite (?), created + mankind.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">30</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The + merciful one,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">He with + whom is lifegiving,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">31 May his word be established, and not + forgotten,</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">32 In the mouth of the black-headed ones + (mankind) whom his hands have made.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">33</span> <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tutu.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Mu-azaga,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span style= + "font-size: 90%">fifthly, May their mouth make known his glorious + incantation,</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">34</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">He who with + his glorious charm rooteth out all the evil + ones,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">35</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Sa-zu,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">He who knoweth the heart of the + gods,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">He who + looketh at the inward parts,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">36</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">He who + alloweth not evil-doers to go forth against + him,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">37</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">He who + assembleth the gods,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span style= + "font-size: 90%">appeasing their hearts,</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">38</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">He who + subdueth the disobedient,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">...</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">39</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">He who + ruleth in truth (and justice</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">), + ...</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">40</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">He who + setteth aside injustice,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span style= + "font-size: 90%">...</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">41</span> <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tutu.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Zi-si</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">He who + bringeth about silence</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">), + ...</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">42</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">He who + sendeth forth stillness.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span style= + "font-size: 90%">...</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">43</span> <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tutu.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Suḫ-kur,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Annihilator of the enemy,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span style= + "font-size: 90%">...</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">44</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Dissolver + of their agreements,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span style= + "font-size: 90%">...</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">45</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Annihilator + of everything evil.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span style= + "font-size: 90%">...</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">About 40 lines, + mostly very imperfect, occur here, and some 20 others are totally + lost. The text after this continues:—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">107</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Then he + seized the back part (?) of the head,</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">which he pierced (?),</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">108 And as Kirbiš-Tiamtu he circumvented + restlessly,</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">109 His name shall be Nibiru, he who seized + Kirbišu (Tiamtu).</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page032">[pg 032]</span><a name="Pg032" id="Pg032" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">110 Let him direct the paths of the stars of + heaven,</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">111 Like sheep let him pasture the gods, the + whole of them.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">112 May he confine Tiamtu, may he bring her life + into pain and anguish,</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">113 In man's remote ages, in lateness of + days,</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">114 Let him arise, and he shall not cease, may + he continue into the remote future</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">115 As he made the (heavenly) place, and formed + the firm (ground),</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">116 Father Bêl called him (by) his own + name,</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Lord of the + World,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">117 The appellation (by) which the Igigi have + themselves (always) called him.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">118 Aa heard, and he rejoiced in his + heart:</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">119 Thus (he spake):</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">He, whose renowned name his fathers have so + glorified,</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">120 He shall be like me, and Aa shall be his + name!</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">121 The total of my commands, all of them, let + him possess, and</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">122</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">The whole of my pronouncements he, (even) he, + shall make known.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">123 By the appellation</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">fifty</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span style="font-size: 90%">the + great gods</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">124 His fifty names proclaimed, and they caused + his career to be great (beyond all).</span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-tb"> + <hr style="width: 50%" /> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">125 May they be accepted, and may the primæval + one make (them) known,</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">126 May the wise and understanding altogether + well consider (them),</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">127 May the father repeat and teach to the + son,</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">128 May they open the ears of the shepherd and + leader.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">129 May they rejoice for the lord of the gods, + Merodach,</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">130 May his land bear in plenty; as for him, may + he have peace.</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page033">[pg 033]</span><a name="Pg033" id="Pg033" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">131 His word standeth firm; his command changeth + not—</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">132 No god hath yet made to fail that which + cometh forth from his mouth.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">133 If he frown down in displeasure, he turneth + not his neck,</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">134 In his anger, there is no god who can + withstand his wrath.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">135 Broad is his heart, vast is the kindness (?) + of (his) ...</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">136 The sinner and + evildoer before him are (ashamed?).</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The remains of + some further lines exist, but they are very uncertain, the + beginnings and ends being broken away. All that can be said is, + that the poem concluded in the same strain as the last twelve lines + preserved.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the foregoing + pages the reader has had placed before him all the principal + details of the Babylonian story of the Creation, and we may now + proceed to examine the whole in greater detail.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If we may take + the explanation of Damascius as representing fairly the opinion of + the Babylonians concerning the creation of the world, it seems + clear that they regarded the matter of which it was formed as + existing in the beginning under the two forms of Tiamtu (the sea) + and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Apsû</span></span> (the deep), and from these, + being wedded, proceeded <span class="tei tei-q">“an only begotten + son,”</span> <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mummu</span></span> (Moumis), conceived by + Damascius to be <span class="tei tei-q">“no other that the + intelligible world proceeding from the two principles,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> from Tiamtu and + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Apsû</span></span>. From these come forth, in + successive generations, the other gods, ending with Marduk or + Merodach, also named Bêl (Bêl-Merodach), the son of Aa (Ea) and his + consort Damkina (the Aos and Dauké of Damascius).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Judging from the + material that we have, the Babylonians seemed to have believed in a + kind of evolution, for they evidently regarded the first creative + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page034">[pg 034]</span><a name= + "Pg034" id="Pg034" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> powers (the watery + waste and the abyss) as the rude and barbaric beginnings of things, + the divine powers produced from these first principles (Laḫmu and + Laḫamu, Anšar and Kišar, Anu, Ellila, and Aa, and finally Marduk), + being successive stages in the upward path towards perfection, with + which the first rude elements of creation were ultimately bound to + come into conflict; for Tiamtu, the chief of the two rude and + primitive principles of creation, was, notwithstanding this, + ambitious, and desired still to be the creatress of the gods and + other inferior beings that were yet to be produced. All the + divinities descending from Tiamtu were, to judge from the + inscriptions, creators, and as they advanced towards perfection, so + also did the things that they created advance, until, by contrast, + the works of Tiamtu became as those of the Evil Principle, and when + she rebelled against the gods who personified all that was good, it + became a battle between them of life and death, which only the + latest-born of the gods, elected in consequence of the perfection + of his power, to be king and ruler over <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the gods his fathers,”</span> was found worthy to + wage. The glorious victory gained, and the Dragon of Evil subdued + and relegated to those places where her exuberant producing power, + which, to all appearance, she still possessed, would be of use, + Merodach, in the fulness of his power as king of the gods, + perfected and ordered the universe anew, and created his crowning + work, Mankind. Many details are, to all appearance, wanting on + account of the incompleteness of the series, but those which remain + seem to indicate that the motive of the whole story was as outlined + here.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Genesis, + however, we have an entirely different account, based, apparently, + upon a widely different conception of the origin of the Universe, + for one principle only appears throughout the whole narrative, be + it Elohistic, Jehovistic, or priestly. <span class="tei tei-q">“In + the beginning <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page035">[pg + 035]</span><a name="Pg035" id="Pg035" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + God created the heavens and the earth,”</span> and from the first + verse to the last it is He, and He alone, who is Creator and Maker + and Ruler of the Universe. The only passage containing any + indication that more than one person took part in the creation of + the world and all that therein is, is in verse 26, where God is + referred to as saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“Let <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">us</span></span> make man,”</span> but + that this is simply the plural of majesty, and nothing more, seems + to be proved by the very next verse, where the wording is, + <span class="tei tei-q">“and God made man in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">his</span></span> own image,”</span> + etc. There is, therefore, no trace of polytheistic influence in the + whole narrative.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Let us glance + awhile at the other differences.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To begin with, + the whole Babylonian narrative is not only based upon an entirely + different theory of the beginning of all things, but upon an + entirely different conception of what took place ere man appeared + upon the earth. <span class="tei tei-q">“In the beginning God + created the heavens and the earth,”</span> implies the conception + of a time when the heavens and the earth existed not. Not so, + seemingly, with the Babylonian account. There the heavens and the + earth are represented as existing, though in a chaotic form, from + the first. Moreover, it is not the external will and influence of + the Almighty that originates and produces the forms of the first + creatures inhabiting the world, but the productive power residing + in the watery waste and the deep:</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The + primæval ocean (</span><span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">apsû + rêstū</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">) was their + producer (lit. seeder);</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Mummu Tiamtu was</span> <em class= + "tei tei-emph" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">she who brought + forth</span></em> <span style="font-size: 90%">the whole of + them.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is question + here of <span class="tei tei-q">“seeding”</span> (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">zaru</span></span>) and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“bearing”</span> (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">âlādu</span></span>), not of creating.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The legend is + too defective to enable us to find out anything as to the + Babylonian idea concerning the formation of the dry land. Testimony + as to its non-existence <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page036">[pg + 036]</span><a name="Pg036" id="Pg036" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + at the earliest period is all that is vouchsafed to us. At that + time none of the gods had come forth, seemingly because (if the + restoration be correct) <span class="tei tei-q">“the fates had not + been determined.”</span> There is no clue, however, as to who was + then the determiner of the fates.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then, gradually, + and in the course of long-extended ages, the gods Laḫmu and Laḫamu, + Anšar and Kišar, with the others, came into existence, as already + related, after which the record, which is mutilated, goes on to + speak of Tiamtu, Apsū, and Mummu.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These deities of + the Abyss were evidently greatly disquieted on account of the + existence and the work of the gods of heaven. They therefore took + counsel together, and Apsū complained that he could not rest either + night or day on account of them. Naturally the mutilated state of + the text makes the true reason of the conflict somewhat uncertain. + Fried. Delitzsch regarded it as due to the desire, on the part of + Merodach, to have possession of the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Tablets of Fate,”</span> which the powers of good and + the powers of evil both wished to obtain. These documents, when + they are first spoken of, are in the hands of Tiamtu (see p. + <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref">19</a>), and she, on giving + the power of changeless command to Kingu, her husband, handed them + to him. In the great fight, when Merodach overcame his foes, he + seized these precious records, and placed them in his breast—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And + Kingu, who had become great over (?) them—</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He bound him, and with Ugga (the + god of death) ... he counted him;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">From him then he took the + Fate-tablets, which were not his,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">With his ring he pressed them, and took them + to his breast.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To all + appearance, Tiamtu and Kingu were in unlawful possession of these + documents, and the king <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page037">[pg + 037]</span><a name="Pg037" id="Pg037" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + of the gods, Merodach, when he seized them, only took possession of + what, in reality, was his own. What power the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Tablets of Fate”</span> conferred on their possessor, + we do not know, but in all probability the god in whose hands they + were, became, by the very fact, creator and ruler of the universe + for ever and ever.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This creative + power the king of the gods at once proceeded to exercise. Passing + through the heavens, he surveyed them, and built a palace called + Ê-šarra, <span class="tei tei-q">“The house of the host,”</span> + for the gods who, with himself, might be regarded as the chief in + his heavenly kingdom. Next in order he arranged the heavenly + bodies, forming the constellations, marking off the year; the moon, + and probably the sun also, being, as stated in Genesis, + <span class="tei tei-q">“for signs, and for seasons, and for days + and years,”</span> though all this is detailed, in the Babylonian + account, at much greater length. Indeed, had we the whole legend + complete, we should probably find ourselves in possession of a + detailed description of the Babylonian idea of the heavens which + they studied so constantly, and of the world on which they lived, + in relation to the celestial phenomena which they saw around + them.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Fragments of + tablets have been spoken of that seem to belong to the fifth and + sixth of the series, and one of them speaks of the building of + certain ancient cities, including that now represented by the + mounds known by the name of Niffer, which must, therefore, apart + from any considerations of paleographic progression in the case of + inscriptions found there, or evidence based on the depth of + rubbish-accumulations, be one of the oldest known. It is probably + on account of this that the Talmudic writers identified the site + with the Calneh of Gen. x. 10, which, notwithstanding the absence + of native confirmation, may very easily be correct, for the Jews of + those days were undoubtedly in a better position to know than we + are, after a lapse of two thousand years. The same text, strangely + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page038">[pg 038]</span><a name= + "Pg038" id="Pg038" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> enough, also refers + to the city of Aššur, though this city (which did not, apparently, + belong to Nimrod's kingdom) can hardly have been a primæval city in + the same sense as <span class="tei tei-q">“Babel, and Erech, and + Accad, and Calneh.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The text of the + Semitic Creation-story is here so mutilated as to be useless for + comparative purposes, and in these circumstances the bilingual + story of the Creation, published by me in 1891, practically + covering, as it does, the same ground, may be held, in a measure, + to supply its place. Instead, therefore, of devoting to this + version a separate section, I insert a translation of it here, + together with a description of the tablet upon which it is + written.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This second + version of the Creation-story is inscribed on a large fragment + (about four and a half inches high) of a tablet found by Mr. Rassam + at Sippar (Abu Habbah) in 1882. The text is very neatly written in + the Babylonian character, and is given twice over, that is, in the + original (dialectic) Akkadian, with a Semitic (Babylonian) + translation. As it was the custom of the Babylonian and Assyrian + scribes, for the sake of giving a nice appearance to what they + wrote, to spread out the characters in such a way that the page (as + it were) was <span class="tei tei-q">“justified,”</span> and the + ends of the lines ranged, like a page of print, it often happens + that, when a line is not a full one, there is a wide space, in the + middle, without writing. In the Akkadian text of the bilingual + Creation-story, however, a gap is left in <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">every</span></em> + line, sufficiently large to accommodate, in slightly smaller + characters, the whole Semitic Babylonian translation. The tablet + therefore seems to be written in three columns, the first being the + first half of the Akkadian version, the second (a broad one) the + Semitic translation, and the third the last half of the Akkadian + original text, separated from the first part to allow of the + Semitic version being inserted between.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page039">[pg 039]</span><a name="Pg039" id="Pg039" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The reason of + the writing of the version already translated and in part commented + upon is not difficult to find—it was to give an account of the + origin of the world and the gods whom they worshipped. The reason + of the writing of the bilingual story of the Creation, however, is + not so easy to decide, the account there given being the + introduction to one of those bilingual incantations for + purification, in which, however, by the mutilation of the tablet, + the connecting-link is unfortunately lost. But whatever the reason + of its being prefixed to this incantation, the value and importance + of the version presented by this new document is incontestable, not + only for the legend itself, but also for the linguistic material + which a bilingual text nearly always offers.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following is + a translation of this document—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Incantation: The glorious house, the house + of the gods, in a glorious place had not been + made,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">A plant had not grown up, a tree + had not been created,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">A brick had not been laid, a + beam had not been shaped,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">A house had not been built, a + city had not been constructed,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">A city had not been made, no + community had been established,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Niffer had not been built, + Ê-kura had not been constructed,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Erech had not been built, Ê-ana + had not been constructed,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The Abyss had not been made, + Êridu had not been constructed,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">(As for) the glorious house, the + house of the gods, its seat had not been made—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The whole of the lands were + sea.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">When within the sea there was a + stream,</span> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page040">[pg + 040]</span><a name="Pg040" id="Pg040" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">In that day Eridu was made, + Ê-sagila was constructed—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ê-sagila, which the god + Lugal-du-azaga founded within the Abyss.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Babylon he built, Ê-sagila was + completed.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He made the gods (and) the + Anunnaki together,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The glorious city, the seat of + the joy of their hearts, supremely he proclaimed.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Merodach bound together a + foundation before the waters,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He made dust, and poured (it) + out beside the foundation,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">That the gods might sit in a + pleasant place.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He made mankind—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Aruru made the seed of mankind + with him.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He made the beasts of the field + and the living creatures of the desert,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He made the Tigris and the + Euphrates, and set (them) in (their) place—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Well proclaimed he their + name.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Grass, the marsh-plant, the reed + and the forest, he made,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He made the verdure of the + plain,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The lands, the marsh, the + thicket also,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The wild cow (and) her young the + steer; the ewe (and) her young—the sheep of the fold,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Plantations and forests + also.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The goat and the wild goat + multiplied for him (?).</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Lord Merodach on the sea-shore + made a bank,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">... (which) at first he made + not,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">... he caused to be.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">(He caused the plant to be + brought forth), he made the tree,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">(Everything?) he made in (its) + place.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">(He laid the brick), he made the + beams,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">(He constructed the house), he + built the city,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">(He built the city), the + community exercised power,</span> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page041">[pg + 041]</span><a name="Pg041" id="Pg041" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">(He built the city Niffer), he + built Ê-kura, the temple,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(He built the city Erech, he built Ê-a)na, + the temple,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-tb"> + <hr style="width: 50%" /> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here the obverse + breaks off, and the end of the bilingual story of the + Creation-story is lost. How many more lines were devoted to it we + do not know, nor do we know how the incantation proper, which + followed it, and to which it formed the introduction, began. Where + the text (about half-way down on the reverse) again becomes + legible, it reads as follows—</p> + + <div class="tei tei-tb"> + <hr style="width: 50%" /> + </div> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Thy + supreme messenger, Pap-sukal, the wise one, counsellor of the + gods.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Nin-aḫa-kudu, daughter of + Aa,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">May she make thee glorious with + a glorious lustration (?),</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">May she make thee pure with pure + fire,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">With the glorious pure fountain + of the abyss purify thou thy pathway,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">By the incantation of Merodach, + king of the universe of heaven and earth,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">May the abundance of the land + enter into thy midst,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">May thy command be fulfilled for + ever.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">O Ê-zida, seat supreme, the + beloved of Anu and Ištar art thou,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Mayest thou shine like heaven; + mayest thou be glorious like the earth; mayest thou shine + like the midst of heaven;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">May the malevolent curse dwell + outside of thee.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Incantation making (the + purification of the temple).</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Incantation: The star ... the long chariot + of the heavens.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The last line + but one is apparently the title, and is followed by the first line + of the next tablet. From <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page042">[pg + 042]</span><a name="Pg042" id="Pg042" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + this we see that this text belonged to a series of at least two + tablets, and that the tablet following the above had an + introduction of an astronomical or astrological nature.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It will be + noticed that this text not only contains an account of the creation + of gods and men, and flora and fauna, but also of the great and + renowned sites and shrines of the country where it originated. It + is in this respect that it bears a likeness to the fragmentary + portions of the intermediate tablets of the Semitic Babylonian + story of the Creation, or Bêl and the Dragon, and this slight + agreement may be held to justify, in some measure, its introduction + here. The bilingual version, however, differs very much in style + from that in Semitic only, and seems to lack the poetical form + which characterizes the latter. This, indeed, was to be expected, + for poetical form in a translation which follows the original + closely is an impossibility, though the poetry of words and ideas + which it contains naturally remains. It is not unlikely that the + original Sumerian text is in poetical form, as is suggested by the + cesura, and the recurring words.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the bilingual + account of the Creation one seems to get a glimpse of the pride + that the ancient Babylonians felt in the ancient and renowned + cities of their country. The writer's conception of the wasteness + and voidness of the earth in the beginning seems to have been that + the ancient cities Babel, Niffer, Erech and Eridu had not yet come + into existence. For him, those sites were as much creations as the + vegetation and animal life of the earth. Being, for him, sacred + sites, they must have had a sacred, a divine foundation, and he + therefore attributes their origin to the greatest of the gods, + Merodach, who built them, brick, and beam, and house, himself. + Their renowned temples, too, had their origin at the hands of the + Divine Architect of the Universe.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A few words are + necessary in elucidation of what <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page043">[pg 043]</span><a name="Pg043" id="Pg043" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> follows the line, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“When within the sea there was a stream.”</span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“In that day,”</span> it says, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Êridu was made, Ê-sagila was constructed—Ê-sagila + which the god Lugal-du-azaga founded within the Abyss. Babylon he + built, Ê-sagila was completed.”</span> The connection of Ê-sagila, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the temple of the lofty head,”</span> + which was within the Abyss, with Êridu, shows, with little or no + doubt, that the Êridu there referred to was not the earthly city of + that name, but a city conceived as lying also <span class= + "tei tei-q">“within the Abyss.”</span> This Êridu, as we shall see + farther on, was the <span class="tei tei-q">“blessed city,”</span> + or Paradise, wherein was the tree of life, and which was watered by + the twin stream of the Tigris and the Euphrates.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But there was + another Ê-sagila than that founded by the god Lugal-du-azaga within + the Abyss, namely the Ê-sagila at Babylon, and it is this fane that + is spoken of in the phrase following that mentioning the temple so + called within the Abyss. To the Babylonian, therefore, the capital + of the country was, in that respect, a counterpart of the divine + city that he regarded as the abode of bliss, where dwelt Nammu, the + river-god, and the sun-god Dumuzi-Abzu, or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Tammuz of the Abyss.”</span> Like Sippar too, Babylon + was situated in what was called the plain, the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">edina</span></span>, of which Babylonia mainly + consisted, and which is apparently the original of the Garden of + Eden.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The present text + differs from that of the longer (Semitic) story of the Creation, in + that it makes Merodach to be the creator of the gods, as well as of + mankind, and all living things. This, of course, implies that it + was composed at a comparatively late date, when the god Merodach + had become fully recognized as the chief divinity, and the fact + that Aa was his father had been lost sight of, and practically + forgotten. The goddess Aruru is apparently introduced into the + narrative out of consideration for the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page044">[pg 044]</span><a name="Pg044" id="Pg044" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> city Sippar-Aruru, of which she was patron. + In another text she is called <span class="tei tei-q">“Lady of the + gods of Sippar and Aruru.”</span> There is also a goddess (perhaps + identical with her) called Gala-aruru, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Great Aruru,”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“the + great one (of) Aruru,”</span> who is explained as <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ištar the star,”</span> on the tablet K. 2109.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After the + account of the creation of the beasts of the field, the Tigris and + the Euphrates, vegetation, lands, marshes, thickets, plantations + and forests, which are named, to all appearance, without any + attempt at any kind of order, <span class="tei tei-q">“The lord + Merodach”</span> is represented as creating those things which, at + first, he had not made, namely, the great and ancient shrines in + whose antiquity and glorious memories the Babylonian—and the + Assyrian too—took such delight. The list, however, is a short one, + and it is to be supposed that, in the lines that are broken away, + further cities of the kingdom of Babylon were mentioned. That this + was the case is implied by the reverse, which deals mainly—perhaps + exclusively—with the great shrine of Borsippa called Ê-zida, and + identified by many with the Tower of Babel. How it was brought in, + however, we have no means of finding out, and must wait patiently + for the completion of the text that will, in all probability, + ultimately be discovered.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The reverse has + only the end of the text, which, as far as it is preserved, is in + the form of an <span class="tei tei-q">“incantation of + Êridu,”</span> and mentions <span class="tei tei-q">“the glorious + fountain of the Abyss,”</span> which to was to <span class= + "tei tei-q">“purify”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“make + glorious”</span> the pathway of the personified fane referred to. + As it was the god Merodach, <span class="tei tei-q">“the merciful + one,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“he who raises the dead to + life,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“the lord of the glorious + incantation,”</span> who was regarded by the Babylonians as + revealing to mankind the <span class="tei tei-q">“incantation of + Êridu,”</span> which he, in his turn, obtained from his father Aa, + we may see in this final part of the legend not only a + glorification of the chief deity of the Babylonians, but also a + further testimony of the fact that the composition <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page045">[pg 045]</span><a name="Pg045" id="Pg045" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> must belong to the comparatively late + period in the history of Babylonian religion, when the worship of + Merodach had taken the place of that of his father Aa.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Of course, it + must not be supposed that the longer account of the Creation was + told so shortly as the bilingual narrative that we have introduced + here to supply the missing parts of the longer version. Everything + was probably recounted at much greater length, and in confirmation + of this there is the testimony of the small fragment of the longer + account, translated on p. <a href="#Pg028" class= + "tei tei-ref">28</a>. This simply contains the announcement that + Merodach had made cunning plans, and decided to create man from his + own blood, and [to form?] his bones, but there must have been, in + the long gap which then ensues, a detailed account of the actual + creation of the human race, probably with some reference to the + formation of animals. One cannot base much upon this mutilated + fragment, but, as the first translator has pointed out, the object + in creating man was seemingly to ensure the performance of the + service (or worship) of the gods, and the building of their + shrines, prayer and sacrifice, with the fear of God, being duties + from which there was no escape.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the last + tablet of the series—that recording the praises of Merodach and his + fifty new names,—there are a few points that are worthy of + examination. In the first place, the arrangement of the first part + is noteworthy. The principal name that was given to him seems not + to have been Merodach, as one would expect from the popularity of + the name in later days, but Tutu, which occurs in the margin, at + the head of six of the sections, and was probably prefixed to at + least three more. This name Tutu is evidently an Akkadian + reduplicate word, from the root <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tu</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“to + beget,”</span> and corresponds with the explanation of the word + given by the list of Babylonian gods, K. 2107; <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">muâllid îlāni, + mûddiš îlāni</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“begetter of + the gods, renewer <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page046">[pg + 046]</span><a name="Pg046" id="Pg046" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + of the gods”</span>—a name probably given to him on account of his + identification with his father, Aa, for, according to the legend, + Merodach was rather the youngest than the oldest of the gods, who + are even called, as will be remembered, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“his fathers.”</span> In the lost portion at the + beginning of the final tablet he was also called, according to the + tablet here quoted, Gugu = <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">muttakkil + îlāni</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“nourisher of the + gods”</span>; Mumu = <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mušpiš îlāni</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“increaser (?) of the gods”</span>; Dugan = + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">banî + kala îlāni</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“maker of all the + gods”</span>; Dudu = <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">muttarrû îlāni</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“saviour (?) of the gods”</span>; Šar-azaga = + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">ša + šipat-su êllit</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“he whose + incantation is glorious”</span>; and Mu-azaga = <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">ša tû-šu + êllit</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“he whose charm is + glorious”</span> (cf. p. <a href="#Pg031" class= + "tei tei-ref">31</a>, l. 33). After this we have Ša-zu or Ša-sud = + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">mûdê + libbi īlāni</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">libbi + rûḳu</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“he who knoweth the + heart of the gods,”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“the remote + of heart”</span> (p. <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref">31</a>, + l. 35); Zi-uḳenna = <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">napšat napḫar îlāni</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the life of the whole of the gods”</span> + (p. <a href="#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref">30</a>, l. 15); Zi-si = + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nasiḫ šabuti</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“he who bringeth about silence”</span> (p. <a href= + "#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref">31</a>, l. 41); Suḫ-kur = <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">muballû + aabi</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“annihilator of the + enemy”</span> (p. <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref">31</a>, l. + 43); and other names meaning <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">muballû napḫar + aabi, nasiḫ raggi</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“annihilator of the whole of the enemy, rooter out of + evil,”</span> <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nasiḫ napḫar raggi</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“rooter out of the whole of the evil,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">êšû + raggi</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“troubler of the evil + (ones),”</span> and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">êšû napḫar raggi</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“troubler of the whole of the evil (ones).”</span> All + these last names were probably enumerated on the lost part of the + tablet between where the obverse breaks off and the reverse resumes + the narrative, and the whole of the fifty names conferred upon him, + which were enumerated in their old Akkadian forms and translated + into Semitic Babylonian in this final tablet of the Creation, were + evidently repeated in the form of a list of gods, on the tablet in + tabular form from which the above renderings are taken.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Hailed then as + the vanquisher of Kirbiš-Tiamtu, the great Dragon of Chaos, he is + called by the name of Nibiru, <span class="tei tei-q">“the + ferry,”</span> a name of the planet Jupiter as <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page047">[pg 047]</span><a name="Pg047" id="Pg047" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the traverser of the heavens (one of + the points of contact between Babylonian and Greek mythology), the + stars of which he was regarded as directing, and keeping (lit. + pasturing) like sheep. (Gods and stars may here be regarded as + convertible terms.) His future is then spoken of, and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“father Bêl”</span> gives him his own name, + <span class="tei tei-q">“lord of the world.”</span> Rejoicing in + the honours showered on his son, and not to be outdone in + generosity, Aa decrees that henceforth Merodach shall be like him, + and that he shall be called Aa, possessing all his commands, and + all his pronouncements—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> all the wisdom which he, as + god of deep wisdom, possessed. Thus was Merodach endowed with all + the names, and all the attributes, of the gods of the + Babylonians—<span class="tei tei-q">“the fifty renowned names of + the great gods.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This was, to all + intents and purposes, symbolic of a great struggle, in early days, + between polytheism and monotheism—for the masses the former, for + the more learned and thoughtful the latter. Of this we shall have + further proof farther on, when discussing the name of Merodach. For + the present be it simply noted, that this is not the only text + identifying Merodach with the other gods.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The reference to + the creation of mankind in line 29 of the obverse (p. <a href= + "#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref">31</a>) is noteworthy, notwithstanding + that the translation of one of the words—and that a very important + one—is very doubtful. Apparently man was created to the despite of + the rebellious gods, but there is also just the possibility that + there exists here an idiomatic phrase meaning <span class= + "tei tei-q">“in their room.”</span> If the latter be the true + rendering, this part of the legend would be in striking accord with + Bishop Avitus of Vienne, with the old English poet Caedmon, and + with Milton in his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Paradise Lost</span></span>. In connection + with this, too, the statement in the reverse, lines 113 and 114, + where <span class="tei tei-q">“man's remote ages”</span> is + referred to, naturally leads one to ask, Have we here <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page048">[pg 048]</span><a name="Pg048" id="Pg048" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> traces of a belief that, in ages to + come (<span class="tei tei-q">“in lateness of days”</span>), + Merodach was to return and live among men into the remote future? + The return of a divinity or a hero of much-cherished memory is such + a usual thing among popular beliefs, that this may well have been + the case likewise among the Babylonians.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The comparison + of the two accounts of the Creation—that of the Hebrews and that of + the Babylonians, that have been presented to the reader—will + probably have brought prominently before him the fact, that the + Babylonian account, notwithstanding all that has been said to the + contrary, differs so much from the Biblical account, that they are, + to all intents and purposes, two distinct narratives. That there + are certain ideas in common, cannot be denied, but most of them are + ideas that are inseparable from two accounts of the same event, + notwithstanding that they have been composed from two totally + different standpoints. In writing an account of the Creation, + statements as to what are the things created must of necessity be + inserted. There is, therefore, no proof of a connection between two + accounts of the Creation in the fact that they both speak of the + formation of dry land, or because they both state that plants, + animals, and man were created. Connection may be inferred from such + statements that the waters were the first abode of life, or that an + expansion was created dividing the waters above from those below. + With reference to such points of contact as these just mentioned, + however, the question naturally arises, Are these points of + similarity sufficient to justify the belief that two so widely + divergent accounts as those of the Bible and of the Babylonian + tablets have one and the same origin? In the mind of the present + writer there seems to be but one answer, and that is, that the two + accounts are practically distinct, and are the production of people + having entirely different ideas upon the subject, though they may + have influenced each other <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page049">[pg 049]</span><a name="Pg049" id="Pg049" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> in regard to certain points, such as the two + mentioned above. For the rest, the fact that there is—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">No direct statement of the creation of the heavens + and the earth;</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">No systematic division of the things created + into groups and classes, such as is found in Genesis;</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">No reference to the + Days of Creation</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">;</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">No appearance of the Deity as the first and only + cause of the existence of things—</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">must be held as + a sufficient series of prime reasons why the Babylonian and the + Hebrew versions of the Creation-story must have had different + origins.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As additional + arguments may also be quoted the polytheism of the Babylonian + account; the fact that it appears to be merely the setting to the + legend of Bêl and the Dragon, and that, as such, it is simply the + glorification of Merodach, the patron divinity of the Babylonians, + over the other gods of the Assyro-Babylonian Pantheon.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Sidelights:—Merodach.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To judge from + the inscriptions of the Babylonians and Assyrians, one would say + that there were not upon the earth more pious nations than they. + They went constantly in fear of their gods, and rendered to them + the glory for everything that they succeeded in bringing to a + successful conclusion. Prayer, supplication, and self-debasement + before their gods seem to have been their delight.</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The + time for the worship of the gods was my heart's + delight,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">The time of the offering to Ištar was profit + and riches,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page050">[pg 050]</span><a name= + "Pg050" id="Pg050" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">sings Ludlul the + sage, and one of a list of sayings is to the following effect—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">When + thou seest the profit of the fear of God,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Thou wilt praise God, thou wilt bless the + king.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Many a + penitential psalm and hymn of praise exists to testify to the piety + of the ancient nations of Assyria and Babylonia. Moreover, this + piety was, to all appearance, practical, calling forth not only + self-denying offerings and sacrifices, but also, as we shall see + farther on, lofty ideas and expressions of the highest religious + feeling.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And the + Babylonians were evidently proud of their religion. Whatever its + defects, the more enlightened—the scribes and those who could + read—seem to have felt that there was something in it that gave it + the very highest place. And they were right—there was in this gross + polytheism of theirs a thing of high merit, and that was, the + character of the chief of their gods, Merodach.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We see something + of the reverence of the Babylonians and Assyrians for their gods in + almost all of their historical inscriptions, and there is hardly a + single communication of the nature of a letter that does not call + down blessings from them upon the person to whom it is addressed. + In many a hymn and pious expression they show in what honour they + held them, and their desire not to offend them, even involuntarily, + is visible in numerous inscriptions that have been found.</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">My god, + who art displeased, receive (?) my (prayer?),</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">My goddess, who art wroth, + accept (my supplication)—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Accept my supplication, and let + thy mind be at rest.</span> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page051">[pg + 051]</span><a name="Pg051" id="Pg051" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">My lord, gracious and merciful, + (let thy mind be at rest).</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Make easy (O my goddess) the day + that is directed for death,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">My god, (grant that I be?) free + (?).</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">My goddess, have regard for me, + and receive my supplication.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Let my sins be separated, and + let my misdeeds be forgotten—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Let the ban be loosened, let the + fetter fall.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Let the seven winds carry away + my sighing.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Let me tear asunder my evil, and + let a bird carry it aloft to the sky.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Let a fish carry off my trouble, + and let the stream bear it away.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Let the beasts of the field take + (it) away from me.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Let the flowing waters of the + stream cleanse me.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Make me bright as a chain of + gold—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Let me be precious in thy eyes + as a diamond ring!</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Blot out my evil, preserve my + life.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Let me guard thy court, and + stand in thy sanctuary (?).</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Make me to pass away from my + evil state, let me be preserved with thee!</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Send to me, and let me see a + propitious dream—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Let the dream that I shall see + be propitious—let the dream that I shall see be true,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Turn the dream that I shall see + to a favour,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Let Mašara (?), the god of + dreams, rest by my head,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Make me to enter into Ê-sagila, + the temple of the gods, the house of life.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Deliver me, for his favour, into + the gracious hands of the merciful Merodach,</span> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page052">[pg + 052]</span><a name="Pg052" id="Pg052" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Let me be subject to thy + greatness, let me glorify thy divinity;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Let the people of my city praise thy + might!</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here the text + breaks off, but sufficient of it remains to show of what the + devotion of the Babylonians and Assyrians to their gods consisted, + and what their beliefs really were. For some reason or other, the + writer recognizes that the divinity whom he worships is displeased + with him, and apparently comes to the conclusion that the consort + of the god is displeased also. He therefore prays and humbles + himself before them, asking that his misdeeds may be forgotten, and + that he may be separated from his sins, by which he feels himself + to be bound and fettered. He imagines to himself that the seven + winds, or a little bird, or a fish, or a beast of the field, or the + waters of a stream, may carry his sin away, and that the flowing + waters of the river may cleanse him from his sin, making him pure + in the eyes of his god as a chain of gold, and precious to him as + the most precious thing that he can think of, namely, a diamond + ring (upon such material and worldly similes did the thoughts of + the Babylonians run). He wishes his life (or his soul—the word in + the original is <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">napišti</span></span>, which Zimmern + translates <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Seele</span></span>) to be saved, to pass away + from his evil state, and to dwell with his god, from whom he begs + for a sign in the form of a propitious dream, a dream that shall + come true, showing that he is in reality once more in the favour of + his god, who, he hopes, will deliver him into the gracious hands of + the merciful Merodach, that he and all his city may praise his + great divinity.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Fragment though + it be, in its beginning, development, and climax, it is, to all + intents and purposes, perfect, and a worthy specimen of + compositions of this class.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is noteworthy + that the suppliant almost re-echoes <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page053">[pg 053]</span><a name="Pg053" id="Pg053" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the words of the Psalmist in those passages + where he speaks of his guarding the court of the temple of his god + and dwelling in his temple (Ê-sagila, the renowned temple at + Babylon), wherein, along with other deities, the god Merodach was + worshipped—the merciful one, into whose gracious hands he wished to + be delivered. The prayer that his sin might be carried away by a + bird, or a fish, etc., brings up before the mind's eye the picture + of the scapegoat, fleeing, laden with the sins of the pious + Israelite, into the desert to Azazel.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To all + appearance, the worshipper, in the above extract, desires to be + delivered by the god whom he worships into the hands of the god + Merodach. This is a point that is worthy of notice, for it seems to + show that the Babylonians, at least in later times, regarded the + other deities in the light of mediators with the chief of the + Babylonian Pantheon. As manifestations of him, they all formed part + of his being, and through them the suppliant found a channel to + reconciliation and forgiveness of his sins.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In this there + seems to be somewhat of a parallel to the Egyptian belief in the + soul, at death, being united with Osiris. The annihilation of self, + however, did not, in all probability, recommend itself to the + Babylonian mind any more than it must have done to the mind of the + Assyrian. To all appearance, the preservation of one's + individuality, in the abodes of bliss after death, was with them an + essential to the reality of that life beyond the grave. If we adopt + here Zimmern's translation of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">napišti</span></span> by <span class= + "tei tei-q">“soul,”</span> the necessity of interpreting the above + passage in the way here indicated seems to be rendered all the + greater.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Creation + legend shows us how the god Merodach was regarded by the + Babylonians as having attained his high position among the + <span class="tei tei-q">“gods his fathers,”</span> and the + reverence that they had for this deity is not only testified to by + that legend, but also by the many documents of a religious nature + that exist. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page054">[pg + 054]</span><a name="Pg054" id="Pg054" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + This being the case, it is only natural to suppose, that he would + be worshipped both under the name of Merodach, his usual + appellation, and also under any or all of the other names that were + attributed to him by the Babylonians as having been conferred upon + him by the gods at the time of his elevation to the position of + their chief.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Not only, + therefore, was he called Marduk (Amaruduk, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the brightness of day”</span>), the Hebrew Merodach, + but he bore also the names of Asaru or Asari, identified by the + Rev. C. J. Ball and Prof. Hommel with the Egyptian Osiris—a name + that would tend to confirm what is stated above concerning the + possible connection between the Egyptian and Babylonian beliefs in + the immortality of the soul. This name Asaru was compounded with + various other (explanatory) epithets, making the fuller names + Asari-lu-duga (probably <span class="tei tei-q">“Asari, he who is + good”</span>), Asari-lu-duga-namsuba (<span class= + "tei tei-q">“Asari, he who is good, the charm”</span>), + Asari-lu-duga-namtî (<span class="tei tei-q">“Asari, he who is + good, the life”</span>), Asari-alima (<span class= + "tei tei-q">“Asari, the prince”</span>), Asari-alima-nuna + (<span class="tei tei-q">“Asari, the prince, the mighty + one”</span>), etc., all showing the estimation in which he was + held, and testifying to the sacredness of the first component, + which, as already remarked, has been identified with the name of + Osiris, the chief divinity of the Egyptians. Among his other names + are (besides those quoted from the last tablet of the story of the + Creation and the explanatory list that bears upon it) some of + apparently foreign origin, among them being Amaru (? short for + Amar-uduk) and Sal-ila, the latter having a decidedly western + Semitic look.<a id="noteref_2" name="noteref_2" href= + "#note_2"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></a> As + <span class="tei tei-q">“the warrior,”</span> he seems to have + borne the name of Gušur (? <span class="tei tei-q">“the + strong”</span>); another of his Akkadian appellations was Gudibir, + and as <span class="tei tei-q">“lord”</span> of all the world he + was called Bêl, the equivalent of the Baal of the Phœnicians + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page055">[pg 055]</span><a name= + "Pg055" id="Pg055" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and the Beel of the + Aramæans. In astronomy his name was given to several stars, and he + was identified with the planet Jupiter, thus making him the + counterpart of the Greek and Latin Zeus or Jove.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As has been said + above, Merodach was the god that was regarded by the Babylonians + and Assyrians as he who went about doing good on behalf of mankind. + If he saw a man in affliction—suffering, for instance, from any + malady—he would go and ask his father Aa, he who knew all things, + and who had promised to impart all his knowledge to his royal son, + what the man must do to be cured of the disease or relieved of the + demon which troubled him. The following will give some idea of what + the inscriptions detailing these charms and incantations, which the + god was supposed to obtain from his father, were like—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Incantation: The sickness of the head hath + darted forth from the desert, and rushed like the + wind.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Like lightning it flasheth, + above and below it smiteth,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The impious man</span><a id= + "noteref_3" name="noteref_3" href="#note_3"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></a> + <span style="font-size: 90%">like a reed it cutteth down, + and</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">His nerves like a tendril it + severeth.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">(Upon him) for whom the goddess + Ištar hath no care, and whose flesh is in anguish,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Like a star of heaven it (the + sickness) flasheth down, like a night-flood it cometh.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Adversity is set against the + trembling man, and threateneth him like a lion—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">It hath stricken that man, + and</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The man rusheth about like one + who is mad—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Like one whose heart is smitten + he goeth to and fro,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Like one thrown into the fire he + burneth,</span> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page056">[pg + 056]</span><a name="Pg056" id="Pg056" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Like the wild ass that runneth + (?), his eyes are filled with cloud,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Being alive, he eateth, yet is + he bound up with death.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The disease,</span><a id= + "noteref_4" name="noteref_4" href="#note_4"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">4</span></span></a> + <span style="font-size: 90%">which is like a violent wind, + nobody knoweth its path—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Its completed time, and its connection + nobody knoweth.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Here come + abbreviations of the set phrases stating that the god Merodach + perceived the man who was suffering, and went to ask his father Aa, + dwelling in the Abyss, how the man was to be healed of the sickness + that afflicted him. In the texts that give the wanting parts, Aa is + represented as asking his son Merodach what it was that he did not + know, and in what he could still instruct him. What he (Aa) knows, + that Merodach shall also know. He then tells Merodach to go and + work the charm.)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The + ḫaltigilla plant groweth alone in the desert</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Like the sun-god entering his + house, cover its head with a garment, and</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Cover the ḫaltigilla plant, and + enclose some meal, and</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">In the desert, before the rising + sun</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Root it out from its place, + and</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Take its root, and</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Take the skin of a young goat, + and</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Bind up the head of the sick + man, and</span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">May a gust (?) of wind carry it + (the disease) away, and may it not return to its + place.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">O spirit of heaven, exorcise; spirit of + earth, exorcise.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page057">[pg 057]</span><a name= + "Pg057" id="Pg057" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The numerous + incantations of this class, in which the god Merodach is + represented as playing the part of benefactor to the sick and + afflicted among mankind, and interesting himself in their welfare, + are exceedingly numerous, and cover a great variety of maladies and + misfortunes. No wonder, therefore, that the Babylonians looked upon + the god, their own god, with eyes of affection, and worship, and + reverence. Indeed, it is doubtful whether the Hebrews themselves, + the most God-fearing nation of their time, looked upon the God of + their fathers with as much affection, or reverence, as did the + Babylonians regard the god Merodach. They show it not only in the + inscriptions of the class quoted above, but also in numerous other + texts. All the kings of Babylonia, and not a few of those of + Assyria, with one consent pay him homage, and testify to their + devotion. The names of princes and common people, too, often bear + witness to the veneration that they felt for this, the chief of + their gods. <span class="tei tei-q">“Merodach is lord of the + gods,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Merodach is master of the + word,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“With Merodach is + life,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“The dear one of the gods is + Merodach,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Merodach is our + king,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“(My, his, our) trust is + Merodach,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Be gracious to me, O + Merodach,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Direct me, O + Merodach,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Merodach + protects,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Merodach has given a + brother”</span> (Marduk-nadin-aḫi, the name of one of + Nebuchadrezzar's sons), <span class="tei tei-q">“A judge is + Merodach,”</span> etc., etc., are some of the names compounded with + that of this popular divinity. Merodach was not so much in use, as + the component part of a name, as the god of wisdom, Nebo, but it is + not by any means improbable that this is due to the reverence in + which he was held, which must, at times, have led the more devout + to avoid the pronunciation of his name any more than was necessary, + though, if that was the case, it never reached the point of an + utter prohibition against its utterance, such as caused the + pronunciation of the Hebrew Yahwah to become <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page058">[pg 058]</span><a name="Pg058" id="Pg058" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> entirely lost even to the most learned + for many hundred years. Those, therefore, who wished to avoid the + profanation, by too frequent utterance, of this holy name, could + easily do so by substituting the name of some other deity, for, as + we have seen above, the names of all the gods could be applied to + him, and the doctrine of their identification with him only grew in + strength—we know not under what influence—as time went on, until + Marduk or Merodach became synonymous with the word <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">îlu</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“God,”</span> and is even used as such in a list where + the various gods are enumerated as his manifestations. The portion + of the tablet in question containing these advanced ideas is as + follows—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">81-11-3, 111.</span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">... is + Merodach of planting.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Lugal-a-ki- ... is Merodach of + the water-spring.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ninip is Merodach of the garden + (?).</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Nergal is Merodach of + war.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Zagaga is Merodach of + battle.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Bêl is Merodach of lordship and + dominion.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Nebo is Merodach of wealth (or + trading).</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Sin is Merodach the illuminator + of the night.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Šamaš is Merodach of truth (or + righteousness).</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Rimmon is Merodach of + rain.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Tišḫu is Merodach of + handicraft.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Sig is Merodach of....</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Suqamuna is Merodach of the (irrigation-) + reservoir.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As this tablet + is not complete, there is every probability that the god Merodach + was identified, on the lost portion, with at least as many deities + as appear on the part that time has preserved to us.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This + identification of deities with each other would <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page059">[pg 059]</span><a name="Pg059" id="Pg059" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> seem to have been a far from uncommon + thing in the ancient East during those heathen times. A large + number of deities of the Babylonian Pantheon are identified, in the + Assyrian proper names, with a very interesting divinity whose name + appears as Aa, and which may possibly turn out to be only one of + the many forms that are met with of the god Ya'u or Jah, who was + not only worshipped by the Hebrews, but also by the Assyrians, + Babylonians, Hittites, and other nations of the East in ancient + times. Prof. Hommel, the well-known Assyriologist and Professor of + Semitic languages at Munich, suggests that this god Yâ is another + form of the name of Ea, which is possible, but any assimilation of + the two divinities is probably best explained upon the supposition + that the people of the East in ancient times identified them with + each other in consequence of the likeness between the two + names.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In any case, the + identification of a large number of the gods—perhaps all of + them—with a deity whose name is represented by the group Aa, is + quite certain. Thus we have Aššur-Aa, Ninip-Aa, Bel-Aa, Nergal-Aa, + Šamaš-Aa, Nusku-Aa, Sin-Aa, etc., and it is probable that the list + might be greatly extended. Not only, however, have we a large + number of deities identified with Aa, but a certain number of them + are also identified with the deity known as Ya, Ya'u, or Au, the + Jah of the Hebrews. Among these may be cited Bêl-Yau, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Bel is Jah,”</span> Nabû-Yâ', <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Nebo is Jah,”</span> Aḫi-Yau, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Aḫi is Jah,”</span> a name that would seem to confirm + the opinion which Fuerst held, that <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">aḫi</span></span> was, in this connection, a + word for <span class="tei tei-q">“god,”</span> or a god. In + Ya-Dagunu, <span class="tei tei-q">“Jah is Dagon,”</span> we have + the elements reversed, showing a wish to identify Jah with Dagon, + rather than Dagon with Jah, whilst another interesting name, Au-Aa, + shows an identification of Jah with Aa, two names which have every + appearance of being etymologically connected.</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page060">[pg 060]</span><a name="Pg060" id="Pg060" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is then + but little doubt that we have in these names an indication of an + attempt at what may be regarded as concentration—a desire and + tendency towards monotheism. When this began, and what the real + opinions of the more thoughtful upon the subject of the unity or + the plurality of the deity may have been, we have at present no + means of finding out. There can be no doubt, however, that it + sprang from more than one cause—the desire not to offend either + heavenly or earthly powers by seeming to favour one divinity more + than another, the difficulty of dividing and apportioning the + domain in nature of every divinity, the wish to identify the divine + patrons of the various nationalities with a view to understanding + what they really were, and describing their nature for either + religious or political purposes—all these things, and probably + others, would tend to counteract not only polytheistic bigotry, but + also the exclusive appropriation by one tribe or people of any + particular divinity, who was their own special helper against their + enemies, and to whose particular protection they defiantly laid + claim. When in conflict or in dispute with another, there is no + doubt that the man bearing the name of Šamaš-nûri, for instance, + would be met with the fierce taunt, <span class="tei tei-q">“The + Sun-god is not more thy light than he is mine,”</span> and, as an + answer to Yâ-abî-ni, <span class="tei tei-q">“Jah is our father + too, and more so than he is yours,”</span> would at once spring to + the lips of any Jew with whom the bearer of the name may have had a + dispute.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For the + thoughtful, God was one, and all the various gods of the heathen + were but His manifestations, misconceived and misunderstood by the + ignorant and thoughtless, but, rightly regarded, full of deep + significance. The Jews in later times had, in all probability, no + tendency to polytheism, yet it is certain that they had but little + objection to bearing heathen names, and of all the examples that + might be adduced, there is probably not one that is more noteworthy + than <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page061">[pg 061]</span><a name= + "Pg061" id="Pg061" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Mordecai, or + Mardecai, the worshipper of Merodach as typical of the God beside + whom there was none other, of whom, as we have seen,—and that from + a Babylonian tablet,—all the other deities of the Babylonian + Pantheon were but manifestations.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">The God Aa, Ae, Or Ea.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As the primitive + deity of the Babylonian Pantheon, and as apparently closely + identified with the well-known deity Jah, who was worshipped by a + large section of the Semitic nations, and whose name is one of the + words for <span class="tei tei-q">“god”</span> in the + Assyro-Babylonian language, the god Ea, Ae, or Aa, deserves notice + here not only on account of his being the creator of all the gods, + but also on account of his fatherhood to Merodach, who, in + Babylonian mythology, was conceived as supplanting him—not by any + unfair means, but by the right of being the fittest to exercise + power and dominion over the world, the universe, and even over + <span class="tei tei-q">“the gods his fathers.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Assyriologists + early recognized the attributes of the god whose name they then + read Hea. They saw that he was regarded by the ancient Babylonians + and Assyrians as the god of streams, rivers, seas, and the watery + abyss of the under-world—the waters under the earth. Of the god Ae + or Ea all sorts of wonderful stories were told by the Babylonians, + who attributed to him, as the god of wisdom and knowledge, the + origin of the civilization which they enjoyed. His name, as god of + deep wisdom, was Nin-igi-azaga, <span class="tei tei-q">“the lord + of the bright eye,”</span> a name which would seem to show that the + Akkadians (the names of most of the deities of the + Assyro-Babylonian Pantheon are written in Akkadian) associated, as + we also do at the present day, intelligence with brightness of the + eyes, or, more correctly, with alertness of appearance.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But this god had + many other names than those <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page062">[pg 062]</span><a name="Pg062" id="Pg062" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> mentioned above. He was En-ki, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“lord of the world”</span>; Amma-ana-ki, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“lord of heaven and earth”</span>; Engur, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“god of the Abyss”</span>; Nudimmud, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“god of creation”</span>; Nadimmud, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“god of everything”</span>; Nun-ura, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“god of the potter”</span>; Nin-agal, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“god of the smith”</span>; Dunga, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“god of the singer”</span> (?); Nin-bubu, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“god of the sailor”</span>; Kuski-banda, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“god of goldsmiths”</span>;—in fact, he seems to have + been the god of arts and crafts in general. He was also called + Ellila-banda, <span class="tei tei-q">“the powerful lord”</span>; + En-uru and Nin-uru, <span class="tei tei-q">“the protecting + lord”</span>; Lugal-ida, <span class="tei tei-q">“king of the + river”</span>; Lugal, En, Nuna, and Dara-abzu, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“king,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“lord,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“prince,”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“ruler of the abyss”</span>; Dara-dim, Dara-nuna, and + Dara-banda, honorific titles as <span class= + "tei tei-q">“creator,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“princely + ruler,”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“powerful ruler”</span>; + Alima-nuna, Alima-banda, and Alima-šum-ki, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“princely lord,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“powerful lord,”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“lord disposer of the earth.”</span> He bore also + besides these a large number of names, among which may be cited, as + an example of his many-sidedness, the following—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Šaršara, apparently</span> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">the + overwhelmer,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span style= + "font-size: 90%">probably as lord of the sea and its teeming + myriads.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">En-tî,</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">lord of + life.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Gana-si, probably</span> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">the + enclosure full (of life).</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Nam-zida,</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">righteousness.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Idima (Akk.) or Naqbu + (Bab.),</span> <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">the + deep.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Sa-kalama,</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">ruler + of the land.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Šanabaku and Šanabi, the + god</span> <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">40.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">That the sea was + the abode of the god of knowledge seems to have been the belief of + the Babylonians from the earliest times. According to Berosus, + whose record has been preserved by Apollodoros, Abydenus, and + Alexander Polyhistor, there appeared more than once, from the + Erythræan Sea (the Persian Gulf), <span class="tei tei-q">“the + Musaros Oannes, the Annedotos,”</span> a creature half man and half + fish, probably conceived in shape of the deity <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page063">[pg 063]</span><a name="Pg063" id="Pg063" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> answering to this description found on + certain Babylonian cylinder-seals, in a sculpture with + representations of marine monsters, now preserved in the Louvre, + and in the divine figures in the shape of a man clothed with a + fish's skin, preserved in the form of clay statuettes and large + sculptures (bas-reliefs) in the British Museum. Abydenus apparently + understands Berosus differently, for he makes Annedotos and Oannes + to be different personages. All those who have quoted Berosus, + however, agree in the main point, that these beings, half man and + half fish, came out of the sea to teach mankind. There is hardly + any doubt that in some of these cases the deity that is intended is + the god whose name is now read Ae or Ea, who was called Aos by + Damascius. After the appearance of the fourth Annedotos, there came + another person, also from the Erythræan Sea, named Odakon, having, + like the former, the same complicated form, between a man and a + fish. To these names Abydenus, still quoting Berosus, adds those of + four more <span class="tei tei-q">“double-shaped personages”</span> + named Euedocos, Eneugamos, Eneuboulos, and Anementos. These last + came forth in the reign of Daos (probably Dumuzi (Duwuzi) or + Tammuz) the shepherd, of Pantibiblon (Sippar or Sippara), who + reigned for the space of ten sari (360,000 years)! <span class= + "tei tei-q">“After these things was Anodaphos, in the time of + Euedoreschos.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Besides his son + Merodach, who, in Babylonian mythology, became <span class= + "tei tei-q">“king of the gods,”</span>—like Jupiter, in the place + of his father—Ae or Ea was regarded as having six other sons, + Dumu-zi-abzu, <span class="tei tei-q">“Tammuz of the abyss”</span>; + Ki-gulla, <span class="tei tei-q">“the destroyer of the + world”</span>; Nira (meaning doubtful); Bara, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the revealer”</span> (?); Bara-gula, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the great revealer (?)”</span>; and Burnunta-sā, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the broad of ear.”</span> One daughter is + attributed to him, her name being Ḫi-dimme-azaga, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the glorious spirit's offspring,”</span> called, in + one of the incantations (W.A.I. iv., 2nd ed., col. ii., line 54), + <span class="tei tei-q">“the daughter of <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page064">[pg 064]</span><a name="Pg064" id="Pg064" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the abyss.”</span> He had also two bull-like + guardians (probably those composite creatures, winged bulls with + human heads, representations of which guarded the approaches to the + Assyrian palaces), one seemingly named Duga, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the good,”</span> and the other Dub-ga, apparently + meaning <span class="tei tei-q">“he who causes (the bolt) to be + raised,”</span> giving the suppliant access to the palace of his + lord. To all appearance, the gates giving access to his domain were + guarded by eight porters, the names of most of whom are + unfortunately broken away on the tablet that gives these details, + but one of them seems to have borne the name of Eniw-ḫengala, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the bespeaker of fertility,”</span> whilst + another was named Igi-ḫen(?)gala, <span class="tei tei-q">“the eye + of fertility,”</span> and the third had a name beginning, like that + of the first, with the element Eniw, a circumstance which would + lead one to ask whether this may not be the element Eneu found in + the names of the two creatures Eneugamos and Eneuboulos, mentioned + by Berosus.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">His consort was + called Damkina, <span class="tei tei-q">“the lady of the + earth,”</span> the Dauké of Damascius, or Dam-gala-nuna, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the great princely lady.”</span> She + likewise had two bull-like attendants, A-eru and E-a-eru, of whom + but little or nothing is known.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The tablet + already quoted (W.A.I. iv., pl. 1, col. ii., ll. 36-39) names Engur + (the deep) as being the mother of Ae or Ea, and attributes to him + another daughter, Nina, with whom the name of Nineveh is apparently + connected.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Down in the + Abyss, in the city called Eridu, <span class="tei tei-q">“the good + city,”</span> there dwelt Ae, with all his court. Sitting on his + throne, he waited for the time when his son Merodach, the good of + heart, came to ask him for those health-bringing incantations for + the benefit of mankind. Sometimes, seemingly, instead of Merodach, + his sixth son Burnunsia (Burnunta-sā), <span class="tei tei-q">“the + broad of ear,”</span> would perform this office. Ae was always + ready to help with his counsels, and no one whose case <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page065">[pg 065]</span><a name="Pg065" id="Pg065" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Merodach forwarded was spurned by the + King of the Abyss.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here, too, dwelt + <span class="tei tei-q">“Tammuz of the Abyss,”</span> one of Ae's + sons, but whether this was the well-known Tammuz who was the + husband of the goddess Ishtar, is uncertain. Judging from the + legends of the Babylonians, Ishtar's husband descended, not to the + abode of the lord of the deep, but to the realms of the Babylonian + Persephone, the consort of Nergal, in Hades, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the land of no return,”</span> whither Ishtar once + descended in search of him. Concerning the Babylonian paradise, + where Ae dwelt, see the following chapter.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The second month + of the Babylonian year, Iyyar, corresponding to April—May, was + dedicated to Ae as lord of mankind, though in this the records + contradict each other, for the Creation-stories of the Babylonians + attribute the creation of mankind to Merodach, who has, therefore, + the best right to be regarded as their lord.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Anšar And Kišar (pp.</span> <a href= + "#Pg016" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 144%">16</span></a><span style= + "font-size: 144%">,</span> <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 144%">17</span></a><span style= + "font-size: 144%">,</span> <a href="#Pg020" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 144%">20</span></a><span style="font-size: 144%">, + etc.).</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Anšar, + <span class="tei tei-q">“host of heaven,”</span> and Kišar, + <span class="tei tei-q">“host of earth,”</span> are, it will be + remembered, given in the Semitic Babylonian account of the Creation + as the names of the powers that succeeded Laḫmu and Laḫamu, + according to Damascius, the second progeny of the sea and the deep + (Tiamtu and Apsū). The Greek forms, Assoros and Kisaré, imply that + Damascius understood the former to be masculine and the latter + feminine, though there is no hint of gender in the wedge-written + records. That the Babylonians regarded them as being of different + genders, however, is conceivable enough. The Greek form of the + first, Assoros, moreover, implies that, in course of time, the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n</span></span> of Anšar became assimilated + with the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">š</span></span> (as was usual in Semitic + Babylonian), and on account of this, the etymology that connects + Anšar with the name <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page066">[pg + 066]</span><a name="Pg066" id="Pg066" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + of the Assyrian national god Aššur, is not without justification, + though whether it be preferable to that of Delitzsch which makes + Aššur to be really Ašur, and connects it with <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ašaru</span></span>, meaning <span class= + "tei tei-q">“holy,”</span> is doubtful. In favour of Delitzsch, + however, is the fact that the Assyrians would more probably have + given their chief divinity the name of <span class="tei tei-q">“the + Holy one”</span> than that of one of the links in the chain of + divinities which culminated in the rise of the god Merodach to the + highest place in the kingdom of heaven.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The question + naturally arises: Who were these deities, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the host of heaven”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the host of earth”</span>? and this is a question to + which we do not get a very complete answer from the inscriptions. + According to the explanatory lists of gods (as distinct from the + mythological texts proper) Kišar is explained as the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“host of heaven and earth”</span> and also as Anu and + Antum, in other words, as the male and female personifications of + the heavens. Strange to say, this is just the explanation given in + the inscriptions of the names Laḫmu and Laḫamu, for though they are + not <span class="tei tei-q">“the host of heaven and earth,”</span> + they are the same, according to the lists of gods, as the deities + Anu and his consort Antum. This probably arises from the worship of + Anu, the god of the heavens, and his consort, at some period + preceding that of the worship of Merodach, or even that of his + father Aa or Ea, whose cult, as we have seen, was in early times + abandoned for that of the patron god of the city of Babylon. + Concerning this portion of the legend of the Creation, however, + much more light is required.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Besides the + simple form Kišar, there occurs in the lists of gods also + Kišaragala, which is likewise explained as a manifestation of Anu + and Antum, and described moreover as <span class="tei tei-q">“Anu, + who is the host (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kiššat</span></span>) of heaven and + earth.”</span> In addition to Anšar and <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page067">[pg 067]</span><a name="Pg067" id="Pg067" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Kišar, the deities Enšara and Ninšara are + mentioned. These names are apparently to be translated <span class= + "tei tei-q">“lord of the host”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“lady of the host”</span> respectively, and are + doubtless both closely connected with, or the same as, the Anšar + and Kišar of the Babylonian story of the Creation, in close + connection with which they are, in fact, mentioned. En-kišara is + given, in W.A.I., III., pl. 68, as one of the three <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mu-gala</span></span> (apparently <span class= + "tei tei-q">“great names”</span>) of Anu, the god of the heavens. + Another Nin-šara (the second element written with a different + character) is given as the equivalent of both Antum and Ištar, the + latter being the well-known goddess of love and war, Venus.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Tiamat.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Tiamat is the + common transcription of a name generally and more correctly read as + Tiamtu. The meaning of this word is <span class="tei tei-q">“the + sea,”</span> and its later and more decayed pronunciation is + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tâmtu</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tâmdu</span></span>, the feminine <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">t</span></span> + having changed into <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">d</span></span> after the nasal <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">m</span></span>, + a phenomenon that also meets us in other words having a nasal + before the dental. As this word is the Tauthé of the Greek writer + Damascius, it is clear that in his time the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">m</span></span> + was pronounced as <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">w</span></span> (this peculiarity is common to + the Semitic Babylonian and Akkadian languages, and finds its + converse illustration in the provincialism of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mir</span></span> for <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">wir</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“we,”</span> in German), though the decayed word + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tâmtu</span></span> evidently kept its labial + unchanged, for it is difficult to imagine <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">w</span></span> + changing <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">t</span></span> into <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">d</span></span>, + unless it were pronounced in a way to which wee are not accustomed. + We have here, then, an example of a differentiation by which one + and the same word, by a change of pronunciation, forms two + <span class="tei tei-q">“vocables,”</span> the one used as a proper + noun and the other—a more decayed form—as a common one.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Tiamtu (from the + above it may be supposed that the real pronunciation was as + indicated by the Greek form, namely, Tiauthu), meaning originally + <span class="tei tei-q">“the sea,”</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page068">[pg 068]</span><a name="Pg068" id="Pg068" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> became then the personification of the watery + deep as the producer of teeming animal life such as we find in the + waters everywhere. Dominating and covering at first the whole + earth, it was she who was the first producer of living things, but + when the land appeared, and creatures of higher organization and + intelligence began, under the fostering care of the higher + divinities, to make their appearance, she saw, so the Babylonians + seem to have thought, that with the advent of man, whom the gods + purposed forming, her power and importance would, in a short time, + disappear, and rebellion on her part was the result. How, in the + Babylonian legends, this conflict ended, the reader of the + foregoing pages knows, and after her downfall and destruction or + subjugation, she retained her productive power under the immediate + control and direction of the gods under whose dominion she had + fallen.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Tiamtu is + represented in the Old Testament by <span lang="he" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="he"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tehôm</span></span>, which occurs in Gen. i. + 2, where both the Authorised and Revised Versions translate + <span class="tei tei-q">“the deep.”</span> The Hebrew form of the + word, however, is not quite the same, the Assyrian feminine ending + being absent.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To all + appearance the legend of Tiamtu was well known all over Western + Asia. As Gunkel and Zimmern have shown, there is a reference + thereto in Ps. lxxxix. 10, where Rahab, who was broken in pieces, + is referred to, and under the same name she appears also in Isaiah + li. 9, with the additional statement that she is the dragon who was + pierced; likewise in Job xxvi. 12 and ix. 13, where her followers + are said to be referred to; in Ps. lxxiv. 14 the dragon whose heads + (a plural probably typifying the diverse forms under which Nature's + creative power appears) are spoken of. Tiamtu, as Rahab and the + dragon, therefore played a part in Hebrew legends of old as great, + perhaps, as in the mythology of Babylonia, where she seems to have + originated.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page069">[pg 069]</span><a name= + "Pg069" id="Pg069" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc5" id="toc5"></a> <a name="pdf6" id="pdf6"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter II. The History, As Given In + The Bible, From The Creation To The Flood.</span></h1> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Eden—The so-called second story of the + Creation and the bilingual Babylonian account—The four rivers—The + tree of life—The Temptation—The Cherubim—Cain and Abel—The names of + the Patriarchs from Enoch to Noah.</span> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“And the Lord God planted a garden eastward in Eden; and + there He put the man whom He had formed.”</span> There also He made + every pleasant and good tree to grow, including the tree of life, and + the tree of knowledge of good and evil. A river came out of Eden to + water the garden, and this river was afterwards divided into four + smaller streams, the Pishon, flowing round <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the Hawilah,”</span> a land of gold (which was good) and + bdellium and onyx stone; the Gihon, flowing round the whole land of + Cush; the Hiddekel or Tigris, and the Euphrates.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is to be noted + that it was not the garden itself that was called Eden, but the + district in which it lay. The river too seems to have risen in the + same tract, and was divided at some indeterminate point, either in + the land of Eden or on its borders.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The whereabouts of + the Garden of Eden and its rivers has been so many times discussed, + and so many diverse opinions prevail concerning them, that there is + no need at present to add to these theories yet another, more or less + probable. Indeed, in the present work, theories will be kept in the + background <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page070">[pg + 070]</span><a name="Pg070" id="Pg070" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> as + much as possible, and prominence given to such facts as recent + discoveries have revealed to us.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It had long been + known that one of the Akkadian names for <span class= + "tei tei-q">“plain”</span> was <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">edina</span></span>, and that that word had been + borrowed by the Babylonians under the form of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">êdinnu</span></span>, but it was Prof. + Delitzsch, the well-known Assyriologist, who first pointed out to a + disbelieving world that this must be the Eden of Genesis. The present + writer thought this identification worthless until he had the + privilege of examining the tablets acquired by Dr. Hayes Ward in + Babylonia on the occasion of his conducting the Wolfe expedition. + Among the fragments of tablets that he then brought back was a list + of cities in the Akkadian language (the Semitic Babylonian column was + unfortunately broken away) which gave the following—</p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Transcription.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Translation.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sipar,</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">D.S. Sippara.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sipar Edina,</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">D.S. Sippara of Eden.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sipar uldua,</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">D.S. Sippara the everlasting.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sipar Šamaš,</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">D.S. Sippara of the Sun-god.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here at last was + the word Eden used as a geographical name, showing that the + explanation of Delitzsch was not only plausible, but also, in all + probability, true in substance and in fact. Less satisfactory, + however, were the learned Professor's identifications of the rivers + of Eden, for he regards the Pishon and the Gihon as canals—the former + being the Pallacopas (the Pallukatu of the Babylonian inscriptions), + and the latter the Guḫandê (also called the Araḫtu, now identified + with a large canal running through Babylon). He conjectured that it + might be the waterway known as the Shatt en-Nîl. Whatever doubt, + however, attaches to his identifications of the rivers, he seems + certainly to be right with regard to the Biblical Eden, and this is a + decided gain, for it locates the position of that district beyond a + doubt.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page071">[pg + 071]</span><a name="Pg071" id="Pg071" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To Prof. Sayce + belongs the honour of identifying the Babylonian story of the nature + and position of Paradise as they conceived it, and here we have + another example of the important details that the incantation-tablets + may contain concerning beliefs not otherwise preserved to us, for the + text in question, like the bilingual story of the Creation, is simply + an introduction to a text of that nature. This interesting record, to + which I have been able to add a few additional words since Prof. + Sayce first gave his translation of it to the world, is as + follows—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Incantation:</span> <span class="tei tei-q" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">(In) + Êridu a dark vine grew, it was made in a glorious + place,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Its appearance (as) lapis-lazuli, + planted beside the Abyss,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Which is Ae's path, filling Êridu + with fertility.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Its seat is the (central) point of + the earth,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Its dwelling is the couch of + Nammu.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">In the glorious house, which is + like a forest, its shadow extends,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">No man enters its midst.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">In its interior is the Sun-god + Tammuz.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Between the mouths of the rivers (which are) + on both sides.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%"> ”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The lines which + follow show how this plant, which was a miraculous remedy, was to be + used in the cure of a sick man. It was to be placed upon his head, + and beneficent spirits would then come and stay with him, whilst the + evil ones would stand aside.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From the + introductory lines above translated, we see that Êridu, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the good city,”</span> which Sir Henry Rawlinson + recognized many years ago as a type of paradise, was, to the + Babylonians, as a garden of Eden, wherein grew a glorious tree, to + all appearance a vine, for the adjective <span class= + "tei tei-q">“dark”</span> may very reasonably be regarded as + referring to its fruit. Strange must <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page072">[pg 072]</span><a name="Pg072" id="Pg072" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> have been its appearance, for it is described + as resembling <span class="tei tei-q">“white lapis-lazuli,”</span> + that is, the beautiful stone of that kind mottled blue and white. The + probability that it was conceived by the Babylonians as a garden is + strengthened by the fact that the god Aê, and his path, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the + rivers, filled the place with fertility, and it was, moreover, the + abode of the river-god Nammu, whose streams, the Tigris and + Euphrates, flowed on both sides. There, too, dwelt the Sun, making + the garden fruitful with his ever-vivifying beams, whilst + <span class="tei tei-q">“the peerless mother of heaven,”</span> as + Tammuz seems to be called, added, by fructifying showers, to the + fertility that the two great rivers brought down from the mountains + from which they flowed. To complete still further the parallel with + the Biblical Eden, it was represented as a place to which access was + forbidden, for <span class="tei tei-q">“no man entered its + midst,”</span> as in the case of the Garden of Eden after the + fall.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Though one cannot + be dogmatic in the presence of the imperfect records that we possess, + it is worthy of note that Eden does not occur as the name of the + earthly paradise in any of the texts referring to the Creation that + have come down to us; and though it is to be found in the bilingual + story of the Creation, it there occurs simply as the equivalent of + the Semitic word <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ṣêrim</span></span> in the phrase <span class= + "tei tei-q">“he (Merodach) made the verdure of the <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">plain</span></em>.”</span> That we shall + ultimately find other instances of Eden as a geographical name, + occurring by itself, and not in composition with another word (as in + the expression <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sipar Edina</span></span>), and even a reference + to <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gannat Edinni</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the Garden of Eden,”</span> is to be expected.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Schrader<a id= + "noteref_5" name="noteref_5" href="#note_5"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">5</span></span></a> has + pointed out that whilst in Eden the river bears no name, it is only + after it has left the sacred region that it is divided, and then each + separate branch received a name. So, also, in the Babylonian + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page073">[pg 073]</span><a name="Pg073" + id="Pg073" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> description of the Eridu, the + rivers were unnamed, though one guesses that the Tigris and the + Euphrates are meant. The expression, <span class="tei tei-q">“the + mouth of the rivers [that are on] both sides”</span> (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">pî nârãti ... + kilallan</span></span>), recalls to the mind the fact, that it was to + <span class="tei tei-q">“a remote place at the mouth of the + rivers”</span> that the Babylonian Noah (Pir-napištim) was translated + after the Flood, when the gods conferred upon him the gift of + immortality. To all appearance, therefore, Gilgameš, the ancient + Babylonian hero who visited the immortal sage, entered into the tract + regarded by the Babylonians of old times as being set apart for the + abode of the blessed after their journeyings on this world should + cease.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The connection of + the stream which was <span class="tei tei-q">“the path of Ae”</span> + with Eridu, seems to have been very close, for in the bilingual story + of the Creation the flowing of the stream is made to be the immediate + precursor of the building of Êridu and Êsagila, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the lofty-headed temple”</span> within it—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">When + within the sea there was a stream,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">In that day Êridu was made, + Êsagila was built—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Êsagila which the god Lugal-du-azaga had + founded within the Abyss.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In this Babylonian + Creation-story it is a question of a stream and two rivers. In + Genesis it is a question of a river and four branches. The + parallelism is sufficiently close to be noteworthy and to show, + beyond a doubt, that the Babylonians had the same accounts of the + Creation and descriptions of the circumstances concerning it, as the + Hebrews, though told in a different way, and in a different + connection.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Two trees are + mentioned in the Biblical account of the Creation, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the tree of life”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.”</span> By + the eating of the former, a man would live for ever, and the latter + would confer upon him that knowledge which God <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page074">[pg 074]</span><a name="Pg074" id="Pg074" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> alone was supposed to possess, namely, of + good and evil, carrying with it, however, the disadvantage of the + loss of that innocence which he formerly possessed. Like the Hebrews, + the Babylonians and Assyrians also had their sacred trees, but + whether they attached to them the same deep significance as the + Hebrews did to theirs we do not know. Certain, however, it is, that + they had beliefs concerning them that were analogous.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The most familiar + form of the sacred tree is that employed by the Assyrians, to a + certain extent as a decorative ornament, on the sculptured slabs that + adorned the walls of the royal palaces. This was the curious + conglomeration of knots and leaves which various figures—winged genii + with horned hats emblematic of divinity, eagle-headed figures, + etc.—worship, and to which they make offerings, and touch with a + conical object resembling the fruit of the fir or pine. An ingenious + suggestion has been made to the effect that the genius with the + pine-cone is represented in the act of fructifying the tree with the + pollen (in an idealized form) from the flowers of another tree, just + as it is necessary to fructify the date-palm from the pollen of the + flowers growing on the <span class="tei tei-q">“male”</span> tree. + This, however, can hardly be the true explanation of the mystic act + represented, as similar genii are shown on other slabs not only + holding out the conical object as if to touch therewith the figure of + the king, but also doing the same thing to the effigies of the great + winged bulls. Of course, the fructification of the king would be not + only a possible representation to carve in alabaster, but one that we + might even expect to find among the royal sculptures. The + fructification of a winged bull, however, is quite a different thing, + and in the highest degree improbable, unless the divine bull were a + kind of representation of the king, which, though possible, is at + present unprovable.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This symbolic + scene, therefore, remains still a <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page075">[pg 075]</span><a name="Pg075" id="Pg075" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> mystery for scholars to explain when they + obtain the material to do so. It seems to be a peculiarly Assyrian + design, for the offering of a pine-cone or similarly-shaped object to + the sacred tree has not yet been found in Babylonian art. The + Babylonian sacred tree is, moreover, a much more natural-looking + object than the curious combination of knots and honeysuckle-shaped + flowers found in the sculptures of Assyria. As in the case of the + tree shown in the picture of the Temptation, described below, the + sacred tree of the Babylonians often takes the form of a palm-tree, + or something very like one. (See pl. <a href="#Plate_III" class= + "tei tei-ref">III</a>.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As has been + already remarked, the tree of Paradise of the Babylonians was, to all + appearance, a vine, described as being in colour like blue and white + mottled lapis-lazuli, and apparently bearing fruit (grapes) of a dark + colour. That the Babylonian tree of life was a vine is supported by + the fact that the ideograms composing the word for <span class= + "tei tei-q">“wine”</span> are <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">geš-tin</span></span> (for <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kaš-tin</span></span>), <span class= + "tei tei-q">“drink of life,”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“the + vine,”</span> <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">giš geš-tin</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“tree of the drink of life.”</span> In the text + describing the Babylonian Paradise and its divine tree, the name of + the latter is given as <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kiškanû</span></span> in Semitic, and + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">giš-kin</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">giš-kan</span></span> in Akkadian, a word + mentioned in the bilingual lists among plants of the vine species. + Whether the Hebrews regarded the tree of life as having been a vine + or not, cannot at present be decided, but it is very probable that + they had the same ideas as the Babylonians in the matter.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is noteworthy, + in this connection, that the Babylonians also believed that there + still existed in the world a plant (they do not seem to have regarded + it as a tree) which <span class="tei tei-q">“would make an old man + young again.”</span> Judging from the statements concerning it, one + would imagine that it was a kind of thorn-bush. As we shall see + later, when treating of the story of the Flood, it was this plant + which the Chaldean Noah gave the hero Gilgameš instructions how to + find—for <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page076">[pg + 076]</span><a name="Pg076" id="Pg076" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + desire to become young again had seized him—and he seems to have + succeeded in possessing himself of it, only to lose it again almost + immediately, for a lion, coming that way at a time when Gilgameš was + otherwise occupied, carried it off—to his own benefit, as the hero + remarks, for he naturally supposed that the lion who had seized the + plant would have his life renewed, and prey all the longer upon the + people.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The title of a + lost legend, <span class="tei tei-q">“When the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kiškanû</span></span> (? vine, see above) grew + in the land”</span> (referring, perhaps, to the tree of life which + grew in Êridu), leads one to ask whether <span class="tei tei-q">“The + legend of Nisaba (the corn-deity) and the date-palm,”</span> and + <span class="tei tei-q">“The legend of the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">luluppu</span></span>-tree”</span> may not also + refer to sacred trees, bearing upon the question of the tree of + knowledge referred to in Gen. ii. As, however, the titles (generally + a portion of the first line only) are all that are at present + preserved, there is nothing to be done but wait patiently until it + pleases Providence to make them further known to us.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kiškanû</span></span> was of three kinds, white + (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">piṣu</span></span>), black (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ṣalmi</span></span>), as in the description of + the tree of Paradise, and grey or blue (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sâmi</span></span>). In view of there being + these three colours, it would seem that they refer rather to the + fruit of the tree than to the tree itself. Now the only plant growing + in the country and having these three colours of fruit, is the vine. + Of course, this raises the question whether (1) the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kiškanû</span></span> is a synonym of + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gištin</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">karanu</span></span>, or (2) the word + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gištin</span></span>, which is generally + rendered <span class="tei tei-q">“vine,”</span> is, in reality, + correctly translated. Whatever be the true explanation, one thing is + certain, namely, that in the description of Paradise, the word black + or dark (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ṣalmu</span></span>), applied to the tree there + mentioned, cannot refer to the tree itself, for that is described as + being like <span class="tei tei-q">“white lapis”</span> (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">uknū + êbbu</span></span>), a beautiful stone mottled blue and white.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><a name="Plate_III" id= + "Plate_III" class="tei tei-anchor" style= + "text-align: center"></a></p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"> + <img src="images/illus-iii-a.png" alt="Plate III A." title= + "Babylonian Mythological Composition. Impression of a cylinder-seal showing a male figure on the right and a bull-man on the left, holding erect bulls by the horns and tails. In the centre is a form of the sacred tree on a hill. Date about 2500 b.c. British Museum." /> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Babylonian Mythological Composition. Impression of a + cylinder-seal showing a male figure on the right and a bull-man + on the left, holding erect bulls by the horns and tails. In the + centre is a form of the sacred tree on a hill. Date about 2500 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> British Museum. + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"> + <img src="images/illus-iii-b.png" alt="Plate III B." title= + "Babylonian Mythological Composition. Impression of a cylinder-seal showing Istar, goddess of love and of war as archeress, standing on the back of a lion, which turns its head to caress her feet. Before her is a worshipper (priest) and two goats (reversed to form a symmetrical design), leaping. Behind her is a date-palm. Date about 650 b.c. British Museum." /> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Babylonian Mythological Composition. Impression of a + cylinder-seal showing Istar, goddess of love and of war as + archeress, standing on the back of a lion, which turns its head + to caress her feet. Before her is a worshipper (priest) and two + goats (reversed to form a symmetrical design), leaping. Behind + her is a date-palm. Date about 650 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: center"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> British Museum. + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among other trees + of a sacred nature is <span class="tei tei-q">“the cedar <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page077">[pg 077]</span><a name="Pg077" id="Pg077" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> beloved of the great gods,”</span> + mentioned in an inscription of a religious or ceremonial nature, + though exactly in what connection the imperfectness of the document + does not enable us to see. It would seem, however, that there were + certain priests or seers to whom was confided the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“tablet of the gods,”</span> containing the secret of the + heavens and earth (probably the <span class="tei tei-q">“tablet of + fate,”</span> which Merodach took from the husband of Tiamat after + his fight with her for the dominion of the universe). These persons, + who seem to have been the descendants of En-we-dur-an-ki (the + Euedoranchos of Berosus), king of Sippar, were those to whom was + confided <span class="tei tei-q">“the cedar beloved of the great + gods”</span>—perhaps a kind of sceptre. They had, however, not only + to be of noble race, but also perfect physically and free from every + defect and disease. Moreover, one who did not keep the command of + Šamaš and Addu (Hadad) could not approach the place of Ae, Šamaš, + Marduk, and Nin-edina, nor the number of the brothers who were to + enter the seership; they were not to reveal to him the word of the + oracle, and <span class="tei tei-q">“the cedar beloved of the great + gods”</span> was not to be delivered into his hands.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is hardly + any doubt, then, that we have here the long-sought parallel to the + Biblical <span class="tei tei-q">“tree of knowledge,”</span> for + that, too, was in the domain of <span class="tei tei-q">“the lord of + knowledge,”</span> the god Ae, and also in the land which might be + described as that of <span class="tei tei-q">“the lord of + Eden,”</span> the <span class="tei tei-q">“hidden place of heaven and + earth”</span> for all the sons of Adam, who are no longer allowed to + enter into that earthly Paradise wherein their first parents gained, + at such a cost, the knowledge, imperfect as it must have been, and + evidently undesirable, which they handed down to their + successors.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Adam.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The name of the + first man, Adam, is one that has tried the learning of the most + noted Hebraists to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page078">[pg + 078]</span><a name="Pg078" id="Pg078" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + explain satisfactorily. It was formerly regarded as being derived + from the root <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ādam</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“to be red,”</span> but this explanation has been given + up in favour of the root <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ādam</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“to make, produce,”</span> man being conceived as + <span class="tei tei-q">“the created one.”</span> This etymology is + that put forward by the Assyriologist Fried. Delitzsch, who quotes + the Assyrian <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">âdmu</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“young bird,”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">âdmi + summāti</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“young + doves,”</span> literally, <span class="tei tei-q">“the young of + doves,”</span> though he does not seem to refer the Assyrian + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">udumu</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“monkey,”</span> to the same root. He also quotes, + apparently from memory, the evidence of a fragment of a bilingual + list found by Mr. Rassam, in which Adam is explained by the usual + Babylonian word for <span class="tei tei-q">“man,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">amēlu</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The writer of + Genesis has given to the first man the name of Adam, thus + personifying in him the human race, which was to descend from him. + In all probability, the Babylonians had the same legends, but, if + so, no fragment of them has as yet come to light. That the Hebrew + stories of the Creation had their origin in Babylonia, will + probably be conceded by most people as probable, if not actually + proven, and the fact that the word <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">a-dam</span></span> occurs, as Delitzsch has + pointed out, in a bilingual list would, supposing the text to which + he refers to be actually bilingual, be a matter of peculiar + significance, for it would show that this word, which does not + occur in Semitic Babylonian as the word for <span class= + "tei tei-q">“man,”</span> occurred in the old Akkadian language + with that meaning.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And the proof + that Delitzsch was right in his recollection of the tablet of which + he speaks, is shown by the bilingual Babylonian story of the + Creation. There, in lines 9, 10, we read as follows—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Akkadian (dialectic): Uru + nu-dim, a-dam nu-mun-ia.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Babylonian: Âlu ûl êpuš, + nammaššu ûl šakin.</span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“A city had not been made, the community had not been + established.”</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page079">[pg + 079]</span><a name="Pg079" id="Pg079" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here we have the + non-Semitic <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">adam</span></span> translated by the + Babylonian <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nammaššu</span></span>, which seems to mean a + number of men, in this passage something like community, for that + is the idea which best fits the context. But besides this Semitic + rendering, the word also has the meanings of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tenišētu</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“mankind,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">amelūtu</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“human beings.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The word + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">adam</span></span>, meaning <span class= + "tei tei-q">“man,”</span> is found also in Phœnician, Sabean, and + apparently in Arabic, under the form of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">atam</span></span>, a collective meaning + <span class="tei tei-q">“creatures.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The possibility + that the Babylonians had an account of the Fall similar to that of + the Hebrews, is not only suggested by the legends treated of above, + but also by the cylinder-seal in the British Museum with what seems + to be the representation of the Temptation engraved upon it. We + have there presented to us the picture of a tree—a palm—bearing + fruit, and on each side of it a seated figure, that on the right + being to all appearance the man, and that on the left the woman, + though there is not much difference between them, and, as far as + the form of either goes, the sexes might easily be reversed. That, + however, which seems to be intended for the man has the horned hat + emblematic of divinity, or, probably, of divine origin, whilst from + the figure which seems to be that of the woman this head-dress is + absent. Behind her, moreover, with wavy body standing erect on his + tail, is shown the serpent, towering just above her head, as if + ready to speak with her. Both figures are stretching out a hand + (the man the right, the woman the left) as if to pluck the fruit + growing on the tree. Notwithstanding the doubts that have been + thrown on the explanation here given of this celebrated and + exceedingly interesting cylinder, the subject and its arrangement + are so suggestive, that one can hardly regard it as being other + than what it seems to be, namely, a Babylonian representation of + the Temptation, according to records <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page080">[pg 080]</span><a name="Pg080" id="Pg080" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> that the Babylonians possessed. The date of + this object may be set down as being from about 2750 to 2000 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Future + excavations in Babylonia and Assyria will, no doubt, furnish us + with the legends current in those countries concerning the + Temptation, the Fall, and the sequel thereto. Great interest would + naturally attach to the Babylonian rendering of the details and + development of the story, more particularly to the terms of the + penalty, the expulsion, and the nature of the beings—the + cherubim—placed at the east of the garden, and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the flaming sword turning every way, to keep the way + of the tree of life.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Though the + Babylonian version of this Biblical story has not yet come to + light, the inscriptions in the wedge-writing give us a few details + bearing upon the word <span class="tei tei-q">“cherub.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Hebrews + understood these celestial beings as having the form which we + attribute to angels—a glorified human appearance, but with the + addition of wings. They are spoken of as bearing the throne of the + Almighty through the clouds (<span class="tei tei-q">“He rode upon + a cherub, and did fly”</span>), and in Psalm xviii. 11 he is also + represented as sitting upon them. In Ezekiel i. and x. they are + said to be of a very composite form, combining with the human shape + the face of a cherub (whatever that may have been), a man, an ox, a + lion, and an eagle. It has been supposed that Ezekiel was indebted + to Assyro-Babylonian imagery for the details of the cherubic + creatures that he describes, but it may safely be said that, though + the sculptures furnish us with images of divine creatures in the + form of a man with the face of an eagle, or having a modification + of a lion's head, and bulls and lions with the faces of men, there + has never yet been found a figure provided with a wheel for the + purpose of locomotion, and having four heads, like those of which + the prophet speaks. We may, therefore, safely conclude, that + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page081">[pg 081]</span><a name= + "Pg081" id="Pg081" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Ezekiel applied the + word <span lang="he" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "he"><span style="font-style: italic">kerûb</span></span> (cherub) + to the creatures that he saw in his vision, because that was the + most suitable word he could find, not because it was the term + usually applied to things of that kind. It is hardly likely that + the guardians of the entrance into the earthly Paradise and the + creatures that bore up the throne of the Almighty were conceived as + being of so complicated a form as the cherubim of Ezekiel.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whatever doubt + may exist as to the original form of this celestial being, the + discussion of the origin of the Hebrew word <span lang="he" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="he"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kerûb</span></span> may now be regarded as + finally settled by the discovery of the Assyro-Babylonian records. + It is undoubtedly borrowed from the Babylonian <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kirubu</span></span>, a word meaning simply + <span class="tei tei-q">“spirit,”</span> and conceived as one who + was always in the presence (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">ina + kirib</span></span>) of God, and formed from the root <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">qarābu</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“to be near.”</span> The change from <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">q</span></em> + (qoph) to <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">k</span></em> (kaph) is very common in + Babylonian, and occurs more frequently before <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">e</span></em> and + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i</span></em>, hence the form in Hebrew, + <span lang="he" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="he"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kerûb</span></span> (cherub—the translators + intended that <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ch</span></em> should be pronounced as + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">k</span></em>) for <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">qerûb</span></span> (which the translators + would have transcribed as <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">kerub</span></span>).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Originally the + Assyro-Babylonian word <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kirubu</span></span> seems to have meant + something like <span class="tei tei-q">“intimate friend,”</span> or + <span class="tei tei-q">“familiar,”</span> as in the expression + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kirub šarri</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“familiar of the king,”</span> mentioned between + <span class="tei tei-q">“daughter of the king,”</span> and + <span class="tei tei-q">“the beloved woman of the king.”</span> An + illustration of its extended meaning of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“spirit,”</span> however, occurs in the following lines + from <span class="tei tei-q">“the tablet of Good + Wishes”</span>—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">In thy + mouth may there be perfection of speech</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">(</span><span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">lû asim + dababu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">);</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">In thine eye may there be + brightness of sight</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">(</span><span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">lû namir + niṭlu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">);</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">In thine ear may there be a spirit of + hearing</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q" + style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">lû</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps"> + kirub</span></span> <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">nišmû</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, + lit.</span> <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">a + cherub of hearing</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">).</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page082">[pg 082]</span><a name= + "Pg082" id="Pg082" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The cherubim + were therefore the good spirits who performed the will of God, and, + in the minds of the Assyrians and Babylonians, watched over and + guarded the man who was the <span class="tei tei-q">“son of his + God,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the pious man.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The cherub upon + which the Almighty rode, and upon whom he sat, corresponds more to + the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">guzalū</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“throne-bearer”</span> of Assyro-Babylonian mythology. + They were apparently beings who bore up the thrones of the gods, + and are frequently to be seen in Babylonian sculptures thus + employed, at rest, and waiting patiently, to all appearance, until + their divine master, seated on the throne which rests on their + shoulders, should again give them word, or make known that it was + now his will to start and journey forth once more.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The story of + Cain and Abel, and the first tragedy that occurred in the world + after the creation of man, has always attracted the attention of + the pious on that account, and because the first recorded murder + was that of a brother. This is a story to which the discovery of a + Babylonian parallel was least likely to be found, and, as a matter + of fact, none has as yet come to light. Notwithstanding this, a few + remarks upon such remote parallels which exist, and such few + illustrations of the event that can be found, may be cited in this + place.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These are + contained in the story of Tammuz or Adonis, who, though not + supposed to have been slain by his brother, was nevertheless killed + by the cold of Winter, who might easily have been regarded as his + brother, for Tammuz typified the season of Summer, the + Brother-season, so to say, of Winter. As is well known, the name + Tammuz is Akkadian, and occurs in that language under the form of + Dumu-zi, or, more fully, Dumu-zida, meaning <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the everlasting son,”</span> in Semitic Babylonian + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">âblu + kênu</span></span>. It is very noteworthy that Prof. J. Oppert has + suggested that the name of Abel, in Hebrew Habel, is, in reality, + none other than <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page083">[pg + 083]</span><a name="Pg083" id="Pg083" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + the Babylonian <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ablu</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“son,”</span> and the question naturally arises, May + not the story of Cain and Abel have given rise to the legend of + Tammuz, or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ablu kênu</span></span>, as his name would be + if translated into Semitic Babylonian?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Unless by a + folk-etymology, however, the Semitic Babylonian translation of the + name of Tammuz can hardly be a composition of Abel and Cain, + because the first letter is <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">q</span></em> (qoph) and not <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">k</span></em> + (kaph), the transcription Cain for Kain or Kayin being faulty in + the A.V. Still, we feel bound to recognize that there is a + possibility, though naturally a remote one, that the legend of + Tammuz is connected with that of Cain and Abel, just as the + division of the Dragon (in the Babylonian story of the Creation) by + the god Merodach into two halves, with one of which he covered the + heavens, leaving the other below upon the earth, typifies the + division of the waters above the earth from those below in the + Biblical story of the same event.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is a + legend, named by me (for want of a more precise title) <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Lament of the Daughter of the god Sin,”</span> in + which the carrying off (by death?) of <span class="tei tei-q">“her + fair son”</span> is referred to. Here we have another possible + Babylonian parallel to the story of the death of Abel, in which the + driving forth of her who makes the lament from her city and from + her palace might well typify the expulsion of Eve from Paradise, + and her delivery into the power of her enemy, who is, to all + appearance, the king of terrors, into whose hands she and her + husband were, for their disobedience, consigned. In this really + beautiful Babylonian poem her <span class= + "tei tei-q">“enemy”</span> seems to reproach her, telling her how + it was she, and she alone, who had ruined herself.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Though there may + be something in the comparisons with the story of Cain and Abel + which are quoted here, more probably (as has been already remarked) + there is nothing, and the real parallels have yet to be found. In + any case, they are instances of the popularity among the + Babylonians and Assyrians of those stories of one, greatly beloved + and in the bloom of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page084">[pg + 084]</span><a name="Pg084" id="Pg084" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + youth, coming, like Abel, to an untimely end through the perversity + of fate, and by no fault of his own. Though neither may be the + original of the Biblical story nor yet derived from it, they are of + interest and value as beautiful legends of old time, possibly + throwing light on the Biblical story.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As yet the + Babylonian and Assyrian records shed but little light on the + question of the patriarchs of the early ages succeeding Adam, the + details that are given concerning them, and their long lives. Upon + this last point there is only one remark to be made, and that is, + that the prehistoric kings of Babylonia likewise lived and reigned + for abnormally long ages, according to the records that have come + down to us. Unfortunately, there is nothing complete in the + important original of the Canon of Berosus first published by the + late G. Smith, and the beginning is especially mutilated.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The likeness + between Enoch and the Akkadian name of the city of Erech, Unug, has + already been pointed out, and it has been suggested that the two + words are identical. This, however, can hardly be the case, for the + Hebrew form of Enoch is Ḫanôḳ, the initial letter being the + guttural <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ḫeth</span></span>, which, notwithstanding the + parallel ease of Hiddekel, the Akkadian Idigna (the Tigris), + weakens the comparison. The principal argument against the + identification, however, is the fact that, in the bilingual story + of the Creation, the god Merodach is said to have built the city, + and such was evidently the Babylonian belief.<a id="noteref_6" + name="noteref_6" href="#note_6"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">6</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The name of + Enoch's great-grandson, Methusael, finds, as has many times been + pointed out, its counterpart in the Babylonian Mut-îli, with the + same meaning (<span class="tei tei-q">“man of God”</span>).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><a name="Plate_IV" id= + "Plate_IV" class="tei tei-anchor" style= + "text-align: center"></a></p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"> + <img src="images/illus-iv.png" alt="Plate IV." title= + "Lower part of the obverse of a terra-cotta tablet from Nineveh, inscribed with the names of Babylonian kings in Sumerian and Semitic Babylonian. The 13th line (that running across two columns) has the statement, "These are the kings who were after the Flood. They are not written in their proper order." The names of Sargina (Sargon of Agadé) and Hammurabi (Amraphel) also occur. Found by Sir A. H. Layard and Hormuzd Rassam." /> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Lower part of the obverse of a terra-cotta tablet from Nineveh, + inscribed with the names of Babylonian kings in Sumerian and + Semitic Babylonian. The 13th line (that running across two + columns) has the statement, "These are the kings who were after + the Flood. They are not written in their proper order." The + names of Sargina (Sargon of Agadé) and Hammurabi (Amraphel) + also occur. Found by Sir A. H. Layard and Hormuzd Rassam. + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page085">[pg 085]</span><a name= + "Pg085" id="Pg085" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc7" id="toc7"></a> <a name="pdf8" id="pdf8"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter III. The Flood.</span></h1> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The Biblical account—Its circumstantial + nature and its great length—The Babylonian account—The reason of the + Flood and why Pir-napištim built the Ark—His devotion to the God + Ea—Ea and Jah—Ea's antagonism to Bêl—The bloodless sacrifice—Ea's + gift of immortality—Further observations—Appendix: The second version + of the Flood-story.</span> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Noah, son of + Lamech, had reached the age of five hundred years, and had three + sons, Shem, Ham, and Japhet; and at this time men had begun to + multiply on the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them; + then <span class="tei tei-q">“the sons of God saw the daughters of + men that they were fair, and they took them wives of all that they + chose.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The question + naturally arises, <span class="tei tei-q">“Who were these sons of + God?”</span> According to Job xxxviii. 7, where we have the statement + that <span class="tei tei-q">“The morning stars sang together, and + all the sons of God shouted for joy,”</span> it would seem to be the + angels that are intended by these words, and this is apparently the + opinion generally held by scholars and divines on the subject. This + view seems to be favoured by the Second Epistle of Peter (ii. 1), + though, as the words do not actually agree with those of the text of + Genesis quoted above, nothing very positive can be maintained + concerning the apostle's dictum—in fact, his words in the passage + referred to, <span class="tei tei-q">“for if God spared not the + angels that sinned, but cast them down to hell, and delivered them + into chains and darkness, to be reserved unto <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page086">[pg 086]</span><a name="Pg086" id="Pg086" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> judgment,”</span> can much more + reasonably be regarded as referring, and therefore giving authority + to, the story of the fall of the angels, as indicated in Avitus, + Caedmon, and Milton, a legend of which the germs are found in the + Babylonian account of the Creation, referred to in Chapter I. The + other passages of Job where this expression occurs (i. 6, and ii. 2) + are not conclusive as to the meaning <span class= + "tei tei-q">“angels,”</span> for the expressions <span class= + "tei tei-q">“sons of God,”</span> in those passages, who are said to + have come before the Almighty, may very well have been merely + men.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">However the matter + may stand, for the passages in Job, there is every probability that + it is not the angels that are intended in the description we are + examining as to the reasons of the coming of the Flood. As the late + George Bertin was the first to point out, the Babylonians often used + the phrase <span class="tei tei-q">“a son of his god,”</span> + apparently to designate <span class="tei tei-q">“a just man,”</span> + or something similar. The connection in which this expression occurs + is as follows—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">May Damu, + the great enchanter, make his thoughts happy,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">May the lady who giveth life to + the dead, the goddess Gula, heal him by the pressure of her + pure hand,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">And thou, O gracious Merodach, who + lovest the revivification of the dead,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">With thy pure incantation of life, + free him from his sin, and</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">May the man, the son of his god, be pure, + clean, and bright.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In this passage + the phrase in question is (in Akkadian) <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">gišgallu dumu + dingirana</span></span>, and (in Assyrian) <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">amēlu mâr + îli-šu</span></span>. It is a frequent expression in documents of + this class, and always occurs in a similar connection. In some cases, + instead of <span class="tei tei-q">“the man, the son of his + god,”</span> the variation <span class="tei tei-q">“the king, the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page087">[pg 087]</span><a name="Pg087" + id="Pg087" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> son of his god”</span> occurs, + and is apparently to be paraphrased in the same way, and understood + as <span class="tei tei-q">“the pious king.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">May it not be, + then, that <span class="tei tei-q">“the sons of God,”</span> who saw + that the daughters of men were fair (lit. good), and took of them as + many wives as they wanted, were those who were regarded as the pious + men of the time? For who among the angels would at any time have + thought of allying himself with an earthly and mortal spouse, and + begetting children—offspring who should turn out to be <span class= + "tei tei-q">“mighty men which were of old, men of renown,”</span> as + verse 4 has it? In this case, the <span class="tei tei-q">“daughters + of men”</span> would be children of common people, not possessing any + special piety or other virtue to recommend them, the only thing being + that their daughters were fair, and good enough, in the opinion of + those <span class="tei tei-q">“sons of God,”</span> to have as their + wives.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is apparently + given as the result of these unions between the pious men and the + daughters of the people that wickedness became rife in the earth, and + man's imagination continually evil; and this was so to such an extent + that the Almighty repented of having created man, and decided to + destroy the wicked generation—both man, and beast, and creeping + thing, and fowl of the air—dwelling upon the earth—all except Noah, + who found favour in the eyes of Yahwah.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Having decided to + destroy the life of the world by means of a flood, God communicated + His intention and the reason thereof to the patriarch, and instructed + him to build an ark in which he was to save both himself and his + family from the impending destruction. The vessel is to be built of + gopher-wood, to have rooms in it, and to be pitched within and + without with pitch. The dimensions also are specified. Its length was + to be three hundred cubits, its width fifty cubits, and its height + thirty cubits. He was to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page088">[pg + 088]</span><a name="Pg088" id="Pg088" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + make the ark <span class="tei tei-q">“with light”</span> (צהר or + רהצ), that is, with windows, and their length or height, apparently, + was to be a cubit. The vessel was to have a door, and to be built + with three stories, lower, second, and third. In accordance with + God's covenant with the patriarch, he, his sons, and his sons' wives + were to be saved, along with every living thing, male and female of + each kind. For all this great multitude a sufficiency of food was + directed to be provided.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then comes the + command (the ark having been duly built, and all the directions + followed) to enter into the vessel, and further instructions are + given with regard to the creatures that are to be saved, with a + slight modification in the numbers, for the clean beasts are to be + taken in <span class="tei tei-q">“by sevens,”</span> and all the + rest, <span class="tei tei-q">“the unclean,”</span> by pairs. God + then announces that in seven days' time He will cause rain to come + upon the earth for forty days and forty nights. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“All the fountains of the great deep”</span> were broken + up, and the Lord shut up those upon whom He had favour in the + ark.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then, as the rain + continued, the waters <span class="tei tei-q">“prevailed + exceedingly”</span> upon the earth, and the high hills that were + under the whole heaven were covered, the depth of the waters being + <span class="tei tei-q">“fifteen cubits and upwards.”</span> + Everything was destroyed, <span class="tei tei-q">“Noah alone + remained alive, and those who were with him in the ark.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“And the waters prevailed upon the earth an hundred and + fifty days.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class= + "tei tei-q">“fountains of the deep”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the windows of heaven”</span> having been stopped, and + the <span class="tei tei-q">“rain from heaven”</span> restrained, the + waters abated, leaving the ark high and dry upon the mountains of + Ararat; and after the tops of the mountains were seen, Noah looked + out of the window that he had made. He then sent forth a raven and a + dove, and the latter, not finding a resting-place, returned to him, + to be sent forth again at the end of another week. The dove + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page089">[pg 089]</span><a name="Pg089" + id="Pg089" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> again returned bearing in her + beak an olive-leaf. Seven days more passed, and the dove, having been + sent out a third time, returned to him no more. Recognizing that the + waters were now all returned into their old channels, and that the + land was dry enough for him and his, Noah removed the covering of the + vessel, and saw that his supposition was correct, and having received + the command to come forth from the ark, which had been his + abiding-place for so long, and to send forth the living creatures + that were with him, the patriarch obeyed, and, when on dry land, + built an altar to Yahwah, and offered burnt offerings thereon of + every clean beast and every clean fowl.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“And the Lord smelled a sweet savour (lit. a savour of + rest); and the Lord said in His heart, I will not again curse the + ground any more for man's sake, for the imagination of man's heart is + evil from his youth.... While the earth remaineth, seedtime and + harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter, and day and night + shall not cease.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then comes, in the + ninth chapter, the blessing of God, with a charge concerning the + shedding of blood. He makes also a covenant with Noah, by the sign of + the rainbow, declaring that a like calamity shall never again come + upon the earth to destroy all life that is upon it.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such is, in short, + the Bible story of the great flood that destroyed, at a remote age of + the world, all life upon the earth. It is a narrative + circumstantially told, with day, month, and year all indicated, and + it forms a good subject for comparison with the Babylonian account, + with which it agrees so closely in all the main points, and from + which it differs so much in many essential details.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As in the case of + the Babylonian story of the Creation, it has been thought well not + only to give a fairly full translation of the Babylonian story of the + Flood, but also to indicate under what circumstances <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page090">[pg 090]</span><a name="Pg090" id="Pg090" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> that story appears in the series of + tablets in which it is found.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The first to + detect the nature of the series of tablets giving the story of the + Flood was the late George Smith, who had unrivalled opportunities of + making himself thoroughly acquainted with the treasures of the + British Museum in the matter of Assyrian records. As the story runs, + it was whilst searching for the fragments of the Creation-series that + he came across a fragment of a tablet mentioning that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the ship rested on the mountain of Niṣir,”</span> and + this at once suggested to him that this was a reference to the Flood, + as, in fact, it turned out to be. Continued and unremitting research + among the treasures of the Department in which he was employed + enabled him to bring together a large number of other fragments of + the series, leaving, in fact, very little indeed for any future + student to do in the way of collecting together texts from the + fragments that he had an opportunity of examining. The <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Daily + Telegraph</span></span> expedition to Assyria, which was conducted by + Mr. Smith himself, enabled him to add many other fragments to those + which he had already recognized in the Oriental Department of the + British Museum, and Mr. Rassam's very successful excavations in the + same place have since very considerably increased the list of + additions.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The story of the + Flood, as known to the Babylonians and Assyrians, is one chapter or + book of a legend consisting of twelve similar divisions, the first + line of the series beginning with the words <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ša naqba + imûru</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“He who saw + everything,”</span> and to this is added in the colophons, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the legend of Gilgameš.”</span> The number + of fragments extant is large, but the individual tablets are very + imperfect, that giving the account of the Flood being by far the most + complete, though even that has very regrettable lacunæ. Incomplete as + the legend is as a whole, an attempt will nevertheless be made here + to give some sort of a connected story, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page091">[pg 091]</span><a name="Pg091" id="Pg091" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> which may be regarded as accurate in all its + main details.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The first tablet + begins with the words that have been quoted above, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“He who saw everything, [who] ... the land.”</span> This + is followed, it would seem, by a description of the hero, who, + apparently, knew <span class="tei tei-q">“the wisdom of the whole (of + the lands?),”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“saw secret and + hidden things.... He brought news of before the flood, went a distant + road, and (suffered) dire fatigue (?).”</span> All his journeyings + and toils were, apparently, inscribed on tablets of stone, and + records thus left for future ages.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Gilgameš, as we + learn in the course of the narrative, was lord or king of + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Uruk + supuri</span></span>, or <span class="tei tei-q">“Erech the + walled,”</span> and at the time when the story begins, the + fortifications were in a ruinous state, and the treasury (?) of the + sanctuary Ê-anna, the temple of the goddess Ištar, which is mentioned + in the legend immediately after, was, we may suppose, empty. Other + details of the desolation of the temple are given, and the ruinous + state of the walls of the city are spoken of, together with the decay + of their foundations.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">No other fragment + of Col. I. of the first tablet of the Legend of Gilgameš seems to + have been recognized, so that the further references to the city are + lost. An interesting piece that Mr. G. Smith thought to be part of + the third column of this text refers to some misfortune that came + upon the city when the people moaned like calves, and the maidens + grieved like doves.</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The gods + of Erech the walled</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Turned to flies, and hummed in the + streets;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The winged bulls of Erech the + walled</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Turned to mice, and went out through the + holes.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The city was, on + this occasion, besieged for three years, until at last the god Bêl + and the goddess Ištar interested themselves in the state of things. + As to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page092">[pg 092]</span><a name= + "Pg092" id="Pg092" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> who the enemy was who + brought the people into such distress, there is no means at present + of finding out, but Mr. G. Smith suggested, with at least some show + of probability, that they were the Elamites under Ḫumbaba, who + appears later as the opponent of our hero. The indifference of the + gods and the divine bulls that were supposed to protect the city is + well expressed in the statement that they respectively turned into + flies and mice, buzzing about and active, but doing no good + whatever.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After the + reference to the state of Erech, the text is exceedingly mutilated, + and the sense difficult to gather, but it would seem to have + contained a further description of the hero, who, according to + Jensen's translation, is described as <span class="tei tei-q">“two + parts god and the third part man.”</span> To all appearance there was + none in all his realm like him, and also no consort suitable for him, + though he collected to him all the young men and maidens in the land. + This was a matter for grief, which the (divine powers ?) heard, and + they called upon the goddess Aruru to make another in his likeness. + This being was Êa-banî,<a id="noteref_7" name="noteref_7" href= + "#note_7"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">7</span></span></a> the + mighty one, to all appearance made to be the rival of Gilgameš, but + if this be the case, he did not fulfil his destiny, for his delight + was to remain with the beasts of the field. All his body was covered + with hair, and he had long tresses on his head, like those of a woman + (recalling Samson's luxuriant locks). Far, too, from being the rival + of Gilgameš, he became his most devoted friend and + companion.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page093">[pg + 093]</span><a name="Pg093" id="Pg093" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“ </span><span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Thou, + Aruru, hast created (mankind),</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Now make thou (one in) his + likeness.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The first day let his heart be + (formed?),</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Let him rival (?) and let him overcome (??) + Erech.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Aruru hearing this,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Made the likeness of Anu in the + midst of her heart.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Aruru washed her hands,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">She pinched off some clay, she + threw it on the ground—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">(Thus?) Êa-banî she made, the + warrior,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The offspring, the seed, the + possession of Ninip.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Covered with hair was all his + body,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He had tresses like a + woman,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The amount (?) of his hair grew + thick like corn.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He knew not (?) people and + land.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Clothed with a garment like the + god Gira.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">With the gazelles he eateth the + grass,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">With the wild beasts he drinketh + drink,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">With the dwellers in the water his + heart delighteth.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The hunter, the destroyer, a + man,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Beside the drinking-place he came + across him,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The first day, the second day, the + third day, beside the drinking-place he came across him.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The hunter saw him, and his + (Êa-banî's) countenance became stern,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">(He) and his wild beasts entered + his house,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(He became an)gry, stern, and he called + out.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Apparently he did + not like being watched so long by the hunter, and becoming suspicious + of his intentions, showed resentment, and tried to drive him away. It + may be noted by the way, that this description of Êa-banî would + answer excellently to the state attributed for a time to + Nebuchadnezzar in the Book of Daniel.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The hunter has a + conversation with his father, who <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page094">[pg 094]</span><a name="Pg094" id="Pg094" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> was with him, and the upshot of it is that they + decide to communicate to Gilgameš an account of the terrible man whom + they had seen. It was therefore decided to try to catch or, rather, + entice him to Erech by means of a female named Samḫat. In accordance + with the instructions received, therefore, the hunter took with him + the woman who was intrusted to him, and they awaited Êa-banî in the + same place, by the side of the water. After watching for him for two + days, they got into communication with him, and the woman asked him + why he dwelt with the wild animals, depicting at the same time all + the glory of Erech the walled and the nobility of Gilgameš, so that + he soon allowed himself to be persuaded, and, in the end, went and + took up his abode there.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Various things are + then narrated, the most important of them being the episode of the + Elamite Ḫumbaba, the same name, though not the same person, as the + Kombabos of the Greeks.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Gilgameš seems to + have gone to a place where there was a forest of cedar-trees, + accompanied by Êa-banî. Near this place, apparently, there was a + splendid palace, the abode (?) of a great queen. Judging from what + remains of the text, they ask their way of her, and she it is who + seems to tell them how to reach the dominions of the potentate whom + they seek.</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">A distant + road is the place of Ḫumbaba.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">A conflict that he (Gilgameš) + knoweth not he will meet,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">A road that he knoweth not he will + ride,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">As long as he goeth and + returneth,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Until he reach the forest of + cedars,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Until the mighty Ḫumbaba he + subdueth,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">And whatever is evil, what ye hate, he shall + destroy in the l(and).</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Evidently, from + the extent of the record in this place, many adventures befell them, + but the fragmentary <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page095">[pg + 095]</span><a name="Pg095" id="Pg095" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + lines and the numerous lacunæ make a connected narrative absolutely + impossible, and it is not until we reach the first column of what Mr. + G. Smith regarded as the fifth tablet that we get something more + satisfactory than this. The hero has apparently come within + measurable distance of his goal—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">They + stood and looked on the forest,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">They regarded the height of the + cedar,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">They regarded the depth of the + forest,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Where Ḫumbaba walked, striding + high (?),</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The roads prepared, the way made + good.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">They saw the mountain of the + cedar, the dwelling of the gods, the shrine of the god + Irnini,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Before the mountain the cedar + raised its luxuriance—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Good was its shade, full of + delight.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">They had still a + long way to go, however, and many things, seemingly, to overcome, + before they should reach the abode of the dreaded Elamite ruler, but + unfortunately, the details of their adventures are so very + fragmentary that no connected sense whatever is to be made out. The + last line of the tablet referring to this section, mentioning, as it + does, the head of Ḫumbaba, leads the reader to guess the conclusion + of the story, whatever the details may have been.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is with the + sixth tablet that we meet, for the first time, almost, with something + really satisfactory in the matter of completeness, though even here + one is sometimes pulled up sharp by a defective or doubtful + passage.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Apparently, + Gilgameš had become, at the time to which this tablet refers, very + prosperous, and that, combined with his other attractions, evidently + drew upon him the attention of the goddess Ištar—</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page096">[pg 096]</span><a name="Pg096" id="Pg096" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Come, + Gilgameš, be thou the bridegroom,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Give thy substance to me as a + gift,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Be thou my husband, and let me be + thy wife.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">I will cause to be yoked for thee + a chariot of lapis-lazuli and gold,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Whose wheels are gold and adamant + its poles.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Thou shalt harness thereto the + white ones, the great steeds.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Enter into our house mid the scent of the + cedar.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At his entering, + the people were to kiss his feet, and kings, lords, and princes do + him homage, and lastly, he was to have no rival upon the earth.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the mutilated + passage that follows, Gilgameš answers the goddess, reproaching her + with her treatment of her former lovers or husbands, which seems to + have been far from satisfactory. Reference to a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“wall of stone,”</span> and to <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the land of the enemy,”</span> seem to point to + imprisonment and expulsion, and the words <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Who is the bridegroom (whom thou hast kept?) for + ever?”</span> indicate clearly the opinion in which the hero held the + goddess. From generalities, however, he proceeds to more specific + charges—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">To + Tammuz, the husband of thy youth,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">From year to year thou causest + bitter weeping.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Thou lovedst the bright-coloured + Allala bird,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Thou smotest him and brokest his + wings,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">He stayed in the forests crying,</span> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">My + wings!</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Thou lovedst also a lion, perfect + in strength,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">By sevens didst thou cut wounds in + him.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Thou lovedst also a horse, + glorious in war,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Harness, spur, and bit (?) thou + laidest upon him,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Seven</span> <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">kaspu</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">(49 miles) thou madest him + gallop,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Distress and sweat thou causedst + him,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">To his mother Silili thou causedst + bitter weeping.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Thou lovedst also a shepherd of + the flock,</span> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page097">[pg + 097]</span><a name="Pg097" id="Pg097" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Who constantly laid out before + thee rich foods (?),</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Daily slaughtering for thee + suckling kids,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Thou smotest him and changedst him + to a jackal,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">His own shepherd-boy drove him + away,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">And his dogs bit his limbs.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Thou lovedst also Išullanu, thy + father's gardener,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Who constantly transmitted (?) thy + provisions (?),</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Daily making thy dishes + bright.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Thou raisedst thine eyes to him, + and preparedst food.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">My + Išullanu, divide the food, let us eat,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">And stretch forth thine hand, and taste of our + dish.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Išullanu said to thee:</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Me, what + (is this that) thou askest me?</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">My mother, do not cook (this), I + have never eaten (of it)—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">For should I eat foods of + enchantments and witcheries?</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">[Food bringing?] cold, exhaustion, madness + (?)?</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Thou heardest this [the speech of + Išullanu],</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Thou smotest him, and changedst + him into a statue (?),</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Thou settest him in the midst of + (thy) dom(ain?),</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He raiseth not the libation-vase, + he descendeth (?) not....</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">And as for me, thou wouldst love me and (make + me) even as these!</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ištar being angry + at these reproaches and accusations of the Babylonian hero, + immediately ascended to heaven and complained to her father Anu and + her mother Anatum that Gilgameš had reproached her with her + enchantments and witcheries, and after a long conversation, a divine + bull is sent against the hero and his friend. The heavenly animal is + overcome, principally by the activity of Êa-banî, who after + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page098">[pg 098]</span><a name="Pg098" + id="Pg098" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> its death, when the goddess + Ištar was lamenting its overthrow, cut off a portion of the body, and + threw it at her. Great were the rejoicings at Erech the walled at the + triumph of the hero and his counsellor, and after the feast that was + held, they all lay down to sleep. Êa-banî also lay down with the + rest, and during the night he saw a dream, of the details of which + nothing is known, though, from the words with which it seems to be + introduced, <span class="tei tei-q">“My friend, on account of what do + the gods take counsel,”</span> it may be supposed that the defiance + and opposition which these mortals had offered to the goddess Ištar + was engaging the attention of the heavenly powers with a view to some + action being taken. As it is with these words that Êa-banî begins to + tell his dream to Gilgameš, there is no doubt that the Babylonians + regarded the former as having been admitted, whilst asleep (as in the + case of the Babylonian Noah), into the councils of the gods. The + solitary line that is quoted above is the first of the seventh + tablet.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The details of the + legend now again become obscure, but thus much can be gathered, + namely, that Gilgameš in his turn had a dream, and that, all + appearance, Êa-banî interpreted it. Later on, Êa-banî falls ill, and + lies without moving for twelve days. Though unwilling to regard his + friend as dead, Gilgameš mourns for him bitterly, and decides to make + a journey, apparently with the object of finding out about his friend + Êa-banî, and ascertaining whether there were any means of bringing + him back to earth again.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He sets out, and + comes to the place where the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“scorpion-men,”</span> with their heads reaching to + heaven, and their breasts on a level with Hades, guarded the place of + the rising and the setting sun. The horror of their appearance, which + was death to behold, is forcibly described on the tablet. The hero + was struck with terror on seeing them, but as he was of <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page099">[pg 099]</span><a name="Pg099" id="Pg099" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> divine origin (<span class= + "tei tei-q">“his body is of the flesh of the gods,”</span> as the + scorpion-man says to his female), death has no power over him on + account of them. He seems to describe to them his journey, and the + object he had in view. Pir-napištim, the Babylonian Noah, is + mentioned in the course of the conversation, and it may be supposed + that it is on account of his desire to visit him that he asks these + monsters for advice. He afterwards comes into contact with the + goddess Siduri, <span class="tei tei-q">“who sits upon the throne of + the sea,”</span> and she, on seeing him, shuts her gate. He speaks to + her of this, and threatens to break it open. Having gained admission, + he apparently tells the goddess the reason of his journey, and she, + in return, describes to him the way that he would have to take, the + sea that he would have to cross, and of the deep waters of death that + bar the way to the abode of the Babylonian Noah, who had attained + unto everlasting life, and whose pilot or boatman, Ur-Šanabi, was to + take the Erechite hero to his presence.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After a long + conversation with Ur-Šanabi, concerning the road that they will take, + they start together, and after passing through a forest, they embark + in a ship, and reach, at the end of a month and ten days, the + <span class="tei tei-q">“waters of death.”</span> There Gilgameš does + something a number of times, and afterwards sees afar off + Pir-napištim, the Babylonian Noah, who apparently communes with + himself concerning the visitor who has come to his shores. The + conversation which follows is very mutilated, but in the course of + his explanation of the reason of his visit, Gilgameš relates all his + adventures—how he had traversed all the countries, and crossed + difficult mountains, his visit to Siduri, and her refusal to open the + door to him, with many other things. The conversation apparently, + after a time, becomes of a philosophical nature, for, in the course + of it, Pir-napištim says—</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page100">[pg 100]</span><a name="Pg100" id="Pg100" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Always + have we built a house,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Always do we seal (?) (the + contract).</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Always have brothers share + together,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Always is the seed in (the + earth?),</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Always the river rises bringing a + flood.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He then + discourses, apparently among other things, of death, and says—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The + Anunnaki, the great gods, are assembled (?).</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Mammitum, maker of fate, sets with + them the destinies.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">They have made life and + death,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(But) the death-days are not made + known.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With these words + the tenth tablet of the Gilgameš series comes to an end.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">The Eleventh Tablet Of The Gilgameš + Series, Containing The Story Of The Flood.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As this tablet + is the most complete of the series, it may not be considered out of + place to give here a description of the outward appearance of the + document—or, rather, of the documents, for there are many copies. + This description will serve, to a certain extent, for all the other + tablets of the series, when in their complete state.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The size of the + document which best shows the form is about 8-½ inches wide, by + 5-7/8 inches high. It is rectangular in form, and is inscribed on + both sides with three columns of writing (six in all). The total + number of lines, as given in the text published in the second + edition of the fourth vol. of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cuneiform + Inscriptions of Western Asia</span></span>, is 293, including the + catch-line and colophon, but as many of these lines are, in + reality, double ones (the scribes frequently squeezed two lines + into the space of one, so as to economize space), the original + number <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page101">[pg + 101]</span><a name="Pg101" id="Pg101" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + of the lines was probably nearer 326, or, with the catch-line and + colophon, 330. It is probable that the other tablets of the series + were not so closely written as this, and in these cases the number + of lines is fewer.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The tablet opens + with the continuation of the conversation between Gilgameš and + <span class="tei tei-q">“Pir-napištim the remote”</span>—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Gilgameš said also to him, to Pir-napištim + the remote:</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">I + perceive thee, O Pir-napištim,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Thy features are not + changed—like me art thou,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">And thou (thyself) art not + changed, like me art thou.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Put an end in thine heart to the + making of resistance,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">(Here?) art thou placed, does + that rise against thee,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(Now?) that thou remainest, and hast + attained life in the assembly of the gods?</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Pir-napištim said also to him, + to Gilgameš:</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Let me + tell thee, Gilgameš, the account of my + preservation,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">And let me tell thee, even thee, + the decision of the gods.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Šurippak, the city which thou + knowest,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Lies (upon the bank) of the + Euphrates.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">That city was old, and the gods + within it.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The great gods decided in their + hearts to make a flood.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">There (?) was (?) their father + Anu,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Their counsellor, the warrior + Ellila,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Their throne-bearer, + Ninip,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Their leader, En-nu-gi.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Nin-igi-azaga, the god Ae, + communed with them, and</span> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page102">[pg + 102]</span><a name="Pg102" id="Pg102" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Repeated their command to the + earth:</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Earth, + earth! Town, town!</span></span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">O earth, hear: and town, + understand!</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Surippakite, son of + Umbara-Tutu,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Destroy the house, build a + ship,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Leave what thou hast (?), see to + thy life.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Destroy the hostile and save + life,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Take up the seed of life, all of + it, into the midst of the ship.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The ship which thou shalt make, + even thou,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Let its size be measured,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Let it agree (as to) its height + and its length;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(Behold) the deep, launch her + (thither).</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">I understood and said to Ae, my + lord:</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">[Behol]d, my lord, what thou, even thou, + hast said, verily (?)</span></span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">It is excellent (?), (and) I + will do (it).</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" + style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">(How?) + may I answer the city—the young men and the + elders?</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ae opened his mouth and + spake,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He said to his servant, to + me:</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Thus, + then, shalt thou say unto them;</span></span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">It has + been told me (that) Ellila hates me,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">I will not dwell in ... + and</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">In the territory of Ellila I + will not set my face—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">I will descend to the deep, with + (Ae) my lord I shall (constantly) dwell.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">(As for) you, he will cause + abundance to rain down upon you, and</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">(Beasts and?) birds (shall be) + the prey (?) of the fishes, and</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">... he will enclose, (?), + and</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">... of a storm (?),</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" + style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">(In the + night) the heavens will rain down upon (y)ou + destruction.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%"> ’</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%"> ”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With these words + the second paragraph comes to an end, the total number of lost or + greatly mutilated <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page103">[pg + 103]</span><a name="Pg103" id="Pg103" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + lines being about nine. Very little of the contents of these lines + can be made out, as not much more than traces of words remain. + Where the lines begin to become fairly complete, the text seems to + refer to the building of the ship, upon which four days had already + been spent, its form being laid down on the fifth day. The + description of the building, which is somewhat minute, is + exceedingly difficult to translate, and any rendering of it must + therefore, at the present time, be regarded as tentative. Its + bulwarks seem to have risen four measures, and a deck (apparently) + is mentioned. Its interior was pitched with six <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">šar</span></span> of bitumen, and its outside + with three <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">šar</span></span> of pitch, or bitumen of a + different kind. The provisionment of the vessel is next described, + but this part is mutilated. A quantity of oil for the crew and + pilot is referred to, and oxen were also slaughtered, apparently as + a propitiatory sacrifice on the completion of the vessel. Various + kinds of drink were then brought on board, both intoxicating and + otherwise, plentiful (this may be regarded as the word to be + supplied here) <span class="tei tei-q">“like the waters of a + river.”</span> After this we have references to the completion of + certain details—holes for the cables above and below, etc., and + with this the third paragraph comes to an end.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the next + paragraph Pir-napištim collects his goods and his family, and + enters into the ark:—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">All I + possessed I transferred thereto,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">All I possessed I transferred + thereto, silver,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">All I possessed I transferred + thereto, gold;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">All I possessed I transferred + thereto, the seed of life, the whole</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">I caused to go up into the midst + of the ship. All my family and relatives,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The beasts of the field, the + animals of the field, the sons of the artificers—all of them + I sent up.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The god Šamaš appointed the + time—</span> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page104">[pg + 104]</span><a name="Pg104" id="Pg104" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Muir + kukki</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—In the night + I will cause the heavens to rain destruction,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Enter into the midst of the ship and shut + thy door.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">That + time approached—</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Muir + kukki</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—In the night + the heavens rained destruction.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">I saw the appearance of the + day:</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">I was afraid to look upon the + day—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">I entered into the midst of the + ship, and shut my door.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">For the guiding of the ship, to + Buzur-Kurgala, the pilot,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">I gave the great house with its + goods.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">At the appearance of dawn in the + morning,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">There arose from the foundation + of heaven a dark cloud:</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Rimmon thundered in the midst of + it, and</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Nebo and Šarru went in + front</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Then went the throne-bearers + (over) mountain and plain.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ura-gala dragged out the + cables,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Then came Ninip, casting down + destruction,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The Anunnaki raised (their) + torches,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">With their brilliance they + illuminated the land.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Rimmon's destruction reached to + heaven,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Everything bright to darkness + turned,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">... the land like ... it + ...</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The first day, the storm (?) + ...</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Swiftly it swept, and ... the + land (?)....</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Like a battle against the people + it sought....</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Brother saw not brother.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The people were not to be + recognized. In heaven</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The gods feared the flood, + and</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">They fled, they ascended to the + heaven of Anu.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The gods kenneled like dogs, + crouched down in the enclosures.</span> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page105">[pg + 105]</span><a name="Pg105" id="Pg105" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ištar spake like a + mother.</span><a id="noteref_8" name="noteref_8" href= + "#note_8"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">8</span></span></a> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The lady of the + gods</span><a id="noteref_9" name="noteref_9" href= + "#note_9"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">9</span></span></a> + <span style="font-size: 90%">called out, making her voice + resound:</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">All + that generation has turned to + corruption.</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Because I spoke evil in the + assembly of the gods,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">When I spoke evil in the + assembly of the gods,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">I spoke of battle for the + destruction of my people.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Verily I have begotten (man), + but where is he?</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Like the sons of the fishes he fills the + sea.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The gods of the Anunnaki were + weeping with her.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The gods had crouched down, + seated in lamentation,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Covered were their lips in (all) + the assemblies,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Six days and nights</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The wind blew, the deluge and + flood overwhelmed the land.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The seventh day, when it came, + the storm ceased, the raging flood,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Which had contended like a + whirlwind,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Quieted, the sea shrank back, + and the evil wind and deluge ended.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">I noticed the sea making a + noise,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">And all mankind had turned to + corruption.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Like palings the marsh-reeds + appeared.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">I opened my window, and the + light fell upon my face,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">I fell back dazzled, I sat down, + I wept,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Over my face flowed my + tears.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">I noted the regions, the shore + of the sea,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">For twelve measures the region + arose.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The ship had stopped at the land + of Niṣṣir.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The mountain of Niṣir seized the + ship, and would not let it pass.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The first day and the second day + the mountain of Niṣir seized the ship, and would not let it + pass,</span> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page106">[pg + 106]</span><a name="Pg106" id="Pg106" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The third day and the fourth day + the mountain of Niṣir, etc.,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The fifth and sixth the mountain + of Niṣir, etc.,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The seventh day, when it + came</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">I sent forth a dove, and it + left,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The dove went, it turned + about,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">But there was no resting-place, + and it returned.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">I sent forth a swallow, and it + left,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The swallow went, it turned + about,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">But there was no resting-place, + and it returned.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">I sent forth a raven, and it + left,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The raven went, the rushing of + the waters it saw,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">It ate, it waded, it croaked, it + did not return.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">I sent forth (the animals) to + the four winds, I poured out a libation,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">I made an offering on the peak + of the mountain,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Seven and seven I set + incense-vases there,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">In their depths I poured cane, + cedar, and rosewood (?).</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The gods smelled a + savour,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The gods smelled a sweet + savour,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The gods gathered like flies + over the sacrificer.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Then the goddess Maḫ, when she + came,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Raised the great signets that + Anu had made at her wish:</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">These + gods—by the lapis-stone of my neck—let me not + forget,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">These days let me remember, nor + forget them forever!</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Let the gods come to the + sacrifice,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">But let not Ellila come to the + sacrifice,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">For he did not take counsel, and + made a flood,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">And consigned my people to + destruction.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Then Ellila, when he + came,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Saw the ship. And Ellila was + wroth,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Filled with anger on account of + the gods and the spirits of heaven.</span> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page107">[pg + 107]</span><a name="Pg107" id="Pg107" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">What, + has a soul escaped?</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Let not a man be saved from the + destruction.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ninip opened his mouth and + spake,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He said to the warrior + Ellila:</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Who but + Ae has done the thing</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">And Ae knows every event.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ae opened his mouth and + spake,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He said to the warrior + Ellila:</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Thou + sage of the gods, warrior,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Verily thou hast not taken + counsel, and hast made a flood.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The sinner has committed his + sin,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The evildoer has committed his + misdeed,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Be merciful—let him not be cut + off—yield, let (him) not perish.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Why hast thou made a + flood?</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Let the lion come, and let men + diminish.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Why hast thou made a + flood?</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Let the hyæna come, and let men + diminish.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Why hast thou made a + flood?</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Let a famine happen, and let the + land be destroyed (?).</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Why hast thou made a + flood?</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Let Ura (pestilence) come, and + let the land be devastated (?).</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">I did not reveal the decision of + the great gods—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">I caused Atra-ḫasis to see a dream, and he + heard the decision of the gods.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">When he had taken counsel (with + himself),</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ae went up into the midst of the + ship,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He took my hand and he led me + up, even me</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He brought up and caused my + woman to kneel (?) at my side;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He touched us, and standing + between us, he blessed us (saying):</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Formerly Pir-napištim was a + man:</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Now (as for) Pir-napištim and + his woman, let them be like unto the gods, (even) us,</span> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page108">[pg + 108]</span><a name="Pg108" id="Pg108" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">And let Pir-napištim dwell afar at the + mouths of the rivers.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He took me, and afar at the + mouths of the rivers he caused me to dwell.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Now as for thee, who of the gods + shall restore thee to health?</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">That thou see the life that thou + seekest, even thou?</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Well, lie not down to sleep six + days and seven nights,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Like one who is sitting down in + the midst of his sorrow (?),</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Sleep like a dark cloud hovereth + over him.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Pir-napištim then said to his + wife:</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">See, + the hero who desireth life,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Sleep like a dark cloud hovereth over + him.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">His wife then said to + Pir-napištim the remote:</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Touch + him, and let him awake a man—</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Let him return in health by the + road that he came,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Let him return to his country by the great + gate by which he came forth.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Pir-napištim said to his + wife:</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The + suffering of men hurteth thee.</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Come, cook his food, set it by his + head.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">And the day that he lay down in + the enclosure of his ship,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">She cooked his food, she set it + by his head:</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">And the day when he lay down in + the enclosure of his cabin</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">First his food was + ground,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Secondly it was sifted,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Thirdly it was moistened,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Fourthly she rolled out his + dough,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Fifthly she threw down a + part,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Sixthly it was cooked,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Seventhly he (or she) touched + him suddenly, and he awoke a man!</span> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page109">[pg + 109]</span><a name="Pg109" id="Pg109" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Gilgameš said to him (even) to + Pir-napištim the remote:</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">That + sleep quite overcame me</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Swiftly didst thou touch me, and didst + awaken me, even thou.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%"> ”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Pir-napištim, in + answer to this, tells Gilgameš what had been done to him, repeating + the description of the preparation of his food in the same words as + had been used to describe the ceremony (for such it apparently is), + and ending by saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“Suddenly I touched + thee, (even) I, and thou awokest, (even) thou.”</span> Thus putting + beyond question the personality of the one who effected the + transformation which was brought about, though he leaves out the + word <span class="tei tei-q">“man,”</span> which hid from the hero + the fact that a transformation had in consequence taken place in + him. The ceremonies were not by any means finished, however, for + the boatman or pilot had to take him to the place of lustration to + be cleansed, and for the skin, with which he seems to have been + covered, to fall off. The Babylonian patriarch then tells him of a + wonderful plant which would make an old man young again, and + Gilgameš gets possession of one of these. On his way to his own + country in the company of the boatman or pilot, he stops to perform + what seems to be a religious ceremony, at a well, when a serpent + smells the plant,<a id="noteref_10" name="noteref_10" href= + "#note_10"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">10</span></span></a> and, + apparently in consequence of that, a lion comes and takes it away. + Gilgameš greatly laments his loss, saying that he had not benefited + by the possession of this wonderful plant, but the lion of the + desert had gained the advantage. After <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page110">[pg 110]</span><a name="Pg110" id="Pg110" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> a journey only varied by the religious + festivals that they kept, they at length reached Erech, the walled. + Here, after a reference to the dilapidation of the place, and a + statement seemingly referring to the offerings to be made if + repairs had not, during his absence, been effected, the eleventh + and most important tablet of the Gilgameš series comes to an + end.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Of the twelfth + tablet but a small portion exists, though fragments of more than + one copy have been found. In this we learn that Gilgameš still + lamented for his friend Êa-banî, whom he had lost so long before. + Wishing to know of his present state and how he fared, he called to + the spirit of his friend thus—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Thou + restest not the bow upon the ground,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">What has been smitten by the bow + surround thee.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The staff thou raisest not in + thine hand,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The spirits (of the slain) + enclose thee.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Shoes upon thy feet thou dost + not set,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">A cry upon earth thou dost not + make:</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Thy wife whom thou lovest thou + kissest not,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Thy wife whom thou hatest thou + smitest not;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Thy child whom thou lovest thou + kissest not,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Thy child whom thou hatest thou + smitest not.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">The sorrowing earth hath taken + thee.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Gilgameš then + seems to invoke the goddess <span class="tei tei-q">“Mother of + Nin-a-zu,”</span> seemingly asking her to restore his friend to + him, but to all appearance without result. He then turned to the + other deities—Bêl, Sin, and Ea, and the last-named seems to have + interceded for Êa-banî with Nerigal, the god of the under-world, + who, at last, opened the earth, <span class="tei tei-q">“and the + spirit of Êa-banî like mist arose (?).”</span> His friend being + thus restored to him, though probably only for a time, and not in + bodily form, Gilgameš asks <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page111">[pg 111]</span><a name="Pg111" id="Pg111" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> him to describe the appearance of the world + from which he had just come. <span class="tei tei-q">“If I tell + thee the appearance of the land I have seen,”</span> he answers, + <span class="tei tei-q">“... sit down, weep.”</span> Gilgameš, + however, still persists—<span class="tei tei-q">“... let me sit + down, let me weep,”</span> he answers. Seeing that he would not be + denied, Êa-banî complies with his request. It was a place where + dwelt people who had sinned in their heart, where (the young) were + old, and the worm devoured, a place filled with dust. This was the + place of those who had not found favour with their god, who had met + with a shameful death (as had apparently Êa-banî himself). The + blessed, on the other hand—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Whom + thou sawest [die] the death (?) [of] . .[I + see]—</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">In the resting-place of .... + reposing, pure water he drinketh.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Whom in the battle thou sawest + killed, I see—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">His father and his mother + support his head</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">And his wife sitteth [? beside + him].</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Whose corpse thou hast seen + thrown down on the plain, I see—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">His spirit on earth reposeth + not.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Whose spirit thou sawest without + a caretaker, I see—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The leavings of the dish, the + rejected of the food,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Which in the street is thrown, he + eateth.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And with this + graphic description of the world of the dead the twelfth and + concluding tablet of the Gilgameš series comes to an end.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With the + Gilgameš series of tablets as a whole we have not here to concern + ourselves, except to remark, that the story of the Flood is + apparently inserted in it in order to bring greater glory to the + hero, whom the writer desired to bring into connection with one who + was regarded as the greatest and most renowned of old times, and + who, on account of the favour that <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page112">[pg 112]</span><a name="Pg112" id="Pg112" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the gods had to him, had attained to + immortality and to divinity. Except the great Merodach himself, no + divine hero of past ages appealed to the Babylonian mind so + strongly as Pir-napištim, who was called Atra-ḫasis, the hero of + the Flood.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The reason of + the coming of the Flood seems to have been regarded by the + Babylonians as two-fold. In the first place, as Pir-napištim is + made to say (see p. <a href="#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref">100</a>), + <span class="tei tei-q">“Always the river rises and brings a + flood”</span>—in other words, it was a natural phenomenon. But in + the course of the narrative which he relates to Gilgameš, the true + reason is implied, though it does not seem to be stated in words. + And this reason is the same as that of the Old Testament, namely, + the wickedness of the world. If it should again become needful to + punish mankind with annihilation on account of their wickedness, + the instrument was to be the lion, or the hyæna, or pestilence—not + a flood. And we have not to go far to seek the reason for this. By + a flood, the whole of mankind might—in fact, certainly would—be + destroyed, whilst by the other means named some, in all + probability, would escape. There was at least one of the gods who + did not feel inclined to witness the complete destruction of the + human race without a protest, and an attempt on his part to + frustrate such a merciless design.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Little doubt + exists that there is some motive in this statement on the part of + the Babylonian author of the legend. It has been already noted that + Merodach (the god who generally bears the title of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bêl</span></span>, or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“lord”</span>) was, in Babylonian mythology, not one of + the older gods, he having displaced his father Ea or Ae, in + consequence of the predominance of Babylon, whose patron god + Merodach was. Could it be that the Babylonians believed that the + visitation of the flood was due to the vengeful anger of Merodach, + aroused by the people's non-acceptance <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page113">[pg 113]</span><a name="Pg113" id="Pg113" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of his kingship? It seems unlikely. + Pir-napištim was himself a worshipper of Ae, and on account of that + circumstance, he is represented in the story as being under the + special protection of that god. To all appearance, therefore, the + reason which Pir-napištim is represented as having given, for the + building of the ship, to his fellow-townsmen, was not intended to + be altogether false. The god Ellila hated him, and therefore he was + going to dwell with Ae, his lord—on the bosom of the deep which he + ruled. An announcement of the impending doom is represented as + having been made to the people by the patriarch, and it is + therefore doubly unfortunate that the next paragraph is so + mutilated, for it doubtless gave, when complete, some account of + the way in which they received the notice of the destruction that + was about to be rained down upon them.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It has been more + than once suggested, and Prof. Hommel has stated the matter as his + opinion, that the name of the god Aê or Ea, another possible + reading of which is Aa, may be in some way connected with, and + perhaps originated the Assyro-Babylonian divine name Ya'u, + <span class="tei tei-q">“God,”</span> which is cognate with the + Hebrew Yah or, as it is generally written, Jah. If this be the + case, it would seem to imply that a large section of the people + remained faithful to his worship, and the flood of the Babylonians + may symbolize some persecution of them by the worshippers of the + god Ellila, angry at the slight put upon him by their neglect or + unwillingness to acknowledge him as the chief of the Pantheon. Some + of the people may, indeed, have worshipped Ae or Aa alone, thus + constituting a kind of monotheism. This, nevertheless, is very + uncertain, and at present unprovable. It is worthy of note, + however, that at a later date there was a tendency to identify all + the deities of the Babylonian <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page114">[pg 114]</span><a name="Pg114" id="Pg114" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Pantheon with Merodach, and what in the + <span class="tei tei-q">“middle ages”</span> of the Babylonians + existed with regard to Merodach may very well have existed for the + worship of Ae or Ea at an earlier date. The transfer, in the + Semitic Babylonian Creation-story, of the name of Aê to his son + Merodach may perhaps be a re-echo of the tendency to identify all + the gods with Ae, when the latter was the supreme object of worship + in the land. There is one thing that is certain, and that is, that + the Chaldean Noah, Pir-napištim, was faithful in the worship of the + older god, who therefore warned him, thus saving his life. Ae, the + god who knew all things, knew also the design of his fellows to + destroy mankind, and being <span class="tei tei-q">“all and always + eye,”</span> to adopt a phrase used by John Bunyan, he bore, as a + surname, that name Nin-igi-azaga, <span class="tei tei-q">“Lord of + the bright eye,”</span> so well befitting one who, even among his + divine peers, was the lord of unsearchable wisdom.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is + unfortunately a difficult thing to make a comparison of the ark as + described in Genesis with a ship of the Babylonian story. It was + thought, by the earlier translators of the Babylonian story of the + Flood, that its size was indicated in the second paragraph of the + story (p. <a href="#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref">102</a>, ll. 11, + 12), but Dr. Haupt justly doubts that rendering. If the size of the + vessel were indicated at all, it was probably in the next + paragraph, where the building of the ship is described. This part, + however, is so very mutilated, that very little clear sense can be + made out of it. The Babylonian home-land of the story seems + certainly to be indicated by the mention of two kinds of bitumen or + pitch for caulking the vessel, Babylonia being the land of bitumen + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">par + excellence</span></span>. Those who were to live on board were to + sustain themselves with the flesh of oxen, and to all appearance + they cheered the weary hours with the various kinds of drink of + which they laid in store. They were not neglectful, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page115">[pg 115]</span><a name="Pg115" id="Pg115" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> either, of the oil that they used in + preparing the various dishes, and with which they anointed their + persons. All these points, though but little things in themselves, + go to show that the story, in its Babylonian dress, was really + written in the country of that luxury-loving people. The mention of + holes for the cables, too, shows that the story is the production + of maritime people, such as the Babylonians were.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Apparently the + Babylonians found there was something inconsistent in the patriarch + being saved without any of his relatives (except his sons), and the + artificers who had helped him to build the ship which was to save + him from the destruction that overwhelmed his countrymen and + theirs. For this reason, and also because of the relationship that + might be supposed to exist between master and servant, his + relatives and the sons of the artificers<a id="noteref_11" name= + "noteref_11" href="#note_11"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">11</span></span></a> are + saved along with his own family, which, of course, would not only + include his sons, but their wives also. On this point, therefore, + the two accounts may be regarded as in agreement.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When all was + ready, the Sun-god, called by the usual Semitic name of Šamaš, + appointed the time for the coming of the catastrophe. This would + seem to be another confirmation of the statement already made, that + the Babylonians, like the Hebrews (see Gen. i. 14-18), regarded one + of the uses of the sun as being to indicate seasons and times. It + was a great and terrible time, such as caused terror to the + beholder, and the patriarch was smitten with fear. Here, as in + other parts of the Babylonian version, there is a human interest + that is to a large extent wanting in the precise and detailed + Hebrew account. Again the maritime <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page116">[pg 116]</span><a name="Pg116" id="Pg116" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> nation is in evidence, where the consigning + of the ship into the care of a pilot is referred to. Of course such + an official could do but little more than prevent disastrous + misfortune from the vessel being the plaything of the waves. In the + description of the storm, the terror of the gods, Ištar's grief, + and Maḫ's anger at the destruction of mankind, we see the + production of a nation steeped in idolatry, but there are but few + Assyro-Babylonian documents in which this fact is not made + evident.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We have a return + to the Biblical story in the sending forth of the birds, and the + sacrifice of odoriferous herbs, when the gods smelled a sweet + savour, and gathered like flies over the sacrificer. In the signets + of Maḫ, <span class="tei tei-q">“the lady of the gods,”</span> by + which she swears, we may, perhaps, see a reflection of the covenant + by means of the rainbow, which the Babylonians possibly explained + as being the necklace of the goddess. Instead of the promise that a + similar visitation to destroy the whole of mankind should not occur + again, there is simply a kind of exhortation on the part of the god + Ae, addressed to Ellila, not to destroy the world by means of a + flood again. To punish mankind for sins and misdeeds committed, + other means were to be employed that did not involve the + destruction of the whole human race.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Noah died at the + age of 950 years (Gen. ix. 29), but his Babylonian representative + was translated to the abode of the blessed <span class= + "tei tei-q">“at the mouths of the rivers,”</span> with his wife, to + all appearance immediately after the Flood. In this the Babylonian + account differs, and the ultimate fate of the patriarch resembles + that of the Biblical Enoch, he who <span class="tei tei-q">“was + not, for God took him”</span> (Gen. v. 24).</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page117">[pg 117]</span><a name= + "Pg117" id="Pg117" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc9" id="toc9"></a> <a name="pdf10" id="pdf10"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Appendix. The Second Version Of The + Flood-Story.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This was found + by the late George Smith at Nineveh when excavating for the + proprietors of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Daily Telegraph</span></span>, and was at + first supposed to belong to the text translated on pp. 101-109. + This, however, is impossible, as the narrative is in the third + person instead of the first, and in the form of a conversation + between Atra-ḫasis (= Pir-napištim) and the god Aê—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Tablet D. T. 42.</span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">......................</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">....... may it be</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">....... like the vault of</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">....... may it be strong above + and below.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Enclose the ... and + ...............</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">[At] the time that I shall send + to thee</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Enter [the ship] and close the + door of the ship,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Into the midst of it [take] thy + grain, thy furniture, and [thy] goods,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Thy . . ., thy family, thy + relatives, and the artisans;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">[The beasts] of the field, the + animals of the field, as many as I shall collect (?),</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">[I will] send to thee, and thy + door shall protect them.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">[Atra]-ḫasis opened his mouth + and spake,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Sa]ying to Aê, his lord:</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">...... + a ship I have not made .......</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Form [its shape (?) upon the + gr]ound.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Let me see the [plan], and [I + will build] the ship.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">[Form] ...... on the ground + ........</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">........ what thou hast said + .......</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">.........................</span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is not + improbable that the fragment published by the Rev. V. Scheil, O. + P., belongs to this legend (see <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The King's + Own</span></span>,<a id="noteref_12" name="noteref_12" href= + "#note_12"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">12</span></span></a> April + 1898, pp. 397-400).</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page118">[pg 118]</span><a name= + "Pg118" id="Pg118" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc11" id="toc11"></a> <a name="pdf12" id="pdf12"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter IV. Assyria, Babylonia, And The + Hebrews, With Reference To The So-Called Genealogical + Table.</span></h1> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The Akkadians—The Semitic + Babylonians—The Hebrews—Nimrod—Assur—The Tower of Babel and the + confusion of tongues—Babylonian temple-towers—How the legend probably + arose—The Patriarchs to the time of Abraham.</span> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“And Cush begat Nimrod: he began to be a mighty one in + the earth.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“He was a mighty hunter before the Lord: wherefore it is + said, Even as Nimrod, the mighty hunter before the Lord.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel, and Erech, + and Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Out of that land went forth Asshur, and builded Nineveh, + and the city Rehoboth (or, the streets of the city), and + Calah.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“And Resen between Nineveh and Calah: the same is a great + city.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such is the + Biblical account of the origin of the two most powerful states of the + ancient East, Babylonia and Assyria. It has been many times quoted + and discussed, but there seems always to be something new to say + about it, or to add to it, or what has already been said may be put + in another and clearer way. It is for one or more of these reasons, + as well as for the completeness of this work, that the author + ventures again to approach the well-worn problems that these verses + present.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page119">[pg + 119]</span><a name="Pg119" id="Pg119" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Every reader, on + taking up a book dealing with this period of ancient Eastern history, + will probably have noticed, that the word which most frequently meets + his eye (if the book be an English one) is Akkad, the Semitic + equivalent of the Biblical Accad. If, however, it be a continental + work, the equivalent expression will be Šumer—which word, indeed, he + will meet with also in English works, if the writer be at all under + German or other foreign influence.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The reason for + this divergence of opinion is very simple, the fact being that there + were two tribes or nationalities, Šumer being before Akkad when the + two countries are mentioned together, and as it is regarded as + identical with the Shinar of Gen. x. 10, Šumer and Šumerian may + possibly be preferable, but in all probability Akkad and Akkadian are + not wrong.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As we see from the + chapter of Genesis referred to, there were many nationalities in the + Euphrates valley in ancient times, and the expression <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Cush begat Nimrod,”</span> would imply that the + inhabitants of Babylonia were all Cushites. Yet the great majority of + the inscriptions found in that country of a later date than about + 2000 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> are Semitic.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Large additions + have of late years been made to the number of ancient remains from + Babylonia, and most of these are of a very early period. We are thus + in a position to compare not only the different types of that early + period with each other, but also with the sculptures of later date. + The cylinder-seals show us a comparatively slim race, long-bearded, + erect and dignified, and these characteristics are also recognizable + among the various types revealed to us by the still earlier + sculptures. The representations of kings and deities are often + heavily bearded, but, on the other hand, high officials and others + are generally clean shaven. These peculiarities, with the difference + of costume, especially the thick-brimmed hats, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page120">[pg 120]</span><a name="Pg120" id="Pg120" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> would seem to imply distinct foreign + influence, or, rather, in combination with the differences of racial + type exhibited, considerable foreign admixture. Perhaps, however, the + true explanation is, that the plain of Shinar represents the + meeting-point of two different races—one Cushite and the other + Semitic.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And this fact, as + is well known, is confirmed by the existence of what is regarded as + the language of the Akkadians, and also of a dialect of the same. + This is not the place to discuss the question whether these + non-Semitic idioms be really languages or only cryptographs—the + author holds, in common with Sayce, Oppert, Hommel, and all the + principal Assyriologists, that they are real languages—but a + reference to the few passages where these idioms are spoken of may + not be without interest.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One of these is + the fragment known as S. 1190 in the British Museum, where the + contents of the tablet of which it formed a part are referred to as + <span class="tei tei-q">“Two Šumerian incantations used”</span> + (seemingly) <span class="tei tei-q">“for the stilling of a weeping + child.”</span> Another tablet refers to the languages, and states + that the tongue of Šumer was like (the tongue of) Akkad, or assumed a + likeness to it at some time or other. This document also refers to + another form of speech that was the tongue of the prince, chief, or + leader. Yet another fragment refers to Akkad as below (? to the + south) and Šumer above (? to the north),<a id="noteref_13" name= + "noteref_13" href="#note_13"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">13</span></span></a> but it + is doubtful whether this refers to the position of the country. A + fourth large fragment written partly in the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“dialect”</span> is referred to as a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Šumerian”</span> text.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Both from the + ethnographical and the linguistic side, therefore, ample testimony to + the existence of a <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page121">[pg + 121]</span><a name="Pg121" id="Pg121" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + non-Semitic race (or non-Semitic races) in the plain of Shinar in + ancient times is at hand. As to the language intended in the + expression <span class="tei tei-q">“Two Šumerian incantations”</span> + (spoken of above) there can be no doubt, the original idiom in + question being the non-Semitic tongue already referred to—that tongue + which was like the tongue of Akkad, of which it was apparently a more + decayed form. The title given cannot refer to the translation into + Assyro-Babylonian which accompanies it, as this is undoubtedly of + later date than the composition itself.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is then no + doubt that the Akkadians and the Šumerians were two tribes of the + same race, probably intermixed to a certain extent with foreign + elements (people with oblique eyes being depicted on at least two of + the sculptures of the early period from Tel-Loh), and speaking a + language differing entirely from that of their Semitic + fellow-countrymen,—a language which was of an agglutinative nature, + introducing into its verbal forms whole rows of analytical particles, + which sometimes gave to the phrase a precision of meaning to which + the Semitic Babylonian has but little pretension, though + Šumero-Akkadian is generally difficult enough in other respects, in + consequence of the excessive number of the homophones that it + contains. Indeed, it is sometimes difficult to see how the speakers + of the latter language could have understood each other without + resorting to some such distinctive aids similar to the tones used in + modern—as probably also in ancient—Chinese, of which Šumero-Akkadian + is regarded by the Rev. C. J. Ball as an exceedingly ancient + form.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The question of + the origin of the Akkadians is one concerning which there has been + and is still much uncertainty, and which presents many problems for + the future. It has been remarked that the fact that there is no + special ideograph for <span class="tei tei-q">“river,”</span> and the + fact that <span class="tei tei-q">“mountain”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“country”</span> are represented by the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page122">[pg 122]</span><a name="Pg122" id="Pg122" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> same character, imply that the people + with whom the cuneiform script originated came from a mountainous + country—probably the tract to the east or the north-east. This + assumption, however, is not wholly dependent on what is here stated, + for it is a well-known and admitted fact that the ideograph generally + used for <span class="tei tei-q">“Akkad”</span> stands also for other + tracts that are largely mountainous, namely, Phœnicia and Ararat.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It may be of + interest here to quote the passage referring to this.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The text in + question is the exceedingly important syllabary designated by Prof. + Fried. Delitzsch <span class="tei tei-q">“Syllabary <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">B</span></span>.”</span> The text is + unfortunately defective in the British Museum copy, but a duplicate + found at Babylon by the German explorers completes it as + follows:—</p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="3"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Uri</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">[Cuneiform]</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Akkadū</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Ari</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">[Cuneiform]</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Amurrū</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Tilla</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">[Cuneiform]</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Urṭū.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From this we see + that the ideograph for Akkad not only stood for that country, but + also for the land of the Amorites (Amurrū), and for Ararat (Urṭū), + both of them being more or less mountainous districts. That the + ancient home of the Akkadians was of the same nature is, therefore, + more than probable.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">That the Akkadians + were a conquering race is indicated by the legend of the god Ura, + generally called <span class="tei tei-q">“the Dibbara Legend,”</span> + where the hero, <span class="tei tei-q">“the warrior Ura,”</span> is + represented as speaking prophetically as follows—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Tâmtu + with Tâmtu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Subartu with Subartu,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Assyrian with Assyrian,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Elamite with Elamite,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Kassite with Kassite,</span> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page123">[pg + 123]</span><a name="Pg123" id="Pg123" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Sutite with Sutite,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Qutite with Qutite,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Lullubite with Lullubite,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Country with country, house with + house, man with man,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Brother with brother, shall not + agree: let them annihilate each other,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">And afterwards let the Akkadian + come, and</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Let him overthrow them all, and let him cast + down the whole of them.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Akkadians had + dominion, at one time or another, over all the above nationalities, + some of whom were permanently subjected. Tâmtu, the region of the + Persian Gulf, was under their domination constantly, though the + inhabitants were apparently rather turbulent, and unwilling subjects. + The Assyrians were apparently for a time under Akkadian (Babylonian) + rule, but threw it off at a very early period, and later on conquered + Akkad itself. The Elamites, too, were for a while conquered by the + inhabitants of Babylonia, and the Sutites (people of Sutî) are said + to have been all transported by Kadašman-Muruš (he reigned about 1209 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, according to + Hilprecht). It will thus be seen that they played an important part + in the history of the plain of Shinar where they settled, and to all + appearance introduced their civilization.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the earliest + ages known to us, the land of Akkad was a collection of small states + resembling the Heptarchy. These states differed considerably in + power, influence, and prosperity, and the passing centuries brought + many changes with them. From time to time one of the kings or + viceroys of these small states would find himself more powerful than + his contemporaries, and would gradually overcome all the others. One + of the earliest instances of this is the ruler Lugal-zag-gi-si, whose + reign is placed by Hilprecht <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page124">[pg 124]</span><a name="Pg124" id="Pg124" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> at about 4500 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> He was son of Ukuš (the + reading is doubtful), viceroy (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">patesi</span></span>) of a district which seems + to be that of which Kis was capital. <span class="tei tei-q">“He had + conquered all Babylonia and established an empire extending from the + Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea”</span> (Hilprecht).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whether he and his + successors were able to maintain real dominion over all this + extensive tract or not, we do not know, but a few hundred years later + we find Sargon of Agadé (known as <span class="tei tei-q">“Šargani + king of the city”</span>) subduing the land of the west in the 11th + year of his reign, and placing the districts under one control, + whilst his son, Naram-Sin, apparently added Elam to his dominions, + and Uruwuš (whom Prof. Sayce suggests as the original of the Horus of + Pliny), at a later date, led a warlike expedition thither, and + brought away much spoil, some of which is still extant as a lasting + testimony to the reality of this historical fact.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the states + which existed in Akkad before the whole country was united under one + king may be mentioned Isin or Karrak, Ur (the supposed Ur of the + Chaldees), Kêš, Nippur (or Niffur), the modern Niffer, Lagaš, Êridu, + Êrech, and Larsa (identified with Ellasar), with some others. Akkad + and Babylon were always important centres, the former being supreme + before the date of the dynasty of Babylon (about 2200 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>), and the latter + afterwards.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Until about the + time of the dynasty of Babylon, the language principally used was to + all appearance the non-Semitic Babylonian or Akkadian—in any case, + the numerous texts (mainly temple-accounts) of the period of Dungi, + Bûr-Sin, Gimil-Sin, and Ibi-Sin are written in that tongue. + Nevertheless, Akkadian seems to have been the official language of + the country for a considerable time after, if we may judge from the + contracts, and especially the historical dates of these documents, + which are always written in Akkadian. <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page125">[pg 125]</span><a name="Pg125" id="Pg125" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> The names, too, which were before this period + wholly Akkadian, gradually become more and more Semitic + (Assyro-Babylonian), and finally the Akkadian element only exists as + a remnant of the non-Semitic tongue which prevailed before the + Semitic Dynasty of Babylon—that to which Ḫammurabi or Amraphel + belonged—made the Semitic tongue, spoken by Sargon of Agadé more than + 1500 years before, the official language of the country.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such, then, is the + history of the ancient Akkadians, from whose intermingled stock the + later Semitic Babylonians sprang, and who inherited, at the same + time, their method of writing, their literature, their arts and + sciences, and also, to a great extent, their manners, customs, and + religion. It was to all appearance with the Semitic dynasty of + Ḫammurabi that the change from non-Semitic to Semitic predominance + took place. This change must have been slow enough, and in all + probability it occurred without any national upheaval, and without + any interruption of the national life. Semitic names gradually + replaced the Akkadian ones, most of the religious works, + incantations, national histories, bilingual lists, and syllabaries + were supplied with Semitic translations, and legal precedents in + Semitic Babylonian for the information of the judges of later times + were drawn up, whilst the old Akkadian laws, though retained, were + translated for the use of students who no longer learned Akkadian as + their mother-tongue, and who committed them to memory at the same + time as they learned the set phrases they would have to use when, + their education completed, they should attain to the dignity of + full-fledged ministers to the legal needs of the community. By this + time, or somewhat later, the racial type must have become fixed, for + the sculptures from the thirteenth century <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> downwards no longer + show the slim, elegant form of the Akkadians, but the thick-set, + well-developed figure of the Semites, such as at <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page126">[pg 126]</span><a name="Pg126" id="Pg126" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> least some of the native Christians of + Baghdad and the neighbourhood show at the present day.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As has been + already noticed, the Assyrians spoke the same language, and had + practically the same religion and literature (including the ancient + Akkadian classics) as the Babylonians, whom they resembled in + manners, customs, and outward appearance. The old translation of the + verse referring to Assyria, <span class="tei tei-q">“Out of that land + (Babylonia) went forth Assur,”</span> is, in all probability, + perfectly correct, whatever may be the arguments in favour of the + rendering, <span class="tei tei-q">“He (Nimrod) went out into + Assyria,”</span> for it is exceedingly likely that the Babylonian + civilization of Assyria is wholly due to emigration of settlers from + Babylonia. Moreover, as will be seen later on, the enigmatical Nimrod + is none other than the well-known head of the Babylonian Pantheon, + Merodach, who is actually stated to have built Babel (= the city + Babylon), Erech, and Niffer (identified in Rabbinical tradition, + which in this case is probably correct, with Calneh). The Babylonian + tradition as to the foundation of the city of Akkad is still wanting, + but that its origin was attributed to Merodach is more than probable. + If, however, there had been any grounds for honouring Calah, Nineveh, + and Resen with the same divine origin, the Assyrians would certainly + not have allowed the tradition to go unrecorded. Properly speaking + the <span class="tei tei-q">“land of Nimrod”</span> (Micah v. 6) is + Babylon, notwithstanding all arguments to the contrary, for that was + the land which he loved, the land whose great cities he was regarded + as having founded and as still favouring, and the land where, if we + may trust the language of his name (in Akkadian it means <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the brightness of day”</span>), he ruled when he was + king upon earth—the land, in fact, which gave him birth.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At first governed + by <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">patesis</span></span>, or viceroys (many + Assyriologists call them priest-kings or pontiffs), this title was + abandoned for that of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">šarru</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“king,”</span> between <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page127">[pg 127]</span><a name="Pg127" id="Pg127" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> 1600 and 1800 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> The use of the title + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">patesi</span></span> (in Assyrian <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">iššaku</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“chief”</span>) implies that the earlier rulers of Assur + acknowledged some overlord, and in all probability this overlord was + the paramount king of Babylonia at the time. If we regard Nimrod + (Merodach) as the first king of Babylonia (or the first really great + ruler of the country), then it is certain that it was not he who + founded the great cities of Assyria, for they can have no pretensions + to the same antiquity as the great cities of Babylonia, any more than + Assyrian civilization can be of the same period. Of course it is + probable that the cities of Assyria were founded at an exceedingly + early date, perhaps many of them are as old as any Babylonian + foundation, but their importance was nothing like so great as those + of Babylonia until the latter had already been renowned many + hundreds—perhaps many thousands—of years, and to attribute the origin + of these unimportant places to Nimrod would bring him no honour, even + if it were probable that he had founded them.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The founder of + Nineveh, Calah, Rehoboth Ir, and Resen was either a Babylonian + emigrant named Asshur, the first viceroy of the district, or else + Asshur, in the tenth chapter of Genesis, stands for the Assyrian + nation. It is noteworthy that, in the verse in question, there is no + mention of the foundation of the old capital, the city of Aššur. This + is probably to be explained by the fact that the book of Genesis was + compiled at a time when the primæval capital had already fallen into + the background, and Nineveh, the city first mentioned in the + enumeration, had assumed the first place—indeed, the fact that it is + mentioned first seems to prove this contention.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Being far away + from the centre of civilization, and apparently mingling with + barbarous races to the north—the people of Urarṭu (Ararat), Van, + Ukka, Muṣaṣir, etc.—in all probability the ancient Assyrians lost + what polish they had brought with them from Babylonia, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page128">[pg 128]</span><a name="Pg128" id="Pg128" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and, like all pioneers, developed into + hardy, fearless, and cruel warriors, constantly striving for the + mastery over all the other tribes and nationalities around. Thus it + came to pass that, having ascertained her strength, Assyria refused + to acknowledge the overlordship of the kings of Babylonia, and the + rulers of the country abandoned the title of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">patesi</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">iššaku</span></span> for that of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">šarru</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“king.”</span> The country from which the Assyrians had + sprung did not long remain secure from the attacks of her offspring, + and the conquest of Babylonia by the Assyrians took place more than + once. Brave, warlike, and cruel, the Assyrians at last possessed for + a time not only Babylonia, with the overlordship of Elam, but also + the whole of Western Asia as far as the Mediterranean and Cyprus, and + a large part of Egypt. Notwithstanding the polish that they had + attained during the last years of the empire, the nations around + remembered against them all the cruelties that they had committed + during the foregoing centuries, and when the time of weakness came, + when the ruling mind that should have held the empire together, and + turned the tide of disaster into the channel of success, was wanting, + then came the chance of the nations that had known the Assyrian + empire in former ages, and the end of the seventh century before + Christ saw the last of the power that had dominated Western Asia so + long and so successfully.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yet Assyria was a + most remarkable power, and produced a number of really great rulers + and generals. The Assyrian kings retained for a long time their + dominion over fairly distant tracts, and made themselves greatly + feared by all the nations around. As is well known, they had made + great advances in the art of sculpture, so much so that visitors to + the British Museum, on seeing the wonderful hunting-scenes in the + Assyrian side-gallery, have been heard to express the opinion that + Greek artists must either have originated them, or influenced their + production. Their <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page129">[pg + 129]</span><a name="Pg129" id="Pg129" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + literature was naturally influenced by that of Babylonia, but one has + only to read the historical records of Tiglath-pileser I., who + declaims his successes in forceful and elegant paragraphs; + Sennacherib, with his wealth of words; or Assur-banî-âpli, who in + moderate and elegant phrases tells of the successes of his soldiers + and generals, to see that, when occasion arose, they could produce + literary works as good as the best of ancient times.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It will probably + be a matter of regret to many people, but the name of Nimrod, which + we have been accustomed to associate with the pleasures and perils of + the chase for so many hundred years, must now be relegated to the + domain of words misunderstood or purposely changed for reasons that + can without much difficulty be divined.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is not Nimrod + alone that comes under this category—Nibhaz (2 Kings xvii. 31), + judging from the Greek, is in the same case, Nisroch (2 Kings xix. + 37) is certainly so, and Abed-nego for Abed-nebo is a well-known + instance.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But why, it will + be asked, should these names have been intentionally changed? The + answer is simple. All these names were, or contained, the names of + heathen deities, and this offended the strongly monotheistic Hebrew + scribe who, at a certain period, was copying the portions of the + Hebrew Bible in which they occur, so he defaced them, adding or + changing a letter, and thus making them unrecognizable, and in all + probability ridiculous as well. A different punctuation (vowelling) + completed the work, and the names were then in such a form that pious + and orthodox lips could pronounce them without fear of + defilement.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nibhaz is probably + for some such name as Aba-hazar, Nisroch is for Assur or Assuraku, + and Nimrod is, by similar changes, for Amaruduk or Amarudu (original + Akkadian), Maruduk or Marduk (Assyro-Babylonian). The change was + brought about by making the root triliteral, and the ending + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">uk</span></span> (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">ak</span></span> + in <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page130">[pg 130]</span><a name= + "Pg130" id="Pg130" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Merodach-baladan) + disappearing first, Marduk appeared as Marad. This was connected with + the root Marad, <span class="tei tei-q">“to be rebellious,”</span> + and the word was still further mutilated, or, rather, deformed by + having a (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ni</span></span>) attached, assimilating it to a + certain extent to the <span class="tei tei-q">“niphal forms”</span> + of the Hebrew verbs, and making a change altogether in conformity + with the genius of the Hebrew language. This alteration is also + clearly visible in Nibhaz and Nisroch, which fully confirm the + explanation here given.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From a linguistic + point of view, therefore, the identification of Nimrod as a changed + form of Merodach is fully justified.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But there is + another and a potent reason for eliminating Nimrod from the list of + Babylonian heroes, and that is, the fact that his name is nowhere + found in the extensive literature which has come down to us. His + identification with Gišdubar was destroyed when it was discovered + that the true reading of that doubtful name was not, as it was + expected that it would be, a Babylonian form of Nimrod, but something + entirely different, namely, Gilgameš. Moreover, there is some doubt + whether the personage represented on the cylinder-seals struggling + with lions and bulls be really Gilgameš (Gišdubar)—his prowess in + hunting does not seem to be emphasized in the legend recounting his + exploits (see pp. <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref">92-111</a>)—he + is in all probability the wild man of the woods who became his great + friend and counsellor, the satyr-like figure who is represented as + accompanying and imitating the hunter being simply one of those + beings who, the Babylonians imagined, existed in wild and waste + places, for that this creature is not, as was at first supposed, + Êa-banî, the friend of Gilgameš, is not only proved by the fact that + in the legend he is described as a man with hairy body and hair long + like that of a woman, but also by the incontestable circumstance that + this satyr-like creature is, on certain cylinders, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page131">[pg 131]</span><a name="Pg131" id="Pg131" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> represented more than once, and in such a + way that the repetition cannot be attributed to the exigencies of the + design. Moreover, he is sometimes represented in positions that seem + to have no connection with the Gilgameš-legend at all.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It would seem + therefore to be certain that Gilgameš is not Nimrod; that as he had + little or no fame as a <span class="tei tei-q">“great hunter before + the Lord,”</span> it cannot be he who is represented on the + cylinder-seals; and that, in all probability, the hunter there + represented is Êa-banî, who overcame the divine bull before Erech, + and a lion after the defeat of Ḫumbaba, in both cases, however, + assisted by his royal patron.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But, it may be + asked, how is it that Nimrod, otherwise Merodach, is described as + <span class="tei tei-q">“the mighty hunter before the + Lord”</span>?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The explanation is + very simple, and remarkably conclusive in its way. Merodach, in the + legend of the Creation, there appears as the greatest hunter (using + the word in the Hebrew sense of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“entrapper”</span>) that ever lived. For did he not, when + Tiamtu, the great dragon of chaos and disorder, tried to usurp the + dominion of the gods, and bring ruin on their fair work, chase and + entrap her, thereby winning the throne of the kingdom of heaven, and + laying the universe under an everlasting debt to him? With his net he + caught and held her fast, and, standing on her body, slew her. This + was the feat of a real <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gibbor ṣayid</span></span>, a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“hero in hunting,”</span> or entrapping with a net, for + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ṣayid</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“hunting,”</span> is from the same root as Sidon, the + name of the ancient <span class="tei tei-q">“fishing town,”</span> + renowned of old, and still existing at the present + day.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page132">[pg 132]</span><a name= + "Pg132" id="Pg132" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc13" id="toc13"></a> <a name="pdf14" id="pdf14"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">The Tower Of Babel.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is no + doubt that one of the most striking and attractive episodes of the + sacred narrative of Genesis is the Tower of Babel. It has attracted + the attention of all from its circumstantial details, and has, as + an authoritative narrative, had the full belief of all the faithful + for many thousand years. This being the case, it is needful to go + rather carefully into the matter, not only to try to account for + its origin, but also to satisfy the believer of to-day with regard + to the story being a real historical fact.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Of these were the isles of the Gentiles divided in + their lands,”</span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“These are the sons of + Ham, after their families,”</span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“These + are the sons of Shem, after their families,”</span> says the author + of Genesis in ch. x. 5, 20, and 31, and then he adds, in slightly + varying words, <span class="tei tei-q">“after their tongues, in + their lands, in their nations.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yet, after this + (ch. xi. 1) we have the statement, <span class="tei tei-q">“And the + whole earth was of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">one</span></em> language, and of <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">one</span></em> + speech.”</span> Moreover, how was it possible that the whole of the + nations of the earth there enumerated in the tenth chapter should + have had their origin at Babel, the beginning of Nimrod's + (Merodach's) kingdom, coeval with Erech, Akkad, and Calneh, in the + land of Shinar? The effect of such a statement as this would surely + be to make the language of Nimrod the primitive language of the + world, unless, indeed, all the languages of the earth resulting + from the confusion of tongues were regarded as new, the primitive + speech of man having been destroyed on that occasion. Then, again, + as we know, the building of the city was not stopped, for it + continued until it became the greatest and most important centre in + the known world when it was at the height of its glory.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With the best + will in the world, therefore, there <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page133">[pg 133]</span><a name="Pg133" id="Pg133" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> seems to be no escape from regarding both the + story of the Tower of Babel, and the reference to Nimrod and Asshur + in the foregoing chapter as interpolations, giving statements from + ancient and possibly fairly well-known records, recording what was + commonly believed in the ancient East in those early ages. It is + also noteworthy, that both extracts, referring as they do, to + Babylonia, are probably on that account from a Babylonian source. + May it not be possible, that they have been inserted in the sacred + narrative as statements of what was the common opinion among the + more well-informed inhabitants of Western Asia at the time, without + any claim to an inspired authority being either stated or implied? + This would seem to be the most reasonable way of looking at the + matter, and would take away what might well be regarded as a great + difficulty to the believer in good faith.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If this be + conceded, we can with the greater ease analyze this portion of the + eleventh chapter of Genesis, and estimate it at its true value.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In any case, + there is great improbability that the statement that the whole + earth was of one language and of one speech, was ever believed, by + thinking men at the time as an actual historical fact. A better + translation would be <span class="tei tei-q">“the whole + land,”</span> that is, the whole tract of country from the + mountains of Elam to the Mediterranean Sea, rather than + <span class="tei tei-q">“the whole earth.”</span> The same word is + used when the <span class="tei tei-q">“land”</span> of Israel is + spoken of, and also when <span class="tei tei-q">“the land of + Egypt”</span> is referred to. It will thus be seen that no violence + whatever is done to the text if the restricted use of the word be + accepted.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">That this is, in + a sense, provable as an historical fact, we shall see in the + sequel.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Having thus in a + measure cleared the way, the various points of the first nine + verses of the eleventh chapter of Genesis may be taken in + order.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“As they journeyed in the east”</span> apparently + refers <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page134">[pg + 134]</span><a name="Pg134" id="Pg134" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + to the remembrance of the migrations that many a nation, handing + down its traditions from mouth to mouth, must have preserved in + ancient times. Whilst thus engaged, <span class="tei tei-q">“they + found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there”</span>—a + statement which would seem to point to the migrants having been + wandering about in various districts, some of them mountainous—like + Armenia on the north of Assyria, and Elam and other mountainous + tracts on the east. This would seem to agree with the migration + which, from the evidence of the monuments of Babylonia, the + Akkadians apparently made before they settled in that country. And + here it may be noted, in support of that fact, that the + ideograph<a id="noteref_14" name="noteref_14" href= + "#note_14"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">14</span></span></a> for + Akkad, Uri or Ura in Akkadian, and Akkadū in Semitic Babylonian, + not only stood for Akkad, but also (often used in the Assyrian + letters) for Ararat (Urṭū), and likewise (this in a syllabary only) + for Amurrū, the land of the Amorites, or Phœnicia. Both these being + districts more or less mountainous, it is only reasonable to + suppose that the original home of the Akkadians was likewise of the + same nature, and that they were not aborigines of the Babylonian + plain. The Akkadians at least, therefore, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“journeyed in the east.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the + expression <span class="tei tei-q">“they found a plain in the land + of Shinar,”</span> we have a reference to the old name of a + district of Babylonia, generally regarded as the Šumer of the + Babylonian inscriptions, called Kingi or Kengi <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the country”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">par + excellence</span></span> in the native tongue of the inhabitants. + The land of Shinar here spoken of, if this explanation be correct, + not merely contained a plain—it was, in fact, itself a large plain, + through which the rivers Tigris and Euphrates ran, and it was + covered, when the land had been brought into a really good state of + cultivation, by a network of canals connected with them. It must, + when the ancient Akkadians first settled there, have been a land of + remarkable <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page135">[pg + 135]</span><a name="Pg135" id="Pg135" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + fertility, and would be so still were it brought into the same + efficient state of cultivation, with irrigation and drainage, such + as the old inhabitants effected.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here, having + settled down, they built a city and a tower, using brick for stone, + and bitumen for mortar—just as they are proved to have done from + the remains of cities found in the country at the present day. That + Babylon was the site of the first settlement of the nature of a + city is conceivable, and it is very possible that the first tower + in Babylonia, which in later times had many towers, as had also + Assyria, was situated in that ancient city. Everything points, + therefore, to the correctness of the statements made in this + portion of the sacred narrative. According to native tradition, + however (and this seems to be supported by the statements in ch. x. + 10), there were other important cities on the Babylonian plain of + almost equal antiquity, namely, Erech, Akkad, and Calneh, which + last is identified with Niffer (see p. <a href="#Pg126" class= + "tei tei-ref">126</a>). Notwithstanding the extensive ruins, proof + of the same remote date for Babylon will doubtless be difficult to + obtain, on account of the country around and a large portion of the + site of the city being so marshy. The result of this condition of + things will in all probability be, that very few remains of a + really ancient date will be discovered in a condition to render + services to archæology. To this must also be added the fact, that + the city, being the capital for some thousands of years, underwent + many changes at the hands of its various kings, partly from the + necessity of keeping in good repair the many comparatively + perishable brick monuments that the city contained, and partly from + a desire to add more to the glories of the city than any of their + predecessors had done.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“And they said, Come, let us build us a city, and a + tower, and its top (lit. head) shall be in the heavens.”</span> To + all appearance, this means simply that they would <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page136">[pg 136]</span><a name="Pg136" id="Pg136" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> build a very high structure,—to many a + student of the sacred text it has seemed that the writer only + intended to say, that the tower (<span lang="he" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="he"><span style= + "font-style: italic">migdol</span></span>) that they were about to + build was to be very high. The mountains of Elam were not so very + far off, and travellers from that part would have been able to + assure them that the heavens would not be appreciably nearer on + account of their being a few hundred cubits above the surface of + the earth, even if traditions of their fathers' wanderings had not + assured them of the same thing. They wished simply to make them a + name and a rallying-point, <span class="tei tei-q">“lest,”</span> + as the sacred text has it, <span class="tei tei-q">“we be scattered + abroad upon the face of the whole earth.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And here a few + remarks upon the temple-towers of the Babylonians might not be out + of place.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As has already + been stated, most of the principal towns of Babylonia each + possessed one. That of Babylon (called Šu-ana in the list published + in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western + Asia</span></span>, vol. ii., pl. 50) was named Ê-temen-ana, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the temple of the foundation-stone of + Heaven”</span>; that of Borsippa, near to Babylon, was called + Ê-ur-imina-ana, generally translated <span class="tei tei-q">“the + temple of the seven spheres of heaven,”</span> on account of its + being dedicated to the sun, moon, and planets. This was a high and + massive tower in seven stages, each coloured with an emblematic + tint indicating the heavenly body with which each stage was + associated. At Niffer the tower seems to have had three names, or + else there were three towers (which is unlikely), the principal one + being Im-ur-sag. Agade, the Akkad of Gen. x. 10, had two of these + temple-towers, Ê-Dadia, apparently meaning <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the temple of the (divine) Presence,”</span> and + Ê-šu-gala or Ê-igi-ê-di, the latter apparently meaning <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the temple of the wonder (of mankind),”</span> which + was dedicated to the god Tammuz. At Cuthah there was the temple of + Nannara (Nan-naros); at Ur the temple Ê-šu-gan-du-du; at Erech + Ê-gipara-imina, <span class="tei tei-q">“the temple of the seven + enclosures”</span>; <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page137">[pg + 137]</span><a name="Pg137" id="Pg137" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + at Larsa Ê-dur-an-ki, <span class="tei tei-q">“the Temple of the + bond of heaven and earth.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The only + temple-tower that contains in its name a distinct reference to the + seven stages of which it was composed, is that at Borsippa, though + that at Erech may possibly have in its name <span class= + "tei tei-q">“seven enclosures”</span> a suggestion of something of + the kind. As, however, the ruins of the towers at Dûr-Sargina + (Khorsabad) in Assyria, Erech, Niffer, and elsewhere, show + distinctly this form of architecture, there is every probability + that they were all, or almost all, built on the same plan. In his + description of the glories of Babylon, Herodotus gives details, in + his usual minute way, of the temple of Belos (Ê-sagila) there. He + describes it as having eight stages (the platform upon which the + tower proper was built being counted as one), and judging from his + description, this building must have differed somewhat from the + others, the various platforms being connected by a gradually rising + ascent, arranged spirally as it were, so that by constantly walking + upwards, and turning at the corners of the edifice, one at last + reached the top. About the middle of this long ascending pathway + there was a stopping-place, with seats to rest upon. Having reached + the top of the structure, the visitor came upon a cell, within + which there was a couch and a golden table. Here it was supposed + that the god descended from time to time to dwell. Below, he + relates, there was another cell, wherein was a large statue of Zeus + (Belos) sitting. This image was of gold, as were also the table in + front of it, the god's footstool, and his seat. It is probable that + at the time to which the narrative in Genesis refers, the tower was + neither so high, nor the workmanship so splendid and valuable, as + in later times.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But was this the + Tower of Babel? We do not know. The general opinion is that the + great and celebrated temple-tower at Borsippa, extensive remains + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page138">[pg 138]</span><a name= + "Pg138" id="Pg138" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of which still + exist, was that world-renowned erection. Its name, however, was + Ê-zida, and it was not situated within Babylon. Notwithstanding the + fact, therefore, that Borsippa, the town on the outskirts of the + great city, was called <span class="tei tei-q">“the second + Babylon,”</span> and that tradition associates the site of the + Tower of Babel with that spot, it must still be held to be very + doubtful whether that was really the place. Neither the renown of + Ê-zida nor that of Ê-sagila prove that either of them must have + been the place, for the populace is fickle-minded in this as in + other matters, and holy fanes have the periods when they are in + fashion, just like anything else.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This being the + case, the question is, what was that Ê-temen-ana-kia which is + apparently mentioned in the list of temple-towers quoted above? In + many an inscription of Nebuchadnezzar, this temple-tower is + referred to, though very shortly, as having been restored by him. + Thus, in the great cylinder of Nebuchadnezzar, 85-4-30, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i</span></span>, the following + occurs—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">I + caused the fanes of Babylon and Borsippa to be rebuilt and + endowed.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ê-temen-ana-kia, the + temple-tower of Babylon;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ê-ur-imina-ana-kia, the + temple-tower of Borsippa, all their structure with bitumen + and brick</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">I made, I completed.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the above + Ê-temen-ana-kia takes the place of Ê-sagila, and Ê-ur-imina-ana-kia + that of Ê-zida, implying that they respectively belonged to each + other. The passage corresponding to the above in the India House + Inscription is greatly expanded, and recounted with much detail. + The portion referring to Ê-temen-ana-kia is as follows—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The + vessels of the temple Ê-sagila with massive + gold—</span></span> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page139">[pg + 139]</span><a name="Pg139" id="Pg139" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">the bark Ma-kua (Merodach's + shrine) with electrum and stones—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">I made glorious</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">like the stars of heaven.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The fanes of Babylon</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">I caused to be rebuilt and + endowed.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Of Ê-temen-ana-kia</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">with brick and bright lapis + stone</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">I reared its head.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">To rebuild Ê-sagila</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">my heart urged me—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">constantly did I set + myself,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">etc., etc.</span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">According to the + plan of Babylon drawn up by Weissbach, one of the German explorers, + Ê-temen-ana-kia was situated to the north of Ê-sagila, which latter + was evidently the temple connected with it. As both were dedicated + to Merodach (Bel), they practically formed one centre of worship, + and it is possibly on this account that the Tower is called + <span class="tei tei-q">“the Temple of Belus”</span> in Herodotus. + The description, from a Babylonian tablet probably in private + hands, published by the late George Smith, agrees well with that + given by Herodotus, but has some noteworthy differences—the great + height of the lowest stage, the sloping (?) sides of the second + stage, and the buildings grouped near it. Unfortunately, the baked + brickwork of Ê-temen-ana-kia has been cleared away, practically + destroying the remains.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Concerning the + miracle of the confusion of tongues, there is, of course, no + historical reference. The Babylonian inscriptions know nothing of + it. Yet the stranger visiting Babylon could not have been otherwise + than struck by the number of languages spoken there. There was the + religious tongue, which is called by modern scholars Akkadian or + Šumerian, and its dialect, together with the language known as + Assyrian, or, more correctly, Semitic Babylonian. <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page140">[pg 140]</span><a name="Pg140" id="Pg140" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Besides this, there were various + Aramaic dialects—Chaldee, Aramean (Syriac), and the language of the + dockets on the trade-documents, which is also found in Assyria. In + addition to these, the Elamite and Kassite conquerors of Babylonia + brought with them large numbers of people, and each of these + nations naturally introduced, in larger measure than before, the + use of their respective languages. Speakers of other tongues long + since dead must also have visited the city for the purposes of + trade, and of this the so-called Hittite is in all probability an + example (in the researches of Profs. Sayce and Jensen we shall, + perhaps, see the beginnings of the recovery of this tongue), and a + docket in an unknown script implies that yet another language heard + there in later times has to be discovered, though this may simply + be some other way of writing one of the tongues spoken there that + is already known to scholars. With regard to the oneness of the + language of the rest of the earth, in all probability this + expression referred, as has been already remarked, to the tract + enclosed between the mountains of Persia on the east, the + Mediterranean on the west, Asia Minor and Armenia on the north, and + Arabia on the south—a tract in which the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">lingua + franca</span></span> of diplomacy was, as is proved by the + Tel-el-Amarna tablets, the tongue now called Assyrian, which could + easily have been regarded as the proofs and the remains of the + thing that had been.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To recapitulate: + The story of the Tower of Babel is a break in the narrative of the + genealogies, so striking that any thinking man must have been able + to recognize it easily. It is a narrative that practically + glorifies Babylonia, making it the centre of the human race, and + the spot from which they all migrated after the dispersion caused + by the confusion of tongues. It was probably given for, and + recognized as, the legend current in Babylonia at the time, and + must, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page141">[pg 141]</span><a name= + "Pg141" id="Pg141" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> therefore, have been + recognized and valued by the people of the time at its true + worth.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc15" id="toc15"></a> <a name="pdf16" id="pdf16"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">The Patriarchs To + Abraham.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Little + information is unfortunately to be obtained from Assyro-Babylonian + sources concerning the patriarchs from Shem to Abraham. It is true + that certain comparisons can be made in the matter of the names, + but these, when more precise information comes to light, may be + found to be more or less erroneous. As a matter of fact, with one + or two exceptions, it is probable that we have nothing from + Babylonian sources bearing on the patriarchs who preceded Abraham + at all.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nevertheless, + there are one or two things that may be put forward in a more or + less tentative way, and these may well be discussed with this + reservation in this place.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As we have seen, + it was the custom of the early Babylonians to deify the early + rulers of their race, and as a well-known example of this, the case + of the god Merodach will at once occur to the mind. As has been + shown, this deity is none other than the long-known and enigmatical + hero Nimrod, and it is probable that, if we had more and more + complete sources of information, other instances would be found. + This being the case, it may be permitted to the student to try to + find similar instances of deification by the Babylonians of the men + of old who were their ancestors in common with the Jews and other + nations of the ancient East.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To begin with + Shem, the name of the ancestor of the Semitic race. As a word, this + means, in Hebrew, <span class="tei tei-q">“name.”</span> Now, the + Assyro-Babylonian equivalent and cognate word is <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">šumu</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“name,”</span> and this naturally leads one to ask + whether Shem may not have been designated <span class= + "tei tei-q">“He of the Name”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">par + excellence</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page142">[pg 142]</span><a name="Pg142" id="Pg142" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> deified under that appellation. If this be + the case, we may perhaps see the word Shem in certain names of + kings and others of the second dynasty of Babylon (that to which + Ḫammurabi or Amraphel belonged, and which held the power from about + 2230 to 1967 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>). Sumu-abi, the name + of the first ruler of the dynasty, would then mean <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Shem is my father,”</span> Sumu-la-ili would mean + <span class="tei tei-q">“a name to his god,”</span> with a punning + allusion to the deified ancestor of the Semitic nations.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Other names, not + royal, are Sumu-Upê, apparently, <span class="tei tei-q">“Shem of + Opis”</span>; Sumu-Dagan, <span class="tei tei-q">“Shem is + Dagon,”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“Name of Dagon”</span>; + Sumu-ḫatnu, <span class="tei tei-q">“Shem is a protection”</span>; + Sumu-atar, <span class="tei tei-q">“Shem is great,”</span> and the + form Samu-la-ili for Sumu-la-ili leads one to ask whether Samia may + not be for Sumia, <span class="tei tei-q">“my Shem,”</span> a pet + name abbreviated from a longer one similar to those already quoted; + Sumu-ya (= Sumia) also occurs. All these forms, being written with + s, instead of š, like Samsu-iluna for Šamšu-iluna, betray foreign + (so-called Arabic) influence, and are not native Babylonian. That + the Babylonians had at this time names compounded with the native + representative of Sumu is shown by the contracts of that time, + where the name Šumum-libši, <span class="tei tei-q">“let there be a + name,”</span> occurs. Many later instances of this are to be + found.<a id="noteref_15" name="noteref_15" href= + "#note_15"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">15</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From other than + Bible sources there is but little that can be gathered concerning + the descendants of Shem, though in this, as in many other things, + one lives in hopes of something coming to light later on. And such + a record, as may readily be imagined, would be of the greatest + interest and value. Shem, as one of those born before the Flood, + must certainly on that <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page143">[pg + 143]</span><a name="Pg143" id="Pg143" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + account have been renowned (as we have just seen he was, if it be + true that he was deified) among other nations of Semitic stock than + the Hebrews. To all appearance, the lives of the patriarchs + decreased greatly after the Flood, and are represented, in the + Bible narrative, as gradually assuming the average duration of + those who attain a hoary old age at the present day. It is + noteworthy that his eldest son was born two years after the Flood, + and if this have any ethnic meaning, it ought to point to the + foundation of the settlement known as Arpachshad at about that + period, though it could not have attained to the renown of a + well-known and recognized community until some time after that + date.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The theory that + Arpachshad represents a community is rather supported by the fact + that it is mentioned in Gen. x. 22, where it is accompanied by the + names of Elam, Asshur, Lud, and Aram, which were later, as we know, + names of nationalities. Indeed, the long lives of the patriarchs of + this exceedingly early period are best explained if we suppose that + they represent a people or community.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is a + considerable amount of difference of opinion as to the correct + identification of the Arpachshad of Gen. ix. 10, though nearly + every critic places the country it represents in the same tract. It + has been identified with Arrapkha, or Arrapachitis, in Assyria. + Schrader makes it to be for Arpa-cheshed, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the coast of the Chaldeans.”</span> Prof. Hommel, who + is always ready with a seductive and probable etymology, suggests + that Arpachshad is an Egyptianized way of writing Ur of the + Chaldees—Ar-pa-Cheshed, for Ur-pa-Cheshed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This, it must be + admitted, is a possible etymology, for Egyptianized words were + really used in that district in ancient times. This is shown in the + name of Merodach, Asari, which is apparently connected with the + Egyptian Osiris, just as one of the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page144">[pg 144]</span><a name="Pg144" id="Pg144" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> names of the Sun-god Šamaš, Amna, is probably + an Akkadianized form of the Egyptian Ammon, and even the Egyptian + word for <span class="tei tei-q">“year,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ronpet</span></span>, made, probably by early + Babylonian scribes, into a kind of pun, became, by the change of a + vowel, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ran pet</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“name of heaven,”</span> transcribed, by those same + scribes, into <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mu-anna</span></span>, which, in its ordinary + signification, means likewise <span class="tei tei-q">“name of + heaven,”</span> in Akkadian; the whole being used with the meaning + of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ronpet</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“year.”</span> It will thus be seen that + there is but little that is unlikely in Prof. Hommel's etymology of + Arpachshad, and that the explanation which he gives may turn out to + be correct.<a id="noteref_16" name="noteref_16" href= + "#note_16"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">16</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In any case, we + may take it that the consensus of opinion favours the supposition + that the name in question refers to Babylonia, and if this be the + case, Abraham, the father of the Hebrew nation, as well as of other + peoples, was really, as has been supposed, of Babylonian or + Chaldean origin. This is also implied by the statement in Gen. xi. + 28, that Ur of the Chaldees was the land of the nativity of Haran, + Abraham's brother, who died in the country of his birth before the + family of Terah went to settle at Haran, on the way to Canaan. The + theory of the identity of Arpachshad is moreover important, because + it is contended that Ur of the Chaldees was not in Babylonia, but + is to be identified with the site known as Urfa, in + Mesopotamia.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Concerning the + names of Shelah, Eber, Peleg, Reu, Serug, and Nahor, there is not + much that can be said. To all appearance they are not Babylonian + names, or, rather, they receive little or no illustration from + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page145">[pg 145]</span><a name= + "Pg145" id="Pg145" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Babylonian sources. + Nothing is recorded concerning these patriarchs except their ages + at the time their eldest sons were born, and at what age they died. + The question whether the Hebrews derived their name from their + ancestor Eber is not set at rest by any passage in the Bible, nor + is there any statement in secular literature which would enable + this to be decided. To all appearance, it is needful to keep the + name of Eber distinct from that of the Hebrews, notwithstanding + that they are from the same root. If, however, the Hebrews were + <span class="tei tei-q">“the men from beyond,”</span> then Eber may + well have been <span class="tei tei-q">“the man from + beyond,”</span> indicating for his time a migration similar to that + of Abraham. In this way, if in no other, the names may be + connected.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We have seen + that in many cases the names of these <span class= + "tei tei-q">“genealogical tables”</span> are regarded as + nationalities, and, indeed, there is sufficient justification for + such a theory on account of many of the names appearing as those of + well-known nations. This being conceded, it would probably not be + too much to regard the names of the patriarchs from Shelah to Serug + as indicating ethnical historical events. Thus Shelah might mean + <span class="tei tei-q">“extension,”</span> indicating the time + when the Semitic race began to go beyond its ancient borders. + Treating the other names in the same way, Eber would mean the + period when that race crossed some river into another district; + Peleg would mean that, at the time referred to, that race, or a + portion of it, was divided into small states, as Babylonia was at + the period preceding that of the dynasty of Amraphel; whilst Reu + would mean <span class="tei tei-q">“friendliness,”</span> denoting + the time when those states were united under one head, and the old + dissensions ceased. Serug would then mean something like + <span class="tei tei-q">“interweaving,”</span> perhaps referring to + the time when the various races (? of Babylonia) intermingled. + These explanations of the names receive a certain amount of + confirmation from <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page146">[pg + 146]</span><a name="Pg146" id="Pg146" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + the parallel list in Gen. x. 25, where to the name Peleg the note + is added, <span class="tei tei-q">“for in his days was the earth + divided.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With regard to + Nahor and his son Terah the Jews had other traditions, and they + speak thus concerning them—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Terah, son of Nahor, was the chief officer of king + Nimrod, and a great favourite with his royal master. And when his + wife Amtheta, the daughter of Kar-Nebo, bare him a son, she called + his name Abram, meaning <span class="tei tei-q">‘great + father.’</span> And Terah was seventy years old when his son Abram + was born.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here we have, in + Amtheta, a doubtful Babylonian name, in Kar-Nebo a possible + Babylonian name, and in the meaning of Abram a signification that + does not militate against the indications given by the tablets of + Babylonia and Assyria. This being the case, it would seem that + there were trustworthy data to go upon for certain facts connected + with Abraham's ancestors, and that these facts were known to the + Jews of earlier ages. The Talmudic account of the wonders seen at + the birth of Abram, however, are not sufficiently worthy of + credence to allow of repetition here, notwithstanding their + reference to Terah and Abraham's youth.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Eusebius quotes + the following from Eupolemus concerning Abraham—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“He saith, moreover, that in the tenth generation in a + city of Babylonia, called Camarina (which, by some, is called the + city of Urie, and which signifyeth a city of the Chaldeans), there + lived, the thirteenth in descent, (a man named) Abraham, a man of a + noble race, and superior to all others in wisdom.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Of him they relate that he was the inventor of + astrology and the Chaldean magic, and that on account of his + eminent piety he was esteemed by God. It is further said that under + the directions of God he removed and lived in Phœnicia, and there + taught the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page147">[pg + 147]</span><a name="Pg147" id="Pg147" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Phœnicians the motions of the sun and moon, and all other things; + for which reason he was held in great reverence by their + king”</span> (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Praep. Evan.</span></span> 9).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nicolas of + Damascus, apparently wishing to glorify his own city, states that + Abram was king of Damascus, and went there, with an army, from that + part of the country which is situated above Babylon of the + Chaldeans, afterwards transferring his dwelling to the land which + was at that time called Canaan, but is now called Judea. Justin + also states that Abraham lived at Damascus, from which city he + traces the origin of the Jews.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">According to the + most trustworthy traditions, therefore, as well as from the Bible + itself, Abraham was of Chaldean or Babylonian origin. If the city + of Urie or Ur be, as he says, that which was also called Camarina, + this would in all probability be the Aramean form of the Arabic + <span lang="ar" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ar"><span style= + "font-style: italic">qamar</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the moon,”</span> and the name Camarina would be due + to the fact that the Moon-god, Sin or Nannara, was worshipped + there. It is also noteworthy that the city whither the family of + Terah emigrated, Haran (in Assyro-Babylonian, Ḫarran), was likewise + a centre of lunar worship, and some have sought to see in that a + reason for choosing that settlement. In connection with this it may + be remarked, that in the Talmud Terah, the father of Abraham, is + represented as an idolater, reproved by his son Abraham for foolish + and wicked superstition.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We see, + therefore, from the eleventh chapter of Genesis, that Abraham was a + Babylonian from Ur, now known as Mugheir (Muqayyar), or (better + still) from that part of the country which lay north of Babylon, + known by the non-Semitic inhabitants as Uri, and by the Semitic + population as Akkad. As the family of Terah was a pastoral one, + they must have pastured their flocks in this district until they + heard of those more fruitful tracts in the west, and decided to + emigrate thither. And here it may be noted that <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page148">[pg 148]</span><a name="Pg148" id="Pg148" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> they did not, by thus quitting their + fatherland, go to swear allegiance to another ruler, for the sway + of the king of Babylon extended to the farthest limits of the + patriarch's wanderings, and wherever he went, Babylonian and + Aramean or Chaldean would enable him to make himself understood. He + was, therefore, always as it were in his own land, under the + governors of the same king who ruled in the place of his birth.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The name of the + patriarch, moreover, seems to betray the place of his origin. The + first name that he bore was Abram, which has already been compared + with the Abu-ramu, <span class="tei tei-q">“honoured + father,”</span> of the Assyrian eponym-lists (in this place an + official by whose name the year 677, the 5th year of Esarhaddon, + was distinguished). At an earlier date than this the name has not + been found, and the element <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ram</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ramu</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">rame</span></span>, etc., seems to be rare. + Ranke's list gives only <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sumu-ramê</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the name is established,”</span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Sumu (? Shem) is established,”</span> or something + similar, but <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ramê</span></span> here is probably not + connected with the second syllable of Abram's name. The name of + Sarah has been compared with the Assyro-Babylonian <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">šarratu</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“queen,”</span> but seems not to occur in the + inscriptions. Isaak is also absent, but Ishmael, under the form of + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Išme-îlu</span></span> (meaning <span class= + "tei tei-q">“(the) god has heard”</span>) occurs, as well as others + in which <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">îlu</span></span> is replaced by Êa, Sin, and + Addu or Adad (Hadad).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When, however, + it was revealed to Abram that he was to stay in the Promised Land, + a change was made in his name—he was no longer known by the + Assyro-Babylonian name Abram, <span class="tei tei-q">“honoured + father,”</span> but, in view of the destiny appointed for him, he + was to be called Abraham, <span class="tei tei-q">“father of a + multitude of nations.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The first + stratum of the Hebrew nation was, therefore to all appearance, + Babylonian, the second stratum Aramean, probably a kindred stock, + whilst the third was to all appearance Canaanitish. All these must + have left their trace on the Hebrew character, and, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page149">[pg 149]</span><a name="Pg149" id="Pg149" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> like most mixed races, they showed at + all times superior intelligence in many ways. They were good + diplomates, brave warriors, divine lawgivers, and they excelled in + literary skill. One great defect they had—among their many + defects—they were stiffnecked to a fatal degree. Had their kings + been less obstinate and better rulers, conciliating their subjects + instead of exasperating them, the nation might have outlasted the + power of Rome, and built upon its ruins in their land a kingdom + dominating the Semitic world in the nearer East to the present + day.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Of all the + characters of early Bible history, there is hardly one which stands + out with greater prominence than the patriarch Abraham. And not + only is it his history and personality that is important—the + historical facts touched upon in the course of his biography are + equally so. Facts concerning the ancient East, from Babylonia on + the east to Egypt on the west, face the reader as he goes through + that attractive narrative, and make him wonder at the state of + society, the political situation, and the beliefs of the people + which should have made his migrations possible, brought about the + monotheistic belief which characterizes his life and that of his + descendants, and enabled him and his sons after him to attain such + a goodly store of the riches of this world.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To begin with + Babylonia, his native place. As is well known, that country had + already been in existence as a collection of communities far + advanced in arts, sciences, and literature, at an exceedingly early + date, and many of the small kingdoms of which it consisted had + become united under Ḫammurabi (Amraphel) into one single state, + making it one of the greatest powers at the time. Of course, it is + not by any means improbable that something similar to this had + existed before, but if so, we have no record of the fact, though it + is certain that different states had from time to time become + predominant and powerful to an extent hardly <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page150">[pg 150]</span><a name="Pg150" id="Pg150" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> conceivable. The influence, if not the + sway, of Sargon of Agadé, who reigned about 3800 years before + Christ, for example, extended from Elam on the east to the + Mediterranean on the west—a vast tract of territory to acknowledge + the suzerainty of so small a state.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Babylonia, + therefore, with a long history behind it, was beginning to feel, to + all appearance, a new national life. It had passed the days when + the larger states boasted strength begotten of mere size, and when + the smaller states sought mutual protection against the larger, + finding in that alone, or in the acknowledgment of an overlord, the + security upon which their existence as separate states depended. + There is every probability that it was at this time that the + legends which formed the basis of Babylonian national literature + were collected and copied, thus assuring their preservation. It is + also probable that the translations from Akkadian of the numerous + inscriptions written in that language, and the bilingual lists, + syllabaries, and other texts of a similar nature, belong to this + period.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The social + condition of Babylonia itself at this time is now fairly well + known. The ancient Akkadian laws were still in force, but as they + did not provide for all the possibilities that might arise, a large + series of legal enactments was compiled, in which points were + decided in a very common-sense and just manner. It is noteworthy + that the number of tablets of a legal nature is very numerous, and + arouses the suspicion that the Babylonians were exceedingly fond of + litigation, due, no doubt, to the tendency they had to overreach + each other. It is therefore very probable that this is the reason + why we meet with that remarkable contract of the purchase of the + field of Machpelah from the children of Heth. One would have + imagined that the frequent protestations, made by the head of the + tribe there located, to the effect that he gave the field and the + cave to Abraham, would have been sufficient, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page151">[pg 151]</span><a name="Pg151" id="Pg151" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> especially at that solemn moment of the + burial of Sarah, and that the matter could have been put upon a + legal footing later on. But no, the patriarch was determined to + have the matter placed beyond dispute there and then, and knowing + how prone the Babylonians (with whom he had passed his youth) were + to deny a contract, and try to get back again, by perjury, what + they had already parted with for value, the matter was at once + placed beyond the possibility of being disputed in any court of + law.<a id="noteref_17" name="noteref_17" href= + "#note_17"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">17</span></span></a></p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page152">[pg 152]</span><a name= + "Pg152" id="Pg152" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc17" id="toc17"></a> <a name="pdf18" id="pdf18"></a> + <a name="Chapter_V" id="Chapter_V" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter V. Babylonia At The Time Of + Abraham.</span></h1> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The first dynasty of Babylon—The extent + of its dominion—The Amorites—Life in Babylonia at this time—The + religious element—The king—The royal family—The people—Their manners + and customs as revealed by the contract-tablets—Their laws.</span> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Much has been + learnt, but there is still much to learn, concerning the early + history of Babylonia.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During the period + immediately preceding that of the dynasty of Babylon—the dynasty to + which Amraphel (Ḫammurabi) belonged—there is a gap in the list of the + kings, which fresh excavations alone can fill up. Before this gap the + records, as far as we know them, are in the Akkadian language. After + this gap they are in the Semitic-Babylonian tongue. To all + appearance, troublous times had come upon Babylonia. The native + rulers had been swept away by the Elamites, who, in their turn, had + been driven out by the Semitic kings of Babylonia, but those Semitic + kings were not Babylonians by origin, notwithstanding that the native + scribes, who drew up the lists of kings, describe them as being a + Babylonian dynasty.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><a name="Plate_V" id= + "Plate_V" class="tei tei-anchor" style="text-align: center"></a></p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"> + <img src="images/illus-v.png" alt="Plate V." title= + "Envelope (Printed upside down on account of seal-impressions 2 to 4) of a contract-tablet recording a sale of land by Sin-êribam, Pî-sa-nunu, and Idis-Sin, three brothers, to Sin-ikîsam. Reign of Immerum, contemporary with Sumula-îlu, about 2100 b.c. Seal Impressions. 1. (Here reversed.) Two deities, one (in a flounced robe) holding a sceptre. On the left, a worshipper; on the right, a man overcoming a lion. This scene is repeated, less distinctly, on the left. 2. Left: Two deities, one holding a sceptre and a weapon; right: deity, divine attendant adoring, and worshipper (?). 3. Men overcoming lions; winged creature devouring a gazelle. 4. Figure on plinth, holding basket and cup; worshipper; deity, holding sword; lion (or dog); deity, holding weapon. Inscription: Aa (the moon-goddess), Samas (the sun-god). (Tablet 92,649 in the British Museum (Babylonian and Assyrian Room, Table-case A, No. 62). The edges have also some very fine impressions.)" /> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Envelope (Printed upside down on account of seal-impressions 2 to + 4) of a contract-tablet recording a sale of land by Sin-êribam, + Pî-sa-nunu, and Idis-Sin, three brothers, to Sin-ikîsam. Reign of + Immerum, contemporary with Sumula-îlu, about 2100 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> Seal Impressions. + 1. (Here reversed.) Two deities, one (in a flounced robe) holding + a sceptre. On the left, a worshipper; on the right, a man + overcoming a lion. This scene is repeated, less distinctly, on + the left. 2. Left: Two deities, one holding a sceptre and a + weapon; right: deity, divine attendant adoring, and worshipper + (?). 3. Men overcoming lions; winged creature devouring a + gazelle. 4. Figure on plinth, holding basket and cup; worshipper; + deity, holding sword; lion (or dog); deity, holding weapon. + Inscription: Aa (the moon-goddess), Samas (the sun-god). (Tablet + 92,649 in the British Museum (Babylonian and Assyrian Room, + Table-case A, No. 62). The edges have also some very fine + impressions.) + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The change may + have been gradual, but it was great. Many of the small states which + had existed at the time of Dungi, Bûr-Sin, Gimil-Sin, Ibi-Sin, and + their predecessors had to all appearance passed away, and become part + of the Babylonian Empire long before the dynasty of Babylon came to + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page153">[pg 153]</span><a name="Pg153" + id="Pg153" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> an end, though some at least + were in existence in the time of the great conqueror Ḫammurabi. But + the change was, as it would seem, not one of overlordship + only—another change which had been gradually taking place was, by + this, carried one step farther, namely, the Semiticizing of the + country. Before the period of the dynasty of Babylon, the two races + of Akkadians and Semitic Babylonians had been living side by side, + the former (except in the kingdom of which Sippar was the capital) + having the predominance, the records being written in the Akkadian + language, and the kings bearing mainly Akkadian names, though there + were, for the Semitic inhabitants, translations of those names. + Translations of the inscriptions and legends, as well as the old + Akkadian laws, probably did not (except in the Semitic kingdom of + Agadé) exist.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">How it came about + is not known, but it is certain that, about 2200 years <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, a purely Semitic + dynasty occupied the throne of the chief ruler in Babylonia. The + first king was Sumu-abi, who reigned 14 years. This monarch was + followed by Sumu-la-ili and Zabû, 36 and 14 years respectively. Then + come two rulers with Babylonian names—Abil-Sin and Sin-mubaliṭ, 18 + years and 20 years. These are followed, in their turn, by Ḫammurabi + (43), Samsu-iluna (38), Ebišum (25), Ammi-ṭitana (25), Ammi-zaduga + (21), and Samsu-ṭitana (31 years). This dynasty, therefore, lasted + about 285<a id="noteref_18" name="noteref_18" href= + "#note_18"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">18</span></span></a> years, + and with two exceptions, Abil-Sin and Sin-mubaliṭ, the names, though + Semitic, are not Babylonian.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page154">[pg 154]</span><a name="Pg154" id="Pg154" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yet it was called + by Babylonians <span class="tei tei-q">“the dynasty of + Babylon!”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And this, in all + probability, is correct. The dynasty must, on account of the name + given to it, have come from that city, but was, at the same time, of + foreign origin, its kings being descended from another dynasty which + came from some other part of the Semitic world of that time. This is + indicated by the following facts.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Three of the + tablets of which we shall learn something more farther on, and which + are preserved in the British Museum, have invocations of a personage, + apparently a king, named Anmanila. The name of this ruler naturally + recalls the Anman of the dynasty following that of Babylon—namely, + the dynasty of Uru-ku; but the style of the writing of these three + documents is not that of the later period, but of the beginning of + the dynasty of Babylon, and there is, on that account, every + probability that Anmanila was one of the predecessors of Sumu-abi, + the first king of the dynasty of Babylon. It is, of course, possible + that this ruler was simply a co-regent with one of the kings already + known, like Immerum, who lived at the time of Sumu-la-îla, or + Buntaḫun-îla,<a id="noteref_19" name="noteref_19" href= + "#note_19"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">19</span></span></a> another + associate with Sumu-la-îla on the throne, but there is a certain + amount of improbability in this, as Anmanila is named alone, and not + in connection with any other. Moreover, it is probable that, in the + case of the two co-regents here mentioned, we have examples of sons + associated with their father, and one replacing the other on account + of the early death of his brother. Another ruler, probably of the + period preceding that of the dynasty of Babylon, is Manamaltel, whose + name <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page155">[pg 155]</span><a name= + "Pg155" id="Pg155" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> is found on a tablet + belonging to the Rev. Dr. J. P. Way, head-master of Rossall School, + and it is noteworthy that one of the tablets bearing the name of + Anmanila gives, among the witnesses, a certain Sumuentel,<a id= + "noteref_20" name="noteref_20" href="#note_20"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">20</span></span></a> a name + having the same termination as Manamaltel, a component which seems to + have been common at this early period, and rare or non-existent + later. Most, if not all, the above are foreign names.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The next question + that arises is, what was the nationality of these rulers, who, though + belonging to what was called <span class="tei tei-q">“the dynasty of + Babylon,”</span> were not really of Babylonian origin?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The key to the + matter is probably furnished by the following inscription of + Ammi-ṭitana, the ninth king of the dynasty—</p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ammi-ṭi(tana),</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">his(?) ...</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">the powerful king,</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">(in) a seat of gladness</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">king of Babylon,</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">he has made him sit.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">king of Kiš,</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">king of Šumer and (Akkad),</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">king of the vast land of Amoria,</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">am I;</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">its wall.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">descendant</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Asari-lu-duga (Merodach)</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">of Sumu-la-îli,</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">has revealed him as his + worshipper—</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">eldest son<a id="noteref_21" name= + "noteref_21" href="#note_21"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">21</span></span></a></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">may his name be established</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">of Abēšu',<a id="noteref_22" name= + "noteref_22" href="#note_22"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">22</span></span></a> am + I,</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">in heaven and earth.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Obedient(?) (to) Bel</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-q">“(Inscription) + of Bêl-ušallim,</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-q">the + seat(?)”</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-q">son of ... + -bi, the enchanter.”</span></td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In this + inscription, Ammi-ṭitana calls himself not only <span class= + "tei tei-q">“king of Babylon,”</span> and other important places in + Babylonia, but <span class="tei tei-q">“king of Amoria”</span> (if + the coining of a word for the district be allowed) also. Now, as we + know from the Tel-el-Amarna tablets, Amurrū is <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page156">[pg 156]</span><a name="Pg156" id="Pg156" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the name that the Babylonians used for + <span class="tei tei-q">“the west,”</span> which Assyriologists + formerly read (on account of the polyphony of the Babylonian system + of writing) Aḫarrū. In reality, however, this word, Amurrū, stands + for the land of the Amorites, and the probability is, that the land + of the Amorites belonged to the Babylonian Empire because it formed + part of the original domain of the rulers of Babylonia at this time, + who, if not of Amorite descent, may at least have had Amorite + connections.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In any case, there + is but little doubt that the population of Babylonia was very mixed + 2000 years before Christ. As we know from the tablets, Amorites were, + during this period, numerous in Babylonia, and the god whose name is + written with the characters MARTU (a common group for Amurrū)—the + fact is revealed by one of the tablets of late date published by + Reisner—are to be read Amurrū, and the best translation is + <span class="tei tei-q">“the Amorite god,”</span> whose name and + worship seem to have been introduced into the Babylonian Pantheon at + a much earlier date, and was known to the Akkadians under the name of + Martu. It is noteworthy that, in the text in question (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mitteilungen aus den + orientalischen Sammlungen</span></span>, Heft. x. pl. 139, 147-81), + the Akkadian Martu and Babylonian Amurrū is called <span class= + "tei tei-q">“lord of the mountain,”</span> probably because the + country of the Amorites, especially when compared with Babylonia, is + mountainous.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In addition to the + god Amurrū, other deities of western origin appear in the + inscriptions (generally in the names) from time to time. Thus we have + Abdu-Ištara, interesting as giving an early form of the name Astarte + (Ashtoreth), before it received the feminine termination; Ụsur-Malik, + probably <span class="tei tei-q">“protect, O Malik”</span> (Moloch), + Nabu-Malik, probably <span class="tei tei-q">“Nebo is Malik”</span> + (Moloch), or <span class="tei tei-q">“Nebo is king”</span>; Ibi-Šân, + probably <span class="tei tei-q">“speak, O Shân,”</span> which + reminds the reader of Beth-Shean, the modern Beisan; and there are + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page157">[pg 157]</span><a name="Pg157" + id="Pg157" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> also, in all probability, + other Amorite deities whom we cannot identify, on account of their + names not occurring in other ancient literatures than the Babylonian. + Ibaru, found in the name Arad-Ibari, <span class="tei tei-q">“servant + of Ibari,”</span> Abâ, in the name Arad (Abdi)-Abâ, Alla, in the name + Ur-Alla, <span class="tei tei-q">“man of Alla”</span> (though this is + possibly a Babylonian [Akkadian] name), etc., are probably + non-Babylonian, but not Amorite.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Besides the names + of west Semitic deities, however, the names of west Semites + themselves occur, and show that there was a considerable immigration + in those ancient days into the country. Thus the word Amurrū, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the Amorite,”</span> is exceedingly common, + and one is not surprised to learn that, in consequence of the + Amorites being so numerous, there was an Amorite district in the + neighbourhood of Sippar. Other names of men which are apparently from + the country spoken of are, Sar-îli, probably <span class= + "tei tei-q">“prince of God,”</span> and the same as Israel; Karanatum + (probably for Qaranatum), which would seem to mean <span class= + "tei tei-q">“she of the horned deity”</span> (compare Uttatum, + <span class="tei tei-q">“he of the sun,”</span> Sinnatum, + <span class="tei tei-q">“he of the moon”</span>), and reminds us of + Ashteroth Karnaim, <span class="tei tei-q">“Ashteroth of the two + horns,”</span> the well-known site in Palestine. Besides these, we + meet more than once with such names as Ya'kub, Jacob, with its longer + form, Ya'kub-îlu, Jacob-el; and in like manner the name of Joseph and + its longer form Joseph-el occur—Yasup and Yasup-îlu. Êsâ, the father + of a man named Siteyatum, reminds us of Esau; Abdi-îli, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“servant of God,”</span> is the same as Abdeel; and + Ya'zar-îlu, <span class="tei tei-q">“God has helped”</span> (compare + Azrael), Yantin-îlu, <span class="tei tei-q">“God has given”</span> + (compare Nethanel), with many others similar, receive illustration. + In all probability, too, many of the bearers of names compounded with + Addu (Hadad), Amurrū, and other names of deities naturalized in + Babylonia, as well as some of the bearers of true Babylonian names, + were, in reality, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page158">[pg + 158]</span><a name="Pg158" id="Pg158" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + pure west Semites. Further examples will be found in the texts + translated farther on, and the more noteworthy will be pointed out + when they occur.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It will thus be + seen that the population of Babylonia 2000 years before Christ had a + considerable admixture of west Semites, many of whom would come under + the designation of Amorites; besides other nationalities, such as + Armenians or people of Aram-Naharaim (Mesopotamia)—at least two + tablets refer exclusively to transactions between members of this + northern race—Sutites, and Gutites, who were low-class people + seemingly light-haired, <span class="tei tei-q">“fair Gutian + slaves”</span> being in one place spoken of.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Life in Babylonia + at this early period must have been exceedingly primitive, and + differed considerably, as the East does even now, from what we in + Europe are accustomed to. The city of which we can get the best idea, + Sippar, the Sippara of the Greeks, generally regarded (though + probably wrongly) as the Sepharvaim of the Bible, now represented by + the mounds known as Abu-habbah, whence most of the early + contract-tablets revealing to us the daily life of these ancient + Babylonians came, was situated on the Euphrates, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the life of the land.”</span> The name of this river is + written, when phonetically rendered, by the characters Purattu + (probably really pronounced Phuraththu), in Akkadian Pura-nunu, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the great water-channel,”</span> often + expressed (and then, of course, not phonetically) with characters + meaning <span class="tei tei-q">“the river of Sippar,”</span> showing + in what estimation the ancient Babylonians held both river and city. + The mound of Abu-habbah is four miles from the river Euphrates, and + situated, in reality, on the canal called Nahr-Malka, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the royal river,”</span> which runs through it; but the + tablets of the period of which we are now speaking refer not only to + the city itself, but to the district all round from the Tigris on the + east to the Euphrates on the west.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page159">[pg 159]</span><a name="Pg159" id="Pg159" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following + paragraph from Mr. Rassam's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Asshur and the Land of Nimrod</span></span> will + give a fair idea of what this district is like:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“It is most interesting to examine this canal (the + Nahr-Malka) all the way between the Euphrates and the Tigris, as it + shows the magnitude of the Babylonian agricultural industry in days + gone by, when it irrigated hundreds of miles of rich alluvial soil. + The remains of countless large and small watercourses, which + intersect the country watered by those two branches<a id="noteref_23" + name="noteref_23" href="#note_23"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">23</span></span></a> of + Nahr-Malka, are plainly seen even now. Vestiges of prodigious basins + are also visible, wherein a surplus supply must have been kept for + any emergency, especially when the water of the Euphrates falls low + in summer.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The digging of + canals, which was an exceedingly important work in those days, as + indeed it is now, was evidently very systematically done, and the + king often, to all appearance, made a bid for increased popularity by + digging an important new canal for irrigation purposes, to which his + name was attached. Thus we find the work of Sumu-la-ilu, Sin-mubaliṭ, + Ḫammurabi, Samsu-iluna, and other kings recorded and chosen as the + event of the year to date by. This, with the rebuilding or new + decoration of the temples and shrines, endeared the king to the + people and the priesthood, ensuring for him the faithful service of + both, and willing submission to his rule. Indeed, there is but little + doubt that the presence of foreign rulers in the country was often + due to their having made friends of the priestly classes, and + afterwards of the people, in this way.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc19" id="toc19"></a> <a name="pdf20" id="pdf20"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">The Religious Element.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As may be judged + from the specimens of Babylonian names already given, the + inhabitants of this part of the world were exceedingly religious. + In <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page160">[pg 160]</span><a name= + "Pg160" id="Pg160" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> every city of the + land there were great temples, each of which made its claim on the + people who formed the congregation—in other words, the whole + population. In the district of which we are at present treating—the + tract where the majority of early contract-tablets were found, + namely, Sippar—the chief objects of worship were the Sun-god Šamaš; + his consort, the Moon-goddess, Aa; Bunene, a deity of whom but + little is known; Anunitum, a goddess identified with Ištar or + Venus; Addu or Rammanu (Hadad or Rimmon), and, in later times at + least, among others, <span class="tei tei-q">“the divine Daughters + of Ê-babbarra.<a id="noteref_24" name="noteref_24" href= + "#note_24"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">24</span></span></a>”</span> + All these deities were worshipped in the temple of the place, + called Ê-babbarra, <span class="tei tei-q">“the (divinely) + brilliant house,”</span> the earthly abode of the god Šamaš and his + companions. In addition to this great and celebrated temple, of + such renown in later times that even Egyptians, sun-devotees in + their own country, attended the services and made gifts, temples + were erected to the other gods of Babylon, notably Sin, the + Moon-god; to Merodach, the chief deity of Babylon; and likewise in + all probability to Merodach's consort, Zer-panitum, who was + worshipped along with him. There was probably hardly a town in + ancient Babylonia and Assyria where one or more of these gods were + not honoured—indeed, the sun had also another centre of worship, + namely, Larsa, the Ellasar of Gen. xiv. 1, as well as less renowned + shrines. Ištar was venerated at Erech along with Anu; Sin, the + moon, under the name of Nannar, had a great and celebrated temple + at Ur (generally regarded as Ur of the Chaldees), and also at + Haran, the city of Abraham's sojourning; Nebo was worshipped at + Borsippa; Nergal at Cuthah; Gula, goddess of healing, at Babylon; + Ê-girsu (<span class="tei tei-q">“the lord of Girsu”</span>) at the + city of Girsu, apparently a part of Lagaš; Êa and Tammuz at Eridu, + etc.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page161">[pg + 161]</span><a name="Pg161" id="Pg161" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the province + of which Sippar was capital, however, the people were more than + usually religious, or else more records of their piety have come + down to us. Numerous persons, more especially women, are described + as devotees, or perhaps priestesses, of the Sun-god there, and + sometimes similar devotees of Merodach are mentioned. Though we + have no certain information, it is very probable that there were + all over the country people dedicated to the various deities, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the gods of the land,”</span> for what was + customary in the district of Sippar (Sippar-Amnanu and + Sippar-Ya'ruru) was in all probability equally so in the other + provinces of the empire. From the earliest times the temples + acquired and held large tracts of land, which the priests let to + various people, agriculturists and others, to cultivate, a certain + proportion of the produce being paid to them, added to the revenues + of the temples, and passed into the treasury of the god. To this + lucrative business of land-letting was added that of money-lending, + and interest in the weaving-industry of the place, both of which + increased enormously in later times. That the temples received from + time to time rich gifts from the king, goes without saying, for the + colophon-dates record many instances of this. Sumu-abu, for + instance, rebuilt or restored the temples of the Lady of Isin, and + the temple Ê-maḫ of Nannar (the Moon-god); Sumu-la-îla made a + throne of gold and silver for the great shrine of Merodach; + Abil-Sin seems to have given a similar object to the temple of the + Sun at Babylon; Ḫammurabi restored or gave thrones to the temples + of Zer-panitum, Ištar of Babylon, Nannar (the moon), and built a + great shrine for Bel. Samsu-iluna, likewise, was not negligent of + the gods, for it is related of him that he dedicated a bright + shining mace (?) of gold and silver, the glory of the temple, to + Merodach, and made Ê-sagila (the great temple of Belus at Babylon) + to shine like the stars of heaven. It is needless to <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page162">[pg 162]</span><a name="Pg162" id="Pg162" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> say, that the long lists of the pious + works of the rulers of Babylon would be much too long to enumerate + here.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">All this the + kings did from motives of policy, to conciliate the priests, and, + through them, the people. Sometimes, though, they had need of the + priests, who were able to render them service, and then, naturally, + they bought their good-will cheerfully. The service which the + priests rendered in return was to pray to the gods for the king's + health and his success against his enemies, or in any undertaking + in which he might be engaged, and to inquire of the gods for him + whether he would be successful. Many, too, were the ceremonies and + festivals in which king, priests, and people took part, and the + king (who was himself a priest) and the priesthood thrived + exceedingly.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sometimes, too, + it happened that a devotee or servant of another god than that + which was the divinity of the place, struck with the neglect of the + deities whom he worshipped, would decide to remedy that defect, and + to this end he would found a small temple himself, and endow it. + The following will show in what way this took place—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Nûr-îli-šu has built for his god the temple of Šarru + and Šullat. One <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">šar</span></span> (is the measure of) the + temple of his god—he has dedicated it for his life. Pî-ša-Šamaš is + the priest of the temple. Nûr-îli-šu shall not make a claim against + the priesthood (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> demand the restitution of + the property he has given). He is an enemy of Šamaš and Suma-îlu + who brings an action.</span></p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Before + Bur-nunu, son of Ibubu (?);</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">before Ibik-ištar, son of + Ibubu;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">before Sin-rabu, son of + Aba-Ellila-kime;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">before Idin-Sin, son of + Ilu-malik;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">before Sin-idinnaššu, son of + Lu-Ninsaḫ;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">before Aḫum-ḫibum, son of + Aḫu-šina;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">before Sin-idinnaššu, son of + Pi-ša-Nin-Karak,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page163">[pg 163]</span><a name= + "Pg163" id="Pg163" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The light of his god,”</span> Nûr-îli-šu apparently + wished to justify his name, and to show what a faithful servant he + was, and he therefore dedicated the temple to the deity mentioned. + This, according to the inscriptions, should be Merodach, one of + whose titles was <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">šarru</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the king.”</span> It is to be noted, however, that in + the district of Sippar the Sun-god was <span class= + "tei tei-q">“king,”</span> and if this be the case, the pious giver + of the temple, instead of wishing to honour the patron god of + another district, merely intended to honour the patron god of his + own in another aspect, namely, as king in the heavens, along with + his consort, here called Šullat, a name which, to all appearance, + simply means <span class="tei tei-q">“the bride.”</span> That the + Sun-god was intended seems to be indicated by the name of the + priest, Pî-ša-Šamaš, <span class="tei tei-q">“Word of the + Sun-god,”</span> though it was not by any means impossible for a + man bearing the name of another god as part of his own to officiate + in this capacity, especially in the case of Merodach, for the + latter was, in many respects, a sun-god, and therefore identified + with Šamaš. In any case, the new temple was under the protection of + the Sun-god, as the statement (<span class="tei tei-q">“he is an + enemy of Šamaš and Šuma-ilu”</span>) shows. It is noteworthy that, + in the names of the witnesses, Šamaš does not occur as a component + part in any case.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But a small + foundation like this must have had but little influence beside the + great temple of the Sun-god at Sippara, with its revenues from + lands, dues on grain, tithes, free-will offerings, and gifts on + special occasions. In addition to all that has been mentioned + above, the temple of the Sun-god was the great court of justice, + and the people resorted thither to settle their disputes, and in + all probability gifts were made to the Sun-god on those occasions. + The gates of the city, too, were favourite places for this, + especially that of Šamaš, and there is every probability that gifts + to the god had to be made there also. The power and <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page164">[pg 164]</span><a name="Pg164" id="Pg164" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> influence of the places of worship on + account of all these temporal and sacerdotal duties invested in + them can be easily imagined.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc21" id="toc21"></a> <a name="pdf22" id="pdf22"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">The King.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Around the + Babylonian king is hedged a certain amount of mystery, for we see + him but dimly. What he did year by year we know, but what his + general way of life was the tablets do not reveal to us. He lived + in a <span class="tei tei-q">“great house,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ê-gala</span></span> in Akkadian, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">êkallu</span></span> in Semitic Babylonian, + and there is hardly any doubt that the people looked upon him as a + great high-priest, and often as being himself divine. Indeed, some, + if not many, of the Babylonian kings were regarded as gods, and had + their worshippers, apparently whilst they were still inhabitants of + this earth. The deification of the early Babylonian kings is made + known to us by the scribes placing the usual divine prefix before + their names, and with certain rulers this is seldom or never + wanting. Thus we know that Dungi (about 2650 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>) was deified, as were + also Bûr-Sin, Gimil-Sin, and Ibi-Sin. This custom seems to have + been continued until later times, for Rim-Sin of Larsa, the + opponent of Ḫammurabi or Amraphel, was thus honoured, and even + Ḫammurabi himself, who never has this divine prefix before his + name, was sometimes paid this exceptional tribute, as such names as + Ḫammurabi-Šamši, <span class="tei tei-q">“Hammurabi is my + Sun,”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“my Sun-god,”</span> show. + The East was ever the home of flattery, which could hardly reach a + higher point than that of deification.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><a name="Plate_VI" id= + "Plate_VI" class="tei tei-anchor" style= + "text-align: center"></a></p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"> + <img src="images/illus-vi-a.png" alt="Plate VI A." title= + "The Adoration of a Deified King. Impression of a cylinder inscribed "Danatum, son of Sin-tâar, servant ( = worshipper) of Rîm-Sin" (see p. 164). Published by permission of the owner, Mr. J. Offord, and the Society of Biblical Archæology." /> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + The Adoration of a Deified King. Impression of a cylinder + inscribed "Danatum, son of Sin-tâar, servant ( = worshipper) of + Rîm-Sin" (see p. <a href="#Pg164" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: center">164</a>). Published by permission of the + owner, Mr. J. Offord, and the Society of Biblical Archæology. + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"> + <img src="images/illus-vi-b.png" alt="Plate VI B." title= + "The Adoration of a God. Impression of a cylinder-seal inscribed with the name of Appâni-îl (see p. 555). (The figure on the left has been added by a later hand to obliterate part of the inscription.) Published by permission of the owner, Mr. J. Offord, and the Society of Biblical Archæology." /> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + The Adoration of a God. Impression of a cylinder-seal inscribed + with the name of Appâni-îl (see p. 555). (The figure on the + left has been added by a later hand to obliterate part of the + inscription.) Published by permission of the owner, Mr. J. + Offord, and the Society of Biblical Archæology. + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yet the king + does sometimes come forth from his shell, and then we see him in + his two aspects—as king, giving his orders to the officials of his + court and army, and as the chief citizen of the country over which + he ruled. The former is illustrated by the despatches and letters + in which his name occurs, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page165">[pg + 165]</span><a name="Pg165" id="Pg165" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + and the latter by such references to him as we find in the + contracts—and these are very few, as the colophon-dates and + invocations of his name in the legal oaths do not count.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Many letters of + Ḫammurabi have been found, and indicate how active he was as a + ruler. These texts, which, as far as they are published, are + generally in a very incomplete state, nevertheless show that this + most successful king paid every attention to the welfare of his + subjects, even those in distant parts of the country. Thus in one + of these communications he gives instructions to Sin-idinnam (who + was apparently military governor of Larsa or Ellasar) to pronounce + judgment against a certain person who laid claim to a field. + Another letter to the same person refers to grain taken by + Awel-îli, concerning which the king says, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“I have seen these reports. The grain of the recorder + (?), which Awel-îli has taken, let him return to the + recorder.”</span> In another place he writes to his officer rather + angrily because Inuḫ-samar, apparently Sin-idinnam's lieutenant, + had taken away from Sin-magir certain documents signed by the king. + He asks Sin-idinnam why he had done this (placing the blame + directly upon him), and concludes, <span class="tei tei-q">“The + documents, the property of Sin-magir ... with the impress of my + seal, which thou hast taken, restore to him.”</span> If Sin-idinnam + had not been a very high-placed official, he would in all + probability have been dismissed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following is + a letter from king Ammi-ṭitana to his agent—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“To the agent of Sippar-Ya'rurum say thus: <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘It is Ammi-ṭitana. The wool-merchant has thus informed + me: <span class="tei tei-q">“I keep sending to the purveyor of + Sippar-Ya'rurum concerning the wool ordered from him, to cause (it) + to be sent to Babylon, but he has not caused the wool ordered from + him to be sent.”</span> Thus he informs me. Why hast thou not + caused the wool <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page166">[pg + 166]</span><a name="Pg166" id="Pg166" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + ordered from thee to be sent to Babylon? As thou hast not feared to + do this, when thou seest this tablet, cause the wool ordered from + thee to be brought to Babylon.’</span> ”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It will thus be + seen that the early kings of Babylonia identified themselves with + the people of the country over which they ruled much more than the + sovereigns of Europe have for many hundreds of years been + accustomed to do. More than this—their families were accustomed to + intermarry with the people, as did Elmešu—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“Diamond”</span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Crystal,”</span> daughter of Ammi-ṭitana—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(<span class= + "tei tei-q">“Tablet of) Elmešum, daughter of Ammi-ṭit[ana the + king], whom Kizirtum, daughter of Ammi-ṭitana the king, by the + consent of Šumum-libšî, her brother, Šamaš-lipir, son of Riš-Šamaš, + and Taram-šullim (?), his wife, have married to Ibku-Annunitum, + their son, as (his) consort. Four shekels of silver, the + wedding-gift of Elmešu, daughter of Ammi-ṭitana, the king, + Šumum-libšî, son of Ammi-ṭitana, the king, and Kizirtum, his + sister, have received. If Ibku-Annunitum, son of Šamaš-lipir, say + to Elmešum, his wife, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Thou art not my + wife,’</span> he shall pay (1)[½] (?) mana of silver. If Elmešum + say to Ibku-Annunitum, her husband, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Thou + art not my husband,’</span> to.... Before Utul- ...; before ... + -šemi, son of ... -um; before Ibni-Addu, son of ... -um; before + Šumma-lum- ..., (son of) Ili-bani; before Addu-šarrum, son of + Riš-Šamaš; before Baši-îlu (?), son of ... -mar; before Nabi-îlu + (?), (son of) ... -be (?); before ... -pi- ....</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Month Sebat, day 2nd, year Ammi-ṭitana the king built + (?) Kar- ... (and) the wall of....”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This is not only + a curious document—it is also an interesting one, and shows under + what conditions a woman of royal blood and race could in ancient + Babylonia be wedded to a commoner. To all appearance the king + himself, Elmešu's father, had nothing <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page167">[pg 167]</span><a name="Pg167" id="Pg167" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> to do with the transaction—perhaps he + purposely held aloof—and this being the case, it is the bride's + brother and sister who have charge of the ceremony and contract; + and, with the bridegroom's father and mother, marry her as consort + to Ibku-Annunitum. The wording differs from that used in ordinary + cases, and is more elegant and select. A wedding-gift of four + shekels of silver is hardly, perhaps, what one would expect to be + made to a royal bride, but perhaps it was the customary amount in + such cases. The penalty if the husband afterwards divorced his wife + was, as usual, a money-payment, but the amount is doubtful, though + it seems to be above the average. The penalty if Elmešu forsook her + husband is unfortunately wanting by the mutilation of the document, + but in ordinary cases it was generally death.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Naturally, the + members of the king's family were rich, and had a tendency to + <span class="tei tei-q">“add field to field,”</span> for their own + advantage. Or they would, like other people of means, hire land + adjoining their own, in order to cultivate them both together, as + did Iltani, daughter of king Abēšu'—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“1/3 <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gan</span></span>, a field in the good tract, + beside the field of the king's daughter, its first end + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> front) the river (or canal) + Pariktum, from Melulatum, sun-devotee, daughter of Ibku-ša, owner + of the field, Iltani, the king's daughter, has hired the field for + cultivation, and for profit. At harvest-time, (upon) every + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gan</span></span>, she will pay six + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gur</span></span> of grain, the due of the + Sun-god, in Kar-Sippar.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Before Edi- ..., (son of) ...-te (?); before Abil (?)- + ... (son of) ... -aqar; before Šumu-libšî, son of Pî-ša-Sin; before + Addu-napišti-iddina, the scribe.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Month Nisan, day 2nd, year Abēšu', the king (made ?) + an image (?) of (gold) and silver.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thirty years, or + thereabouts later, Iltani (or a younger namesake, daughter of + Ammi-zaduga) is <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page168">[pg + 168]</span><a name="Pg168" id="Pg168" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + found providing the wherewithal for agricultural operations—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“One <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gur</span></span> of grain, the property of + the Sun-god, for the reaper, which was from Iltani, sun-devotee, + daughter of the king, Šeritum, son of Ibni-Amurrū, has received. At + harvest-time, (in) the month Adar, he will come—(if) he come not, + he shall be like a king's thrall.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Before Idin-Marduk, the officer, son of Idin-îli-šu; + before Ina-lali-šu, son of Ibni-Marduk.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Month Adar, day 25th, year Ammi-zaduga the king (made + ?) a weapon (?) of gold.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This contract is + not quite clear without a little explanation. The grain advanced + was, to all appearance, from the storehouse of the temple of the + Sun-god at Sippara, and Iltani, as a sun-devotee, seems to have had + it at her disposal for the benefit of the temple. In any case, the + amount came from her, and was received by Šeritum, who seems to + have been the reaper referred to. He promises to come to do the + work in Adar, that very month, when the grain would have to be + reaped, and the penalty for failing to fulfil his contract was + apparently slavery. Evidently the work was urgent.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is needless + to say, that interesting as these texts are, they are very + incomplete, and leave a great deal to the imagination, and still + more altogether unrecorded. Nevertheless, they are very valuable as + far as they go, and show us the royal family of Babylonia at the + time working among the people as members of the community. Each + one, however, evidently worked for his or her own interest, or for + the interest of the religious community to which he or she + belonged, and not for the people at large. It was only the king who + worked for his people, and he did it, it is hardly going too far to + say, because it was his interest to do so. Most people, however, + acted for their own interest in those days, as now.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page169">[pg 169]</span><a name= + "Pg169" id="Pg169" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc23" id="toc23"></a> <a name="pdf24" id="pdf24"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">The People.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In all + probability the Babylonians consisted of what may be called the + original Semites of that tract, with the Akkadians, also + aboriginal, with whom they lived and had already, at the time of + the dynasty of Babylon, mingled to such an extent that they must + have become a homogeneous people, notwithstanding the racial + differences which were probably noticeable at certain points—for + example, a more strongly-marked Semitic type at Sippar and in that + neighbourhood, and a more strongly-marked Akkadian type in the + State to which Lagaš belonged. Other invasions, however, seem to + have taken place, the principal being that of the Amorites, to + which allusion has already been made—an invasion which the tablets + of this period indicate to have been sufficiently numerous, and + which must have left its mark on the population, to all appearance + increasing the Semitic preponderance, and emphasizing the type. The + existence of an <span class="tei tei-q">“Amorite tract”</span> in + the district of Sippar, and the fact that Sin-idinnam, Ḫammurabi's + general, is designated by the characters GAL-MAR-TU, in Semitic + Babylonian <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Rab-Amurrî</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“chief of the Amorite(s),”</span> are in themselves + sufficient testimony to this invasion. It is noteworthy, too, that + the dynasty to which Ḫammurabi belonged is apparently that + described by Berosus as <span class="tei tei-q">“Arabic,”</span> in + which case we should have to recognize yet another invasion of + Semites; but there is just the probability, that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Arabic”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Amorite”</span> were interchangeable terms, the + Amorites being regarded as a collection of wandering hordes of whom + a portion entered the country, and took possession of the + government. In any case, they shared the fate of all invaders of + the kind referred to, for they were speedily conquered by the + superior civilization of the conquered, and became so naturalized + that notwithstanding their <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page170">[pg 170]</span><a name="Pg170" id="Pg170" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> western names, they were called by the + Babylonians <span class="tei tei-q">“the dynasty of + Babylon.”</span> This Amorite element was to all appearance a + sufficiently large one, as the more easily recognizable names show. + Thus we have <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Amurrū-bani</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Karasumia</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Asalia</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kuyatum</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bizizana</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Izi-idrê</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sumu-raḳ</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Betani</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sar-ili + (Israel)</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Awel-Addî</span></span> (<span class= + "tei tei-q">“man of Hadad,”</span> described an Amorite,) with many + others, though the different nationalities cannot always be + distinguished, as many Amorites bore Babylonian names, and + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">vice + versâ</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Naturally other + nationalities than the Babylonians, Akkadians, Šumerians, and + Amorites were represented in the country—Elamites from the + invasions of earlier centuries, Kassites and Sutites who came, in + all probability, to trade, Qutites or Gutians brought into the + country as slaves, or possibly living there as freemen—all these + and others helped to increase the confusion of tongues which + existed in the land from remote ages, and reminded people of the + legend of the Tower of Babel, when <span class="tei tei-q">“the + Lord did there confound the language of all the + earth.”</span><a id="noteref_25" name="noteref_25" href= + "#note_25"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">25</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Documents of an + earlier date than those now under our notice indicate that + Babylonian civilization goes back no less than three thousand years + before the period of the dynasty of Babylon, and this, in + consideration of the date calculated for the foundation of Niffer + (another three thousand years earlier), must be regarded as a + moderate estimate. Babylonian civilization was already, at the time + now treated of, exceedingly <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page171">[pg 171]</span><a name="Pg171" id="Pg171" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ancient. The early village settlement of + primitive houses, clustered around an equally + primitively-constructed temple, had grown into a large city, with + many fanes therein. The scattered outlying smaller villages around + this primitive settlement had gradually been incorporated with it, + and formed its suburbs, each retaining its ancient name. Villages + of more recent foundation were scattered all over the land, and the + whole country was instinct with national life, due to the increase + of importance which the comparatively recent union of several small + states in a single large and therefore powerful kingdom had brought + into existence.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus we find + Babylonia at the period of the dynasty of Babylon. It could even + then look back into a past stretching back into a remote and dim + antiquity. Its laws, manners, customs, and religion were already + old, and were our knowledge of this interesting period complete, we + should probably find that there was much that was excellent in + their laws, and interesting and instructive in the administration + of those laws, as well as in their manners and customs with regard + to legal matters in general.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Something of + what the tablets of the period are able to inform us concerning the + sacred person of the king and the position of his family has + already been treated of, and we have now to turn to the next in the + social scale—the people of the middle class. To this class belonged + the priests, the leaders of the troops, the landowners, the + employers of labour, the scribes, the physicians, the land-hirers, + and the small farmers. In all probability artists and artisans also + formed part of it, though their position may have been sometimes as + bad as that of many who toiled in servitude, for the slaves seem, + on the whole, to have been exceedingly well treated.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With regard to + the scribes at least, the head and beard were shaven, they wore a + simple garment like <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page172">[pg + 172]</span><a name="Pg172" id="Pg172" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> a + toga thrown over the left shoulder, leaving the right arm free, and + in all probability had on their feet no shoes, but sandals, though + this point is doubtful.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A member of this + upper class was polite in his address. When he wrote to a friend, + whether on business or otherwise, he said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“to so and so, whom Merodach preserve,”</span> and + after saying who it was who was writing, added, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“may the Sun-god and Merodach grant thee to live for + length of days—mayest thou have peace, mayest thou have life, may + the god thy protector preserve thy head (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">rêš-ka</span></span>) for happiness. I have + sent to ask after thy health,—may thy health before the Sun-god and + Merodach be lasting.”</span> Other forms of address are found, + generally shorter, but this may be taken as a fair specimen of the + general style, which, however, seems to have been regulated by + established usage, the form quoted here being that used in + addressing a personage named Epišu, and it is always the same, + though the letters, four or five in number, all come from different + persons.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following + letter from a son to his father will show the general style of + these missives—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Say to my father thus: <span class="tei tei-q">‘It is + Elmešum.’</span><a id="noteref_26" name="noteref_26" href= + "#note_26"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">26</span></span></a></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“May Šamaš and Merodach cause my father to live + enduring days. My father, mayest thou have health and life. The god + protecting my father preserve my father's happy head. I have sent + (to ask) after my father's health—may my father's health before + Šamaš and Merodach be lasting.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“From (the time) Sin and Amurrū recorded thy name, my + father, and I humbly (?) answered, thou, my father, hast said thus: + <span class="tei tei-q">‘As I am going to Dûr-Ammi-zaduga on the + river Sarqu, one sheep with five mana of silver (?) I will cause to + be brought for the young man (?).’</span> This, my father, thou + saidst—my ear, my father, I made to attend—and thou hast not + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page173">[pg 173]</span><a name= + "Pg173" id="Pg173" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> caused (these + things) to be brought. And when thou, my father, sentest to the + presence of Taribu, the queen, I caused a tablet to be brought to + the presence of my father. My father, thou didst not (even) ask + (concerning) the information of my tablet, when I caused the tablet + of my father to be brought to the city, and he took it to my father + for a shekel of silver. Like thy brother, thou hast not caused (the + things) to be brought. Like Merodach (?) and Sin Amurrū who are + gracious to my father, my ears are attentive. My father, cause (the + things) to be brought, and my heart will not be downcast—Before + Šamaš and Merodach for my father let me plead.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such is the way + in which a son writes to his father, or to one who, from his age, + might have stood in that relationship. It is one of the less + difficult of a number of exceedingly difficult texts, and the + translation is therefore given with all reserve. As, however, the + words and phrases are for the most part fairly familiar, it is + believed that the general drift of the whole is correctly + indicated. Although it is a letter in which the writer seems to + believe that he has just reason to find fault, the respectful and + apparently reverent tone of the whole is very noteworthy.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In all + probability the Babylonian household consisted of the man and his + wife, children if he had any, and as many servants or slaves as he + could afford. A second wife was taken if the man was rich enough to + afford such an addition, though he seems to have sometimes married + again for economic reasons, namely, the acquisition of a suitable + attendant for his first wife without having to pay her wages.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following is + an example of the ordinary wedding contract—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ana-Aa-uzni is daughter of Salimatum. As Salimatum has + set her free, she has given her in marriage to Bêl-šunu, son of + Nemelum. Ana-Aa-uzni is a virgin—no one has anything against + Ana-Aa-uzni. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page174">[pg + 174]</span><a name="Pg174" id="Pg174" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + They have invoked the spirit of Šamaš, Merodach, and Šumu-la-îlu + (the king). Whoever changes the words of this tablet (shall pay the + penalty).</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Before Libit-Ištar; before Bûr-nunu; before + Amurrū-bani; before Rammānu-rêmeni; before Nida-dum; before + Šamaš-êmuki; before Imgurrum; before Sin-ikišam; before Belizunu; + before Aa-šiti; before Lamazi; before Ḫunabia; before Betani; + before Amat-Šamaš; before Nabritum; before Šad-Aa.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sometimes, + however, the wedding contract contains severe penalties in case the + newly-wedded wife should prove to be unfaithful, as in the + following text—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Aḫḫu-ayabi is daughter of Innabatum. Innabatum, her + mother, has given her in marriage to Zukania. Should Zukania + forsake her, he shall pay one mana of silver. Should Aḫḫu-ayabi + deny him, he may throw her down from the tower. As long as + Innabatum lives, Aḫḫu-ayabi shall support her, and Innabatum + afterwards (shall have nothing?) against Aḫḫu-ayabi, ... (They have + invoked the spirit of the Sun-god and Zabi)um (the king). Whoever + changes the words of (th)is (tablet) (shall pay the + penalty”</span>).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here follow the + names of sixteen witnesses—seven males and nine females, one of the + former being the priest of the devotees of the Sun-god.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When there were + two wives, a marriage contract was given to each, and by a + fortunate chance, the British Museum possesses two documents + connected in this way, which have come together, though acquired at + different times.<a id="noteref_27" name="noteref_27" href= + "#note_27"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">27</span></span></a> The + following is the document drawn up for the principal wife—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Arad-Šamaš has taken in marriage Taram-Sagila and + Iltani, daughter of Sin-abu-šu. (If) Taram-Sagila <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page175">[pg 175]</span><a name="Pg175" id="Pg175" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and Iltani say to Arad-Šamaš, their + husband, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Thou art not (our) + husband,’</span> he may throw them down from the tower; and (if) + Arad-Šamaš say to Taram-Sagila or Iltani, his wives, <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Thou art not my wife,’</span> she shall depart from + house and goods. And Iltani shall wash the feet of Taram-Sagila, + shall carry her seat to the house of her god; Iltani shall put on + Taram-Sagila's ornaments, shall be well inclined towards her, shall + not destroy her (marriage) contract, shall grind (?) her meal (?), + and shall obey (?) her.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here follow the + names of nine witnesses.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The marriage + contract drawn up for Iltani, the second wife, is as follows—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Iltani is sister of Taram-Sagila. Arad-Šamaš, son of + Ili-ennam, has taken them in marriage from Uttatum, their father. + Iltani, her sister, shall prepare her food, shall be well inclined + towards her, (and) shall carry her seat to the temple of Merodach. + The children, as many as have been born, and they shall bear, are + their children. (If) Taram-Sagila say to Iltani, her sister, + <span class="tei tei-q">‘Thou art not my sister,’</span> (then) ... + (If Iltani say to Arad-Šamaš, her husband), <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Thou (art not my husband),’</span> he may shave (her + head), and sell her for silver. And (if) Arad-Šamaš say to his + wives, <span class="tei tei-q">‘(Ye) are not my wives,’</span> he + shall pay one mana of silver. And they, (if) they say to + Arad-Šamaš, their husband, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Thou art not + our husband,’</span> he may strangle (?) them, and throw them into + the river.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This document is + attested by eleven witnesses.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To all + appearance there was a kind of adoption of Iltani as daughter of + Uttatum (she is called daughter of Sin-abu-šu in the first text), + and having thus been raised in position so as to be somewhat the + equal of Taram-Sagila in rank, she could become the second wife of + Arad-Šamaš, to live with and wait upon her adopted + sister.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page176">[pg + 176]</span><a name="Pg176" id="Pg176" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The household + itself, however, seldom or never meets our gaze in these texts, + though we get glimpses of it from time to time. One of the best is + in all probability the following for the insight it gives—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“... He has made him his adopted son. The field, + plantation, goods, and furniture of his house, which Êtel-pî-Sin + and Sin-nada, his wife, possess—Êtel-pî-Sin and Sin-nada have five + sons—to Bêl-êzzu, their son, like a son, they will give. If + Bêl-êzzu say to Êtel-pî-Sin, his father, and Sin-nada, his mother, + <span class="tei tei-q">‘Thou art not my father—thou art not my + mother,’</span> they may sell him for silver. And if Êtel-pî-Sin, + and Sin-nada, his wife, say to Bêl-êzzu, their son, <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Thou art not my son,’</span> field, plantation, and + goods, his share, he may take, and may carry away. He (apparently + Êtel-pî-Sin) has invoked the spirit of the king.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Before Lugal-gištug, the lord of the oracle; + Lu-Dingira, the inspector(?) of the deep(?); Îlu-dakullu, do.; + Nidnat-Sin, do.; Ṣili-Ê-kišnugal, do.; Mu-batuga, son of + Azagga-Innanna; Zarriqu, son of Nannara-manšum; Aappâ, son of + Sin-êribam; Nûr-îli-šu, the ...; Êrib-Sin, the scribe; ... -Ningal, + the sword-bearer; ... -Sin, son of Zazia;”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“(The seal of) the contracting parties (has been + impressed).”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(The remainder + of the text, containing the date, is lost.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The above tablet + from Tel-Sifr gives a most complete statement of the circumstances + attending the adoption of a son (a very common thing during this + period in Babylonia), omitting only the reason for this step. It is + to be noted, however, that five of the witnesses belong, + apparently, to the priestly class, and this may, perhaps, have been + the reason, their influence being, at this time, to all appearance, + very great, and the necessity for appeasing them proportionately + so.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page177">[pg + 177]</span><a name="Pg177" id="Pg177" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following is + an example under different conditions, and presents other points of + interest—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Arad-Išḫara is son of Ibni-Šamaš. Ibni-Šamaš has taken + him as his son. The day that Arad-Išḫara says to Ibni-Šamaš his + father, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Thou art not my father,’</span> he + may put him into fetters and sell him for silver. And (if) + Ibni-Šamaš say to Arad-Išḫara, his son, <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Thou art not my son,’</span> he shall depart from the + house and the goods. And he may have sons, and with his sons he + shall share.”</span> (This last phrase is expressed clearer on the + envelope of the tablet as follows: <span class="tei tei-q">“And + Ibni-Šamaš may beget sons, and Arad-Išḫara shall share like + one.”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The names of ten + witnesses are attached to this document.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In this case the + reason for the adoption of Arad-Išḫara probably was, that + Ibni-Šamaš had no sons, though there was a possibility that he + would have some later on.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following + refers to the adoption of a daughter, which was also a common + custom—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Karanatum is daughter of Nûr-Sin, with his sons and + his daughters. No one has anything against Karanatum, daughter of + Nûr-Sin. Damiqtum is sister of Karanatum. He (Nûr-Sin) will give + her to a husband.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here follow the + names of five witnesses.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Though the + inscription is short, it is sufficient to suggest that Nûr-Sin + adopted Karanatum for some special reason, though what that reason + may have been is uncertain. Probably it was in order that she + should accompany Damiqtum as second wife of a man who wished to + marry two women, as in the case of Iltani and Taram-Sagila.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Tablets + referring to adoption are, however, very numerous, and do not + furnish much variety. Considerations of space also forbid any great + multiplication of examples, so that it is needful to pass to + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page178">[pg 178]</span><a name= + "Pg178" id="Pg178" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the next stage, + namely, the inscriptions referring to inheritance, which, though + containing less information, are not without interest.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the death of + the father of the family, his children to all appearance met and + divided his property as agreed upon, or in accordance with the will + of their father. Thus we have the record of the three brothers + Sin-ikišam, Ibni-Šamaš, and Urra-naṣir, who divided their + inheritance after the death of their father—</p> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">1.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“1 ŠAR, a dwelling-house (and) domain, beside the + house of Ibni-Šamaš, and beside the house of the street, its exit + (being) to the street, is the share of Sin-ikišam, which he has + shared with Ibni-Šamaš and Urra-naṣir. From the word to the gold + the division of the property is completed. They shall not make + claim against each other. They have invoked the spirit of Šamaš, + Aa, and Sin-mubaliṭ (the king).</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Before Liširammu; before Sin-puṭram, son of + Êa-balaṭi (?); before Sin-idinnam, son of Mannîa; before + Arad-ili-šu, son of Nûr-Sin; before Ša-Išḫara, son of Ilâ; before + Sin-magir, son of Etelum; before Arad-Amurri, before Sin-îlu, + sons of Upîa; before Libur-nadi-šu, son of Uštašni-ili; before + ... ; before ... ; before ... . Year of the river (canal) + Tutu-ḫengal.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">2.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“1 ŠAR, a dwelling-place (and) domain, beside the + house of Sin-ikišam, and beside the house of Ištar-umma-ša, the + second exit to the street, is the share of Ibni-Šamaš, which he + has shared with Sin-ikišam and Urra-naṣir. From the word to the + gold they have shared the (property). They shall not make claim + against each other. They have invoked the spirit of Šamaš, Aa, + Marduk, and Sin-mubaliṭ.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Before Sin-puṭram; before Sin-idinnam; before + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page179">[pg 179]</span><a name= + "Pg179" id="Pg179" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Liširram; before + Arad-ili-šu; before Ša-Išḫara; before Sin-magir; before + Arad-Amurri; before Sin-îlu; before Libur-nadi-šu. Year of the + river Tutu-ḫengal.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">3.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“1 ŠAR, a dwelling-house and domain, beside the house + of Ubarria, and beside the house of Puṭur-Sin, the second exit to + the street, is the share of Urra-naṣir, which he has shared with + Sin-ikišam and Ibni-Šamaš. From the word to the gold the division + is completed. They shall not make claim against each other. They + have invoked the spirit of Šamaš, Aa, Marduk, and + Sin-mubaliṭ.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Before Sin-puṭram; before Liširram; before + Sin-magir; before Sin-idinnam; before Arad-ili-šu; before + Ša-Išḫara; before Arad-Amurri; before Sin-îlu; before + Libur-nadi-šu. Year of the river Tutu-ḫengal.”</span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-tb"> + <hr style="width: 50%" /> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">That the first + tablet translated above was that first written is proved by the + fact that the fathers' names of several of the witnesses are + given, and by the blank spaces with the word <span class= + "tei tei-q">“before,”</span> showing that the scribe did not know + exactly how many witnesses there would be. In the other two + documents he had the right number, and did not therefore write + the word in question too many times. In all probability the three + brothers are mentioned in the first document in the order of + their age, and it is naturally the title-deed of the eldest which + is written first. All three documents are attested by the same + witnesses.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following + tablet in the possession of Sir Cuthbert Peek, Bart., shows a + division of property consisting of goods and chattels, as well as + land—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“3 GAN, a field by the territory of Kudma-bani, with + 1 GAN, a field which (was) the share of Aḫḫati-šunu, (situated) + beside the field of Amat-Samaš, daughter of Libit-Ištar, and + beside the field of Bêl-šunu, its first end (being) the river + Euphrates, (and) <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page180">[pg + 180]</span><a name="Pg180" id="Pg180" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + its second end the common. 2/3 of a ŠAR (and) 5 ZU (of ground by) + the temple of Sippara, 1-½ ŠAR (by) the temple of Kudma-bani, 1 + ox, 1 young bull, 1 <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">'ikuše</span></span> stone—all this is the + share of Kubbutu, which, along with Ibku-Annunitum, Bêl-šunu, + Bêl-bani, Il-šu-bani, Rêmum, and Marduk-naṣir, they have divided. + The division is complete. They are satisfied. From the word to + the gold they shall not at any future time bring claims against + each other. They have invoked the spirit of Šamaš, Aa, Marduk, + and Samsu-iluna the king.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Before Dadu-ša, son of Aḫum; before Ṭaridum, the + scribe; before Sin-idinnam, son of Ibku-Šala; before Anatum, son + of Sin-âbu-šu; before Šamaš-naṣir-âbli.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Month Iyyar, day 18th, second year after the + completion (?) of the temple of Bêl.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Where the + division of the property and the drawing up of the tablets took + place is uncertain, there being in the documents translated above + no indication. In the case of the three brothers Urra-kaminiši, + Riš-Urra, and Buria, the declaration of the division of the + property which they inherited, and possibly the drawing up of + their respective tablets as well, took place in the Beth-el + (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">bêt îli</span></span>) of the city, where + legal matters were often transacted. Whether this Beth-el was the + temple of the Sun and the Moon, where solemn contracts were also + made, is uncertain, but not improbable.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is + noteworthy that there is sometimes a statement indicating that + the inheritors chose their lots—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“1 ŠAR, a dwelling-house beside the house of Belaqu, + and beside Awel-Nannara, is the share of Erištum, the sodomite, + daughter of Ribam-îli, which she has shared with Amat-Šamaš, the + priestess of the sun, her sister. The division is complete. From + the word to the gold they shall not bring claim against each + other. Choice of Amat-Šamaš, her sister. (The envelope has: Her + choice—the place <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page181">[pg + 181]</span><a name="Pg181" id="Pg181" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + (which seems) good unto her she will give.) (They have invoked) + the spirit of Šamaš, Merodach, Sin-mubaliṭ (the king), and the + city of Sippar.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here follow + the names of eighteen witnesses, all of them, apparently, + men.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another + tablet, referring to the sharing of property, shows how brothers + sometimes cared for their sister, all the property (at least in + this case) being in their hands—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Tablet (referring to) 1 GAN, a field in the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">karê</span></span>, beside (the field of) + Aḫi-daani (?) and Enkim-îlu, Kiš-nunu, Imgurrum, and Ilu-abi, her + brothers, have given to Ḫudultum, daughter of Inib-nunu, as her + share.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Before Mašpirum (var. Mašparum), son of Ušlu-rum; + before Bûr-ya, son of Munawirum; before Ḫayâbum, (before) Kiranum + (?), sons of Sin-ennam; before Sin-naṣir.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Year Sumulel the king built the wall of + Sippar.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus, in + varying ways, did the ancient Babylonians live and wed, adopt + children and inherit. Other incidents were there in their lives + also, as when a man divorced his wife—an unpleasant experience + for them both, in all probability—though often enough this must + have taken place to the great joy of one or the other, or + possibly of both, for it must have been a much less solemn thing + with them than with us—the marriage tie. It is gratifying to know + that documents referring to divorce are comparatively rare, + though they are to be met with sometimes, as the following text + shows—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Šamaš-rabi has divorced Naramtum his wife. She has + taken away her property (?) and received her portion (as a woman + divorced). (If) Naramtum wed another, Šamaš-rabi shall not bring + action against her. They have invoked the spirit of Šamaš, Aa, + Marduk, and Sin-mubaliṭ.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Here follow + the names of ten witnesses.)</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page182">[pg 182]</span><a name= + "Pg182" id="Pg182" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc25" id="toc25"></a> <a name="pdf26" id="pdf26"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 144%">“</span><span style="font-size: 144%">Year of + Šamaš and Rimmon.</span><span style= + "font-size: 144%">”</span></span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sometimes the + even tenor of early Babylonian life was interrupted by a lawsuit on + the part of a relative (often one who ought to have known better), + and, though less of a family convulsion than a divorce, it must + have been sufficiently annoying, especially when the plaintiff was + one's own father. The following gives details of such a case—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“(Tablet concerning) one slave, her maid, whom Ayatia, + her mother, left to Ḫulaltum, her daughter, and Ḫulaltum (on that + account) supported Ayatia, her mother. And Sin-naṣir (was) husband + of Ayatia. Ayatia left to her (Ḫulaltum), in the 20th year, that + which was in the city Buzu, but there was no tablet (?) + (documentary evidence) concerning Ayatia's property. After Ayatia + died, Sin-naṣir brought an action against Ḫulaltum on account of + the maidservant, and Išarlim, scribe of the city of Sippar and the + court (?) of Sippar, caused them to receive judgment. He declared + him (Sin-naṣir) to be in the wrong. He is not again to bring action + in the matter. (They have invoked) the spirit of Šamaš, Merodach, + and Ḫammurabi. Judgment of Išarlim; Awat-Šamaš, the merchant; + Itti-Bêl-kinni; Bûr-Sin; Gimil-bani. Month Adar, year of the canal + Tišida-Ellilla.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Many documents + of this kind exist, though people did not generally bring actions + against their own (step-) daughters, as Sin-naṣir is recorded as + having done. The ancient Babylonians were at all times, however, + very keen in standing up for their own rights, and went to law on + the slightest provocation. The following records a claim upon some + property, and its issue, which was as unsuccessful as that + translated above—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Sin-êribam, son of Upê-rabi, laid claim to the house + of Šumu-râḫ, which is beside the house of Nidnu-ša and beside the + house (temple) of Allat; and they went before the judges, and the + judges pronounced <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page183">[pg + 183]</span><a name="Pg183" id="Pg183" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + judgment. And as for Sin-êribam, they declared him to be in the + wrong, and made him deliver a document which could not be proceeded + against. He shall not bring action, and Sin-êribam shall not again + lay claim to the house of Šumu-râḫ.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“They have invoked the spirit of Šamaš, Zabium (the + king), and the city of Sippar.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is noteworthy + that the name of the first of the twelve witnesses attached to the + document is Ya'kub-ilu, or Jacob-el, which is supposed to be + connected with the name of the patriarch Jacob.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As in these + days, many a man in those ancient times, for the better conducting + of his business, would enter into partnership. As usual, all would + go well for a time, but at last, in consequence of disagreements or + disputes or some unpleasantness, they would decide to part. Several + texts of this class exist, of which the following is a typical + example—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ṣili-Ištar and Iribam-Sin made partnership, and, to + dissolve it, they had a judge, and they went down to the temple of + Šamaš, and in the temple of Šamaš the judge caused them to receive + judgment. They give back their capital, and receive back their + shares, 1 male-slave Luštamar-Šamaš, with a chain (?), and 1 + female-slave Lišlimam, the share of Iribam-Sin; 1 male-slave + Ibšina-ilu, and 1 female-slave Am-anna-lamazi, the share of + Ṣili-Ištar, they have received as their shares. In the temple of + the Sun-god and the Moon-god they declared that they would treat + each other well. One shall not bring action against the other, nor + act hostilely towards him. There is no cause for action on the part + of the one against the other. They have invoked the spirit of + Nannara, Šamaš, Merodach, Lugal-ki-ušuna, and Ḫammurabi the + king.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Before Utuki-šemi, son of Awiatum; before Abil-Sin, + son of Nannara-manšum; before Sin-êreš, the provost; before + Ipuš-Êa, the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">du-gab</span></span>; before Šamašmubaliṭ, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page184">[pg 184]</span><a name= + "Pg184" id="Pg184" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the priest of Gula; + before Nabi-Sin, son of Idin-Sin; before Sin-uzeli, son of + Ṣili-Ištar; before Ubar-Sin, son of Sin-šemi; before Sin-gimlanni, + the attendant of the judges.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“He has impressed the seal of the contracting + parties.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Month Adar, year Ḫammurabi the king made (images of) + Ištar and Nanaa.”</span><a id="noteref_28" name="noteref_28" href= + "#note_28"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">28</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Iribam-Sin, + however, seems not to have been satisfied that he had been fairly + dealt with, for notwithstanding that they were not to act hostilely + towards each other, he immediately brought an action to get + possession of property belonging to Ṣili-Ištar and his brothers, + the result of which was the following declaration on the part of + the latter—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Concerning 1 ŠAR, a dwelling-house, and 2 ŠAR, a large + enclosure, which Ṣili-Išstar and Awel-ili, his brother, sons of + Ili-sukkalu, bought from Sin-mubaliṭ and his brothers, sons of + Pirḫum. In the temple of the Sun-god Ṣili-Ištar said thus: + <span class="tei tei-q">‘I verily bought (it) with the money of my + mother—it was not bought with the money that was ours in common. + Iribam-Sin, son of Ubar-Sin, has no share in the house and large + enclosure.’</span><a id="noteref_29" name="noteref_29" href= + "#note_29"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">29</span></span></a> He has + invoked the spirit of the king.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Before Utuki-šemi, son of Awiatum; before Abil-Sin, + son of Nannara-manšum; before Sin-êreš, the provost; before + Sin-uzelli, son of Nûr-îli; before Ipuš-Êa, the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">du-gab</span></span>; before Nabi-Sin, son of + Idin-Sin; before Ubar-Sin, son of Sin-šemi, his father; before + Šamaš-mubaliṭ, the priest of Gula; before Singimlanni, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page185">[pg 185]</span><a name="Pg185" id="Pg185" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the attendant of the judges. They have + impressed the seal of the parties.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Month Adar, year of the (images of) Ištar and + Nanaa.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The day of the + month is not given, so that we are in doubt as to whether the + second tablet preceded the first or followed it. In all probability + the latter was the case, or else the two actions were simultaneous, + and the fact that the witnesses and officials of the court are the + same in both documents speaks in favour of this.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Babylonia, as + in all the ancient East, there was the great blot upon their + civilization which has not even at the present time, the dawn of + the twentieth century, disappeared from the earth, namely, that of + slavery. Throughout the long ages over which Babylonian domestic + literature extends, the student finds this to be always present, + and one of the most striking examples is contained in the following + document, which exhibits the blot with all its possible + horrors—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“(Tablet of) Šamaš-nûri, daughter of Ibi-Šân. + Bunini-âbi and Bêlisunu have bought her from Ibi-Šân, her + father—for Bunini-âbi a wife—for Bêlisunu a servant. The day + Šamaš-nûri says to Bêlisunu, her mistress, <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Thou art not my mistress,’</span> they shall shave off + her hair, and sell her for silver. As the complete price he has + paid five shekels of silver. He has taken the key.<a id= + "noteref_30" name="noteref_30" href="#note_30"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">30</span></span></a> The + affair is concluded. He is content. (At no future time) shall one + bring a claim against the other. They have invoked the spirit of + Šamaš, Aa, Marduk, and Ḫammurabi.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Here follow the + names of seven witnesses.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Month Iyyar, day 3rd, year of the throne of + Zērpanitum”</span> (the 12th year of Ḫammurabi or Amraphel).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">That a father + should part with his daughter for <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page186">[pg 186]</span><a name="Pg186" id="Pg186" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> money in order that that daughter should + become the wife of a man already married, agreeing at the same time + that the young woman should become the slave of the first wife, + would seem to the ordinary Western mind at the present day most + barbarous. That it was not the lowest depth, however, is implied by + the condition attached to the contract, and containing a kind of + penalty, namely, that if the new wife denied that the first wife + was her mistress, she might be sold as a slave. In what her + position differed from that of a thrall, however, does not + appear.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Naturally the + case of Hagar, the slave of Sarah, Abraham's wife, will at once + occur to the reader, though the two differ somewhat. Nevertheless, + it is not improbable that the well-known Bible-story explains that + of the tablet, in giving a reason for the purchase of + Šamaš-nûri—namely, in order to give the purchaser, Bunini-âbi, a + chance of having offspring, which, in all probability, his first + wife Bêlisunu had not brought him. It is difficult to imagine that + she would consent to the introduction of a rival for any other + reason. Of course, the new wife may have been well treated, but a + transaction of the kind here recorded naturally gave an opening to + all possible abuses. Another case of the taking of a second wife, + with the proviso that she is to be the servant of the first, is + that of Iltani (see pp. <a href="#Pg174" class= + "tei tei-ref">174-175</a>), who, however, was not a slave, and had + a regular marriage-deed. Moreover, she is described as the sister + (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">âḫat</span></span>), not the slave + (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">âmat</span></span>) of the first wife.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the same + plate of the British Museum publication from which the foregoing is + taken, there is a more ordinary document referring to slavery, and + in this case it is to all appearance the sale of a real slave-woman + and her child—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“1 slave-woman, Bêlti-magirat by name, and her child, + handmaid of Šarrum-Addu and Ḫammurabi-Šamši, Nabium-malik, son of + Addu-naṣir, has bought <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page187">[pg + 187]</span><a name="Pg187" id="Pg187" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + from Šarrum-Addu, son of Addu-naṣir, and Ḫammurabi-Šamši, his wife. + As the complete price he has paid 18-½ shekels of silver. At no + future time shall they make claim against each other. They have + invoked the spirit of Marduk and Ḫammurabi.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Here follow the + names of eight witnesses, including two brothers of the contracting + parties.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Month Tebet, day 21st, year Ḫammurabi the king + destroyed, by command of Anu and Bêl, the fortification of Mair, + and Malgia.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Tablets + referring to the sale and purchase of slaves are numerous, and do + not present much variety, being nearly all written in accordance + with the usual legal forms. In the <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">hiring</span></em> + of slaves, however, there is a little more dissimilarity—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Awel-Addi, son of Sililum, has hired Arad-îli-remeanni + from Erišti-Šamaš, sun-devotee, daughter of Sin-bêl-âbli, for a + year. The hire for a year, 5 shekels of silver, he will pay. A + first instalment of the sum, 2 shekels of silver, she has received. + He will be clothed by his hirer.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“He entered (upon his duties) on the 16th of + Elul.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Before Šamaš, Aa; before Taribatum; before Nûr-Marduk; + before Laḫutum.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Year Samsu-iluna (made) a throne of gold (shining like + the stars, for Nin-gala”</span>).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following is + a similar text with additional clauses—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Asir-Addu, son of Libit-Urra, has hired Šamaš-bêl-ili + from Aḫatani, sun-devotee, daughter of Šamaš-ḫazir, for his first + year. As hire for his first year, he shall pay 3-½ shekels of + silver. He shall clothe himself. He entered (on his duties) on the + 4th of the month Dûr-Addi, in the month Mamitu he will complete + (his term), and may leave.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Before Asirum, son of Ea-rabi; before Nin-gira-âbi, + son of Eribam; before Arad-Sin, son of + Sin-idinnam.</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page188">[pg + 188]</span><a name="Pg188" id="Pg188" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The year of Samsu-iluna, the king.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(The + accession-year of Amraphel's successor.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the following + the slave is hired for produce—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Riš-Šamaš, son of Marduk-naṣir, has hired Nawir-nûr-šu + from Šubtum for a year. He will pay 20 <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">qa</span></span> + of oil as his hire for the year. He will clothe him. He entered in + the month Elul, in the month Tirinu he may go forth.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Before Rišutum; before Êrišti-Aa.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Year the great fortification....”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When a man had + no master—was his own master, in fact—he was hired <span class= + "tei tei-q">“from himself”</span>—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Idin-Ittum has hired for wages Naram-ili-šu from + himself, for six months. He will receive 2 shekels of silver as + wages for the six months.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Before Êtel-pî-Uraš, before Sin-îlu, before Aḫum, the + scribe.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Month Nisan, day 20th, year the throne ... + was....”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Servants were + not only hired from their masters and themselves, but also from + their fathers, mothers, brothers, and whoever else might have + charge of them. There are also lists of workmen hired for various + purposes in batches. Those who went about doing reaping seem to + have been of various nationalities, and interesting names are on + that account found in the lists from time to time.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In all + probability the towns at that early period resembled closely those + of the Semitic East at the present day, the streets being as a rule + narrow (from the necessity of obtaining protection from the + excessive heat of the sun during the hot season) and exceedingly + dirty. This is shown by the excavations at Niffer, where, at the + earliest period, when the street in question was constructed, the + houses were entered by going up a few steps. Later on, in + consequence of the accumulations, the footpath became level with + the floor of the house, and, at a later period still, a + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page189">[pg 189]</span><a name= + "Pg189" id="Pg189" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> little staircase had + to be built leading down into the building. As may easily be + imagined, the conditions in which the ancient Babylonians lived + were in the highest degree insanitary, and such as would probably + not be tolerated for a day in Europe at the present time.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Judging from the + remains of private houses which have been found, these buildings + were not by any means large. In fact, they must have contained only + a few small rooms. Where, however, there was space—as, for example, + when the house was built in the middle of a field—the rooms were + probably moderately large, and more numerous. They were of either + unburnt or burnt brick, and the roofs were supported by beams. The + floors seem to have been generally the bare earth.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Many lists of + the furniture of these dwelling-places are extant, and allow us to + estimate to a certain extent the amount of comfort which their + inhabitants enjoyed. They reclined upon couches, and + sometimes—perhaps often—it happened that the owner of the house + possessed several of these articles of furniture. Apparently, too, + it was their custom to sit upon chairs, and not upon the ground, as + they do in the East at the present day, and have done for many + centuries. Various vessels, of wood, earthenware, and copper, were + also to be found there, together with measures of different + kinds,<a id="noteref_31" name="noteref_31" href= + "#note_31"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">31</span></span></a> + implements needed in the trade of the owner, and certain objects of + stone. In some cases things of precious stone are referred to, a + circumstance which points to a considerable amount of prosperity on + the part of the owner of the house and its + contents.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page190">[pg + 190]</span><a name="Pg190" id="Pg190" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As will be seen + farther on, when Babylonian life of a later period comes to be + treated of, the leasehold system, with all its disadvantages, was + in full force, and there is just the possibility that it was + already in use during the time of the dynasty of Babylon. Even at + this early date the question of party walls was an important one, + as the tablet of Šamaš-în-mâtim and Êrišti-Aa, daughter of Zililum, + shows. They were to set up the dividing wall (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gušuru</span></span>, apparently palings) + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">aḫum + mala aḫim</span></span>, lit. <span class="tei tei-q">“brother as + much as brother,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> one as much as the other. + They managed things differently in ancient Babylonia, and if this + was the usual arrangement, it must have given rise to endless + disputes.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is probable + that, before the time of Ḫammurabi, the ancient Babylonians had no + code of laws in the true sense of the term. All the legal decisions + known seem to have been decided on their merits by the judges who + tried the cases, and in such actions in which the judges could not + come to a decision, the matter seems to have been referred to the + king, whose word was, to all appearance, final. Naturally an + enormous responsibility rested on the judges on account of this, + but they were not entirely without help in the matter of deciding + difficult and unusual questions. Lists of precedents were kept, and + to these, in all probability, they constantly referred—indeed, the + tablets of legal precedents were held in such high esteem, that + copies of them were kept in the libraries of Assyria, and in + Babylonia also, in all probability, until long after the + destruction of the Assyrian power, notwithstanding that legal use + and wont had by that time somewhat changed. One or two examples of + these legal precedents may here be quoted to show their + nature:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“If a son say to his father, <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Thou art not my father,’</span> they may shave him, + put him in fetters, and sell him for silver.</span></p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page191">[pg 191]</span><a name="Pg191" id="Pg191" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“If a son say to his mother, <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Thou art not my mother,’</span> they may shave off his + hair, lead him round the city, and drive him forth from the + house.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“If a wife hate her husband, and say to him, + <span class="tei tei-q">‘Thou art not my husband,’</span> they may + throw her into the river.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“If a husband say to his wife, <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Thou art not my wife,’</span> he shall pay her half a + mana of silver.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“If a man hire a slave, and he dies, is lost, runs + away, gets locked up, or falls ill, he shall pay as his hire every + day half a measure of grain.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus did the + ancient Babylonians punish those who offended against their laws, + and protect property (for the slave-hirer was undoubtedly saddled + with a heavy responsibility). Was it that the death of a hired + slave was regarded as testifying to the severity of his temporary + hirer? In all probability it was so, and in that case, one cannot + help regarding the law as a wise one. To all appearance, also, + illness was attributed to his employer's cruelty. As to his running + away, or falling into the hands of the police, these things would + prove that his employer was not watchful enough with regard to him. + A modern European lawyer would most likely not regard this + particular law as being very exactly worded (there is no limit of + time during which the slave's wages were payable, and one can only + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">guess</span></em> that the term of his service + with his hirer was understood), but there seems to be no doubt as + to its intention—to safeguard the slave, and his owner at the same + time, by making his hirer responsible for every mishap and accident + which might happen to him whilst he was with his temporary + master.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page192">[pg 192]</span><a name= + "Pg192" id="Pg192" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc27" id="toc27"></a> <a name="pdf28" id="pdf28"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter VI. Abraham.</span></h1> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">A short account of this period, with the + story of Chedorlaomer, Amraphel, Arioch, and Tidal.</span> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Haran died in the + presence of his father Terah in the land of his nativity, in Ur of + the Chaldees, and afterwards Terah took Abram his son, Lot, his + grandson, and Sarai, his son Abram's wife, and they went forth from + Ur of the Chaldees to go to Canaan. Arriving at Haran, they dwelt + there until Terah died at an exceedingly advanced age.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There have been + many discussions as to the position of Ur of the Chaldees. Some, on + account of the distance from Canaan, apparently, have contended that + Ur of the Chaldees is the same as the site known for many hundreds of + years as Urfa, in Mesopotamia—the district in which the proto-martyr, + St. Stephen (Acts vii. 2, 41), places it. Mesopotamia, however, is an + appellation of wide extent, and altogether insufficiently precise to + enable the exact locality to be determined. To all appearance, + though, Urfa or Orfa, called by the Greeks Edessa, was known as Orrha + at the time of Isidore of Charax (date about 150 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>). Pocock, in his + Description of the East, states that it is the universal opinion of + the Jews that Orfa or Edessa was the ancient Ur of the Chaldees, and + this is supported by local tradition, the chief place of worship + there being called <span class="tei tei-q">“the Mosque of + Abraham,”</span> and the pond in which the sacred fish are + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page193">[pg 193]</span><a name="Pg193" + id="Pg193" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> kept being called <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bahr Ibrahím + el-Halíl</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“the Lake of Abraham + the Beloved.”</span> The tradition in the Talmud and in certain early + Arabian writers, that Ur of the Chaldees is Warka, the Ὀρχόη of the + Greeks, and Ὀρέχ of the Septuagint, need not detain us, as this site + is certainly the Erech of Gen. x. 10, and is excluded by that + circumstance.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Two other + possibilities remain, the one generally accepted by Assyriologists, + the other tentatively put forward by myself some years ago. The + former has a series of most interesting traditions to support it, the + latter simply a slightly greater probability. The reader may adopt + that which seems to him best to suit the circumstances of the + case.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The identification + generally accepted is, that Ur of the Chaldees is the series of + mounds now called Mugheir, or, more in accordance with correct + pronunciation, Muqayyar, <span class="tei tei-q">“the pitchy,”</span> + from the noun <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">qír</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“pitch,”</span> that material having been largely used in + the construction of the buildings whose ruins occupy the site. The + identification of these ruins with those of Ur-kasdim or Ur of the + Chaldees was first proposed by Sir Henry Rawlinson in 1855, on the + ground that the name of the city on the bricks found there, which he + read Hur, resembled that of the name as given in Gen. xi. 28 and 31. + As a matter of fact, the Semitic Babylonian form of the name + approaches even nearer than the celebrated Assyriologist then + thought, for it is given in the bilingual texts as <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Uru</span></span>. + The Akkadian form (which is most probably the more ancient of the + two), on the other hand, is not so satisfactory, as it contains an + additional syllable, the full form being <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Uriwa</span></span> (the vowel before the + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">w</span></em> only is a little doubtful). This, + with the absence of any addition corresponding to the Hebrew + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kasdim</span></span>, is the principal flaw in + what would otherwise be a perfect philological comparison.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ur or Uriwa, the + modern Mugheir, is situated <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page194">[pg + 194]</span><a name="Pg194" id="Pg194" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + about 140 miles S.E. of Babylon, and about 560 miles S.E. of Ḫaran. + In ancient days it was a place of considerable importance, and the + site of a celebrated temple-tower called Ê-šu-gan-dudu, probably the + Ê-giš-nu-gala<a id="noteref_32" name="noteref_32" href= + "#note_32"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">32</span></span></a> of other + texts, the shrine of the god Nannara, also called Sin, the Moon-god, + whose worship had gained considerable renown.</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Father Nannar, lord of Ur, prince of the gods, in + heaven and earth he alone is supreme;</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Father Nannar, lord of Ê-giš-nu-gala, prince of + the gods, in heaven and earth he alone is supreme:</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Father Nannar, lord, bright-shining diadem, prince + of the gods, in heaven and earth he alone is supreme;</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Father Nannar, whose dominion is greatly perfect, + prince of the gods, in heaven and earth he alone is + supreme;</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">Father Nannar, who in a + princely garment is resplendent, prince of the gods, in heaven and + earth he alone is supreme,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span style= + "font-size: 90%">etc.</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The above is the + beginning of a long hymn written in the Sumerian dialect, in which an + ancient Babylonian poet praises him, and in many another composition + is his glory sung, and in adversity his name invoked—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The + temple of the Life of Heaven is destroyed—who, in the day of + its glory, has cut off its glory?</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The everlasting temple, the + building of Uriwa,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The everlasting temple, the + building of Ê-kiš-nu-gala.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The city Uriwa is a house of + darkness in the land—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Ê-kiš-nu-gala (and) + Nannara.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page195">[pg 195]</span><a name= + "Pg195" id="Pg195" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Let + heaven rest with earth, heaven enclosed with + earth.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Father Nannar, lord of + Uriwa,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">To the great lady, the lady of + Ê-kiš-nu-gala, give thou rest.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">To heaven with earth, heaven and + earth, (give thou rest).</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">To the heaven of Uraš, at</span> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">še-gu-nu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The god Enki, the goddess Ninki, + the god Endu, the goddess Nindu,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The god En-da-u-ma, the goddess + Nin-da-u-ma,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The god En-du-azaga, the goddess + Nin-du-azaga,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The god En-u-tila, the god + En-me-šarra,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">The princess of the Life of Heaven, the lady + of the mountain.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">... he + will restore the site of Ê-kiš-nu-gala.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_33" name= + "noteref_33" href="#note_33"><span class="tei tei-noteref" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">33</span></span></a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus does the poet + of ancient days, in a composition in the non-Semitic idiom of his + time, lament the misfortunes which had come over the temple and + city—how, whether by was by famine, or by some other mischance, we + know not. It serves to show, however, not only the poetical spirit + which animated the Akkadians at the time, but also the high esteem in + which the temple and the deities venerated therein were held, and the + power attributed to the Moon-god in the centre of his worship. The + fact that Ur (Mugheir) was an important place for the worship of the + Moon-god has been not seldom quoted in support of the identity of + this city with Ur of the Chaldees, because Haran, the city to which + Abram migrated with his father Terah, was also a centre of the + worship of Sin. This, in itself, is not at all improbable, the Jewish + tradition being, that Terah was an idolater.<a id="noteref_34" name= + "noteref_34" href="#note_34"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">34</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page196">[pg 196]</span><a name="Pg196" + id="Pg196" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> That Terah should go 560 miles + simply for this reason, when he might have found a suitable + settlement nearer, seems to be in the highest degree unlikely, minor + shrines of the Moon-god being, in all probability, far from rare in + Babylonia.<a id="noteref_35" name="noteref_35" href= + "#note_35"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">35</span></span></a> He + simply sojourned there because, in his journeyings, it suited him to + stay there. If he were a devotee of the Moon-god, he was in all + probability the more pleased to take up his abode there. But he may + not have worshipped that divinity at all, or if he did do so, may not + have honoured him more than the Sun-god, Anu, the god of the heavens, + or the goddess Ištar.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Many legends + concerning Abram—legends of sufficiently high antiquity—exist, but + how far they are trustworthy must always be a matter of opinion. In + any case, the writers had the advantage—if advantage it was—of living + 2000 years nearer to Abraham's time than we have. Thus Eupolemus (as + has already been pointed out on p. <a href="#Pg146" class= + "tei tei-ref">146</a>) states, that in the tenth generation, in the + city of Babylonia called Camarina (which by some is called Urie, and + which signifies a city of the Chaldeans), there lived, the thirteenth + in descent, Abraham, a man of a noble race, and superior to all + others in wisdom. They relate of him that he was the inventor of + astrology and Chaldean magic, and that on account of his eminent + piety he was esteemed by God. It is said, moreover, that under the + direction of God he departed and lived in Phœnicia, and there taught + the Phœnicians the motions of the sun and moon, and all other things, + and was on that account held in great reverence by their king.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">All this, + naturally, points to Babylonia and the city of Uru or Uriwa as the + original dwelling-place of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page197">[pg + 197]</span><a name="Pg197" id="Pg197" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Abram, Camarina being connected with the Arabic <span lang="ar" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ar"><span style= + "font-style: italic">qamar</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the moon,”</span> which, as we have seen, was the deity + worshipped there. It is noteworthy that the transcription of the + Babylonian name of the city, Urie, contains traces of the Akkadian + termination <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">-iwa</span></span> (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Uriwa</span></span>) which is absent in the + Hebrew form Ur. This is important, as it shows that at a + comparatively late date (Eupolemus lived just before the Christian + era), the ending in question made itself felt in the transcription of + the word, and that the form in Genesis, Ur, does not quite agree, as + traces of that termination (two syllables in the Akkadian form) are + altogether wanting in it. There can be no doubt, therefore, that the + theory that Abram lived and passed his earlier years at the Ur which + is now represented by the ruins of Mugheir, originated with the Jews + during their captivity at Babylon and in the cities of Babylonia. + Eupolemus, as a student of Jewish history, would naturally get his + information from a Jewish source, and the Jews had, in common with + most of the nations of the earth, a tendency to attribute to their + own forefathers, whom they venerated so highly, the glory of being + connected with any renowned city or great discovery of earlier ages. + Thus it arises that Eupolemus, following his Jewish informant, makes + Abraham to be the inventor of astrology and Chaldean magic; and to + have dwelt at Ur. It must have been the Jewish captives exiled in + Babylonia who first identified Ur with the renowned city Uru or + Uriwa, quite forgetting that the form of the name could not have been + Ur in Hebrew, and that there was another Ur, much more suitable as + the dwelling-place of a nomad family like that of Terah and his sons, + namely, the country of Akkad itself, called, in the non-Semitic + idiom, Uri or Ura, a tract which included the whole of northern + Babylonia.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In whatever part + of Babylonia, however, the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page198">[pg + 198]</span><a name="Pg198" id="Pg198" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + patriarch may have sojourned, of one thing there is no doubt, and + that is, that if he dwelt there, the life which he saw around him, + and in which he must have taken part, was that depicted by the + tablets translated in the foregoing chapter. He saw the idolatry of + the people, and the ceremonies and infamies which accompanied it; he + saw the Babylonians as they were in his day, with all their faults, + and all their virtues—their industry, their love of trade, their + readiness to engage in litigation, and all the other interesting + characteristics which distinguished them. He must have been + acquainted with their legends of the Creation, the Flood, and all + their gods and heroes, and the poetry for which the Hebrew race has + always been renowned must have had its origin in the land of Nimrod, + whence Abraham of old went forth free, and his descendants, a + millennium and a half later, returned as captives.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">How it came about + (if it be really true) that Terah was an idolater, whilst his son + Abram was a monotheist, will probably never be known. It is only + reasonable to suppose, however, that among a people so intelligent as + the Babylonians, there were at least some who, thinking over the + nature of the world in which they lived and the destiny of mankind, + saw that the different gods whom the people worshipped could not all + be governors of the universe, but, if they existed at all, must be + only manifestations of the Deity who held the supreme power. Indeed, + it was, to all appearance, this doctrine which really prevailed, as + is shown by the text translated on p. <a href="#Pg058" class= + "tei tei-ref">58</a>. Whether taught generally to the learned class + (the scribes) or not, is not known, but it must have been very + commonly known to those who could read, otherwise it is hardly likely + that such a tablet would have been drawn up and written out again at + a later date (the text we possess being but a copy of a lost + original). As the divinity with whom the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page199">[pg 199]</span><a name="Pg199" id="Pg199" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> others are identified is Merodach, it is most + likely that this special doctrine of the unity of the Deity became + general some time after the commencement of the Dynasty of Babylon + (that to which Ḫammurabi or Amraphel belonged), when the city of + Babylon became the capital of the country. Abram's monotheism would, + therefore, naturally fit in with the new doctrine which apparently + became the general belief of the learned class at this time.<a id= + "noteref_36" name="noteref_36" href="#note_36"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">36</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Concerning the + journey of Abraham, there is naturally nothing to be said, the Bible + narrative merely stating that Terah and his family migrated to Haran. + The only thing worth noting is, that the distance they had to travel + was sufficiently great—about 560 miles from Uriwa (Mugheir), and + about 420 miles from Babylon, from the neighbourhood of which the + family must have started if the Ur mentioned in Genesis be the Uri or + Ura of the inscriptions, which was equivalent to the land of Akkad. + The whole of this district was, in all probability, at this time, as + later, under Babylonian rule, a state of things which must have + contributed in some measure to the safe transit of the household to + Haran, and also that of Abraham later on to Canaan, which, as we know + from the inscriptions<a id="noteref_37" name="noteref_37" href= + "#note_37"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">37</span></span></a> and from + Gen. xiv., acknowledged Babylonian overlordship.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With regard to + Haran, it is very probable that this ancient city was, by turns, + under the rule either of Babylonia or Assyria until the absorption of + the former power into the great Persian Empire, when Haran likewise, + in all probability, shared the same fate. Concerning the early + history of the city very little is known, but it is not improbable + that it was <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page200">[pg + 200]</span><a name="Pg200" id="Pg200" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> an + ancient Babylonian foundation, the name being apparently the + Babylonian word <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ḫarranu</span></span>, meaning <span class= + "tei tei-q">“road.”</span> The name given to this <span class= + "tei tei-q">“road-city”</span> is explained as originating in the + fact, that it lay at the junction of several trade-routes—an + explanation which is very probable.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The city itself + was, at the time of its greatest prosperity, a considerable place, as + the remains now existing show. There are the ruins of a castle, with + square columns 8 feet thick, supporting a roof of 30 feet high, + together with some comparatively modern ruins. The ancient walls, + though in a very dilapidated state, are said to be continuous + throughout. No houses remain, but there are several ruins, one of + great interest, and considerable extent, which Ainsworth considered + to be a temple. A rudely sculptured lion, found outside the walls, is + regarded as giving evidence of Assyrian occupation, which, however, + is otherwise known to have been an historical fact.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Abraham's time + the place had, in all probability, not attained its fullest + development, and must have been a small city. The plain in which it + is situated is described as very fertile, but not cultivated to its + fullest extent, on account of half the land remaining fallow because + not manured. This, at least, was the state of the tract 72 years ago, + but it is very probable that, in the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“changeless East,”</span> the same description applies at + the present day. That it was of old, as now, a fertile spot, may be + gathered from the fact that the Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser I. + speaks of having taken or killed elephants in that district—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ešrit pirê buḫali + dannūti</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">Ten + powerful bull-elephants</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">ina mât Ḫarrāni u šidi + nâr</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">in the + land of Haran and on</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ḫabur</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">the + banks of the Ḫabour</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">lu-adûk; irbit pirê + balṭūti</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">I + killed; four elephants alive</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">lu-uṣabita. + Maškani-šunu</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">I took. + Their skins,</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">šinni-šunu itti + pirê</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">their + teeth, with the living</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">balṭūti, ana âli-ia + Aššur ubla.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">elephants, I brought to my city + Asshur.</span></td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page201">[pg 201]</span><a name= + "Pg201" id="Pg201" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If there were + elephants in <span class="tei tei-q">“the land of Haran”</span> 1100 + years before Christ, it is very probable that they were to be found + in the neighbourhood a thousand years earlier, but notwithstanding + any disadvantage which may have been felt from the presence of these + enormous beasts, it was in all probability a sufficiently safe + district for one possessing flocks and herds. There is no reason to + suppose that the presence of elephants around Haran in any way + influenced the patriarch to leave the place, for these animals were + to be found (according to an inscription supposed to have been + written for the same Assyrian king, Tiglath-pileser I.) in Lebanon, + and therefore in the country where Abraham settled after quitting + Haran.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As has already + been noted, this was the centre of the worship of the Moon-god Sin or + Nannaru,<a id="noteref_38" name="noteref_38" href= + "#note_38"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">38</span></span></a> and + Terah and his family, in settling in this place, doubtless saw the + same ceremonies in connection with the worship of this deity as they + had been accustomed to see in Babylonia, slightly modified; and this + would be the case whether Terah's family came from Uriwa or not, the + Moon-god being worshipped in more cities than one in Babylonia. + Something of the importance of the shrine of Nannaru at Haran may be + gathered from the fact, that the Assyrian king Esarhaddon (to all + appearance) was crowned there. As the text recording this is very + interesting, and reveals something of the beliefs of the Assyrians + and the natives of Haran, I quote here the passage referring to the + ceremony, restoring the wording where defective. The writer is + apparently addressing Aššur-banî-âpli, <span class="tei tei-q">“the + great and noble Asnapper”</span>—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“When the father of the king my lord went to Egypt, he + was crowned (?) in the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">qanni</span></span> of Haran, the temple (lit. + <span class="tei tei-q">‘Bethel’</span>) of cedar. The god Sin + remained over the (sacred) standard, two crowns upon <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page202">[pg 202]</span><a name="Pg202" id="Pg202" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> his head, (and) the god Nusku stood + before him. The father of the king my lord entered, (and) he<a id= + "noteref_39" name="noteref_39" href="#note_39"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">39</span></span></a> placed + (the crown?) upon his head, (saying) thus: <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Thou shalt go and capture the lands in the + midst.’</span> (He we)nt, he captured the land of Egypt. The rest of + the lands not submitting (?) to Aššur and Sin, the king, the lord of + kings, shall capture (them”</span>).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[Here follow an + invocation of the gods, and wishes for a long life for the king, the + stability (?) of his throne, etc.]</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In addition to the + god Sin, the above extract refers to the deity known as Nusku, as + being venerated there. That this was the case, is confirmed by + several inscriptions of the time of Aššur-banî-âpli, who seems to + have restored his temple. This fane, which the Assyrian king is said + to have made to shine like the day, was called Ê-melam-anna, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the temple of the glory of heaven,”</span> + and the presence of its name in a list of the temples of Babylonia + and Assyria testifies to its importance.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The temple of Sin + or Nannaru, as we learn from the inscriptions of Nabonidus, was + called Ê-ḫulḫul, <span class="tei tei-q">“the temple of (great) + joy.”</span> The fane having been destroyed by the Medes, Nabonidus + received, in a dream, command to rebuild it, and it is interesting to + learn that, when the work was in progress, the records which + Aššur-banî-âpli had placed there, according to custom, when restoring + it, came to light. The letter of which an extract is given above was + probably written to the Assyrian king upon this occasion.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">So renowned was + the place as a centre of heathen worship, that at a comparatively + late date—running far into the Christian era, namely, the fifth + century <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span>—the worship of heathen + deities was still in full progress there, though the god Sin had + fallen, to all appearance, somewhat into the background, and + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page203">[pg 203]</span><a name="Pg203" + id="Pg203" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Bel-shamin, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the lord of the heavens,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the + Sun-god, generally known as Shamash or Samas, and called later on by + the Greek name of Helios, had taken his place. They also worshipped a + goddess called Gadlat, generally identified with the Babylonian + goddess Gula, and Atargatis, the feminine counterpart of Hadad, whose + name is often found in Aramean inscriptions under the form of + 'Atar-'ata.<a id="noteref_40" name="noteref_40" href= + "#note_40"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">40</span></span></a> This + goddess is called Derketo<a id="noteref_41" name="noteref_41" href= + "#note_41"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">41</span></span></a> by + Ktesias, and appears as Tar-'ata in Syriac and in the Talmud. + According to Baethgen, Atargatis, or, better, Attargatis, was a + double divinity, composed of Ištar and 'Ata or 'Atta (Attes). In + consequence of the worship of the sun, the moon, and the planet Venus + ('Atar = Ištar), a second centre of the worship denominated Sabean + (which originated in south-west Arabia, the country of the Sabeans) + was founded in Haran, where its devotees are said to have had a + chapel dedicated to Abraham, whose renown had, to all appearance, + brought to his memory the great honour of deification.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was after a + long sojourn at Haran that Abraham set out for his journey westwards, + the patriarch being no less than seventy-five years old when he left + that city. The next episode in his life was his journey, in obedience + to the call which he had received, to Canaan, going first to Shechem, + <span class="tei tei-q">“unto the oak (terebinth) of Moreh,”</span> + afterwards to the mountain on the east of Bethel, and thence, later, + towards the south. A famine caused him to continue his travels as far + as Egypt, where the incident of Sarai being taken from him, in + consequence of the deceit practised by him in describing her as his + sister, took place.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This portion of + the patriarch's history is not one which can be very easily dealt + with, the incident being <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page204">[pg + 204]</span><a name="Pg204" id="Pg204" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + told very shortly, and no Egyptian names being given—in fact, it is + altogether destitute of <span class="tei tei-q">“local + colouring”</span> necessarily so, from the brevity of the + narrative.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At Haran, the + patriarch and the members of his family probably saw people to a + great extent of the type to which they had been accustomed in + Babylonia, but in the land of Canaan they would notice some + difference, though they all spoke a Semitic language, like + themselves. Indeed, it is not at all improbable that wherever the + ancestor of the Hebrews went, he found the Semitic Babylonian + language at least understood, for as the Babylonian king claimed + dominion over all this tract as far as the Mediterranean, the + language of his country was fast becoming what it certainly was a few + hundred years later, namely, the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">lingua + franca</span></span> of the whole tract as far as Egypt, where also, + to all appearance, Abraham and his wife had no difficulty in making + themselves understood.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">According to Gen. + x. 6, Canaan, into whose country Abraham journeyed with the object of + settling, was the descendant of Cush, and the inhabitants ought + therefore to have spoken a Hamitic language. Historically, however, + this cannot be proved, but it is certain that if the Canaanites spoke + a Hamitic language, they soon changed it for the speech which they + seem to have used as far back as history can go, this speech being + closely akin to Hebrew. In fact, there is very little doubt that + Abraham and his descendants, forsaking their mother-tongue, the + language of Babylonia, adopted the dialect of the Canaanitish + language, which they afterwards spoke, and which is so well known at + the present day as Hebrew. To all appearance Abraham's relatives, who + remained in Mesopotamia, in <span class="tei tei-q">“the city of + Nahor,”</span> spoke a dialect of Aramaic, a language with which + Abraham himself must have been acquainted, and which may have been + spoken in Babylonia at that early date, as it certainly was, together + with Chaldean, later on.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page205">[pg + 205]</span><a name="Pg205" id="Pg205" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is noteworthy, + that the country to which Abraham migrated, and which is called by + the Hebrew writers Canaan, is called by the same name in the + Tel-el-Amarna letters, and the fact that the Babylonian king + Burra-buriaš uses the same term shows that it was the usual name in + that part of the world. Among the Babylonians, however, it was called + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">mât + Amurrî</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“the land of + Amoria,”</span> the common expression, among the Babylonians and the + Assyrians, for <span class="tei tei-q">“the West.”</span> In later + times the Assyrians designated this district <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">mât + Ḫatti</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“the land of + Heth,”</span> the home of the Hittites. The inference from this + naturally is, that at the time when the Babylonians became acquainted + with the country, the Amorites were the most powerful nationality + there, whilst the Hittites had the dominion, and were in greater + force later on, when the Assyrians first traded or warred there. + These two linguistic usages show, that the two great races in the + country, both of them Hamitic, according to Gen. x. 15, 16, were the + Amorites (who spread as far as Babylonia, and even had settlements + there), and the Hittites, whose capital was Ḫattu (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pterium</span></span>, now <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Boghaz-keui</span></span>) in Asia Minor, and + whose rule extended south as far as Carchemish and Hamath.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In addition to the + above indications from the historical inscriptions of Assyria, and + the contract-tablets of Babylonia belonging to the first dynasty of + Babylon (a number of which are translated in Chap. V.), we have also + the indications furnished by the bilingual geographical lists.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As these lists are + of great importance for the geography of the ancient Semitic East, + with special reference to Western Asia, it may be of interest, and + perhaps also serve a useful purpose, to give, in the form in which + they occur on the tablets, such portions as may bear on the question + of the knowledge of the Babylonians of the countries which lay around + them.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The most important + of these geographical documents <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page206">[pg 206]</span><a name="Pg206" id="Pg206" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> is that published in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cuneiform Inscriptions + of Western Asia</span></span>, vol. ii. p. 50. This text begins, as + would be expected from the hand of a patriotic scribe, with the towns + and cities of his own land, in two columns, Akkadian, and the Semitic + equivalent. This was followed, in the same way, by the provinces of + his country, ending with the two principal, Kengi-Ura, translated by + Šumer and Akkad. This is followed by the four Akkadian groups for the + land of Subartum and Gutium, probably a part of Media.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To all appearance + a new section begins here, the scribe introducing in this place the + four Akkadian words or groups for <span class= + "tei tei-q">“mountain.”</span> The text then proceeds as follows—</p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="3"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">KUR MAR-TU KI</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">šad A-mur-ri-e</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Mountain of Amoria (the Amorite + land).</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">KUR TI-ID-NU-UM KI</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">šad A-mur-ri-e</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Mountain of Amoria.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">KUR GIR-GIR KI</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">šad A-mur-ri-e</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Mountain of Amoria.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">KUR SU-RU KI</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">šad Su-bar-ti</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Mountain of Subarti.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">KUR NUM-MA KI</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">šad Elamti</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Mountain of Elam.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">KUR Gu-ti-um KI</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">šad Gu-ti-i</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Mountain of Gutû or Gutium.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">KURZAG Gu-ti-um KI</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">šad pa-at Gu-ti-i</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Mountain of the border of Gutium.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">KUR ši-rum KI</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">šad Si-ri-i [?]</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Mountain of Širû.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">KUR [GIŠ] ERI-NA KI</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">šad E-ri-ni</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Mountain of Cedar.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">KUR MAR-ḪA-ŠI KI</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">šad Pa-ra-ši-i</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Mountain of Parašû.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">KUR Šir-rum KI</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">šad Bi-ta-lal</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Mountain of Bitala. (Kaštala is + possible.)</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">KUR Ê-AN-NA KI</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">šad Bi-ta-lal</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Mountain of Bitala.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">KUR ḪE-A-NA KI</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">šad Ḫa-ni-e</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Mountain of Ḫanû.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">KUR Lu-lu-bi KI</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">šad Lu-lu-bi-e</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Mountain of Lulubû.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here follows a + list of adjectives combined with the word for country, forming + descriptions such as <span class="tei tei-q">“safe country,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“low-lying country,”</span> etc.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the above list + of countries, the land of the Amorites holds the first place, and is + repeated three times, there having, to all appearance, been three + ways of writing its name in Akkadian. Why this was the case—whether + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page207">[pg 207]</span><a name="Pg207" + id="Pg207" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> in the older Akkadian + literature the scribes distinguished three different districts or + not, is not known, but is not at all improbable. The first of the + three ways of designating the country is the usual one, and + apparently means the land of the Amorites in general, the other two + being less used, and possibly indicating the more mountainous parts. + What the mountains of Suru or Subartu were is uncertain, but it may + be supposed that, as this group is used in the late Babylonian + inscriptions (as shown by the text containing the account of the + downfall of Assyria) for the domain over which the kings of Assyria + ruled, there is hardly any doubt that it stands for the Mesopotamian + tract, extending from the boundaries of the Amorites to the frontiers + of Babylonia. This would include not only Assyria, but also + Aram-naharaim, or Syria, and is in all probability the original of + this last word, which has given considerable trouble to students to + explain.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In all + probability, Siru, like Gutium and the border of Gutium, was a tract + in the neighbourhood of Elam, which precedes. A comparison has been + made between this Sirum and the Sirrum of the eleventh line of the + extract, but as the spelling, and also, seemingly, the pronunciation, + is different, it is in all likelihood a different place. The mountain + of Cedar, however, is probably Lebanon, celebrated of old, and + sufficiently wooded, in the time of Aššur-naṣir-âpli, to give cover + to droves of elephants, which the Assyrian king hunted there. + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Marḫaši</span></span> (Akk.) or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Parašî</span></span> (Assyr.) seems to have been + a country celebrated for its dogs. Concerning Bitala or Kaštala + nothing is known, but Ḫanê is supposed to have lain near Birejik on + the Orontes.<a id="noteref_42" name="noteref_42" href= + "#note_42"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">42</span></span></a> Lulumu, + which is apparently the same as <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page208">[pg 208]</span><a name="Pg208" id="Pg208" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Lulubū, was an adjoining state, which the + Babylonians claim to have devastated about the twenty-eighth century + before Christ, a fact which contributes to the confirmation of the + antiquity of Babylonian geographical lore, and its trustworthiness, + for the nation which invades another must be well aware of the + position and physical features of territory invaded.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is interesting + to note, that one of the ordinary bilingual lists (W.A.I. II. pl. 48) + gives what are apparently three mountainous districts, the first + being Amurru, translating the Akkadian GIRGIR, which we are told to + pronounce Tidnu (see above, pp. <a href="#Pg122" class= + "tei tei-ref">122</a>, <a href="#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref">206</a>, + and below, p. <a href="#Pg312" class="tei tei-ref">312</a>), the + second Urṭū (Ararat), which we are told to pronounce in Akkadian + Tilla, and the third Qutû, in Akkadian Gišgala šu anna, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the district with the high barriers,”</span> likewise a + part of the Aramean mountains.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After returning + from Egypt, Abraham went and dwelt in the south of Canaan, between + Bethel and Ai, Lot quitting him in consequence of the quarrel which + took place between their respective herdsmen. Concerning the + Canaanite and the Perizzite, who were then in the land, the + Babylonian inscriptions of this period, as far as they are known, say + nothing, but there is hardly any doubt that these nationalities were + known to them, this tract being within the boundaries of the + Babylonian dominions. That these names do not yet occur, is not to be + wondered at, for the Babylonians had been accustomed to call the + tract Amurrū, and names which have been long attached to a country do + not change at all easily. The next resting-place of the patriarch was + by the oaks or terebinths of Mamre in Hebron, where he built an altar + to the Lord.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At this point + occurs Gen. ch. xiv., which contains the description of the conflict + of the four kings against five—evidently one of the struggles of the + Amorites and their allies to throw off the yoke of the Babylonians, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page209">[pg 209]</span><a name="Pg209" + id="Pg209" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> who were in this case assisted + by several confederate states.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Much has been + written concerning this interesting chapter of the Bible. The earlier + critics were of opinion that it was impossible that the power of the + Elamites should have extended so far at such an early epoch. Later + on, when it was shown that the Elamites really had power—and that + even earlier than the time of Abraham—the objection of the critics + was, that none of the names mentioned in the fourteenth chapter of + Genesis really existed in the inscriptions. The history of Abraham + was a romance, and the names of the Eastern kings with whom he came + into contact equally so. It was true that there were Elamite names + commencing with the element Kudur, the Chedor of the sacred text, but + Chedorlaomer did not occur, Amraphel and Tidal were equally wanting, + and that Arioch was the same as Eri-Aku or Rim-Aku could not be + proved.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The first step in + solving the riddle was that made by Prof. Eberhard Schrader, who + suggested that Amraphel was none other than the well-known Babylonian + king Ḫammurabi. This, naturally, was a theory which did not soon find + acceptance—at least by all the Assyriologists. There were, however, + two things in its favour—this king ruled sufficiently near to the + time of Abraham, and he overcame a ruler named Rim-Sin or Rim-Aku, + identified by the late George Smith with the Arioch of the chapter we + are now considering. Concerning the latter ruler, Rim-Aku, there is + still some doubt, but the difficulties which attended the + identification of Ḫammurabi with Amraphel have now practically + disappeared. The first step was the discovery of the form Ammurabi in + one of the numerous contracts drawn up during his reign at Sippara, + the city of the Sun-god. This form shows that the guttural was not + the hard guttural <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kh</span></em>, but the softer <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">h</span></em>. Yet + another step <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page210">[pg + 210]</span><a name="Pg210" id="Pg210" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + nearer the Biblical form is that given by Ašaridu, who, in a letter + to <span class="tei tei-q">“the great and noble Asnapper,”</span> + writes as follows—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">Ana + šarri bêli-ia</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">To the + king, my lord,</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">ârad-ka, (A)šaridu.</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">thy + servant Ašaridu.</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">Nabû û + Marduk ana šar mâtāti</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">Nebo + and Merodach to the king of the countries,</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">bêli-ia + likrubu.</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">my + lord, be favourable.</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">Duppi + ša šarru ippušu</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">The + tablet which the king makes</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">...-ṭu + û ul-šalim.</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">is + bad(?) and incomplete.</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">(A)dū + duppi.</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">Now a + tablet,</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(la)biru ša Ammurapi sarru.</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">an old + one, of Ammurapi the king</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(e)pušu-ma alṭaru—</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">I have + made and written out—</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">(la?) + pani Ammurapi šarru.</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">it is + of the time (?) of Ammurapi the king.</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">Kî + ašpuru</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">As I + have sent (to inform the king),</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">ultu + Bâbîli</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">from + Babylon</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">attašâ</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">I will + bring (it).</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">Šarru + nipisu</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">The + king (will be able to do) the work</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">[ina] + pitti</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">at + once.</span></td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">[Here several lines are broken away.]</span></p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">...........................</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">.............................</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">ša + A-...................</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">which + A-.......................</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">qat + .......................</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">the + hand of....................</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">ulla + ......................</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">then + (?) ......................</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">anaku + .....................</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">I + .............................</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">likîpanni.</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">may he + trust me.</span></td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As this is a late + reference to Ḫammurabi, it is noteworthy not only on account of the + form the name (which agrees excellently with the Biblical Amraphel) + had assumed at the time (the hard breathing or aspirate having to all + appearance completely disappeared), but also as a testimony to the + esteem in which he was held a millennium and a half after his death. + How it is that the Hebrew form has <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">l</span></em> at the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page211">[pg 211]</span><a name="Pg211" + id="Pg211" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> end is not known, but the + presence of this letter has given rise to numerous theories. One of + these is, that Amraphel is for <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ḫammurabi + îlu</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“Ḫammurabi the + god,”</span> many of the old Babylonian kings having been deified + after their death. Another (and perhaps more likely) explanation is, + that this additional letter is due to the faulty reading of a variant + writing of the name, with a polyphonous character having the value of + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">pil</span></span> as well as <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">bi</span></span>,—which form may, in fact, still + be found. However the presence of the final (and apparently + unauthorized) addition to the name be explained, the identification + of Amraphel and Ḫammurabi is held to be beyond dispute.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thanks to + important chronological lists of colophon-dates and to a number of + trade-documents from Tel-Sifr, Sippara, and elsewhere, which are + inscribed with the same dates in a fuller form, the outline of the + history of the reign of Ḫammurabi is fairly well known, though it can + hardly be said that we have what would be at the present time + regarded as an important event for each year, notwithstanding that + they may have been to the ancient Babylonians of all-absorbing + interest. The following is a list of the principal dates of his + reign, as far as they can at present be made out—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">1 Year of Ḫammurabi the + king.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">2 Year he performed justice in the + land.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">3 Year he constructed the throne + of the exalted shrine of Nannar of Babylon.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">4 Year he built the fortification + of Malgia.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">5 Year he constructed the ... of + the god.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">6 Year of the fortification of + (the goddess) Laz.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">7 Year of the fortification of + Isinna.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">8 Year of the ... of + Emutbālum.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">9 Year of the canal + Ḫammurabi-ḫêgalla.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">10 Year of the soldiers and people + of Malgia.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">11 Year of the cities Rabiqa and + Šalibi.</span> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page212">[pg + 212]</span><a name="Pg212" id="Pg212" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">12 Year of the throne of + Zēr-panîtum.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">13 Year (the city) Umu (?) set up + a king in great rejoicing.</span><a id="noteref_43" name= + "noteref_43" href="#note_43"><span class="tei tei-noteref" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">43</span></span></a> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">14 Year of the throne of Ištar of + Babylon.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">15 Year of his 7 + images.</span><a id="noteref_44" name="noteref_44" href= + "#note_44"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">44</span></span></a> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">16 Year of the throne of + Nebo.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">17 Year of the images of Ištar and + Addu (Hadad)....</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">18 Year of the exalted shrine for + Ellila.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">19 Year of the fortification + Igi-ḫur-sagga.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">20 Year of the throne of Merri + (Rimmon or Hadad).</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">21 Year of the fortification of + Baṣu.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">22 Year of the image of Ḫammurabi + king of righteousness.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">23 Year of the ... of + Sippar.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">24 Year of the ... for + Ellila.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">25 Year of the fortification of + Sippar.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">26 Year a great flood + (?)....</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">27 Year the supreme (?)....</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">28 Year of the temple of + abundance.</span><a id="noteref_45" name="noteref_45" href= + "#note_45"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">45</span></span></a> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">29 Year of the image of Šala + (spouse of Rimmon or Hadad).</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">30 Year the army of + Elam....</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">31 Year of the land + Emutbālu.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">32 Year the army of....</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">33 Year of the canal</span> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ḫammurabi-nuḫuš-niši</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">34 Year of Ištar and Nanaa.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">35 Year of the fortification + of....</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">36 Lost.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">37 Practically lost.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">38 Year the great....</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">39 Practically lost.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">40 Lost.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">41 Lost.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">42 Practically lost.</span> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page213">[pg + 213]</span><a name="Pg213" id="Pg213" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">43 Year dust (? ruin) overwhelmed + Sippar and the city Ul-Šamaš.</span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the gaps + indicated by the words <span class="tei tei-q">“lost,”</span> and + <span class="tei tei-q">“practically lost,”</span> the following + entries ought, perhaps, to be inserted, though it is to be noted that + some of them may be merely additions to, or other forms of, dates + preserved by the list—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Year he (</span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">the king) built the supreme shrine of + Bêl.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">[? the eighteenth year.]</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Year of the ... of the fortification of + Sippar.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">[? the + 25th year.]</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Year he made supplication to the goddess + Taš-mêtu.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Year of the river (canal) + Tišida-Ellilla</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">(p.</span> <a href="#Pg182" class= + "tei tei-ref"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">182</span></a><span style= + "font-size: 90%">).</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Year the soldiers of Ešnunna were smitten by the + sword.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Year Ḫammurabi the king, by command of Anu and + Bêl, destroyed the wall of Mair and Malgia</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(p.</span> <a href="#Pg187" class= + "tei tei-ref"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">187</span></a><span style= + "font-size: 90%">).</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Year Ḫammurabi the king renewed the temple + Ê-me-temena-ursag, and raised the head of the temple-tower, the + supreme seat of Zagaga, high like heaven.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Year Ḫammurabi the king raised the top of the + great wall on the bank of the Tigris high like a mountain, and + caused its name to be called the embankment of the + Sun.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Besides these, + there are additions in the entries in the chronological list, some of + which are of sufficiently great importance—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Year 31: Year Ḫammurabi the king, by the command of + Anu and Bêl, established his advantage (and) captured the land + Yamutbālum and the king Rîm-Sin.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page214">[pg 214]</span><a name="Pg214" id="Pg214" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Year 34: Year Ḫammurabi the king made [images of] + Ištar and Nanaa.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whether the + following be another form of this date, or a different one altogether + is uncertain:</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Year Ḫammurabi the king renewed E-tur-kalama for + Anu, Ištar, and Nanaa.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Year 38, which, in + the chronological list, is called the year of the great ... is + possibly to be completed, in accordance with the indications from the + colophon-dates: <span class="tei tei-q">“Year of Ḫammurabi the king + (when) a great flood destroyed Ešnunna.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With regard to the + other undecided dates, it is practically certain that the three long + ones—those which record the destruction of the wall of Mair and + Malgia, the restoration of the temple Ê-me-temena-ursag and the + temple tower dedicated to Zagaga, and the construction of the great + dam of the Tigris—come into the gaps after the entry for the + thirty-first year. The reason for this assumption is, that the + thirty-first year of Ḫammurabi was the date of his conquest of + Rîm-Sin, in whose dominions the town represented by the ruins of + Tel-Sifr (the place whence the tablets came which bear these dates) + lay. All the tablets from this place, bearing dates of the reign of + Ḫammurabi, therefore belong to the thirty-first year of his reign and + later.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In all probability + there is one thing that will be considered as noteworthy, and that + is, that as far as our records go, there is no reference whatever to + any expedition to the West-land, and if that be due simply to the + imperfection of the records which have come down to us, all that can + be said is, that it is a noteworthy coincidence.<a id="noteref_46" + name="noteref_46" href="#note_46"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">46</span></span></a> It must + not be supposed, however, that it in any wise invalidates the + trustworthiness <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page215">[pg + 215]</span><a name="Pg215" id="Pg215" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of + the narrative in the 14th chapter of Genesis—there is plenty of room + in the mutilated list (of which I have given such a translation as is + possible) for a date referring to this to have been recorded, though + we must keep in mind the possibility, that if the Babylonian king + considered that disaster had in any way overtaken his arms, he may + not have recorded it at all. Then there is the fact, that the + expedition was undertaken in conjunction with allies—Chedorlaomer, + Tidal, and Arioch—for none of whom, in all probability, Ḫammurabi had + any sympathy. The Elamite was a conqueror from a land over which the + Babylonians of earlier ages had held sway, and Arioch had dominion + over a neighbouring tract, to which Ḫammurabi himself laid claim, and + over which, as the texts above translated show, he afterwards ruled. + Ḫammurabi, moreover, claimed also the West-land—<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">mât + Amurrī</span></span>, the land of Amurrū—as his hereditary + possession, and he found himself obliged to aid Chedorlaomer, Tidal, + and Arioch to subjugate it—indeed, it was Chedorlaomer whom the five + kings had acknowledged for twelve years as their overlord, and + against whom, in the thirteenth, they rebelled. It is, therefore, + likely that Ḫammurabi regarded himself as having been forced by + circumstances to aid Chedorlaomer to reconquer what really belonged + to Babylonia, and the probability that he would cause it to be used + as one of the events to date by, is on that account still less, even + if the news of any success which he might have considered himself + entitled to reached his own domain in time to be utilized for such a + purpose.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It has been shown + on p. <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref">155</a> that Ammi-ṭitana, + the third in succession from Ḫammurabi, claimed the sovereignty of + the land of Amurrū, and from an inscription accompanying a portrait + of Ḫammurabi discovered by Mr. Rassam, we learn that he, too, claimed + sovereignty over it. Sargon of Agadé held <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page216">[pg 216]</span><a name="Pg216" id="Pg216" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> sway over the tract centuries before, so that + he probably reckoned that, by right of inheritance, it was his. It + would therefore be natural that he should omit to mention as an event + to be remembered, an expedition to a country which ought never to + have thrown off his dominion.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Of course, one of + the principal things confirming the identification of Ḫammurabi with + Amraphel would naturally be the occurrence of one or more of the + names recorded in Gen. xiv., in conjunction with his, or in such a + way that a connection could be established. This, naturally, is + difficult, principally on account of our having no continuous history + of the period to which these rulers belong. Nevertheless, a close + examination of the inscriptions suggests in what way confirmation of + the events narrated with reference to Amraphel and his allies might + be sought.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Reference has + already been made to Rîm-Sin, king of Yamutbālu (or Emutbālu), who + appears to have been defeated by Ḫammurabi in the thirty-first regnal + year. From this time the dominions of Rîm-Sin evidently formed part + of the Babylonian Empire, and were never again separated from it as + long as it existed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Notwithstanding + the early identification of Rîm-Sin with Eri-Sin or Eri-Aku by the + late George Smith, considerable doubt has been thrown on the identity + of these two names by the fact, that in inscriptions containing the + name of Kudur-mabuk, the father, the name of his son is written with + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eri</span></span> as the first element—not + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Rîm</span></span>. This, it must be admitted, is + a considerable difficulty. Winckler, however, in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Keilinschriftliche + Bibliothek</span></span>, Band III., 1 Hälfte, pp. 88-89, publishes a + text given by Lenormant, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Textes Inédits</span></span>, No. 70, in which + the name of the son of Kudur-mabuk is written Ri-im-Sin, and if this + be correctly copied, it would seem to settle the matter of their + identity. It is to be noted that they are both called <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page217">[pg 217]</span><a name="Pg217" id="Pg217" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> king of Uriwa, king of Larsa, and king of + Šumer and Akkad. In the inscriptions Eri-Aku or Eri-Sin also calls + himself <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">adda Emutbala</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“father of Yamutbālu,”</span> and, as the colophon-date + of the 31st year of Ḫammurabi shows, Rîm-Sin or Rîm-Aku was also king + of that region.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In these + circumstances, there is hardly any doubt that they were at least + closely connected, if not (as has been supposed since the time of the + Assyriologist George Smith) actually identical. It is therefore + worthy of mention, that M. F. Thureau-Dangin, the well-known French + Assyriologist, suggests that Eri-Aku and Rîm-Sin were brothers, sons + of Kudur-mabuk, and successively kings of Larsa (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Les Inscriptions de + Šumer et d'Akkad</span></span>, p. 300, n. 3). This would not only + account for their having the same parentage, but also for their + claiming the same titles. It can therefore not be said, that + Ḫammurabi became the enemy of his old ally—it was against his brother + that he fought.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The date quoted on + p. <a href="#Pg214" class="tei tei-ref">214</a> (year 31) seems to + include Rîm-Sin in the capture of the land of Yamutbālum, but this is + not confirmed by the new Chronicle, which states that Ḫammurabi, king + of Babylon, gathered his soldiers and went against Rîm-Sin, king of + Larsa. His hand captured Ur and Larsa, he carried off their goods to + Babylon, and overthrew and carried away other things—what they were + the mutilation of the record does not allow us even to guess. It is + noteworthy also that the mention of Ur as one of the cities of + Rîm-Sin shuts out that state from the tract which, from the 14th + chapter of Genesis, would otherwise be included in Shinar, and seems + also to explain why Ur is designated as being <span class= + "tei tei-q">“of the Chaldees.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If, however, the + colophon-date be right, and Rîm-Sin was really made prisoner, he must + either have escaped, or been set at liberty again, for Samsu-iluna, + son of Ḫammurabi, when he became king, had apparently <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page218">[pg 218]</span><a name="Pg218" id="Pg218" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> to resist another attack on the part of + that ruler, who seems to have been captured, and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“(? burnt) alive in his palace.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With regard to the + names Eri-Aku and Rîm-Sin, one Sumero-Akkadian, and the other + Semitic, the former means, as was thought from the first, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Servant of the Moon-god,”</span> whilst the + sense of the latter, as is made clear by the variant spelling in the + new Babylonian chronicle, is <span class="tei tei-q">“Sin's (the + Moon-god's) wild bull.”</span> A similar name is that of Rîm-Anu, + another king of Larsa—<span class="tei tei-q">“Anu's (the + Heaven-god's) wild bull.”</span> These are paralleled by such names + as Bûr-Sin, <span class="tei tei-q">“Sin's young steer,”</span> in + which the bearer is compared with a strong and willing animal of + service. Possibly the substitution of the word for <span class= + "tei tei-q">“wild bull”</span> in Rîm-Sin and Rîm-Anu is symbolical + of reckless courage.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Very little is + known of the state of which Larsa (in Sumero-Akkadian Ararma) was the + capital. It is interesting to note, however, that this city was a + centre of the worship of the Sun-god Šamaš, as was also Sippar (now + Abu-habbah). The temple in both cities bore the same name, Ê-bara + (-para) or Ê-babbara (-barbara), <span class="tei tei-q">“the house + of brilliant light.”</span> With the exception of Eri-Aku or Arioch, + whose name is Sumero-Akkadian, all the rulers have Semitic + names—Rîm-Anu, Nûr-Rammāni or Nûr-Addi, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“light of Rimmon”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“of + Hadad,”</span> Sin-idinnam, <span class="tei tei-q">“Sin has + given,”</span> and Rîm-Sin. If Eri-Aku was called, in the Semitic + tongue, Arad-Sin, <span class="tei tei-q">“Servant of Sin,”</span> as + is possible, this name must be added too, but in that case his + identification with Arioch would be less probable. As he was of + Elamite origin, his bearing a Sumero-Akkadian or a Semitic name was + probably due to motives of policy, and one which, when written, could + be read either way would give pleasure to both sections of the + people, Sumero-Akkadian and Semitic.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following + inscriptions record architectural works of Kudur-mabuk, and his sons + Eri-Aku and Rîm-Sin:—</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page219">[pg + 219]</span><a name="Pg219" id="Pg219" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Tablet Of Kudur-Mabuk Mentioning Eri-Aku.</span></p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(Dingir) Nannara</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">To + Nannara</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">lugala-ni-r</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">his + king,</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Kudur-mabuk</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Kudur-mabuk,</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">adda + kura Martu</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">father + of Amoria,</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">dumu + Simti-šilḫak</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">son of + Simti-šilḫak.</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">Ud + (dingir) Nannara</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">When + Nannara</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">arazu-ni</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">his + prayer</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">mu-igi-ginnā</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">received,</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">ne-zila-maḫa</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">ne-zila-maḫa</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(dingir) Nannara-kam</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">for + Nannara</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">nam-tila-ni-šu</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">for his + life,</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">u + nam-ti</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">and the + life</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">Eri-Aku + dumu-ni</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">of + Eri-Aku, his son,</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">lugal + Ararma-šu</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">king of + Larsa,</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">munanindu.</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">he + made.</span></td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">To Nannara, his king, Kudur-mabuk, father of the + land of the Amorites, son of Simti-šilḫak. When Nannara received + his prayer he made for Nannara</span> <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">ne-zila-maḫa</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">for his life and the life of his son + Arioch, king of Larsa.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Tablet Of Eri-Aku Mentioning Kudur-Mabuk, His + Father.</span></p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Eri-(dingir) Aku</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Eri-Aku</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">uš + kalagga</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">powerful hero</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">siba + nig-zi</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">everlasting shepherd</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">ua + Uri-(D. S.)-wa</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">installed by Bêl</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(dingir) Ellilli garra</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">nourisher of Uriwa</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">lugal + Arar-(D. S.)-ma</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">king of + Larsa</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">lugal + Kiengi-(D. S.)-Uragi</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">king of + Šumer (and) Akkad</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">dumu + Kudur-mabuk</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">son of + Kudur-mabuk</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">Adda + Emutbala-men</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">father + of Yamutbālu am I.</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">Uriwa + (D. S.) dagal-e-ne</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">In + Uriwa broad,</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">mu maha + dudune</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">possessing an exalted name,</span></td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Col. II.</span></p><a name="Pg220" id="Pg220" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">ušu-na-bi</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">to the + peerless (?)</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">ugul-immangaga</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">supplication I have made.</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(dingir) Nannara lugala-mu</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">Nannara + my king</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">mušinše</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">I have + obeyed (?):</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">bad + gala ḫursag illa-dim šu-nu-tutu</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">A great + wall, high like a mountain, impregnable,</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">im-bi + dul ea</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">inspiring (?) its fear,</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">munadu</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">have I + made,</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">uru-ni + ḫimmira</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">its + city may it protect.</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">bada-ba</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">That + wall</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(dingir) Nannara suḫuš mada + gengen</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Nannara + the consolidator of the foundation of the + land</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">is</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">mu-bi-im</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">its + name.</span></td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Arioch, the powerful hero, the everlasting + shepherd installed by Bêl, the nourisher of Uriwa, the king of + Larsa, the king of Šumer and Akkad, the son of Kudur-mabug, the + father of Yamutbālu, am I. In broad Uriwa, possessing an exalted + name, to the peerless one (?) have I made supplication, Nannara, my + king, have I obeyed (?). The great wall, high like a mountain, + impregnable, inspiring (?) its fear, have I built—may it protect + its city. The name of that wall is</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Nannara the consolidator of the foundation of the + land.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> ”</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">[The above inscription is not without its + difficulties, some of them formidable enough, but the general sense + of the whole may be regarded as correctly made out.]</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Tablet Of Rim-Sin.</span></p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(Dingir) Nin-saḫ</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">To + Ninsaḫ</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">en + galla abba age</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">great + lord, beloved father</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">šaga-gu-sag-gi gala-zu</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">knowing + the supplication of the heart</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">sukkala + maḫa ša-kušša dingira galla</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">exalted + messenger, (giving) heart-rest, great god</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">dugga-ni ši tul-du</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">he who + sends forth his hidden word</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">lugal-a-ni-ir</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">his + king</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(dingir) Rim-(dingir) Sin</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Rim-Sin.</span></td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table><a name="Pg221" id="Pg221" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">siba gu + kalama Nipri (D. S.)</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">shepherd of all the people of + Nippur</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">me + giškin Gurudug-(D. S.)-ga su-dudu</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">he who + fulfils the word of the vine of Eridu</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">ua + Uri-(D. S.)-wa</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">nourisher of Uriwa</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">ê-ud-da-im-te-ga</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">(and) + Ê-udda-imtega</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">lugal + Arar-(D. S.)-ma</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">king of + Larsa</span></td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Col. II.</span></p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">lugal + Kengi-(D. S.)-Ura-gi</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">king of + Šumer and Akkad.</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">Ud Ana + (dingir) Ellila</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">When + Anu, Bêl,</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(dingir) En-ki</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">(and) + Ea,</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">dingir-galgalene</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">the + great gods,</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">Unuga + (D. S.) uru du</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">Erech, + the ruined (?) city,</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">šu-mu-šu manin-si-eša</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">into my + hands delivered</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(dingir) Ninsaḫ lugala-mu-r</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">to + Ninsaḫ, my king,</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">gu-sagsaggi-da-mu-ta</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">after + my making supplication;</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">ê-da-agga-šummu</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Ê-dagga-šummu,</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">ki-dura + ki-agga-ni</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">his + beloved resting-place,</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">nam-ti-mu-šu</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">for my + life</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">munadu.</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">I + built.</span></td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">To Ninsaḫ, the great lord, the beloved father, he + who is aware of the supplication of the heart; the exalted + messenger, (giving) rest to the heart, the great god who sendeth + forth his hidden word—his king, Rim-Sin, shepherd of all the people + of Niffer, who fulfilleth the word of the vine of Êridu, nourisher + of Uriwa (and) Ê-udda-imtega, king of Larsa, king of Šumer and + Akkad. When Anu, Bêl, and Ea, the great gods, delivered Erech, the + ruined (?) city, into my hands, I built to Ninsaḫ, my king, after + making supplication, Ê-dagga-šummu, his beloved seat, for (the + saving of) my life.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This last text was + found in the mound of Mugheir (Uriwa), and is of great interest, as + it is dedicated to Ninsaḫ, the great messenger of the gods, and not + to the god Sin or Nannara, the chief patron-deity of the city. It has + also an interesting reference to the vine of Êridu (see pp. <a href= + "#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref">71</a> ff.), and apparently to his + capture of the city of Erech, delivered into his hands by the gods + Anu, Bêl, and Ea. That he should represent <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page222">[pg 222]</span><a name="Pg222" id="Pg222" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> himself as taking possession of the city by the + will of Anu, the chief god of the city, whose name he mentions before + the other two divinities, sheds a certain light upon the character of + the man, whilst his military exploits, both at home and in the west, + must have made him, like Chedorlaomer his fellow-countryman, and + Ḫammurabi his rival, one of the heroes of his time.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There now remain + to be treated of Chedorlaomer and Tidal, the remaining two of the + four allies who fought in that memorable conflict by the Dead Sea to + bring into subjection their revolted vassals.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From the time of + their first discovery it has been felt that the occurrence of names + containing the element Kudur—Kudur-mabuk, Kudur-Nanḫundi, + Kudur-Naḫḫunte, etc.—was, in itself, excellent testimony to the + correctness of the narrative in the 14th chapter of Genesis, where an + Elamite king having <span lang="he" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "he"><span style="font-style: italic">Chedor</span></span> as the + first element of his name, attacks and conquers, in alliance with + certain kings of Babylonia, five petty rulers of a district on the + shores of the Dead Sea. It was, however, naturally a matter of + disappointment that the name of Chedorlaomer himself did not occur, + for it was soon recognized that the identification, made by Sir Henry + Rawlinson, of Kudur-mabuk (read Kudur-mapula) with Chedorlaomer could + not be sustained. What was wanted, was some such name as + Kudur-Lagamar or Kudur-Lagamal, the second element having been + recognized in other texts as the name of the Elamite deity Lagamaru. + It was to all appearance thought to be probable that the name of + Tidal would be found.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Accordingly, when + two tablets were referred to at the Congress of Orientalists held at + Geneva in 1894 as containing the names Tudḫula, Êri-Eaku (Êri-Ekua), + and another name read doubtfully as Kudur-laḫ(gu)mal, no + publicly-expressed objection to their possible identification with + Tidal, Arioch, and Chedorlaomer <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page223">[pg 223]</span><a name="Pg223" id="Pg223" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> was made. The names were placed before the + Semitic section of the Congress of Orientalists referred to, as + recent discoveries, which were certain as far as they went, their + identification being a matter of opinion.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">None of these + documents are in a state of completeness, though one of them, a kind + of poem, contains no less than 76 lines, more or less well preserved. + The other two are of the nature, apparently, of historical legends, + though they may be true historical documents, and, though imperfect, + are of great importance. Concerning the names which are contained in + these texts there is but little or no doubt, though there may be + doubt as to the way in which they ought to be read in consequence of + the fanciful way in which they are written.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The first document + is Sp. III. 2, and contains all three names—or, rather, the names + Tudḫula (Tidal), Êri-Eaku's son Durmaḫ-îlāni, and Kudur-laḫmal. The + first portion of this text refers to the gods: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Šamaš, illuminator (of the earth),”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the lord of lords, Merodach, in the faithfulness of his + heart,”</span> aided (probably) his servant to subdue (?) some + region, <span class="tei tei-q">“all of it.”</span> Then there is a + reference to (soldiers) whom some ruler <span class= + "tei tei-q">“caused to be slain,”</span> and as the name of + Durmaḫ-îlāni son of Êri-(E)aku follows, there is every probability + that it was he who is referred to in the preceding lines. The + carrying off of goods (?) is next spoken of, and waters which to all + appearance came over Babylon and the great temple-tower called + Ê-saggil (more usually written in earlier times Ê-sagila). The next + line has an interesting reference to <span class="tei tei-q">“the son + (?)”</span> of some one, who <span class="tei tei-q">“slaughtered him + like (?) a lamb with the weapon of his hands.”</span> After this, we + are told that <span class="tei tei-q">“the elder and the child (were + killed) with the sword.”</span> To all appearance, another division + of the subject begins with the next line, though the text goes on + recording things of the same nature—<span class="tei tei-q">“the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page224">[pg 224]</span><a name="Pg224" + id="Pg224" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> child he cut off.”</span> This + is immediately followed by the words <span class="tei tei-q">“Tudḫula + the son of Gazza- ..,”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“Tidal son + of Gazzā(ni?),”</span> who, like Durmaḫ-îlāni (if we may form any + opinion from the fact that the wording of the line following the + mention of Tidal is the same as that following the name of the son of + Êri-Eaku), carried off goods (?), and waters (he caused to flow?) + over Babylon and Ê-saggil, the great temple of the city. The parallel + between these two passages is still further emphasized by the words + in the line immediately following, which says that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“his son fell upon him with the weapon of his + hand.”</span> The next line is the last of the obverse, and speaks of + (<span class="tei tei-q">“the proclamation,”</span> perhaps) of + <span class="tei tei-q">“his dominion before the temple of + Annunit,”</span> where we have the interesting archaism, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">An-nu-nit</span></span> for D.P. (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the + determinative prefix indicating that the name of a deity follows) + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">A-nu-nit</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The reverse begins + with a reference to Elam, and some one (perhaps the king of that + country) who <span class="tei tei-q">“spoiled from the city Aḫḫê (?) + to the land of Rabbātum.”</span> Something was made, apparently by + the same personage, into heaps of ruins, and the fortress of the land + of Akkad, and <span class="tei tei-q">“the whole of + Borsippa(?)”</span> are referred to. At this point comes the line + mentioning Kudur-laḫmal, supposed to be Chedorlaomer. It reads as + follows—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Kudur-laḫmal, his son, pierced his heart with the steel + sword of his girdle.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After this there + is a passage where the various kings mentioned seem to be referred + to, and it is stated that Merodach, the king of the gods, was angry + against them, and they were, to all appearance, made to suffer for + what they had done. The scribe who had composed this record now + speaks, in favourable words, of the king then reigning, and seems to + refer to the restoration of the inscription to its place by the + person (prince) who, in later days, should find it (as was the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page225">[pg 225]</span><a name="Pg225" + id="Pg225" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> custom among the Babylonians + and Assyrians). He ends with a pious wish that a sinful man might not + exist, or something to that effect.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The second tablet, + though in a more satisfactory state of preservation, is still + sufficiently incomplete, none of the lines being altogether + perfect.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After referring to + Babylon, and to the property of that city, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“small and great,”</span> it is said that the gods + (apparently)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">in their + faithful counsel to Kudur-laḫgumal, king of the land of Elam ... + said</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Descend.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">The + thing which unto them was good (he performed, and) he exercised + sovereignty in Babylon, the city of Kar-Duniaš.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It would therefore + appear that this Elamite ruler, by the will of the gods (such was the + way with conquerors in those days—they annexed other countries to + their dominions by the will of the gods of the lands annexed), took + possession of Babylon, capital (such seems to be the meaning of the + phrase) of Kar-Duniaš. This is followed by a long passage in which + animals and birds, apparently the favourites of the Elamite king, are + referred to, and the idea which one gains by reading it is, that he + attended to these rather than to the welfare of his realm. This being + the case, it is natural that something about the remissness of the + king should follow, and this seems to be, in fact, intended in the + next line, where some one whose name is lost seems to ask: + <span class="tei tei-q">“What king of Elam is there who has + (erected?) the chapel (?) (it was something made of wood, as the + determinative prefix shows) of E-saggil?”</span> It was the + Babylonians, the text seems to say, who had done things of this kind. + The speaker then seems to begin to talk of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“their work,”</span> when another gap destroys the + remainder of the phrase. He then speaks about <span class= + "tei tei-q">“(a let)ter (?) which thou hast written thus: + <span class="tei tei-q">‘I <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page226">[pg + 226]</span><a name="Pg226" id="Pg226" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> am + a king, the son of a king,’</span> ”</span> but whether it is the + same personage who says that he is <span class="tei tei-q">“the son + of the daughter of a king, who has sat on the throne of + dominion,”</span> is doubtful—it may be a similarly boasting reply to + the statement put into the mouth of the first speaker. The line which + follows has the name of Durmaḫ-îlāni, son of Êri-Ekua (Êri-Eaku of + the other historical text), who seems to have carried away spoil, but + whether it is he who is referred to in the next line as having sat on + the throne of dominion is doubtful. This is followed by the + expression of the wish that the king might come who from eternal days + ... was proclaimed lord of Babylon. The closing lines of the obverse, + which is here described, do not give any clear sense, but there is a + reference to the months Kislev and Tammuz, probably in connection + with festivals, also (apparently) to certain priests, and to the + taking of spoil. The remains of the reverse are too scanty to gather + what the text inscribed upon it really refers to.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is naturally + difficult to judge which of these two inscriptions came first. Both + of them seem to have a kind of peroration at the end containing + similar phrases referring to the city of Babylon and its well-being, + and either might therefore be the last tablet of a series. To all + appearance, the order of the two records turns upon the question + whether Durmaḫ-îlāni is the one who is referred to as having written + a certain communication, or whether it is about him that some one has + written. As he seems to be referred to in the third person, the + probability is that <span class="tei tei-q">“Durmaḫ-îlāni, son of + Êri-Eaku, who (carried away?) the spoil of ... ,”</span> is not the + person speaking, but the person spoken of. In this case he was not + necessarily alive at the time, and the order of the two tablets as + here printed may be the correct one.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">How far the record + which they contain may be <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page227">[pg + 227]</span><a name="Pg227" id="Pg227" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + true is with our present knowledge impossible to find out. The style + of the writing with which they are inscribed is certainly very + late—later, in all probability, than the Persian period, and the + possibility that it is a compilation of that period has been already + suggested. That it is altogether a fiction, however, is in the + highest degree improbable. If we have in the three names which these + two tablets contain the Babylonian prototypes of Tidal, Arioch, and + Chedorlaomer, they must refer to the events which passed between the + first and thirty-first years of the reign of Amraphel or Ḫammurabi, + in which it would seem that both Durmaḫ-îlāni and Tudḫula attacked + and spoiled Babylon, cutting the canals so that the town and the + temple were both flooded. Both of these royal personages, who, be it + noted, are not called kings, were apparently killed by their sons, + and Kudur-laḫmal seems to have been a criminal of the same kind, if + we may judge from the words <span class="tei tei-q">“Kudur-laḫmal, + his son, pier(ced?) his heart with the steel sword of his + girdle.”</span> That three royal personages, contemporaries, should + all dispose of their fathers in the same way seems, however, in the + highest degree improbable. It also seems to be in an equal degree + impossible that (as has been suggested) the tablets in question + should refer to Tidal, Arioch, and Chedorlaomer, but not the + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">same</span></em> Tidal, Arioch, and Chedorlaomer + as is spoken of in Genesis, unless it be meant thereby that the + Biblical personages of that name are the historical ones, whilst + those of the two tablets belong to the realm of fiction. The greater + probability is, that they are the same personages, but that the + accounts handed down to us on these two tablets are largely + legendary.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And that this is + the case is made more probable by the third document, couched in + poetical form, which I have entitled <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Legend of + Chedorlaomer</span></span>. The following are extracts from this + remarkable piece—</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page228">[pg + 228]</span><a name="Pg228" id="Pg228" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">... and + they pressed on to the supreme gate.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He threw down, removed, and cast + down the door of Ištar in the holy places,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He descended also, like Ura the + unsparing, to Dû-maḫa;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He stayed also in Dû-maḫa, looking + at the temple;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He opened his mouth, and spake + with the children (of the place).</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">To all his warriors (then) he + hastened the message:—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Carry off + the spoil of the temple, take also its + goods,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Destroy its barrier, cause its enclosures to + be cut through.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">To the channel ... they pressed + on....</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Here comes a + mutilated passage apparently referring to the destruction which he + wrought.)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">He drove + away the director's overseer, he took away the + vail.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The enemy pressed on evilly to + Ennun-dagalla.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The god was clothed with light + before him,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He flashed like lightning, and + shook the (holy) places.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The enemy feared, he hid + himself.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">There descended (?) also its chief + man, and he spake to him a command.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">... the god was clothed with + light,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">(He flashed like lightning), and + shook the (holy) places.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">(Draw + near unto?) Ennun-dagalla, remove his + crowns!</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(Enter into?) his temple, seize his + hand!</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">..., he did not fear, and he + regarded not his life.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">(He shall + not approach?) Ennun-dagalla, he shall not remove his + crowns.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%"> ”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page229">[pg 229]</span><a name= + "Pg229" id="Pg229" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Here follows + another mutilated passage, describing how <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the Elamite, the wicked man,”</span> proclaimed + something to the lands, and how he dwelt and stayed in Dû-maḫa.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(At this point is + the end of the obverse, and there is a considerable gap before there + are any further fairly complete passages.)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">When the + guardian spoke peace (to the city)</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The guardian-bulls of Ê-šarra, + [the temple of the host of the gods], departed.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The enemy, the Elamite, multiplied + evils,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">And Bêl allowed evil to be planned against + Babylon.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">When + righteousness was absent (?), then was decided (?) also the + destruction</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Of Ê-šarra, the temple of the host + of the gods, the guardian-bulls departed.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The enemy, the Elamite, took its + goods—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Bêl, dwelling upon it, had + displeasure.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">When the + magicians repeated their evil words (?),</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Gullum</span><a id="noteref_47" + name="noteref_47" href="#note_47"><span class="tei tei-noteref" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">47</span></span></a> + <span style="font-size: 90%">and the evil wind performed their + evil (?).</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Then their gods departed—they + departed like a torrent.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Storm and evil wind went round in + the heavens.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Anu, their creator, had + displeasure.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He made pale their face, he made + desolate his place,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He destroyed the barrier in the + shrine of Ê-anna,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(He overthrew?) the temple, and the platform + shook.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span> <span style="font-size: 90%">.... he + decreed destruction,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">..... he had disfavour.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The people (?) of Bêl of Ê-zida + barred (?) the road to Šumer.</span> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page230">[pg + 230]</span><a name="Pg230" id="Pg230" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Who is Kudurlaḫgu(mal), the doer + of the evils?</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He has gathered also the + Umman-man(da against?) the people (?) of Bêl—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">He has laid in ruin . . . by their + side.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">When (the + enclosure) of Ê-zida (was broken down?),</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">And Nebo was ruler of the host, + there (came) down his (winged bulls).</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Down to Tiamtu he se(t his + face).</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ibi-Tutu, whom the Sun-god (?) + hastened within Tiamtu,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Entered Tiamtu, and founded a + pseudo-capital.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">The enclosure of Ê-zida, the everlasting + temple, was caused to be broken through.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">(The + enemy), the Elamite, caused his yoke of horses to be directed, + (and)</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Set his face (to go) down to + Borsippa.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He traversed also the road of + darkness, the road to Mesech.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The tyrant (?) Elamite destroyed + the palace (?),</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He subdued the princes of ... with + the sword,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He carried off the spoil of all + the temples.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He took their goods, and carried + them away to Elam.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">.... ruler, he destroyed the ruler + (?),</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">.......... filled also the + land.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">(The remainder is wanting.)</span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Apparently this is + a poetical reproduction of the tablets of which translations have + already been given. The enemy entered Babylon, according to the nine + lines of the earlier portion of the inscription which are preserved, + and spoiled and ravaged the place. The mention of the channel (îku, + irrigation-channel) suggests a comparison with the first of the two + historical fragments, where waters over Babylon and <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page231">[pg 231]</span><a name="Pg231" id="Pg231" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Ê-sagila are referred to, and cause one + to ask whether Durmaḫ-îlāni and Tudḫula were not the lieutenants of + Kudur-laḫgumal.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The description of + the conditions under which the entry into Babylon was effected, when + the god (possibly Ennundagalla) was clothed with light, flashed like + lightning and shook the holy places, suggests that a severe + thunderstorm acted on the superstitious hopes of the Babylonians, and + the equally superstitious fears of their foes, so much so, that the + Elamite did not carry out his intention of carrying away the crowns + of the statue of the god. He seems, however, to have taken and + retained possession of the place, and to have continued to extend his + operations.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The reverse + apparently states why all these misfortunes came, and what further + happened. It was because they accepted a foreign ruler (he spoke + peace to the city, and thereby became its master); because there was + denial of righteousness or justice (righteousness was absent?); + because the magicians repeated evil words. Even in the temple of Anu + at Erech (the shrine called Ê-anna, <span class="tei tei-q">“the + temple of heaven,”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“of Anu”</span>) + the god of heaven was displeased, and caused something very like an + earthquake. Some, however, were found who were willing to try to bar + the passage of the conqueror, who had gathered the Umman-manda + (barbarian hordes), possibly his followers and those of Tudḫula or + Tidal, against the people (?) of Bêl (the Babylonians), and laid + everything in ruins.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When the enclosure + of Ê-zida (the great temple-tower of Borsippa, identified with the + tower of Babel by modern scholars) was broken down, Ibi-Tutu, + apparently a Babylonian prince, fled to Tiamtu, the region of the + Persian Gulf, and there founded a temporary capital. The invader + thereupon seems to have proceeded to Borsippa, and to have taken the + road to Mesech—that is to say, to the north—where he continued his + ravages. That he intended to go so <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page232">[pg 232]</span><a name="Pg232" id="Pg232" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> far as Mesech, however, is very unlikely, his + object being to subdue the princes of the immediate neighbourhood of + Babylon, and after collecting the spoil and goods of all the temples, + he carried them away with him to Elam.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cyrus, when he + entered Babylon, spoke peace to the city, and promised peace to all + the land. In later documents even than the time of Cyrus, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the enemy, the Elamite,”</span> is spoken + of, and there is every probability that the legend here recounted was + popular with the Babylonians as long as any national feeling was + left, hence these incomplete remains which have come down to us—due, + perhaps, to some period when the old hostility was aroused by some + inroad from the mountains on the east, where the Elamites held sway + apparently to a comparatively late date.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whether Êri-Eaku + (or Eri-Aaku), Tudḫula, and Kudur-laḫgumal be Arioch, Tidal and + Chedorlaomer respectively, I leave to the reader to decide for + himself. The first of these will probably be regarded as sufficiently + near to be exceedingly probable. With regard to the two others, it + may be noted that Tidal was pronounced, in Hebrew, Tidghal, as the + Greek Thargal (for Thadgal, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">d</span></em> and <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">r</span></em> being + so much alike in Hebrew as to be easily interchanged) shows, and + Chedorlaomer was Chedorlaghomer, as the Greek Chodollogomar likewise + indicates. Doubt concerning the reading can only be entertained with + regard to this last name.<a id="noteref_48" name="noteref_48" href= + "#note_48"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">48</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whatever may be + thought about the interesting and remarkable inscriptions of which an + account has just been given, of one thing there can be no doubt, and + that is, that the Elamites and Babylonians were quite powerful + enough, at the time of Abraham, to make an expedition of the + magnitude described in <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page233">[pg + 233]</span><a name="Pg233" id="Pg233" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Genesis xiv. Sargon of Agadé held sway over this district, and he + reigned, according to Nabonidus's indications, more than 1500 years + earlier. His son, when he came to the throne, added Elam to his + dominions as well. That the position should, at a considerably later + period, be reversed, is easily conceivable, and it was to all + appearance the Elamites who held sway in a part of Babylonia, of + which country many of the states undoubtedly acknowledged Elamite + overlordship, though with exceeding unwillingness. One point of the + undoubted history is noteworthy. Kudur-mabuk, son of Simti-šilḫak, + who ruled at Larsa, bears, like his father, an Elamite name. His son, + Êri-Aku, has an Akkadian name—perhaps, as already suggested, from + motives of policy, and likely enough from the same motive, he may + have Semitizised it later on, making it Arad-Sin. Êri-Ekua (-Eaku) is + likewise an Akkadian name, and must be a fanciful variant of that of + Êri-Aku or Arioch. His son, however, bears the Semitic name of + Durmaḫ-îlāni, <span class="tei tei-q">“the bond with the + gods.”</span> This is apparently a case of carrying the policy of + conciliation a step farther, for by doing this he not only bears a + native name, but also claims to be the intermediary with the gods of + his country.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After the retreat + of the conquering army of Elamites and Babylonians with their booty, + with Lot, Abraham's nephew, as prisoner, and his goods as part of the + spoil, comes the interesting account of the way in which Abraham + rescued his relative and recovered his property, with a portion of + that belonging to the king of Sodom. On his return with the spoil, + Melchizedek king of Salem meets him, offering him bread and wine, and + blessing him as Abraham of El-Elyon, <span class="tei tei-q">“the + most high god.”</span> Certain supposed confirmatory statements in + the correspondence of Abdi-ṭâba, ruler of Jerusalem, which was found + among the Tel-el-Amarna tablets, has been the subject of much + discussion, and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page234">[pg + 234]</span><a name="Pg234" id="Pg234" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> it + is apparently regarded as being of much importance, though there are + various opinions concerning it. The prince in question, when writing + to his suzerain, the reigning king of Egypt, makes the remarkable + statement that it was not his father nor his mother who had set him + in that place (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> Uru-salim or Jerusalem) as + king, but <span class="tei tei-q">“the mighty king”</span>—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Behold, this land of Jerusalem, neither my father nor my + mother gave (it) to me—the hand (arm<a id="noteref_49" name= + "noteref_49" href="#note_49"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">49</span></span></a>) of the + mighty king gave it to me.”</span>—(Tablet, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Berlin</span></span>, + 103.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Behold, I am not a prefect, I am an employé of the king + my lord,—behold, I am an officer of the king, and one who brings the + tribute of the king. Neither my father nor my mother, (but) the arm + of the mighty king has set me in the house of my + father.”</span>—(Tablet <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">B.</span></span> 104.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Behold, I, neither my father nor my mother set me in + this place. The arm of the mighty king caused me to enter into the + house of my father.”</span>—(Tablet <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">B.</span></span> + 102.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As Abdi-ṭâba then + goes on to emphasize his faithfulness to the king of Egypt, + apparently on account of his having been made ruler of Jerusalem by + him, these passages merely resolve themselves, to all appearance, + into a statement of the writer's indebtedness to his royal master. It + may be disappointing, but to all appearance the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“mighty king”</span> is the king of Egypt, and not the + god of Uru-salim.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nevertheless, the + description of Melchizedek in Heb. vii. 3, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“without father, without mother,”</span> makes it a quite + legitimate question to ask: may not Abdi-ṭâba, in what he said to his + suzerain, have made some mental reservation when writing what he did? + Or is <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page235">[pg 235]</span><a name= + "Pg235" id="Pg235" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> it not possible that, + when speaking about his independence of his father and his mother for + the position that he occupied, he was unconsciously making use of + words familiar to him, and recorded in some document of the archives + of the city? We have yet to learn the history of the preceding + period—we know not whether Abdi-ṭâba had really a right to the + position which he occupied (he seems to have been placed as ruler of + Jerusalem by the foreign power to which he refers), and until we get + more information, there is no escape from the necessity of regarding + him, from his own letters, as being in a different position from that + which, in the fourteenth chapter of Genesis, Melchizedek + occupies.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In connection with + the question as to what divinity was worshipped at Jerusalem, the + tablet known as <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">B.</span></span> 105 is of importance. Line 14 + of the letter in question reads: <span class="tei tei-q">“The city of + the land of Jerusalem, its name is Bît-Ninip, the city of the king, + is lost—(it is) a place of the men of Kelti.”</span> What was this + <span class="tei tei-q">“city of the king,”</span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“royal city”</span>? The general opinion at first was, + that the place meant was Jerusalem itself, for that must have been + from the earliest times <span class="tei tei-q">“a royal city”</span> + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">par + excellence</span></span>. Winckler, however, translates <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">A</span></em> city of the land of + Jerusalem,”</span> which certainly seems a reasonable rendering. + Properly speaking, however, the idiomatic Semitic Babylonian + expression for <span class="tei tei-q">“<em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">a</span></em> + city”</span> would be <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">išten âlu</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">one</span></em> city.”</span> Though Winckler's + rendering is a perfectly reasonable one, therefore, the first + translation is not excluded, and in any case there remains the clear + statement that a city of the territory of Jerusalem—that is to say a + city which owned the sway of her kings—possessed, as its + patron-deity, the god whom the Babylonians and Assyrians called + Ninip, and worshipped under many names. Among these may be mentioned + Madanunu, explained as <span class="tei tei-q">“the proclaimed (?), + the renowned, the high”</span>; En-banda, probably meaning + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page236">[pg 236]</span><a name="Pg236" + id="Pg236" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <span class="tei tei-q">“the + distinguished lord,”</span> a name which he bore as <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ninip, he who takes the decision of the gods.”</span> + Another of his names was Ḫalḫalla, <span class="tei tei-q">“Ninip, + protector of the decision, father of Bêl”</span>; and, more + interesting still, he was called Me-maḫa (<span class= + "tei tei-q">“supreme word”</span>), as <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ninip, guardian of the supreme commands.”</span> The + Assyrians worshipped him both under the name of Ninip and + Apil-Êšarra, <span class="tei tei-q">“son of the house (temple) of + the host.”</span> It is this deity whose name occurs in the Assyrian + royal names Tukulti-Ninip and Tukulti-âpil-Ê-šarra, or + Tiglath-pileser.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On these points, + as on many others, we must wait for more light from the East.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the matter of + Sarai, Abraham's wife, giving her handmaid Hagar to Abraham as a + second or inferior wife, because she had no children herself, it is + not improbable that we have a record of what was a common custom at + the time. On p. <a href="#Pg174" class="tei tei-ref">174</a> ff. + translations of Babylonian tablets are given, which seem to have some + analogies with what is stated in the Biblical narrative. In these + inscriptions, however, the woman of inferior position, though she is + expected to be the servant of the other, is raised, to all + appearance, into a higher position, and described as the sister of + the first wife, apparently by adoption, this supposition being based + on the statement that Iltani was daughter of Sin-âbu-šu, though both + Iltani and Taram-sagila were taken in marriage from Uttatum, their + father. Apparently there was to be no difference in the status of the + children of either of them, and it was apparently on account of the + hope that Hagar's son would be as her own, that the patriarch's wife + acted as she did.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With regard to the + contract at Machpelah, that is, as has already been noticed more than + once, evidently a legal document, or at least an abstract of such a + document, and bears some likeness to the ancient contracts of Assyria + and Babylonia, though the latter are generally composed in much + shorter form, and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page237">[pg + 237]</span><a name="Pg237" id="Pg237" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + with different phraseology. The descriptions of landed property given + on pp. <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref">167</a>, <a href="#Pg178" + class="tei tei-ref">178</a> ff., and also such sales of land as the + following give material for comparing the document in question—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“¼ of a gan, a field by the crossing, in the upper + district of Tenu, beside (the property of) Qaranu the son of the + palace, and beside (the property of) Ili-midi, its first end the road + Aštaba(tum ?), its second end the property of the enclosure Tenunam, + Il-šu-banî has bought from Nannara-manšum and Sin-banî, his brother, + sons of Sin-âbû-šu, for its complete price. He has paid the money, he + has passed the barrier, his transaction is complete—the silver, the + price of their field, is complete, they are content. They shall not + say <span class="tei tei-q">‘We have not received the + money’</span>—they have received it before the witnesses. At no + future time shall Nannara-manšum and Sin-banî make claim upon the + field. They have invoked the spirit of Šamaš, Merodach, and Zabium + (the king).</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Claim of his brothers and his sisters [this would be + better <span class="tei tei-q">‘their brothers and their + sisters’</span>], children of Sin-âbû-šu, Nannara-manšum and Sin-banî + shall answer for.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Before Ili-'adiwa, son of Amurru-banî; before + Nannara-itti, son of Sin-naṣir; before Sin-rêmeni, son of Išmê-Sin; + before Nannara-ki-aga (?), son of Sin-idinnam; before Munawirum; + before Sin-bêl-ili; before Sin-ûblam; before Nannara-manšum; before + Ubar-Ninip, the scribe, before Sin-êribam.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the following + text the nature of the trees on the ground sold is specified—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“12 measures, a date-palm plantation, beside the + plantation of Rîš-Šamaš, priest of the Sun-god, son of the woman + Sâla, its first end (the property of) Girum, Aḫatāni, sun-devotee, + daughter of Marum, has bought for its price in silver from Rîš-Šamaš, + son of Sâla. She has paid the money, (and) is content—she has passed + the barrier. The transaction is ended. At no <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page238">[pg 238]</span><a name="Pg238" id="Pg238" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> future time shall they make claim against each + other. (They have invoked) the spirit of Šamaš, Merodach, and + Ḫammurabi (Amraphel).</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Before Amri-ili-šu, son of Naram-Êa; before Yati-îlu, + son of Abil-Sin; before Ibi-Šamaš, before Êtil-šêp-Šamaš (?), sons of + Buzia; before Izi-zarê; before Êrib-Sin, son of Sârabi; before Manum, + son of Sin-idinnam; before Iṭur-âšdum, son of Ilu-ma-rabi (?); before + Ili-âbû-Sin (?); before Êrib-Sin, son of Su-...; before + Šamaš-binî-pî-ia; before Dimaḫum; before Rîš-Šamaš; before Ikunia, + (son of?) ...-ninibu.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A comparison of + these inscriptions, which are types of hundreds of others known to + Assyriologists, with the transaction between Abraham and the Hittite + Ephron, shows noteworthy differences. The boundaries are usually + stated in the Babylonian documents with sufficiently great precision; + but, on the other hand, the nature of the land is generally not + stated except if it be actually under cultivation, and any trees + growing on it are apparently mentioned only on account of their + commercial value—when, for instance, they are fruit-bearing trees, as + in the reference to the date-palms in the second document here + translated. In Babylonia, as in Palestine, contracts and transactions + of a legal nature often took place in the open space by the gate of + the city in or near which the contracting parties lived, and where + witnesses to the transaction could easily be found among those who + passed in and out, or who had business in the neighbourhood. In the + record contained in the 23rd chapter of Genesis, the names of the + witnesses are naturally not given, but it is expressly stated that + the contract was made <span class="tei tei-q">“in the presence of the + children of Heth, before all that went in at the gate of his + city.”</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page239">[pg + 239]</span><a name="Pg239" id="Pg239" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc29" id="toc29"></a> <a name="pdf30" id="pdf30"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Salem.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One of the most + interesting points revealed by the Tel-el-Amarna tablets, is the + fact that the name of Jerusalem occurs, and is not called simply + Salem (as in Gen. xiv. 18), but Uru-salim, the Aramaic (Syriac) + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Uri-shalem</span></span>, a form which + confirms the translation given to it, namely, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“city of peace,”</span> though the writing of the word + in the Tel-el-Amarna tablets suggests the suppression of the + particle <span class="tei tei-q">“of,”</span> making <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the city Peace”</span> simply, which would, perhaps, + be to a certain extent a counterpart to or an explanation of the + form Salem, <span class="tei tei-q">“Peace,”</span> in Genesis.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is no + doubt that the name is an exceedingly interesting one. Prof. Sayce + has suggested that there was a god named Salem, or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Peace,”</span> and that the city was so called as + being the abode of that deity. This, of course, is by no means + improbable, but in no place where the name occurs—neither in the + Tel-el-Amarna tablets nor in the historical inscriptions of + Sennacherib—has the element <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">salim</span></span> (in Sennacherib's texts + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">salimmu</span></span>) the divine prefix + before it. That the divine prefix should be omitted in the + inscriptions of Sennacherib is easily understood, as the name in + question would be a foreign one to the Assyrian scribes of his + time. To the writers of the letters from Jerusalem, however, it was + a native name, and one would certainly expect the name of the city, + in such documents, to be given fully at least once.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nevertheless, + that there was a god of peace among the Semites, is proved by the + name of the Assyrian god Šulmanu or Shalman, a component part of + the name Shalmaneser, the Assyrian Šulmanu-ašarid. It is noteworthy + that there were no less than four Assyrian kings of this name, and + that it means <span class="tei tei-q">“the god Shalman is + chief.”</span> <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Šulmanu</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Šalmanu + nunu</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“Shalman the + fish,”</span> also occurs, as the name of one <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page240">[pg 240]</span><a name="Pg240" id="Pg240" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of the gods of the city Tedi, or, as + Prof. Sayce reads it, Dimmen-Silim (better Temmena-silima), but + this latter reading would only be the correct one if the characters + Tedi are to be read as an Akkadian group.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is therefore + very doubtful whether the element <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">salim</span></span> in the name of Jerusalem + be the name of a god, notwithstanding the love that the peoples of + the Semitic East naturally had for the blessings which the word + implies. It formed part, as in Arabic at the present day, of many a + greeting, and is one of the most noteworthy points of the Semitic + languages. A poetic composition, apparently of the time of the + dynasty of Babylon—probably contemporaneous with Abraham—seems to + read as follows—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Mazzazam išu,</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">It + has the resting-place,</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Padanam išu—</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">It + has the roadway,</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">Bab + êkalli šalim;</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">The + gate of the palace is sound—</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">Šulmu + parku šakin.</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Perfect (?) soundness exists;</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Martum šalmât</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">The + gall is sound,</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Ubanum šalmât</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">The + peak is sound,</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">Ḫašû + (?) u libbu (?) šalmu</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Entrails and heart are sound—</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Sinšerit tiranu.</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">12 + (are) the coverings (?).</span></td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Tertum immer izzim</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">(If) + the viscera (?) of a healthy sheep (?)</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Šalmât</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">Be + sound,</span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-size: 90%">Mimma + la tanakkud.</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Naught shalt thou fear.</span></td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The above + probably represents the signs which the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">extispices</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“entrails-inspectors”</span> looked for when working + out their forecasts. A better translation than <span class= + "tei tei-q">“peace”</span> for <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">salim</span></span> would therefore probably + be <span class="tei tei-q">“safe and sound,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“intact,”</span> or something similar (see the 13th + edition of Gesenius's Lexicon, edited by Prof. F. Buhl, with the + collaboration of Socin and Zimmern, also Fried. Delitzsch, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Assyrisches Handwörterbuch</span></span>), but + the old and more poetic expression <span class= + "tei tei-q">“peace,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“to be at + peace,”</span> may be held to sufficiently express the + meaning.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page241">[pg + 241]</span><a name="Pg241" id="Pg241" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With regard to + the first element of the name Jerusalem, Uru-salim in Assyrian, + that is to all appearance the Sumero-Akkadian <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">uru</span></span> (from an older <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">guru</span></span>), <span class= + "tei tei-q">“city,”</span> in the dialect <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">eri</span></span>, from which the Hebrew + <span lang="he" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="he"><span style= + "font-style: italic">'ir</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“city,”</span> has to all appearance come. The + vowel-change from <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">u</span></em> to <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">e</span></em> or + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i</span></em> is shown in <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tu</span></span>, dialectic <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">te</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“dove”</span>; <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">uru</span></span>, dial. <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">eri</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“servant”</span>; <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">duga</span></span>, dial. <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ṣiba</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“good,”</span> etc. As is usual with two nationalities + dwelling at no great distance from each other, borrowings of words + took place between the Semites on the one hand and the + Sumero-Akkadians on the other, which have left traces on the + vocabularies of both.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page242">[pg 242]</span><a name= + "Pg242" id="Pg242" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc31" id="toc31"></a> <a name="pdf32" id="pdf32"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter VII. Isaac, Jacob, And + Joseph.</span></h1> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Jacob, Yakub, and Yakub-ilu—Joseph, + Yasup, and Yasup-ilu—Other similar names—The Egyptian monuments and + the Semites.</span> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With the + disappearance of Abraham from the scene of his earthly wanderings, a + prominent figure connecting Babylonia with Palestine vanishes from + history. His son Isaac and his grandson Jacob retain, however, their + connection with those of the family who resided at Haran, taking + their wives from among their relatives there—Isaac because his father + wished it, Jacob because the souls of his father and mother were + vexed on account of the daughters of Heth whom Esau, Jacob's brother, + had married. In this primitive story of three generations of a + primitive family there is much to interest the student of ancient + west Semitic manners and customs—the love of Isaac for Esau, because + Isaac loved the savoury venison which the former provided for him; + how Jacob, <span class="tei tei-q">“the supplanter,”</span> obtained + his brother's birthright and the blessing which he ought to have had; + Laban's covetousness and duplicity—all these things furnish material + for the student of manners and customs and of human nature, but very + little for the comparative archæologist who wishes to find + connections between Abraham's descendants and the country which gave + their father (or their grandfather) birth. Nevertheless there are + points which deserve illustration.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page243">[pg 243]</span><a name="Pg243" id="Pg243" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To all appearance + the manners and customs of the families of the patriarchs had not + changed since they came out of Babylonia. There is the same pastoral + life, the same dislike (and probably mistrust) of strangers and + foreigners, the same freedom on the part of the men, even the most + honoured among them, with regard to the marriage-tie, the same + tendency to add to this world's goods, and to become great and mighty + chiefs in the land (would that Jacob had done this otherwise), as at + first. The Babylonian spirit of commerce and the desire for + <span class="tei tei-q">“supplanting”</span> was well developed in + the father of the twelve tribes, and may be regarded as adding, as + far as it goes, to the confirmation of the theory (but the question + is more one of fact than of theory) that Abraham was of Babylonian + race.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Exceedingly + interesting are all the names borne by the patriarchs, and the + reasons why they were given to them. Indeed, the punning references + to circumstances concerning their birth are similar in their + character to those of the patriarchs before the Flood. Nevertheless, + it is noteworthy that many of the names found in this part of the + sacred narrative are not by any means unique. Thus the name of Jacob + occurs many times in the tablets of the period of the first dynasty + of Babylon under the forms of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Yakubu</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Yakubi</span></span>, etc., and there are also + forms with the word <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">îlu</span></span> attached—<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ya'kubi-îlu</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Yakub-îlu</span></span>, etc. In like wise we + find what is apparently the same name as that of Joseph, namely, + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Yašupum</span></span> with its longer form + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Yašup-îlu</span></span>, types of many others, + such as <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Yakudum</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Yakunam</span></span>, etc., <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Yabnik-îlu</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Yagab-îlu</span></span> son of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Yakub-îlu</span></span>, etc. As far as I have + at present been able to find out, however, none of the names of this + class, except <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Yakub-îlu</span></span> and <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Yašup-îlu</span></span>, have as yet been + discovered in both forms (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> with and without the element + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">îlu</span></span>), which may turn out to be of + importance, or may be simply a remarkable + coincidence.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page244">[pg + 244]</span><a name="Pg244" id="Pg244" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This, naturally, + leads to the question: What are the meanings of these names? + According to Genesis, Jacob means supplanter, or, rather, + <span class="tei tei-q">“he has supplanted,”</span> and the further + query then arises: What does the name mean when <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">îlu</span></span> + is added to it? The meaning in this case ought to be <span class= + "tei tei-q">“God has supplanted,”</span> which clearly will not + fit.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The best + explanation probably is, that the name of Jacob was never Ya´kub-ilu, + but Ya´kub simply, meaning, <span class="tei tei-q">“he has + supplanted,”</span> and referring, naturally, to the person who bore + the name. As the name <span class="tei tei-q">“Supplanter”</span> is + not one which a man would be proud to bear, in all probability it was + seen that it would be taken for the usual abbreviation for + Ya´kub-îlu, with the probable meaning of <span class="tei tei-q">“God + hath restrained”</span> (another signification of the root ´aqab), + and thus it may be that there is no record of any one having + reproached him on account of it, except the members of his own + family, who knew why it was given to him, and recognized in his + character as a man something which corresponded with the name given + to him because of what was said to have happened at his birth.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Notwithstanding + the two etymologies of the name of Joseph which are given (Gen. xxx. + 23, 24), <span class="tei tei-q">“He (God) hath taken away,”</span> + and <span class="tei tei-q">“He (God) hath added,”</span> there is + but little doubt that the latter rendering is the correct one, + agreeing, as it does, better with the root <span lang="he" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="he"><span style= + "font-style: italic">yāsaph</span></span>, from which it is derived, + the other rendering, from the root <span lang="he" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="he"><span style= + "font-style: italic">āsaph</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“to + take away,”</span> being due to a kind of pun. (The former rendering + is explained as being from the Elohist narrative, the other from that + of the Jehovist, but it seems not at all improbable that a woman, + even a Canaanitess of those primitive ages, should have made a joke + sometimes—they seem always to have been given to making strange + comparisons with regard to words, and even the ancient Babylonians + were not free from that failing, as at least one of the bilingual + tablets shows.) The meaning of the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page245">[pg 245]</span><a name="Pg245" id="Pg245" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> name Joseph is therefore <span class= + "tei tei-q">“He (God) hath added,”</span> corresponding with that of + the Yašup-îlu, <span class="tei tei-q">“God hath added,”</span> of + the tablets of the time of the dynasty of Babylon. The use of + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">š</span></em> for <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">s</span></em> must be + due to the fact that <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Yašup-îlu</span></span> was, for the + Babylonians, a foreign name, and that, in Assyro-Babylonian, + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">šin</span></span> was pronounced like + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">samech</span></span> and <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">samech</span></span> like <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">šin</span></span>, + as a general rule.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Besides the names + of the patriarchs Jacob and Joseph, the name Sar-îli, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“prince of God,”</span> suggests a comparison with + Israel, which is written Sir´ilâa, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Israelites,”</span> in the time of Shalmaneser II. The + meaning attributed to this name would seem to be somewhat strained, + as it would signify rather <span class="tei tei-q">“God hath + striven,”</span> than <span class="tei tei-q">“he hath striven with + God.”</span> That word-play exists also here, and that the name was a + changed form of Sar-îli, <span class="tei tei-q">“prince of + God,”</span> is possible, and is at least justified as a suggestion + by the form recorded by Shalmaneser II. already referred to.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The name of his + brother Esau may possibly exist in the Babylonian Esê, found on a + tablet dated in the reign of Samsu-iluna. Laban does not occur, + except as the name of a god in a list of deities worshipped in the + city of Aššur. With regard to Bethuel, one cannot help thinking that + it must be the same as the place-name Bethel, the terminal <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">u</span></em> of the + nominative being retained in the name of Abraham's nephew. If this be + the case, he may have been so named after the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Bethel of cedar”</span> (see p. <a href="#Pg201" class= + "tei tei-ref">201</a>), though there is just the possibility that, as + Gesenius suggests, Bethuel may be for Methuel, the Babylonian + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mut-îli</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“man of god.”</span> That the Bethel of Haran was a + heathen place of worship, however, can hardly be regarded as any + objection to one of the family to which Abraham and his descendants + belonged bearing such a name. If the Hebrew text be correct, + therefore, it is probably an abbreviation, forming part of a name + similar to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page246">[pg + 246]</span><a name="Pg246" id="Pg246" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Ê-sagila-zērâ-êpuš, <span class="tei tei-q">“Ê-sagila (the temple of + Belus at Babylon) has created a name,”</span> and others like it. It + is also to be noted, that the name given by Leah to the son which + Zilpah her handmaid bore to Jacob after she herself left off bearing + was Gad, rendered in the Hebrew itself by <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Fortunate,”</span> and probably the name of a west + Semitic deity, Gad, the god of good fortune.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the heathenism + of the portion of the family living at or near Haran is clearly + proved by the matter of the teraphim, which Rachel stole from her + father Laban. It is true that they are generally regarded as figures + used for the purpose of magic, but as Laban himself calls them his + <span class="tei tei-q">“gods,”</span> there is every probability + that they were worshipped as such. It is to be regarded as simply an + indication of the difficulty which most dwellers in the midst of + polytheism in those days must have found in dissociating themselves + from the practices of those with whom they came daily into contact. + They may have had all the tendencies possible towards monotheism, but + how were they to embrace it in all its perfection in the midst of a + population recounting from time to time the many wonderful things + which their gods and protecting genii did for them, and which the + hearer had no opportunity of probing to the bottom and estimating at + their true value? As these people were, to all appearance, but simple + shepherds (though sufficiently wealthy), it is hardly to be expected + of them that they would go deeply into philosophical considerations + concerning the Deity, especially when we remember that the family of + Laban was in close contact with the idolatry of Haran.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With regard to the + teraphim which Rachel took with her when Jacob fled from her father, + there is not much that can be said. Figures so called were in common + use among the Jews and other nations for purposes of magic, and to + all appearance they were <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page247">[pg + 247]</span><a name="Pg247" id="Pg247" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + statues of deities (as indicated in the passage now under + consideration) which were consulted by some means when anything of + importance was about to be undertaken. To all appearance they were + the household gods, like the Lares and Penates of the Romans, though + they were also used when on expeditions, as when Nebuchadnezzar is + represented (Ezekiel xxi. 21-26 in the Heb.) standing at the parting + of the ways to use divination, shaking arrows to and fro, consulting + the teraphim, and looking at a liver to decide what his success in + the operations which he was about to undertake against Jerusalem + would be. In Zechariah x. 2 also, there is a reference to the + teraphim, which, as oracles, had <span class="tei tei-q">“spoken + vanity,”</span> and the diviners had <span class="tei tei-q">“seen a + lie.”</span> Little doubt exists, therefore, as to what these things + were used for. With regard to their form, it is supposed that they + were similar to the small figures found in the ruins of the ancient + palaces of Assyria, generally under the pavement, in all probability + images of the gods of Assyria who, by their effigies, were supposed + to protect the palace and its inhabitants. Some of these are + four-winged figures similar to those found on the bas-reliefs, whilst + others are representations of a deity, probably the god Êa or Aê, the + god of the sea, who is represented clothed with a fish's skin, etc. + The size of these teraphim must have differed greatly; that which was + placed in David's bed by Michal, his wife, to deceive Saul's + messengers, must necessarily have been of considerable + height—probably not much under that of a man. Those hidden by Rachel + when her father came to look for them, however, must have been + comparatively small, and the figures found in the foundations of the + Assyrian palaces rarely measure more than six inches in height.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the light of + what this incident of the teraphim reveals, it is not to be wondered + at that Jacob, when about to go up to Bethel from Shechem, after the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page248">[pg 248]</span><a name="Pg248" + id="Pg248" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> treacherous spoiling of the + city by his sons, should have said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Put away + the strange gods that are among you,”</span> and it shows also a + considerable amount of tolerance on the part of the patriarch. Did + he, too, believe that the gods which his relatives and dependents + worshipped were in any sense divine beings? In any case, it is to be + noted that, after they were given to him, he did not destroy them, + but hid them, with the trinkets which they possessed—in all + probability in many cases heathen emblems—under the terebinth-tree + which was by Shechem.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To all appearance + they were allowed to keep these strange gods and heathen emblems + until they set out on the journey to make the commanded sacrifices to + the God who had revealed Himself to Jacob at Bethel.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was after this + sacrifice at Bethel that God again revealed Himself as El-shaddai, + His name in the text of <span class="tei tei-q">“the priestly + narrator”</span> (Gen. xvii. 1), and in many other passages. The word + Shaddai here is generally connected with the root <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">shadād</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“to act powerfully,”</span> and the translation + <span class="tei tei-q">“God Almighty”</span> is based on this. As + the word is a very difficult one, however, there have been many + attempts to find a more satisfactory etymology. It is to be noted, + therefore, that there is in Semitic Babylonian a word <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">šadû</span></span>, often applied to deities, + and expressed, in the old language of Akkad, by means of the same + ideograph (KURA) as is used for mountain (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">šadû</span></span> + or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">šaddû</span></span> in Semitic Babylonian). This + word <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">šadû</span></span>, applied to divinities, Prof. + Fried. Delitzsch regards as being distinct from the word for + mountain, notwithstanding that they are both expressed by the same + word in Akkadian, and renders it by the words <span class= + "tei tei-q">“lord,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“commander.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Have we, in this + word, an Assyro-Babylonian form of the Hebrew Shaddai? We do not + know, but the likeness between the two is worth referring to. The god + Bêl, for example, is called <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">šadû + rabû</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“the great <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page249">[pg 249]</span><a name="Pg249" id="Pg249" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> mighty one,”</span> and Sin, with other + deities, bears a similar title, found in such names as Sin-šadûnu, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the Moon-god is our lord.”</span> That the + idea of almightiness should be expressed by means of the borrowed + Akkadian idiomatic use of the word KURA, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“mountain,”</span> as that which towers up commandingly, + a mighty mass, would seem to offer an acceptable explanation of what + has long been felt as a difficulty. <span class="tei tei-q">“But God + knows best.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After a long and + noteworthy account of Esau and his descendants, the interest of the + narrative shifts, and is transferred to Joseph, the youngest but one + of Jacob's twelve sons, though the narrative is for a time + interrupted by the story of Judah.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With the transfer + of the interest of the narrative to Joseph, Egypt, the country into + which he was sold as a slave, becomes the scene of the action. Here a + vast and interesting store of material meets the student, which, + unfortunately, we can only very imperfectly touch upon, partly from + considerations of space, and partly because the present work is + intended to be more the story of the Hebrews in connection with + Babylonia and Assyria. It is necessary, however, to speak of Egypt + not only on account of the continuity of the narrative, but also as + an introduction to the chapter in which the Tel-el-Amarna tablets are + examined—documents found in Egypt, and addressed to an Egyptian + king.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is no doubt, + that in the story of Joseph there exists a considerable amount of + what is known as <span class="tei tei-q">“local colour.”</span> This + is shown by the freedom which the women of Egypt evidently enjoyed + (as exhibited in the story of Potiphar's wife), the matter of Joseph + shaving himself before going to see Pharaoh, the many undoubtedly + Egyptian names, etc. These, of course, are undeniable points in + favour of the authenticity of the narrative, which, perfect as it is, + omits one important thing, namely, the name of <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page250">[pg 250]</span><a name="Pg250" id="Pg250" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the Pharaoh who ruled at the time. That + there should be such an omission in the comparatively unimportant + references to the visits of Abraham and Isaac to Egypt is, perhaps, + not so very strange, but that there should be no clue to the identity + of the Egyptian ruler under whom Joseph entered Egypt, nor to the + persecutor of the Israelites under whose reign they went forth from + what had become to them practically a hostile land, is noteworthy, + and a matter for great regret. It is, therefore, not to be wondered + at that scholars have arisen who doubt the whole story, for the least + flaw in a narrative in the present day, when unbelief and the desire + for scientific proof meet one on every hand, will cause a thinking + man to doubt anything and everything.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The degree of + civilization to which Egypt had attained at this period, and probably + thousands of years earlier, is so remarkable that it is difficult for + us at this distance of time to realize it. Whether the country was in + reality more civilized than Babylonia is a matter of doubt—possibly + we regard their civilization as superior on account of the monuments + being so much better preserved, and because, in consequence of the + nature of the climate (which is such as to preserve even perishable + things), an untold wealth of material exists. This was not the case + with Babylonia, in which country the annual rains have caused almost + all woodwork to decay, and only objects of stone and clay, and much + more rarely metal, remain, even these being in many instances more or + less damaged and therefore defective as really useful historical + documents.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Egyptian + antiquities testify to the civilization of the Egyptians, as has + already been remarked, from remote ages, and the inscriptions show + that the kingdom was well organized, and governed by rulers whose + sway was popular and in accordance with the wishes of the priesthood. + This state of things lasted, according to Prof. Flinders Petrie, + until about 2098 <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page251">[pg + 251]</span><a name="Pg251" id="Pg251" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, when suddenly this + exceedingly conservative nation, possessing as great a dislike for + foreigners as do the Chinese at the present time, found itself + attacked and invaded by barbarian hordes from Western Asia. From what + district these people came is not known. According to Josephus, they + were regarded by some as Arabians, but Josephus himself regarded them + as being of his own race, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> Jewish. Quoting from Manetho, + he shows that, under a ruler called Timaios, these people from the + east, <span class="tei tei-q">“men of an ignoble race,”</span> + invaded the land, and easily made themselves master of it without a + battle. When the rulers of Egypt fell into their hands, they burned + the cities, destroyed the temples of the gods, and inflicted every + kind of indignity upon the inhabitants. At last they raised one of + themselves named Salatis (a name evidently derived from the Semitic + root <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">šālaṭ</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“to + rule”</span>) to the throne. This king made Memphis his capital, both + Upper and Lower Egypt become tributary to him, and he stationed + garrisons in those places which were most suitable for the purpose. + One interesting point is, that he directed his attention especially + to the security of the eastern frontier, because he feared the + Assyrians, who, he foresaw, would one day undertake an invasion of + his kingdom. This, to all appearance, refers to the Babylonian + dominion, which, as we have seen (see pp. <a href="#Pg124" class= + "tei tei-ref">124</a> and <a href="#Pg155" class= + "tei tei-ref">155</a>) extended to the Mediterranean. As far as our + historical knowledge extends, his fears were groundless, as no + serious attempt (and certainly no successful attempt) to conquer + Egypt was made until long after the time of Salatis, when Esarhaddon, + king of Assyria, succeeded in subjugating the country, which remained + under Assyrian overlordship until the reign of his son + Aššur-banî-âpli.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Salatis ruled 19 + years, and was succeeded by a king named Beon or Bnōn, who reigned 44 + years. The next ruler of this race bears the Egyptian-sounding + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page252">[pg 252]</span><a name="Pg252" + id="Pg252" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> name of Apakhnas, and ruled + for 37 years and 7 months. Next came Apophis, the Apepi of modern + scholars, who occupied the throne no less than 61 years, Ianias, who + ruled for 50 years and 1 month, having also a very long reign. After + all these ruled Assis, 49 years and 2 months. These six, says + Manetho, were the first of their rulers, and constantly strove to + exterminate the Egyptians by making war upon them. Hyksos, or + Shepherd kings, and their successors, he goes on to say, retained + possession of Egypt 511 years.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the end the + kings of Thebais, and of other provinces of Egypt, arose against the + Shepherds, and a long and mighty war was carried on between them, + until the Shepherds were overcome by a king whose name was + Misphragmouthosis, who, having expelled them from other parts of + Egypt, shut them up in Avaris, a tract consisting of about 10,000 + acres. All this tract the Shepherds fortified with great strength, + whilst Thummosis, son of Misphragmouthosis, tried to force them to + surrender by a siege, and surrounded them with an army of 480,000 + men. He was beginning to despair of being able to reduce them, when + they agreed to capitulate, stipulating that they should be permitted + to leave Egypt, and go with all their families whithersoever they + pleased. This was agreed to, and they bent their way through the + desert towards Syria. Fearing the Assyrians (Babylonians), however, + who then had dominion over Asia, they built a city in the country + called Judea, of sufficient size to contain them all (they numbered + not less than 240,000), and named it Jerusalem.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From this it would + appear that, taking advantage of the disorganized state of Egypt + about 2100 years before Christ, these Shepherd kings invaded the + country, and gradually consolidated their power there. In process of + time they had the whole of the country in their possession, and such + rulers as remained <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page253">[pg + 253]</span><a name="Pg253" id="Pg253" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + were allowed to retain their provinces only as vassals, being really + princes only in name. It is also very probable that if, as really + appears, they were barbarians on entering Egypt, they became + civilized by intercourse with the nation which they had conquered. + This having been done, the monarchy which they established conformed + more and more with that of the native Egyptian kings, so that their + court and manner of administration were, to all intents and purposes, + Egyptian; native administrators being appointed to many important + posts in order to obtain the willing obedience of the people.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As the rule of + these Shepherd kings began about 2100 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, and finished about + 1587 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> (Petrie), it is clear + that the visits of Abraham, Isaac, and Joseph, including Jacob and + his family, all fall within this period. As will easily be + understood, such a synchronism is not without its value, especially + when considering the historical authority of the Pentateuch. That it + was during the dominion of the above-named rulers that Joseph entered + Egypt is or has been the opinion of all the best students of Egyptian + history—Birch, Brugsch, Maspero, Naville, Wiedemann, and many + others—and there can be but little doubt of its correctness. It is + remarkable that there is no native record of Joseph's administration, + but this is, after all, hardly to be wondered at, especially when we + consider the disturbed state of the country at a later date, when + many records, especially those of the hated conquerors, must have + been destroyed, and in any case there is the ever-present chance of + some untoward fate overtaking them, by which such documents, if they + really existed, may have become lost to the world for ever.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The strange thing + about the foreign rulers who held possession of Egypt so long is, as + has already been pointed out by Prof. Petrie, that they remained + throughout to all intents and purposes a distinct <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page254">[pg 254]</span><a name="Pg254" id="Pg254" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> nationality. Intermarriage between the + two races, even when they were on the most friendly terms, must have + been comparatively rare, and it is on this account that the native + princes succeeded at last in ridding the land of the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“impure,”</span> as the native recorder has it. From this + same record we get the information that one of the Shepherd kings was + 'Apop'i (Apepy), the Apophis of the Greeks, and that he ruled at + Hawar, a town which is identified with Avaris. The only god which + this ruler served was Sutekh, identified with Râ or Rê (in earlier + times also, to all appearance, pronounced Ria), the Egyptian Sun-god. + According to the Sallier papyrus, from which the above details are + taken, it would seem that Râ-'Apop'i, as he is there called, sent to + Seqnen-Rê, <span class="tei tei-q">“king of the South,”</span> + proposing that the latter should clear away all the hippopotamuses on + the canals of the country, in order that Râ-'Apop'i might sleep. If + the king of the South did not succeed in doing this, then he was to + embrace the worship of Sutekh, but if he did succeed, then Râ-'Apop'i + promised not to bow down before any other god of Egypt except + Amon-Râ, the king of the gods.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This, of course, + was a distinction without a difference, and is evidently put forward + by the writer as such, for the worship of Sutekh in all probability + meant the renouncing of the worship of all the other gods of Egypt, a + thing which no Egyptian was likely to consent to. On the other hand, + the worship of Amon-Râ by the Hyksos king would have been no great + hardship, as it would in all probability not have involved any change + in his faith, seeing that it was generally recognized that this deity + and Sutekh were identical.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The end of this + story is lost, so that there is no means of finding out how matters + were brought to a head, and the flame of revolt kindled which ended + in the expulsion of Egypt's Semitic invaders. What the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page255">[pg 255]</span><a name="Pg255" id="Pg255" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> historical value of the fragment may be + is uncertain, as it reads more like a romance than a true history. In + all probability, however, its greatest importance will be found to + lie in its local colour.<a id="noteref_50" name="noteref_50" href= + "#note_50"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">50</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Joseph, on + arriving in Egypt, therefore, found himself, to all intents and + purposes, among friends. The man to whom the Ishmaelites sold him + was, as stated in the sacred narrative, Potiphar, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“an officer of Pharaoh's, captain of the guard, an + Egyptian.”</span> The writer of the narrative evidently wished to + convey the idea that a man in the service of the king of Egypt, and + bearing an Egyptian name, was not necessarily a native of the + country. One in the favour of the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page256">[pg 256]</span><a name="Pg256" id="Pg256" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Semitic ruler of the country, and enjoying his + confidence, would naturally be favourably disposed towards a person + of Semitic race falling into his hands, and this was actually the + case with the Hebrew youth, who <span class="tei tei-q">“found grace + in his sight,”</span> and became overseer of all his house. Indeed, + it is possibly on account of this kindly disposition towards him + (though also, and perhaps chiefly, on account of his being of the + same race as the then ruler of Egypt), that Joseph was not at once + put to death by his enraged master on hearing his wife's lying + accusation against him, for no man, in those days, would have looked + leniently upon such a crime as that with which Joseph was charged. In + connection with this, it is noteworthy that he is said to have been + consigned to <span class="tei tei-q">“the prison, the place where the + king's prisoners were bound.”</span> Here, being of Semitic race, and + helped by his God, he obtained the favour of the keeper of the + prison, whose trusted deputy he became. Later on, after interpreting + to the king's imprisoned chief butler his dream, he asks this + official, when he should again be restored to his place, to make + mention of him to Pharaoh, stating that he had been stolen away out + of the land of the Hebrews, and had also done nothing to merit being + detained a prisoner in that place. To all appearance he firmly + believed that his nationality would favour him.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In accordance with + his wish, so it turned out, for after two years mention was made of + him by the chief butler to Pharaoh, and he is careful to state that + Joseph was <span class="tei tei-q">“an Hebrew.”</span> When called, + by the ruler of Egypt, in accordance with the custom of the country, + Joseph shaved himself, and put on other clothes, before entering the + royal presence. The sympathy of the king towards him was manifested + immediately after his interpretation of his dreams, and he was at + once, with Oriental promptitude, made governor of all the land of + Egypt, receiving from the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page257">[pg + 257]</span><a name="Pg257" id="Pg257" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + king his ring in token of the authority conferred upon him. The + hero's complete Egyptianizing is to all appearance terminated by his + receiving an Egyptian name, Zaphnath-paaneah, and marrying an + Egyptian wife, Asenath, daughter of Poti-phera, priest of On.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There are a great + many points for consideration in these few statements.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As has been + remarked, it was doubtless due to the custom of Egyptian etiquette + that Joseph shaved himself, setting aside his Semitic prejudices to + the fashion, for it is supposed that Semites abhorred such a + ceremony. Surely, it might be objected, the Semitic ruler of Egypt + would have liked Joseph none the worse if he had retained his hair, + and thus proclaimed his nationality, as it were, on this occasion. + And such an objection would possess a certain amount of force. There + is hardly any doubt, however, that Semitic abhorrence to the practice + has been greatly exaggerated, for it was the custom for high-placed + personages in Babylonia, in Joseph's time, to do this, and it + remained the custom in that country until a very late date. This was, + in all probability, a sacred duty with certain classes of people, + such as priests and those dedicated to a divinity. A Hebrew at that + time would probably have had no objection, therefore, to adopting the + practice, especially in such a climate as that of Egypt, where the + necessity of keeping as cool as possible would probably be + recognized.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">That it should be + desired that the new viceroy should try to assimilate himself as much + as possible with the natives of the country was probably the reason + of Joseph's assuming an Egyptian name and taking an Egyptian wife. A + great deal of uncertainty exists, however, as to the true Egyptian + form and meaning of the name Zaphnath-paaneah (better + Zaphenath-pa'eneakh). Many conjectures have been made as to its true + Egyptian form and meaning, but that of Steindorff, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“(God), the living one, has spoken,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page258">[pg 258]</span><a name="Pg258" id="Pg258" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> is undoubtedly the best of all.<a id= + "noteref_51" name="noteref_51" href="#note_51"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">51</span></span></a> The + meaning generally given to the name of Asenath, his wife, is + <span class="tei tei-q">“Belonging to (the goddess) Neith,”</span> + but a certain amount of doubt is attached to this rendering. As for + the name of Poti-phera, her father, of that there is but little + doubt: it is the Egyptian Pa-ti-pe-Ra', <span class="tei tei-q">“the + gift of Ra,”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“of the Sun,”</span> + and was naturally a very appropriate name for the priest of On, or + Heliopolis, the centre of the worship of the Sun-god. Potiphar, the + name of the Egyptian who bought Joseph from the Ishmaelites, is + regarded as being a shortened form of this same name.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another point, and + that a very interesting one, is the question of the derivation of the + word <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">abrech</span></span>, which the criers were + ordered to call out before the newly-chosen viceroy. Professor Sayce + compares this expression, with a great amount of probability, with + the Babylonian <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">abriqqu</span></span>, from the Akkadian + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">abrig</span></span>, the meaning which he + attributes to it being <span class="tei tei-q">“seer.”</span> He also + refers to another word, namely, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">abarakku</span></span> (fem. <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">abarakkatu</span></span>). Of these two, the + latter etymology, on account of the consonants, is the more + preferable, though the former one would probably suit better in the + matter of vowels. But which is the right word?—they cannot both have + been the original of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">abrech</span></span>. The meaning of + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">abriqqu</span></span> is <span class= + "tei tei-q">“wise one,”</span> and that of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">abarakku</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“seer,”</span> a high official of the Assyrian (and + probably also the Babylonian) court. The Tel-el-Amarna tablets show + that Assyro-Babylonian literature was known and studied in Egypt, and + this would account for the word being introduced into Egyptian. It + must be confessed, however, that seductive though these comparisons + may be, the forms hardly fit, otherwise nothing would seem to be more + appropriate than that a crier should be sent to precede Joseph during + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page259">[pg 259]</span><a name="Pg259" + id="Pg259" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> his triumphal progress through + the streets of On or Avaris, announcing that this was the new grand + vizier, or the great seer, who had successfully interpreted the + king's dream. One would like to have, moreover, at least one instance + of the occurrence of the word in Egyptian literature.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Naturally the Jews + of later days were very much exercised in their minds that one of the + favourites and primitive heroes of their race should have married a + heathen woman, daughter of the priest of the Sun at On, and legends + seem to have been invented to account for this undesirable + circumstance and explain it away. It is regarded as being due to this + that there exists a Christian legend, preserved in Greek, Syriac, + Armenian, and Latin, purporting to give the history of Asenath. She + is represented as the proud and beautiful daughter of Pentephres + (Poti-phera), of Heliopolis, who lived in magnificent exclusion, and + despised all men. Her parents wished her to marry Joseph, the great + prime minister, but this she would not do. In the course of his + visits to collect corn, Asenath sees him, and at once falls in love + with him. Joseph, however, will have nothing to do with her because + she worships idols. Shutting herself up for seven days in sackcloth + and ashes, she threw her idols out of the window, and performed a + strict penance. An angel in the form of Joseph then visits her, and + blesses her, giving her to eat a mystic honeycomb, signed with the + sign of the cross. Asenath, thus accepted, arrays herself in + beautiful garments, and goes forth to meet Joseph. He had returned to + the house in her parents' absence, but notwithstanding this, the + betrothal at once takes place, and afterwards their marriage in the + Pharaoh's presence. Her subsequent adventures include an attempt to + carry her off on the part of Pharaoh's first-born, aided by Dan and + Gad, and in this attempt the heir to the throne loses his life. The + original legend made Asenath a Jewess by birth. (See Smith's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dictionary</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page260">[pg 260]</span><a name="Pg260" id="Pg260" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-style: italic">of Christian + Biography</span></span>, and Hastings's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dictionary of the + Bible</span></span>, sub voc.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To what has + already been said about the points tending to show that Joseph was + viceroy in Egypt under one or more of the Hyksos or Shepherd kings, + may be added the fact that, when his father and brethren came to + settle in the land, they were instructed to say that they were + shepherds, though it is at once added that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“shepherds were an abomination to the Egyptians.”</span> + The only thing, to all appearance, that can be argued from this is, + that however the native Egyptians might be inclined to look upon the + new-comers, the ruler of the land (who is also represented as being + pleased that Joseph's brethren had come) had no objection to them on + that account. In support of the contention that the period of Joseph + was the Hyksos period, it must also be pointed out that this new + viceroy introduced at least one measure which might be regarded as + somewhat harsh. He appropriated the surplus produce of the seven + years of plenty, and when the years of famine came, he compelled the + Egyptians to buy back, <span class="tei tei-q">“even to their own + impoverishment,”</span><a id="noteref_52" name="noteref_52" href= + "#note_52"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">52</span></span></a> what + they had themselves previously parted with for nothing. The reason + for this, however, seems to be clear. The Pharaoh upon the throne was + of the same race as himself, and he and all Semitic foreigners in the + land, including his father and brethren, were dependent on the same + state of things continuing. What he then did would have the effect of + placing the native Egyptians still more in the power of their ruler, + consolidating the dynasty of Semites to which he belonged, and going + far, therefore, to ensure the permanency of its rule. In acting as he + did, Joseph was only doing what any other man in his position and of + his race would have done.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As has been + frequently pointed out, famines occurred from time to time in Egypt, + and records <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page261">[pg + 261]</span><a name="Pg261" id="Pg261" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of + them are in existence. Even before the time of the Hyksos kings, a + failure of the waters of the Nile to rise to their ordinary height + would bring great want and distress. At such times the governors of + the various provinces of the kingdom gloried, as Ebers says, in + helping their subjects, and saving them from distress. Thus Ameni or + Amen-em-ha, whose tomb is at Benihasan, praises himself in the + following words—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“I cultivated the entire nome of Maḫ with many + workpeople, I troubled no child and oppressed no widow, neither did I + keep a fisherman from his fishing, or a herdsman from his herd. There + was no head of the village whose people I had taken away for + compulsory labour, and there was no one unhappy in my days or hungry + in my time. When, however, a famine arose, I tilled all the fields in + the nome of Maḫ, from its southern to its northern boundary, and gave + nourishment and life to its inhabitants. So there was no one in the + nome who died of hunger. To the widow I allowed as much as to the + wife of a man, and in all that I did I never preferred the great man + to the small one. When the Nile rose again, and everything + flourished—fields, trees, and all else—I cut off nothing from the + fields.”</span>—Ebers in Bædeker's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Upper + Egypt</span></span>, 1892, p. 15.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Amen-em-ha + departed this life in the 43rd year of Usertesen I., or about 2714 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">More interesting + still, however, is the famine which occurred in the time of Baba, or + Beby, as his name is also written. This functionary actually lived + during the period of the dominion of the later Hyksos kings, and + therefore very close to the time of Joseph. According to Brugsch, + Baba lived and worked under the native king Ra-seqenen or Seqenen-Rê + III., at the city now represented by the ruins of El-Kâb. Though the + famine of which he speaks lasted <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page262">[pg 262]</span><a name="Pg262" id="Pg262" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <span class="tei tei-q">“many years,”</span> + and notwithstanding that the ruler whom he served was a contemporary + of 'Apop'i, the Apophis of Josephus, in whose reign, according to + this Jewish historian, Joseph lived, it is thought that there is no + reason to regard the calamity here referred to as being the famine of + which so full an account is given in Genesis—such a supposition is + <span class="tei tei-q">“entirely gratuitous,”</span> according to + the writer in Bædeker's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Upper Egypt</span></span>. However this may be, + there is no doubt that it is a very important parallel, and would + imply that two disastrous famines took place in Egypt in close + succession.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following is + Brugsch's translation of this text—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The chief of the table of princes, Baba, the risen + again, speaks thus: <span class="tei tei-q">‘I loved my father, I + honoured my mother; my brother and my sisters loved me. I stepped out + of the door of my house with a benevolent heart; I stood there with + refreshing hand, and splendid were the preparations of what I + collected for the feast-day. Mild was my heart, free from noisy + angers. The god bestowed upon me a rich fortune on earth. The city + wished me health and a life full of freshness. I punished the + evildoers. The children who stood opposite me in the town during the + days which I have fulfilled were, small as well as great, 60; there + were prepared for them as many beds, chairs (?) as many, tables (?) + as many. They all consumed 120 ephas of durra, the milk of three + cows, 52 goats, and nine she-asses, of balsam a hin, and of oil two + jars.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘My speech may appear a joke to + some opponent. But I call as witness the god Month that my speech is + true. I had all this prepared in my house; in addition I gave cream + in the pantry and beer in the cellar in a more than sufficient number + of hin measures.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘I collected the harvest, a + friend of the harvest-god. I was watchful at the time of sowing. And + now, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page263">[pg 263]</span><a name= + "Pg263" id="Pg263" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> when a famine arose, + lasting many years, I issued corn to the city at each + famine.’</span> ”</span><a id="noteref_53" name="noteref_53" href= + "#note_53"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">53</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As, in Hebrew, + <span class="tei tei-q">“seven”</span> is often a round number, + equivalent to the English <span class="tei tei-q">“several,”</span> + the parallel is noteworthy. An additional remark upon the subject of + the Pharaoh of Joseph by Ebers (Smith's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dict. of the + Bible</span></span>, vol. i. pt. ii. p. 1729) is sufficiently + striking. He says that the Byzantine chronographer who is known under + the name of Syncelles (he held the office of Syncellus or suffragan + in his monastery), like Josephus and others, calls the Pharaoh of + Joseph Apophis. Now Arab tradition, <span class="tei tei-q">“in which + little or no reliance can be placed,”</span> says that he was an + Amalekite of the name of Raian ibn el-Walid, and Naville, when + excavating for the Egypt Exploration Fund, at Bubastis, found a block + with the name of Apophis, and near it the lower part of a statue of + black granite with the name of Ian-Ra or Ra-ian, in hieroglyphics. In + consequence of this, Dr. Rieu and Mr. Cope Whithouse maintain that + this Arab tradition was founded on fact. <span class="tei tei-q">“We + must therefore leave it uncertain,”</span> adds Prof. Ebers, + <span class="tei tei-q">“whether Joseph came down into Egypt in the + reign of Apophis, or in the reign of the hitherto unknown + Raian.”</span> Perhaps both are right, and Joseph was in Egypt during + the reigns of two or more Egyptian kings. Traditions are sometimes + strangely correct, in certain points, though grossly untrustworthy in + others.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Ebers's article + to which reference has already been made, the writer is of opinion + that Joseph met the king of Egypt on the occasion of the + interpretation of the latter's dream, either at Tanis, the Zoan of + the English translation (better Ṣo'an), the Arab. Ṣân, borrowed to + all appearance from the Coptic Dzhane (Dzhani, Dzhaane, Dzhaani), + from the Egyptian Dzha'an, or at Bubastis, the Egyptian Pi-Bast, the + Pi-Beseth of Ezekiel xxx. 17, or at Memphis, the Egyptian + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page264">[pg 264]</span><a name="Pg264" + id="Pg264" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Men-nofr, the Biblical Moph or + Noph. Of these three sites the first (Tanis) is considered the most + probable. It is situated at the north-east of the Delta, and was + founded, according to Numbers xiii. 22, seven years after Hebron. + From this statement, one would think that there must be some + connection between these two places, or else some historical fact is + to be associated with it. One thing is certain, and that is, that + Tanis was the residence of the Hyksos kings, who held court there for + a considerable period, as did also many who preceded and followed + them. The ruins are extensive, and the place is noted for its Hyksos + sphinxes, in whose faces <span class="tei tei-q">“the coarse Hyksos + type”</span> is strongly marked. The officers under the Pharaoh of + the Exodus speak, in their letters, of the life there as being sweet, + and praise the neighbourhood for its fertility and the abundance of + the food it produced (Ebers).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nevertheless, + Bubastis (the modern Tel-Basta) may have been the place where Joseph + saw Pharaoh for the first time, as it was a place of great + importance, and had a celebrated temple dedicated to the goddess + Bast. Memphis, too, may be regarded as having claims, on account of + its being situated so near to On, the abode of Joseph's + father-in-law.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On, where + Potiphera (<span class="tei tei-q">“dedicated to the Sun”</span>) was + priest, was the celebrated city of the Sun-god in Egypt, whose + foundation went back to an exceedingly remote antiquity. Besides Râ, + Tum or Tmu (the evening sun), Râ-Harmachis (the morning sun), his + companion Thoth, Sehu and Tefnut, children of Tum, and Osiris, who + was venerated there as the soul of Râ, were among the deities of the + place. To these must be added Horus, son of Osiris and Isis, god of + the upper world or region of light. His mother Isis was worshipped at + On under the name of Isis-Hathor, corresponding with Venus Urania. + Besides these deities, various animals were held in honour, among + them <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page265">[pg 265]</span><a name= + "Pg265" id="Pg265" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> being two lions, + perhaps representing Sehu and Tefnut, who were worshipped under the + form of these animals; the bull Mnevis, sacred to Râ or Rê; and the + Phœnix, called by the Egyptians <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bennu</span></span>, the bird of Râ, which was + supposed to bring the ashes of its father to On once every 500 years, + after the latter had been consumed by fire. Other sacred animals in + this city were cats and a white sow. No wonder the Israelites of old + winced at the thought that their hero Joseph, so perfect in + character, wedded the daughter of a priest of this idolatrous + city.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The shrine here + was immensely wealthy. The staff of priests, officials, and + subordinates connected with the temple is said to have numbered no + less than 12,913. As the embodiment of the god Râ on earth, the king + of the land naturally gave this shrine predominance, and increased + its wealth by his gifts. This, added to the fact that the place had + the honour of giving him a title (<span class="tei tei-q">“Lord of + On”</span>) of which he, in his turn, was naturally proud, added + greatly to the renown of the city. Besides the great temples, it is + said to have been also <span class="tei tei-q">“full of + obelisks,”</span> which were dedicated to the Sun-god in consequence + of their being emblematic of his rays. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Cleopatra's Needle”</span> on the Embankment, the + obelisk bearing the same name at Cairo, the Flaminian obelisk at + Rome, and probably many others, all came from this city. According to + Herodotus, the priests of Heliopolis or On were renowned above all + others in Egypt for learning.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Hyksos who + held rule in Egypt for so many centuries are regarded as having been + wandering hordes of Bedouin Asiatics, called by the Egyptians + <span class="tei tei-q">“the impure,”</span> though they also spoke + of them under their name of Amu, regarded as being a word derived + from the Semitic 'Am, from the root <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">'amam</span></span>, meaning <span class= + "tei tei-q">“people.”</span> How early they entered the country is + not exactly known, but Petrie's estimate, 2097 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, may be taken as the + nearest at present possible. In <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page266">[pg 266]</span><a name="Pg266" id="Pg266" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> connection with this it may be noted that, at + the modern fishing-village of Sân, the present representative of the + ancient Tanis, which was the city of the Hyksos kings described + above, the faces and figures of the inhabitants are strange and + unlike those of the remainder of Egypt. They call themselves + Melakiyin, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> Melekites or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Royalists,”</span> a name applied in the Christian + period to a sect of the orthodox Church. They were anciently known as + Pi-shemer, corrupted to Bashmurites, and also as Pi-Amu, corrupted to + Biamites. There is, therefore, hardly any doubt that these people, + the descendants of the wild and turbulent Bashmurites and Biamites + who gave so much trouble to the khalifs Merwân II. (744-750) and + Mamun (813-822), may claim for their ancestors either such of the + followers of the Hyksos kings who, on the expulsion of the latter, + decided to remain in the country, or else of those Semites whom the + Hyksos found in Egypt when they conquered the country, and who helped + them to consolidate their dominion, partly from sympathy and partly + from interest.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Notwithstanding + Joseph's long residence in Egypt, it is noteworthy that, like the + Hyksos rulers of the land, he did not, to all appearance, become in + any sense Egyptianized, but retained his Semitic nationality to the + last, as is shown by his command to his Hebrew fellow-subjects to + carry his remains away with them when they, in the fulness of time, + should leave the country. This being the case, Kalisch has asked, + very naturally, <span class="tei tei-q">“Why did not Joseph, like + Jacob, order his body to be conveyed at once to Canaan?”</span> In + all probability the explanation is, that the Apophis referred to by + the Greek writers was, as has been suggested, a contemporary of + Seqnen-Rê III., and therefore quite close to the end of the Hyksos + period. Joseph must, then, have passed at least part of his life + under native Egyptian rule, and at this time national <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page267">[pg 267]</span><a name="Pg267" id="Pg267" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> feeling must have been more violently + anti-Semitic than ever. It may therefore be supposed that it would + not have been by any means politic for him to proclaim his + nationality in this way, for this might have the effect of + endangering the lives and prospects of his surviving countrymen, who + were all related to him, by attracting to them the attention of the + hostile populace and court—a thing which would, and did, happen soon + enough.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A still more + difficult question to answer would be, <span class="tei tei-q">“Why + did not the Hebrews go out of Egypt with the Hyksos?”</span> The + answer probably is, that Joseph was, to all appearance, still known + and honoured by the native Pharaoh, when he came to the throne, for + what he had done for the country. It was seemingly not until after + Joseph's death that a Pharaoh arose who knew him not. It may + therefore be supposed that, until that time, the Hebrews lived + unmolested in the land which they had so long made their home.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page268">[pg 268]</span><a name= + "Pg268" id="Pg268" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc33" id="toc33"></a> <a name="pdf34" id="pdf34"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter VIII. The Tel-El-Amarna Tablets + And The Exodus.</span></h1> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Egypt and Syria before the Exodus—The + testimony of the Tel-el-Amarna tablets—The relations between the two + countries during the reigns of Amenophis III. and IV.—Burra-burias of + Babylonia, Ašur-ubalit of Assyria—Yabitiri, and others in + Palestine—The Ḫabati and the Ḫabiri—The Letters of Abdi-ṭâba + (Ebed-tob, Abd-ḫiba)—The Pharaoh and the prince of the + Amorites—Mahler and the date of the Exodus.</span> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Behold, the people of the children of Israel are more + and mightier than we. Come, let us deal with them wisely, lest they + multiply, and it come to pass, that, when there falleth out any war, + they also join themselves unto our enemies, and fight against us: and + get them out of the land.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such are the words + which the new king who knew not Joseph, when he came to the throne, + spoke to his people with regard to the alien population which had + been allowed during a former reign to settle in the land of Goshen, a + fruitful district on the north-east of Egypt, east of Bubastis + (Zakāzik). It is the speech of one who feared that, if nothing were + done to prevent them from becoming too powerful, they would be a + source of danger to the state, as they might join, with every chance + of success, in any attack which might be made on the kingdom over + which he ruled. It was, in all probability, the presence of a similar + foreign (Semitic) population in or near this district, about 2100 + years <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, which had + contributed—or perhaps even made—the success of the Hyksos invaders, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page269">[pg 269]</span><a name="Pg269" + id="Pg269" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> through which Egypt had been + ruled by an alien dynasty for five hundred years. The repetition of + such a catastrophe was at all hazards to be prevented. It would seem, + therefore, that the persecution of the Hebrews was not undertaken + altogether wantonly, but with the object of turning aside a possible + misfortune.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As the historical + nature of the Exodus has not as yet been absolutely disproved, it is + here taken to be a matter of history, and this being the case, it is + necessary to try to identify, or, rather, to state what are the most + probable opinions, as to the rulers of Egypt at the time of the + Oppression and the Exodus. Ramses II. of the nineteenth dynasty is + generally held to be the Pharaoh of the Oppression, and Meneptah, his + son and successor, the Pharaoh of the Exodus. Lieblein, however, + would regard this latter event as having occurred during the reign + either of Amenophis III., or his son, Amenophis IV., of the + eighteenth dynasty. This latter theory is based on the Tel-el-Amarna + letters, which speak of the Ḫabiri, roving bodies of men which went + about Palestine stirring up the people, and even compelling them by + force to renounce Egyptian rule (which extended in those days over + the whole of this district). It will be part of the scope of the + present work to examine into this question.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After the death of + Seqnen-Rê in battle (see p. <a href="#Pg255" class= + "tei tei-ref">255</a>), he was buried in the usual way at Thebes, + implying, as Petrie points out, that the Egyptians had pushed their + frontier some way to the north, <span class="tei tei-q">“so that + ceremonials at Thebes were uninterrupted.”</span> Further advance, he + thinks, was made in the reign of Kames, <span class="tei tei-q">“the + valiant prince,”</span> as he calls himself, because Aah-mes was able + to besiege the stronghold of the Hyksos down in the Delta at the + beginning of his reign, about 1585 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> It is to be noted that + two names come, to all appearance, between those of <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page270">[pg 270]</span><a name="Pg270" id="Pg270" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Kames and Aah-mes, but these are probably + not those of important kings, though a part of the honour of the + progress made ought to be accredited to them. To all appearance it + was the efforts of the Thebans, who had been pushing their way + northwards during these last three years, which prepared the way for + the successes of Aah-mes—successes which placed him on the throne of + Egypt, thus making him the founder of the eighteenth dynasty.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Before he became + Pharaoh, he succeeded, within four or five years, not only in getting + rid of the overlordship of the Hyksos kings, but also in driving them + out of the Nile valley, taking possession of Avaris, and pursuing + them into Palestine. Here, in the fifth year, he was able to capture + Sharhana or Sharuhen, some miles south of Lachish. He then went on to + Zahi (Phœnicia), and later defeated the Mentiu of Setet (the Bedouin + of the hill-country), attacking afterwards the Anu Khenti. On his + return to Egypt, he found that he had to deal with two outbreaks on + the part of those of the Hyksos (probably half-breeds) who remained, + and these having been reduced to subjection, there was apparently no + further trouble from the Asiatics remaining in the country. So + popular was this founder of a new dynasty in Egypt, that both he and + his queen had divine honours paid to them beyond those rendered to + any other Egyptian ruler. His son Amen-hotep I. shared largely in + these testimonies of popular esteem.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After this the + power of Egypt increased. The venerable captain of marines, Aah-mes, + relates that 'Aa-kheper-ka-Rê (Thothmes I.) went against the Rutennu + (Syrians) for the purpose of taking satisfaction, and marched as far + as Naharaina (Upper Mesopotamia), where he found that an enemy had + plotted conspiracy. On this occasion Thothmes gained many victories + and took many captives. Another official mentioning the Syrian + campaigns of this ruler is Pen-nekheb, who <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page271">[pg 271]</span><a name="Pg271" id="Pg271" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> accompanied him to Naharaina. Thothmes III. + also refers to his grandfather's conquest in Syria, stating that he + placed another inscription where the tablet of his father + 'Aa-kheper-ka-Rê was, and adds that <span class="tei tei-q">“his + majesty came to the city of Niy on his return. Then his majesty set + up his tablet in Naharaina to enlarge the frontiers of Kemi,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> Egypt. Niy was in the region + of Aleppo, on the Euphrates.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thothmes II. + (1516-1503, Petrie) retained those portions of Syria which his father + had conquered. An expedition thither is also mentioned by Pen-nekheb, + who says: <span class="tei tei-q">“I followed the king + 'A-kheper-en-Rê (Thothmes II.), the blessed one. I brought away from + the land of the Shasu (Bedouin, apparently the same tribes as those + to which the Hyksos or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">hak shasu</span></span> belonged) very many + prisoners—I cannot reckon them.... The king 'A-kheper-en-Rê gave me + two gold bracelets, six collars, three bracelets of lapis-lazuli, and + a silver war-ax.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thothmes III. + (1505-1449), son of Thothmes II., had one of the longest and most + glorious reigns in all Egyptian history. He was born at Thebes, and + crowned when about nine years old. On the death of Hatshepsut, the + queen regent, his father's first wife, who, however, was not his own + mother, his warlike expeditions began, and he assembled an army on + the frontier of Zalu, preparatory to an expedition against the chiefs + of Southern Syria, who had rebelled. This was his twenty-second year. + Next year, on his coronation-day, he found himself, after a long + march, at Gaza, on the way to Carmel and Megiddo, where he defeated + the assembled Syrian chiefs, and utterly routed them on the plain of + Esdraelon. The allies then took refuge in the town, which was + besieged, and they were obliged to capitulate. Enormous spoils from + this place, as well as from the other cities of Syria, was the + result. This expedition was repeated in the two following + years.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page272">[pg + 272]</span><a name="Pg272" id="Pg272" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In his + twenty-ninth year he made his fifth expedition to the Syrian + hill-country, Tunep, Arvad, and Phœnicia, from which latter district + much spoil was obtained. The two following years found him in the + same region. In his thirty-third year he set up a tablet on the + boundaries of Naharaina. The next year he made a campaign to, and + received tribute from Syria, Phœnicia, and Cyprus. In his + thirty-fifth year he went to Phœnicia, and received tribute from + Naharaina. The year following this he received tribute from Cyprus. + After this he again went to Phœnicia, and he is supposed to have + received tribute from Cyprus, Syria, and the Hittites in the fortieth + and forty-first years of his reign. In his forty-second year there + was an expedition to Tunep, Kadesh, etc. Besides the above, he either + made himself, or dispatched, under his generals, during his long + reign (fifty-four years) many expeditions into other lands than those + mentioned above, and also took part in numerous works and public + functions in his own country.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The expeditions in + Syria made by this king are told very graphically and at great + length. The march to Megiddo, the council of war, and the + dispositions for the attack, are given in full, and the king claims + to have himself protected his army when going through a narrow defile + in which all might have been lost had the enemy against whom they + were marching made an onslaught. Representations of the spoil taken + accompany the lists enumerating the amount, and show that the ancient + Syrians had attained to a skill, in the arts as then known, equal, if + not superior, to that of the Egyptians. Among the places mentioned + are Arvad, Kadesh, Gaza, Yemma, etc. Besides Thothmes III.'s own + annals, there is an inscription of one of his officers, Amen-em-heb, + who gives his version, which, however, is not divided into different + years. This text mentions the Negeb, where he took some captives; + Carchemish, from which place he obtained <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page273">[pg 273]</span><a name="Pg273" id="Pg273" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> spoil, and other places. He speaks also of + Thothmes III. having hunted elephants in the land of Niy, one hundred + and twenty in number, for their tusks. This agrees with what has been + stated from the Assyrian inscriptions (pp. <a href="#Pg200" class= + "tei tei-ref">200</a>, <a href="#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref">201</a>) + concerning the existence of these animals in the Lebanon and around + Haran.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thothmes III. was + succeeded by Amenophis II., a warlike and vigorous ruler, who + followed in his father's footsteps, and by so doing maintained the + power and influence of his country. Petrie (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History</span></span>, + ii. p. 154) argues with great probability that he was not of age when + he came to the throne, and that he was apparently not the eldest of + his father's sons. His first expedition, which was a raid in Asia + <span class="tei tei-q">“to establish his renown,”</span> was + probably, as Prof. Petrie says, in the first or second year of his + reign. <span class="tei tei-q">“His majesty had success (in + Shemesh-atuma of South Galilee), his majesty himself made captives + there.... Account of what his majesty himself took in this day: + living prisoners Satiu 18, oxen 19.”</span> Later on he had some + further success, and took spoil from the Satiu with whom he + fought.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In his second + year, six months after the above expedition, he seems to have made a + promenade in force as far as the frontiers of the Egyptian domains in + Asia, in order to assert his power, and as a check to any + disaffection which might exist. After this there was a triumphal + return to Egypt, where he held a festival on the occasion of the + laying of the foundation-stone of the temple of Amadeh. Among the + captives sent to Egypt were seven chiefs of the territory of Takhsi, + near Aleppo, who were hung up by the feet on the fore-part of the + king's barque. Of these six were afterwards hung up on the wall of + Thebes in the same manner, a circumstance which suggests that the + Egyptians were upon about the same level as the Assyrians with regard + to their barbarous customs in <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page274">[pg 274]</span><a name="Pg274" id="Pg274" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> war, notwithstanding their civilization and + polish in other things.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He claims as his + own nearly all the lands which his father had conquered—the South + land, the Oases, the Lybians, Nubians, Semites, Kefto (according to + W. Max Müller, Cilicia), and the Upper Rutennu, or district of + Megiddo.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Amenophis II. died + in 1423 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, and was succeeded by + his son, Thothmes IV. His earlier years seem to have been occupied in + asserting his power in Syria, and his later years were devoted to + Nubia. Naharaina and the Kheta or Hittites occur in inscriptions + referring to the former period. According to Manetho, he reigned nine + years and eight months. He was succeeded by his son, Amenophis III. + (1414-1379, according to Petrie).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At this time Syria + was completely in the hands of the Egyptians. Constant intercourse + went on between the princes of the two countries, who in Syria seem + to have been contented with their subordinate position. It is during + this reign that the now celebrated Tel-el-Amarna tablets come to our + aid, and show how this was brought about. Alliance between the two + countries by marriage had taken place, and the royal and various + princely families were therefore related. Besides this, there was + naturally reluctance on the part of a prince of Syria to take up a + hostile attitude with regard to the king who had taken his daughter + in marriage, as he would always be in fear of endangering his + daughter's safety, and for the same cause he would naturally try to + restrain the petty rulers of his own district, including those of his + neighbours who were more of the nature of equals. In addition to + this, the sons of the Syrian chiefs were sent to be educated in + Egypt, and as the Egyptian ruler at the time had married Syrian + princesses, it is probable, as Petrie says, that the sons of Syrian + chiefs, educated in Egypt, were married to Egyptians at the close of + their <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page275">[pg 275]</span><a name= + "Pg275" id="Pg275" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> education. As it was + only stipulated that they should be restored to their native country + to succeed their fathers, they may, it is thought, have lived in + Egypt until middle life. This being so, the rulers of Syria would + naturally become imbued with the thoughts and ways of the Egyptians, + and undesirous, therefore, of throwing off the yoke. If, however, + things were all really as thus depicted, there is one thing which is + strange, namely, that the correspondence which was carried on between + the two districts was not in Egyptian (which the princes of Syria + ought to have known sufficiently well to write), but in + Assyro-Babylonian, which was a foreign tongue to them all, especially + the king of Mitanni, whose native language was not even Semitic. That + the kings of Babylonia should correspond with the king of Egypt in + Babylonian was to be expected, but if the kings of Syria, or their + sons, were educated in Egypt, it is remarkable that we find so many + letters in the Babylonian language.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Apparently, + therefore, everything pointed to a continuance of the state of things + which existed at the time of the king's accession to the throne. It + was evidently his desire that nothing should occur to change the + cordial relations which existed between himself and the Egyptian + dependencies, hence the mild suzerainty exercised. There was an + Ethiopian campaign in his fifth year, after which, to all appearance, + no warlike expeditions were undertaken—in fact, it was considered + that there was no need for them.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The first wife of + Amenophis III. was Teie, as the Tel-el-Amarna tablets call her, the + Teyi of the Egyptian monuments. She was daughter of Yewea and Tewa, + and was to all appearance of Asiatic nationality. Prof. Petrie thinks + that she may have been of Syrian race, and as a matter of fact, her + portrait shows her with a pleasant face of Semitic type and a pointed + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page276">[pg 276]</span><a name="Pg276" + id="Pg276" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> chin. To all appearance, she + was a personage of great importance in the land, and when + negotiations with the princes of the north were being carried on, she + was one of those who were taken into consideration by the + outlanders.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"> + <img src="images/illus-vii.png" alt="Plate VII." title= + "Colossal statue of Hadad, dedicated by Bar-Rekub, King of Sam'allu, to Hadad. El, Rekub-el, Shamash, and the gods of Yadî, in memory of his father, Panammû, about 730 B.C. The horned cap which the god wears probably shows Assyro-Babylonian influence. Gerchin N.E. of Zenjirli. From Mittheilungen aus den Orientalischen Sammlungen, Part XI., by permission of the publishing-house of Georg Reimer, Berlin." /> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Colossal statue of Hadad, dedicated by Bar-Rekub, King of + Sam'allu, to Hadad. El, Rekub-el, Shamash, and the gods of Yadî, + in memory of his father, Panammû, about 730 B.C. The horned cap + which the god wears probably shows Assyro-Babylonian influence. + Gerchin N.E. of Zenjirli. From <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: center"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mittheilungen aus den Orientalischen + Sammlungen</span></span>, Part XI., by permission of the + publishing-house of Georg Reimer, Berlin. + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In one of the + tablets from Tel-el-Amarna, it would appear that, besides Teie, + Amenophis III. had married a sister of Dušratta, king of Mitanni, + named Gilu-ḫêpa, for news of whom Dušratta wrote to the Pharaoh, + sending presents to him, as well as to his sister. Later on, the + Egyptian king asks Dušratta for one of his daughters, sending a + messenger named Manê with a tablet to that effect. As Dušratta in his + letter to the Pharaoh Nimmuaria (Neb-mut-Ra,<a id="noteref_54" name= + "noteref_54" href="#note_54"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">54</span></span></a> + Amenophis III.) refers to her as the (future) mistress of Egypt, it + is clear that she was intended as the consort of his son, Amenophis + IV. From other letters which passed between them, it would seem that + the princess in question was named Tâdu-ḫêpa, called, in Egyptian, + Nefer-titi (perhaps a translation of her Mitannian name). It was to + all appearance the custom in those days, as at the present time, for + the kings of the various states to ally themselves by marriage with + other royal houses; and at a time when kings, at least, were allowed + more wives than one, it was possible for them to take pledges for the + preservation of peace by making use of the privilege. Quite in + accordance with this are the statements contained in other texts + concerning intermarriages of this kind, both Amenophis III. and IV. + having likewise espoused Babylonian princesses, daughters of + Kallima-Sin and Burra-buriaš, the son of the latter being at the same + time betrothed to Amenophis IV.'s daughter. They were also constantly + making presents to each other, each trying to get as much as he + possibly could of the things which were <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page277">[pg 277]</span><a name="Pg277" id="Pg277" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> not common in his own land—gold, much gold, + being the commodity that the king of Egypt was expected to supply. + The other kings sent him, in return, various stones (lapis-lazuli + being often mentioned), chariots, horses, and other things, both + natural and manufactured products. The women by whose means these + friendly relations had been established, made use of the messengers + sent to their fatherland to transmit messages to their relatives and + ask after their health.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From these tablets + we obtain certain details as to the state of the Holy Land and the + surrounding country before the entry of the Israelites. Besides the + kingdom of Mitanni mentioned above, there were the states of Alašia + (supposed to be Cyprus), Ziri-bašani (plain of Bashan), Hazor, + Askelon, Lachish, Gaza, Qatna (west of Damascus), Accho, Simyra, + Tyre, Sidon, the Amorites, the Hittites, Dunip (Tenneb), Jerusalem, + etc., etc. Many of them were small states with the cities after which + they are named as capital, and naturally were obliged to enter into a + league for their common protection, or else accept the suzerainty of + some more powerful state, falling, if its protector went under, into + the power of the common invader. It must have been in consequence of + this state of things in the east Mediterranean littoral that Egypt + was able to extend her power so far, and subdue this large + district.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From these tablets + we learn something of their religion. To all appearance one of the + gods most worshipped in the extreme west of Asia was Rimmon, the + Rammānu (<span class="tei tei-q">“thunderer”</span>) of the Assyrians + and Babylonians, the Addu or Hadad of the Semitic nations of this + district (the name Addu afterwards became general as the appellation + of the god in Babylonia and Assyria), and the Tešupa or Tešub of + Mitanni (Aram-Naharaim) and district to the north (Armenia). At Tyre + they seem to have worshipped <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page278">[pg 278]</span><a name="Pg278" id="Pg278" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> a personage or deity called Šalmayātu, whilst + the Phœnician Astarte is commemorated in âl Aštarti, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the city of Aštartu,”</span> perhaps Ashtaroth, 29 miles + east of Tiberias (Petrie). As the word Ashtoreth is evidently a + lengthening of the name of the Assyro-Babylonian goddess Ištar, it is + not to be wondered at that this goddess should be mentioned by the + king of Mitanni, Dušratta, who refers to a statue of Ištar of + Nineveh, which had been sent to Egypt, and requests that it may be + returned to him soon. The name of Nergal, also, was evidently + familiar to the king of Alašia, for he speaks of the hand of that god + as having killed all his people, when wishing to refer to the + prevalence of a pestilence there, Nergal being the Assyro-Babylonian + god of disease and death. In the same way Dušratta speaks of Šamaš, + the Assyro-Babylonian Sun-god, but he refers to him more as the + luminary which men love than as a god, though there is every + probability that he was worshipped in Mitanni.<a id="noteref_55" + name="noteref_55" href="#note_55"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">55</span></span></a> Another + Assyro-Babylonian deity whose name occurs is Ninip, once in the name + of Abdi-Ninip, <span class="tei tei-q">“servant of Ninip,”</span> + apparently a Gebalite, and again in <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">âl + Bêth-Ninip</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“(city of) the + temple of Ninip,”</span> in a district which Abdi-Aširta called upon + to unite against Gebal—perhaps the Beth-Ninip in the neighbourhood of + Jerusalem. In the name of Abdi-Aširta it is to be noted that we have + here, to all appearance, the name of the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">asherah</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“grove”</span> of the Authorised Version, the + <span class="tei tei-q">“token”</span> of the goddess Ištar,<a id= + "noteref_56" name="noteref_56" href="#note_56"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">56</span></span></a> with the + ideogram for which the word once interchanges. The Egyptian god Amāna + (Amon) is mentioned several times, invoked apparently as a god in + whom the writer believed, though he was the special god of the + Egyptians and the Egyptian king. <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page279">[pg 279]</span><a name="Pg279" id="Pg279" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> In addition to the above deities, the names of + men reveal Uraš, the god of Dailem near Babylon, Bidina, another + Babylonian deity, and Merodach, the principal god of the Babylonians. + Among west Semitic deities may be mentioned Dagan (Dagon), Milku + (Melech, Moloch), and others.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Notwithstanding a + considerable period of Egyptian rule, therefore, Babylonian + influence, which had been predominant in the tract for many + centuries, still held the upper hand. Merodach was to all appearance + venerated, Nergal was worshipped as the god of death and disease, + Ištar was held in high esteem. It must have been during those + centuries of Babylonian rule that the worship of Tammuz or Adonis got + into the country, becoming one of the stumbling-blocks of the + Israelites in later days, when Hebrew women lamented for him, hidden + in the realm of darkness where dwelt Persephone (Ereš-ki-gala, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the lady of the great domain”</span> of the + Babylonians), into whose realm, at great risk, Ištar, his spouse, + descended to seek him, but only escaped from the rival's clutches by + the intervention of the gods.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Exceedingly + interesting are the various forms of government in Western Asia at + this period. Among hereditary chiefs may be mentioned Etakama of + Gidši (Kadesh), Šum-addu, who is probably the same as Šamu-Addu, + prince of Šamḫuna, Mut-zu'u (see p. <a href="#Pg286" class= + "tei tei-ref">286</a>), and Azru, though this last is doubtful, as in + one of the letters he calls himself a governor installed by the king + of Egypt. The best example of an elected chief, however, is in all + probability Yabitiri, governor of Gaza and Jaffa, who, when young, + went down to Egypt and served in the Egyptian army, being afterwards + appointed to the posts which he held later. The power of the Egyptian + kings of a period somewhat preceding this is well exemplified by the + fact, that Addu-nirari of Assyria attributes to an Egyptian ruler the + appointment of his grandfather and father as <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page280">[pg 280]</span><a name="Pg280" id="Pg280" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> kings of Nuḫašše, on account of which all three + rulers seem to have acknowledged Egyptian overlordship. An + interesting instance of female rule is that of Nin-Urmuru (?),<a id= + "noteref_57" name="noteref_57" href="#note_57"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">57</span></span></a> who, in + her letters, mentions Ajalon and Sarḫa (identified with Zorah), + probably lying in her district.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Most interesting + of all, however, is the case of Jerusalem, whose ruler, as will be + seen from the letters quoted later on, was apparently elected by some + of the magnates of the district which acknowledged his sway, and who + were probably the members of a religious community. Nothing, however, + is known of the electorate or the system of election employed—all + that can be said is, that the ruler was not placed there by virtue of + his father or his mother, but by the <span class="tei tei-q">“mighty + king.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The matter of the + government of Dunip, one of the most important towns of ancient + Palestine, is also of importance, as it does not seem to have + possessed an autocratic head of any kind, and may have been a kind of + republic. Its government was probably similar to that of Irqata, + which was ruled over by its elders, acknowledging the overlordship of + the Egyptian king. A similar state of things seems to have prevailed + in Babylonia, where, however, the king of Babylon was naturally + recognized as lord of the country. In all probability the towns + governed by their elders were regarded as royal cities of Egypt, + whilst the others were semi-independent states.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The relations of + the Egyptian king with foreign states is well illustrated by the + following—</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page281">[pg + 281]</span><a name="Pg281" id="Pg281" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Letter From The + Babylonian King Burra-Buriaš (Burna-Buriaš) To Amenophis IV. King Of + Egypt.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“(To) Napḫu'ruria the king of Egypt, my brother, say also + thus: <span class="tei tei-q">‘It is Burra-buriaš, king of the land + of Karu-duniaš, thy brother. My health is good. To thee, thy country, + thine house, thy wives, thy sons, thy great men, thine horses, thy + chariots, may there be very good health.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“I and my brother have spoken friendship with each other, + and we said as follows: <span class="tei tei-q">‘As our fathers were + with each other, let us be friendly.’</span> Now my merchants, who + went with Aḫi-ṭâbu, remained in the land of Kinaḫḫi (Canaan) for + trade. After Aḫi-ṭâbu proceeded to my brother,<a id="noteref_58" + name="noteref_58" href="#note_58"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">58</span></span></a> in the + city Ḫinnatunu of the land of Kinaḫḫi (Canaan), when Šum-adda, son of + Malummê, (and) Šutadna, son of Šarâtum, of the city of Akka (Accho), + sent their people, they killed my merchants, and took their money + away. When I have sent (Azzu (?)) to thy presence, ask him, and let + him tell thee.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Reverse)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“(Ki)naḫḫi is thy land, and (its) king(s are thy + servants). In thy land have I been ill-treated—res(train them): make + (up) the money which they have taken away; and kill the people who + have killed my subjects, and avenge them. And if thou kill not these + people, they will return, and both kill my caravans and thy + messengers, and the messenger will be broken off between us, and if + (this happen), they will fall away from thee. One man (of) mine, when + Šum-adda had cut off his feet,<a id="noteref_59" name="noteref_59" + href="#note_59"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">59</span></span></a> he held + him prisoner; and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page282">[pg + 282]</span><a name="Pg282" id="Pg282" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + another man, when Šutadna, the Akkaite (Acchoite), had caused him to + be placed with the servants, became a servant before him.<a id= + "noteref_60" name="noteref_60" href="#note_60"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">60</span></span></a> Let + (them take) those men to thee, and see thou to (it). And mayest thou + know how I fare. I have caused to be brought to thee 1 mana of + lapis-stone (as a gi)ft. (Let) my (messe)nger (come back) quickly. + Let me know how my brother fares. Do not de(tain) my (mess)enger—let + him come (back) quickly.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is clear from + this, and from other inscriptions of the series, that a kind of + international law existed among the nations of the ancient East, by + which they were expected to protect the caravans passing through each + other's territory, and, in fact, see that no harm came to any of each + other's subjects. They were expected to punish all persons who may + have attacked and ill-treated or murdered them, and make restitution + of property stolen. The law (probably an unwritten one) was evidently + much the same as prevails among civilized nations at the present day. + That these ancient rulers always obtained from their <span class= + "tei tei-q">“brothers”</span> the redress which they demanded, is + more than doubtful. Burra-buriaš's entreaty that his messenger might + be returned to him quickly points to vexatious delays on former + occasions, and probable failure to obtain any justice or redress + whatever.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The relations of + Egypt with Assyria were similar to those with Babylonia, except that + the Assyrian king, as has been shown, was, in some respects, a + vassal.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Letter From The + Assyrian King Ašur-Uballiṭ To Amenophis IV. King Of Egypt.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Divided into + paragraphs in accordance with the indications of the original + text.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“To Napḫurî, (the great king?), the king of Egypt, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page283">[pg 283]</span><a name="Pg283" + id="Pg283" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> my brother, (say) thus: + <span class="tei tei-q">‘It is Ašur-uballiṭ, king of Aššur, the great + king, thy brother.’</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“To thee, to thy house and thy country, may there be + peace.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“When I saw thy messengers, I rejoiced greatly. Thy + messengers are staying with me for a time.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“I have caused to be brought to thee as thy gift a fine + royal chariot of my y(ok)e, and 2 white horses of m(y y)oke, and one + chariot without yoke, and 1 seal of fine lapis-lazuli.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The great king's return-gift may be thus: Gold in thy + land is (as) dust—they gather it up. Why should it go round into + thine eyes? I have undertaken to build a new palace. Cause gold, as + much as its over-laying and its need (requires), to be + sent.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“When Ašur-nadin-âḫi, my father, sent to the land of + Egypt, they caused to be sent to him 20 talents of gold.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“When the Ḫanigalbatian king sent to Egypt to thy father, + he caused 20 talents of go(ld) to be brought to him.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“(Behold), thou hast caused to be brought ... gold to the + Ḫani(gal)ba(tian) king ... and to me, (but f)or the going and + returning it suffices (?) not for wages for my messengers.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“If friendship be desirable unto thee, cause much gold to + be brought; and as it will be thy house, send, and let them take what + thou desirest.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“We are distant countries—in this wise let our messengers + go about.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Those who delayed thy messengers were the Sutites, their + persecutors; dead (was I) until I had sent, and they had taken the + persecuting Sutites. Their bands (?) shall verily not delay my + messengers.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“As for messengers abroad, why should they be detained + and die there? If they stay abroad, the king will have the advantage, + so let him stay and let him die abroad—let the king then have the + advantage. And if not, why should the messengers whom we <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page284">[pg 284]</span><a name="Pg284" id="Pg284" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> send die abroad? ... attack the + messengers and cause them to die abroad.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The last paragraph + is difficult to understand on account of its being so mutilated, but + the sense of the whole seems now to be fairly clear. Ašur-uballiṭ + desires to be on friendly terms with Egypt, but he is anxious to get, + above all, the precious metal which was said to be so plentiful + there, and for which all the rulers of Western Asia seem to have + hungered. And this leads to the interesting statement in the fifth + paragraph, in which gold in Egypt is said to have been as dust; and + there is the question, <span class="tei tei-q">“Why should it go + round into thine eyes?”</span> (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amminî ina ênē-ka + isaḫḫur?</span></span>) implying that, being dust, it behaved as + dust, and was in that respect undesirable, and therefore to be got + rid of. He would like to have some for the decoration of his + palace—his father, and the king of Ḫanigalbat had been favoured in + this way. Let it not be as little (apparently), as that sent to the + Ḫanigalbatian king, for that would not suffice to pay his messengers. + The interchange of things needed as presents made good friends. It + was a lawless band of Sutites who had detained the Egyptian king's + messengers, and he was as one dead until his people had stopped their + depredations. It was useful to a king that his ambassadors lived and + died abroad, but not that they should be attacked and killed + there.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The relations of + Egypt with another class of ruler is well illustrated by the + following letter from a prince or governor brought up in Egypt—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yabitiri Asserts + His Faithfulness, And Touches Upon His Early Life.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“To the king my lord, my gods, my Sun-gods, say also + thus: <span class="tei tei-q">‘(it is) Yabitiri thy servant, the dust + of thy feet. At the feet of the king my lord, my gods, my Sun-gods, + seven times, and twice seven times I fall. <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page285">[pg 285]</span><a name="Pg285" id="Pg285" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Furthermore, behold, I am a faithful + servant<a id="noteref_61" name="noteref_61" href= + "#note_61"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">61</span></span></a> of the + king my lord. I look here, and I look there,<a id="noteref_62" name= + "noteref_62" href="#note_62"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">62</span></span></a> and it + is not clear; then I look upon the king my lord, and it is clear. And + the brick-foundation may give way from beneath its wall, but I will + not give way from beneath the feet of the king my lord. And the king + my lord may ask Yanḫama, his official, (concerning) when I was young, + and they sent me down to Egypt, where I served the king my lord, and + stood in the city-gate of the king my lord. And the king my lord may + ask his official when I guard the city-gate of Azzati (Gaza) and the + city-gate of Yapu (Jaffa). And I am with the hired troops of the king + my lord, where they go, I am with them, and I am also, therefore, + with them now. The yoke of the king my lord is on my neck, and I bear + it.’</span> ”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Apparently there + had been spread abroad some statement reflecting on the faithfulness + of the writer, who seeks to justify himself by appealing to his + former services to the Egyptian king. His letter has a ring of + sincerity in it which is wanting in many of the communications of + this nature.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Reference has + already been made to the caravans which passed through the territory + of the various rulers, and the protection which those rulers were + supposed to extend to them. Burra-buriaš, in his letter translated + above, complains that Babylonian caravans had been attacked in the + land of Canaan, and asks for the punishment of the persons involved. + To all appearance the protection of the caravans was entrusted to + certain chiefs, owing allegiance to the Egyptian king, who always + held themselves ready to perform this duty. The following translation + shows how one of the chiefs or governors of a Canaanitish district + looked after the caravans, as his father did before + him—</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page286">[pg 286]</span><a name= + "Pg286" id="Pg286" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Letter From + Mut-Zu'u To The King Of Egypt.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“To the king, my lord and my sun, say thus: <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘It is Mut-zu'u<a id="noteref_63" name="noteref_63" href= + "#note_63"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">63</span></span></a> thy + servant, the dust of thy feet, the earth for thee to tread upon. + Seven times, twice seven times, I fall down at the feet of the king + my lord.’</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The king my lord has sent by Ḫâya to speak of the + Ḫana-galbat<a id="noteref_64" name="noteref_64" href= + "#note_64"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">64</span></span></a> caravan. + This I have dispatched and have directed it. Who am I, that I should + not dispatch the caravans of the king my lord? Behold, (Lab)'aya, my + father, (who was faithful) to the king his lord, used to send (a + caravan, and give directions concerning it. The cara)vans (which) the + king (di)rected to the land of Ḫana-galbat (and) to the land of + Kara-duniaš let the king my lord send. (As to) the caravan, I will + bring it so that it is safe.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As will be seen + from this, Mut-zu'u was one of the humble vassals of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the king his lord,”</span> who at that time—evidently + the peaceful days of Amenophis III.—was the happy possessor of many + such. As examples of the relations between the smaller rulers and + their suzerain, may be quoted two of the numerous letters of Yidia of + Askelon, who provided the necessaries for the Egyptian army in + Palestine.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yidia, The + Askelonite, Concerning The King's Representative.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“To the king, my lord, my Sun, the Sun who (cometh) from + the heavens, (say also) thus: <span class="tei tei-q">‘(It is) Yidia, + the Askelonite, thy servant, the dust of thy <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page287">[pg 287]</span><a name="Pg287" id="Pg287" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> feet, thy charioteer.<a id="noteref_65" name= + "noteref_65" href="#note_65"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">65</span></span></a> I fall + down before the feet of the king my lord seven times and twice seven + times, back and breast.’</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Now (for) my (lord), (for) the gods of the king my lord, + my god, my Sun, I guard this city, and again ... let me protect all + his land.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“I have heard the words of the king my lord to his + representative, when he is not able to protect the country of the + king my lord. So now the king my lord has appointed Rianappa, the + representative of the king my lord, to whom<a id="noteref_66" name= + "noteref_66" href="#note_66"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">66</span></span></a> I will + bring (?) good fortune for the king.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Whatever cometh out of the mouth of the king my lord, + lo, that will I keep day and night.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yidia Concerning + The Commissariat.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“To the king my lord, my Sun, my god, the Sun who + (cometh) from the heavens, (say also) thus: <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘(it is) Yidia thy servant, the dust of thy feet, thy + charioteer. I fall down at the feet of the king my lord seven times + and twice seven times, back and breast. Behold, I am keeping the + commands of the king my lord, the son of the Sun, and behold, I have + provided the food, drink, oil, grain, oxen, (and) sheep, for the + soldiers of the king my lord—provisions, every kind, for the soldiers + of the king my lord. Who would be a vassal, and not obey the words of + the king my lord, the son of the Sun?’</span> ”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Letters similar to + the above are numerous, and show that Egyptian rule was not regarded + as burthensome—indeed, it may have been even welcome, tending in all + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page288">[pg 288]</span><a name="Pg288" + id="Pg288" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> probability to the + preservation of peace. It must have been difficult, however, for the + Egyptian king to hold the scales of justice always even, for among + the governors were always men who professed faithfulness, but who + aimed at throwing off the Egyptian yoke, light as it was.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In all probability + the trouble began in the north, that district being farthest from the + Egyptian marches, and what was going on there was on that account + longer in reaching the knowledge of the king. Judging from a letter + from Ili-rabiḫ, written from Gebal, Etakama, of Kinza and Kadesh, + smote the whole of the lands of Amki, <span class="tei tei-q">“the + territory of the king.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“And + now,”</span> the inscription continues, <span class="tei tei-q">“he + has sent his people to seize the lands of Amki and the places. + Further, the king of the land of Ḫatta (Heth), and the king of the + land of Narima (Naharaim), have been unsuccessful (?), and”</span> + (here the writer breaks off the narrative).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another account of + this affair is as follows—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Bêri (Or Bieri) To + The King About The Attack On Amki.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“To the king, my lord, (my god, my sungod), say then + thus: <span class="tei tei-q">‘It is Bêri, (thy servant), the + Ḫašabite.’</span> Down to the dust of the feet of the king my lord 7 + (times) and 7 (times) I fall. Behold, we occupy, in Amki, the cities + of the king, my lord, and Edagama, the Kinzite, has gone to meet the + soldiers of Ḫatta (Heth), and set (the cities) of the king my lord on + fire. And may the king my lord know, and may the king (my) lord give + field-soldiers. And we will occupy the cities of the king my lord, + and we will dwell in the cities of the king my lord, my god, my + sungod.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This and two other + accounts, one of which is from <span class="tei tei-q">“Ilu-dâya, the + Ḫazite,”</span> all agree, and show that three <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page289">[pg 289]</span><a name="Pg289" id="Pg289" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> officials were occupying cities in the + territory known as Amki (identified with <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">'Amq</span></span>, a plain by Antioch, or + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">'Amqa</span></span>, N.E. of Akka), when Edagama + (whose name also appears as Etagama, Etakkama, Itatkama, Itakama, + Aiṭugama, and Aidaggama) joined the Hittite troops who were hostile + to Egypt. It was in consequence of this, in all probability, that the + three officials decided to write to the king of Egypt to let him know + how things were going, and this they did in identical terms, with the + same expressions, and the same peculiarities of spelling, pointing to + the probability that the same scribe wrote all three communications. + In the letter of Ili-rabiḫ, from which a quotation is given on p. + <a href="#Pg288" class="tei tei-ref">288</a>, Amki is called + <span class="tei tei-q">“the king's territory,”</span> implying that + it was a tract acknowledging Egyptian supremacy, which Etagama was + trying to wrest from the Pharaoh's grasp. It was the king's friends + who were occupying the king's cities (as Bêri, Ilu-dâya, and the + unknown writer call them), because they desired to hold them against + this active enemy. With help from the Egyptian king, they thought + that they would be able to do this without difficulty. There seems to + be (as far as can at present be judged) no reason to suppose that the + beginning of the expulsion of the Egyptians from Palestine was due to + the over-zeal of the supporters of Egyptian rule in that country, + who, striving to extend the influence and the dominions of their + suzerain, drew down upon him, and upon themselves, the hostility of + all the independent states of Western Asia, as well as of those which + wished to throw off the Egyptian yoke. The Egyptian kings would + surely have warned their vassals in Palestine against the danger of + such action on their part.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As an additional + light upon the events here referred to, the following extract from a + letter from Akizzi of Qaṭna to Amenophis III. may be of + interest:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“O lord, Teu(w)atti of the city L(apa)n(a) and Arzauia of + the city Ruḫizzu are setting themselves <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page290">[pg 290]</span><a name="Pg290" id="Pg290" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> with Aiṭugama (Etagama) and the land of (U)be. + He is burning the territory of my lord with fire.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“O lord, as I love the king my lord, and likewise the + king of the land Nuḫašše, the king of the land of Nî, the king of the + land of Zinzar, and the king of the land of Tunanat; and all these + kings are for the king my lord serviceable.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“If the king my lord will, then he will go forth. (But + they say) thus: <span class="tei tei-q">‘The king my lord will not go + forth.’</span> Then let my lord send out field-troops, and let them + come, since this land, as also, my lord, these kings, is well + disposed towards him. (They are) my lord's great ones, and whatever + their gifts (contributions), let him speak, and they will give + (them).</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“O lord, if this land is to be off the mind of my lord, + then let my lord send forth field-troops, and let them come. The + messengers of my lord have arrived.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“O lord, if Arzauia of the city of Ruḫizzu and Teuwatti + of the city Lapana remain in the land of Ube, and Daša remain in the + land of Amki, then may my lord know concerning them, that the land of + Ube is not my lord's. They send to Aiṭugama every day saying thus: + <span class="tei tei-q">‘Come and take the land of Ube + completely.’</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“O lord, as the city Timašgi in the land of Ube is at thy + feet, so also is the city Qaṭna at thy feet. And, my lord, with + regard to my messenger, I ask for life, (and a)s I do not fear with + regard to the field-troops of my lord, that the field-troops of my + lord will come, as he will send (them) forth to me, I shall re(tire) + into the city Qaṭna.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus the trouble + spread, and the Hittites and their allies took possession of the + territories south of the tracts referred to, trying, at the same + time, to win over to their side the governors who were faithful. All + this time posing as a friend of the Pharaoh, Etagama complained of + the others, particularly Namya-waza, one of Egypt's most trustworthy + allies, who, in a <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page291">[pg + 291]</span><a name="Pg291" id="Pg291" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + letter couched in the usual humble style of the period, announces his + readiness to serve <span class="tei tei-q">“with his horses and + chariots, and with his brothers, and with his SA-GAS, and with his + Sutites, along with the hired soldiers, whithersoever the king his + lord should command him.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now in this letter + there is one noteworthy fact, and that is, that the SA-GAS and the + Sutites are mentioned together as the allies of an important vassal + of the Egyptian king, the latter being apparently wandering hordes of + plunderers (see above, p. <a href="#Pg283" class= + "tei tei-ref">283</a>), whom Kadašman-Muruš, king of Babylonia, sent + from east to west <span class="tei tei-q">“until there were no + more.”</span> This took place at a somewhat later date, so that they + still roamed about the eastern portion of the country, between + Palestine and Babylonia, apparently giving their services to any + power which might desire to make use of them.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The question of + the identification of the troops or bands of warriors designated by + the Akkadian compound SA-GAS is, however, of still greater + importance. Most Assyriologists regard them as being identical with + the Ḫabiri, mentioned in the letters of Abdi-tâbu or Ebed-tob. This, + of course, is possible, but it is unfortunate that no direct + confirmation of this identification exists. In the bilingual lists of + Babylonia and Assyria, the expression SA-GAS, duly provided with the + determinative prefix indicating a man or a class of men, occurs, and + is always translated by the word <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ḳabbatu</span></span>, the probable meaning of + which is <span class="tei tei-q">“robber,”</span> from the root + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ḫabātu</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“to plunder”</span>. It is also noteworthy that there is + a star called SA-GAS, and this is likewise rendered by the same word, + namely, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ḫabbatu</span></span>. The fact that it is once + provided with the determinative <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">ki</span></span> + (<span class="tei tei-q">“place”</span>) does not help us, for this + may be simply an oversight or a mannerism of the scribe. Moreover, + the difficulty of identifying the SA-GAS with the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ḫabiri</span></span> of the inscriptions of + Abdi-ṭâba is increased <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page292">[pg + 292]</span><a name="Pg292" id="Pg292" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> by + the word occurring in these texts (Winckler's No. 216, l. 11), + followed by the explanation (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">amēlūti + ḫabati</span></span>), an arrangement which we find in others of + these letters, when an ideograph has to be explained; and when they + are, as here, Akkadian ideographs and Babylonian words, the second is + always the pronunciation of the first—never the alternative reading. + Indeed, in the present case, such an explanation would be misleading + instead of helpful (were the word SA-GAS to be read <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ḫabiri</span></span>), for the scribe tells you + to read it <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ḫabati</span></span>—the same word as is given + in the bilingual lists, but spelled with one <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">b</span></em> instead + of two.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In all + probability, therefore, the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">ḫabati</span></span> + were wandering hordes differing from the Sutites in not having any + special nationality, and being composed of the offscourings of many + peoples of the ancient East. They were probably included in the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ḫabiri</span></span>, together with the nations + with which they were afterwards associated. The <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ḫabiri</span></span> were not the Hebrews, + neither the word nor the date being what we should expect for that + nationality, who were still in Egypt. The best identification as yet + published is that of Jastrow, who connects it with the Hebrew Heber, + the patronymic of various persons. Better still, however, would be + the Heb. <span lang="he" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "he"><span style="font-style: italic">ḥaber</span></span>, pl. + <span lang="he" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="he"><span style= + "font-style: italic">haberim</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“companions,”</span> also used of tribes joined together + to form a nation. Whether an advance guard of the Hebrews is to be + included in this term or not, must be left to the judgment of the + student.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The gradual loss + of the districts south of Damascus in all probability followed. A + letter from Mut-Addu (the only one from him) to Yanḫamu speaks of the + cities of the land of Garu (identified—though the identification is + not quite satisfactory—with the Heb. Gur), namely Udumu (identified + by Petrie with Adamah, though the form does not agree so well as + might be wished, and Udumu is the usual way of rendering the word + Edom, which is referred to in the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page293">[pg 293]</span><a name="Pg293" id="Pg293" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> cuneiform inscriptions both as a land and a + city), Aduri (Petrie: et-Tireh), Araru (Petrie: Arareh), Meštu + (Petrie: Mushtah), Magdali (Magdala), Ḫini-anabi (Ain-anab, if + rightly identified—there is a certain difficulty in the word + possessing a guttural at the beginning and not likewise as the first + letter of the second component—probably 'Anab, south-west of Hebron, + the Anab of Josh. xi. 21), and Sarki. At this time, according to the + tablet, Hawani and Yabiši (Jabesh) had been captured. It is probably + on account of the occupation of the country by so many hostile tribes + that the protest of Burra-buriaš of Babylonia (see p. <a href= + "#Pg281" class="tei tei-ref">281</a>) was sent, but it was in all + probability exceedingly difficult for the Egyptian king to afford any + protection whatever to the caravans which passed through the + disaffected area.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One of the things + which the Tel-el-Amarna letters show very clearly is, that it must + have been very difficult for the Pharaoh to know who were his friends + and who were his enemies among the rulers of the Philistines. The + Amorite Abdi-Aširta and his allies were from the first desirous to + throw off the Egyptian yoke, but this prince at the same time + constantly sent letters to Amenophis IV. protesting his fidelity. + Other chiefs who were hostile to Egypt are Etakama, the sons of + Lab'aya, Milkîli, Yapa-Addu, Zimrêda of Sidon, Aziru, and others. On + the king's side were Namyawaza, who held Kumidi (Petrie: + Kamid-el-Lauz), Rib-Addi, whose chief cities were Gebal, Beyrout, and + Simyra, Zimrêda of Lachish, and Abdi-ṭâba of Jerusalem. Numbers of + chiefs, at first faithful, went over to the enemy when they saw the + success of the league against the foreign power.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is impossible + to suppose that the letters now known (about three hundred in number) + represent all the correspondence which passed between Palestine and + Egypt concerning the state of the country during the reigns of + Amenophis III. and IV., and from the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page294">[pg 294]</span><a name="Pg294" id="Pg294" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> time the troubles there commenced, complaints + and applications for help must have claimed the attention of the + Egyptian translator literally in shoals. One of the most remarkable + of these is the letter from the people of Dunip, who say that, in + consequence of the state of things in Palestine, they belong no + longer to the king of Egypt, to whom they had been sending for twenty + years, but their messengers had been retained. Their prince (to all + appearance) had been taken back to Egypt by the king's orders, after + he had allowed him to return to his country, so that they had not + seen him again. <span class="tei tei-q">“And now Dunip, thy city, + weeps, and its tears flow, and there is no one to take our hands + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> help us). We have sent to the + king, the lord, the king of Egypt, and not a single word from our + lord hath reached us.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Were they really + sorry to be no longer under Egyptian rule? or were they merely + desirous that their prince should be restored to them?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During this + period, naturally enough, recriminations were going on on every side. + Those who were faithful very properly made complaints and uttered + warnings concerning those who were unfaithful. The waverers, the + unfaithful, and the hostile, on the other hand, were continually + asserting their fidelity, and accusing those who were really + well-disposed towards Egypt of all kinds of hostile acts against the + supreme power. This is evident from the correspondence of Abdi-ṭâba + of Jerusalem, who, in one of his letters, writes as follows—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“(T)o the king my lord say also thus: <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘It is Abdi-ṭâba, thy servant. At the feet of my lord the + king twice seven times and twice seven times I fall. What have I done + against the king my lord? They back-bite—they slander<a id= + "noteref_67" name="noteref_67" href="#note_67"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">67</span></span></a> me + before the king my lord, (saying): <span class="tei tei-q">“Abdi-ṭâba + has fallen away from the king <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page295">[pg 295]</span><a name="Pg295" id="Pg295" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> his lord.”</span> Behold, (as for) me, neither + my father nor my mother set me in this place—the arm of the mighty + king caused me to enter into the house of my father. Why should I + commit a sin against the king my lord? As the king my lord lives, I + said to the commissioner of the king (my) lord: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Why love ye the Ḫabiri and hate the gover(nors)? it is + on account of this that they utter slander before the king my + lord.”</span> Then he said: <span class="tei tei-q">“The countries of + the king my lord have rebelled, therefore they utter slander to the + king my lord.”</span> ’</span> ”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The ruler of + Jerusalem then seems to say, that the king had placed a garrison in + some city or other, but it had been taken, apparently by + Yanḫamu—there was no longer a garrison (in that place). The king's + cities under Ili-milku had revolted, the whole of the land of the + king was lost, so let the king have care for his land. He would like + to go to the king, to urge him to take action, but the people in his + district were too mighty for him, and he could not leave it. As long + as the king lived, and as long as he sent a commissioner, he would + continue to give warning. If troops were sent that year, things would + be saved, otherwise the king's lands would be lost. Abdi-ṭâba ends + with an appeal to the scribe to place the matter clearly before the + king.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another very + important letter from Abdi-ṭâba is as follows—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“(T)o the king my lord, (my) Sun, (say also) thus: + <span class="tei tei-q">‘It is Abdi-ṭâba, thy servant. Twice seven + times and twice seven times I fall down before the feet of the king + my lord. Behold, the king my lord has set his name to the rising of + the sun and the setting of the sun. The slandering which they slander + against me! Behold, I am not a governor, the king my lord's magnate. + Behold, I am an officer of the king, and have brought the tribute of + the king. (As for) me, it was not my father nor my mother—it was the + arm of the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page296">[pg + 296]</span><a name="Pg296" id="Pg296" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + mighty king who set me in the house of my father. (When so and + so),<a id="noteref_68" name="noteref_68" href="#note_68"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">68</span></span></a> the + commissioner of the king, returned to me, 13 prisoners (?) (and a + certain number<a id="noteref_69" name="noteref_69" href= + "#note_69"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">69</span></span></a>) of + slaves I gave. Šûta, the commissioner of the king, came (back t)o me; + 21 girls (and) 20<a id="noteref_70" name="noteref_70" href= + "#note_70"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">70</span></span></a> (?) + prisoners I gave (in)to the hand of Šûta (as) a gift for the king my + lord. Let the king take counsel with regard to his land—the land of + the king, all of it, has revolted, it has set itself against + me.<a id="noteref_71" name="noteref_71" href="#note_71"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">71</span></span></a> Behold, + (as for) the lands of Šêri (Seir) as far as Guti-kirmil + (Gath-Carmel), the governors have allied themselves<a id="noteref_72" + name="noteref_72" href="#note_72"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">72</span></span></a> and + there is hostility against me. Even though one be a seer, one wishes + not to see the tears of the king my lord, when enmity exists against + me. As long as ships were in the midst of the sea, the power of the + mighty king took Naḫrima (Naharaim) and the land of Kašsi,<a id= + "noteref_73" name="noteref_73" href="#note_73"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">73</span></span></a> but now + the Ḫabiru have taken the cities of the king. There is not one + governor for the king my lord—all have rebelled. Behold, Turbazu has + been killed at the gate of the city Zilû, (and) the king (?) remained + inactive. Behold, (as for) Zimrêda of the city of Lakisu (Lachish), + (his) servants lay in wait for him (?), they took (him) to kill (?) + (him). Yapti'-Addu has been killed (at) the gate of the city of Zilû, + (and) the king remained inactive ... ask (?) him ... (let) the kin(g + have care for his land, and let) the king give attention ... (let him + send) troops to the land of (the city of Jerusalem, (?), and) if + there are not troops this year, the whole of the lands of the king my + lord are lost. They do not tell the king my lord (this). When the + country of the king my lord is lost, then are lost (also) all the + governors. If there be not troops this year, let the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page297">[pg 297]</span><a name="Pg297" id="Pg297" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> king direct his commissioner and let him + take me—(send him) to me with my brothers, and we will die with the + king my lord.’</span> (To the) scribe of the king my lord (say also + thus): <span class="tei tei-q">‘It is Abdi-ṭâba, (thy) servant. (I + fall down) at (thy) feet. Cause (my) words to enter (pl)ainly to the + king (my lord). I am thy (faith)ful servant.’</span> ”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The final phrase + resembles that of an English letter.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">According to + Petrie, Sêri is Shaaraim (Josh. xv. 36), now <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Khurbet + es-Sairah</span></span>. If the character read as <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">gu</span></span> + in Guti-Kirmil (Winckler, Gin(?)ti-Kirmil) be correctly drawn in the + official published copy, there is considerable doubt as to the + reading of the first syllable of this interesting name. Zilû, where + Turbazu and Yapti'-Addu were killed, is identified by Petrie with + Zelah, north of Jerusalem. This letter gives an excellent + illustration of the state of the country at the time.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In another letter + Abdi-ṭâba explains how all the lands had concluded a bond of + hostility against him, and the districts of Gezer, Askelon, and + Lachish had supplied these people with food. After this comes the + usual request for troops, and the indication that, if troops be sent + <span class="tei tei-q">“this year,”</span> the situation would be + saved—next year there would be neither countries nor governors for + the king (in Palestine). <span class="tei tei-q">“Behold, this land + of the city of Jerusalem, neither my father nor my mother gave it to + me—the power of the mighty king gave it to me, (even) to me.”</span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“See,”</span> he continues, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“this deed is the deed of Milki-îli, and the deed of the + sons of Lab'aya, who have given the land of the king to the + Ḫabiri.”</span> He then goes on to speak of the Kaši, who seem to + have supported the confederates with food, oil, and clothes. Next + follows what Paura, the king's commissioner, had told him about the + disaffection of Adaya. Caravans had been robbed in the field of the + city of Yaluna (Ajalon), but <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page298">[pg 298]</span><a name="Pg298" id="Pg298" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Abdi-ṭâba could not prevent this: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“(I mention this) in order to inform thee.”</span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Behold, the king has placed his name in the + land of Jerusalem for ever, and the forsaking of the lands of + Jerusalem is not possible.”</span> After this comes the usual note to + the scribe in Egypt, followed by a postscript referring to the people + of Kâsi, disclaiming some evil deed which had been done to them. + <span class="tei tei-q">“Do not kill a worthy servant (on that + account”</span>).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yet another letter + refers to Milki-îli and Lab'aya: <span class="tei tei-q">“Behold, has + not Milki-îli fallen away from the sons of Lab'aya and from the sons + of Arzawa to ask the land of the king for them?<a id="noteref_74" + name="noteref_74" href="#note_74"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">74</span></span></a> A + governor, who has done this deed, why has the king not called him to + account for this?”</span> The narrative breaks off where Abdi-ṭâba + begins to relate something further concerning Milki-îli and another + named Tagi. When the text again becomes legible, Abdi-ṭâba is again + referring to the fact that there is no garrison of the king in some + place whose name is lost. <span class="tei tei-q">“Therefore—as the + king lives—Puuru (= Pauru) has entered it—he has departed from my + presence, (and) is in the city of Gaza. So let the king indicate to + him (the necessity) of a garrison to protect the country. All the + land of the king has rebelled. Send Ya'enḫamu (Yanḫamu), and let him + become acquainted with (lit. let him know) the country of the king + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the true state of + affairs”</span>). Here follows a note to the scribe in Egypt similar + to that translated above.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One of the most + interesting and instructive of the letters of Abdi-ṭâba is that which + Petrie regards as the latest of the series; and on account of its + importance, it is given in full here—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“(To) the king, my lord, (s)ay also thus: <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘It is <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page299">[pg + 299]</span><a name="Pg299" id="Pg299" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + (Abdi)-ṭâba thy servant. At the feet of the (ki)ng my lord twice + seven times and twice seven times I fall down. (Behold, the deed) + which Milki-îli and Šu-ardatum have done to the land of the king my + lord has been successful (?). The men of the city of Gazri (Gezer), + the men of the city of Gimti (Gath), and the men of the city of Kîlti + (Keilah) have been captured. The land of the city of Rubute has + revolted. The land of the king (belongs to) the Ḫabiri. And now, + moreover, a city of the land of Jerusalem, the city Beth-Ninip + (<span class="tei tei-q">“House”</span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Temple of Ninip”</span>)—(this is) its name—has revolted + to the people of Kîlti. Let the king hearken to Abdi-ṭâba thy + servant, and let him send hired soldiers, and let me bring back the + land of the king to the king. And if there be no hired soldiers, the + land of the king will go over to the men, the Ḫabiri. This deed (is + the deed of) Šu-ardatum (and) Milki-îli ... city ... and let the king + care for his land.’</span> ”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whether the fall + of Jerusalem followed or not is doubtful; nor is it certain that the + Egyptians were ultimately driven out. Other letters seem to show how + the influence of those whom Abdi-ṭâba calls the Ḫabiri, and others + the Ḫabati—the <span class="tei tei-q">“confederates”</span> and the + <span class="tei tei-q">“plunderers”</span>—spread still farther + southward. Naturally more information is required to enable it to be + known in what manner the Egyptians tried to retrieve their position, + and how it was that Amenophis IV. delayed so long the sending of + troops. All the governors who were in the least degree faithful to + Egypt united in repeatedly warning him as to what was taking place, + and urging him to send troops. Had the rebellion or + invasion—whichever it was—been nipped in the bud, Palestine would + have remained a faithful Egyptian province. All the king did, + however, was to send his commissioner, and, occasionally, exhorting + and even threatening letters, which had in all probability little or + no effect, except <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page300">[pg + 300]</span><a name="Pg300" id="Pg300" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> to + excite a little mild amusement on account of their erratic spelling. + A very noteworthy communication of this class is the following—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The King Of Egypt + Rebukes The Prince Of The Amorites.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“(To) the Amorite say then thus, (<span class= + "tei tei-q">‘It is the king’</span>). The king thy lord (hath hear)d + thus: <span class="tei tei-q">‘The Gebalite whose brother drove him + from the gate (hath spoke)n to thee thus: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Take me and cause me to enter into my city, (and a + reward) then let me give thee—yea, however much, (though) it be not + with me.”</span> Thus did he speak to thee.’</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Writest thou (no)t to the king thy lord (th)us: + <span class="tei tei-q">‘I am thy servant like all the former + governors who (were each) in the midst of his city’</span>? But thou + doest wrong to receive a governor whose brother hath driven him from + his gate out of his city.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“And (whilst) dwelling in Sidon, thou deliveredst him to + the governors as was thy will. Knewest thou not the hatred of the + people?</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“If thou be in truth a servant of the king, why hast thou + not made possible his transmission to the presence of the king thy + lord, (saying) thus: <span class="tei tei-q">‘This governor sent to + me thus: <span class="tei tei-q">“Take me to thee, and cause me to + enter into my city”</span> ’</span>?</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“And if thou hast done according to right, then all the + matters are not true concerning which thou wrotest: <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘They are trustworthy,’</span> for the king thought thus: + <span class="tei tei-q">‘All that thou hast said is not + correct.’</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“And behold, the king hath heard thus: Thou art in + agreement with the man of Kidša (Kadesh), food and drink together + have ye supplied. And be it true, why doest thou thus? why art thou + in agreement with a man with whom the king is on bad terms? And if + thou hast done according to right, and hast regard to thy opinion, + then his opinion <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page301">[pg + 301]</span><a name="Pg301" id="Pg301" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + existeth not. Thou hast no care for the things which thou hast done + from the first. What hath been done to thee among them (the + disaffected ones), that thou art not with the king thy + lord?</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Behold, those who attract(?) thee to themselves seek to + throw thee into the fire; and it is kindled, and thou findest + everything very satisfactory.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“And if thou do homage to the king thy lord, what is + there which the king would not do for thee? If on account of anything + thou wish to work evil, and if thou set evil, and words of hate, in + thine heart, then by the king's ax shalt thou die, together with all + thy family.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“So do homage to the king thy lord, and thou shalt live. + And thou knowest, even thou, that the king desireth not to attack the + land of Kinaḫḫi (Canaan), the whole of it.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“And as thou hast sent thus: <span class="tei tei-q">‘Let + the king leave me this year, and let me come in the second year + before the king, my lord—my son is not here to ...;’</span> behold, + then, the king thy lord will grant thee this year, according as thou + hast said. Come thou (or if thy son, send), and thou shalt see the + king at the sight of whom all the lands live. And say not thus: + <span class="tei tei-q">‘Let him leave me this year in + addition.’</span> If it be not possible to go into the presence of + the king thy lord, direct thy son to the king thy lord instead. He + (need) not (stay with thee), let him come.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“And, behold, the king thy lord hath heard that thou hast + written to the king thus: <span class="tei tei-q">‘Let the king my + lord allow Ḫanni, the king's messenger, to come a second time and let + me cause the enemies of the king to be taken back by his + hand.’</span> Behold, he hath come to thee, as thou hast said, and + leave not one of them behind. Behold, the king thy lord causeth to be + brought to thee the names of the enemies of the king in this letter + at the hands of Ḫanni, the king's messenger, so cause them to be + brought to the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page302">[pg + 302]</span><a name="Pg302" id="Pg302" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + king thy lord, and do not leave one of them (behind). And brazen + bonds shall be placed on their feet. Behold, the men whom thou shalt + cause to be sent to the king thy lord (are):</span></p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Šarru + with all his sons;</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Tûya;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Lêya with all his sons;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Wišyari with all his sons;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The son-in-law of Mania (or + Ma-ili-ia) with his sons, (and) with his wives;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The</span> <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">pa-maḳâ</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">of Ḫanni the</span> <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">pa-itêiu</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">(? messenger) who reads (this) + message;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Dâ-šartî; Pâlûma;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Nimmaḫê, the</span> <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">ḳapadu</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">in the land of Amurru.</span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘And mayest thou know: well is + the king, like the Sun in Heaven; his soldiers and chariots are many. + From the upper country as far as the lower country, (from) sunrise as + far as sunset (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> from the extreme east to the + extreme west), great is the prosperity.’</span> ”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To all appearance + Amenophis IV. trusted too much to his own prestige, and that of the + country over which he ruled. He was <span class="tei tei-q">“the son + of the Sun,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“like unto the Sun in + Heaven,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“the king at the sight of + whom all the lands live,”</span> and naturally took it for granted + that he was everywhere looked upon with the same veneration as in his + own country.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-tb"> + <hr style="width: 50%" /> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As may easily be + imagined, the expulsion of the Egyptians from Palestine left the + country in a very disturbed state, and marauding bands, having no + longer anything to do in the way of wresting territory from the + Egyptians, must have given considerable trouble to the native princes + and governors, now once more independent in their own + territories.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The loss of + Palestine, on the other hand, probably brought with it a certain + amount of loss of prestige <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page303">[pg + 303]</span><a name="Pg303" id="Pg303" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> to + Egypt, which must have endured for some time. In any case, the + Egyptian kings who succeeded Amenophis IV. seem to have made no + attempt to regain the lost provinces.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ankh-kheperu-Ra, + the king who succeeded the ruler just named, lived for a while at + Tel-el-Amarna, during which time, in all probability, the tomb of his + predecessor's six daughters was finished. Several rings of this king + exist, on two of which he calls himself <span class= + "tei tei-q">“beloved of Nefer-kheperu-Ra”</span> (or, in accordance + with the indications of the Tel-el-Amarna tablets: Nafar-khoperu-Ria) + and <span class="tei tei-q">“beloved of Ua-en-Ra,”</span> names of + Amenophis IV. During his reign the worship of the sun's disc (Aten, + or, if the derivation from the Semitic Adon, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“lord,”</span> be correct, Aton) began to give way to + that of the national gods of Egypt. He reigned thirteen years + (1365-1353 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>), and was succeeded by + Ra-kheperu-neb (1353-1344). The paintings in the tomb of Hui at + Thebes show that tribute was still received from the Syrians + (Rutennu), as well as from the people of Kush in the Soudan. + Evidently the road was being paved for the conquest of the lost + provinces of Syria.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After this came a + ruler who seems to have held the throne only on account of his wife + being of royal blood. According to Petrie, he was <span class= + "tei tei-q">“divine father Ay,”</span> and his wife's name was Ty. He + reigned thirteen years (1344-1332 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>). During his reign a + complete reversion to the old worship took place.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ay's successor, + Ra-ser-kheperu (Hor-em-heb), 1332-1328 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, was apparently also a + commoner, and is identified (Petrie) with the Hor-em-heb who was + general in an earlier reign. He is represented being adored by + negroes and Asiatics.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One or two other + obscure names occur, and then begins the reign of king Rameses I., + who came to the throne about 1300 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> This reign was short + enough, but there is hardly any doubt that in it the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page304">[pg 304]</span><a name="Pg304" id="Pg304" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> prosperity of Egypt was renewed. From the + treaty of the Khita with Rameses II., the grandson of Rameses I., we + learn that the latter had a war with the Khita, and from the fact + that he founded a storehouse for the temple of his divine father + Hor-khem, and filled it with captive men-servants and maid-servants, + we may conclude that he was fairly successful in his warlike + expeditions.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With his son, Seti + (Sethos) I., or Meneptah (<span class="tei tei-q">“beloved of + Ptah”</span>), we attain firmer ground. In the very first year of his + reign he warred in the east, among the Shasu Bedouin, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“from the fortress of Khetam (Heb. Etham) in the land of + Zalu, as far as Kan'ana (Canaan).”</span> Kadesh, at that time a city + of the Kheta (it had apparently fallen into the hands of the Hittites + during the reign of Amenophis IV.), was conquered by him. Not only + the Hittites, however, but also Naharain (Naharaim), the country of + which Dušratta of old had been king, upper and lower Rutennu (Canaan + and North Syria), Sinjar, the island of Cyprus, and Cappadocia, felt + the force of his arms. His son, Rameses II., was associated with him + on the throne, and afterwards succeeded him. This took place about + 1300 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> It is to this ruler + that the glory of the name of Rameses is principally due, and his + grandfather, the first who bore it, shines mainly with a reflected + light.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is impossible + here to do more than touch upon such of the details of his career as + are essential in the present work. In all probability he is best + known on account of his expedition into Syria, and the conquest of + the Hittites, who, as recorded in the celebrated heroic poem of + Pentaur, were allied with a number of other tribes, including the + people of Naharaim, Aleppo, Gauzanitis, the Girgashites (?), + Carchemish, etc. The result was success for the Egyptian arms, and + the Hittites, on the whole, submitted, though some of the towns + acknowledging <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page305">[pg + 305]</span><a name="Pg305" id="Pg305" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Hittite rule, notably Tunep, refused to accept Egyptian suzerainty, + necessitating another expedition, the result of which was, that the + Egyptians found no more opposition to their overlordship. In his + eighth and succeeding years he fought against the Canaanites, and in + his descriptions of his operations there, many familiar names are to + be found—names of great interest to all students of ancient Oriental + history. It was in his eighth year, according to the texts in the + Ramesseum, that he conquered Shalam (Salamis W. of Capernaum, + according to Prof. Flinders Petrie), Marom (Merom), the spring of + Anamimi (identified with Anamim), Dapur (identified with Tabor by + Brugsch), and many other places.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Rameses II. is + generally regarded as the Pharaoh of the Oppression, and one of the + tasks placed upon the oppressed Israelites was the building of his + store-cities, Pithom (Pi-tum, discovered by M. Naville when + excavating for the Egypt Exploration Fund) and Raamses, the + Pi-Ramessu of the inscriptions, concerning which there is a very + interesting letter by an Egyptian named Panbesa, who visited it. As + Brugsch says: <span class="tei tei-q">“We may suppose that many a + Hebrew, perhaps Moses himself, jostled the Egyptian scribe in his + wandering through the gaily-dressed streets of the + temple-city.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The successor of + Rameses, Meneptah II., is hardly the son which one would expect to + follow such a father. According to Brugsch, he does not rank with + those Pharaohs who transmitted their remembrance to posterity by + grand buildings and the construction of new temples. And the monolith + found by Petrie in 1896 seems to imply that his lists of conquests + were not always so trustworthy as could be wished. Nevertheless, the + reign of Meneptah is one of the greatest importance, for it was he, + to all appearance, who was the Pharaoh of the Exodus, as seems also + to be proved by the same document. As this is a <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page306">[pg 306]</span><a name="Pg306" id="Pg306" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> text of the very first importance, a + translation of the concluding lines is given here—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Kheta (the land of the Hittites) is in peace, captive is + Canaan and full of misery, Askelon is carried away, Gezer is taken, + Yennuamma is non-existent, Israel is lost, his seed is not,<a id= + "noteref_75" name="noteref_75" href="#note_75"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">75</span></span></a> Syria is + like the widows of Egypt. The totality of all the lands is at peace, + for whoever rebelled was chastised by king Meneptah.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now the statement + concerning Israel has given rise to a considerable amount of + discussion. Naville regards the reference to the condition in which + the Israelites were as indicating that they had left Egypt, and were + wandering, <span class="tei tei-q">“lost”</span> in the desert. There + is also some probability that the expression, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“his seed is not,”</span> may be a reference to the + decree of the king, who commanded the destruction of the male + children of the Hebrews, which command, he may have imagined, had + been finally carried out. The question also naturally arises, whether + the last phrase, <span class="tei tei-q">“whoever rebelled was + chastised by king Meneptah,”</span> may not have a reference to the + Israelites, who, from their own showing, were sufficiently peremptory + in their demands to be allowed to proceed into the wilderness to + sacrifice to their god, to bring down upon themselves any amount of + resentment.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Exceedingly + noteworthy, and in many respects startling, however, are the + researches and statements of Dr. Edouard Mahler. Following + Spiegelberg as to the meaning of the phrase containing the name of + the Israelites, <span class="tei tei-q">“Jenoam has been brought to + naught; Israel, the horde, destroyed his crops”</span>—a statement + which hardly seems worthy of the honour of being inscribed on the + memorial stele of a king of Egypt—is the rendering he suggests. The + translation of the word <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">feket</span></span> (which is rendered by other + Egyptologists as <span class="tei tei-q">“annihilated, lost,”</span> + or in some similar way) by <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page307">[pg + 307]</span><a name="Pg307" id="Pg307" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“horde,”</span> allows the learned + chronologist to suggest, that the ideographs accompanying the word + Israelites indicate that they had already entered the Holy Land, and + were trying to obtain a foothold there.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Having made these + statements, he proceeds to examine the whole question. He asserts the + correctness of the view, that Amosis, the founder of the eighteenth + dynasty, was the prince who knew not Joseph. The first king of this + new dynasty, he calculates, came to the throne two years after + Joseph's death. With regard to the reign of Rameses II., he refers to + the festival of the Sothis period which was celebrated in the + thirtieth year of his reign. Starting from this period,<a id= + "noteref_76" name="noteref_76" href="#note_76"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">76</span></span></a> which, + according to Oppolzer, was renewed in the year 1318 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, he calculates that the + first year of Rameses II. was 1347 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, and that the Exodus + took place in his thirteenth year, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> 1335 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">According to the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pirke di + Rabbi Elieser</span></span>, Dr. Mahler says, the departure of the + Israelites is said to have taken place on a Thursday. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“This view is also held in the Talmud (cf. Sabbath 87B), + and the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Shulchan-Aroch</span></span> also maintains that + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the 15th + Nisan, the day of the Exodus, was a Thursday</span></em>. This all + agrees with the year <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 1335, for in that year + the 15th Nisan fell on a Thursday, and indeed on <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Thursday the 27th of + March (Julian calendar)</span></em>.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If we accept the + theory that Rameses II. was the Pharaoh of the Exodus, and that the + Exodus took place in 1335 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, then Moses, who was + eighty years old at the time of the Exodus, must have been born in + the year 1415 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the + fifteenth year of Amenophis III. Now the chief wife of this ruler was + queen Teie (see p. <a href="#Pg275" class="tei tei-ref">275</a>), a + woman who was certainly <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page308">[pg + 308]</span><a name="Pg308" id="Pg308" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of + foreign, probably Asiatic, race. In all probability, therefore, Teie, + being an alien and of a different religion from the Egyptians, was + not by any means in favour with the Egyptian priesthood, however much + the Pharaoh may have delighted in her. The daughter of such a woman, + as will easily be understood, would find little or no opposition to + the adoption by her of a child of one of the Hebrews, an Asiatic like + her mother. This, of course, would explain excellently how it was + that Moses came to be adopted and educated by an Egyptian princess at + her father's court, and that he had no real sympathy with the people + among whom he lived, though it raises somewhat of a difficulty, for + it is hard to understand how the Egyptian king, sympathizing, as we + may expect him to have done, with Asiatics, should have ordered the + destruction of their children. Nevertheless, circumstances may easily + have arisen to cause such a decree to be issued. Another difficulty + is, to explain who the people hostile to Moses were, who in the + thirteenth year of Rameses II. died (Exod. iv. 19). This has + generally been understood to be the king and one or more of his + advisers, though this objection, like the other, really presents no + difficulty worthy of the name, as there was no indication that the + king was included.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Of course there is + no statement to the effect that Pharaoh was killed with his army by + the returning flood after the Israelites crossed the Red Sea (in Ps. + cxxxvi. 15 he must be regarded as having been overwhelmed therein in + the persons of his warriors, who suffered the fate which ought to + have stricken also the king), so that little or no difficulty exists + in this portion of the narrative.<a id="noteref_77" name="noteref_77" + href="#note_77"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">77</span></span></a> On the + other hand, a difficulty is got rid of if we suppose that the Exodus + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page309">[pg 309]</span><a name="Pg309" + id="Pg309" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> took place in the time of + Rameses II. Dr. Mahler points out, that Meneptah was succeeded by his + son and heir, User-kheperu-Ra', who did not die, but reigned + thirty-three years. The eldest sons of Rameses II., on the other + hand, all died during their father's lifetime, and it was the + fourteenth of his numerous progeny who ultimately came to the + throne.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Dr. Mahler + clinches the matter by making the plague of darkness to have been a + solar eclipse.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whatever may be + the defects of Dr. Mahler's seductive theory, it must be admitted + that it presents fewer difficulties than any other that has yet been + put forward, and on that account deserves special attention.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page310">[pg 310]</span><a name= + "Pg310" id="Pg310" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc35" id="toc35"></a> <a name="pdf36" id="pdf36"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter IX. The Nations With Whom The + Israelites Came Into Contact.</span></h1> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The Amorites—The Hittites—The + Jebusites—The Girgashites—Moab.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc37" id="toc37"></a> <a name="pdf38" id="pdf38"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Amorites.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The earliest + mention of the Amorites in the Old Testament is the passage in Gen. + x. 16, where the name occurs along with that of the Jebusites and + the Girgashites, from which may be gathered that they were all + three very powerful tribes, though their power is in all + probability not to be measured by the order of their names, the + most important of the three being the Amorites, whose name comes + second. They were regarded by the ancient Jews as an iniquitous and + wicked people (Gen. xv. 6; 2 Kings xxi. 11), though they may not, + in reality, have been worse than other nations which were their + contemporaries. That they were a powerful nation is implied by the + statement in Gen. xlviii. 22, where Jacob speaks of the tract which + he had taken out of the hand of the Amorite with his sword and his + bow, as a feat of which a warrior might be proud.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Amorites in + Babylonia have already been referred to in Chap. <a href= + "#Chapter_V" class="tei tei-ref">V.</a>, and from that part of the + present work it will easily be understood that they were an + extensive and powerful nationality, capable, with organization, of + extending their power, as they <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page311">[pg 311]</span><a name="Pg311" id="Pg311" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> evidently did from time to time, far and + wide. Indeed, as has been pointed out, there is great probability + that the Babylonian dynasty called by Berosus Arabic, was in + reality Amorite. In any case, the kings of this dynasty held sway + over Amoria, as the inscription of Ammi-ṭitana, translated on p. + <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref">155</a>, clearly shows. The + importance of this nationality in the eyes of the Babylonians is + proved by the fact that their designation for <span class= + "tei tei-q">“west”</span> was <span class="tei tei-q">“the land of + Amurrū,”</span> and the west wind was, even with the Assyrians, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the wind of the land of Amurrū”</span> + (though the Hittites, in Assyrian times, seem to have been the more + powerful nation), and this designation of the western point of the + compass probably long outlived the renown of the nationality from + which the expression was derived. Among other Biblical passages, + testifying to the power of the Amorites, may be quoted as typical + Amos ii. 9, 10, and in this the Babylonian and the Hebrew records + are quite in agreement.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As has been + pointed out by Prof. Sayce, in process of time a great many + tribes—Gibeonites, Hivites, Jebusites, and even Hittites—were + classed as Amorites by the ancient Jewish writers, a circumstance + which likewise testifies to the power of the nationality. These + identifications must be to a large extent due to the fact that all + the tribes or nationalities referred to were mountaineers, and, as + we have seen (p. <a href="#Pg122" class="tei tei-ref">122</a>), the + Akkadian character for a mountainous region or nationality, stood + not only for Armenia, and the land of the Amorites, but also for + the land of Akkad, because the Akkadians came from a mountainous + country, perhaps somewhere in the neighbourhood of the mountains of + Elam. This character was pronounced Ari when it stood for Amoria, + but ceased to be used for that on account of its signifying also + the mountainous region of Armenia, and Akkad, for which it still + continued to be employed, and it is only the context, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page312">[pg 312]</span><a name="Pg312" id="Pg312" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> in many cases, which enables the reader + to gather which is meant. Other groups used for Amoria were the + sign for foot, twice over (sometimes with one of them reversed), + [Cuneiform], and [Cuneiform], the ordinary pronunciation of which + is Saršar, though it is probable that the latter was pronounced, in + Akkadian, like the former, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> Tidnu. In the inscriptions + of Gudea, viceroy of Lagaš about 2700 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, there occurs the + name of a country called Tidalum, <span class="tei tei-q">“a + mountain of Martu,”</span> from which a kind of limestone was + brought. This Hommel and Sayce regard as another form of Tidnu, by + the interchange of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l</span></em> and <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">n</span></em>, + which is not uncommon in Akkadian. The fact that Martu is also used + in the inscriptions for Amurrū, (the land of) the Amorites, and + also, with the prefix for divinity, for the Amorite god + (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">îlu + Amurrū</span></span>), which was introduced into Babylonia at an + exceedingly early date, confirms this explanation. In all + probability there is not at present sufficient data for + ascertaining the dates when these names first appear, but Tidnu or + Tidalu was probably the earlier of the two.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">What the exact + boundaries of the district were are doubtful. Prof. Sayce, after + examining the Tel-el-Amarna tablets, comes to the conclusion that + it denoted the inland region immediately to the north of the + Palestine of later days. In this Petrie concurs, the country being, + according to him, the district of middle and lower Orontes, and + certainly covering a large area. This, of course, would be the + position of the tract over which they held sway in the earlier + ages, but later they must have extended their power so as to + embrace the Jebusites (Jerusalem), and even Mamre in Gen. xiv. 13. + From this wide extension of the dominions of the Amorites in the + book of the Bible dealing with the earliest period of Jewish + history, and from the fact that the Assyro-Babylonians used the + word to indicate the west in general, it is clear that the Amorites + occupied a wide tract in the earlier <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page313">[pg 313]</span><a name="Pg313" id="Pg313" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ages, and must have been pushed gradually + back, probably by the Babylonians under Sargon of Agadé, leaving, + however, centres of Amorite influence in the south, which, when the + power of Egypt, which followed that of Babylonia, waned and + disappeared, left certain independent states under Amorite rulers. + It is thus that, at the time of the Exodus, we find Og ruling at + Bashan, who had threescore cities, all the region of Argob, his + chief seats being Edrei and Ashtaroth. This ruler and his people + were of the remnant of the Rephaim, regarded by Sayce as of Amorite + origin (Hastings's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dictionary of the Bible</span></span>, under + <span class="tei tei-q">“Amorites”</span>). Whatever doubt there + may be, however, about the origin of the Bashanites, there is none + concerning Sihon king of the Amorites dwelling more to the south. A + man of great courage and daring, he had driven the Moabites out of + their territory, obliging them to retreat across the Arnon. On the + entry of the Israelites, he gathered his troops and attacked them, + but was defeated and killed. Josephus (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ant.</span></span> + iv. 5, sect. 2) has some curious details of this battle, in which + he states that the Amorites were unable to fight successfully when + away from the shelter of their cities, but in view of their + successes against the Moabites, we may be permitted to doubt + this.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the + Tel-el-Amarna tablets the ruler of the Amorites is apparently + Abdi-Aširti,<a id="noteref_78" name="noteref_78" href= + "#note_78"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">78</span></span></a> who, + with his son Aziru, warred successfully against Rib-Addi + (Rib-Hadad), governor of Phœnicia, driving him from Ṣumuru and + Gublu (Gebal), which last city was occupied, according to Petrie's + analysis, by the two hostile parties in turn. Naturally there are a + great many recriminations on the part of Rib-Addi against + Abdi-Aširti on account of the hostility between them, and the + former is constantly complaining to the Pharaoh of what the latter + had done, frequently calling him a dog, and once seemingly + referring to the Amorites <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page314">[pg + 314]</span><a name="Pg314" id="Pg314" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + as <span class="tei tei-q">“dogs.”</span> (Elsewhere Abdi-Aširti + applies this word to himself as an expression of humility.) His + letters to the king of Egypt, however, are merely assurances of + fidelity, and are all short:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“To the king my lord say then thus: <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘(It is) Abdi-Aštarti, the king's servant. At the feet + of the king my lord I fall down—seven (times at) the feet of the + king my lord, and seven times again (?) both front part and back. + And may the king my lord know that strong is the hostility against + me, and let it be acceptable before the king my lord, and let him + direct one of the great men to protect me.’</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Secondly, the king my lord + has sent word to me, and I have heard—I have heard all the words of + the king my lord. Behold, the ten women forgotten (?) I have + brought’</span> ”</span> (?).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(It is here + worthy of note, that he does not, in this letter, call himself + Abdi-Aširti, <span class="tei tei-q">“servant of the + Ashera,”</span> but Abdi-Aštarti, <span class="tei tei-q">“servant + of Astarte,”</span> using the Assyro-Babylonian ideograph for + Ištar, the original of the goddess in question. On another document + from him, the word is spelled out, Ab-di-aš-ta-ti, in which the + scribe intended to write Ab-di-aš-ta-ar-ti, but omitted the last + character but one. Yet another letter gives his name as + Abdi-Aš-ra-tum, in the second element of which we must see another + form of Abdi-Aširti, unless the scribe has also made a mistake in + this case, and written Ašratum for Aštaratum, which is just + possible. In any case, it shows a close connection between the + goddess Aštarte or Ištar, and the Ashera, which was in Palestine, + at that date, and for centuries before and after, her emblem. To be + the servant of the one was to be the servant of the other, though + the bearer of the name seems to have the desire rather to be + considered the priest of the goddess. Even unintentional variants + in names furnish valuable contributions at times to comparative + mythology.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If there are but + few letters from the father, there is <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page315">[pg 315]</span><a name="Pg315" id="Pg315" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> a sufficient number, and of considerable + extent, from the son. He, too, is the faithful servant of the + Pharaoh, and he writes also to Dûdu (a form of the name David) and + Ḫâi, telling of the difficulties which he had with regard to the + king of the Hittites. It is apparently this prince to whom the + Pharaoh writes in the letter translated on pp. <a href="#Pg300" + class="tei tei-ref">300-302</a>, a circumstance which leads to the + belief that the complaints of Rib-Addi with regard to Abdi-Aširti + and his son Aziru were well-founded. That the king of Egypt asks + therein for the delivery to him of certain persons whom he names, + implies that he had trustworthy information as to who the + intriguers were, and though apparently willing to give Aziru the + benefit of the doubt, he certainly did not hold him blameless.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It will probably + be long ere the true order of these letters is known, and until + this be found, much of the history of the period to which they + refer must necessarily remain uncertain.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc39" id="toc39"></a> <a name="pdf40" id="pdf40"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Hittites.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another + nationality which took a predominant part in the politics of + ancient Palestine is the Hittites. To all appearance they were a + later power than the Amorites, as their name does not occur in the + inscriptions of Babylonia and Assyria until a comparatively late + date, whilst the Amorites are mentioned 2200 years before Christ, + and their name had become the common Assyro-Babylonian expression + for <span class="tei tei-q">“the west.”</span> That the Hittites + were nevertheless of considerable antiquity, however, is implied by + the presence of the sons of Heth at Mamre in the time of Abraham, + who purchased from Ephron the Hittite the cave of Machpelah in that + place. It is difficult to assign to these people any definite + limits, especially in early times, but it seems certain that they + began to act far in the north, and gradually extended their power + southwards. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page316">[pg + 316]</span><a name="Pg316" id="Pg316" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + In the times of Joshua, the tract between the Lebanon and Euphrates + is described as theirs, and their domain was, in fact, the country + to the north of Palestine. It was no doubt due to their + predominating power that the Assyrians of later days called the + whole of Palestine <span class="tei tei-q">“the land of + Ḫatti,”</span> a designation not altogether correct, but sufficient + for their purpose, namely, that of indicating the position of the + nationalities enumerated. Nevertheless, it had some justification, + several colonies of these people inhabiting that district, as is + indicated by Gen. xxiii. 3, xxv. 10; Numbers xiii. 29, etc. The + statement in Ezekiel xvi. 3, that the father of Jerusalem was an + Amorite and its mother a Hittite, shows what was the opinion of the + more learned Jews of the time in the matter.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The earliest + mention of the Hittites outside the Bible is in the Egyptian + monuments, where, in the annals of Thothmes III., it is recorded + for the year 1470 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, that the king + proceeded to the banks of the Euphrates, and received tribute from + <span class="tei tei-q">“the greater”</span> land of the Hittites. + In the year 1463 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, the king of this + district again paid tribute. During the reign of Thothmes IV., + grandson of Thothmes III., the relations between the two countries + must have changed, and the Egyptian king had to repel an attack + made by the Hittites upon Tunib (now Tennib) in Northern Syria. + This hostile policy was continued by them also at a later date, for + the successors of Thothmes IV., Amenophis III. and his son, + Amenophis IV., had often to oppose the Hittite king, who either + attacked Northern Syria, or stirred up strife among the Egyptian + vassals in Canaan.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here, again, the + Tel-el-Amarna tablets come in, and supply a mass of details. At + times the Ḫatti still send tribute, both to Amenophis III. and IV., + but at the close of the reign of the former, hostilities again + broke out, the Hittites being, to all appearance, the aggressors. + Dušratta, king of Mitanni, writes <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page317">[pg 317]</span><a name="Pg317" id="Pg317" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> that he sends to the king of Egypt tribute of + the spoils which he had taken from the Ḫatti; and the king of + Nuḫašše, who bears the Assyrian name of Addu-nirari, and whose + grandfather had been appointed by Thothmes III., complains that the + king of the Ḫatti is against him, and asks for help. From these and + other statements it would seem, that whoever was on the side of the + king of Egypt was the enemy of the Hittites, and therefore to be + attacked by them. Akizzi, king of Qatna, complains in one of the + letters that the Ḫatti had burned down a city, and reports in + another that they had tried to win him over to their side. Aziru, + another prince in the neighbourhood, complains that the king of + Ḫatti has entered Nuḫašše, and for this reason he could not leave + his own territory to go to the king of Egypt. At the end of one of + his communications, Akizzi states that the Sun-god had taken away + the king of the Ḫatti, but as no name is given, any historical + importance which this fact might have is greatly minimized. In + other letters they are spoken of as despoiling the princes of + Gebal, capturing a personage named Lupakku and the cities of Amki + <span class="tei tei-q">“even from the cities of Aaddu”</span> (or + Bin-Addu = Ben-Hadad). As we have seen (pp. <a href="#Pg288" class= + "tei tei-ref">288-289</a>), at least a portion of them was led by + Etakama of Kinza.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As is well + known, a large number of hieroglyphic inscriptions of a people + regarded as the Hittites exist, and many attempts have been made to + translate them. In addition to these, there are many sculptures, + mostly on rocks, and still <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">in + situ</span></span>. The most remarkable of these are at Bogaz Keui, + Eyouk, Iasili-Kaia, Ghiaour-kalesi, Doganlu-deresi, Ibriz, + Eflatun-bunar, Karabeli, and elsewhere in Asia Minor, as well as at + Jerabis (anciently called Carchemish), Hamah (Hamath), and + monuments of the Hittites have even been found at Babylon. How they + came to this last place is not at present known, but they may have + formed part <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page318">[pg + 318]</span><a name="Pg318" id="Pg318" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + of the spoils brought from the west by any of the later conquerors + (such a supposition would probably be better than attributing to + them a very early date), or sent thither as presents or as + specimens of Hittite work. It is noteworthy that the inscriptions, + with the exception of the bowl brought from Babylon, are all in + relief and boustrophedon. A large number of seals, both of the + ordinary kind and cylindrical, are known, and though there are + bilingual inscriptions (Hittite and Babylonian), none of them are + of sufficient length to make them really serviceable in translating + other texts in the same character.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Notwithstanding + the great difficulty attending such a task as the translation of + these inscriptions, a certain amount of success has been attained. + Those who have advanced the study most are Prof. Sayce in England, + and Profs. Jensen and Hommel in Germany. It will be many years, + however (unless some unexpected help come to light), before + renderings in any real sense of the word useful can be made.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the opinion + of Prof. Sayce, Cappadocia was the earliest home of this + nationality, which spread thence in every direction (except, + perhaps, northwards), and made itself master of a part of + Palestine, from which circumstance the district came to have, in + Assyrian literature, the name of <span class="tei tei-q">“the land + of Ḫatti.”</span> Though later than the Amorite invasion, it + nevertheless took place at a very early date, as is shown by the + fact that Abraham had dealings with Ephron, a Hittite or + <span class="tei tei-q">“son of Heth.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Coming down to a + later date, it is interesting to see what is said about them by the + kings of Assyria. Tiglath-pileser I. (about 1120 B.C.) says as + follows—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">... 4000 + Kaškaians (and) Urumaians, people of the land of Ḫattê, + disobedient, who in their strength had taken the cities of Subarte, + subject</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page319">[pg + 319]</span><a name="Pg319" id="Pg319" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">unto the god + Ašur, my lord, heard of my march to Subarte; the brilliance of my + power overwhelmed them, they feared the conflict, my feet they + embraced. With their goods and II.</span> <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic"> + sos</span></span> <span style="font-size: 90%">(120) of chariots + of their system of yoking</span><a id="noteref_79" name= + "noteref_79" href="#note_79"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">79</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">I + took from them, and delivered to the people of my + land.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Farther on in + his record, Tiglath-pileser I. states that he collected his + chariots and warriors, and took to the desert, going to the + border-people of the Arameans, enemies of Ašur his lord. From + before the land of Sūḫi (the Shuhites) as far as the city + Carchemish of the land of Ḫattê, he boasts of having plundered in a + single day, slaughtering their soldiers, and taking back to his own + country all their property. Some of them fled across the Euphrates, + followed by the Assyrians in boats of skins, and the result of this + flight to seek safety was, that six of their cities at the foot of + the mountain known as Bišru, were taken, plundered, and + destroyed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In other + passages of his record also, this king refers to certain districts + which were undoubtedly Hittite, but without calling them by that + name. One of these—the interesting description of his operations in + Commagene—is especially worthy of notice. It reads as follows—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“In those days the people of Qurḫê, who had come with + the people of Kummuḫi to save and help the land of Kummuḫi, I + caused to go down like <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">šûbe.</span></span><a id="noteref_80" name= + "noteref_80" href="#note_80"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">80</span></span></a> The + corpses of their warriors I heaped up in heaps on the tops of the + mountains, the carcases of their warriors the river Namê took forth + to the Tigris. Kili-Tešub son of Kali-Tešub, whom Irrupi put to + flight (?), their king, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page320">[pg + 320]</span><a name="Pg320" id="Pg320" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + my hand took in the midst of the battle. His wives, children, + offspring of his heart, his force, III. <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sos</span></span> (180) plates of copper, 5 + censers of bronze, with their gods, (objects) of gold and silver, + and the best of their property, I carried off. Their spoil and + their goods I sent forth, that city and its palace I burned with + fire, destroyed (it), laid (it) waste.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The city Urraḫinaš, their stronghold, situated in the + land of Panari, fear dreading<a id="noteref_81" name="noteref_81" + href="#note_81"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">81</span></span></a> the + glory of Ašur, my lord, overwhelmed them; to save their lives they + carried away their gods (and their goods), they fled to the peaks + of the lofty mountains like a bird. I collected my chariots and + troops, (and) crossed the Tigris, Ša-di-Tešub, son of Ḫattu-šar, + king of Urraḫinaš, not to be captured in his own country, took my + feet. The children, offspring of his heart, and his family, I took + as hostages. I. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sos</span></span> (60) plates of copper, + libation-vases of bronze, offering-dishes of bronze, great ones, + with II. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sos</span></span> (120) men, oxen, sheep, + tribute and gifts, he brought, (and) I received it. I had mercy on + him, spared his life, (and) set the heavy yoke of my dominion over + him for ever. I captured the wide land of Kummuḫi to its (whole) + extent (and) made it submit to my feet. At that time I offered one + bronze offering-dish and one bronze libation-vase of the spoil and + gifts of the land of Kummuḫi to Ašur my lord, (and) I. <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sos</span></span> of copper plates, with their + gods, I presented to Hadad who loveth me.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the above + extract the names containing that of the god Tešub show clearly + that we have here to do with nationalities in the neighbourhood of + Mitanni (see p. <a href="#Pg277" class="tei tei-ref">277</a>), and + a close relation with the Hittites is suggested by the other name + Ḫattu-šar, father of Šadi-Tešub, which is an analogous formation to + Ḫattu-šil, the Kheta-sir of Egyptologists, with whom Rameses II. + made a treaty (cf. p. <a href="#Pg304" class= + "tei tei-ref">304</a>). Another reading of Ḫattu-šar is Ḫattuḫi, a + name which Prof. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page321">[pg + 321]</span><a name="Pg321" id="Pg321" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Sayce translates, <span class="tei tei-q">“the Hittite,”</span> in + the second series of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Records of the Past</span></span>, vol. i. p. + 97, note 2. In the same passage he analyzes the name of the city + Urraḫinaš as being derived from Urra, with the termination + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ḫi-naš</span></span>, denoting in Vannite, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the place of the people of.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another + interesting reference to the Hittites is that of the Assyrian king + Aššur-naṣir-âpli, renowned for his cruelty. The king ruling at the + time was Sangara, who had as his capital the city of Carchemish. + The text reads as follows—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“I drew near to the land of Carchemish. The tribute of + Sangara, king of the land of Ḫatte—20 talents of gold, bangles (?) + of gold, rings of gold, swords of gold, 100 talents of bronze, 250 + talents of iron, dishes of bronze, vases of bronze, libation-vases + of bronze, a brazier of bronze, and the numerous vessels of his + palace, the weight of which was not taken; couches of oak, chairs + of oak, tables of oak and ivory inlaid, 200 slave-girls (or + virgins), cotton stuffs, woollen cloth, white and black and white + and grey, white marble (?), tusks of elephants, a white chariot, an + umbrella of gold filled with overlaying (?), the ornament of his + royalty, I received. The chariots, horses, (and) grooms of the city + Carchemish, (of the Hittites<a id="noteref_82" name="noteref_82" + href="#note_82"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">82</span></span></a>) I set + (aside) for myself.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The riches and + importance of the city of Carchemish are here well indicated, and + to all appearance the place maintained its position to the end, + long after the power of the Hittites had completely disappeared. + Indeed, as will be recognized from the above, Sangara has every + appearance of having been a local ruler, implying that the district + under Hittite control was already broken up into small states + practically independent of each other. Another prince of the + Hittites, in the neighbourhood of Diarbekir, from whom this + Assyrian <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page322">[pg + 322]</span><a name="Pg322" id="Pg322" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + king received tribute was <span class="tei tei-q">“the son of + Baḫiani.”</span> Apparently he was called thus on account of his + ancestor, Baḫiani, being chief of a tribe, the district over which + he ruled bearing, in Aššur-naṣir-âpli's second reference to it, the + name of Bît-Baḫiani, <span class="tei tei-q">“the house of + Baḫiani.”</span> The special products of this tract are well + indicated by the nature of the gifts sent to the Assyrian king: + <span class="tei tei-q">“chariots, harness, horses, silver, gold, + lead, bronze, and vessels of bronze.”</span> That these Hittite + districts paid tribute so submissively would seem to indicate that + they had no coherence among themselves, and did not feel called + upon to aid each other in time of need.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sargon of + Assyria, who claims to have subjugated all the land of the + Hittites, speaks, as do other Assyrian kings, of the people of + Hamath, and what he did to Ilu-bi'idi or Yau-bi'idi, their king. + This, too, was the capital of a Hittite principality, and it is in + the modern town of Hamah, in which form the name still survives, + that the so-called <span class="tei tei-q">“Hamah-stones,”</span> + now generally regarded as Hittite, were found.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The + disappearance of the Hittite confederate states (if such they + really were), and the rise in their place from time to time of + other powers, caused the Assyrians, who regarded this territory as + their own special possession, won by conquest, to apply to the + whole district the name of mât <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ḫatti</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the land of Heth,”</span> which would seem to have + included (probably in its extended sense) Samaria, Sidon, Arvad, + Gebal, Ashdod, Beth-Ammon, Moab, Edom, Askelon, and Judah.<a id= + "noteref_83" name="noteref_83" href="#note_83"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">83</span></span></a> It + thus, to all appearance, took the place of the ancient <span class= + "tei tei-q">“land of the Amorites”</span> (not, however, when + indicating the points of the compass), and in this the inscriptions + of Esarhaddon and Aššur-banî-âpli agree.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">What the + influence of the Hittites over the nations <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page323">[pg 323]</span><a name="Pg323" id="Pg323" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> contemporary with them may have been is + difficult to estimate. The Assyrians, to all appearance, borrowed + from them a certain style of architecture, used for the + entrance-hall of the royal palaces. Their style of art, of which + numerous examples are preserved, shows that they had made + considerable progress, and that they had individuality as artists. + Neither in sculpture nor in engraving of hard stone, however, did + they ever attain to the exquisite fineness and finish of the best + work of the artists of Babylonia and Assyria. The subjects, too, + seem to be usually more grotesque, though this suggestion, which + their work gives, may be due merely to our ignorance of their + religious beliefs and the legends on which the designs were + probably based.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The inscribed + vase in the British Museum, and the inscribed figure found by the + German explorers at the same place have already been referred to + (pp. <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref">317-318</a>), and it has + been suggested as probable that they were sent as presents to one + or more of the Babylonian kings, though the possibility that they + were part of the spoils of an expedition to that part of the world, + or specimens of Hittite art carried off at a later date, when the + nations producing them had passed away, are also probable + explanations. In any case, they seem to show that there were, at + some period or other, political relations between the Hittites and + the Babylonians.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc41" id="toc41"></a> <a name="pdf42" id="pdf42"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Jebusites.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The importance + of the Jebusites, who were, to all appearance, but a small tribe, + lies in the circumstance, that their capital and stronghold, at the + time the Israelites entered the Holy Land, was Jerusalem. In + consequence of this, Jerusalem is mentioned, in one or two places + (Jud. xix. 10; 1 Chron. xi. 4, 5, etc.), apparently poetically, + under the name of Jebus, perhaps <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page324">[pg 324]</span><a name="Pg324" id="Pg324" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> so called by the Jebusites because of its + being the capital of their tribe. The original name of the city, + however, as we know from Gen. xiv. and the Tel-el-Amarna tablets + (see p. <a href="#Pg239" class="tei tei-ref">239</a>), was + Uru-salim. When the Jebusites took possession of the city, however, + is unknown, but in all probability neither Melchizedek nor + Abdi-ṭâba belonged to the race.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Apart from the + references to this tribe in connection with Jerusalem, there is no + indication as to its origin and race. The name of their ruler, + Adoni-zedek, however, seems to show clearly that they were Semites, + and we may suppose, with Driver, that they were Canaanites + (Hastings, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dict. of the Bible</span></span>, s.v.). It is + apparently one of the tribes of which the Babylonian and Assyrian + inscriptions know nothing as a body, but the name of Yabušu, which + would be the old form of Jebus, occurs in a contract tablet of the + time of the first dynasty of Babylon (about 2200 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>), and, if really the + name of the tribe, as it would seem to be, confirms its antiquity, + as indicated by the references to it in Genesis.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is not + improbable that future discoveries will give us more information + concerning this tribe, interesting principally on account of its + having come into contact with the Jews.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc43" id="toc43"></a> <a name="pdf44" id="pdf44"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Girgashites.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This nation, + descended from the fifth son of Canaan, seems to have inhabited the + tract on the western bank of the Jordan, and on that account was + not within easy reach of the Babylonians and Assyrians. The name, + it is thought, is closely connected with that of Gergesa, where + Christ healed the demoniac, and allowed the evil spirits to enter + into the herd of swine which then ran down the slope into the sea. + This Gergesa has, in its turn, been identified with Kersa, a ruined + town near the mouth of the Wady <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page325">[pg 325]</span><a name="Pg325" id="Pg325" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Samakh. If this be the case, there is some + probability that the Girgashites are the Kirkišāti of a tablet from + Assyria which seemingly contains an early historical record, or an + historical legend. Whether the Kirkišāti be identical with the + Girgashites or not, the text is of sufficient importance to make it + a valuable record, and a translation of the more perfect and + interesting of the lines is given here—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Gazzāni + to the resting-place he has decided upon,</span><a id= + "noteref_84" name="noteref_84" href="#note_84"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">84</span></span></a></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">to the fortress camp of + Kirkišāti,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">to Zakar-gimilli (king?) of the + Siḫites,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">to wide-spreading + Kirkišāti,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">to Ḫarri-si'iši, to + Dûr-Dungi,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">and the neighbourhood of + Tengurgur (?) may he go forth, and</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">to the land of Ḫalman, the place + to which his eyes are set, may he go.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">By the command of the enemy, the + Lullubite, may he accomplish (it)—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">As for him, his horses, his + soldiers, his chariots, in peace to the land of Ḫalman have + approached, and the enemy, the Lullubite,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">whether from before him, or from + beside him, or from his right,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">or from his left, did not cease + (?) from him, and shall not destroy him,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">shall not make him fail, shall not cause him + to diminish.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">That the + majority of the countries mentioned are near to Babylonia, is + against the probability that Kirkišāti (if it be a country) is the + land of the Girgashites, unless Ḫalman be Aleppo, and not the + Mesopotamian tract of the same name; or unless, being a + <span class="tei tei-q">“numerous people,”</span> they had sent out + colonies to the neighbourhood <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page326">[pg 326]</span><a name="Pg326" id="Pg326" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of Babylonia, as did the Amorites; or + emigrants, like the Jebusites. Whatever be the explanation, + however, the above fragment is exceedingly interesting, the more + so, that in the first line of the extract as given above, the + person spoken of is to all appearance Gazzāni, which is possibly + the completion of the name of the father of Tudḫula, and is + written, as far as it is preserved, in the same way.<a id= + "noteref_85" name="noteref_85" href="#note_85"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">85</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is noteworthy + that the prefix for country is absent in every case, except that of + Ḫalman.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc45" id="toc45"></a> <a name="pdf46" id="pdf46"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Moabites.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Concerning the + early history and state of the Moabites we get no information from + the inscriptions of Babylonia and Assyria, though the name Muab + occurs on the base of one of the six colossal inscriptions at Luxor + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Patriarchal Palestine</span></span>, p. 21). + For a time, in all probability, it was like an Egyptian province, + or, at least, greatly under Egyptian influence. It is not until + comparatively late times that the Moabites come before us in + Assyrian history, and the same thing may be said with regard to the + Edomites, Ammonites, and other petty states. As these will be + referred to incidentally in the chapters which follow, it has been + thought well not to treat of them here, in order to avoid + repetition as much as possible.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page327">[pg 327]</span><a name= + "Pg327" id="Pg327" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc47" id="toc47"></a> <a name="pdf48" id="pdf48"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter X. Contact Of The Hebrews With + The Assyrians.</span></h1> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Aššur-naṣir-âpli II.—Shalmaneser + II.—Tiglath-pileser III. (Pul)—Shalmaneser IV. + (Elulaeus)—Sargon—Sennacherib—Esarhaddon—Aššur-banî-âpli (the great + and noble Asnappar)—The downfall of Assyria.</span> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Hebrew + commonwealth had come into being, and given place to a monarchy, + which, passing through many vicissitudes, reached its highest pitch + of glory in the time of David and Solomon, to suffer, after the death + of the latter, diminution by the falling away of the ten tribes. Thus + weakened, the two parts of what had been erstwhile a powerful whole + became tempting morsels to any power whose ruler was ambitious of + conquest. It was probably more from unwillingness to attack with but + little chance of success than inability from inherent weakness which + caused the Assyrians to refrain whilst the nation was united. + Generally, the kings of Assyria preferred making conquests nearer + home, and Tukulti-Ninip I., who reigned in the 13th century + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, annexed Babylonia and + ruled there for seven years, Assyrian predominance in that land + coming to an end on his death, which was due to a revolt, in which + his son, Aššur-naṣir-âpli, took part. Though this was a check to + Assyrian ambition in that quarter, its kings returned from time to + time to the attack, but with very varying success, which probably + caused them to turn their attention to other districts as the field + of their warlike zeal. Tukulti-Ninip II. (891-885 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>) and his son, + Aššur-naṣir-âpli II., therefore aimed at the conquest of the north + and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page328">[pg 328]</span><a name= + "Pg328" id="Pg328" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> west, and though the + latter came into conflict with Babylonia, no permanent accession of + territory resulted therefrom.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It seems not to + have been until somewhat late in his reign that he reached, in his + numerous expeditions, the Mediterranean Sea, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the great western sea,”</span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the great sea of the land of Amurrū,”</span><a id= + "noteref_86" name="noteref_86" href="#note_86"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">86</span></span></a> as he + calls it. Here, after performing ceremonies to the gods of Assyria, + he received the tribute of the kings of the sea-coast—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“of the land of the Tyrians, the land of the Sidonians, + the land of the Gebalites, the land of the Maḫallatites, the land of + the Maizites, the land of the Kaizites, the land of the Amorites, + (and) the city of Arvad, which is amid the sea.”</span> This is + followed by a list of the objects received, and the statement that + they (the rulers) paid him homage. Having thus spied out the + nakedness of the land, and ascertained the willingness of the rulers + to give tribute, the Assyrian king proceeded to the mountains of + Ḫamanu (Amanus), and cut beams of cedar, cypress, and other wood for + the temple Ê-šarra, for his house or temple (apparently that in which + he worshipped), <span class="tei tei-q">“a house of rejoicing, (and) + for the temple of the moon and the sun, the glorious + gods.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Shalmaneser II., + son of Aššur-naṣir-âpli, during the first six years of his reign, + warred, like his father, on the north and west, his object being to + complete what his father had begun, namely, the subjugation of the + territory of Aḫuni, son of Adini, king of Til-barsip. This having + been successfully accomplished, he was free to turn his attention to + the more southern regions of the old land of the Amorites. In the + year 854 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, therefore, he marched + against Giammu, a ruler whose land lay on the river Belichus. To all + appearance this chief wished to resist, but his people feared the + power of the Assyrian king, and put Giammu to death. Taking + possession of the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page329">[pg + 329]</span><a name="Pg329" id="Pg329" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + district, he then proceeded to further successes, and after crossing + the Euphrates again in boats of skins, he received the tribute of the + kings on the farther side—Sangara of Carchemish, Kundašpu of + Commagene, Aramu the son of Gusu, Lallu the Milidian, Ḫaianu the son + of Gabaru, Kalparuda of the Patinians, and Kalparuda of the + Gurgumians, <span class="tei tei-q">“(at) the city Aššur-uttir-aṣbat, + of the farther side of the Euphrates, which is upon the river Sajur, + which the men of the Hittites call the city Pitru”</span> (Pethor). + Having reached Aleppo, he received also tribute there, and offered + sacrifices before Hadad of Aleppo.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Next came the turn + of Irḫulêni of Hamath (Amatâa), whose cities Adennu, Pargâ, and + Arganâ were captured and spoiled, and his palaces set in flames.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“From Arganâ I departed, to Qarqara I drew near: Qarqara, + his royal city, I ravaged, destroyed, (and) burnt with fire. One + thousand two hundred chariots, 1200 yoke of horses, 20,000 trained + soldiers of Adad-'idri (= Bin-Adad-idri = Ben-Hadad) of Ša-imērišu (= + the province of Damascus); 700 chariots, 700 yoke of horses, (and) + 10,000 soldiers of Irḫulêni of the land of the Hamathites; 2000 + chariots (and) 10,000 men of Aḫabbu (regarded as Ahab) of the land of + the Sir'ilites (regarded as the Israelites); 500 men of the Guites; + 1000 men of the Musrites; 10 chariots (and) 10,000 men of the + Irqanatites; 200 men of Matinu-ba'ali of the city of the Arvadites; + 200 men of the land of the Usanatites; 30 chariots (and) 10,000 men + of Adunu-ba'ali of the land of the Šianians;<a id="noteref_87" name= + "noteref_87" href="#note_87"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">87</span></span></a> 1000 + camels of Gindibu'u of the Arbâa (regarded as the Arabians); ... 00 + men of Ba'asa son of Ruḫubu of the land of the Amanians + (Ammonites)—these 12<a id="noteref_88" name="noteref_88" href= + "#note_88"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">88</span></span></a> kings he + took to aid him, (and) to make war and battle they advanced against + me. With the supreme powers which Aššur, the lord, has given; with + the mighty weapons which <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ura-gala</span></span> <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page330">[pg 330]</span><a name="Pg330" id="Pg330" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> (Nergal<a id="noteref_89" name="noteref_89" + href="#note_89"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">89</span></span></a>) going + before me, has presented (me), I fought with them. From the city + Qarqara as far as the city Gilzau<a id="noteref_90" name="noteref_90" + href="#note_90"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">90</span></span></a> I made + an end of them. Fourteen thousand of their warriors I caused to be + slain with the sword. Like Hadad I caused a torrent to rain down upon + them....”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such is the + account of the first recorded contact of the Assyrians with the + Jews—that is, if Sir'ilâa be rightly rendered <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Israelites”</span>; as to Ahab, there may have been more + than one of the name, just as there were two Kalparudas, he of the + Patinians, and he of the Gurgumians. Nevertheless, the probability + that it really is Ahab of Israel is great, and this theory is held by + most Assyriologists.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In truth, however, + the Hebrew and the Assyrian histories of this period are not + altogether easy to reconcile. Ben-Hadad II., the son and successor of + Ben-Hadad I., was in almost continual conflict with the Israelites. + The story is told in 1 Kings xx., according to which Ben-Hadad + entered into an alliance with thirty-two other kings, who, with their + armies, horses, and chariots, besieged Samaria. Too full of + confidence, he sent to Ahab of Israel, who was in the besieged city, + demanding his surrender, the second time with terms more than usually + humiliating. In consequence of the words of a prophet who is unnamed, + the rejection of these terms was followed by a sortie of the + inhabitants, who seem to have taken the besiegers unawares, whilst + they were feasting and drinking in their over-confidence. The result + was the raising of the siege, and the complete defeat of the allied + forces.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The next attack of + Ben-Hadad upon Ahab was at Aphek, he hoping to obtain a victory over + the Israelites because he considered their God to be a god + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page331">[pg 331]</span><a name="Pg331" + id="Pg331" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of the mountains, and that + they would not be under his protection in the plains. Here, too, the + Israelites were victorious, and Ben-Hadad submitted, and agreed to + restore cities taken by his father (xx. 34), and to allow the + Israelites to build streets at Damascus (probably as a quarter for + Jewish merchants).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Admitting the + correctness of the general opinions of Assyriologists concerning + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aḫabbu + mât Sir'ilâa</span></span>, it must have been between this period and + his death that he joined the Syrian league against Shalmaneser II. of + Assyria, with a force only half that of Ben-Hadad, though his + chariots were nearly twice as many. Notwithstanding this, however, + the Israelitish troops were sufficiently numerous, and the defeat of + such a large army as that of the allies of the Syrian league, and the + slaughter of a total of 14,000 men among them (another account says + 20,500), many of them in all probability Israelites, finds no place, + strange to say, in the sacred record, notwithstanding that the Hebrew + writers do not, as a rule, in the least object to mentioning national + defeat, and in this case it would have been a most important thing to + refer to, the danger which threatened them and their allies being + such as promised to overthrow their national existence altogether. + Perhaps the compiler of the sacred record, however, did not realize + to the full what the Assyrian invasion meant; or he may not have + desired to justify Ahab's policy (which, in view of the danger which + threatened, was a sound one), and so discredit with the people the + fanatical behaviour and tragic warning of the prophet who reproached + the king so mercilessly because he had made friends with Ben-Hadad + instead of pressing on against him in hostility, even to the + death.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Rev. Joseph + Horner (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Proceedings of the Society of Biblical + Archæology</span></span>, 1898, p. 244), besides bringing in the + chronological difficulty, which is very real, in spite of Prof. + Oppert's <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Noli me tangere</span></span> (P.S.B.A., + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page332">[pg 332]</span><a name="Pg332" + id="Pg332" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> 1898, pp. 24-47), notes (pp. + 237, 238) the difficulty of the name. This is the only place where + Israel is called in the Assyrian inscriptions Sir´ilâa—in all other + passages it is <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">bît Ḫumrî</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the house of Omri,”</span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">mât bît + Ḫumrî</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“the land of the house + of Omri,”</span> and he regards it as incredible that a name never + used before, and never afterwards found, should be employed. + Elsewhere, when speaking of Jehu, Shalmaneser calls him <span class= + "tei tei-q">“son”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“descendant of + Omri,”</span> apparently intending thereby to indicate his + nationality, for, as is well known, the relationship expressed is not + correct.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nevertheless, + allowance must be made for the uncertainty attending the introduction + into the literature of a country of a name with which the people, + including the scribes, are unfamiliar. Ḫumrî or Omri may have been, + to the scribe who composed the account given by the Black Obelisk, + very much easier to remember than the comparatively unfamiliar + Sir´ilâa, and it may have been felt that the form used was not by any + means certain—Isra´ilâa would, in fact, have been much better. The + scribe of the monolith, however, may have inserted what he felt to be + the Assyro-Babylonian form of the name, for something very similar to + Sir´ilâa (or Ser´ilâa) exists in the Sar-îli of a contract tablet of + the reign of Ammi-zaduga, translated in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the Royal + Asiatic Society</span></span>, 1897, pp. 594-595 (cf. p. 157).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But, as before + remarked, the chronological difficulty still remains, the date, from + Hebrew sources, being, according to Prof. Oppert, before 900 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> (the last year of + Ahab), whilst, according to Assyrian chronology, it should be 853 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> (cf. Sayce in + Hastings's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dictionary of the Bible</span></span>, vol. i. + p. 272).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The importance of + the city of Hamath is well indicated not only by the above extract, + but also by the numerous other passages where Irḫulēni (or Urḫilēni) + of Hamath is referred to. The Guites <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page333">[pg 333]</span><a name="Pg333" id="Pg333" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> were regarded by the late Geo. Smith as the + Biblical Goim—a rather doubtful identification. As for the Musrites, + the same scholar thought them to be the Egyptians, Muṣrâa, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Muṣrites,”</span> coming apparently from + Muṣur, the name of Egypt in the Assyrian inscriptions. Others regard + them as being a people of the north, and this is more probable, + though it would perhaps be better to regard the name as unidentified. + The mention of <span class="tei tei-q">“camels”</span> in connection + with Gindibu'u of the Arbâa is regarded as stamping the nationality + referred to as being Arabic, and this is very probable. In Ba'asa son + of Ruḫubu of the Ammonites we have the comparatively familiar + Biblical names Baasha and Rehob in their Assyrian forms. It will + therefore be seen that the extract translated above is of + considerable interest quite independently of its historical bearings, + which are of great importance, whatever may be the ultimate opinion + concerning them.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During the next + three years Shalmaneser was occupied on the west and north-west and + in Babylonia, so that it was not until 850 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> that he was again able + to turn his attention to the neighbourhood of Palestine.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The clemency of + Ahab towards Ben-Hadad had apparently ended, as has been seen, in an + alliance between the two nationalities, but that alliance did not, to + all appearance, last very long. There is every probability that it + was an unwilling one on the part of Ben-Hadad, and in all probability + he took advantage of the death of Ahab to repudiate it. In any case, + Ben-Hadad is represented in 2 Kings vi. 24 ff., as again besieging + Samaria, but with disastrous results. What interval there was between + his raising the siege of Samaria and his death, the sacred narrative + does not say, but according to Assyrian chronology, there should be + from four to six years at least (850-846 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>).</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page334">[pg 334]</span><a name="Pg334" id="Pg334" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the tenth year + of his reign Shalmaneser II. of Assyria crossed the Euphrates for the + eighth time, and advanced against Sangara of Carchemish, whose cities + he destroyed, made waste, and burned in the flames. After this came + the turn of Arame, whose capital city, with one hundred other places + around it, was laid in ruins. Adad-idri of Damascus (Imēri-šu), + however, set himself, with Irḫulēni of Hamath, and twelve of the + kings of Syria, to resist the Assyrian king. Shalmaneser claims to + have defeated them, put them to flight, and captured their chariots, + horses, and war-material.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is hardly + any doubt, however, that his success was not by any means what he + desired and expected, for he found himself obliged to march again to + the same region in his eleventh year, when he crossed the Euphrates + for the ninth time. On this occasion he says that he destroyed + ninety-seven cities of Sangara of Carchemish and one hundred cities + of Arame. Having reached the edge of the Ḫamanu (Amanus) range of + mountains, he traversed the portion named Yaraqu, and descended to + the land of the Hamathites, where he captured the city Aštamaku and + ninety-nine other places, defeating their armies with great + slaughter. Again he met Adad-idri, with Irḫulēni of Hamath and the + twelve <span class="tei tei-q">“kings of the sea-coast.”</span> In + the battle which follows he claims to have defeated them and killed + 10,000 of their fighting-men with the sword. He also states that he + took their chariots, horses, and war-material. On his way back he + again turned his attention to Arame, capturing his capital Apparazu. + At that time he likewise received the tribute of Kalparundu of the + Patinians, consisting of silver, lead, gold, horses, oxen, sheep, and + textile fabrics. Ascending again into the Amanus mountains, he + brought away a further supply of cedar-wood for his palaces.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the two + following years (648 and 647 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page335">[pg 335]</span><a name="Pg335" id="Pg335" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> according to Assyrian reckoning), + Shalmaneser was not to all appearance engaged in any expeditions of + importance, or at least their importance is unknown. In his + fourteenth year, 846 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, however, he crossed + the Euphrates again, and met Ben-Hadad for the last time. As before, + the latter was in alliance with Irḫulēni of Hamath and the + <span class="tei tei-q">“twelve kings of the sea-coast above and + below.”</span> Again the Assyrian king fought with them and defeated + them, destroying their chariots and teams, and capturing, as before, + their war-material, and <span class="tei tei-q">“to save their lives, + they fled.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Naturally all + these historical details are of great interest and value. The + question naturally arises whether, being so much alike in wording and + results, they may not all refer to the same expedition, which the + Assyrian king repeated to fill up his annals? As a rule, however, the + annals of the Assyrian rulers are exceedingly correct, and there is + consequently but little reason to doubt the accuracy of Shalmaneser's + statements. It is noteworthy that, in all these descriptions of + expeditions to the west, twelve kings are mentioned, whilst in the + first instance eleven only are enumerated, and in the other two the + twelve are spoken of as if in addition to Adad-idri and Irḫulēni of + Hamath. Ought we, therefore, to translate <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the twelve kings,”</span> meaning the eleven which are + referred to along with and including Aḫabbu of the Sir'ilâa, or are + the twelve kings referred to in the account of the second and third + encounters with Ben-Hadad merely an indefinite number, meaning + <span class="tei tei-q">“a dozen,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-q">“twelve more or less”</span>? As it is impossible that + Ahab of Israel should have been one of the Syrian league all this + time, the latter must be held to be the more probable + explanation—<span class="tei tei-q">“In those days Adad-idri of the + land of Imēri-šu (and) Irḫulēni of the land of Hamath with a dozen + kings of the sea-coast trusted each other's might, and came against + me to make war and battle.”</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page336">[pg 336]</span><a name="Pg336" id="Pg336" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Notwithstanding + all his efforts, however, as detailed in his annals, Shalmaneser II. + was still very far from the subjugation of the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“sea-coast,”</span> as he calls Palestine and Syria, and + realizing that he had a hard task before him, he returned to his own + country and occupied himself in the two following years in + Mesopotamia, Ararat, and Namri, south-east of Assyria. The following + year, 843 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, for the first time + during his reign, he was at peace, superintending the felling of + trees in the Amanus mountains for use in the palaces of Assyria. This + period of rest was in all probability necessary to enable the army to + be reorganized for further campaigns in that part of the world which + he seems to have set his heart upon subjugating.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This being the + case, he set out, in his eighteenth year (842 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>), and crossed the + Euphrates for the sixteenth time. This expedition, however, was not + against his old foe, Ben-Hadad or Adad-idri, but against Ḫaza'-îlu, + the Hazael of 2 Kings viii. 8, etc., who had treacherously murdered + his master, as related in this passage, and seized the throne. + Hearing of the advance of the Assyrian army, he prepared for + resistance, as is related in the following narrative.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"> + <img src="images/illus-viii.png" alt="Plate VIII." title= + "Plates of Chased Bronze, which covered the Doors of an Enclosure at Balawat. (Left-hand portions, from right-hand leaf.) (Found by Mr. H. Rassam, in 1878, and now in British Museum, Assyrian Saloon.) Ia.—The expedition of Shalmaneser II. to the land of Nairi (Mesopotamia). Sacrificing to the gods by throwing meat-offerings into the lake. March of the army over the mountains. Ib.—Siege and capture of the city Suguni, in Ararat. IIa.—Bringing to Shalmaneser "the tribute of the ships of Tyre and Sidon." IIb.—March against the city Hazizi. Procession of prisoners. IIIa. and IIIb.—Crossing the tributaries of the Euphrates by pontoon bridges. Receiving tribute from Adinu, son of Dakaru, of Enzudu. (Page 337.)" /> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Plates of Chased Bronze, which covered the Doors of an Enclosure + at Balawat. (Left-hand portions, from right-hand leaf.) (Found by + Mr. H. Rassam, in 1878, and now in British Museum, Assyrian + Saloon.) I<span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: center"><span style= + "font-style: italic">a</span></span>.—The expedition of + Shalmaneser II. to the land of Nairi (Mesopotamia). Sacrificing + to the gods by throwing meat-offerings into the lake. March of + the army over the mountains. I<span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: center"><span style= + "font-style: italic">b</span></span>.—Siege and capture of the + city Suguni, in Ararat. II<span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: center"><span style= + "font-style: italic">a</span></span>.—Bringing to Shalmaneser + "<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style= + "font-style: italic">the tribute of the ships of Tyre and + Sidon</span></span>." II<span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: center"><span style= + "font-style: italic">b</span></span>.—March against the city + Hazizi. Procession of prisoners. III<span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: center"><span style= + "font-style: italic">a</span></span>. and III<span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style= + "font-style: italic">b</span></span>.—Crossing the tributaries of + the Euphrates by pontoon bridges. Receiving tribute from Adinu, + son of Dakaru, of Enzudu. (Page 337.) + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“In my 18th year I crossed the Euphrates for the 16th + time. Ḫaza-'îlu of the land of Imēri-šu trusted to the might of his + troops, and called his troops together in great number. Saniru, the + peak of a mountain which is before Lebanon, he made his stronghold. I + fought with him, I accomplished his defeat: 16,000 of his + fighting-men I slew with the sword: 1121 of his chariots, 470 of his + horses, with his camp, I captured. He fled to save his life—I set out + after him. I besieged him in Dimašqu (Damascus), his royal city. I + cut down his orchards; I went to the mountains of the land of Ḫauranu + (the Hauran), cities without number I destroyed, wasted, and burned + in the flames. Untold spoil I carried away. I went <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page337">[pg 337]</span><a name="Pg337" id="Pg337" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> to the mountains of Ba'ali-ra'asi”</span> + (Aramaic: <span class="tei tei-q">“lord of the promontory”</span>), + <span class="tei tei-q">“which is a headland”</span> (lit., + <span class="tei tei-q">“head of the sea”</span>)—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“I set up an image of my majesty therein. In those days I + received the tribute of the Tyrians, Sidonians, (and) of Yaua, son of + Ḫumrî.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The description of + this campaign given by the Black Obelisk is as follows—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“In my 18th year I crossed the Euphrates for the 16th + time. Ḫaza'-îlu of the land of Imēri-šu came forth to battle: 1121 of + his chariots, 470 of his horses, with his camp, I took away from + him.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These two + documents, as will easily be seen, are in perfect accord, and the + story they have to tell agrees in its turn with that of the preceding + years of Shalmaneser's reign. Indeed, this text may be regarded as + confirming the opinions hitherto held concerning the identity of + Aḫabbu mât Sir'ilâa with Ahab of Israel, and Adad-idri with Ben-Hadad + of Damascus. This, be it noted, is due to the fact that, like + Ben-Hadad, Adad-idri was succeeded by Hazael, who, in both the Bible + narrative and the annals of Shalmaneser, is a contemporary of Jehu + (Yaua, son of Ḫumrî or Omri). The Black Obelisk, probably for the + sake of economizing space, does not refer to the receipt of tribute + from Jehu when speaking of the battle with Hazael, on account of the + bas-relief thereon referring to that event. The following is the + translation of the epigraph in question which I gave in 1886<a id= + "noteref_91" name="noteref_91" href="#note_91"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">91</span></span></a>—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The tribute of Yaua, son of Ḫumrî: silver, gold, a + golden cup, golden vases, golden vessels, golden buckets, lead, a + staff for the hand of the king (and) sceptres, I + received.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The account of the + conflict with Hazael indicates that certain changes had taken place + in the Mediterranean <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page338">[pg + 338]</span><a name="Pg338" id="Pg338" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + coast-lands since Shalmaneser's former campaigns thither. It was no + longer against the kings of Damascus and Hamath with <span class= + "tei tei-q">“a dozen kings”</span> in alliance with them, but against + Hazael alone. Had they broken with Ben-Hadad? or did they hold aloof + because they had no sympathy with his murderer? In any case, it would + seem to be certain that they no longer feared the Assyrian king, who, + they must have felt, had his hands full. In Israel, too, there had + been changes, Ahab having been succeeded by Ahaziah, who, after a + reign of one year, was succeeded by Jehoram. The latter tried to + reduce Mesha king of Moab again to subjection, but without success. + Ben-Hadad's attempt to capture Samaria was made during his reign, and + the non-success of the Syrian king was probably the cause of + Jehoram's attempt to recover Ramoth-gilead, where Ahab had found his + fate some years before. The king of Israel did not fall on the field + of battle, but received there a wound which obliged him to return to + Jezreel. His death at the hands of Jehu in Naboth's vineyard is one + of the most dramatic incidents of Israelitish history.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Jehu's payment of + tribute to the Assyrian king in 842 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> was probably due to a + question of policy, and in the main it may be considered as a cheap + way of avoiding misfortune, for he might easily have been worsted in + an encounter with Shalmaneser. What Tyre and Sidon thought fit to do, + could hardly but be recognized as policy for Israel as well. It was + important for Jehu that he should consolidate his power, hence this + submission, though, to say the truth, he could not have been certain + that he would be attacked. Was it that he felt strong enough to + resist the Assyrian king which made him withhold the payment of + tribute when, in 839 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, Shalmaneser again + marched against Hazael? It would seem so. On this occasion four towns + of the king of Damascus <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page339">[pg + 339]</span><a name="Pg339" id="Pg339" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + were captured, and tribute again received from Tyre and Sidon, Gebal + likewise buying peace in the same way.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">That Jehu, who + destroyed the house of Omri, should be called <span class= + "tei tei-q">“son of Omri”</span> in the inscriptions of Shalmaneser + II. of Assyria, is strange, and needs explanation. Perhaps the + successor of a king could loosely be spoken of as his son, as + occupying the place of such a relative; and, as is well known, + Belshazzar, in the book of Daniel, is called son of Nebuchadnezzar, + which, according to the Babylonian inscriptions, he certainly was + not. That Jehu may have been in some way related with Jehoram, and + therefore a descendant of Omri, is possible and even probable. That + he was not descended from him in a direct line is certain.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is noteworthy + that the Assyrian form of the name, Yaua, shows that the unpronounced + aleph at the end was at that time sounded, so that the Hebrews must + have called him Yahua (Jehua). Omri was likewise pronounced in + accordance with the older system, before the ghain became ayin. Ḫumrî + shows that they said at that time Ghomrî.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After the + rebellion which embittered the closing years of Shalmaneser's life, + the great Assyrian king died, and his crown went to his younger son + Šamši-Adad III. (825-812 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>). The first work of the + new ruler was the pacification of his country, and this having been + successfully done, he tried to restore Assyrian influence beyond the + borders of his kingdom. During his reign of about thirteen years, he + warred on the N., N.E., N.W. and S. (Babylonia), but never came + nearer to Syria than Kar-Shalmaneser on the Euphrates, near + Carchemish.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">His son, + Adad-nirari, who reigned from 812 to 783 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, followed in his + footsteps, and began by making conquests on the east. The north and + north-west, however, also felt the force of his arms. The + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page340">[pg 340]</span><a name="Pg340" + id="Pg340" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> only campaign of which details + are given is one against Syria, the date of which, however, is not + known. G. Smith thought that this could not have taken place earlier + than 797 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, during the time of + Amaziah king of Judah and Joash king of Israel—a conjecture which is + based, to all appearance, upon the comparison of Mansuate with + Manasseh. As the Assyrian form of this name is Minsē or Minasē, such + an identification is impossible, and this being the case, it is more + probable that the expeditions to the Holy Land and Syria took place + either in 806, when he went to Arpad, 805, when he was at Ḫaza, or + 804, when he marched against Ba'ali, the name, apparently, of a + Phœnician city. The next year he went to the sea-coast, but whether + this was the Mediterranean or not is not indicated, though it may be + regarded as very probable, and if so, 803 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> must be added to the + dates already named, or the operations to which he refers in his + slab-inscription may have extended over one or more of the years here + referred to.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">So, when he was + young and enthusiastic, King Adad-nirari III. of Assyria had the + inscription carved of which the following is a translation, as far as + it is at present known—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Palace of Adad-nirari, the great king, the powerful + king, king of the world, king of the land of Aššur; the king who, in + his youth, Aššur, king of the Igigi, called, and delivered into his + hand a kingdom without equal; his shepherding he (Aššur) made good as + pasture for the people of the land of Aššur, and caused his throne to + be firm; the glorious priest, patron of Ê-šarra, he who ceaseth not + to uphold the command of Ê-kura, who continually walketh in the + service of Aššur, his lord, and hath caused the princes of the four + regions to submit to his feet. He who hath conquered from the land of + Siluna of the rising of the sun, the mountains (?) of the land + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page341">[pg 341]</span><a name="Pg341" + id="Pg341" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of Ellipu, the land of Ḫarḫar, + the land of Araziaš, the land of Mesu, the land of the Medes, the + land of Gizil-bunda, to its whole extent, the land of Munna, the land + of Parsua (Persia), the land of Allapria, the land of Abdadana, the + land of Na'iru (Mesopotamia), to the border of the whole of it, the + land of Andiu, whose situation is remote, the range (?) of the + mountains, to its whole border, as far as the great sea of the rising + of the sun (the Persian Gulf); from the river Euphrates, the land of + Ḫatti (Heth, the Hittites), the land of Amurri (Amoria, the + Amorites), to its whole extent, the land of Tyre, the land of Sidon, + the land of Ḫumrî (Omri, Israel), the land of Edom, the land of + Palastu (Philistia) as far as the great sea of the setting of the sun + (the Mediterranean), I caused to submit to my feet. I fixed tax and + tribute upon them. I went to the land of Ša-imēri-šu (Syria of + Damascus); Mari'u, king of Ša-imēri-šu, I shut up in Dimašqu + (Damascus), his royal city. The fear and terror of Aššur, his lord, + struck him, and he took my feet, performed homage. Two thousand three + hundred talents of silver, 20 talents of gold, 3000 talents of + bronze, 5000 talents of iron, cloth, variegated stuffs, linen, a + couch of ivory, an inlaid litter of ivory, (with) cushions (?), his + goods, his property, to a countless amount I received in Damascus, + his royal city, in the midst of his palace. All the kings of the land + of Kaldu (the Chaldean tribes in Babylonia) performed homage, tax and + tribute for future days I fixed upon them. Babylon, Borsippa, Cuthah, + brought the overplus (of the treasures) of Bêl, Nebo, (and) Nergal, + (made) pure offerings....”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(The remainder of + the inscription is said to be still at Calah, not yet uncovered.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Schrader, in his + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cuneiform + Inscriptions and the Old Testament</span></span>, makes the campaign + against Syria to have taken place in 803 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, and sees in + Adad-nirari the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page342">[pg + 342]</span><a name="Pg342" id="Pg342" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + deliverer sent by Yahwah in answer to the prayers of Jehoahaz. + According to 2 Kings xiii. 3, the Israelites were subject to Hazael + and Ben-Hadad, his son, all their days. There is every probability + that the successor of the latter was the Mari'u mentioned in the + translation given above, and the same inscription would seem to + indicate that the Israelites submitted to the Assyrian king, and paid + him tribute in order to secure his intervention, which, judging from + the enormous amount of spoil which he secured, he did not regret. The + saviour having come, and the tribute paid, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Israel dwelt in their tents, as beforetime”</span> (2 + Kings xiii. 5). Verses 22-25 are to all appearance a recapitulation, + probably extracted from another source. They show that Joash, son of + Jehoahaz, rebelled, and took from Ben-Hadad the cities which the + last-named had captured from Israel, and defeated him three times + (see ver. 19). Apparently <span class="tei tei-q">“all their + days”</span> in ver. 3 is not to be taken literally, as the war of + the Israelites against Syria took place before the death of Ben-Hadad + III. It may also be conjectured that the reason of there being no + more than three defeats of the Syrians was due to the death of + Ben-Hadad, and his sceptre passing into younger and more vigorous + hands, so that <span class="tei tei-q">“a saviour”</span> was still + needed, and found in the person of the Assyrian king, as suggested by + Schrader. The Syrian forces not being in a condition, after their + defeats by the Israelites, to offer battle to Adad-nirari, apparently + submitted without fighting, and after such a visit the country had + too much need for peace to allow of reprisals being made against the + Israelites.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The fame of + Adad-nirari was great, and his queen seems to have shared in it. She + was named Sammu-ramat, <span class="tei tei-q">“(the goddess) Sammu + loveth (her),”</span> a name which is generally regarded as the + original of the somewhat mythical Semiramis of Herodotus. That she + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page343">[pg 343]</span><a name="Pg343" + id="Pg343" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> was looked up to by the + subjects of her royal spouse, however, is proved by the two statues + in the British Museum (there were in all four of them, erected at + Calah). According to the inscription on them, they were made and + dedicated for one of the chief officers of the kingdom, + Bêl-tarṣi-îli-ma (<span class="tei tei-q">“a lord before + God”</span>), who furnished them with the following dedication—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“To Nebo, mighty, exalted, son of Ê-saggil,<a id= + "noteref_92" name="noteref_92" href="#note_92"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">92</span></span></a> the wise + one, high-towering, the mighty prince, son of Nudimmud, whose word is + supreme; prince of intelligence, director of the universe of heaven + and earth, he who knoweth everything, the wide of ear, he who holdeth + the tablet-reed (and) hath the stilus; the merciful one, he who + decideth, with whom is (the power of) raising and abasing; the + beloved of Ea, lord of lords, whose power hath no equal, without whom + there would be no counsel in heaven; the gracious one, pitiful, whose + sympathy is good; he who dwelleth in E-zida, which is within + Calah—the great lord, his lord—for the life of Adad-nirari, king of + the land of Aššur, his lord, and the life of Sammu-ramat, she of the + palace, his lady, Bêl-tarṣi-îli-ma, ruler of the city of Calah, the + land of Ḫamedu, the land of Sudgana, the land of Temeni, the land of + Yaluna, for the saving of his life, the lengthening of his days, the + adding of days to his years, the peace of his house and his people + (not the one evil to him), he has caused (this statue) to be made as + a gift. Whoever (cometh) after: Trust to Nebo—trust not another + god.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is rare that an + Assyrian queen is mentioned in the inscriptions, especially on almost + equal terms with the king, and additional interest is added by the + fact, that she bears a name commonly regarded as the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page344">[pg 344]</span><a name="Pg344" id="Pg344" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> same as that of Semiramis. In Assyrian + and Babylonian history, it is always the king who is the ruler, + whatever influence his spouse may have had in determining his policy + as such being always unmentioned, and therefore unknown to the world + at large. The present inscription, however, seems to testify that + Sammu-ramat was known outside the walls of the palace, and that one + of the greatest in the kingdom thought fit to do her honour by + associating her with the king in the dedication to Nebo which he made + for the preservation of the lives of the king, the queen, and + himself. Whether the history of Sammu-ramat, queen of Assyria, was + laid under contribution to furnish details for the legend of + Semiramis, will probably never be known; but it is nevertheless + unfortunate that the slab recounting the warlike exploits of + Adad-nirari, king of Assyria, her husband, should break off in the + middle of his account of his successes in Babylonia.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Adad-nirari + reigned 29 years, and was succeeded by Shalmaneser III. in 783 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> The expeditions of this + king were principally against Armenia and Itu'u, a region on the + Euphrates. In the year 775 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> he went to the + cedar-country, but whether the mountain region of the Amanus, + Lebanon, or of a district called Ḫašur be intended, is unknown. The + necessity of expeditions against Syria, however, still continued, for + in 773 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> we find Shalmaneser at + Damascus, probably to bring the king then ruling there again into + subjection.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Although doubt is + now expressed as to whether Ḫatarika, whither Shalmaneser III. + marched in 772 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, the last year of his + reign, be really Hadrach (Zech. ix. 1) or not (the consonants do not + agree so well as they ought to do), in all probability it was a + district not far from Damascus to which he went.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Aššur-dan, his + successor, ascended the throne in the following year, and at once + began warring in <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page345">[pg + 345]</span><a name="Pg345" id="Pg345" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Babylonia and on the east. In 765 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> he marched to Ḫatarika. + Signs of revolt seem at this time to have broken out in Assyria, + probably on account of the pestilence with which the land was + afflicted, and it must have been for this reason that no expedition + was undertaken in the year 764 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> Next year the rising, + which was evidently expected, took place in the city of Aššur, and + there was an eclipse of the sun in the month Sivan, an important + astronomical occurrence which has been identified with an eclipse + which passed over Assyria on the 15th of June, 763 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, and was supposed by + Mr. Bosanquet to be referred to in Amos viii. 9, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“I will cause the sun to go down at noon, and will darken + the earth in the clear day.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To all appearance + this eclipse, taken in conjunction with the presence of pestilence + and rebellion, was regarded as an evil omen. This revolt lasted into + the next year, and spread, in 761 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, into Arrapḫa, where it + continued three years. In 759 the revolt reached Gozan, and there was + a recrudescence of the plague. There is no reference to the stamping + out of the revolt in Assyria, but it seems very probable that the + king and his supporters were active to that end, as he was able to + march in the year 758 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, to Gozan, after which + there is the entry, <span class="tei tei-q">“Peace in the + land.”</span> Two years were to all appearance occupied in + reorganizing the country and providing against a repetition of such + risings, unless it be that Aššur-dan was too ill to take the field, + for according to the received chronology, he died in 755 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> when Aššur-nirari II. + ascended the throne.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This new ruler is + represented to have made two expeditions, one in the year of his + accession, to Ḫatarika, and the other, in 754 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, to Arpad. What the + additional statement, <span class="tei tei-q">“Return from the city + of Aššur,”</span> really refers to, is exceedingly doubtful—perhaps + troops had been stationed there during the <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page346">[pg 346]</span><a name="Pg346" id="Pg346" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> whole period since the breaking out of the + revolt there in 763 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For four years no + expeditions were made, pointing to a continued ferment of discontent + in Assyria. In 749 and 748 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, however, Aššur-nirari + made expeditions to Namri, south-west of Media. It is significant, + however, that the Canon has, for the next year (747 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>), the usual words + (<span class="tei tei-q">“In the land”</span>) when no expedition + took place, the reason probably being the unsettled state of the + country. The entry for the next year is <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Revolt in Calah,”</span> which, as has already been + seen, was one of the principal cities of the kingdom. After this is + the usual division-line, indicating the end of a reign, followed by + the words <span class="tei tei-q">“(Eponymy of Nabû-bêl-uṣur, + governor of) Arrapḫa. In the month Aaru (Iyyar), day 13, + Tiglath-pileser sat upon the throne. In the month Tisritu (Tisri) he + made an expedition to (the district) between the rivers.”</span> This + corresponds with 745 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus is ushered + in, in the Eponym Canon, one of the most important reigns in Assyrian + history. By what right Tiglath-pileser III. took the throne is not + known. To all appearance, he was not in any way related to his + predecessor, Aššur-nirari, and it is therefore supposed that he was + one of the generals of that king, who, taking advantage of the rising + in Aššur (of which he may, indeed, have been the instigator), made + away with his sovereign, and set himself in his place. Further light, + however, is needed upon this period, before anything can be said as + to the circumstances attending Tiglath-pileser's accession to the + throne.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"> + <img src="images/illus-ix.png" alt="Plate IX." title= + "Tiglath-pileser III. in His Chariot. British Museum, Nimroud Central Saloon." /> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Tiglath-pileser III. in His Chariot. British Museum, Nimroud + Central Saloon. + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Though all + Tiglath-pileser's inscriptions are imperfect, and most of them very + fragmentary, they nevertheless contain enough to show of what + enormous value they are. Their incompleteness and the absence of + dates consequent thereon is fortunately compensated somewhat by the + fact that the Eponym Canon is perfect in the part which refers to + this king, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page347">[pg + 347]</span><a name="Pg347" id="Pg347" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and + that we are therefore able to locate with certainty all the events of + his reign.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As the entry + translated above shows, his first campaign was <span class= + "tei tei-q">“between the rivers,”</span> that is, to Babylonia, the + land lying between the Tigris and the Euphrates. His object in + leading his forces thither was to break the power of the Aramean + tribes, with the Arabs and others who were in alliance with them. + Going first south-east, he subjugated the Chaldean tribes, including + the Pekodites; turning afterwards west, he went against the Arameans, + capturing Sippar, Dûr-Kuri-galzu, and other Babylonian cities, and it + is supposed that it was on this occasion that he assumed the title + <span class="tei tei-q">“king of Šumer and Akkad.”</span> To all + appearance, however, he was not recognized by the Babylonians + themselves as king, Nabonassar being then on the throne. There is + hardly any doubt, however, that Babylonia acknowledged Assyrian + overlordship on this occasion, thus giving Tiglath-pileser some + justification for assuming the title.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Having arranged + things to his satisfaction in Babylonia, Tiglath-pileser turned his + attention to the East (Namri, 744), Ararat (743), and Arpad (same + year), the last being his objective up to and including the year 740 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> Sardurri of Ararat, + however, saw his influence threatened by this move, for he, too, was + a conqueror, and had had such success, that he felt justified in + calling himself <span class="tei tei-q">“king of Suri,”</span> or + North Syria. How matters fell out is not known, but it may be + supposed that the Assyrian king went and besieged Arpad, was attacked + whilst doing so by Sardurri and his allies, and compelled to raise + the siege. A pursuit of the Armenian forces by the Assyrians was the + result of this attack, the end being, in all probability, a decisive + victory for Tiglath-pileser. This, according to Rost, would seem to + be the most reasonable supposition, for the Assyrian king was able to + besiege Arpad again next year without any hindrance. <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page348">[pg 348]</span><a name="Pg348" id="Pg348" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> The capture of the city in the third year + brought the rulers of the district in which it stood to the feet of + the Assyrian king—all except one, Tutamû king of Unqu, who was + defeated and captured, and his territories annexed to Assyria.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During the + campaigns in the north at the end of 739 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, risings took place in + Syria and North Phœnicia, and this gave Tiglath-pileser the + wished-for opportunity to bring these districts again under his sway. + The Eponym Canon gives for this year the simple entry, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“He captured the city of Kullanû,”</span> which Rost + supposes to have been in the neighbourhood of Hamath, and if so, must + be the Calne of Isaiah x. 9, which is there mentioned with Hamath, + Carchemish, Arpad, Samaria, and Damascus as having been subdued by + Assyria. The mention of Kullanû as the object of the expedition is + probably due to its having been one of the chief factors in the + disturbances which took place. It would also seem that Azariah of + Judah took part in the attempt to get rid of Assyrian influence, and + though this was fully recognized by Tiglath-pileser, the Assyrian + king to all appearance did not come into direct contact with his + country.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Azriau or Izriau + (Azariah—Rost's collation of the squeezes shows that both spellings + of the name were used) of Judah is mentioned at least four times. The + earlier references, however, are so very fragmentary that nothing + certain can be said concerning their connection—in one of the + passages containing his name the wording leads one to imagine that he + was captured by the Assyrian king, though, as Rost has shown, this + may simply mean that certain sympathizers of his had taken his part. + But whatever may have taken place in Judah, Azariah's sympathizers + did not get on so well as their leader. No less than nineteen places + were captured by the Assyrian king, including <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Usnû, Siannu, Ṣimirra (Simyra), Rašpûna, on the + sea-coast, together with <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page349">[pg + 349]</span><a name="Pg349" id="Pg349" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + cities of the Sauê-mountains (mountains which are in Lebanon), + Ba'ali-ṣapuna (Baal-zephon) as far as Ammana (Amanus, or according to + Winckler, the anti-Lebanon), the mountain of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">urkarinu</span></span>-wood, the whole of the + land of Sau, the province of Kar-Adad (fortress of Hadad), the city + of Ḫatarikka, the province of Nuqudina, Ḫasu with the cities which + are around it, the cities of Arâ, and the cities which are on each + side of it, with the cities (= villages) which are around them, the + mountain Sarbûa to its whole extent, the city Ašḫanu, the city + Yadabu, the mountain Yaraqu to its whole extent, the city ... -ri, + the city Elli-tarbi, the city Zitānu as far as the city Atinnu, the + city ... (and) the city Bumamu—XIX. districts of the city of Hamath, + with the cities which were around them, of the sea-coast of the + setting of the sun, which in sin and wickedness had taken to Azriau, + I added to the boundary of Assyria. I set my commander-in-chief as + governor over them, 30,300 people I removed from the midst of their + cities and caused the province of the city of Ku- ... to take + them.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Notwithstanding + that there is no reference to the above in the Old Testament, there + is no reason to doubt that it is substantially correct. Its omission + is in all probability due to the fact, that neither Judah nor Israel + were menaced by the forces of the Assyrian king. Notwithstanding + this, the expedition and the success of Tiglath-pileser had its + effect, the result being that all the princes of middle and north + Syria showed their submission to the Assyrian king by paying tribute, + thus ensuring the safety of their territory, at least for a time. + This took place after the defeat of Kišî, the Aramean, and his + forces, together with several other districts, and the transportation + of the inhabitants from their homes to districts in other + principalities, a proceeding calculated to destroy national feeling + and thus contribute to the safety of <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page350">[pg 350]</span><a name="Pg350" id="Pg350" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the empire by rendering rebellion more + unlikely. The following is the list of the princes who secured + immunity from attack by paying tribute:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Kuštašpu of the city of the Comagenians; Raṣunnu (Rezon) + of the land of the Sa-Imērišuites (Syria); Meniḫimme (Menahem) of the + city of the Samarians; Ḫirummu (Hirom) of the city of the Tyrians; + Sibitti-bi'ili of the city of the Gebalites; Urikku of the Kûites; + Pisiris of the Carchemishites; Êni-îlu of the city of the Ḫammatites; + Panammû of the city of the Sam'allites; Tarḫulara of the land of the + Gurgumites; Sulumal of the land of the Melidites; Dadi-îlu of the + land of the Kaskites; Uassurme of the land of the Tabalites; Ušḫitti + of the land of the Tunites; Urballâ of the land of the Tuḫanites; + Tuḫamme of the city of the Ištundites; Urimme of the city of the + Ḫušimnites; Zabibê, queen of the land of Arabia. Gold, silver, lead, + iron, elephant-skins, ivory, variegated cloth, linen, violet stuff, + crimson stuff, terebinth-wood, oak (?), everything costly, the + treasure of a kingdom, fat lambs whose fleeces were coloured crimson, + winged birds of heaven, whose feathers were coloured violet, horses, + mules, oxen and sheep, male camels and female camels with their + young, I received.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was a rich + booty, and was probably held to be a sufficient return for all the + expense, and trials, and hardships of the campaign. Though the + kingdom of Judah seems not to have suffered (we must not be too hasty + to assume that this was the case, as the Assyrian records are + exceedingly defective), Israel, as is mentioned above, paid tribute. + It does not appear from the Assyrian account that Tiglath-pileser + went against Samaria, but notwithstanding this, 2 Kings xv. 19 has + the following—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“There came against the land Pul the king of Assyria; and + Menahem gave Pul 1000 talents of silver, that his hand might be with + him to confirm the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page351">[pg + 351]</span><a name="Pg351" id="Pg351" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + kingdom in his hand. And Menahem exacted the money of Israel, even of + all the mighty men of wealth, of each man fifty shekels of silver, to + give to the king of Assyria. So the king of Assyria turned back, and + stayed not there in the land.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is to be noted + that there is here nothing about buying the Assyrian king off—the + money was paid him to confirm the kingdom in Menahem's hand. The + writer apparently assumed that the Assyrian king might not altogether + be hostilely inclined, notwithstanding that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“he came against the land.”</span> Perhaps by + <span class="tei tei-q">“land”</span> we are to understand + <span class="tei tei-q">“district.”</span> In any case, the two + accounts can hardly be said to disagree. He did not war there, but he + received Menahem's tribute—it was therefore needless to mention his + visit, if such it was. Many a ruler in this district must have done + the same thing on this occasion, and there could have been no reason + to mention one more than the other—hence, probably, the absence of + references to any threatening approach to the borders of Israel and + other states on the part of the Assyrian king.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But whilst absent + in the west, rebellion was rife nearer home, and was put down with + vigour by the governors of the provinces of Lullumû and Na'iru + (Mesopotamia). This led to further transportations of the + inhabitants, who were sent west to Ṣimirra (Simyra), Arka, Usnu, + Siannu, Tu'immu, and other places in Syria. Next year Tiglath-pileser + himself marched to Madâa (the Medes), where he had a very successful + campaign. As some of the places mentioned have the element Kingi as + part of the name, it has been suggested that in all probability the + Sumerians, whose Babylonian home was called Kingi, had their original + seat in Media.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Campaigns against + the district of the mountains of Nal and Ararat, the former as a + preparation for the latter, follow, after which comes, according to + the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page352">[pg 352]</span><a name= + "Pg352" id="Pg352" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Eponym Canon, an + expedition to the land Pilišta. This is set down as the event of 734 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> There is, it is + needless to say, some uncertainty in this expression, as the question + naturally arises, What is really included in the term? Assuming, with + Rost, that the statements in the Canon indicate the point intended to + be reached, and not the farthest point attained, it is very probable + that Israel did not come into the sphere of the Assyrian king's + operations, and this is all the more probable in that Rost's + collation of one of the squeezes in the British Museum shows that + instead of the Assyrian form of Abel-Beth-Maachah, we have to read + Abil-akka, to which is added, however, the description <span class= + "tei tei-q">“on the boundary of Israel (Bît-Ḫumria).”</span> It will + be seen, therefore, that though he may not have entered the country, + or, at least, made any warlike operations there, he approached well + within striking distance of its borders. On this occasion it would + seem that he found it necessary to install six new governors so as to + ensure the due obedience of the inhabitants. After this, + Tiglath-pileser goes on to speak of Hanon of Gaza, who on seeing the + approach of the Assyrians fled to Egypt, leaving his capital at the + mercy of the invader. Having captured the city, Tiglath-pileser + entered Hanon's royal palace, taking possession of all his property, + and setting therein his royal couch. He speaks of having delivered + something to the gods of the land, and of having laid upon its + inhabitants (the payment of tribute and gifts). Further mutilated + lines follow, referring to the spoil taken, and there is a reference + to the land of Israel (mât Bît-Ḫumria). After this comes the words, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the whole of his people, (with their + property) I sent to Assyria.”</span> The gap between the reference to + Israel and this line, however, makes it doubtful to what it really + refers. The record immediately goes on, however, to speak of the + death of Pekah.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page353">[pg + 353]</span><a name="Pg353" id="Pg353" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the Eponym + Canon the entries for the two years following the campaign to Pilišta + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> 733-732 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>) are, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“to the land of Dimašqa.”</span> It would therefore seem + that, having assured himself of the submission of his north-Phœnician + vassals, Tiglath-pileser attacked the northern district of Israel, + taking Ijon, Abel-beth-maachah, Janoah, Kedesh, Hazor, Gilead, + Galilee, and all the land of Naphtali (2 Kings xv. 29). No account of + this, however, occurs in the Assyrian inscriptions,<a id="noteref_93" + name="noteref_93" href="#note_93"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">93</span></span></a> which, + as already pointed out, are very mutilated for this period. It is + possible that the reference to Israel, in the mutilated passage + quoted above, relates to this invasion, and possibly also to the + payment of tribute by Pekah in order to secure himself against + further attacks.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whether before or + after the above is not known, but possibly on the departure of the + Assyrians, Rezin (Rezon), king of Syria, made alliance with Pekah, + and their combined forces invaded Judah. Ahaz, who was at this time + king of Judah, was apparently besieged in Jerusalem, and the king of + Syria took advantage of this opportunity to recover possession of + Elath, which never fell into the hands of the Jews again (2 Kings + xvi. 6).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is no doubt + that Ahaz was hard pressed, and hearing, to all appearance, that the + Assyrians were again in the neighbourhood, he sent to Tiglath-pileser + a humble message: <span class="tei tei-q">“I am thy servant, and thy + son; come up, and save me out of the hand of the king of Syria, and + out of the hand of the king of Israel, which rise up against + me.”</span> This would in all probability have had but little effect, + had it not been accompanied by a goodly amount of gold and silver, + taken not only from his own treasury, but also from that of the + Temple at Jerusalem. The result was, that Tiglath-pileser + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page354">[pg 354]</span><a name="Pg354" + id="Pg354" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> went up against Damascus. The + Syrian king, however, decided to resist, and a battle was fought in + which he was defeated, and obliged to seek safety in flight. With a + grim, not to say barbarous, humour, Tiglath-pileser describes his + flight and the treatment of his supporters—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“... (like) a mouse he entered the great gate of his + city. His chiefs (I took) alive with my hands, (and) I caused them to + be raised up and to view his land (on) stakes: 45 camps of soldiers I + collected (in the provin)ce of his city, and shut him up like a bird + in a cage. His plantations, (fields, orchards (?), and) woods, which + were without number, I cut down, and did not leave one ... (the city) + Ḫādara, the house (= dwelling-place) of the father of Raṣunnu (Rezon) + of the land of the Ša-imērišuites, (the place where) he was born, I + besieged, I captured: 800 people with their possessions, ... their + oxen, their sheep, I carried off: 750 prisoners of the city Kurussa, + ... (prisoners) of the city of the Irmaites, 550 prisoners of the + city Metuna, I carried off: 591 cities ... of 16 districts of the + land of Ša-imērišu I destroyed like flood-mounds.”</span><a id= + "noteref_94" name="noteref_94" href="#note_94"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">94</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This is + immediately followed by an account of the operations against Samsi, + queen of Arabia, and the tribes connected with that over which she + held sway. After this he states that he set Idi-bi'ilu as governor + over the land of Musru. All these passages, however, are exceedingly + incomplete, as is also that referring to Samaria, which follows. The + shorter account of the expeditions of Tiglath-pileser gives in this + place lines of which the following is a translation—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“They overthrew Paqaḫa (Pekah), their king, and I set + Ausi'a (Hosea) (upon the throne) over them. <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page355">[pg 355]</span><a name="Pg355" id="Pg355" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Ten talents of gold, ... talents of silver, ... + their (tribute), I received, and (brought) them (to the land of + Assyria).”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The longer + account, from which most of the above extracts have been made, may + therefore be completed, with Rost, provisionally, as follows—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“(Pekah, all of whose) cities (I had captured) in my + earlier campaigns, and had given over (as a prey, and whose spoi)l I + had carried off, abandoned the city of Samerina (Samaria) alone. + (Pekah), their king, (they overthrew, and like) a hurricane (I + ravaged the land).”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As will be seen, + the above agrees closely with the statement in 2 Kings xv. 30—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“And Hoshea the son of Elah made a conspiracy against + Pekah the son of Remaliah, and smote him, and slew him, and reigned + in his stead, in the 20th year of Jotham the son of + Uzziah.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Mutilated details + concerning other cities captured by Tiglath-pileser follow the above + extract from his annals, after which the narrative continues—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“(Mitinti, of the land) of the Askelonites, (sinned) + against (my) agreement, (and revolted against me). He saw (the + overthrow of Ra)ṣunnu (Rezon), and failure (of understanding (?) fell + upon him (?), and Rûkipti, the son of Mitinti), sat upon the + throne....”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the account of + the flight and death of Pekah, the Assyrian king suggests that the + abandonment of the king of Israel of his capital was due to the fear + of capture at his hands. One may also suppose that he wished it to be + understood that Pekah incurred the displeasure of his subjects by his + flight, and that they pursued after him, and having overtaken him, + put him to death. As a matter of fact, Pekah must really have fled on + account of the rebellion led by Hoshea, who, on learning of his + flight, in all probability pursued after him, and thus encompassed + his death. Hoshea then, by a payment of tribute to Tiglath-pileser, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page356">[pg 356]</span><a name="Pg356" + id="Pg356" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> secured from the Assyrian king + his recognition as king of Israel, and at the same time assured + himself against attack at his hands.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Imitating Hoshea, + Rûkipti, the new king of Askelon, also paid tribute, and thus secured + his recognition. As to Rezon, the Assyrian text does not enable us to + see what was his ultimate fate, but as it was such, apparently, as to + terrify Mitinti of Askelon into madness, it may be supposed that it + was death at the orders of the Assyrian king, as recorded in 2 Kings + xvi. 9.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Tiglath-pileser + was now complete master of the land of Ša-imēri-šu or Syria, and all + the princes of the west acknowledged his overlordship. This being the + case, it is only natural that Ahaz of Judah should visit and pay him + homage at Damascus, the capital of the new province, as related in 2 + Kings xvi. 10, and probably it was to that city that many of the + other subject princes went for that purpose, and to offer him their + tribute. The further result of the visit of Ahaz is detailed in the + succeeding verses of the passage in 2 Kings referred to.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus ended + Tiglath-pileser's successful expedition to Pilišta and Damascus, and + there is no record that he ever went westward again. The Chaldeans, + in combination with the Arameans, had made use of his absence to + engage in new advances against Babylon. Nabonassar, the king of that + country, had died, and been succeeded by his son, Nabû-nadin-zēri, + who, however, only reigned two years, and gave place to + Nabû-šum-ukîn, who murdered him. This last, however, only held the + throne for somewhat more than two months, and Ukîn-zēr, chief of the + Chaldean tribe Bît-Amukkāni, took possession of the throne, and ruled + for three years—much against the inclination of the Babylonians, who, + to all appearance, had no love for the Chaldean tribes inhabiting + certain tracts of the country. The interference of Tiglath-pileser + was therefore looked on with favour by the Babylonians, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page357">[pg 357]</span><a name="Pg357" id="Pg357" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> who welcomed him as a deliverer. Ukîn-zēr + (the Chinzēros of Ptolemy) was besieged in his capital, Sapîa, though + that city was not taken until the year 729 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> The result of this was, + the submission of all the Chaldean tribes, including that of which + Merodach-baladan (then only a young man) was the chief. Entering + Babylon, Tiglath-pileser, in accordance with the custom, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“took the hand of Bêl,”</span> an expression apparently + meaning that he performed the usual ceremonies, and was accepted by + the god—and the priesthood—as king. This also took place again next + year, from which it may be supposed that one acknowledged as king of + Babylon had to perform the ceremony yearly in order to fulfil the + conditions imposed upon all who held the reins of power. An entry in + the Canon for this year suggests that there was a rebellion (?) in a + city of which only the first character is preserved—possibly to be + completed Dir, and perhaps situated in Babylonia. Operations against + this place, in all probability, were taken in hand next year (727 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>), but whilst they were + in progress, Tiglath-pileser died, and Shalmaneser IV. mounted the + throne.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">How it is that + Tiglath-pileser III. of Assyria was called Pûlu is not known. The + name only occurs, in native documents, in the Babylonian Canon of + kings—to all appearance that from which the Canon of Ptolemy was + copied. It is therefore practically certain that he only bore this + name officially in Babylonia. Probably the most likely explanation + is, that it was his original name, though it may have been given him + by the compiler of the canon (supposing that he was a man who had no + great admiration for the Assyrian conqueror) as a scornful + expression, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">bûlu</span></span> (which may also be read + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">pûlu</span></span>) meaning <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the wild animal.”</span> It occurs, however, as a + personal name in the inscriptions of Assyria at least twice, the + bearer of it being in one case a charioteer, one of nine officials of + <span class="tei tei-q">“the Ḫuḫamite.”</span></p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page358">[pg 358]</span><a name="Pg358" id="Pg358" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The fact that the + name Pûlu (in the Canon of Ptolemy Poros), applied to + Tiglath-pileser, occurs only in a Babylonian document, suggests that + the reference to the Assyrian conqueror in 2 Kings xv. 19 and 1 + Chron. v. 26 are due to a Babylonian source, though, as it is the + name by which he is at first called by the writer of the 2nd Book of + Kings, this is a confirmation of the explanation that it was his + original name. The glory attached to the name Tiglath-pileser in + Assyrian history probably accounts for his having ultimately adopted + the latter.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“On the 25th day of Tebet Šulmanu-ašarid (Shalmaneser) + sat on the throne in Assyria. He destroyed Šabara'in.”</span> + (Babylonian Chronicle.)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">In the eponymy of Bêl-ḫarran-bêl-uṣur, of the city + of Gozan, To the city ... Šalmanu-ašarid sat upon the + throne.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">In the eponymy of Marduk-bêl-uṣur, of the city of + Amedi, In the land.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">In the eponymy of Maḫdê, of the city of Nineveh, + To....</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">In the eponymy of Aššur-ḫalṣani (?), of the city + of Kalzi, To....</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">In the eponymy of + Šalmanu-ašarid, king of Assyria, To....</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(Eponym Canon with historical notices.)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These two extracts + give practically all that is known of the important reign of + Shalmaneser IV. from native sources. The first is from the Babylonian + Chronicle, and its brevity in all likelihood indicates the amount of + sympathy that the Babylonians had for this king. Short as it is, + however, it is probably of as much value historically as the Assyrian + Eponym Canon in its present state, even including the restorations + from that without historical notices. The completion of this + important document from additional fragments and duplicates is + greatly to be wished.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page359">[pg + 359]</span><a name="Pg359" id="Pg359" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is therefore + from the Old Testament and Josephus that we get the fullest history + of the reign of this king. How it is that no records have been found + is not known. They may have been destroyed, or nothing very extensive + may have been written. That at least something of the kind existed is + indicated by the fact that the late George Smith refers to at least + one document, the whereabouts of which at present is not known.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">What may have been + the relationship of Shalmaneser IV. of Assyria to Tiglath-pileser + does not appear. There is every probability that, like his great + predecessor, he was an adventurer who, taking advantage of his + popularity with the army, and the failing powers of his royal master, + seized the throne. As will be seen from the Eponym Canon, an + expedition was in progress when he assumed the reins of power, so + that he may have taken advantage of the absence of Tiglath-pileser to + carry out his design. Tebet being the tenth month of the + Assyro-Babylonian year, the time of his accession corresponds with + the winter of 727 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, a period at which + warlike operations were impossible. In the year 726 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> also he remained at + home, as was to be expected, consolidating his power.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">His first campaign + must therefore have taken place in 725 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, when, as recorded in 2 + Kings xvii. 3, he went against Hoshea, who paid him homage and became + tributary. Hearing that the king of Israel had sent privately to + So,<a id="noteref_95" name="noteref_95" href="#note_95"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">95</span></span></a> king of + Egypt, asking for his help against the Assyrian king, Shalmaneser + threw Hoshea into prison, and advancing against Samaria, called upon + the city to surrender. Submission being refused, he laid siege + against it, and although Josephus relates that he ultimately took it, + this must be due simply to an inference, as there is no statement to + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page360">[pg 360]</span><a name="Pg360" + id="Pg360" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> that effect in the Book of + Kings, the words recording the event being simply <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the king of Assyria took Samaria,”</span> and, as we + know from the inscriptions, it is Sargon, successor of Shalmaneser, + who claims the honour of capturing the city (see below, p. <a href= + "#Pg363" class="tei tei-ref">363</a>).<a id="noteref_96" name= + "noteref_96" href="#note_96"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">96</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During the siege, + however, the Assyrian king busied himself with the subjugation of all + the surrounding district. It was probably in the same year (725 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>) that he sent his army + against Elulaeus, king of Tyre, whose king had just been very + successful in subjugating the Cittaeans (people of Cyprus). According + to Josephus (or, rather, Menander, whom he quotes), Phœnicia + submitted (Menander tells the story from the native point of view, + and states that <span class="tei tei-q">“he soon made peace with them + all”</span>), but Sidon, Accho, and Old Tyre (Palaetyrus) revolted + (this probably means <span class="tei tei-q">“joined the + Assyrians”</span>), and several other cities yielded to the king of + Assyria. Finding that the Tyrians<a id="noteref_97" name="noteref_97" + href="#note_97"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">97</span></span></a> would + not submit, the Assyrian king returned against them (this must have + been in the year 724 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>), and attacked them + again, being aided on this occasion by the Phœnicians, who furnished + him with threescore ships, and 800 men to row them. The attack of the + Assyrian allies, however, must have been a very half-hearted one, for + the Tyrians advanced against them with only twelve ships, and + dispersed those of the enemy, taking 500 men prisoners.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The reputation—and + also the confidence—of the citizens of Tyre being thus greatly + increased, they continued their resistance, and Shalmaneser found + himself obliged, in consequence of the inefficiency of his allies, to + content himself with a mere blockade of the city, and the placing of + guards over the water supply, so as to reduce the inhabitants of Tyre + by <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page361">[pg 361]</span><a name= + "Pg361" id="Pg361" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> thirst. The latter, + however, dug wells, and were thus enabled to continue their + resistance, which Meander states lasted all the time of the siege, + namely, five years—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> until two years after the + death of Shalmaneser.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To all appearance + the Sabara'in of the Babylonian Chronicle is the place which should + be supplied in the historical Eponym Canon, but, if so, the form is a + strange one. One would rather expect mât Bît-Ḫumrî, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the land of Beth-Omri,”</span> Pilišta, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Philistia,”</span> or âl Ṣurri, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the city of Tyre.”</span> There is also the possibility + that one of these names may have appeared in each of the three lines + which require completing, indicating three different stages of his + conquests. Samerina, <span class="tei tei-q">“Samaria,”</span> may + also have been the word, or one of the words, to be restored. In this + last case, Delitzsch's suggestion that Sabara'in ought to be read + Samara'in, and regarded as the Babylonian form of the Heb. Shomeron, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Samaria,”</span> is worthy of note. The + Babylonians do not state that he captured Sabara'in or Samara'in, but + only that he destroyed (perhaps the word means <span class= + "tei tei-q">“ravaged”</span>) it, and the city may not have really + fallen into the hands of the Assyrians until Sargon was actually on + the throne.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“In the 5th year Šulmanu-ašarid died in the month Tebet. + Šulmanu-ašarid had ruled the kingdom of Akkad and Aššur for five + years. In the month Tebet, the 12th day, Sargon sat on the throne in + Aššur, and in the month Nisan Marduk-âbla-iddina (Merodach-baladan) + sat on the throne in Babylon.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus does the + Babylonian Chronicle record the change of rulers, which was to have + wide-reaching results for both countries.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">What the verse in + Hoshea, <span class="tei tei-q">“All thy fortresses shall be spoiled, + as Shalman spoiled Beth-arbel in the day of battle,”</span> refers + to, is not known. There is every probability that Shalman stands for + Shalmaneser IV., but which is the Beth-arbel which is spoken of? + There were two places of the name in Palestine, one <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page362">[pg 362]</span><a name="Pg362" id="Pg362" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> west of the Sea of Galilee, and the other + at the extreme north of Gilead. Both are now called Irbid. If it be + one of these, the verse probably refers to some incident of + Shalmaneser's invasion. George Smith, however, thought that the + reference may have been due to some domestic strife in Assyria at the + close of the reign of Shalmaneser, in which the Assyrian city of + Arbela was involved. That it was one of the two places in Palestine, + however, is more probable.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The month which, + five years earlier, had seen the death of Tiglath-pileser, saw the + departure of Shalmaneser IV. of Assyria to the abode of his god, and + in Sargon, who succeeded him, the kingdom to all appearance accepted + for the third time a ruler who might be described as an adventurer. + Whether he, too, changed his name, in order to shine in borrowed + plumes before the people, is unknown, but this is certain, that + <span class="tei tei-q">“Sargon the Later,”</span> as he called + himself, by assuming that style and title, challenged comparison with + an old Babylonian king of great renown, who made the little state + which was his original principality the centre of a wide-spreading + domain.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Strange as it may + seem, until the discovery of the Assyrian inscriptions and their + decipherment, nothing was known of this ruler outside of the Old + Testament, his name being regarded as another name of Shalmaneser in + the passage (Isa. xx. 1) where it occurs. Scholars did not realize + that the Arkeanos of Ptolemy was the king here mentioned, and that + the change in the form of his name was simply due to the change of + the initial <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s</span></em> into a breathing, according to a + rule which is common in Greek etymology.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On assuming the + government of the country, Sargon threw himself with energy into the + Syrian war, though in his slab-inscription found at Nimroud, and in + his annals, he makes his campaign against Ḫumbanigaš of Elam to + precede his operations in the west. The following is the text of his + <span class="tei tei-q">“State-Inscription”</span>—</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page363">[pg 363]</span><a name="Pg363" id="Pg363" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“From the beginning of my reign to the 15th of my + regnal-years, I accomplished the overthrow of Ḫumbanigaš the Elamite + in the suburbs of Dêru. I besieged and captured Samerina (Samaria): + 27,290 people dwelling in the midst of it I carried off. Fifty + chariots I collected among them, and allowed them to have the rest of + their goods. My commander-in-chief I placed over them, and imposed + upon them the tribute of the former king.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ḫanunu (Hanon), king of Ḫazitu (Gaza), advanced against + me with Sib'e, the Field-marshal of the land of Muṣuru (Egypt), to + make war and battle in Rapiḫu (Raphia). I defeated them.<a id= + "noteref_98" name="noteref_98" href="#note_98"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">98</span></span></a> Sib'e + feared the sound of my weapons and fled, and his place was not found. + Ḫanunu of Ḫazitu I took with my hands. I received the tribute of + Pir'u, king of the land of Muṣuru, Samsê, queen of the land of Aribu + (Arabia), (and) It'amara, of the land of the Saba'aa (Sabeans)—gold, + the produce of the mountains, horses, (and) camels.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Yau-bi'idi of the land of the Amatâa (Hamathites), a + loose fellow, a usurper, a frivolous, evil man, set his heart on the + dominion of the land of Amattu (Hamath), and caused Arpadda (Arpad), + Ṣimirra (Simyra), Dimašqa (Damascus), (and) Samerina (Samaria) to + revolt against me, and caused them to agree together, and they + assembled for battle. I collected the powerful troops of the god + Aššur, and besieged (and) captured him in Qarqaru, his own city, with + his warriors. I burned Qarqaru with fire. As for him, I flayed him. I + slew the sinners in the midst of their (own) cities, and brought + about peace. I embodied 200 chariots (and) 600 cavalry among the + people of the land of Amattu, and added to the force of my + kingdom.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The general + opinion of Assyriologists is, that Shalmaneser did not succeed in + making himself master of Samaria, the capture of the city falling to + the honour <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page364">[pg + 364]</span><a name="Pg364" id="Pg364" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of + Sargon, and this, as a matter of fact, is what the latter claims. As + will be seen from the above extract, he states that he carried + captive no less than 27,290 of the inhabitants of the city, but + whither he transported them he does not say. According to 2 Kings + xvii. 6, he placed them in Halah (probably the Ḫalaḫḫa of the + inscriptions, near Haran), and by the river Habor (the Chaboras) in + Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes. It is needless to say that + these long journeys must in many cases have entailed much + suffering.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">According to the + Babylonian Chronicle, the conflict with Ḫumbanigaš took place in the + second year of Merodach-baladan of Babylonia, which was the second + year of Sargon as well. It is therefore difficult to understand why + Sargon, in his record, places this event first. The reason why he + dismisses the account of his conflict with the Elamite king in so few + words is supposed to be, that he was in reality, as the Babylonian + Chronicle says, defeated on that occasion. Though he might have + wished to keep it in the background, his successes were so many, that + there was no need for him to change the chronological order of his + campaigns.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sargon was + naturally unable to be present at the siege and occupation of + Samaria, which occurred too close to the date of his assuming power + to allow him to reach the place. Besides that, his presence was + needed nearer home, lest conspiracies should deprive him of his + newly-acquired regal dignity. That he considered the successes of his + troops in the west as a most important circumstance, however, is + proved by the fact, that he devotes so much space in his annals to + the account of it—and, indeed, the capture of 27,290 people is a + thing of which any ruler might boast. There can be no doubt that the + Assyrian kings, like the Babylonians before them, always desired to + possess the dominion of the Mediterranean provinces, where were marts + for the products both of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page365">[pg + 365]</span><a name="Pg365" id="Pg365" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + their lands and their people, and entry to the ports, for then, as + now, all good rulers tried to further the interests of their subjects + in distant lands, and were probably firmly of opinion, that + <span class="tei tei-q">“trade followed the standard.”</span><a id= + "noteref_99" name="noteref_99" href="#note_99"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">99</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In addition to + this, there was the rivalry of Egypt, the country which had held + these provinces in the past, and would have liked to regain them. + Whether the rulers of the Mediterranean states realized this or not, + is uncertain, but in any case, like the Israelites, they had no + objection to making use of Egypt, <span class="tei tei-q">“bruised + reed”</span> as she was by some considered. Seeing that there was + danger from the Assyrians, Hanon of Gaza followed the example of + Hoshea, in whom Shalmaneser had <span class="tei tei-q">“found + conspiracy,”</span> and made overtures with Sib'e, the So of 2 Kings + xvii. 4 (the word ought really to be pointed so as to read Seve, + which was apparently the pronunciation of the Assyrian form, the + aspirate having the effect of changing <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">b</span></em> into + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">bh</span></em> or <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">v</span></em>). This + ruler is called <span class="tei tei-q">“king of Egypt”</span> in the + passage cited, but Sargon says that he was <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Tartan,”</span> or commander-in-chief of the Egyptian + army. This would imply that he was acting for another, a Pharaoh + unnamed, and at present unknown. The general opinion is, that So or + Sib'e is the same as Sabaco, and is called <span class= + "tei tei-q">“king”</span> by anticipation in 2 Kings xvii.<a id= + "noteref_100" name="noteref_100" href="#note_100"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">100</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The result was one + exceedingly gratifying to the Assyrian king, for in the battle at + Raphia, which followed, Sib'e fled in fear, whilst Hanon of Gaza was + made prisoner. The defeat and flight of the Egyptian army does not + seem to redound to the credit of its leader, who must have returned + bitterly disappointed to his native land.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Immediately after, + however, there is a reference to <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page366">[pg 366]</span><a name="Pg366" id="Pg366" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the receipt of tribute from <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Pir'u, king of the land of Muṣuru.”</span> This would be + a natural result of the success of the Assyrians (so it seemed to the + earlier Assyriologists), for surely Pir'u is Pharaoh, and Muṣuru is + the Muṣur of other inscriptions, and stands for Egypt (the Heb. + Misraim<a id="noteref_101" name="noteref_101" href= + "#note_101"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">101</span></span></a>). This + however, is now denied, and Pir'u is said to be the name of a chief + of an Arab tribe called Muṣuru. It reminds one of the Eri-Eaku of + Larsa who is not Arioch of Elassar, contemporary of Kudur-laḫgumal of + Elam who is not Chedorlaomer of Elam, and Tudḫula who is admittedly + the same in name as Tidal, all of them ruling at or near the same + period, but not those referred to in Gen. xiv. as contemporaries. In + Assyriology, more than in any other study whatever, things are not + what they seem, and must always be identified with something + else.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">According to the + annals, it would seem that Yau-bi'idi, who is there called + Ilu-bi'idi, acted in concert with Sib'e of Egypt and Hanon of Gaza, + the operations against him preceding those against the other two. The + order of the translation given above would seem to be preferable, as + it must have been in consequence of the flight of Sib'e <span class= + "tei tei-q">“like a shepherd whose sheep had been lost,”</span> that + Yau-bi'idi and Hanon of Gaza were so easily defeated. The former + appears to have made Qarqaru the centre from which he intended to + press his claim to the throne of Hamath, and he managed so well, that + he got Arpad, Simyra, Damascus, and Samaria to join him. The Assyrian + king, however, soon disposed of the pretensions of this prince, whom + he describes as <span class="tei tei-q">“a loose (?) fellow, a + usurper, a frivolous (?), evil man”</span> (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">ṣab ḫubši, + lâ-bêl-kussī, amēlu patû limnu</span></span>). After this it is not + surprising that he thought he was justified in flaying him + alive.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page367">[pg + 367]</span><a name="Pg367" id="Pg367" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To all appearance + the state of affairs in Syria was satisfactory. The great victory of + the Assyrians at Raphia had convinced the leaders of the various + states of the uselessness of continuing to struggle against the power + of the Assyrian king, who had nothing further to fear from Egypt, and + was therefore free to occupy himself with other conquests. In 719, + therefore, he turned his attention to the region of the north, the + kingdoms of Van and Urarṭu or Ararat, the result of the operations + against the latter being, that the people were transported to Syria, + or, as the original has it, <span class="tei tei-q">“into Heth of the + Amorites.”</span> The operations in 718 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> were against Kiakki of + Sinuḫtu, a city in Tabal.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The next year, 717 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, came the turn of + Pisîris of Carchemish, who had tried to get Mitâ king of Musku to + join him in a rebellion against Assyria. Assyrians were after this + settled there, and Carchemish became an integral part of the Assyrian + empire. The next entry in the Annals of Sargon is a reference to the + Pâpites and the Lalluknites, <span class="tei tei-q">“dogs brought up + in his palace,”</span> who planned treacherously against the land of + Kakmê, though the full extent of their crime is not stated. These + people were removed from their places, and sent down to the midst of + Damascus of Amoria (Syria). In this year Ḫumbanigaš of Elam died, and + was succeeded by Šutur-Nanḫundi, a man of a more peaceful character + than his predecessor.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Extensive + operations, chiefly in Ararat, are recorded for 716 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, in which year also + Bêl-šarra-uṣur, the city-chief of Kišešim, a Median province, was + deposed, and his territory added to the boundaries of Assyria, + together with several other west-Median districts. Among these was + Ḫarḫar, whose city-chief was driven away by the Assyrian king. This + city was re-peopled with prisoners of war, and its name having been + changed to Kar-Šarru-ukîn, made the capital of the province. The war + against Ararat continued during the next year, resulting in the + submission of Yanzû king of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page368">[pg + 368]</span><a name="Pg368" id="Pg368" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Na'iri or Mesopotamia. On the east, a rebellion in Ḫarḫar was put + down, and the city fortified as a defence against Media. In this year + people of Tumadu, Ibâdidu, Marsimanu, Ḫayapâ, and the remote Arbâa + (Arabs?), an unlettered tribe which had never paid tribute to an + Assyrian king, were overthrown, and the survivors transported to + Samaria. The receipt of tribute from Pir'u king of Muṣuru, Samsi + queen of Aribbu (Arabia), It'amra of the land of the Sabâa (Sabeans), + kings of the sea-coast and the desert, consisting of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“gold, the produce of the mountain, precious stones, + ivory, seeds of the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ûšû</span></span>-tree, all kinds of spices, + horses and camels,”</span><a id="noteref_102" name="noteref_102" + href="#note_102"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">102</span></span></a> is + recorded.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To all appearance, + Pir'u of Muṣuru is regarded as one of the kings of the sea-coast and + the desert, but whether this is evidence against his being Pharaoh of + Egypt or not, may be doubted. Egypt is as much a country of the + sea-coast as any part of Palestine, but it is naturally on the south + shore of the Mediterranean, and not on the east.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">714 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> saw the continuance of + the war with Ararat and its allies, and seems to have resulted in its + becoming an Assyrian province. In 713 expeditions were made, among + other places, to west Media and Cilicia. In 712 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> he found himself + obliged to proceed against Tarḫunazi of Meliddu, who, driven from his + capital by the Assyrians, shut himself up in Tilgarimme, which had + been identified with the Biblical Togarmah. This city, having been + conquered, was repeopled with the nomad Sutî<a id="noteref_103" name= + "noteref_103" href="#note_103"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">103</span></span></a> and + placed under Assyrian rule.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At this time, as + Sargon says, he received the treasure (?) of the land of Heth (the + high-lands of Syria), among the things sent being copper, iron, lead + or tin, white marble from the Amanus mountains, royal garments of the + colour of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">uknû</span></span>-stone (lapis-lazuli), + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page369">[pg 369]</span><a name="Pg369" + id="Pg369" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> something which came from the + mountain Ba'il-ṣapuna (Baal-zephon), <span class="tei tei-q">“a great + mountain,”</span> and silver, which, in consequence of the large + consignments received at Dûr-Sargina (Khorsabad), became in value + like copper. The next year (711 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>) an expedition against + Muttallu, son of Tarḫulara, one of the kings of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the land of Heth,”</span> took place. The son had killed + his father and mounted the throne, hence the necessity for this + campaign.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A similar + expedition also took place to Ashdod. It happened that Azuri, king of + the district of which Ashdod was the capital, had withheld the + tribute agreed upon, and Sargon had therefore deposed him, and set + his brother Aḫi-miti in his place. The following is Sargon's own + account of this, and the sequel—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Azuri, king of Asdudu, planned in his heart not to send + tribute, and sent to the kings around hostile expressions (towards) + the land of Aššur, and on account of the evil he had done, I changed + his dominion over the people of his land. Aḫi-miti, his brother next + in order, I appointed to the kingdom over them. Men of Ḫattî,<a id= + "noteref_104" name="noteref_104" href="#note_104"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">104</span></span></a> + speaking treachery, hated his dominion, and raised up over them + Yaana, a usurper, who like themselves knew no reverence for the + dominion. In the anger of my heart I went hastily with the chariot of + my feet and my cavalry, which for security quit not my side, to the + city Asdudu, the city of his dominion, and the city Asdudu, the city + Gimtu, (and) the city Asdudimma I besieged (and) captured. The gods + dwelling in the midst of them, himself, with the people of his land, + gold, silver, (and) the property of his palace, I counted as spoil. + Their cities I rebuilt,<a id="noteref_105" name="noteref_105" href= + "#note_105"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">105</span></span></a> and + settled therein the people of the lands captured by my hands. I + placed my commander-in-chief as governor over them, and counted + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page370">[pg 370]</span><a name="Pg370" + id="Pg370" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> them with the people of my + land, and they bore my yoke.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another + inscription calls Yaana by the name of Yawani, and states that, + hearing from far of the advance of the Assyrian army, he fled to the + border of Muṣuru, which lies on the boundary of Meluḫḫa, and there + hid himself. The king of Meluḫḫa seems thereupon to have feared for + his own land, and placing Yatna in chains, sent him to Assyria. A + third text referring to this campaign adds the following details—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“(People) of the land of Pilište (Philistia), the land of + Yaudu (Judah), the land of Udumu (Edom), the land of Ma'abi (Moab), + dwellers by the sea, bringers of the tribute and the gift of Aššur my + lord, (for) sedition-mongering without measure, and evil, which was + against me to cause hostility, unto Pir'u, king of the land of Muṣri, + a prince who could not save them, they brought their homage-offering, + and asked him for aid. I, Sargina, the true prince, fearing the oath + of Lag-gi (= Nebo) and Merodach, keeper of the commands of the god + Aššur, caused (my troops) to cross the Tigris and the Euphrates at + high water, the fulness of the flood, as on dry land. And he, Yawani, + their king, who trusted to his own power, and had not submitted to my + dominion, heard from afar of the march of my expedition, and the + glory of Aššur, my lord, overthrew him, and ... of the region of the + river ... depth of the waters ... possession (?) of his land ... afar + ... he fled ... Asdudu....”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In this, too, + there is a reference to Pir'u, here called king of Muṣrí, either + Egypt, or that mysterious and otherwise unknown kingdom to whose help + so many trusted.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The years 710 and + 709 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> were devoted to the + operations against Merodach-baladan, the Chaldean prince who had made + himself master of Babylonia. This is the Merodach-baladan who is + referred to in 2 Kings xx. 12, but as his embassy really belongs to + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page371">[pg 371]</span><a name="Pg371" + id="Pg371" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> a somewhat later date, + reference will be made to it in its place. Suffice it here to say + that he was a usurper on the Babylonian throne, head of the Chaldean + tribe called Bît-Yakîn, and one of the most influential chieftains of + the district. To all appearance, the Babylonians themselves (as in + earlier days when they tried to seize the throne) preferred the + Assyrians to the semi-barbarous Chaldeans and Arameans, with whom + they were, in fact, in too close connection to have any great respect + for. It is needless to say that this entirely fell in with the + ambition of the kings of Assyria, who, from the time of + Tukulti-Ninip, if not earlier, had desired, and sometimes obtained, + dominion over Babylonia. Sargon, the successor of two kings of + Assyria who were acknowledged to be at the same time kings of + Babylonia, naturally regarded himself as inheriting that crown in + virtue of his being king of Assyria, whilst the Babylonians + themselves were probably not displeased with the idea that they + formed part of the world-renowned and powerful Assyrian empire, whose + kings spoke the same language as themselves, and with whose religion + they were in sympathy. Thus it happened, therefore, that in the + course of the operations against Merodach-baladan, success frequently + crowned the arms of the Assyrians, and the inhabitants of Babylon, + sending to Dûr-Ladinna, where Sargon was staying, brought him in + solemn possession to Babylon, where he made the prescribed offerings + to the gods, took up his abode in Merodach-baladan's palace, and + received the tribute of the Babylonian tribes which he had + subjugated. He still continued, however, his operations against + Merodach-baladan, who was by no means willing to give up the + struggle, to which there could be one end only, namely, the overthrow + of the Chaldean king, which took place in 709 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whilst Sargon was + busy in Babylonia, the governor of Quê invaded Musku (Mesech) and + brought the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page372">[pg + 372]</span><a name="Pg372" id="Pg372" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + country to subjection. The seven kings of Cyprus also sent gifts, and + a stele of Sargon was set up in the island, which, though mutilated, + is of considerable importance, and is now preserved in the Berlin + Museum. Kummuḫ (Comagene) was also added to the Assyrian empire (708 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>), and probably in the + same year, a new king (in consequence of a dispute concerning the + succession) set up in the land of Ellipu. In this reign also, the + Elamites were generally against the Assyrians in their conflicts in + Babylonia and on the eastern borders.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Concerning his + death there is much uncertainty. The supposition is, that he was + assassinated by one of his soldiers, as is indicated by the entry in + an eponym-list with historical references—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Lîmme Upaḫḫir-bêlu, D.P. + šakin âl Amedi ...</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">îna êli purussî + Kulummâa....</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">amēl tidûki madaktam ša + šar mât Aššur D.S....</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">âraḫ Abi, ûmu šinšēru, + Sin-âḫê-êriba (îna</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">kussī + ittušib).</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Eponymy + of Upaḫḫir-bêlu, prefect of the city Amedu....</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">according to the oracle of the + Kulummite(s)....</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">a soldier (entered) the camp of + the king of Assyria (and killed him?).</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">month Ab, day 12th, Sennacherib (sat on the + throne</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">).</span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"> + <img src="images/illus-x.png" alt="Plate X." title= + "Reception by Sennachereb of Prisoners and Spoil. British Museum, Nineveh Gallery, No. 57." /> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Reception by Sennachereb of Prisoners and Spoil. British Museum, + Nineveh Gallery, No. 57. + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">That he died a + violent death seems to be nearly certain, and how many others of the + overbearing rulers of Assyria had come to an end in the same way is + not known. The fate of his son, to which reference will be made in + its place, is a historical fact.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page373">[pg 373]</span><a name="Pg373" id="Pg373" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc49" id="toc49"></a> <a name="pdf50" id="pdf50"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Sennacherib.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Though in all + probability young when he came to the throne in 705 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, Sennacherib had + already some experience as a ruler, having been the representative + of his father Sargon in Armenia, where he had to receive and + transmit the reports of the Assyrian generals, and probably also to + administer the country. For the nations over which he was to rule, + however, he was practically a new and untried administrator, of + whose strength or weakness of character nothing was known. + Merodach-baladan therefore took advantage of the death of Sargon + and the succession of his son to come forth from his hiding-place, + with such of his followers who were available, and an army placed + at his disposal by the king of Elam. To all appearance the Chaldean + ruler had taken advantage of the occupation of the Assyrian army + elsewhere to possess himself of Babylon, which city Sennacherib + entered, occupying Merodach-baladan's palace, and seizing all his + treasures. Merodach-baladan fled and took refuge in Nagitu, on the + other side of the Persian Gulf, so as to be near his Elamite + allies.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After this the + Assyrian king records his expedition to the mountainous countries + of Kassû (the Cossæans) and the Yasubigalleans, north of Elam, in + the course of which he wasted the neighbouring district of Ellipu, + taking, on his way, tribute from some of the more inaccessible + tribes of the Medes. His third campaign was to the land of Ḫatti + (Syria), and as this is of considerable importance, a translation + of the whole, from the Taylor Cylinder, which gives a full account, + is inserted here—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“In my third expedition I went to the land of Ḫatti. + Lulî king of the city of Ṣidunnu (Sidon), fear of the glory of my + dominion struck him, and he fled from the midst of Tyre to + Yatnana<a id="noteref_106" name="noteref_106" href= + "#note_106"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">106</span></span></a> + (Cyprus), which <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page374">[pg + 374]</span><a name="Pg374" id="Pg374" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + is in the middle of the sea, and I subjugated his country. Great + Ṣidunnu, little Ṣidunnu, Bît-zitte, Ṣareptu (Zarephath), Maḫalliba, + Ûšû (Osah), Akzibi (Achzib), Akkû (Accho), his strong cities, + fortresses, where were food and drink, his strongholds, the terror + of the weapons of Aššur my lord struck them, and they submitted to + my feet. Tu-ba'alu (Ethobaal) on the throne of dominion over them I + set, and the tax and tribute of my overlordship yearly without fail + I imposed upon him.</span></p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">As for + Minḫimmu (Menahem) of the city of the + Samsimurunâa;</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Tu-ba'alu of the city of the + Ṣidunnâa (Sidonians);</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Abdi-li'iti of the city of the + Arudâa (Arvadites);</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Uru-milki of the city of the + Gublâa (Gebalites);</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Mitinti of the city of the + Asdudâa (Ashdodites);</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Budu-îlu of the land of the + Bît-Ammanâa (Beth-Ammonites);</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Kammusu-nadbi (Chemosh-nadab) of + the land of the Ma'abâa (Moabites);</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Aa-rammu (Joram) of the land of + the Udummâa (Edomites);</span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">kings of the + land of Amoria all of them, brought numerous treasures, their + valuable presents, as gifts to my presence and kissed my feet. And + Ṣidqâ<a id="noteref_107" name="noteref_107" href= + "#note_107"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">107</span></span></a> + (Zedekiah), king of the city of Isqalluna (Askelon), who was not + submissive to my yoke, the gods of his father's house, himself, his + wife, his sons, his daughters, his brothers, (and) the seed of his + father's house, I removed and brought to the land of Aššur. + Šarru-lûdâri, son of Rûkibtu, their former king, I placed over the + people of the city of Isqalluna, and the payment of tribute as the + price of my overlordship I set for him, and he bore my yoke. In the + course of my campaign the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page375">[pg + 375]</span><a name="Pg375" id="Pg375" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + city Bît-Daganna (Beth-Dagon), Yappû (Joppa), Banâa-barqa + (Bene-berak), Azuru (Azor), cities of Ṣidqâ which were not at once + submissive to my yoke, I besieged, captured, (and) carried off + their spoil.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The prefects, the princes, and the people of the city + Amqarruna (Ekron), who had thrown Padî, their king, who was + faithful to the agreement and oath of the land of Aššur, into + fetters of iron, and given him to Ḫazaqiau (Hezekiah), of the land + of the Yaudâa (Jews)—hostilely in secret they had acted—feared in + their hearts. The kings of the land of Muṣuru (Egypt), (and) the + soldiers of the bow, the chariots, (and) the horses of the king of + the land of Meluḫḫa, gathered to themselves a numberless force, and + came to their help. Over against me in sight of Altaqû (Eltekah) + their line of battle was set in array, they called for their + weapons. In the service of Aššur my lord I fought with them and + accomplished their defeat. The charioteers and the sons of the king + of the Muṣurâa (Egyptians), with the charioteers of the king of the + land of Meluḫḫa, my hands captured alive in the midst of the + battle. (As for) the city of Altaqû (Eltekah) (and) the city of + Tamnâ (Timnah), I besieged, captured, (and) carried off their + spoil.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“I approached to the city of Amqarruna, and the + prefects and princes who had caused the wrong to be, I killed, and + on stakes around the city I hung their corpses. The sons of the + city doing the crime and misdeed I counted as spoil. The rest of + them, who did not commit sin and wickedness, whose evil deed was + not, I commanded their release. I caused Padî, their king, to come + forth from the midst of Ursalimmu (Jerusalem), and to sit on the + throne of dominion over them, and the tribute of my overlordship I + imposed upon him. And (as for) Hazaqiau (Hezekiah) of the land of + the Yaudâa (Jews), who had not submitted to my yoke, 46 of his + strong cities, fortresses, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page376">[pg 376]</span><a name="Pg376" id="Pg376" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> and small towns which were around them, which + were innumerable, with overthrowing by battering-rams, and advance + of towers, infantry-attack, breaching, cutting, and earthworks, I + besieged (and) captured. 200,150 people, small and great, male and + female, horses, mules, asses, camels, oxen, and sheep, which were + without number, from their midst I caused to come forth and + reckoned as spoil. As for him, like a cage-bird I shut him up + within Ursalimmu, the city of his dominion. Redoubts I threw up + around him, and I cut off the exit from the great gate of his + city—it was (completely) covered. His cities, which I had spoiled, + I detached from the midst of his country, and gave (them) to + Mitintu, king of Asdudu (Ashdod), Padî, king of Amqarruna (Ekron), + and Ṣilli-bêl, king of the city Ḫazitu (Gaza), and (thus) reduced + his land. Over the former tribute, their yearly gift, I added a + payment as to the due of my overlordship, and imposed it upon them. + As for him, Ḫazaqiau (Hezekiah), fear of the magnificence of my + lordship struck him, and the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">urbi</span></span> and his chosen soldiers, + which he had brought in for the defence of Ursalimmu, the city of + his kingdom, and (who) had pay, with 30 talents of gold, 800 + talents of silver, precious (stones), <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">guḫli</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">daggassi</span></span>,<a id="noteref_108" + name="noteref_108" href="#note_108"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">108</span></span></a> great + carbuncles (?), couches of ivory, state thrones of ivory, + elephant-skin, elephant-tooth (ivory), ebony (?), <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">urkarinnu</span></span>-wood, all sorts of + things,<a id="noteref_109" name="noteref_109" href= + "#note_109"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">109</span></span></a> a + valuable treasure, and his daughters, the women of his palace, male + singers (and) female singers, he<a id="noteref_110" name= + "noteref_110" href="#note_110"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">110</span></span></a> + caused to be brought after me to the midst of Ninua (Nineveh), the + city of my dominion, and he sent his messenger to present the gift + and pay homage.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is needless + to say that the above long account differs considerably from that + given in the Bible (2 Kings xviii. 13; Isa. xxxvi. 1 ff.), and it + is very difficult to reconcile the two narratives. According to the + account <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page377">[pg + 377]</span><a name="Pg377" id="Pg377" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + in Kings, Sennacherib came and took all the fenced cities of Judah, + but there is no statement as to the reason why. The Assyrian king + justifies his invasion of the country by stating that Hezekiah had + sided with the inhabitants of Ekron in the deposition of their + king, whom he had received from them and kept in prison. He even + states that he brought him forth from Jerusalem and replaced him on + the throne. That this circumstance is not referred to in the + Biblical account, cannot be held to indicate that the Assyrian + king's story is wrong, and only shows that the writer of the 2nd + Book of the Kings did not think it of sufficient importance to + record. In all probability, Hezekiah did not know at the time that + Padî was an Assyrian vassal, otherwise he would not have incurred + the risk of an invasion of his country by the dreaded Assyrians. + The Biblical account then states that Hezekiah sent to the king at + Lachish, saying that he had offended, and asking for terms, a fact + which indicates that he was aware of having done something at which + the king of Assyria might justly take offence. The answer was, the + fixing of the amount of tribute which Hezekiah had to pay—300 + talents of silver and 30 talents of gold, this latter item agreeing + with the statement of Sennacherib himself, though the amount of + silver which he mentions—800 talents—is much greater. The sacrifice + which Hezekiah made on this occasion (he had to strip off the gold + from the doors of the Temple, and also from the pillars which he + had overlaid, to make up the sum) was considerable. Concerning a + siege of Jerusalem at this point, however, there is not a single + word in the Biblical account, and the general opinion is, that the + Assyrian king has purposely combined two accounts to give an + appearance of success to what, in 2 Kings xix. 35-37, appears to + have been a serious disaster to the Assyrian arms.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is worthy of + note, however, that Josephus makes <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page378">[pg 378]</span><a name="Pg378" id="Pg378" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the siege of Jerusalem to have taken place + when Sennacherib was returning from Egypt, where he had spent a + long time besieging Pelusium (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ant.</span></span> x. i. 4), which was + regarded as the key of Egypt. In support of this he quotes + Herodotus, who, according to him, made a great mistake <span class= + "tei tei-q">“when he called this king not king of the Assyrians, + but of the Arabians.”</span> This, however, is not quite correct, + as Herodotus really says (book ii. 141), <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Sennacherib king of the Arabians and of the + Assyrians.”</span> That it took place on his return from Egypt, + however, is also stated by Berosus, whom Josephus quotes in full, + as follows—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Now when Sennacherib was returning from his Egyptian + war to Jerusalem, he found his army under Rabshakeh in great + danger, for God had sent a pestilential distemper upon his army; + and on the very first night of the siege, a hundred and eighty-five + thousand, with their captains and generals, were destroyed. So the + king was in a great dread, and in a terrible agony at this + calamity; and being in great fear for his whole army, he fled with + the rest of his forces to his own kingdom, and to his city Nineveh, + and when he had abode there a little while, he was treacherously + assaulted, and died by the hands of his elder sons, Adramelech and + Sarasar, and was slain in his own temple which was called Araske. + Now these sons of his were driven away on account of the murder of + their father, by the citizens, and went into Armenia, whilst + Assarachoddas took the kingdom of Sennacherib.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This would seem + to be conclusive, especially as Sennacherib, according to his own + records, made no expedition to Egypt before or at the time of that + against the land of Ḫatti, which took place in the eponymy of + Mitunu, prefect of Isana, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> 700 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, or the year + immediately preceding. Now as Sennacherib died in 681 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, nearly twenty years + elapsed between the campaign of which the account is above + translated <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page379">[pg + 379]</span><a name="Pg379" id="Pg379" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + and his death. Berosus, however, states that, after the siege of + Jerusalem, which ended so disastrously for him, he abode at Nineveh + only <span class="tei tei-q">“a little while”</span> before he was + murdered. There is then no doubt that there were two campaigns, and + the events referred to in 2 Kings xviii. 13-xix. 37, though they + seem to follow each other with little or no break, must have + extended over a considerable period, the widest gap being in all + probability between the sixteenth and seventeenth verses of ch. + xviii. It is noteworthy that, at this point, the Hebrew indicates + the end of a paragraph, though not a change of subject.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Affairs in + Babylonia now occupied the attention of Sennacherib for many years, + in consequence of the many revolutions there, which were largely + fomented, aided and abetted by the Elamites. In 703 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, two pretenders, + Marduk-zakir-šumi and Marduk-âbla-iddina, held the throne in + succession for a few months, but Sennacherib put an end to this + rule by setting on the throne a Chaldean named Bêl-ibnî + (Belibus).<a id="noteref_111" name="noteref_111" href= + "#note_111"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">111</span></span></a> This + took place when he defeated Merodach-baladan, before the campaign + against the West. Evidently, however, he was not satisfied with the + rule of his nominee, who had probably been plotting against him, + and therefore entered the country again in 699 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, carried away + Bêl-ibnî prisoner, and set on the throne his own eldest son, + Aššur-nadin-šum. After this seems to have occurred his fifth + expedition, which was to the mountainous region where lay the + cities Tumurru, Šarum or Šarma, Ezema, Kibšu, Ḫalbuda, Qûa, and + Qana, in the neighbourhood of Cilicia, his objective being the city + Ukku, which was taken and spoiled.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whilst absent on + this expedition, however, the Elamites seem to have been again + plotting against the Assyrians in Babylonia. This being the case, + Sennacherib went in <span class="tei tei-q">“ships of the land of + Ḫatti”</span> to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page380">[pg + 380]</span><a name="Pg380" id="Pg380" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + the place where Merodach-baladan<a id="noteref_112" name= + "noteref_112" href="#note_112"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">112</span></span></a> had + taken refuge, namely, <span class="tei tei-q">“Nagitu of + Elam.”</span><a id="noteref_113" name="noteref_113" href= + "#note_113"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">113</span></span></a> On + this occasion, he claims to have captured Šûzubu (otherwise + Nergal-ušêzib), and carried him in chains to Assyria. This led to + reprisals on the part of the Elamites, who invaded Babylonia, + carried Aššur-nadin-šum, the king, Sennacherib's son, prisoner, and + set on the throne Nergal-ušêzib, who, if he be the Šûzubu referred + to by Sennacherib, must have escaped from the custody of the + Assyrians. This was in 693 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nergal-ušêzib + only ruled for a year or eighteen months, and was captured (? + again) by the Assyrians. The Assyrian king now ravaged Elam + <span class="tei tei-q">“from Râš to Bît-Burnaki,”</span> but his + army would have been better employed in watching over affairs in + Babylonia, where another pretender, Mušêzib-Marduk, sat on the + throne, and ruled for four years. During this time he, too, found + that his seat was not altogether a bed of roses, for Menanu, king + of Elam, after a battle with the Assyrians,<a id="noteref_114" + name="noteref_114" href="#note_114"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">114</span></span></a> + captured Mušêzib-Marduk with an army composed of Elamites and + Babylonians, and delivered him to the Assyrians. Sennacherib now + again (688 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>) became king of + Babylonia, and it is thought that, on taking possession of the + capital again, out of revenge for the loss of his son, and on + account of the trouble he had had in consequence of the Babylonians + running after the many pretenders, with which the land seems to + have teemed, he destroyed <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page381">[pg + 381]</span><a name="Pg381" id="Pg381" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + the city of Babylon, committing such cruelties that they were + remembered to the end, and sowed the seeds of that hatred which + were to bring forth for Assyria that deadliest of all fruit—her own + destruction.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the eight + years which passed between his assuming the reins of power in + Babylonia and his death, must be placed that expedition to Egypt + spoken of by Berosus and Herodotus. The version of the former, + which refers principally to the siege of Jerusalem, is quoted above + (p. <a href="#Pg378" class="tei tei-ref">378</a>); the following is + the account of the latter—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“After this, Sanacharib, king of the Arabians and of + the Assyrians, marched a great host against Egypt. Then the + warriors of the Egyptians refused to come to the rescue, and the + priest (Hephaistos, whose name was Sethos),<a id="noteref_115" + name="noteref_115" href="#note_115"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">115</span></span></a> being + driven into a strait, entered into the sanctuary of the temple and + bewailed to the image of the god the danger which was impending + over him; and as he was thus lamenting, sleep came upon him, and it + seemed to him in his vision that the god came out and stood by him + and encouraged him, saying that he should suffer no evil if he went + forth to meet the army of the Arabians, for he would himself send + him helpers. Trusting in these things seen in sleep, he took with + him, they say, those of the Egyptians who were willing to follow + him, and encamped in Pelusion, for by this way the invasion came; + and not one of the warrior class followed him, but shopkeepers and + artisans and men of the market. Then after they came, there swarmed + by night upon the enemies mice of the fields, and ate up their + quivers and their bows, and moreover the handles of their shields, + so that on the next day they fled, and being without defence of + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page382">[pg 382]</span><a name= + "Pg382" id="Pg382" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> arms great numbers + fell. And at the present time this king stands in the temple of + Hephaistos in stone, holding upon his head a mouse, and by letters + inscribed he says these words, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Let him who + looks upon me learn to fear the gods.’</span> ”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Josephus's + quotation from Herodotus differs somewhat from the above, in that + he makes the Egyptian king to pray to God (and not before his + image), and omits all reference to the dream. This was doubtless to + make the parallel with the case of Hezekiah more striking.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"> + <img src="images/illus-xi.png" alt="Plate XI." title= + "Sennacherib before Lachish. For the translation of the inscription, see the opposite page. British Museum, Assyrian Saloon. The face of the king is mutilated in the original bas-relief, and has been restored." /> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Sennacherib before Lachish. For the translation of the + inscription, see the opposite page. British Museum, Assyrian + Saloon. The face of the king is mutilated in the original + bas-relief, and has been restored. + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The precise date + of this expedition to Egypt and second siege of Jerusalem is + unknown, but it must have taken place between 688 and 680 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> It is not by any + means improbable that the date may some time or other be fixed, for + an account of it will probably be found in the ruins of the cities + of Assyria somewhere. That Herodotus calls Sennacherib <span class= + "tei tei-q">“king of the Arabians and the Assyrians”</span> is + probably due to the fact that he seems to have been in alliance + with <span class="tei tei-q">“the queen of the + Aribi”</span>—<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">(šar)rat</span></span> D.P. <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aribi</span></span>—or Arabians, at the time. + Esarhaddon speaks of his father Sennacherib as having captured the + Arabian city Adumū, and inscriptions of Aššur-banî-âpli also refer + to Sennacherib's expedition thither, and to his connection with an + Arabian king named Ḫaza-îlu (Hazael). With regard to Palestine + itself, the reality of the siege of Lachish is testified to by the + fact, that a large portion of Sennacherib's sculptures represent + him as being present at the siege of Lachish in person, when the + prisoners and the booty taken were passed before him in procession. + The inscription accompanying this scene reads as follows—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Sin-âḫê-iriba, king of the world, king of + the land Aššur,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">sat upon his throne of state, + and</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">the spoil of Lakisu</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">passed before him.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page383">[pg 383]</span><a name= + "Pg383" id="Pg383" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It would be + strange indeed if this event, of which he was evidently very proud, + were omitted from the history of what he must have regarded as his + glorious deeds. As it does not occur in the account of his + expedition to the land of Ḫatti, there is hardly any doubt that it + belongs to the later campaign there, when he took the city, though + he failed, as has been seen, to take Jerusalem. In all probability + there were two sieges of Lachish, and it was very possible that the + city was taken only on the second occasion. In any case, it was + from Lachish that Sennacherib sent the Tartan, the Rabsaris, and + the Rabshakeh to Hezekiah, with a great army to besiege Jerusalem, + and it is noteworthy that the Rabshakeh reproaches him with + trusting to Egypt, the power with which Assyria was at that moment + in conflict; and in Sennacherib's second message to Hezekiah (2 + Kings xix. 9) the words accompanying it clearly show that the + general opinion was, that it was the march of Tirhakah against him + which called it forth. It is noteworthy in this connection, that + Tirhakah cannot have been on the throne of Egypt so early as 700 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, the date of + Sennacherib's first campaign against the West.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There are + therefore many arguments in favour of two expeditions of + Sennacherib to Palestine, with two sieges of Jerusalem, and also, + to all appearance, two sieges of Lachish.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following is + the account of his death given in the Babylonian Chronicle—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“On the 20th day of Tebet, Sin-âḫê-eriba, king of + Assyria, his son killed him in a revolt. For (? 25) years + Sin-âḫê-eriba had ruled the kingdom of Assyria. From the 20th day + of the month Tebet until the 2nd day of the month Adar, the revolt + in Assyria continued. Month Adar, day 18th, Aššur-âḫâ-iddina + (Esarhaddon), his son, sat upon the throne in + Assyria.”</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page384">[pg + 384]</span><a name="Pg384" id="Pg384" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">According to + Berosus, who agrees with the Biblical account in this, it was two + of his sons who killed him, but it may be taken that, though they + were both morally responsible, one only actually performed the + deed. Shareser is not mentioned, either by Abydenus or Polyhistor, + as taking part in the murder; it would seem to be very probable, + that Adrammelech was the culprit. From Berosus it is also clear + that Esarhaddon had nothing to do with it, and this is to a certain + extent confirmed by his inscriptions, which, as will be seen + farther on, represent him as warring in Armenia, whither his + brothers had fled.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">According to the + received chronology, the assassination of Sennacherib and the + accession of Esarhaddon took place in the year 680 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc51" id="toc51"></a> <a name="pdf52" id="pdf52"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Esarhaddon.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is a matter + greatly to be regretted that the royal inscriptions of Esarhaddon + have not come down to us in a complete state, and also that we do + not possess the later portions of the Assyrian Eponym Canon with + historical references, which would enable us to fix the date of the + campaigns. Of course, there is every probability that they are + mentioned in chronological order, but as their dates are not + stated, at least some uncertainty must prevail.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"> + <img src="images/illus-xii.png" alt="Plate XII." title= + "Esarhaddon, King of Assyria. The kneeling figure, which has the negro type of features and wears the uraeus ornament, is apparently Tirhakah, his opponent in Egypt. The prisoners here represented are regarded as being treated as the same king treated Manasseh (2 Chr. xxxiii. 11, R.V. marg.). Found at Zenjirli. From Mittheilungen aus den Orientalischen Sammlungen, Part XI., by permission of the publishing-house of Georg Reimer, Berlin." /> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Esarhaddon, King of Assyria. The kneeling figure, which has the + negro type of features and wears the uraeus ornament, is + apparently Tirhakah, his opponent in Egypt. The prisoners here + represented are regarded as being treated as the same king + treated Manasseh (2 Chr. xxxiii. 11, R.V. marg.). Found at + Zenjirli. From <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: center"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mittheilungen aus den Orientalischen + Sammlungen</span></span>, Part XI., by permission of the + publishing-house of Georg Reimer, Berlin. + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is therefore + impossible to say with certainty whether the recital, in forcible + though apparently well-chosen language, of what took place in + Ḫanigalbat, or Mesopotamia, belongs to the account of the conflict + with his brothers (who would have liked to overthrow Esarhaddon + that one of them might reign in his stead) or not. The wording, + however, makes it very probable that the narrative does refer to + them, for he overtook them on the Nineveh road, and the + disappearance of their resistance was more than gratifying to the + new king—</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page385">[pg + 385]</span><a name="Pg385" id="Pg385" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The + Nineveh-road, with difficulty (but) speedily, I + traversed—</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">before me, in the land of + Ḫani-galbat, the whole of their mighty</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">warriors halted before my + expedition, and prepared their weapons.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The fear of the great gods, my + lords, overwhelmed them, and</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">the attack of my mighty battle + they saw, and became as demented.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ištar, lady of war and battle, + lover of my priesthood,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">stood by my side, and broke + their bows.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">She scattered their serried + battle(-array), and</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">in their assembled mass they + called out thus:</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">This is + our king.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">By her supreme command they came over to my + side.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Oracles + encouraging Esarhaddon exist, and possibly refer to this + expedition.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Unfortunately + the mutilation of the record, by which the beginning is wanting, + has deprived us of the names of both conspirators, which are, + therefore, only preserved by the Bible, Berosus, Abydenus, and + Polyhistor. Various have been the conjectures as to what the true + Assyrian forms of the names would be, and only one, that of + Adrammelech, has been found with any probability of its being the + right one. The name in question is that of Aššur-munik, or, perhaps + better, Aššur-mulik, for whom Sennacherib built a palace. From its + form in Hebrew, Sharezer should be Šar-uṣur in Assyrian, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“protect the king,”</span> the name of the deity called + upon being omitted.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Though + Esarhaddon's inscriptions do not give any chronological data, the + Babylonian chronicle indicates the dates of his campaigns with + sufficient precision. From it we learn that in his first year he + had to put <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page386">[pg + 386]</span><a name="Pg386" id="Pg386" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + down a rebellion in Ur, led by Zēru-kênu-lîšir, whom Esarhaddon + calls Nabû-zēr-napišti-lîšir, son of Merodach-baladan. In the year + 676 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, his expedition to + Sidon took place, and Abdi-milkutti, the king, was beheaded in 675. + After taking the spoil of the city, he says that he <span class= + "tei tei-q">“assembled the kings of Ḫatti and the sea-coast, all of + them,”</span> and there is every probability that it was at this + time that he <span class="tei tei-q">“took Menasseh with + hooks,”</span> or, as the Revised Version has it, with chains, and + bound him with fetters, and brought him to Babylon, where, as + sovereign of that land also, he sometimes held court. Though + severe, and probably also cruel sometimes, Esarhaddon was more + mercifully inclined than his father, and allowed Menasseh to resume + the reins of government at Jerusalem. There is no reference to this + in the inscriptions of Esarhaddon, though he mentions, in his list + of tributaries, Menasseh king of the city of Judah. This list, + which is from a cylinder-inscription, is as follows—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">I + gathered also the kings of Ḫatti and across the river + ...</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ba'alu king of Ṣurru (Tyre): + Menasê (Menasseh) king of the city of Yaudu:</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Qauš-gabri, king of the city of + Udumu (Edom); Muṣur'i, king of the city Ma'ab (Moab);</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ṣilli-bêlu, king of the city of + Ḫazitu (Gaza); Mitinti, king of the city of Isqaluna + (Askelon);</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ikausu, king of the city of + Amqarruna (Ekron); Milki-ašapa, king of the city of Gublu + (Gebal);</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Matan-ba'al, king of the city of + Aruadu (Arvad); Abi-baal, king of the city of + Samsimuruna;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Budu-ilu, king of the city + Bêt-Ammana (Beth-Ammon); Aḫi-milki, king of the city of + Asdudu (Ashdod);</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">12 kings of the sea-coast. + Ekištura, king of the city Edi'al (Idalium);</span> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page387">[pg + 387]</span><a name="Pg387" id="Pg387" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Pilâgurâ, king of the city of + Kidrusu; Kîsu, king of the city Sillûa;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Itûandar, king of the city Pappa + (Paphos); Erêsu, king of the city of Sillu;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Damasu, king of the city Kurî + (Kurium); Admezu, king of the city Tamesu (Tamessus);</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Damûsi, king of the city + Karti-ḫadasti (the new town, a Phœnician settlement);</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Unasagusu, king of the city + Lidir; Buṣusu, king of the city Nurîa:</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">10 kings of the land of Yatnana + (Cyprus), within the sea—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">altogether 22 kings of the land + of Ḫatti, the sea-coast and the middle of the sea, all of + them,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">I directed, and great beams, + enormous poles,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">trunks of cedar and cypress from + the midst of Sirara</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">and Libnana (Lebanon) (etc., + etc., etc.),</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">from the midst of the wooded + mountains,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">the place of their + growing,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">for the requirements of my + palace,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">with toil and with + difficulty</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">I caused them to be brought to + Nineveh.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The tribute + which he exacted was not, therefore, a tribute of gold, silver, and + other precious things, but simply the building materials which + Esarhaddon required for his palace, and the kings of Heth, + including Menasseh, contributed to this together with the kings of + Cyprus—and to all appearance they had to transport these things to + Nineveh! It was the labour and expense of transport rather than the + material itself, which rendered this tribute so precious.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Judging from his + records, Esarhaddon was fully as active as the other kings of + Assyria in making conquests. He attacked the people of Armenia (the + Mannâa), the rebellious land of Barnaku—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“those who <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page388">[pg + 388]</span><a name="Pg388" id="Pg388" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + dwell in the land of Til-Ašurri,”</span><a id="noteref_116" name= + "noteref_116" href="#note_116"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">116</span></span></a>—the + Medes, the Chaldeans, the Arabians (see p. <a href="#Pg382" class= + "tei tei-ref">382</a>), and Egypt, in the direction of which he had + already made a little expedition (to the cities of Arzâ and Aaki + (?) of the brook of Egypt—probably the river of Egypt of Gen. xv. + 18, and other passages). His first real expedition to Egypt, + however, was in the tenth year of his reign (670 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>). Three battles were + fought there, and Memphis was captured by the Assyrians on the 22nd + of Tammuz. Whether he really and effectually subjugated the country + or not, is not known, but he again marched to the same place in the + last year of his reign, and falling ill on the road, died on the + 10th day of Marcheswan. He was succeeded by Aššur-banî-âpli + (Asshur-bani-pal) in Assyria, and Šamaš-šum-ukîn (Saosduchinos) in + Babylonia, and the two kingdoms, united by so much bloodshed, + became once more separated (668 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>).</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc53" id="toc53"></a> <a name="pdf54" id="pdf54"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Aššur-Banî-Âpli.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus it + happened, that Aššur-banî-âpli, on coming to the throne, found + himself involved in a war with Egypt. To such a ruler, it must have + seemed a hard thing to relinquish what his father had fought, and + perhaps died, to acquire and retain. This being the case, he sent + forth his army to reduce the country again to subjection, Tirhakah + having taken advantage of the death of Esarhaddon to revolt. In the + course of this campaign his representative (there is every + probability that Aššur-banî-âpli never went westwards, or, indeed, + made any warlike expedition in person whatever) received the + tribute of the kings of the sea-coast and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the middle of the sea,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> + Phœnicia and Cyprus. This list is, with few exceptions, the same as + that given by Esarhaddon, and <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page389">[pg 389]</span><a name="Pg389" id="Pg389" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> includes Minsê (= Minasê, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> + Menasseh) of the land of Yaudi or Judah. In some cases, however, + changes had taken place and these are duly registered—Yakinlû + instead of Matan-ba'al, king of the land of Aruada (Arvad); + Ammi-nadbi (Amminadab), king of the land of Bît-Ammana + (Beth-Ammon), instead of Budu-ilu. For the kings of Cyprus, + however, no change is indicated, a circumstance which leads one to + look upon the list with some suspicion, it being not impossible + that the names of certain rulers are inserted to make a seeming + addition to the Assyrian king's glory. They are all represented, + however, as supporting, with their troops and their ships, on land + and on sea, the army of Aššur-banî-âpli. The result was the defeat + of Tirhakah, and the restoration of the kings, prefects, and + governors whom Esarhaddon had appointed as rulers of the + country.<a id="noteref_117" name="noteref_117" href= + "#note_117"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">117</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">No sooner had + the Assyrians departed, than Tirhakah won over all the princes they + had installed to his side, and the work had to be done over again. + The Assyrian generals, however, returned promptly, and the + rebellion was at once put down. Of the princes who were captured, + Necho alone was spared, and, with his son, set as ruler in + Ḫatḫariba (Athribis). About this time Tirhakah died, and Urdamanê, + son of Sabaco, mounted the throne, and made Thebes and On + (Heliopolis) his principal strongholds, besieging the Assyrian army + of occupation in Memphis. Another expedition on the part of the + Assyrians therefore became necessary, and was at once undertaken, + and with complete success, except that Urdamanê remained, to all + appearance, still at large. Practically, however, the greater part + of Egypt became at this time an Assyrian province.</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page390">[pg 390]</span><a name="Pg390" id="Pg390" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But many were + the conquests of this really remarkable king, which his generals + accomplished for him. Soon came the turn of Ba'al, king of Tyre, + whose subjection brought about that of Yakinlû, king of Arvad, + Mugallu, king of Tubal, and Sandasarme of the land of the Ḫilakkâa + (Cilicians). Aššur-banî-âpli also speaks of the mission of Yakinlû, + king of Arvad, who sent his sons to him with presents, and made + obeisance. These princes bore the interesting names Azi-ba'al, + Abi-ba'al, Aduni-ba'al, Sapati-baal, Pudi-baal, Ba'al-yašupu, + Ba'al-ḫanunu, Ba'al-maluku, Abi-milki, and Aḫi-milki, showing the + popularity of the element <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">baal</span></span> + in the names of the people of Arvad. Azi-ba'al was designated as + the next king, and all the brothers were sent back with rich gifts. + He also tells the story of the dream of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guggu šar + Luddi</span></span> (Gyges, king of Lydia), to whom the god Aššur + is said to have appeared, exhorting him to submit to + Aššur-banî-âpli, and overcome his enemies by invoking his name. + Following this advice, he succeeded in conquering the Gimmirrâa + (people of Gomer), capturing their chiefs, of whom he sent two in + fetters to the Assyrian king, with valuable gifts.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Gyges did not + send any more embassies, however, and allied himself with + Tušamilki, king of the land of Muṣur (generally regarded as + Psammeticus of Egypt, but to all appearance another Muṣur—probably + that to the north—is meant), and for this he received the curse of + the Assyrian king. The result was, that the Gimmirrâa came and + ravaged his country. This being the case, his son, who succeeded + him, thought best to renew the Assyrian alliance, and therefore + sent an embassy with a message to the following effect—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“The king whom god hath chosen art thou; thou cursedst + my father, and evil was wrought before him. As for me, the servant + fearing thee, be gracious to me and let me bear thy + yoke.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"> + <img src="images/illus-xiii.png" alt="Plate XIII." title= + "Assur-banî-âpli (Assurbanipal), "The Great and Noble Asnapper," Hunting Lions. British Museum. Assyrian Saloon." /> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Assur-banî-âpli (Assurbanipal), "The Great and Noble Asnapper," + Hunting Lions. British Museum. Assyrian Saloon. + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Gyges, in + Assyrian Gug(g)u, is regarded as the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page391">[pg 391]</span><a name="Pg391" id="Pg391" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> original of the mystic Gog of Ezekiel + xxxviii. 39, and his country, Lydia (Luddu), is generally explained + as the Biblical Lud, though a certain amount of doubt regarding it + exists.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + Aššur-banî-âpli's other campaigns were against the Vannites, the + Elamites, the Babylonians (on account of his brother Saosduchinos, + king of that country, refusing to acknowledge his suzerainty), + after that twice more against Elam, then against the Arabians, and + finally against Ummanaldaš, king of Elam, whom he seized as a hawk + does his prey. In all, however, he captured four Elamite princes, + whom he caused to be attached to his carriage (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">ina marri + šadadi, rukub šarruti-ia</span></span><a id="noteref_118" name= + "noteref_118" href="#note_118"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">118</span></span></a>), and + as for the Arabian princes whom he had taken as prisoners, he + caused them to wear chains and badges of service, and to work at + the building of his palace, as was the custom in those days.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We can easily + imagine him—the great and noble Aššur-banî-âpli, called by Ezra + (iv. 10) Asnapper (better Asenappar), who transferred the Dinaites, + Apharsathchites, Tarpelites, Apharsites, Archevites, Babylonians, + Susanchites (Susanians), Dehavites, and Elamites, to swell the + mixed multitudes in the cities of Samaria. Many a time is he + represented in the beautiful bas-reliefs which he caused to be + carved as the adornments of his palace at Nineveh, and we there see + him, the patron of art, as the bold sportsman and hunter, just as + his tablets show him as the greatest patron of literature of his + time, one who knew the literature of his race, who took a pride in + learning, and himself copied out tablets <span class= + "tei tei-q">“in the assembly of the experts.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class= + "tei tei-q">“great and noble Asnapper”</span> is worthy of a statue + in every land where the languages of Assyria and Babylonia are + studied.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">How the sudden + downfall of the Assyrian empire <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page392">[pg 392]</span><a name="Pg392" id="Pg392" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> really came about we do not know. In all + probability it remained intact until the death of Aššur-banî-âpli, + which took place in 626 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> His son, + Aššur-êtil-îlāni-ukinni, has left no historical records, though it + is not by any means impossible that some light may ultimately be + thrown on his reign. One of the enigmas of his time is: What was + the circumstance which called forth the following + communication?—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The message of the daughter of the king to Aššurâaitu + the queen. As yet thou writest not thy tablet, and dictatest not + thy letter? Shall they say thus: <span class="tei tei-q">‘Is this + the sister of Šerû-êṭerat, the eldest daughter of the Harem-house + of Aššur-êtil-îlāni-ukinni, the great king, the mighty king, the + king of the world, the king of Assyria?’</span> And thou art the + daughter of the bride, the lady of the house of Aššur-banî-âpli, + the son of the great king of the Harem-house, who was + Aššur-âḫa-iddina (Esarhaddon), king of Assyria.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Some of the + expressions in this letter seem obscure, but the probable + explanation is, that the daughter of one of the last Assyrian + kings—perhaps Sin-šarra-iškun (Saracos)—writes to the chief wife of + Aššur-banî-âpli urging her to take action by exhorting the chiefs + of the nation at a crisis in the history of the country, which + crisis was probably that which led to the downfall of the mighty + kingdom which had reached its zenith of power during the reign of + Aššur-banî-âpli. At this time, according to Nabonidus, a king of + the Umman-manda or Medes, whose name is doubtful, but which may be + Iriba-tuktê, entered into alliance with a ruler who must be + Nabopolassar of Babylon, the father of Nebuchadnezzar, and + accomplished the vengeance of Merodach, the god of the Babylonians, + who willed that the destruction wrought upon his city by + Sennacherib should be amply avenged. This vengeance was apparently + the downfall of the Assyrian empire and the destruction + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page393">[pg 393]</span><a name= + "Pg393" id="Pg393" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of Nineveh, in + accordance with statements of Alexander Polyhistor, Abydenus, and + Syncellus. It is Diodorus Siculus, however, who gives the fullest + account. He relates that there was a legend (according to an + oracle) that the city could not be taken until the river became its + enemy. Arbaces, the Scythian, was besieging it, but was unable to + make any great impression on it for two years. In the third year, + however, the river<a id="noteref_119" name="noteref_119" href= + "#note_119"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">119</span></span></a> was + swollen by rains, and being very rapid in its current, a portion of + the wall was carried away, by which the besiegers gained an + entrance. The king, recognizing in this the fulfilment of the + oracle, raised a funeral pyre, and gathering together his + concubines and eunuchs, mounted it, and perished in the flames. + Thus came the great Assyrian empire to an end.</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The + oracle concerning Nineveh:</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The Lord is a jealous God and + avengeth.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Who can stand before His + indignation?</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">With an</span> <em class= + "tei tei-emph" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">overrunning + flood</span></em> <span style="font-size: 90%">He will make a + full end of the place thereof, and will pursue His enemies + into darkness.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The</span> <em class= + "tei tei-emph" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">gates of the + rivers</span></em> <span style="font-size: 90%">are opened, + and the palace is dissolved.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Thy shepherds slumber, O king of Assyria, + thy worthies are at rest; thy people are scattered upon the + mountains, and there is none to gather + them.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And there is + much more in the same strain that the Hebrew Oracle of Nahum + concerning the fall of Nineveh gives.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But it was not + simply the capture of an important <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page394">[pg 394]</span><a name="Pg394" id="Pg394" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> city—it was the enslavement and ultimate + annihilation of a whole nation. Who can imagine their despair? Less + than fifty years earlier, Assyria had been the most powerful nation + of the then known world, and the people suddenly saw themselves + deprived of that proud position which they had enjoyed for so many + centuries. Their national existence had, in fact, been brought to + an abrupt end, but the few Assyrian names which appear in + Babylonian contracts many years after their downfall show that + theirs was a proud indomitable spirit, which could not give way to + misfortune, and which probably hoped for better things and more + prosperous times. Their descendants are still to be found among the + Chaldean Roman Catholic Christians of the country which was the + scene of their forefathers' dominion when they ruled the land of + their inheritance. Their most worthy representatives in modern + times are the family of the Rassams, one of whom was for many years + British Consul at Mossoul (a post which his nephew now fills), and + another is the well-known veteran, Hormuzd Rassam, Layard's helper, + for some time Resident at Aden, and later a prisoner with that mad + ruler, King Theodore of Abyssinia. To him we owe the discovery of + Aššur-banî-âpli's palace, the ruins of Sippara and Cuthah, and many + thousand cylinders and tablets bearing upon the manners, customs, + history, religion, etc., of the Babylonians and Assyrians, which + have been used freely in the compilation of this book.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page395">[pg 395]</span><a name= + "Pg395" id="Pg395" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc55" id="toc55"></a> <a name="pdf56" id="pdf56"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XI. Contact Of The Hebrews With + The Later Babylonians.</span></h1> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Nabopolassar and the restoration of the + power of Babylonia—Nebuchadnezzar—Evil-Merodach—Neriglissar and his + son—Nabonidus—The Fall of Babylon—Nabonidus and Belshazzar—Cyrus and + Cambyses—Darius and his successors.</span> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">How great the + change which came over the Eastern world with the disappearance from + the political horizon of the power of Assyria can hardly be + estimated. In the time of Merodach-baladan, the Chaldean who had + mounted the Babylonian throne, an embassy was sent to the Jewish king + Hezekiah with a present and kind inquiries as to his health, + apparently to see whether it was worth while making an alliance with + him. Merodach-baladan felt that he would need all the outside help + that he could get against the Assyrians, with whom he was in constant + conflict. With the downfall of Assyria, however, all was changed. The + Jews' whilom friend became their enemy, and, as indicated in 2 Kings + xx. 17 ff., the Israelites were to lose their independence at the + hands of the descendants of those who were then seeking their + friendship.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is hardly + any doubt that the later Assyrian kings regarded Babylonia as an + integral part of the Assyrian empire, and had perfect faith in the + fidelity of the inhabitants. It may reasonably be doubted, however, + whether the Babylonians had really forgotten <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page396">[pg 396]</span><a name="Pg396" id="Pg396" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the cruel treatment they had received at the + hands of Sennacherib. In addition to this, there must have existed + for a considerable period the feeling that they, the Babylonians, + were the more ancient people of the two, and that the Assyrians were + but a later offshoot of their own stock, owing to them all their + civilization, manners, customs, laws, and literature. It will thus be + seen that they were sufficiently of the same origin to be regarded as + one people, and for this reason, many of the cities of Babylonia were + satisfied and happy under Assyrian rule, which they preferred, to all + appearance, to that of the Chaldeans, a nation which, though + inhabiting their own borders, was in reality more alien to them than + the Assyrians in language, manners, and customs, and whom they + probably regarded as being only half civilized.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The general + opinion is, that Nabû-âbla-uṣur (Nabopolassar), the general whom + Sin-šarra-iškun (Saracos), the last king of Assyria, sent against his + enemies (who seem to have invaded Babylonia by sea at the northern + end of the Persian Gulf), was a Chaldean, and this is, in fact, + confirmed by the quotation in Eusebius's Armenian Chronicle (p. 44) + from Polyhistor, where it is stated that after Samuges + (Šamaš-šum-ukîn, the brother of Aššur-banî-âpli), Sardanapallus (this + is a mistake for Nabopollasarus), the Chaldean, reigned for + twenty-one years. If this be the case, it is a matter of surprise + that Sin-šarra-iškun should have given into the hands of one + belonging to a tribe of old hostile to Assyria, the command of his + army at such a critical time. In any case, the result was most + disastrous for Assyria, as the foregoing chapter has shown.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the opinion of + Friedrich Delitzsch, Nabopolassar was not the general of + Sin-šarra-iškun, but in all probability a viceroy installed by + Aššur-êtil-îlāni-ukinni, and retained by Sin-šarra-iškun, in which + case it is to be supposed that he made an alliance with the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page397">[pg 397]</span><a name="Pg397" + id="Pg397" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Medes (as related by Alexander + Polyhistor and Abydenus), and cemented it by marrying his son + Nebuchadrezzar to Amunhean, Amuhean, or Amytis, daughter of Astyages, + king of the Medes; and according to the latter author, it was after + this that he marched against Nineveh. Fried. Delitzsch may therefore + be regarded as most probably right, for the king of the Medes would + hardly have consented to bestow his daughter upon the son of one whom + he could not otherwise have regarded as being of royal race.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Though + Nabopolassar had close connection with Syria, his name is not + mentioned in the Bible narrative. For our information concerning him + we are indebted to Josephus, who, quoting the Babylonian writer + Berosus, relates what was recorded in the Babylonian chronicles of + that period. After the division of the territory of Assyria, of which + Egypt took a part, the former allies began to quarrel among + themselves, the result being that Nabopolassar, wishing to regain + possession of Syria, which at this time acknowledged the suzerainty + of Egypt, decided to attack that country. According to Berosus, he + not only regarded himself as master of Coele-Syria and Phœnicia, but + also of Egypt. Hearing, therefore, <span class="tei tei-q">“that the + governor which he had set over Egypt and over the parts of + Coele-Syria and Phœnicia had revolted from him, he was not able to + bear it any longer, but committing certain parts of his army to his + son Nabuchodonosor, who was then but young, he sent him against the + rebel.”</span> This is regarded as having taken place in 605 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> The governor attacked + by the young Nebuchadnezzar was apparently Necho, who was completely + defeated at Carchemish, and expelled from Syria.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whilst upon this + expedition, Nebuchadnezzar heard of the death of his father at + Babylon, in the twenty-first year of his reign, as Josephus, quoting + Berosus, has it. This accords with the statement concerning + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page398">[pg 398]</span><a name="Pg398" + id="Pg398" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> him in the Canon of Ptolemy, + and also with native Babylonian chronology, as may be seen from a + tablet in the Museum of Edinburgh, of which the following is a + translation—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The 21st + year of Nabopolassar a profit was made.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The 1st year of Nebuchadnezzar a + profit was made.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The 2nd year of Nebuchadnezzar a + profit was made.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The 3rd year the same.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">The fourth year the same.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Returning to + Babylon, the young prince found that his supporters there had looked + after his interests, and no pretender having appeared to dispute with + him the throne, he was at once acknowledged king. The death of + Nabopolassar and the accession of his son Nebuchadnezzar took place + in the year 604 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Unfortunately, but + few inscriptions of Nabopolassar have been found, and of them some + are duplicates, and all refer to his architectural or engineering + works. The principal treats of his restoration of the temple + Ê-temen-ana-kia, the shrine at Ê-sagila, which the Babylonians + regarded as the Tower of Babel. It is written in the archaic style of + writing much affected by his son Nebuchadnezzar, and has certain + peculiarities of spelling. Like most of the pious architectural + inscriptions of Babylonia, there is no reference to historical + events, but the king speaks of Nabium-kudurra-uṣur (Nebuchadrezzar), + <span class="tei tei-q">“the eldest, firstborn, and beloved of my + heart,”</span> and his younger brother, Nabû-šumam-lìšir. Both the + king and his two sons took part in the restoration of the temple, + bringing with their own hands material for the work, the younger son + also assisting by pulling the cord of the <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page399">[pg 399]</span><a name="Pg399" id="Pg399" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> cart which carried it. The receptacles which + they used to carry the material were made of gold and silver. Other + inscriptions of this king refer to the digging out of the canal of + the Euphrates near the city Sippara, and to Nabopolassar's + restoration of the temple of <span class="tei tei-q">“the Lady of + Sippar,”</span> called Ê-edinna, <span class="tei tei-q">“the house + (temple) of the plain,”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“of + Edina,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> Eden.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When + Nebuchadnezzar (in Babylonian Nabû-kudurri-uṣur—he was the second of + the name) came to the throne, he found himself in possession of a + mighty kingdom, consolidated by his father's talent, and he could + himself boast of having had a hand in its enlargement and greater + security. Everything was, to all appearance, at peace, and the new + king had no reason to fear either a pretender to the throne, or the + advent of enemies from without. One of his tributaries, namely, + Jehoiakim, king of Judah, after paying tribute three years (604-602 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>), rebelled, but was + again reduced to subjection (2 Kings xxiv. 1 ff.).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Later, however, + uprisings of a more earnest nature came to the ears of the Babylonian + king, constraining him to act. Apparently in consequence of the + promises of Egypt, Jehoiachin, son of Jehoiakim, brought against + himself the hostility of the king of Babylon, who sent an army to + besiege Jerusalem, afterwards journeying thither himself, the result + being, that the city was taken, and the Jewish king, with his court, + yielded, and were carried away to Babylon (598 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>). The number of + captives on this occasion exceeded 10,000, and the treasures of the + palace and the Temple formed part of the spoils sent to Babylon. The + country was not annexed, however, for Nebuchadnezzar made Mattaniah + king of Judah instead of Jehoiachin, changing his name to + Zedekiah.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Gratitude to the + power which had raised him, however, became weakened with years, and, + encouraged by Pharaoh Hophra, he rebelled in the ninth year of his + reign, the result being that Jerusalem was once <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page400">[pg 400]</span><a name="Pg400" id="Pg400" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> more besieged. Pharaoh Hophra now marched + with an army across the Egyptian border to the help of his ally, + whereupon the Babylonians raised the siege of Jerusalem for a time to + get rid of the invader (Jer. xxxvii. 5-7). According to Josephus, the + Egyptians were totally defeated, and returned to their own land (Jer. + xxxvii. 7). The siege of Jerusalem was then resumed, and the city was + taken at the end of a year and a half, notwithstanding a very + courageous resistance. The date set down for this event is July 586 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Zedekiah with his + army fled, but was pursued by the Chaldeans, and captured in the + plains of Jericho. Nebuchadnezzar was then at Riblah, where, to all + appearance, a court was held (see 2 Kings xxv. 6), and sentence + pronounced against the faithless vassal, whose sons were then slain + before his eyes, his sight destroyed, and he himself carried captive + to Babylon. It was a barbarous sentence, and was quite in accordance + with the customs of the age, just as the legal formalities were to + all appearance in conformity with Babylonian tradition. The + destruction of the Temple and all the principal houses of the city by + fire, followed, this destruction being wrought by Nebu-zar-adan + (Nabû-zēr-iddina), the captain of Nebuchadnezzar's guard, who also + carried captive all who remained in the city. Only the lowest class + of the people remained to carry on the cultivation of the land. + Others were sent to Nebuchadnezzar at Riblah, and by his orders put + to death. Those of the Jews who remained, however, were not placed, + as might reasonably have been expected, under a Babylonian governor, + but under Gedeliah the son of Ahikam, who was made governor. His + death at the hands of his own countrymen took place shortly after, + thus putting an end to the last vestige of native Jewish rule in + Palestine.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Next came the turn + of Tyre, which the Babylonian king blockaded for no less than + thirteen years (585-573 <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page401">[pg + 401]</span><a name="Pg401" id="Pg401" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>), but was apparently + successful in the end, when the inhabitants acknowledged Babylonian + overlordship. That its capture cost him great pains is testified by + Ezekiel (xxix. 18), who states that, to take the city, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“every head was bald, and every shoulder was + peeled”</span> in consequence of the carrying of material for the + operations against the city, yet neither he nor his army reaped any + material advantage from this conquest, <span class="tei tei-q">“for + the service that he had served against it.”</span> The name of a city + Ṣûru, which is probably Tyre, occurs on a tablet dated in + Nebuchadnezzar's thirty-fifth year (569 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>—four years after the + city was taken). It refers to a transaction in which sesame is sold, + an official of the city being a party to the contract. Later on, in + the fortieth year of Nebuchadnezzar, a contract was entered into + between Milki-idiri, governor of Kidis (Kedesh), with regard to some + cattle. This document is dated at Tyre (Ṣurru) on the 22nd of the + month Tammuz. Not only Tyre, therefore, but the whole district, owned + the dominion of Nebuchadnezzar at this time.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Just as successful + were Nebuchadnezzar's operations against Egypt. According to an + Egyptian inscription, the Babylonian king attacked Egypt in the year + 572 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, penetrating as far as + Syene and the borders of Ethiopia. Hophra, who still reigned, was + defeated and deposed, the general Amasis being raised to the throne + in his place to rule the land as a vassal of the Babylonian king. + According to the only historical fragment of the reign of this king + known, Nebuchadnezzar made an expedition to Egypt in his + thirty-seventh year. This was to all appearance against his vassal + Amasis, who, like Zedekiah, had revolted against the power which had + raised him to the throne. The rebellion was suppressed, but the + ultimate fate of Amasis is not stated.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">According to + Megasthenes, who lived in the time of Seleucus Nicator, + Nebuchadnezzar conquered North <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page402">[pg 402]</span><a name="Pg402" id="Pg402" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Africa, crossing afterwards into Spain by the + Strait of Gibraltar, returning to Babylonia through Europe and Asia + Minor. Such an expedition, however, it is hardly likely that he ever + undertook, and the account of this exploit may therefore be relegated + to the domain of the fables with which the ancient historians + sometimes ornamented their work.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Concerning the + relations of Nebuchadnezzar with Daniel, the wedge-inscriptions of + Babylonia give no indication whatever. Four hundred and fifty or more + contract-tablets dated in his reign are known, but in none of them is + there any reference to Daniel, at least in a form that can be + recognized. The Babylonian name given to him, Belteshazzar, is + apparently an abbreviated form, which would be, in Babylonian, + Balaṭ-su-ûṣur, <span class="tei tei-q">“Protect thou (O God), his + life.”</span> If this be the explanation, a better transcription of + the Hebrew form would be Beletshazzar (making the first sheva vocal + and the second silent instead of the reverse). The name of the deity + has, in accordance with custom, been suppressed in the Hebrew form, + but it is probable that either the patron-deity of Babylon, Bêl, or + else the favourite deity of the Babylonians in general, Nebo, the god + of learning, may have preceded the first element as the name now + stands. In the inscriptions of Babylonia and Assyria, many examples + of abbreviated names occur, on account of what we should consider + their inordinate length, and to such an extent was this customary, + that one element only, out of three or four, might alone be used. + Thus, in the contracts of the time of Nebuchadnezzar, at least + fourteen persons of the name of Balaṭu, and seven of the name of + Balaṭ-su occur, and it may be safely taken that they are all + abbreviations of names similar to that bestowed upon Daniel. Apart + from the question whether the Book of Daniel is to be regarded as a + part of the Hagiographa or not, the fact that his descent is not + given there would <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page403">[pg + 403]</span><a name="Pg403" id="Pg403" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + make it impossible to recognize him, if his name was still further + abbreviated by the Babylonians, among so many bearing names possibly + the same as his. Even though his book be regarded as a romance, there + is always the question, whether the personages mentioned therein may + not really have existed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With regard to the + other names in Daniel, it is to be noted that Shadrach and Meshach, + the names given to Hananiah and Mishael, are doubtful in Babylonian, + the corresponding forms not having been found. Abednego, on the other + hand, the Babylonian name of Azariah, has long been recognized as + being written for Abed-Nebo, <span class="tei tei-q">“servant of + Nebo,”</span> either by a scribal error, or (as seems more probable) + in order to deface the name of a heathen deity. The name of Ashpenaz, + the master of the eunuchs, is still more doubtful, if anything; but + that of Arioch, the <span class="tei tei-q">“king's captain,”</span> + is one which has been well known for some time, being none other than + the ancient name (cf. Genesis xiv.) corresponding with the Akkadian + Êri-Aku or Êri-Eaku, <span class="tei tei-q">“servant of the + Moon-god,”</span> a rare name in later times (see pp. <a href= + "#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref">222</a> ff.).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Naturally nothing + concerning Nebuchadnezzar's dreams occurs in the inscriptions of + Babylonia, though dreams which were regarded as having a + signification are sometimes recorded. This being the case, it might + be supposed that something upon the subject would in all probability + be sooner or later found. But what we should expect to find in the + extant inscriptions of Nebuchadnezzar is a reference to the golden + image, threescore cubits high and six cubits wide, which he is said + to have set up in the plain of Dura. Had he erected such an enormous + thing, even if it had been merely gilt, and not of solid gold, one + would expect that he would at least have made a slight reference to + it. That he may have set up images of his gods is not only possible, + but probable—indeed, he must have dedicated at least a few during his + long <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page404">[pg 404]</span><a name= + "Pg404" id="Pg404" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> reign, but it is + evident that none of them was of sufficient importance to cause him + specially to refer to it in his inscriptions. It is therefore not + impossible that there is some exaggeration in the dimensions of the + figure referred to in Daniel. There is also considerable uncertainty + as to the position of the plain of Dura, in the province of Babylon. + The most probable explanation is that of Prof. J. Oppert, the veteran + Assyriologist, who found what appeared to be the base of a great + statue near a mound known as Dúair,<a id="noteref_120" name= + "noteref_120" href="#note_120"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">120</span></span></a> east of + Babylon. It is not improbable, however, that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the plain of Dura, in the province of Babylon,”</span> + means simply an extensive open space near one of the great + fortifications (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">dûru</span></span>) of the city. That all the + principal officials of the kingdom should be expected to come to the + dedication of such an image is exceedingly probable.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"> + <img src="images/illus-xiv.png" alt="Plate XIV." title= + "Bas-relief supposed to depict the triple wall of Babylon, with a portion of the palace within. In the original, water flows at the base of the lowest wall. The above is the upper part of slab No. 89 in the Assyrian Saloon of the British Museum, and apparently illustrates Assur-bani-âpli's campaign against his brother, Samas-sum-ukin (Saosduchinos), King of Babylon (cf. p. 391). (Two at least of the walls of Babylon were much older than the time of Nebuchadnezzar.)" /> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Bas-relief supposed to depict the triple wall of Babylon, with a + portion of the palace within. In the original, water flows at the + base of the lowest wall. The above is the upper part of slab No. + 89 in the Assyrian Saloon of the British Museum, and apparently + illustrates Assur-bani-âpli's campaign against his brother, + Samas-sum-ukin (Saosduchinos), King of Babylon (cf. p. 391). (Two + at least of the walls of Babylon were <em class="tei tei-emph" + style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">much + older</span></em> than the time of Nebuchadnezzar.) + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The portion of + Daniel referring to Nebuchadnezzar which receives the best + illustration from the inscriptions is that referred to after the + relation of his second dream, where he is represented as walking in + or upon his palace, and one may imagine that he had gone up to enjoy + the view of the city, and whilst doing so, with almost justifiable + pride the words, <span class="tei tei-q">“Is not this great Babylon, + which I have built for the royal dwelling-place, by the might of my + power and the glory of my majesty?”</span> escaped him. From his + inscriptions (and they are fairly numerous) we learn, with regard to + Babylon, that it owed most of its glories as they then existed to + this, the greatest of its kings. That the king did not always + distinguish between what he built and what he rebuilt—indeed, none of + his predecessors seem to have done so either, a circumstance probably + due to the poverty of the Akkadian <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page405">[pg 405]</span><a name="Pg405" id="Pg405" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> and Semitic Babylonian languages in that + respect—would explain the words attributed to him.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">According to the + great India-House inscription, which was carved by order of + Nebuchadnezzar, Nabopolassar had built (= rebuilt) the two great + walls of Babylon, called Imgur-Bêl and Nemitti-Bêl. He had dug the + great city-moat, and raised two strong walls on its banks, similar, + in all probability, to what other kings had done before him. To all + appearance also he lined the banks of the Euphrates with embankments + (probably the quays of which Herodotus speaks), and constructed, + within the city, a road leading from Du-azaga, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the holy seat,”</span> where the oracles were declared, + to Aa-ibur-sabû, Babylon's <span class= + "tei tei-q">“festival-street,”</span> close to the gate of Beltis, + for the yearly procession of the god Merodach.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"> + <img src="images/illus-xv.png" alt="Plate XV." title= + "Bas-relief, supposed to represent the Hanging Gardens at Babylon, about 645 b.c. On the slope is a temple, a stele with the figure of a king, and an altar on the path in front. On the right pointed arches support a terrace planted with trees. Streams water the sides of the wooded hill. British Museum, Assyrian Saloon, No. 92 (upper part). The above, with Plate XIV., apparently illustrate Assur-bani-âpli's campaign against his brother Samas-sum-ukin (cf. page 391)." /> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Bas-relief, supposed to represent the Hanging Gardens at Babylon, + about 645 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: center"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> On the slope is a + temple, a stele with the figure of a king, and an altar on the + path in front. On the right pointed arches support a terrace + planted with trees. Streams water the sides of the wooded hill. + British Museum, Assyrian Saloon, No. 92 (upper part). The above, + with Plate XIV., apparently illustrate Assur-bani-âpli's campaign + against his brother Samas-sum-ukin (cf. page 391). + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">All these + erections Nebuchadnezzar completed or altered and improved. He added + to the defences which his father had built, and raised the level of + the street Aa-ibur-sabû from the <span class="tei tei-q">“glorious + gate”</span> to the gate of Istar. The raising of the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“festival-street”</span> necessitated the raising of the + gateways through which it ran. Gates were made of cedar covered with + copper, probably after the style of the great gate found by Mr. + Rassam at Balawat in Assyria, which was adorned with bands of bronze + chased with scenes of Shalmaneser II.'s warlike exploits in relief. + In all probability there were but few gates in Babylon of solid + metal, notwithstanding that there is no mention in Herodotus of their + having been constructed merely of wood covered with ornamented strips + of bronze. The thresholds of these gates were of bronze, probably + similar to that of which a part was found by Mr. Rassam at Borsippa + (evidently the doorstep of one of the entrances to the temple called + Ê-zida), and which may now be seen at the British Museum. These and + other portals at Babylon were guarded by images of bulls and + serpents, also of bronze. In <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page406">[pg 406]</span><a name="Pg406" id="Pg406" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> addition to this, Nebuchadnezzar built a wall + on the east side of the city, high like a mountain, so that no enemy + could approach. Access to the city was gained by gates, the doors of + which were likewise of cedar ornamented with bronze. For further + protection, he <span class="tei tei-q">“caused great waters like the + volume of the sea to surround the land,”</span> and to cross them was + <span class="tei tei-q">“like the crossing of the broad sea, the Salt + Stream”</span> (the Persian Gulf). He then rebuilt the palace of his + father, its walls having been undermined by the waters of the + Euphrates, which ran near. Advantage of the changes made in this + building was taken to raise the gateways, which had become too low in + consequence of the raising of the festival-street of Merodach. In + addition to this, he built another palace, adjoining that of his + father, decorating it with cedar, cypress, and other precious woods; + gold, silver, and precious stones; and adorning it with sculptures + and with gates overlaid with bronze. According to the India-House + inscription of Nebuchadnezzar, the fabric of this building was + completed in fifteen days, a fact so remarkable that it is specially + mentioned by Berosus (see Josephus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Antiquities</span></span>, x., xi. 1), whose + word may be taken as proving the translation of the passage in + question. Besides restoring the temples of the cities, or at least + the principal ones, he restored all the chief temples of Babylonia, + notably that at Sippar, the chief centre of the Sun-god worship, and + the great temple-tower dedicated to Nebo at Borsippa. This last, + indeed, was one of the works upon which he prided himself most, as is + proved by the fact that it is mentioned in all his inscriptions, + including those on his bricks, along with the temple known as + Ê-sagila (later pronounced Ê-sangil), the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“temple of Belus,”</span> which he calls <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the tower of Babylon,”</span> the principal shrine of + which seems to have been called <span class="tei tei-q">“the House of + the Foundation of Heaven and Earth,”</span> indicating clearly the + estimation in which the Babylonians held <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page407">[pg 407]</span><a name="Pg407" id="Pg407" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> it (see p. <a href="#Pg138" class= + "tei tei-ref">138</a>). It was there that the god Merodach, the + principal deity of the Babylonians, and the founder of the temple in + question, was worshipped.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But one might go + on for a long time describing what Nebuchadnezzar did for the city + which, more than any other, he loved, and to which he brought the + spoils of his many expeditions. There is no doubt that this, the last + great king of Babylon, was a most successful ruler, of whom his + people were proud. He was pious, and an intense lover of his + country—two characteristics which endeared him, the one to the + priesthood, the other to the people at large. Could we but find the + real history of his reign, it would undoubtedly prove to be full of + interest, and also of enormous importance, not only on account of the + light that it would throw upon Jewish history during his period, but + also on account of its bearing upon a most important epoch in the + life of the Babylonian nation.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is noteworthy + that, in Herodotus, many of the great architectural works of his + reign are attributed to Nitocris, who, he states, was the mother of + Labynetus (Book I. 185-188). Now, who this Labynetus was, is clear + from the statement that it was he against whom Cyrus marched—namely + the Nabonidus of other Greek historians, and the Nabû-na'id of the + inscriptions. Nitocris would therefore seem to have been the name of + the queen of Nebuchadnezzar, and if so, it shows upon what grounds + Nabonidus claimed the throne, and how Belshazzar, in the Book of + Daniel, could be described as the son or descendant of + Nebuchadnezzar. But in this case Nitocris must have been another wife + of Nebuchadnezzar, and not the Median princess whom he had married + when young. If she supplanted Amytis, Nebuchadnezzar's Median wife, + in the affections of her husband, it is easy to see how she could + have feared a Median invasion, as indicated by Herodotus.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nebuchadnezzar + died in the year 561 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, leaving <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page408">[pg 408]</span><a name="Pg408" id="Pg408" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> his crown to Awēl-Maruduk, the + Evil-Merodach of 2 Kings xxv. 27, and the Abilamarōdachos of + Josephus, who, however, also gives, in his book against Apion (i. + 20), the genuine Babylonian form as transcribed by Berosus, namely, + Eueilmaradouchos. Two other sons of Nebuchadnezzar are also mentioned + in the contract-tablets of his reign, namely, Marduk-šum-uṣur (in his + fortieth year) and Marduk-nadin-âḫi (forty-first year). (See pp. + <a href="#Pg434" class="tei tei-ref">434</a>, <a href="#Pg435" class= + "tei tei-ref">435</a>.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The substitution + of the mild rule of Evil-Merodach for the vigorous government of his + father must have been witnessed by the Babylonians with considerable + misgiving, for in the East, especially at that period, the successful + ruler was he who was the most energetic. There is every reason to + believe, however, that the character of Evil-Merodach was that of a + man in every way kind and considerate, as is shown by the fact, that + he released Jehoiachin (whom Nebuchadnezzar had taken prisoner), + spoke kindly to him, and set his throne above those of the other + vassal kings in Babylon. The only thing, according to Josephus, + recorded about him by Berosus was, that <span class="tei tei-q">“he + governed public affairs lawlessly and extravagantly”</span>—words + which imply that he displeased the priestly class, of which Berosus + was one. His name appears in certain contracts (published by Mr. + Evetts) as ruler of Babylonia for about two years, from the 26th of + Elul of his accession year to the 4th day of Ab of his second + year—about two years and five months in all. According to Berosus, he + was slain by his sister's husband, Nēriglissöoros, the + Nergal-šar-uṣur of the inscriptions, who then ascended the + throne.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The name is the + same as that given as Nergal-sharezer in Jer. xxxix. 3, 13, one of + the princes of the Babylonians who was present at the taking of + Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar, and who at that time bore the title of + Rab-mag, which is to all appearance the Rab-mugi of the + Assyro-Babylonian inscriptions. It is <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page409">[pg 409]</span><a name="Pg409" id="Pg409" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> thought by many, and is not by any means + improbable, that the Nergal-sharezer of the passage referred to and + the Nergal-šar-uṣur of Babylonian history are one and the same, + though there is no evidence that the latter ever bore the title of + Rab-mag.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was in the year + 559 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> that Evil-Merodach was + murdered, and Neriglissar at once seized the throne of his + brother-in-law. Berosus (as quoted by Josephus) gives no details as + to his reign. In his inscriptions he states that he was (like + Nabopolassar and Nebuchadnezzar before him) patron of Ê-sagila and + Ê-zida, the temple of Belus at Babylon and that of Nebo at Borsippa, + and that the great gods had established his dominion. After speaking + of the god Nebo, he makes a reference to Ura, the god of death, + which, under the circumstances, one can hardly regard as otherwise + than significant—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Nebo, the + faithful son, a just sceptre has caused his hands to + hold.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">To keep the people, preserve the + country,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Ura, prince of the gods, gave him his + weapon.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He then mentions + his father, Bêl-šum-iškun, whom he calls <span class= + "tei tei-q">“king of Babylon,”</span> and describes the restoration + and decoration of Ê-zida and Ê-sagila, together with the palace which + he built for himself at Babylon, and other architectural work.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But to describe + his father as <span class="tei tei-q">“king of Babylon”</span> was a + statement somewhat removed from the truth. In the contract-tablets of + the time of Nebuchadnezzar and Evil-Merodach, where the name of + Neriglissar occurs somewhat frequently as a purchaser of houses, + land, etc., he is called simply <span class="tei tei-q">“son of + Bêl-šum-iškun,”</span> without any other title whatever (see p. + <a href="#Pg438" class="tei tei-ref">438</a>). But perhaps + Neriglissar's statement is due to some historical event of which we + are ignorant.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Neriglissar died + in the month Nisan or Iyyar of the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page410">[pg 410]</span><a name="Pg410" id="Pg410" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> fourth year of his reign, and was succeeded by + his son Labāši-Marduk, the Labarosoarchod of the Greek writers. + According to Berosus (Josephus against Apion, i. 20), he was no more + than a child, and it may be supposed that he was a younger son of + Neriglissar, though concerning this we have no information. He only + reigned nine months, a plot having been laid against him by his + friends, and he was tormented to death, <span class="tei tei-q">“by + reason of the very ill-temper and ill practices he exhibited to the + world”</span> (Berosus). After his death, according to the same + historian, the conspirators met, and elected one of their number, + Nabonnedus (Nabuna'id), as king. <span class="tei tei-q">“In his + reign it was that the walls of the city of Babylon were curiously + built with burnt brick and bitumen,”</span> is all that Berosus has + to say with regard to the sixteen years of his reign which preceded + his overthrow.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Many inscriptions + of the reign of this king exist, and we are able to gain from them an + excellent idea of the state of the country and the historical events + of this important period. All that Nabonidus tells us concerning his + origin is, that he was the son or descendant of Nabû-balaṭ-su-iqbî, + whom he calls <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">rubû êmqu</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the deeply-wise prince.”</span> Who he may have been is + not known, but there exist two tablets of the nature of letters + written by a certain Nabû-balaṭ-su-iqbî to Aššur-banî-âpli, whose + faithful servant he professed to be, protesting against the treatment + which he had received at the hands of certain men who were hostile to + him. If both these letters were written by the same person, they must + belong to about the year 652 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> (the eponymy of + Aššur-naṣir, which is mentioned in one of them). As that was about + one hundred years before Nabonidus came to the throne, this + personage, if related to him, must have been his grandfather or + great-grandfather. Other persons of the same name are mentioned in + the fifth, eleventh, eighteenth, and thirty-fourth years of + Nebuchadnezzar, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page411">[pg + 411]</span><a name="Pg411" id="Pg411" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> but + it seems very unlikely that the father of Nabonidus should be one of + these.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">According to the + Babylonian Chronicle, Nabonidus was at the beginning of his reign + engaged in the west, to all appearance cutting down, among other + things, trees on Mount Amanus for building purposes at Babylon. + Something also took place by the Mediterranean (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">tâmtim ša mât + Amurrî</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“the sea of the land of + Amoria”</span>). Apparently he had also troops in this district, and + sacrifices were performed there.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After this there + is a gap until the sixth year of his reign, the entry for which, + however, refers wholly to Astyages' operations against Cyrus, and its + disastrous results, for he was made prisoner, Ecbatana sacked, and + the spoil brought to Anšan, Cyrus's capital.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Previous to this, + as Nabonidus informs us in his cylinder-inscription found by Mr. + Rassam at Abu-habbah (Sippar), the Medes had been very successful in + their warlike operations, and had even besieged Haran, making it + impossible for Nabonidus to carry out the instructions of his god + Merodach, revealed to him in a dream, to restore the temple of Sin in + that city. On the king of Babylon reminding the deity of the state of + things in that part, and speaking of the strength of the Median + forces, he was told that in three years' time their power would be + destroyed, which happened as predicted. He now caused his + <span class="tei tei-q">“vast army”</span> to come from Gaza and + elsewhere to do the needful work, and when completed, the image of + the god Sin was brought from Babylon, and placed in the restored + shrine with joy and shouting. Naturally the Babylonian king was + overjoyed at the release of Haran from the power of the Medes—could + he have foreseen that Cyrus, their conqueror, would one day hurl him + from his throne, his enthusiasm concerning the success of + <span class="tei tei-q">“the young servant of Merodach”</span> (as he + calls him) would have been greatly abated.</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page412">[pg 412]</span><a name="Pg412" id="Pg412" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In his seventh and + eighth years the king was in Temâ, and the crown prince (apparently + Belshazzar is meant), with the great men and the army, was in Akkad + (the northern part of Babylonia, of which the city of Agad or Agadé + was the capital). The king did not go to Babylon, Nebo did not go to + Babylon, Bel did not go forth, the festival <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">akitu</span></span> (new year's festival) was + not performed, though the victims seem to have been offered in + Ê-sagila and Ê-zida as usual, and (the king) appointed a priest + (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">uru-gala</span></span>) of the weapon (?) and + the temple. In the ninth year also the same state of things existed, + and this year the mother of the king died, to the great grief of the + people. It is also recorded for this year that Cyrus, apparently in + the course of one of his military expeditions, crossed the Tigris + above Arbela.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From the fact that + the religious processions and ceremonies are given as being + unperformed every year from the seventh to the eleventh of his reign, + it is clear that a great deal of discontent was caused thereby, as + is, in fact, indicated by the cylinder-inscription of Cyrus detailing + under what conditions he himself entered Babylon. It was evidently + one of the duties of the Babylonian kings (and, as we have seen, the + Assyrian kings conformed to this when they became kings of Babylonia) + to perform the usual ceremonies, and the ruler neglecting this was + certain to fall into disfavour with the priesthood, and, by their + influence, with the people as well.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whatever may have + been the sins of omission of Nabonidus—whether they were trivial or + otherwise—there is no doubt that they made a bad impression on the + people, and gave rise to all kinds of statements against him when the + days of misfortune came. For the scribe who drew up Cyrus's record + after the taking of Babylon, all Nabonidus's doings with regard to + the temples and statues of the gods were to be quoted against him. + The temple dues had <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page413">[pg + 413]</span><a name="Pg413" id="Pg413" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + been allowed to fail, and the gods quitted their shrines, angry at + the thought that Nabonidus had brought foreign gods to Šu-anna (a + part of Babylon). With regard to this last accusation, it may be + remarked that a popular ruler would in all probability have been + praised for bringing the gods of other places to Babylon—it would + have been either a tribute to the power of Babylonia in war (a power + conferred upon her, in their opinion, by her gods); or else the + payment of homage by the gods of other cities to those of Babylon, + acknowledging at the same time their (and her) supremacy.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The fact is, + Nabonidus was either the most intelligent, or one of the most + intelligent, men in Babylonia. To all appearance he was not a ruler, + but a learned man, full of love for his country and its institutions, + and desirous of knowledge, which he obtained at all costs. Whenever + he had to restore a temple, he at once excavated in its foundations + for the records of early kings which he knew to be there, and he was + often successful in finding what he wanted. As he always recorded + what he found, his cylinder-inscriptions nearly always possess a + value far beyond those of other kings of Babylon. He seems to have + delighted in what he saw when engaged in this work—he not only tells + you that he read the texts thus discovered, but he refers to their + perfect condition, and nearly always says something about the ruler + who caused them to be placed in the foundations. He, too, is worthy + of a statue in every place where the language of his native land is + studied.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Naturally, his + antiquarian researches, necessitating, as they did, the destruction + of a part of the fabric of the temple under repair at the time, were + not looked upon altogether with favour by the priests and the people, + hence the dissatisfaction to which the scribes, who were probably of + the priestly caste, afterwards gave vent. Besides this, was it not + necessary that <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page414">[pg + 414]</span><a name="Pg414" id="Pg414" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + they should justify themselves for accepting a foreign ruler, of a + different religion from their own?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nabonidus gives no + hint in his inscriptions that he was aware of any dissatisfaction at + what he was doing. In all probability he was as religious as any of + his predecessors had been, and his son Belshazzar was as the second + ruler in the kingdom. Records exist showing that Belshazzar sent + offerings to the temple at Sippar whilst he was in that + neighbourhood, and the king's own offerings are sometimes mentioned + with them. The king had therefore a good deputy performing his work. + With regard to the bringing of foreign gods to Šu-anna, Cyrus's + scribe probably refers to the deities of Haran, which were taken + thither before the siege of the place by the Medes. When the enemy + had departed, Nabonidus restored the temple in that city, and + replaced the deities referred to in their shrines. The transport of + the idols may have been merely to place them for the time being in a + place of greater security.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is, then, + every probability that Belshazzar, son of Nabonidus, was the real + ruler. What an excellent understanding existed between him and his + father may be gained from the inscription which Nabonidus caused to + be composed to place in the foundations of the temple of the Moon + (the god Sin) at Ur (identified with Ur of the Chaldees), the + concluding lines of which run as follows—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">As for + me, Nabonidus, king of Babylon,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">from sin against thy great + divinity</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">save me, and</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">a life of remote days</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">give as a gift;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">and as for Belshazzar, the eldest + son,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">the offspring of my heart, the + fear of thy great</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">divinity cause thou to exist in + his heart, and</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">let not sin possess him, let him be satisfied + with fulness of life.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page415">[pg 415]</span><a name= + "Pg415" id="Pg415" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The text being + undated, there is no means of ascertaining in what year the + restoration of the temple of the Moon at Ur took place.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The story of the + downfall of the Babylonian empire and the end of native rule in + Babylonia is told by the Babylonian Chronicle as follows—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“(Year 17th), Nebo to go forth (?) from Borsippa ... the + king entered the temple E-tur-kalama. In the month (?) ... and the + lower sea, revolted ... went (?). Bêl went forth, the festival Akitu + (new year's festival) they held as usual (?). In the month ... the + gods (?) of Marad, Zagaga and the gods of the city of Kiš, Beltis and + the gods of Ḫursag-kalama, entered Babylon. At the end of the month + Elul the gods of the land of Akkad who were above the atmosphere and + below the atmosphere entered Babylon, the gods of Borsippa, Cutha, + and Sippar did not enter. In the month Tammuz Cyrus made battle at + Opis on the Tigris among the soldiers of Akkad. The people of Akkad + raised a revolt; people were killed; Sippar was taken on the 14th day + without fighting. Nabonidus fled. On the 16th day Ugbaru (Gobryas), + governor of the land of Gutium, and the soldiers of Cyrus entered + Babylon without fighting—after Nabonidus they pursued (?), he was + captured in Babylon. At the end of the month the regiment (?) of the + land of Gutium surrounded (?) the gates of Ê-sagila (the temple of + Belus). A celebration (?) of anything, in Ê-sagila and the shrines, + was not being made, and a (lunar ?) festival was not proceeding. + Marcheswan, the third day, Cyrus descended to Babylon; they filled + the roads before him. Peace was established to the city—Cyrus + promised peace to Babylon, all of it. Gubaru (Gobryas), his governor, + appointed governors in Babylonia, and from the month Kisleu to the + month Adar the gods of the land of Akkad, whom Nabonidus had sent + down to Babylon, returned to their places. The month <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page416">[pg 416]</span><a name="Pg416" id="Pg416" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Marcheswan, the night of the 11th day, + Ugbaru (Gobryas) (went?) against ... and the son (?) of the king + died. From the 27th of the month Adar to the third of the month + Nisan, there was weeping in Akkad, all the people bowed down their + heads. On the 4th day Cambyses, son of Cyrus, went to + Ê-nig-ḫad-kalama-šummu (<span class="tei tei-q">‘the house where the + sceptre of the world is given,’</span> the temple of Nebo). The man + of the temple of the sceptre of Nebo....”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(The remainder is + mutilated, and the sense not clear—to all appearance it refers to + religious ceremonies and sacrifices in which Cambyses took part.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here, again, the + suggestion seems to be, that because the king thought fit to send the + statues of the various gods of the land to other cities than their + own <span class="tei tei-q">“on a visit,”</span> as it were, the + priesthood was justified in renouncing allegiance to him (and in this + the people naturally followed them), and in delivering the kingdom to + a foreigner. It has been said that the success of Cyrus was in part + due to the aid given to him by the Jews, who, sympathizing with him + on account of his monotheism, helped him in various ways; but in all + probability he could never have achieved success had not the + Babylonian priests (as indicated by their own records) spread + discontent among the people.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">More important, + however, are the details of the conquest by Cyrus. He must have + entered Babylonia on the north-east, and met the Babylonian army at + Opis. That the conflict went against the Babylonians may be taken for + granted, though it is not stated. Apparently the country was divided + into two parties—those for resistance, and those who were probably + discontented on account of the king's reputed unorthodoxy. A conflict + between these took place, and there was bloodshed, the result being + that no resistance could be offered to the army of Cyrus, who entered + Sippar, the seat of the worship of the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page417">[pg 417]</span><a name="Pg417" id="Pg417" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Sun-god, without fighting. To all appearance + Nabonidus was at his post, but recognizing that all was lost, fled. + Two days later Gobryas (not Cyrus, be it observed) entered Babylon + with the army of Cyrus without fighting, and apparently captured + Nabonidus there. This took place about the end of June, and it was + October before Cyrus entered the city. Judging from the text, he was + well received, and the result of the conference between him and + Gobryas was, that the latter <span class="tei tei-q">“appointed + governors in Babylon,”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“in + Babylonia,”</span> as the words may be also read. Another stroke of + policy was the return to their habitations of the images of the gods + which Nabonidus had transferred to other places, thus appeasing the + priests.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At this point come + some very important and difficult phrases. On the night of the 11th + of Marcheswan, Gobryas descended (or went) upon or against something, + and the king, or the son of the king, died. The combination of these + two statements, taken in connection with the record in Daniel v. 30, + suggests that the latter reading is the correct one, though the + first, which would make it to mean that the king was slain, is not + excluded, and would make very little difference in the record, it + being possible that Belshazzar, as the successor of Nabonidus, might + be meant. An earlier explanation was, that the doubtful group stood + for <span class="tei tei-q">“the wife”</span> of the king, but in + this case it would be difficult to explain how it is that the verbal + form (which is ideographically written, and may be read either + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">imât</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“he + dies,”</span> <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tamât</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“she dies,”</span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mêtat</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“she died”</span>) should differ from that used in the + case of the king's mother, where <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">imtût</span></span>, the historical tense of the + secondary form of the kal, is the form used. The use of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">imât</span></span> + for <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">imût</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“he + died,”</span> would be paralleled by the use of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">irab</span></span> + or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">irub</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“he + entered,”</span> in other parts of the inscription.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Naturally, in a + case of doubt, the seeker after truth in the matter of Babylonian + history consults the record <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page418">[pg + 418]</span><a name="Pg418" id="Pg418" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of + the Babylonian historian Berosus. In the case of the taking of + Babylon, however, there are such noteworthy differences, that one may + well be excused for doubting his statements, notwithstanding his + trustworthiness in other matters. He says that when Nabonnedus saw + that Cyrus was coming to attack him, he met him with his forces, was + beaten, and fled with a few of his troops to Borsippa. Cyrus then + took Babylon, and gave order that the outer walls should be + demolished, the city having proved very troublesome to him, and cost + him much pains to capture. He then proceeded to besiege Nabonnedus in + Borsippa, but the Babylonian king decided not to attempt to resist, + and yielded. Cyrus therefore treated him kindly, and though he would + not allow him to remain in Babylonia, he gave him Carmania as a place + where he might dwell. <span class="tei tei-q">“Accordingly Nabonnedus + spent the rest of his time in that country, and there + died.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Babylonian + Chronicle, however, says nothing about Nabonidus having taken refuge + in Borsippa, nor of his being besieged there, nor of his having + submitted at that place. On the contrary, he was taken in Babylon, + which city had been captured without fighting, and there was on that + account no immediate excuse for demolishing the walls, which, as + native records tell us, were dismantled in the time of the Seleucidæ. + The fact is, Berosus did not wish it to be thought that the + Babylonians had allowed their country to pass into the hands of a + foreign ruler without resistance, hence this statement as to the + capital holding out. To all appearance, Berosus is truthful where it + is not to his interest to be otherwise.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The probability + is, therefore, that <span class="tei tei-q">“the son of the + king,”</span> Belshazzar, held out against the Persians in some part + of the capital, and kept during that time a festival on the 11th of + Marcheswan, when Gobryas pounced upon the place, and he, the rightful + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page419">[pg 419]</span><a name="Pg419" + id="Pg419" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Chaldean king, was slain, as + recorded in Daniel. In this case, Darius the Mede ought to be + <span class="tei tei-q">“Gobryas of Gutium,”</span> who, like the + former, appointed governors in Babylonia, and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“received the kingdom”</span> for Cyrus. If this be the + case, Daniel would seem to have been in Belshazzar's power, though + his knowledge of what was going on on the Persian side gave him + courage to reject that prince's favours with scorn.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Officially, + Belshazzar is never mentioned as king, though the Jewish captives + must have regarded him as such, and probably spoke of him humorously + as being the true ruler. This alone can account for his being called + <span class="tei tei-q">“king of the Chaldeans,”</span> and for his + appointing Daniel to be the <span class="tei tei-q">“<em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">third</span></em> + ruler in the kingdom,”</span> as has been already suggested. That he + was also confused with his father is shown by the statement in + Josephus, where he is spoken of (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Antiq.</span></span> x. + xi. 2) as being called Nabonidus by the Babylonians (<span class= + "tei tei-q">“Baltasaros, who by the Babylonians was called + Naboandelos”</span>), though Josephus's transcription of the names is + as incorrect as a Greek's.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cyrus now found + himself master of Babylonia, without any pretender to molest him; and + being the acknowledged ruler of the land, he made himself as popular + as he could by protecting the various religions which were to be + found in his new dominions. The Jews are said to have sympathized + with him on account of his being a monotheist, but to the Babylonians + he seemed to be of the same religion as themselves, and his + inscriptions show that, whether with his consent or not, the gods of + the Babylonians were spoken of and invoked on his behalf just as if + this were the case, and we know that he allowed his son to take part + in the Babylonian religious ceremonies.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But to show + clearly the way in which Cyrus ruled, a portion of his + cylinder-inscription, found by Mr. Rassam at Babylon, is given + here—</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page420">[pg + 420]</span><a name="Pg420" id="Pg420" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(To all appearance + Nabonidus had tried to make various religious changes and reforms, + the words <span class="tei tei-q">“in the likeness of + Ê-sagila”</span> suggesting that he had at least thought of building + another temple similar to that venerable fane.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The gods, who dwelt in the midst of them (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the + temples), forsook their dwellings in anger that he (Nabonidus) had + made (them) enter within Šu-anna.<a id="noteref_121" name= + "noteref_121" href="#note_121"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">121</span></span></a> Marduk + in the presence of ... was going round to all the states whose seat + had been founded, and the people of Šumer and Akkad, who had been + like the dead,<a id="noteref_122" name="noteref_122" href= + "#note_122"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">122</span></span></a> became + active<a id="noteref_123" name="noteref_123" href= + "#note_123"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">123</span></span></a> ... he + had mercy upon the whole of the lands—all of them found (and) looked + upon him. He sought also a just king, the desire of his heart, whose + hand he might hold, Cyrus, king of the city Anšan, he called his + title, to all the kingdoms together (his) na(me) was + proclaimed.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The land of Qutû, the whole of the troops of the Manda, + he (Merodach) placed under his feet, he caused his hands to capture + the people of the dark head,<a id="noteref_124" name="noteref_124" + href="#note_124"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">124</span></span></a> in + righteousness and justice he cared for them. Merodach, the great + lord, the protector of his people, looked with joy upon his fortunate + work and his just heart. He commanded that he should go to his city + Babylon, he caused him to take the road to Tindir,<a id="noteref_125" + name="noteref_125" href="#note_125"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">125</span></span></a> like a + friend and a companion he walked by his side. His vast people, which, + like the waters of a river, cannot be numbered,<a id="noteref_126" + name="noteref_126" href="#note_126"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">126</span></span></a> had + their weapons girded, and marched by his side. Without fighting and + battle he caused him to enter into Šu-anna. His city Babylon he + protected in (its) trouble. Nabonidus, who <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page421">[pg 421]</span><a name="Pg421" id="Pg421" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> did not fear him (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> + Merodach), he delivered into his hand. The people of Tindir, all of + them, the whole of the land of Šumer and Akkad, princes and + high-warden, bowed down beneath him, and kissed his feet—they + rejoiced for his sovereignty, their countenances were + bright.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The lord who, in trust that he (Merodach) gives life to + the dead, spared on every side from destruction and injury. Well did + they do him homage—they held in honour his name. I am Cyrus, king of + the host, the great king, the powerful king, king of Tindir, king of + the land of Šumer and Akkad, king of the four regions, son of + Cambyses, the great king, king of the city of Anšan, grandson of + Cyrus, the great king, king of the city of Anšan, great-grandson of + Šišpiš (Teispes), the great king, king of the city of Anšan, the + all-enduring royal seed whose reign Bêl and Nebo love, for the + contenting of their heart they desired his rule.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“When I entered in peace into (the midst) of Babylon, I + founded in the king's palace a seat of dominion with pleasure and + joy. Merodach, the great lord, broad-hearted for ... the sons ... + Tindir and ... me, and daily I looked upon his image (?). My vast + army marches in the midst of Babylon peacefully, the whole of (the + people of Šumer and) Akkad I made to have no opposition. Within + Babylon and all its districts in peace I had care for the sons of + Tindir ... as without heart (?) ... and a yoke (which was) + unseemliness for them was imposed (?). I comforted their sighing, I + did away with their distress. For the work Merodach, the great lord, + established the command—to me, Cyrus, the king his worshipper, and + Cambyses, the son (who is) the offspring of my heart ... all of my + army graciously he approached, and in peace before it kindly did he + lead (?). (By his) supreme (command) the whole of the kings dwelling + in the royal abodes of every region from the upper sea to + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page422">[pg 422]</span><a name="Pg422" + id="Pg422" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the lower sea, (those) + dwelling ... the kings of the Amorites<a id="noteref_127" name= + "noteref_127" href="#note_127"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">127</span></span></a> (and) + the dwellers in tents, all of them, brought their valuable tribute + and kissed my feet within Šu-anna. From ... -a, the city of + Aššur,<a id="noteref_128" name="noteref_128" href= + "#note_128"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">128</span></span></a> and + Susa, Agadé, the land of Ešnunak (Umliaš), Zamban, Mê-Turnu, (and) + Dûr-îlu to the border of Qutû, the districts (on the banks) of the + Tigris—from old time had their seats been founded—the gods dwelling + within them I returned to their places, and caused eternal seats to + be founded, all their people I collected and returned to their + dwellings. And the gods of Šumer and Akkad, which Nabonidus, to the + anger of the lord of the gods, had caused to enter within Šu-anna, by + the command of Merodach, the great lord, I set in peace in their + shrines—seats of joy of heart. May the whole of the gods whom I + caused to enter into their places pray daily before Bêl and Nebo for + the lengthening of my days, may they announce the commands for my + happiness, and may they say to Merodach that <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Cyrus, thy worshipper, and Cambyses, his son, ... (in) + the countries (?), all of them, he has founded a seat of + rest’</span>....”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Here follow the + ends of nine more lines, from which, however, no certain sense can be + gained.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It will be seen, + that this interesting and valuable inscription is in substantial + agreement with the Chronicle. The grievance concerning the + transference of the statues of the divinities is repeated and + amplified, and the fact that Cyrus entered Babylon without fighting + is confirmed (against Berosus, Xenophon, and the other Greek authors + who describe the taking of Babylon).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cyrus, however, + here appears before us in quite a new character, namely, as the + champion of Babylonian religious orthodoxy against Nabonidus's + heterodoxy! <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page423">[pg + 423]</span><a name="Pg423" id="Pg423" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + That Cyrus was ignorant of the contents of this inscription (which + must have been written by his orders) is in the highest degree + improbable. That he may have been affected by Zoroastrian monotheism + is likely, but if so, it was but a thin varnish, for he was to all + appearance a polytheist at heart, as his Anzanian fathers (who, as we + know from recent discoveries at Susa, were largely influenced by the + religion of Babylonia) had been from the earliest times. He had + chosen well the time of his invasion, as is shown by the revolt + (apparently against Nabonidus) which is referred to in the Chronicle. + It is strange how the Babylonians were in the main ready to accept a + new ruler. In the earliest times we have mention of the Arabic + dynasty which the native records call the dynasty of Babylon; later + on came Cassites, Elamites and Assyrians, and now the country + received an Elamite king who ruled over Persia. In the course of time + other aliens would come and rule over them, but their acceptance of + these was much less a matter of choice, or, rather, of apathetic + acquiescence than on the occasion when they accepted Cyrus king of + Anšan.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We see, moreover, + from this inscription, that Cyrus did restore the various exiles to + their homes, thus securing as far as possible the fidelity of those + whom he wished to secure as his supporters. Among these were the + Jews, and it is on account of this that his name is so favourably + mentioned in the Old Testament. Cyrus himself says, that he caused + all the gods whose statues had been brought to Babylon to be returned + to the places whence they had come, and it is clear that, as the Jews + had no divine statues, Cyrus did what he could for them, and sent + back to Jerusalem the sacred vessels (Ezra i. 7), and also gave a + grant for the rebuilding of the Temple (Ezra iii. 7). In the decree + quoted in Ezra (i. 2 ff.), where he is represented as saying that + <span class="tei tei-q">“the Lord God of heaven”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page424">[pg 424]</span><a name="Pg424" id="Pg424" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> had given him all the kingdoms of the + earth, it is best to see in that, as in his Babylonian + cylinder-inscription, a desire, for policy's sake, to be <span class= + "tei tei-q">“all things to all men.”</span> His success must have + been largely due to the fact, that he had learned the art of ruling + men.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is to be + supposed that he continued as he had begun, and that his rule was + tolerated by the people. According to the contract-tablets, he + associated his son with him on the throne during part of his first + year, Cambyses becoming king of Babylon, whilst Cyrus retained the + wider title of <span class="tei tei-q">“king of countries.”</span> + Probably Gobryas had died, hence this change. Cyrus died in 529 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, and Cambyses took the + throne. During his reign the Babylonians seem to have become + discontented, desiring, perhaps, to have a ruler elected by + themselves. Whilst, therefore, Cambyses was absent in Egypt, which + country he conquered in the year 527 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, a Median, who was a + Magian named Gomates, taking advantage of the dissatisfaction which + prevailed, gave out that he was Bardes or Smerdis (called by the + Babylonians Barzia), declared himself the son of Cyrus, whom Cambyses + had murdered, and mounted the throne. Media, Persia, and Babylonia at + once went over to him, and Cambyses hastened from Egypt to meet the + pretender. Whilst in Syria, on the way home, he killed himself (521), + perhaps by accident, though it is not impossible that it was a case + of suicide, and the pretender retained for a very short period + possession of the throne.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another prince of + the same family, Darius son of Hystaspes, now came forward, and after + defeating Bardes and a number of other pretenders, among them + Nidintu-Bêl, son of Aniru, who claimed to be Nebuchadnezzar the son + of Nabonidus, mounted the throne. In fact, almost every province of + the Persian empire had a pretender of its own, so that Darius found + plenty of work ready to his hand. One by one, however, they were + defeated, and <span class="tei tei-q">“the lie”</span> was put + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page425">[pg 425]</span><a name="Pg425" + id="Pg425" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> down in all the countries + acknowledging Persian rule—Darius was sole and undisputed king.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is unfortunate + that no historical records referring to the reigns of Cyrus and + Cambyses exist, except the Chronicle, which, however, ends with the + accession year of the former. We have, therefore, no independent + records of what took place in Syria, though it must be confessed, + that there is great doubt whether the composer of the Chronicle at + the time would have considered the return of the Jews and the + rebuilding of the Temple as of sufficient importance to place on + record there. The Bible and Josephus give circumstantial accounts of + what occurred, but the official view of the circumstances of the + granting of the permission to rebuild the Temple and the city by + Cyrus, and its countermanding, at the instance of the Samaritans, + during the reign of Cambyses, would be interesting in the + extreme.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To find something + about Zerubbabel, who is said to have been the friend of Darius + (Jos., <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ant.</span></span> xi. iii. 1), would also be + welcome, but this we can hardly dare to hope for. Zerubbabel (better + Zeru-Babel, without the doubling of the <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">b</span></em>) is a + name which is far from uncommon in the contracts of Babylonia. One, + for instance, lived during the time of Nabonidus, and dwelt at + Sippara. He was to all appearance of Assyrian origin. Another, the + descendant of a smith, was the father of a man named Nabû-âḫê-bulliṭ, + who lived in the third year of Darius. A third bearing the same name + is he who is recorded as having acquired some ewes in the eleventh + year of Darius. His father bore the unusual name of Mutêriṣu. For yet + another example, see p. <a href="#Pg441" class="tei tei-ref">441</a>. + It will thus be seen that the name was far from rare in ancient + Babylonia.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And in the + published contract-tables of Darius's reign, of which nearly 600 have + been made available for study, there is little bearing upon Old + Testament history. The same may also be said of his historical + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page426">[pg 426]</span><a name="Pg426" + id="Pg426" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> inscriptions, of which that + engraved on the great rock at Behistun in Persia is the most + important. It is in his historical inscriptions, however, that the + character of the man may be read. In the first lines, where he tells + of his origin, you read of his pride of descent, just as, farther on, + he tells the story of his conflicts—how, with the help of his father, + Hystaspes, who seconded him loyally and (there is hardly any doubt) + affectionately, he overcame all the rebels, and having annihilated + the lie which he hated so intensely, he could say, after his + successes, that <span class="tei tei-q">“the land was + his.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And through it all + shines at every point, as it were, his adoration of the god whom he + worshipped, Ahuramazda, by whose grace and favour he had been + successful. There is no doubt about his religious faith—in his + inscriptions he appears as a monotheist of the severest type, and for + this reason he must have had but little sympathy with the polytheism + of the Babylonians, and the other nationalities over which he ruled, + whose faith was in a plurality of gods. It is true that offerings + seem to have been made in his name in the temples of Babylonia, but + these must have been due to old grants which had not been rescinded, + and which the king and his advisers probably would have regarded as + bad policy to abolish.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Naturally there is + every probability that such a ruler as Darius would have sympathies + with the Jews, on account of their monotheism, and it may be supposed + that such a feeling towards them would have led him to consent to the + upholding of Cyrus's decree that the Temple at Jerusalem should be + finished, as detailed in Ezra vi. 1 ff. Darius relates in the + Behistun inscription, that he restored the temples of the gods (Bab. + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">bêtê + ša îlāni</span></span>, Median <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">ziyan + nappana</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“temples of the + gods,”</span> Pers. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">āyadāna</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“shrines”</span>) which Gomates the Magian, the + pseudo-Bardes <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page427">[pg + 427]</span><a name="Pg427" id="Pg427" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> or + Smerdis, had destroyed. That a single word (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">āyadāna</span></span>) is used in Persian, + whilst the phrase <span class="tei tei-q">“temples of the + gods,”</span> in the plural, is used in Babylonian and Median, shows + merely the desire to speak to the latter nations in the language to + which they were accustomed, and at the same time indicates that + neither the one nor the other, unlike the Persians, were monotheists. + Gomates was therefore not a monotheist, otherwise he would not have + destroyed the temples, which would seem to have been those of + Darius's own faith; for this king would hardly have thought it worth + while to mention the fact of their destruction, had they been the + sacred places of a creed which he despised, and it is only natural to + suppose, from his very frequent mention of Ahuramazda, the god whom + he worshipped, that he was proud of being a monotheist.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It may therefore + be taken, that if Darius Hystaspis ordered the completion of the + Temple at Jerusalem, and the giving of funds in aid of the work, it + was out of sympathy with the Jews. As his reign was one of tolerance, + he did not interfere with the religion of either the Babylonians or + the Medians, but in all probability he did not imitate Cyrus by + grants on his own account, and under a royal decree, to the temples + of those, to him, heathen countries. There is considerable doubt, + however, whether it is this king who is referred to in Ezra and + Esdras, as Sir Henry Howorth has shown (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Proceedings of the + Society of Biblical Archæology</span></span>, 1901, pp. 147 ff., 305 + ff., 1902, pp. 16 ff.), the ruler intended being in all probability + Darius Nothus, whose position agrees with the chronology of these + books, and does away with much difficulty as to their acceptance as + historical authorities.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">According to + Darius, twenty-three countries owned his sway: Persia, Elam, + Babylonia, Assyria, Arabia, Egypt, <span class="tei tei-q">“by the + sea,”</span> Sarpada, Ionia, Media, Armenia, Cappadocia, Parthia, + Drangiana, Aria, Chorasmia, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page428">[pg + 428]</span><a name="Pg428" id="Pg428" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Bactria, Sogdiana, Paruparaesana, Scythia, Sattagydia, Arachosia, and + Maka. Palestine was evidently included in the district designated + <span class="tei tei-q">“by the sea.”</span> After a most active + reign, Darius died in the year 486 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, having appointed his + son Xerxes as his successor.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The reign of this + ruler, and his attempt to reduce Greece to submission, are well + known. It was probably after his disastrous failure, when he had + returned to Persia, that he took as one of his wives the Jewess + Esther, as related in the book bearing her name. His inscriptions are + short ones, referring to the buildings erected by his father and + himself. In all probability he thought that his warlike exploits, + overwhelmed as they were by misfortune, were not of a nature to bear + recording. In his own inscriptions, his name is given as Ḫiši'arši or + Ḫiši'arša'i in Babylonian, and Khshayarsha in Old Persian. In the + contract-tablets, however, it appears as Aḫšiaršu, Aḫšiwaršu, + Akšiaršu, Akkašiaršu, and Ḫišiarši. It is from one of the forms with + prefixed <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">a</span></em> that the Hebrew Aḫashwērôs (A.V. + Ahasuerus) has apparently come, the most probable original being one + similar to the Aḫšuwaršu of a contract-tablet in the Museum at + Edinburgh.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Xerxes died in the + year 464 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, and was succeeded by + his son Artaxerxes, the Artakhshatra of the Old Persian inscriptions, + and the Artakšatsu or Artakšassu of Babylonian inscriptions. Though + it was not without bloodshed that he reached the throne, he proved to + be a successful ruler—more so, in fact, than his predecessor, whose + expedition against the Greeks had ended only in disgrace and the loss + of an enormous number of troops taken from all the nations over which + he ruled. It is therefore not to be wondered at that his reign should + have been regarded as wise and temperate. In any case, he was well + disposed towards the Jews, and gave permission, in his seventh year, + to Ezra, to go up to Jerusalem with a <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page429">[pg 429]</span><a name="Pg429" id="Pg429" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> royal grant, to settle affairs there, and + sacrifice to the God of the Jews (Ezra vii., viii.). Later on, he + gave permission to Nehemiah to return to the land of his fathers to + restore and rebuild the walls of the city. As Nehemiah was his + cupbearer, it is easily conceivable that he did this to please him, + and to reward one who had evidently been a faithful servant, but it + is not improbable that the king at the same time had in his mind the + rebellion of his general Megabysus, who had risen against him in + protest against the treatment meted out by his royal master to his + captive Inarus. To have a well-fortified city defended by those who + had benefited greatly by his rule, must have seemed to the Persian + ruler good policy.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Artaxerxes died in + the year 425 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, and was succeeded by + his son, Xerxes II., who reigned only two months, at the end of which + time he was murdered by Sogdianus, a bastard son of Artaxerxes, who + then became king. Seven months only, however, was the length of this + new ruler's reign, he being, in his turn, put to death by another of + the bastard sons of Artaxerxes, Darius Ochus, after he had + surrendered to him. This ruler is the Darius Nothus of history, who + mounted the throne in 424 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> His reign was noted for + the numerous insurrections against his dominion which took place, but + is of special interest because of the resumption of the work of + rebuilding the Temple of Jerusalem, which had been stopped by the + decree of Artaxerxes, as recorded in Ezra iv. 21-24. (See Sir H. + Howorth in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">P. S. B. A.</span></span>, 1901, pp. 307, + 308.)</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page430">[pg 430]</span><a name= + "Pg430" id="Pg430" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc57" id="toc57"></a> <a name="pdf58" id="pdf58"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XII. Life At Babylon During The + Captivity, With Some Reference To The Jews.</span></h1> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The reign of Nebuchadnezzar—The earliest + mention of Nabonidus—Neriglissar and his relations with his + fellow-citizens before his accession—He marries his daughter Gigîtum + to the director of Ê-zida—Prince Laborosoarchod—Nabonidus and the + temples at Sippar—Prince Belshazzar's transactions—His offerings at + Sippar—His sister's gift to her god (or goddess)—Princess + Ukabu'sama's transaction—The Jews at Babylon—Babylonian business and + other letters—Širku's slave—A loan at Erech—Work upon a + plantation—Sale of an ass—Jews and Babylonians—The dead slave—A right + of way—The story of Abil-Addu-nathānu and Bunanitum—The outcast + slave—The Egyptian slave and her infant—Širku's transactions—Babylon + as the Jewish captives saw it.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">I.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If + trade-activity be a test of prosperity, then the Babylonians of the + period extending from the end of the reign of Nabopolassar to the + end of that of Darius could have had but little to complain of on + the whole, notwithstanding the changes of dynasty which took place. + Over three thousand inscriptions covering this period have been + published, and there is every reason to believe that, if all the + texts in the various museums were made known, twice this number + might be reached. There is, therefore, an abundance of material + with which to reconstruct the life of that period. Naturally, many + of this enormous number of inscriptions are comparatively + uninteresting, and some of the texts are of little or no value, + even to specialists. This being the case, it will easily be + understood that, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page431">[pg + 431]</span><a name="Pg431" id="Pg431" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + as they are mostly of the nature of contracts, with a certain + number of legal documents, the information which many of them give + is comparatively meagre, and there is a great deal of repetition. + That some of them, notwithstanding these disadvantages, are + sufficiently interesting, will be seen from the examples which this + chapter contains.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among all these + documents we find repeated, with some differences which the course + of centuries had brought about, the same transactions, and the same + daily life as has already been treated of in the fifth chapter, pp. + <a href="#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref">159-191</a>. There are + purchases and sales of land, property, and slaves, loans at + interest and without interest, and all the various kinds of + contracts which the daily needs of a large population call forth. + Marriage-contracts and contracts of apprenticeship are also not + uncommon, wills and divisions of property—generally in greater + detail than of old—are also to be found. To these must be added the + leasing and hire of houses, the purchase and hire of ships, + divisions of property, inventories of the same, receipts of + different kinds, etc. etc.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For the most + part, the people who pass before us are slaves, servants, + money-lenders, merchants, and other of the common folk, with a + sprinkling of scribes, priests, both of the higher and the lower + classes (generally the latter), palace officials, now and then a + judge, or a governor, or one of the subordinate officials. Did we + know them all, perhaps we should think more of them, and estimate + them at their true worth; but in the appearance and reappearance of + their names we see only the plaintiff or the defendant, the buyer + or the seller, and it is but rarely that we can recognize them as + men of note, though in many cases it is to be conjectured that they + were so. It is only seldom that the crown prince or one of his + brothers, appears, or a relative of the ruling king comes within + our range—as for the king himself, except in the date of a + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page432">[pg 432]</span><a name= + "Pg432" id="Pg432" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> document, his name + is rare in the extreme, and when he appears actively, it is in the + character of patron of the temples, or something of a similar + nature.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Naturally the + king was hedged about with a considerable amount of reverence, + which must have manifested itself in many ways which we shall + probably never know. This consideration for the name of the king + would lead to his being represented by an agent, doing away with + the necessity of his appearing in person, when dealing with his + subjects. Though he prudently keeps out of sight, it is hardly a + dignified thing that the great Nebuchadnezzar should appear as a + moneylender, even by proxy, as he seems to do in the following + document. But we do not know the whole history of the transaction, + so must not hastily accuse him of an unkingly action—his appearance + may be unauthorized, or the loan may be capable of a perfectly + natural explanation.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ten shekels (in) ingots (?), the silver of + Ina-êši-êṭir, son of Nadin, the king's agent. The king's silver, + which was given for gold (? = as capital) to Ina-êši-êṭir, (is) due + from Nabû-êṭir, son of Šulâ, descendant of the mead-dealer. At the + end of the month Tisri he will give (it) back. His property, as + much as there is, (is) the security, until Ina-êši-êṭir receives + the king's silver. Witnesses: Nadin, son of Marduk, descendant of + Irani; Nergal-iddina, son of Nabû-kaṣir, descendant of Êpeš-îli; + and the scribe, Ana-Bêl-upâqu, son of Bêl-šum-iškun, descendant of + the mead-dealer. Babylon, month Tammuz, day 28th, year 21st, + Nabû-kudurri-uṣur, king of Babylon.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Though security + is referred to, there is no mention of interest, but Ina-êši-êṭir + probably expected something of the kind. The question also arises, + whether the sum may not have been advanced without the authority of + his royal master. The original of the expression translated + <span class="tei tei-q">“ingots”</span> suggests that the pieces + may have been in the form of a sword-blade.</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page433">[pg 433]</span><a name="Pg433" id="Pg433" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the + tablets referring to Nebuchadnezzar's offerings, 84-2-11, 23, and + its duplicate 270 of the same collection, are probably the most + interesting. This inscription is to the effect that Izkur-Marduk + had given up with willingness the office of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">naš-paṭrūtu</span></span> to + Nabû-balaṭ-su-iqbî. His duty was to perform the king's sacrifices + every year before the goddess Išḫara, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“dwelling in Ê-ša-turra, which is within + Šu-anna,”</span> and before Pap-sukal, of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the temple Ê-kidur-kani, the house of the Lady of + heaven, of the bank of the water-channel of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">âlu-eššu</span></span> (the new city) which is + within Babylon.”</span> The animals sacrificed were oxen and sheep, + and the parts offered before the two deities are fully specified. + The contract ends with a longer curse than usual in tablets of this + class: <span class="tei tei-q">“Whoever the words and this gift + changes, as much as has been conferred (?) on Nabû-balaṭ-su-iqbî, + may Merodach, Zēr-panitum, Išḫara, and Pap-sukal bespeak his + destruction; may Nebo, the scribe of Ê-sagila, shorten his long + days. The spirit of Marduk, Zēr-panitum, (and) his gods, and + Nabû-kudurri-uṣur, the king their lord, they have invoked.”</span> + The names of three witnesses and the scribe follow this, after + which is the date, 29th day of Tammuz, 32nd year of Nebuchadnezzar. + A portion of the sacrifices were to be made on the 8th day of + Nisan, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> at the beginning of the + second week of the new year.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As stated in his + long inscriptions referring to the restoration of the temples at + Babylon, Nebuchadnezzar looked upon that city as the one whose + temples he especially delighted to honour, and this text referring + to his offerings seems to bear out that statement. As, however, his + inscribed cylinders from other places show that he did not neglect + the shrines of his provincial capitals altogether, so certain + inscriptions referring to his offerings elsewhere show that he did + not withhold what was considered as due from him to the other + shrines of his realm. Thus, in his thirty-fifth <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page434">[pg 434]</span><a name="Pg434" id="Pg434" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> year he is recorded to have made a gift + or offering of an object, made or set with some kind of stone, to + the goddess of Sippar, Aa, the consort of the Sun-god, and another + object of gold to the god himself. In all probability, the text + referred to is only one of a number of inscriptions referring to + the king's offerings, for even this great and popular ruler would + hardly have dared to risk the hostility of the priests merely to + gratify his desire to enrich and embellish his capital city. In + addition to the king, the officials of his court sometimes made + offerings at Sippar, as is indicated by the following short + inscription—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“One ass, tithe which Nabû-šarra-uṣur, the king's + captain, has given to the temple Ê-babbara. Month Iyyar, day 20 + less 1, year 42nd, Nabû-kudurri-uṣur, king of Babylon.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To all + appearance, Nabû-šarra-uṣur was a man sufficiently well off, if, as + may well be supposed, he possessed nine other asses besides the one + which he was giving as tithe. From the nature of the offering, this + could not have been made on account of the king, though he must + from time to time have commissioned others to act on his behalf, as + the following inscriptions inform us that his sons did—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“..., tithe of (Marduk)-šum-uṣur, the son of the king, + Zubuduru, messenger of Marduk-šum-uṣur, the son of the king, has + given to Ê-babbara. The sheep (is) in the cattle-house in the care + of Šamaš-êreš. Month Adar, day 17th, year 40th, + (Nabû-kud)urri-uṣur, (king of Babylon).”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The word to be + restored at the beginning is probably <span class="tei tei-q">“1 + sheep,”</span> this being the number implied farther on. If so, it + cannot be said that he was by any means a large owner of these + animals. The following refers to tithe in silver paid by the same + prince—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“1/3 and 5 shekels (= 25 shekels) of silver (is) the + tithe which Marduk-šum-uṣur, son of the king, has given by the + hands of Šamaš-kain-âḫi and Aqabi-îlu to <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page435">[pg 435]</span><a name="Pg435" id="Pg435" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Ê-babbara. Month Iyyar, day 14th, year 42nd, + Nabû-kudurri-uṣur, king of Babylon.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another + inscription, dated in the forty-first year of Nebuchadnezzar, + refers to another son, named Marduk-nadin-aḫi, whose servant, + Sin-mâr-šarri-uṣur, had paid half a mana for fruit (dates). The + name of the servant, which means <span class="tei tei-q">“Moon-god, + protect the son of the king,”</span> is interesting, and testifies + to the devotion of the family of its owner to the royal house.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These references + to the sons of Nebuchadnezzar naturally raise the question of the + parentage of Nabonidus, whose son, Belshazzar, is called, in + Daniel, the son—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> descendant—of + Nebuchadnezzar. As this is a historical point of some importance, + even the most uncertain light, when thrown upon it, may turn out to + be of considerable value. In all probability, therefore, this is + the most appropriate place to introduce what may be called</p> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">The Earliest Mention Of + Nabonidus.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This document + is preserved on two tablets, the most correct being very much + crowded in one part, and the other very neatly and clearly, but + at the same time very incorrectly, written. Both are, therefore, + in all probability, copies, made at dates some time after the + original document was drawn up.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Though the + more clearly-written copy is rather incorrect, it furnishes in + some cases interesting variants, which will be noticed in their + place. The value of the text as a historical document depends, in + part, as will easily be recognized, upon the trustworthiness of a + statement which the incorrect copyist has read into it.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Both these + documents belong to the collection obtained by the late George + Smith on his last ill-fated journey to the East. They are + numbered S +, 769 and 734.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Adi'îlu, son of Nabû-zēr-iddina, and Ḫulîti, his + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page436">[pg 436]</span><a name= + "Pg436" id="Pg436" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> wife (the divine + Ḫulîtum!<a id="noteref_129" name="noteref_129" href= + "#note_129"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">129</span></span></a>) + have sold Marduka (Mordecai), their son, for the price agreed + upon, to Šulâ, son of Zēr-ukîn. The liability to defeasor (?) and + pre-emptor (?), which is upon Marduka, Adi'îlu and Akkadu respond + for.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Witnesses: Nabû-na'id (Nabonidus), who is over the + city<a id="noteref_130" name="noteref_130" href= + "#note_130"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">130</span></span></a>; + Agar'u; Mušêzib-Bêl, son of Marduka<a id="noteref_131" name= + "noteref_131" href="#note_131"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">131</span></span></a>; + Zērîa, son of Bâbîlâa; Ukîn-zēra, son of Yadi'-îlu<a id= + "noteref_132" name="noteref_132" href="#note_132"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">132</span></span></a>; + Rêmut, son of Marduka; and the scribe Nabû-zēr-ikîša, son of + Marduk- ... Ḫuṣṣiti-ša-Mušallim-Marduk, month Sebat, day 16th, + year 8th, Nabû-kudurrî-uṣur, king of Babylon.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It will + probably seem strange to most readers that Babylonian parents, + who were as a rule fond of children, should sell their son; but + it is impossible to pronounce judgment against them without + knowing more, so as to be able to take into consideration the + circumstances in which the thing was done. Though the document + resembles those recording the sale of slaves, certain phrases are + left out (compare the inscriptions referred to on pp. <a href= + "#Pg465" class="tei tei-ref">465</a> ff.).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The + exclamatory addition of the scribe in one case, where he writes + the name of the mother, Ḫulîtum, with the prefix for divinity, + shows that he regarded her as being with the gods—to all + appearance she had, at the time of making the copy, departed this + life. It may be taken as implying respect, reverence, and + something more.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page437">[pg + 437]</span><a name="Pg437" id="Pg437" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Naturally + there is no suggestion that the Nabonidus who is given as the + first witness, with the title <span class="tei tei-q">“he who is + over the city,”</span> was the son of Nabû-balaṭ-su-iqbî, + afterwards king of Babylon. The scribe of the second tablet calls + him <span class="tei tei-q">“the son of the king,”</span> but + there is no indication, from Babylonian sources, that he was one + of the sons of Nebuchadnezzar. It is true that, in Daniel, + Belshazzar is spoken of as if Nebuchadnezzar was his father (or, + better, grandfather), but this is the first indication that the + Babylonians ever thought of Nabonidus, his father, as one of the + sons of the great Nebuchadnezzar. The question is, whether the + scribe who made the second and more incorrect copy would have + read into the doubtful characters which his original evidently + contained, a statement which he must have known to be untrue, + incorrect, or impossible. In view of the fact that the copy in + question must have been made sufficiently near to the time of + Nabonidus for the facts to be still known, a wilful error is to + all appearance excluded, though, on the other hand, the + incorrectness of other parts of the tablet obliges us to take the + statement for what it is worth. The traces of a character after + the words <span class="tei tei-q">“son of the king”</span> are + doubtful—they look like the remains of three horizontal wedges, + the two lower ones being fairly clear. As the topmost wedge is + the most doubtful, it is possible that the traces which remain + are really part of the sign for <span class= + "tei tei-q">“city,”</span> in which case the scribe wrote + <span class="tei tei-q">“son of the king of the city,”</span> + placing the determinative prefix for <span class= + "tei tei-q">“man”</span> before the character for <span class= + "tei tei-q">“king”</span>—a most unusual way of writing the word. + It enables us to surmise, however, that the reading of his + original was really <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ša muḫḫi âli</span></span>, instead of + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">ša + êli âli</span></span> (both phrases have the same meaning), that + he regarded <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ša</span></span> as <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">a</span></span>, that he thought + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">muḫ-ḫi</span></span> to be the characters + for <span class="tei tei-q">“man”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“king,”</span> and that he read the last of the + phrase, the character for <span class="tei tei-q">“city,”</span> + correctly.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page438">[pg + 438]</span><a name="Pg438" id="Pg438" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">They are a + couple of as interesting, but, at the same time, as + unsatisfactory, tablets, as could well be imagined.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is to be + noted that the name of Nabonidus is not altogether uncommon in + the inscriptions. In most cases, however, we know that it is + either not the well-known king of that name, or that his identity + with him is doubtful. That the person here referred to was a man + of some consequence is indicated by his title, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“he who is over the city,”</span> and it often + happens in that case (as here) that the name of his father and + other remoter ancestor is omitted. This is sometimes the case + with Neriglissar, who is very often named in the contract-tablets + of Babylonia, and his name is then either given without any + indication of his parentage, or else with the simple addition + <span class="tei tei-q">“son of Bêl-šum-iškun.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another figure + which appears at this time is that same Neriglissar who was to + play so important a part in the affairs of Babylonia at a later + date. In the case of this prince (unlike the Nabonidus of the + inscription translated above) we are not tormented by any doubts + whatever. It is really and truly Neriglissar, and none other. He + first appears in Nebuchadnezzar's thirty-fourth year, in the + following legal document—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“100 sheep of Kili(gug?), servant of + Nergal-šarra-uṣur, concerning which Abî-nadib, son of Ya-ḫata, + said to Nergal-šarra-uṣur, son of Bêl-šum-iškun, thus—</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Nabû-ṣabit-qâtâ, servant + of Nergal-šarra-uṣur, brought them by my hand.’</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“If Abî-nadib (and) Nabû-ṣabit-qâtâ prove (this), + Abî-nadib is free; if he prove it (not), Abî-nadib will give to + Nergal-šarra-uṣur 100 sheep, (with) wool (?) and young + (?).</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Witnesses: Ṣilli-Bêl, son of Abî-yadiša; Kabtia, son + of Marduk-zēr-ibnî, descendant of the potter; <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page439">[pg 439]</span><a name="Pg439" id= + "Pg439" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Nabû-naṣir, son of Zillâ; and + the scribe, (Nabû)-âḫê-iddina, son of Šulâ, descendant of Êgibi. + Takrētain (?), month Elul, day 2nd, year 34th, Nabû-kudurri-uṣur, + king of Babylon.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Neriglissar + must therefore have been an extensive cattle-owner, and had many + servants, some of whom at least must have been men of substance, + like Abî-nadib, who engages to restore to his master the 100 + sheep, if it could be proved that they had been lost by his + fault. Judging from the name, Abî-nadib (= Abinadab) must have + come from the west, his Biblical namesakes being Israelites. + Nabû-ṣabit-qâtâ elsewhere appears as the major-domo of the crown + prince (? Laborosoarchod = Labâši-Marduk) during the reign of + Neriglissar, and of Belshazzar during the reign of his father + Nabonidus. The reader will meet his name again in the + translations which follow.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A similar + transaction to the above is one in which two servants of + Neriglissar were concerned, but in which the prince himself seems + not to have been directly interested. It is as follows—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“(At the end?) of the month Sivan, Šarru-îlûa, + servant of Nergal-šarra-uṣur, will bring his witness and will + prove to Ḫatānu, servant of Nergal-šarra-uṣur, that Šarru-îlūa + gave to Ḫatānu the iron <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">raqundu</span></span>. + If he prove it, Ḫatānu will give to Šarru-îlūa a <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">raqundu</span></span>.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Witnesses: Mušêzib-Bêl, son of Nabû-iltama', and the + scribe, Nabû-âḫê-iddina, descendant of Êgibi. Upia (Opis), month + Nisan, day 29th, (year ...)th, Nabû-kudurri-uṣur, king of + Babylon.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During the + reign of Nebuchadnezzar, the <span class="tei tei-q">“chief of + the house”</span> or major-domo of Neriglissar was Bêl-êṭiranni, + who is mentioned as having borrowed money, whether on his own or + his master's behalf is not known. This took place in the + forty-third year of Nebuchadnezzar. The following is an order for + the delivery of goods to the prince—</p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page440">[pg 440]</span><a name="Pg440" id="Pg440" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Cause ... iron implements (and) 80 <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kudutum</span></span> to be taken to + Nergal-šarra-uṣur by the hands of Nabû-šum-iddina, secretary of + Nergal-šarra-uṣur. Month Iyyar, day 12th, year 43rd, + Nabû-kudurri-uṣur, king of Babylon.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To all + appearance prince Neriglissar was a very busy man, who sought to + add to his worldly goods by every means in his power, and did not + disdain to engage in trade in the attainment of wealth. What he + had apparently begun in the reign of Nebuchadnezzar, he continued + in the time of Evil-Merodach, during whose reign there are + several inscriptions referring to his transactions with regard to + houses. In the first of these inscriptions he hires a house for + 11 mana of silver from Nabû-âbla-iddina, by his agent, + Nabû-kain-âbli (first year of Evil-Merodach, month and day + lost).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In another + contract he acquires 4 canes, 1 cubit, 8 fingers (of land) from + Marduk-šakin-šumi, and 2 canes, 6-2/3 cubits from + Kurbanni-Marduk, for a total of 4 mana 19 shekels of silver. + (Babylon, month Tebet, day 9th, 1st year of Evil-Merodach.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the third + contract it would seem that the property in land of + Nabû-âbla-iddina had been given over to his creditors, of whom + Nabû-banî-âḫi was one, the amount due to him being, in all, 53 + shekels of silver, due to him from Nabû-âbla-iddina in the name + of a third party. By the authority of Neriglissar it would seem + that 42-1/3 shekels of silver were paid to Nabû-banî-âḫi, who + then gave to Neriglissar a contract for 53 shekels of silver, + promising, at the same time, to speak to the king's scribes, and + draw up and deliver to Neriglissar a <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sealed</span></em> document. If he did not + do this, he was to be liable for the silver and its interest.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By advancing + the money to this creditor, Neriglissar became himself a creditor + of the estate of Nabû-âbla-iddina (15th of Adar, 1st year of + Evil-Merodach), and it seems to have been his intention to get + the whole <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page441">[pg + 441]</span><a name="Pg441" id="Pg441" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + of the land and the houses thereon into his own hands. He + therefore acquired further interest in the property a few weeks + later (26th of Nisan, 2nd year of Evil-Merodach), and again after + a further interval of three months (14th of Tammuz, 2nd year of + Evil-Merodach). To all appearance, the amounts advanced by + Neriglissar to the creditors of the estate were less than the + sums due to them from Nabû-âbla-iddina on account of their + claims. He seems, however, to have got them to give him receipts + in full, and they had to promise to deliver sealed documents. He + must have made a considerable profit out of this species of + bill-discounting.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The last + tablet referring to the estate of Nabû-âbla-iddina is dated in + the accession year of Neriglissar's own reign (9th of the 2nd + Adar), and in this Nabû-âḫê-iddina secures an interest by paying + 26-¼ shekels of silver on account of a sum of 52-½ shekels—just + half. The land is stated to have been <span class= + "tei tei-q">“sold for silver for a palace,”</span> and the money + was paid by the intermediary of Nabû-âḫê-iddina, Neriglissar's + representative in such matters before he ascended the throne. The + following is a translation of this interesting document—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“52-½ shekels of silver due to Ikîšâ, son of Gilûa, + descendant of Sin-šadûnu, which is upon (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> + due from) Nabû-âbla-iddina, son of Balaṭu, descendant of the + butler (?), in (part payment) of the price of the house of + Nabû-âbla-iddina, which has been sold for silver for the palace. + In agreement with the creditors, Ikîša, son of Gilûa, descendant + of Sin-šadûnu, has received 26-¼ shekels of silver from the hands + of Nabû-âḫê-iddina, son of Šulâ, descendant of Êgibi, and has + given the contract for 52-½ shekels of silver, which is upon + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> due from) + Nabû-âbla-iddina, to Nabû-âḫê-iddina.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Witnesses: Dâanu-šum-iddina, son of Zēru-Bâbîli, + descendant of the dagger-bearer; Nabû-nadin-šumi, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page442">[pg 442]</span><a name="Pg442" id= + "Pg442" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> son of Ablâ, descendant of + Sin-nadin-šumi; Bêl-šunu, son of Uššâa, descendant of + Âḫi-banî;</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“and the scribe, Nabû-balaṭ-su-iqbî, son of Ikîšâ, + descendant of Sin-šadûnu. Babylon, month of the later Adar, day + 9th, year of the beginning of dominion of Nergal-šarra-uṣur, king + of Babylon.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But + Neriglissar was now king, and had no need and but little desire + to appear before his subjects as a purchaser of houses, or as a + trader in any way (it is probably on this account that his name + does not occur in the above document). When he engaged in + anything of the kind, it was henceforth through agents. The only + exception known is the marriage-contract of his daughter Gigîtum, + who espoused the high priest of Nebo at Borsippa. The following + is a translation of this document, as far as it is preserved—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Nabû-šum-ukîn, priest of Nebo, director of Ê-zida, + son of Širiktum-Marduk, descendant of Išdē-îlāni-dannu, said to + Nergal-šarra-uṣur, king of Babylon: <span class="tei tei-q">‘Give + Gigîtum, thy virgin daughter, to wifehood, and let her be my + wife.’</span> Nergal-šarra-uṣur (said) to Nabû-šum-ukîn, priest + of Nebo, director of Ê-zida....”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(About + twenty-eight lines are wanting here, the text becoming again + legible at the end of the list of witnesses on the reverse.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“..., son of Nabû-šum-lišir, ...; ...-ri, son of + Nabû-šarra-uṣur, the judge (??);</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Nabû-šum-uṣur, the scribe, son of Aššur ... Babylon, + month Nisan, day 1st, year 1st, (Nergal-šarra)-uṣur, king of + Babylon. Copy of Ê-zida.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The mutilation + of the record is unfortunate, as the conclusion of the matter + cannot be ascertained, but it may be regarded as fairly certain + that Neriglissar really did give his daughter Gigîtum in marriage + to Nabû-šum-ukîn, for had it been otherwise, there would have + been but little need to draw up the document of which the + fragment here translated <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page443">[pg 443]</span><a name="Pg443" id="Pg443" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> has been preserved to us. The remainder of + the tablet was probably taken up with the usual conditions—the + penalty Nabû-šum-ukîn would have to pay should he divorce or + abandon his wife; the penalty Gigîtum would have to suffer if she + disowned or forsook her husband; directions with regard to the + amount and disposal of her dowry, etc. This and similar + inscriptions seem to suggest that Herodotus was probably wrongly + informed with regard to the compulsory nature of the public + prostitution of unmarried women which, he says, was practised in + Babylonia, the expressions found in these inscriptions often + pointing, as in the present case, to a belief, on the part of the + bridegroom, in the chastity of the woman chosen by him to be his + wife.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The date + corresponds with the Babylonian New Year's Day, 559 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With this + inscription we take leave of Neriglissar except as the ruler + whose name the scribes used to date by.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Though, + according to Berosus, Laborosoarchod (Labāši-Marduk) was a mere + child when he came to the throne, there is no doubt, from the + inscription which follows, that he was old enough to have an + establishment of his own, and also to carry on the business of + money-lender, Nabû-ṣabit-qâtâ (see p. <a href="#Pg439" class= + "tei tei-ref">439</a>) being his representative in the + transactions in which he engaged. As it is an inscription typical + of its class, it is given here in full—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“12 mana of silver of the son of the king, which (has + been advanced through) the hand of Nabû-ṣabit-qâtâ, chief of the + house of the son of the king, is upon (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> + due from) Šum-ukîn, son of Mušallim-îlu. In the month Nisan the + silver, 12 mana, in its full amount, he will repay. Everything of + his, in town and country, all there is, is the security of the + king's son—another creditor shall not have power over it until + Nabû-sabit-qâtâ receives the money. Nabû-âḫê-iddina, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page444">[pg 444]</span><a name="Pg444" id= + "Pg444" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> son of Šulâ, descendant of + Êgibi, takes responsibility for the receipt of the + money.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Witnesses: Šamaš-uballiṭ, son of Ikîšâ; Kalbâ, son + of Bêl-êreš; the scribe Bêl-âḫê-ikîšâ, son of Bêl-êṭeru. Babylon, + month Elul, day 10th, year 2nd, Nergal-šarra-uṣur, king of + Babylon.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">What the crown + prince did, it goes without saying that all the court officials + sought to do. An instance of this is Bêl-âḫê-iddina, the king's + captain, who is recorded as having lent 2/3 of a mana of silver + to Ardîa and Šulâ, at an interest of one shekel upon every mana + monthly—twenty per cent. yearly—a sufficiently high interest, + though it was the usual rate in Babylonia. This inscription is + dated at Babylon, 7th day of Kisleu, 2nd year of Neriglissar. It + is noteworthy, however, that there is no mention of interest in + the document drawn up for Labāši-Marduk's major-domo.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Interesting is + the inscription in which two partners engage to meet two other + men, also partners, at the gate of the house of the king's son to + come to an arrangement concerning profits which they had made + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">ša + zallānu u dusê</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> + with regard to two <span class="tei tei-q">“lines”</span> of + leather goods (9th day of Tammuz, 3rd year of Neriglissar). It + also furnishes further testimony to the fact that this prince had + a separate establishment.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After + Laborosoarchod's nine months came the reign of Nabonidus, whom, + as will be remembered, the Babylonians and Cyrus, his conqueror, + accused of neglecting the gods, and sending them forth from their + shrines to the cities around. Perhaps his crime consisted in his + preference for the gods of other cities than Babylon, the city + which Nebuchadnezzar's lavish favours had somewhat spoilt, and + who resented her neglect at the hands of the antiquarian king. + However that may be, contemporary records show that he gave to + the benefit of Sippar, the city of the Sun-god, not unfrequently. + A mutilated inscription refers to full-grown oxen and sheep from + the son of the king, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page445">[pg + 445]</span><a name="Pg445" id="Pg445" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + for the king's sacrifices, divided between two temples at Sippar, + one of them being that of Anunitu[m] (7th of Adar, 9th year of + Nabonidus); and things from the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">bît makkur + nidinit šarri</span></span> (<span class="tei tei-q">“warehouse + of the king's gifts”</span>) are often mentioned. Naturally he + had to make gifts to many shrines in Babylonia.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whether the + following refers to oxen for sacrifice or not is doubtful—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“20 shekels of silver have been given to + Nabû-šarra-uṣur, the sec(retary) of the king, for oxen for the + husbandmen who are in the city Ḫa(buru). He has not given the + oxen. Month Nisan, day 16th, year 7th, Nabû-na'id, king of + Babylon.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The above + inscription comes from Sippar, near which the city referred to + must have stood.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Several + inscriptions refer to the storehouse into which the king's gift + was delivered. The following is a specimen of these texts—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Fruit, the amount of the 10th year, + Ana-âmat-Bêl-atkal has given into the storehouse of the gift of + the king. Month Kisleu, day 14th, year 10th, Nabû-na'id, (king) + of Êridu.</span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“35 + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gur</span></span>, + Šamaš-killi-anni.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“12 + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gur</span></span> 90 <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">qa</span></span>, Šum-ukîn and + Rêmut.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“65 + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gur</span></span> 144 <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">qa</span></span>, Ikîšâ.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“45 + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gur</span></span> 72 <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">qa</span></span>, Kinâ.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“62 gur, + Niqu(du).</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“17 + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gur</span></span> 72 <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">qa</span></span>, ...</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Altogether + 23(8 <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gur</span></span> 18 <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">qa</span></span>).”</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This and other + inscriptions, especially one referring to 250 <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gur</span></span> of grain, shows that + Nabonidus was fairly liberal to the temples at Sippar. It is also + very probable that he provided for the needful repairs of this + and other temples from time to time, one of the inscriptions + (dated in his third year) recording a contribution of half a + talent and 7 mana of silver for work done on the great + temple-tower of Sippar, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page446">[pg + 446]</span><a name="Pg446" id="Pg446" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Ê-babbara, besides 8 mana 20 shekels of silver as tithe, + seemingly for grain for the city Ḫaburu, where, it is to be + conjectured, an agricultural farm belonging to one of the temples + of Sippar was situated.<a id="noteref_133" name="noteref_133" + href="#note_133"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">133</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is not by + any means improbable that Nabonidus had a residence at Sippar, + and if so, this would explain the reason of his favouring that + city, and at the same time add to the causes of the discontent of + the <span class="tei tei-q">“sons of Babylon.”</span> This is + implied by a small tablet apparently inscribed with an account of + the receipts and expenditure of the temple Ê-babbara at Sippar, + which occupied the position of purveyor of water, and took the + place of the water-company of the cities of modern Europe—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“2 mana 13 shekels of silver, the price of the king's + water, which is from Bêl-âbla-iddina, the overseer of<a id= + "noteref_134" name="noteref_134" href="#note_134"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">134</span></span></a> + Kî-Bêl, the chief man of the king's water, has been brought by + the hands of Šamaš-kain-âbli, son of Balatu.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“From the amount, 2 mana of silver have been given + for 80 measures (?) of oil to Nabû-uṣur-šu, son of Dummuq, + descendant of Gaḫal, in the presence of Kalbâ, the secretary. 13 + shekels of silver are in the treasury.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Silver, 2 mana, is with Nabû-dûr-pâniâ. Of the + amount, 4 shekels of silver have been paid for 2 <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">parrum</span></span><a id="noteref_135" + name="noteref_135" href="#note_135"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">135</span></span></a>-stones, + which were given to Aššur-rîmananni, son of + Nabû-balaṭ-su-iqbî.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Month later Adar, day 27th, year 6th, Nabû-na'id, + king of Babylon.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another + tablet, dated in Nabonidus's accession year, indicates that the + temple supplied water, for a fixed sum, to a part of Sippar + called <span class="tei tei-q">“the city of the Sun.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From other + tablets we obtain also information <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page447">[pg 447]</span><a name="Pg447" id="Pg447" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> about the family of Nabonidus. Most of + them, as is to be expected, refer to Belshazzar, the heir to the + throne, who is conjectured to have been the second ruler in the + kingdom, thus explaining how it was that the position of + <span class="tei tei-q">“third ruler in the kingdom”</span> could + be offered to the Prophet Daniel. Like the other rulers of + Babylonia, Nabonidus had granted to Belshazzar, or at least + permitted him to occupy, a separate house, which was situated + within Babylon, beside the house of Marduk-îriba, son of Rêmut, + descendant of Miṣrâa. From the inscription referring to this + which has come down to us, it may be conjectured that + Marduk-îriba was a minor, and his sister, Bau-êṭirat, therefore + acted for him. Bêl-rêṣūa, servant of Belshazzar, approached her + and succeeded in acquiring her brother's land for 45 shekels of + silver, which was duly paid to Marduk-îriba. Though it is not + stated, this transaction probably took place on behalf of + Belshazzar, who wished to add to his possessions, and as it is + dated in the month Adar, in the 1st year of Nabonidus, it would + seem that he decided to enlarge the domain he was entitled to as + crown prince shortly after he found himself occupying that + position.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another tablet + referring to Belshazzar is a contract drawn up for one of his + secretaries (on the one hand), by which he obtained the + occupation of a house in exchange for a loan of silver—a common + arrangement in those days in Babylonia. The following translation + will enable the reader to see the terms of this, the type of a + numerous series of documents—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The house of Nabû-âḫê-iddina, son of Šulá, + descendant of Êgibi, which is beside the house of Bêl-iddina, son + of Rêmut, descendant of the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">dikû</span></span>, (is granted) for 3 years + to Nabû-kain-âḫî, secretary of Bêl-šarra-uṣur, the son of the + king, for 1-½ mana of silver. He has let (it) upon (the condition + that) <span class="tei tei-q">‘there is no rent for the house, + and no interest for <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page448">[pg + 448]</span><a name="Pg448" id="Pg448" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + the money.’</span> He shall repair the woodwork and renew the + dilapidation of the house. After 3 years, the silver, 1-½ mana, + Nabû-âḫê-iddina shall (re)pay to Nabû-kain-âḫi, and Nabû-kain-âḫi + shall leave the house in the possession of + Nabû-âḫê-iddina.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here follow + the names of three witnesses and the scribe, after which comes + the date: <span class="tei tei-q">“Babylon, month Nisan, day + 21st, year 5th, Nabû-na'id, king of Babylon.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As the 1-½ + mana of silver would have brought in 18 shekels at the usual rate + of interest, that sum may be taken as representing the rent of + the house in question.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another + inscription, dated two years later, shows that Nabû-kain-âḫi, + Belshazzar's secretary, borrowed 35 shekels of silver from + Nabû-ṣabit-qâtâ, that prince's major-domo, to purchase a slave, + and that the loan was duly repaid. The curious thing in + connection with this transaction is, that the money advanced is + stated to be <span class="tei tei-q">“tithe of Bêl, Nebo, Nergal, + and the lady (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> Ištar) of Erech,”</span> + implying that Nabû-ṣabit-qâtâ was entitled to certain sums from + this source, or else that he had control of them, and could + advance money to others therefrom. Information concerning all the + items of income and expenditure of the temples would probably + furnish interesting reading, showing, as it should, who were the + people who benefited from the funds available, and upon what + grounds.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is + noteworthy that, in these inscriptions referring to transactions + between the members of Belshazzar's household, no interest seems + to have been charged on the loans granted; and if this was really + so, it indicates a considerable amount of loyalty among these men + towards each other—indeed, it is doubtful if it could be + surpassed at the present day.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Strangest of + all these contracts in which Belshazzar is mentioned, is probably + that in which the prince himself seems to appear as one of the + contracting <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page449">[pg + 449]</span><a name="Pg449" id="Pg449" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + parties—as a dealer in clothes. As it is the only one referring + to him thus, a translation of the inscription in question is here + given in full—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“20 mana of silver, the price of the garments<a id= + "noteref_136" name="noteref_136" href="#note_136"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">136</span></span></a> + (which were) the property of Bêl-šarra-uṣur, the son of the king, + which (are due), through Nabû-ṣabit-qâtâ, chief of the house of + Bêl-šarra-uṣur, the son of the king, and the secretaries of the + son of the king, from Iddina-Marduk, son of Ikîšā, descendant of + Nûr-Sin. In the month Adar of the 1(1th) year, the silver, 20 + mana, he shall pay. His house, which is beside the (plantation?), + his slave, and his property in town and country, all there is, is + the security of Bêl-šarra-uṣur, the son of the king, until + Bêl-šarra-uṣur receives his money. (For) the silver, as much as + (from the sum) is withheld, interest he shall pay.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Witnesses: Bêl-iddina, son of Rêmut, descendant of + the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">dikû</span></span>; Êtel-pî, son of ..., + descendant of <span class="tei tei-q">‘the father of the + house’</span>; Nadin, son of Narduk-šum-uṣur, descendant of the + master-builder; Nergal-ušallim, son of Marduk-..., descendant of + Gaḫal; Marduk-naṣir, son of Kur-..., descendant of Dabibu; and + the scribe, Bêl-âḫê-ikîša, son of Nabû-balat-su-iqbî. Babylon, + month ..., day 20th, year 11th, Nabû-na'id, king of + Babylon.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But Belshazzar + did not confine himself to dealing in woollen stuffs or clothes, + as many another inscription indicates. This was but an + unimportant incident in his life which chance has preserved to + us, and how far the transaction may have taken place with (or + without) his own knowledge, it is impossible to say. For a + considerable time, however, he was with the army in Akkad, and + whilst there, he interested himself greatly in the welfare of the + temples at Sippar, making donations to them, not only on his own + behalf, but also for his father. Thus, on the 11th of Iyyar, in + the 9th year of his father's reign, he <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page450">[pg 450]</span><a name="Pg450" id="Pg450" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> gave to the god Šamaš a tongue of gold + weighing one mana; and on the 7th of Adar of the same year he + gave two full-grown oxen for sacrifice (his father gave one on + that occasion), together with fourteen sheep, and in addition + other sacrifices were made on his and his father's behalf in the + temple of the goddess Annunitum. The following little + inscription, being rather out of the common, is probably above + the average in the matter of interest—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“1 shekel and a quarter of silver for the hire of a + ship for 3 oxen and 24 sheep, the sacrifices of the king's son, + which went in the month Nisan for Šamaš and the gods of + Sippar.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“In the presence of Bêl-šarra-bulliṭ, who has given + the offerings of the king to Šamaš-iddina and Dannu-Âddu. He has + given 60 <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">qa</span></span> of fruit as their + offerings. Month Nisan, day 9th, year 10th, Nabû-na'id, king of + Babylon.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Seemingly + Belshazzar sent the sheep and oxen from his estate to Sippar by + water.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Interesting to + an equal degree is likewise the inscription recording a gift made + by his sister—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“27 shekels of silver is the weight of one cup, tithe + of Ina-Ê-sagila-rêmat, the daughter of the king. By the hands of + Bêl-šarra-(bulliṭ), as a king's offering, she has given (it) to + the god.... The cup is in the treasure-house.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Month Ab, day 5th, year 17th, (Nabû-na'id) king of + Babylon.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Though this + inscription is defective in places, there is every probability + that little or nothing more than the name of the god is wanting. + The name of Bêl-šarra-(bulliṭ) shows that the inscription must + belong to the time of Nabonidus, and, in fact, the initial wedges + of his name are visible.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The name of a + second daughter of Nabonidus seems to appear in another + inscription from Sippar, though, as it is rather carelessly + written, this is doubtful. <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page451">[pg 451]</span><a name="Pg451" id="Pg451" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Notwithstanding the uncertainty attending + the name, however, the inscription is worth quoting in full—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“3 <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gur</span></span> 75 <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">qa</span></span> of sesame Ukabu'sama (?), + daughter of the king, has sold, through Tattanu, for silver, to + Ê-babbara. The silver has not been received.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Month Ab, day 7th, year 16th, Nabû-na'id, king of + Babylon.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With this we + take leave of Nabonidus and his family, as revealed by the + contracts and temple accounts from Babylon and Sippar. The + picture these and the historical inscriptions give of the + Babylonian royal family is not altogether unpleasing, and that + this king, with his son, were the last rulers of their race, is + greatly to be regretted. But, alas, they had offended the + priesthood of Babylon, and all the people accepted, without a + murmur, the alien ruler, of a differing faith from theirs, who + presented himself, in hostile array, at their doors. It was the + beginning of the end of their life as a nation, and who shall say + that they did not deserve it? If they had made even a show of + resistance, the world could hold them excused, but this was not + the case, as their own records show, and whatever Nabonidus's + faults may have been, they do not attain to the culpability of + the nation, which, instead of protecting him—if for no other + reason, it ought to have done this for his son's sake—practically + betrayed him to the enemy.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">II.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">So far, in + depicting the life which the Jews, during the Captivity, must daily + have seen around them, we have given the tablets whereon the court + and its officials are referred to, and though these reveal certain + phases of life in Babylonia among the people, typical of the time, + they can hardly be held to show the life <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">of</span></em> the + people—those engaged in the life-struggle <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page452">[pg 452]</span><a name="Pg452" id="Pg452" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of which every great city is the battlefield, + and has been the battlefield since the first gathering of large + bodies of men in one place.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Who among us can + estimate the misery caused by the tearing away of the slave from + the home of the master with whom he had for many years dwelt in + content?—it must have far outweighed the few cases in which a slave + in those days benefited by such a change. That the loss of his + slaves was sometimes also a wrench to the owner is indicated by the + fact that he is generally—if not always—made to say, that he parts + with them cheerfully. He had to admit this for the satisfaction of + the buyer, who naturally feared that the old master would return + and ask for the contract to be annulled, saying that it was all a + mistake on his part—he did not really wish to get rid of them, and + would like to have them back again.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Naturally the + tablets do not reveal to us all this, nor the joys and sorrows, the + successes and the failures, which those great cities of the ancient + East must have contained. But they allow us to guess a great deal. + Did the man ever get the money back which he had lent? Did he + receive the money for the things he had sold and given credit for? + These and other similar questions are always occurring to the + student of these documents, which reveal always the grave side of + life in that ancient land—never the gay side—even a wedding, being + a contract, was a thing much too serious to allow its joyful nature + to shine through at any point.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As the documents + which best represent the character of the Babylonians are the + letters, it has been thought well to begin (as in the case of the + chapter upon the earlier Babylonians) with a few specimens of + these, and in the forefront the following may be cited as not + unworthy of a prominent place—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Tablet of Nabû-zēr-ibnî to Ugarâ, Balaṭu, + Nabû-bêl-šumāti, and Šamaš-udammiq, his + brothers.</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page453">[pg + 453]</span><a name="Pg453" id="Pg453" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Now to Bêl and Nebo for the preservation of the life + of my brothers I pray.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Bêl-epuš, who is along with you, is my brother. + Whoever speaks his evil words, as my brothers wish, let him be + silent. As for him, from the beginning to the end, brothers of each + other are we. As warning to my brothers I send this. Let my + brothers do what is right. I should like to see an answer (to this) + letter from my brothers.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whether we are + to substitute <span class="tei tei-q">“friend”</span> and + <span class="tei tei-q">“friends”</span> for <span class= + "tei tei-q">“brother”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“brothers”</span> is uncertain, but is very probable. + In any case, the writer would seem to show considerable courage in + the course he was taking, as well as confidence in the + righteousness of his cause.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following is + apparently the letter of a father in poverty to his more successful + son—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“(Letter of) Iddina-âḫâ (to) Rêmūt, his son.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“May (Bêl) and Nebo bespeak peace and life for my + son.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“He, my son, knoweth that there is no corn in the + house. Let my son cause 2 or 3 <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gur</span></span> of corn to be brought by the + hands of some one whom thou knowest. Wilt thou not send by the + hands of the boatman whom thou indicatedst? As for him, (he is + coming?) to me—send a gift, cause it to go forth to (thy) father. + To-day I pray Bêl and Nebo for the preservation of the life of my + son. Rêmat asks after the peace of Rêmūt, her son.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The change from + the third person to the second is noteworthy, and may have been + caused by the necessity of distinguishing between the son and the + messenger to whom the writer referred. Rêmat was evidently the + writer's wife.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following is + a letter of a different nature, and leads to speculations as to the + state of things—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Letter of Marduk-zēr-ibnî to Šulâ his + brother.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“May Bêl and Nebo bespeak the peace of my + brother.</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page454">[pg + 454]</span><a name="Pg454" id="Pg454" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Why dost thou destroy my house? thou goest before the + destruction of thine (own) house. When thou hadst taken the + responsibility of holding the field, my field was sold, and the + date-palms which I grow have been destroyed. And thou (remainest) + contented in thy house!<a id="noteref_137" name="noteref_137" href= + "#note_137"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">137</span></span></a> Now + (as for) the corn which I have planted in my field, thou (always) + takest the whole. I am now sending to my lord: Come, enter my + field, and give me my harvests. Behold, the corn which has been got + ready thou (always) deliverest: Ikîšā and Nabû-âḫa-iddina, if they + wish, can take it. Speak to the judges about it.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Apparently the + writer of the letter was vexed because his friend (and lord) had + not fulfilled his undertaking to look after his interests.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Letters of a + business nature are not unfrequent, and are generally dry and + uninteresting. The character of the inscriptions of this class + which least exhibit these defects may be gathered from the + following text, which also has an interest because the sender was a + slave. The original belongs to the collection of tablets acquired + by the late Sir Cuthbert Peek for his father, the late Sir Henry + Peek:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Letter from Dâan-bêl-uṣur to Širku, my lord. I pray + to-day to Bêl and Nebo for the preservation of the life of my + lord.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Concerning the lambs which my lord sent, Bêl and Nebo + indeed know that there is a lamb (for them) from thee. I have made + the irrigation-channel and the wall. Behold, send thy servant with + the sheep and thy servant with the lambs, and a command that they + may cause a sheep to be brought up as an offering (?) to Nebo (?), + for I have not acquired a single lamb for money. (On) the 20th day + I worked for Šamaš; lo, (there were) 56—I caused 20 head to be + bought for my lord from his hand. (As for) the garlic <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page455">[pg 455]</span><a name="Pg455" id="Pg455" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> for the governor, which my lord bought, + the lord of the fields (? the chief overseer), when he came, took + possession of (it), and it was sold to the governor of the district + of our fields for silver, but enough (?) thereof I have retained + (?); and as my lord said thus: <span class="tei tei-q">‘Why hast + thou not sent the messenger? the ground is suitable (?)—I sent thee + a number (?) of (them).’</span> Let one messenger take thy message + (?), and depart.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Portions of this + inscription, especially towards the end, being very obscure, the + translation is not so sure as could be wished. Nevertheless, it may + be taken as indicating fairly well the drift of the whole, and thus + answer the purpose for which it is given, namely, to show what + texts of this class generally refer to, and how excellently they + reveal to us the conditions of Babylonian life at the time when + they were written.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This tablet + belongs to the reign of Darius Hystaspis, and is addressed to one + of the most prominent men of Babylon at the time, Širku, otherwise + <span class="tei tei-q">“Marduk-naṣir-âblu, son of Iddinā, + descendant of Êgibi.”</span><a id="noteref_138" name="noteref_138" + href="#note_138"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">138</span></span></a> He + was an active man, and his business transactions, which begin, as + far as we have record of them, in the third year of the king named, + consist of the usual loans, exchanges, purchases, sales, + agreements, etc., which exist in large numbers during this period. + In the third year of Darius he seems to have been in Elam, perhaps + upon business of state, the name of a high Babylonian official + being mentioned on the tablet which records this fact. Later on, he + comes before us as a large owner and dealer in ships, some of + which, of small size, he seems to have used for the construction of + a bridge of boats. He owned Dâan-bêl-uṣur, the writer of the tablet + translated above, Nanaa-bêl-uṣri, his wife, and their six children, + who dwelt on his property in the city of Šuppatum. On one occasion, + as recorded on a tablet in the Louvre, they formed part of the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page456">[pg 456]</span><a name= + "Pg456" id="Pg456" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> security for a sum + of 45 mana of silver, advanced by Širku to Šarru-dûri, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the king's captain, son of Idra'.”</span> Further + references to both master and slave will be found farther on.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As the tablets + referring to life at Babylon are exceedingly numerous, and many of + them have special interesting points of their own, a few selected + specimens are here translated, and may be regarded as + characteristic and typical in their class and subject.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">A Loan Granted On Security At + Erech.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“One mana of silver of Nabû-banî-âḫi, son of Ablaa, + son of the gatekeeper, unto Bâbîa, son of Marduk-êreš, and + Ša-Nanaa-šî, his wife. The door of the gatekeepers of the + Salimu-gate, and his property, of (both) town and country, all + there is, are the security of Nabû-banî-âḫi.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Witnesses: Bêl-âḫê-iddina, son of Gudadū; + Nabû-zēr-ukin, son of Sumâ; Nabû-zēr-ikîša, son of Ginnâ; and the + scribe Mušêzib-Bêl, son of Nanaa-têreš. Erech, month Tisri, day + 15th, year 21st, Nabû-kudurri-usur, king of Babylon.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In all + probability, the possession of the door carried with it the right + of receiving any toll or dues connected therewith. As + Nabû-banî-âhi, the lender, belonged to the family or clan of + gatekeepers, he would not be regarded altogether as an + interloper. The name of one of the borrowers, Bâbîa, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“my gate,”</span> is suggestive, and shows the + enthusiasm of his parents for their profession.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">The Work Upon A + Plantation.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“144 <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">qa</span></span> (is the amount needed for) + the seeding of the plantation of Nabû-šum-lîšir, which + Nabû-šar-îlāni has taken for cultivation.<a id="noteref_139" + name="noteref_139" href="#note_139"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">139</span></span></a> + (During) 4 years, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page457">[pg + 457]</span><a name="Pg457" id="Pg457" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + everything, whatever grows on the date-palms and in the earth, + belongs to Nabû-šar-îlāni; (during the succeeding 4 ?) years a + third, and 4 years (after that) a fourth. Nabû-šum-lîšir with + Nabû-šar-îlāni (?) ... 10 years Nabû-šar-îlāni ... gardener of + Nabû-šum-lîšir ... everything, whatever (gro)ws in the earth, + belongs to Nabû-šar-îlāni.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“(The duty) of doing the work, digging (the + irrigation-channels), raising (?) embankments (?), protecting the + plantation, restoring what is wanting of the date-palms, raising + water, Nabû-šar-îlāni undertakes. (If) he contravene (this + contract), he shall compensate (to the extent of) 1 mana of + silver.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here follow + the names of three witnesses and the scribe, the date being—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“City of Sûqâain, month Elul, day 26th, year 11th, + Nabû-kudurri-uṣur, king of Babylon.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">Sale Of An Ass.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The ass of Ârad-Meme, son of Gimillu, descendant of + Êpeš-ili, he (the owner) has sold to Šubabu-sara', son of + Temišâa, for half a mana six and a half shekels of silver. + Êtillu, son of Rêmut, descendant of Dabibi (and) Nergal-iddina, + son of Dâanu-Marduk, descendant of Lugal-arazū, guarantee the + serviceableness of the ass. It is a branded ass, upon whose front + is a mark.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here come the + names of three witnesses and the scribe, followed by the + date—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“City of the land of Ṣuma', (or Ṣuba'), month Tammuz, + day 16th, year 40th, Nabû-kudurri-uṣur, king of + Babylon.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From a tablet + in the Edinburgh Museum it would seem that asses were branded to + distinguish them, and that, in place of a mere mark, the name of + the owner was somehow impressed. Cattle were marked with the + letters of the Aramaic alphabet.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page458">[pg 458]</span><a name= + "Pg458" id="Pg458" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">Jews And Babylonians During The + Captivity.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“When Nabû-na'id, son of Nabû-gamil, brings his + witness, and proves to Aâḫḫa'u, son of Šanîāwa, that Nabû-na'id + has given the proceeds of 2-½ mana of silver to Aâḫḫa'u and + Baruḫi-îlu, (then) the profit which has been made with them (the + 2-½ mana) belongs to Nabû-na'id, and all right to the share which + belongs to him remains—one do. (? share) (belongs to) Aâḫḫa'u. If + the witness do not prove it, his property, as much as Nabû-na'id + has taken, one do. (? share) he will return and will give to + Aâḫḫa'u.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Witnesses: Iddina-Marduk, son of Akkîa, Yašum-ma, + son of Âḫê-šu; Balaṭ-su, son of Âḫê-šu, and the scribe, + Nabû-âḫê-iddina, son of Êgibi. Upê (Opis), month Tammuz, day + 21st, year 40th, Nabû-kudurri-uṣur, king of Babylon.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Apparently it + was a dispute about profits, which was to be settled, as was + usual in such cases, by producing a witness. Šanîāwa is one of + those names ending in <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">iāwa</span></span> which were certainly not + Babylonian, and which are generally regarded as Israelite, like + Šubunu-yāwa = Shebaniah; Nathanu-yāwa = Nathaniah, and many + others; and its later form would probably be Shaniah. Baruḫi-îlu + is probably for Baruchiel, and, if so, would show that the + pronunciation of the aspirated <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">k + (ch)</span></em> as <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ḫ (kh)</span></em>, common among Jews on the + Continent and in the East, is of very ancient date.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">The Dead Slave.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“On the 5th day of the month Kisleu, Šarru-kînu, son + of Ammanu, will bring his witness to the city Piqudu (Pekod), and + he will testify to Idiḫi-îli, son of Dînâ, that Idiḫi-îli sent to + Šarru-kînu thus: <span class="tei tei-q">‘Do not litigate against + me concerning thy slave who was killed—I will make up to thee the + life of thy slave.’</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page459">[pg 459]</span><a name="Pg459" id="Pg459" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> If he prove it, Idiḫi-îli shall pay to + Šarru-kînu 1 mana of silver, the price of his slave. If he do not + prove it (he is free).”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After the + names of three witnesses and the scribe, is the date—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Upê, month Marcheswan, day 7th, year 40th, + Nabû-kudurri-uṣur, king of Babylon.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">A Right Of Way.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Marduk-iriba, son of Rêmut, descendant of the + Miṣirite,<a id="noteref_140" name="noteref_140" href= + "#note_140"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">140</span></span></a> and + Kalbâ, son of Balaṭu, descendant of the chief of the construction + (?), in their going forth, shall go forth over the brook; they + have no power over the exit of the wall of the house of + Nabû-âḫê-iddina, son of Šulâ, descendant of Êgibi; the exit of + the wall of the house of Nabû-âḫê-iddina belongs to + Nabû-âḫê-iddina.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here come the + names of five witnesses, including the scribe, and then the + date—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Babylon, month of the later Adar, day 24th, year + 1st, Nabû-na'id,<a id="noteref_141" name="noteref_141" href= + "#note_141"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">141</span></span></a> + king of Babylon.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">The Story Of Abil-Addu-Nathanu And + Bunanitum.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This is + contained, as far as it is preserved, on a series of five + tablets, four of which are in the British Museum, and the fifth + in the Museum of Art at New York. Abil-Addu-nathānu would seem, + from his name, which would be the West-Semitic Ben-Hadad-nathan, + to have come from Damascus, and settled at Babylon, and + afterwards at Borsippa. His wife Bunanitum (or Bunanith) was to + all appearance a Babylonian.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page460">[pg 460]</span><a name= + "Pg460" id="Pg460" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">The Purchase Of The House At + Borsippa.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“7 canes, 5 cubits, 18 fingers, a built house, the + territory of a plantation<a id="noteref_142" name="noteref_142" + href="#note_142"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">142</span></span></a> + which is within Borsippa, which Dâan-šum-iddina, son of Zērîa, + descendant of Nabâa, has bought from Ibâ, son of Zillâ, + descendant of the carpenter, for 11-½ mana of silver, for the + price complete, by the authority of Abil-Addu-nathānu, son of + Addîa, and Bunanitu, his wife, daughter of Ḫariṣâa. That house he + has received, the silver of Abil-Addu-nathānu and Bunanitu as the + price of the house has been given. Dâan-šum-iddina has no share + in the house or the silver. The tablet which Dâan-šum-iddina has + sealed in his name, he has given to Abil-Addu-nathānu and + Bunanitu. The day a copy of the sealed document of the purchase + or any contract for that house appears in the house of + Dâan-šum-iddina or in any other place, it belongs to + Abil-Addu-nathānu and Bunanitu.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here follow + the names of four witnesses and two scribes. The date is—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Babylon, month Shebat, day 24th, year 2nd, + Nabû-na'id, king of Babylon.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The agent + through whom the purchase was made has to declare that no part of + the property or the money belonged to him, hence the final clause + of the contract, which was intended to prevent trouble at any + future time.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At the end are + the seal-impressions of the two scribes.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">The Loan To Make Up The Sum + Required To Purchase The Property.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“1-½ mana 8-½ shekels of silver of Iddina-Marduk, son + of Ikîšā, descendant of Nûr-Sin, upon (= due from) + Abil-Addu-nathānu, son of Addîa, and Bunanitu, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page461">[pg 461]</span><a name="Pg461" id= + "Pg461" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> his wife. It increases to + them monthly at the rate of 1 shekel of silver upon each mana. + They shall pay the interest from the month Sivan of the 5th year + of Nabû-na'id, king of Babylon. The silver was the balance of the + silver for the price of a house, which was paid to Ibâ. They + shall pay the interest monthly.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After the + names of two witnesses and the scribe comes the date—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Barsip (Borsippa), month Iyyar, day 3rd, year 5th, + Nabû-na'id, king of Babylon.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As this tablet + was written two years and three months after the house at + Borsippa was bought, it is clear that the money had been + advanced, but the indebtedness of Abil-Addu-nathānu had not been + placed, until the date of the second tablet, on a legal footing. + Probably he intended to pay the money, but had not the + wherewithal, and this being the case, the lender agreed to allow + the debt to remain unpaid, stipulating only that the interest + should be paid at the usual rate of one mana upon every mana + monthly. As will be seen from the other documents, the principal + was not paid for many years after this. There is no record + whether any payment of interest had been made in the meanwhile, + but, in any case, the rate is far beyond what at the present time + is considered fair.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">A First Payment Made After The + Death Of Abil-Addu-Nathānu.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This is a + small tablet similar in shape to the last, and is now preserved + in the Museum of Art at New York.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“8 shekels of silver Iddina-Marduk, son of Ikîšā, + descendant of Nûr-Sin, has received from the hands of Bunanitu, + with the first payment, which (has been made) since the death of + Ablada-nathanu, her husband, from the interest of his money. In + the presence of Tabnêa, son of Nabū-âḫê-iddina, descendant of the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page462">[pg 462]</span><a name= + "Pg462" id="Pg462" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> priest of ...; + Nabû-kain-âbli, son of Marduk-šum-ibnî, descendant of Dannu-Nabû. + Barsip (Borsippa), month Adar, day 18th, year 8th, Nabû-na'id, + king of Babylon.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“There is to be no abatement (?).”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As the loan + was contracted in the second year of Nabonidus, it cannot be said + that Iddina-Marduk had been by any means pressing in the matter. + The numerous documents which exist show that the Babylonians were + good at making contracts, but they were probably not so strict in + keeping them, and certainly not so merciless (to judge from the + history here unfolded) as the people of the modern West in + enforcing them.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The phonetic + spelling of the name of the husband, Ablada-nathānu, is + interesting, as it shows the Babylonian pronunciation. + Ben-Addu-nathan, however, was a possible form, and may have been + even a fairly common one.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">The Legal Action After The Death Of + Abil-Addu-Nathānu.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Bunanitu, daughter of Ḫariṣâa, said thus to the + judges of Nabû-na'id, king of Babylon—</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Abil-Addu-nathān, son of + Nikmadu’</span>, had me to wife, and he took 3-½ mana of silver + as my dowry, and one daughter I bore to him. I and + Abil-Addu-nathān, my husband, traded with the silver of my dowry, + and we bought 8 canes, a built house, the territory of a large + property,<a id="noteref_143" name="noteref_143" href= + "#note_143"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">143</span></span></a> + which was within Barsip, for 9-2/3 of a mana of silver, with 2-½ + mana of silver which was from Iddina-Marduk, son of Ikîšā, + descendant of Nûr-Sin, as balance, and we fixed (it) as the price + of that house, and we paid and received it together. In the 4th + year of Nabû-na'id, king of Babylon, I made an agreement + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page463">[pg 463]</span><a name= + "Pg463" id="Pg463" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> with + Abil-Addu-nathān, my husband, concerning my dowry, and + Abil-Addu-nathān, in the kindness of his heart, sealed the 8 + canes, (and) that house which is within Barsip, and bequeathed it + to me for future days, and on my tablet made it known thus: + <span class="tei tei-q">‘2-½ mana of silver, which + Abil-Addu-nathān and Bunanitu took from Iddina-Marduk, and paid + as the price of that house, they received together.’</span> He + sealed that tablet, and wrote thereon the curse of the great + gods. In the 5th year of Nabû-na'id, king of Babylon, I and + Abil-Addu-nathān, my husband, took Abil-Addu-amara as our son, + and wrote the tablet of his sonship, and made known 2 mana 10 + shekels of silver and the furniture of a house as the dowry of + Nûbtâ, my daughter. Fate took my husband, and now Aqabi-îlu, the + son of my father-in-law, has laid claim upon the house and + everything which had been sealed and bequeathed to me, and upon + Nabû-nûr-îli, (the slave) whom we had acquired by the hands of + Nabû-âḫê-iddina for silver. I have brought it before you, make a + decision.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The judges heard their words, they read the tablets + and contracts which Bunanitu brought before them, and they caused + Aqabi-îlu not to have power over the house at Barsip, which had + been bequeathed to Bunanitu instead of her dowry, over + Nabû-nûr-îli, whom she and her husband had bought for silver, or + over anything of Abil-Addu-nathānu; Bunanitu and Abil-Addu-amara, + by their tablets, they caused to be confirmed. Iddina-Marduk + pleads for (?), and will receive, the 2-½ mana of silver which + had been given towards the price of that house. Afterwards + Bunanitu will receive the 3-½ mana of silver, her dowry, and her + share besides. Nûbtâ will receive Nabû-nûr-îli, according to the + contracts of her father.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“By the decision of this judgment.</span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Nergal-banû-nu, the judge, son of the + builder;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Nabû-âḫê-iddina, the judge, son of + Êgibi;</span> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page464">[pg + 464]</span><a name="Pg464" id="Pg464" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Nabû-šum-ukîn, the judge, son of + Irani;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Bêl-âḫê-iddina, the judge, son of + ...</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Bêl-êṭir, + the judge, son of ...</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Nabû-balaṭ-su-iqbî, the judge, son of + ...</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Nadinu, the + scribe, son of ...</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Nabû-šum-iškun, the scribe, son of the + ...</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Babylon, + month Elul, day 26th, year 9th, Nabûna'id, king of + Babylon.”</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Two copies of + this document exist, neither of them being the original. They + were probably made for persons interested in the result of the + judgment.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It has been + suggested that the claim of Aqabi-îlu to all his brother's + property was based upon the fact that he was the eldest of the + family. This, however, is hardly likely to have been the case, + the Babylonian law concerning the wife's dowry—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> + that it was her own in any event—being clear and + incontrovertible. The probability therefore is, that he claimed + the property hoping that she might not be able to prove her + right. The clear statements of this document, and the + common-sense judgment delivered by Nabonidus's judges are full of + simplicity and dignity, and show well the Babylonian + character.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">The Final Repayment Of The Loan To + Iddina-Marduk.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A tablet + recording the payment of interest has already been translated (p. + <a href="#Pg461" class="tei tei-ref">461</a>), and from that it + would seem that no repayment on account of the money lent to + Abil-Addu-nathānu and Bunanitu took place until after the + former's death. When the last payment was made is unknown, but it + must have been some time after the lawsuit. From the portion of + the tablet recording it, it would seem that the amount remaining + to be paid was 2 mana and 10 shekels, which was paid jointly by + Abil-Addu-amari and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page465">[pg + 465]</span><a name="Pg465" id="Pg465" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Bunaniti, his mother,”</span> who + probably lived on the property with him and her daughter.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus ends the + life-story of this Babylonian family, as far as at present + known.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In addition to + the names Abil-addu-nathānu and Abil-Addu-amara (or -amari), both + of which contain the name of the deity Abil-Addu or Ben-Hadad, + the name of the brother, Aqabi-îlu, is interesting. It is + naturally a synonym of a Hebrew name found under the form of + Aqabi-yāwa, the Talmudic Aqabiah, with <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">-yāwa</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">-iāwa</span></span> for <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">-iah</span></span>, as in Šanîāwa, which + appears on p. <a href="#Pg458" class="tei tei-ref">458</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">Ê-Sagila-Râmat And Her + Father-In-Law's Slave.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ikîšā, son of Kudurru, descendant of Nûr-Sin, sealed + a tablet of adoption for Rêmanni-Bêl, his slave, whose name is + called Rêmut, for the giving of his food and his clothing. + Rêmanni-Bêl, whose name is called Rêmut, after he had sealed the + tablet of his adoption, ran away, and he did not give him food, + oil, and clothing. Ê-sagila-râmat, daughter of Zērîa, descendant + of Nabâa, wife of Iddina-Marduk, son of Ikîšā, descendant of + Nûr-Sin, reverenced him, feared him, and befriended him, and gave + him food, oil, and clothing. Ikîšā, son of Kudurru, descendant of + Nûr-Sin, in the joy of his heart, annulled the tablet of the + adoption of Rêmanni-Bêl, and sealed and bequeathed him to + Ê-sagila-râmat and Nûbtâ, her daughter, daughter of + Iddina-Marduk, descendant of Nûr-Sin. He shall reverence + Ê-sagila-râmat and Nûbtâ, her daughter. Afterwards Ê-sagila-râmat + shall leave him to Nûbtâ, her daughter. Whoever changes these + words, and destroys the contract Ikîšā has drawn up and given to + Ê-sagila-râmat and Nûbtâ, her daughter, may Merodach and + Zēr-panitum command his destruction.”</span></p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page466">[pg 466]</span><a name="Pg466" id= + "Pg466" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The names of + four witnesses and the scribe follow. Date: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Babylon, month Iyyar, day 9th, year 13th, + Nabû-na'id, king of Babylon.”</span> Postscript: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“At the sitting of Bissā, daughter of Ikîšā, + descendant of Nûr-Sin.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From this it + would seem that Ikîšā made Rêmanni-Bêl his heir, freeing him from + the position of a bondsman, in exchange for his (Ikîšā's) keep, + but that Rêmanni-Bêl, declining the advantage and the + responsibility, ran away, whereupon the burden fell upon Ikîšā's + daughter-in-law, Ê-sagila-râmat. This the last-named seems to + have undertaken willingly, and in return, Ikîšā annulled + Rêmanni-Bêl's adoption, and bequeathed him, as a slave, to + Ê-sagila-râmat and her daughter. Means probably existed for + bringing back the runaway, when the news of his return to his old + condition would be communicated to him. Ê-sagila-râmat's husband, + Iddina-Marduk, is the one who advanced to Abil-Addu-nathānu and + Bunanitu the money to make up the price of their house.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">Iddina-Nabû Sells His Egyptian + Slave And Her Infant.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Iddina-Nabû, son of Mušêzib-Bêl, has cheerfully sold + Nanaa-ittîa, his slave, and her daughter, a child of three + months, Egyptians captured by his bow, for 2 mana of silver, the + complete price, to Itti-Marduk-balaṭu, son of Nabû-âḫê-iddina, + descendant of Êgibi. Iddina-Nabû has received the money, 2 mana + of silver, the price of Nanaa-ittîa and her daughter, from the + hands of Itti-Marduk-balaṭu. Iddina-Nabû guarantees against the + existence of any liability of defeasor (?), legal claimant, royal + service, or freedmanship with regard to Nanaa-ittîa and her + daughter.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here come the + names of four witnesses and the scribe.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Babylon, month Kisleu, day 23rd, year 6th, Kambuzîa + (Cambyses), king of Babylon.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Besides the contract of 240 gur of fruit, from + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page467">[pg 467]</span><a name= + "Pg467" id="Pg467" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Itti-Marduk-balaṭu, which was unto (or due from) + Iddina-Nabû.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This document + may be held to testify to the reality of Cambyses' campaign in + Egypt, which took place in his 5th year (525 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>). It is also a + proof that the Babylonians took part in the campaign.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is + noteworthy that three copies of this document exist, one being in + the British Museum, another in the Museum of Art at New York, and + the third in the museum founded by the late Sir Henry Peek at + Lyme Regis. The tablet recording the contract for the 240 gur of + fruit also exists, and is preserved in the British Museum.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the + tablets of the time of Nabonidus, translations of all the records + known which refer to the family of Ben-Hadad-nathan or + Abil-Addu-nāthanu have been given, and examination of the + numerous other tablets of the reigns of his predecessors and his + successors down to the time of Darius, and perhaps Xerxes, shows + that similar more or less complete family histories could be + made. One of the most interesting of these, and the most complete + on account of the number of documents (by far the greater number + of the contracts from Babylon and its neighbourhood, of the + period to which he belongs, contain his name) are those referring + to Širku, a tablet from whose slave Dâan-bêl-uṣur has been given + above (p. <a href="#Pg454" class="tei tei-ref">454</a>). This + man's history has been tentatively dealt with by the present + author in Part IV. of the catalogue of tablets belonging to the + late Sir Henry Peek. From a tablet in the Louvre, we find that + Širku was not his real name, but that he was called + Marduk-naṣir-âbli. The curious thing about this double naming of + Širku, however, is that the majority of the tablets where he is + called Širku say that he was the son of Iddina, and the majority + of those calling him Marduk-naṣir-âbli say that he is the son of + Itti-Marduk-balaṭu. Fortunately documents exist <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page468">[pg 468]</span><a name="Pg468" id= + "Pg468" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> reversing this parentage, and + showing conclusively that Širku and Marduk-naṣir-âbli are one and + the same personage. Were it otherwise, we should have to credit + his slaves with two masters, and his wife with two husbands, a + state of things probably unknown in Babylonia.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From a tablet + dated in the first year of Darius, we learn that he bought a + field before the great gate of Uraš in the province of Babylon, + this field being beside that of his wife Âmat-Bau, which she had + brought as her dowry. Other documents record that he made loans + of silver and produce, both alone and associated with his + brothers. In these his proper name is generally used, but + sometimes he was called Širku. The hiring and letting of houses, + the buying and selling of slaves, etc., are also recorded of + them. In the third year of Darius he and his brothers came into + considerable property in Babylon, sharing it among them, and + there is also record of Marduk-naṣir-âbli paying his father's + debts. This increase in their resources naturally enabled them to + deal in the produce of their fields, and in all probability they + managed his wife's as well, whilst there is at least one record + that she lent money on her own account. To enumerate all the + interesting points which the tablets reveal to us concerning + their various transactions, however, would naturally take too + much time and space.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In exchange + for the slave Dâan-bêl-uṣur, the slave's wife, their six + children, and a cornfield upon the canal called Ṭupašu, which + Marduk-naṣir-âbli gave to his wife Âmat-Bau, he received from her + two sums of silver and one of gold, a ring, and two slaves, who + had been part of her dowry. The slaves he gave her, though now + her property, were in all probability still at his disposition, + but Dâan-bêl-uṣur seems to have served him so well when in charge + of his affairs, that after having parted with him, though only to + his wife, he must have found, to his regret, that he and his + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page469">[pg 469]</span><a name= + "Pg469" id="Pg469" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> family were + naturally not so much at his disposition as when he could call + them his own.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Under the name + of Marduk-naṣir-âbli, he appears before us principally in the + character of an agriculturalist and dealer in produce, combining + with this money-lending on occasion. As Širku, he dealt largely + in ships, and apparently also in boats for pontoon bridges. In + the fifth year of Darius he was in Elam, and there is a reference + to the sending to him of a messenger, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“with the charioteers of Bêl-âbla-iddina, captain of + Babylon.”</span> Many years afterwards Širku is said to have + received the rent of a house situated <span class= + "tei tei-q">“upon the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">giššu</span></span> of Borsippa,”</span> and + the question naturally arises, whether <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">giššu</span></span> may not be for + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gišru</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“bridge,”</span> though a house upon a bridge + crossing a comparatively narrow canal near Babylon is certainly + not what one would expect.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the 16th of + Sivan in the twenty-sixth year of Darius, Širku was the scribe + who drew up a contract referring to two ships, one apparently for + service on the Euphrates, the other for the bridge. Later on, he + borrowed some money upon the security of two of his female + slaves, Mušêzibtum and Narû, the wrist of the former being + inscribed with the name of one of his relations, the other with + his own name, Širku (it is given as Šišku on the tablet). This + loan is distinctly stated to be for the purpose of acquiring + <span class="tei tei-q">“a ship for the bridge”</span> + (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">êlippu ša giširi</span></span>), and this he + seems to have bought two months later, unless there was another + contract for a vessel which has not come down to us. In the Peek + collection is a large tablet referring to the completed bridge, + the traffic upon it, and the ships moored to it, suggesting that + a portion of it at least was used as a quay or landing-stage. + More research is needed, however, ere its precise nature will be + clear—perhaps the etymology is misleading, and <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gišru</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">giširu</span></span> means, in Babylonian, + <span class="tei tei-q">“pier”</span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“landing-stage”</span> simply.</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page470">[pg 470]</span><a name="Pg470" id= + "Pg470" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following + is one of the inscriptions which refer to his hiring a ship—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“(Concerning) the ship of Iddina-Bêl which is with + Šamaš-iddina, son of Bêl-iddina, for navigation. He has given the + ship for hire as far as <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">bištum ša + ṣêrûa</span></span> (= <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">birtum ša ṣêrûa</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘the fortress of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ṣêrûa</span></span>’</span>) for 1/3 of a + mana of white silver, coined, to Širik (Širku), son of Iddinā, + descendant of Êgibi. The silver, 1/3 of a mana, the hire of the + ship, and its provisions, he has received. The ship shall not + cross the great (water), if it pass, he shall pay 5 mana of + silver. Each has taken (a copy of this contract).”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The names of + three witnesses and the scribe follow this, after which is the + date—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Babylon, month Adar, day 6th, year 26th, Darius, + king of Babylon and countries.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The tablets in + which Marduk-naṣir-âbli, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">alias</span></span> Širku, are mentioned, + prove that Babylonia maintained its character as a maritime + nation to a very late date. As, however, voyages on the ocean are + not provable, it is doubtful whether their ships sailed to any + great distance—in all probability they confined themselves to + making coast-voyages only. Judging from the penalty attached to + taking the ship across the great (water), the question naturally + arises, whether the sea (the Persian Gulf) may not have been + intended. The word used in the original is <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">rabbu</span></span>, which would then + correspond with the last word of the poetic expression, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the rolling main.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such, as far + as space allows, was life at Babylon and the chief cities of + Babylonia, where the Israelites dwelt for so many years, and + colonies of them existed until a very late date, as the drinking + bowls inscribed with charms against sickness and evil spirits in + Hebrew and Aramaic show. Some of the Hebrew names contained in + the tablets from Babylonia have already been referred to (p. + <a href="#Pg458" class="tei tei-ref">458</a>), and to these + several others may be added, such as Banāwa or Beniah; + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page471">[pg 471]</span><a name= + "Pg471" id="Pg471" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Gamariāwa or + Gemariah; Malakiāwa or Malchiah, who had a son bearing the + heathen name of Nergal-êṭir; together with several + similarly-formed but otherwise unknown names (as was to be + expected). Examples of these are, Azziāwa, Ḫuliāwa, Nirîāwa and + Agirîāwa. The Gemariah mentioned above was witness, with his + compatriot Barikîa (Berechiah) and others, on the occasion when + Ša-Nabû-duppu sold Nanaa-silim, his Bactrian slave-girl. The + scribe's name on this occasion was Marduka (Mordecai), son of + Épeš-îli. Mordecai means <span class="tei tei-q">“the + Merodachite,”</span> and is interesting as showing how Babylonian + monotheism, such as it was, reconciled the Jews to accept what + they would otherwise have regarded as a heathen name.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Interesting in + the extreme would it be, if we could know what the Jews thought + of the country and the city of their captivity. In that enormous + walled tract known as the city of Babylon were large open spaces + covered with gardens, and cornfields, and orchards, mostly, + perhaps almost exclusively, of date-palms, the fruit of which + formed such an important part of the food of the people. These + were the trees, in all probability, on which the Jewish captives + hung their harps when, in their captivity, they mourned for the + city of Sion, from which they were so far away. The rivers of + Babylon, of which the well-known psalm speaks, were the Tigris + and the Euphrates, with the innumerable canals and + watering-channels which the nature of the country rendered so + necessary to the fertility and productiveness of the land, and + without which it would have been a desert.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There, too, + they looked upon the buildings of old time, the fanes which were + there when their forefather Abraham was a dweller in the land, + changed, doubtless, beyond recognition. Chief among these was the + great temple of Belus, joined to the tower called <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the temple of the foundation of heaven and + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page472">[pg 472]</span><a name= + "Pg472" id="Pg472" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> earth,”</span> and + which Nebuchadnezzar speaks of as <span class="tei tei-q">“the + tower of Babylon.”</span> There, too, were the shrines dedicated + to Zēr-panitum, consort of Merodach, the goddess Nin-maḫ; Nebo, + the god of wisdom; Sin, the Moon-god; Šamaš, the Sun-god; Gula, + the goddess of healing, and many other divinities. Whilst the + Jews were there, they must have seen many of this king's building + operations—the strengthening of the fortresses and the walls, and + the repair and extension of the moats and ditches; the raising of + the level of the great street, Aa-ibûr-sabû (the remains of which + have just been found by the German explorers on the site of the + city), along which, yearly, at the beginning of the year, + processions went, and the images of the gods were in all + probability carried. Then there was the rebuilding of the royal + palace, with its roof and doors of cedar, the latter being also + overlaid with bronze, probably after the manner of the bronze + gates of Shalmaneser found by Mr. Rassam at Balawat. The + thresholds were also of bronze, and the palace was adorned, in + other parts, with gold, silver, precious stones, and various + other costly things.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">They must have + seen, also, the construction, between the two great + fortifications called Imgur-Bêl and Nē-mitti-Bêl, of that great + building which was to serve as a castle and a royal residence at + the same time. This was in connection with the old palace of + Nabopolassar, Nebuchadnezzar's father, built, as already stated, + in a fortnight. Chief among the shrines restored by + Nebuchadnezzar with great magnificence must be mentioned Ê-kua, + the sanctuary of Merodach, in the temple Ê-sagila (the temple of + Belus), and that called Du-azaga (<span class="tei tei-q">“the + glorious seat”</span>), otherwise described as <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the place of fate,”</span> where yearly, on the new + year's festival (the 8th and 9th of Nisan) the statue of the god + Merodach, <span class="tei tei-q">“the king of the gods of heaven + and earth,”</span> was placed, and the king's future declared on + the question being put. Doubtless the <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page473">[pg 473]</span><a name="Pg473" id="Pg473" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> glory of the place attracted not a few, + causing them to decide to stay there permanently, and these, + mingling with the native population, were lost to Israel, like + their brethren of the ten tribes, and even as Nergal-êṭir, son of + Malakiāwa (see above) seems to have been.</p> + </div> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page474">[pg 474]</span><a name= + "Pg474" id="Pg474" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc59" id="toc59"></a> <a name="pdf60" id="pdf60"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XIII. The Decline Of + Babylon.</span></h1> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The Jews who remained at Babylon and + other cities of the land—Alexander the Great's intentions with regard + to the city, and the result of their non-fulfilment—A Babylonian + lamentation dated in the reign of Seleucus Nicator and his son—The + desolation of the city after the foundation of Seleucia—The temples + still maintained—Antiochus Epiphanes and the introduction of Greek + worship—His invasion of Egypt—The Arsacidæ—A contract of the time of + Hyspasines—Materials for history—Further records of the time of the + Arsacidæ—The latest date of Babylonian worship—The Christians of Irak + or Babylonia.</span> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Notwithstanding + the return of large numbers of Jews to Jerusalem, a considerable + portion of the nation had become attached to the land of their + captivity, and remained in Babylon and the other cities of Chaldea, + as well as in Persia. These, no longer captives, but settlers by + their own free will, had probably decided to stay in the land either + from the desire to continue the businesses which they had started + there, the relinquishing of which would have meant, in all + probability, ruin to themselves and their families; or because of + aged relatives for whom the journey to Jerusalem, however much they + might have desired it, would have been an impossibility; or because + of official and civil positions which they held either at court or in + the employment of rich or influential personages, by whose support + they hoped to be able to aid their compatriots; or because of the + attractions of a great city, whose origins must for them have + possessed a <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page475">[pg + 475]</span><a name="Pg475" id="Pg475" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + special interest (notwithstanding the horrors of the captivity which + their forebears must have experienced there), and whose position for + thousands of years as the capital of a large province gave it a + preponderating influence, not only in the country of which it was the + capital, but in all the civilized world at the time.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This being the + case, there numbers of the Jews stayed, and there they witnessed the + gradual departure of the sceptre from that city which one of their + own writers had described as the glory of kingdoms, and the beauty of + the Chaldees' excellency. After the passing of the kingdom into the + hands of the alien Persian kings, things went on as usual under their + rule for a considerable time—the people lived on their land, and + bought and sold, and transacted their ordinary business, and trade + seems to have been good (judging from the number of documents which + have been preserved) until the end of the reign of Darius Hystaspis. + Thereafter there was either a great falling off, or else the + documents were deposited in other places, or a more perishable + material was used for them. In any case, they become comparatively + scarce, and their rarity may be due to the departure of trade from + the capital, brought about by the removal of the court from Babylon, + and the consequent migration of her merchants to other places.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Things had been + going, in fact, from bad to worse for Babylon, and among the clay + records left, some of the royal names which we should like to see are + to all appearance absent. It was still, however, a place of great + importance, when, in the year 331 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, it opened its gates to + Alexander the Great, surrendering, like Susa and Persepolis, without + striking a blow. Doubtless to them it was perfectly indifferent under + which foreign potentate they lived, and a change in that respect + could not make their condition worse, and might be to their + advantage. Had he not died long before the term which nature has + fixed, the city <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page476">[pg + 476]</span><a name="Pg476" id="Pg476" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + might have taken upon it such a renewed lease of life as would have + caused it to exist as a great capital to the present day. As it + happened, the Babylonians began to see their fondest hopes realized, + for it must soon have become noised abroad that the new conqueror of + Asia intended to make Babylon his Eastern capital, and they saw the + clearing away of the rubbish which was the preliminary to the + restoration of the great and renowned temple of Belus, Ê-sagila (or + Ê-sangil as they called it at that time), actually proceeding, not + only during the reign of Alexander, but also during that of his + successor, Philip, as well. The mental calibre of the latter, + however, who came to the throne on the death of Alexander in the year + 323 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, must soon have told + the Babylonians that the realization of his great predecessor's + schemes was hopeless, and the downward course of the city's star, + arrested as it were for a moment, soon began again.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The next change of + rulers was that following upon the unworthy bearing of Antigonus with + regard to Seleucus, Alexander the Great's favoured general, who had + espoused his claims to the throne of the Eastern empire. After aiding + Ptolemy of Egypt against Demetrius, son of Antigonus, he set out with + a small force, and gathering recruits in his course, especially among + the Babylonians, with whom he was popular, he entered their capital + without opposition in 312 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, from which date the + era of the Seleucidæ is regarded as beginning. How the Babylonians + took the foundation of Seleucia on the Tigris, which is often + mentioned in the numerous astrological tablets of this period, is not + recorded, but from the way in which they speak of the migration of + the inhabitants of Babylonia to Seleucia implies that they took it + greatly to heart.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Blessed shall he be who serveth thee as thou hast served + us,”</span> sang the Psalmist when lamenting the captivity of the + Jews at Babylon, and if success in conquest be a sign of blessedness, + then Seleucus must <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page477">[pg + 477]</span><a name="Pg477" id="Pg477" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + have been happy indeed. The Babylonians could not have regarded the + continual and increasing desolation of their city with indifference, + however, and it is not impossible that their loyalty to their king + suffered somewhat in consequence. This, to all appearance, found vent + in expressions of regret, and an old lamentation, referring to the + depredations of the Qutû at a period so remote that we can hardly, at + this distance of time, estimate, and of which a copy was made for a + certain Bêl-zēr-lîšir, might well express their feelings at this + period:</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">For the + misfortunes of Erech, for the misfortunes of Agadé, I am + stricken.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The Erechitess wept, that departed + was her might, the Agaditess wept, that departed was her glory + (?);</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The daughter of Erech wept, the + daughter of Agadé cried aloud;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">As for the daughter of Larancha, + in her garment her face was hidden.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The Ḫursagkalamitess wept, that + her husband was in trouble;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The Ḫulḫutḫulitess wept, that cast + down was her sceptre;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The Mašitess wept, that her 7 + brothers were slain, that her brother-in-law was + stricken.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The Agaditess wept, that her elder + was slain, the lord of her well-being;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">The Kešitess wept—they have wrought + destruction (?) for the name of her house:</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">My + helpers are shattered</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">;</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">The Dunnaitess wept,</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Who has a + resting-place, who has leave to go forth?</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Whose is it to defeat (?) the enemy, (with) + the exits cut off?</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The daughter of Niffer wept, for + the raging (?) Qutû assembled,</span> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page478">[pg + 478]</span><a name="Pg478" id="Pg478" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">She bowed down her face on account + of the trouble of the husband of her well-being.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The Dûr-îlitess wept, for the Qutû + collected,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">For the son of her city destroyed, + the overthrow of her father's house.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Weep for Erech, ravaging (and) + shame has she received—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">As for me, in the storm a place of + refuge I know not.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Weep for Larancha (for the + spoiling?) of (my) mantle I am in trouble.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">My eyes see not my ..., the + mothers are cut off from the child.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Weep for Niffer, as for me, (with) + abundance of affliction (?)</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Heaven has bound me fast;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The throne of my glory has been + caused to pass away from me;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">The bridegroom, the husband of my well-being, + Bêl has taken away from me.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Like its original written, made clear, and + acquired.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Tablet of Bêl-zēr-lîšir, son of Bêl-âba-usur, + descendant of the sculptor.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(By) the hands of Bêl-bulliṭ-su, his son. He who + fears the king shall not take (?) (this) tablet (?) + away.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Babylon, month Elul, day 15th, year 25th, Siluku + and Antiukusu (Seleucus and Antiochus), king of + countries.</span></span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By those same + <span class="tei tei-q">“rivers of Babylon”</span> where the + Israelites had mourned in captivity, thinking of Jerusalem, there the + Babylonians themselves came at last to lament the departed glories of + their land. Many a time, it is true, they had seen the country which + was their fatherland overrun by enemies, but it had always recovered, + and risen to a greater height of prosperity. <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page479">[pg 479]</span><a name="Pg479" id="Pg479" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> This time, however, there was to be no healing + of her wound. The large and well-peopled space within the walls of + the great city gradually became uninhabited, and the houses fell into + ruin. A time even came at last when the great walls had to be + demolished—or at least practically so—in order that they might not + afford protection to the lawless bands which infested the country, + and were only too ready to make the most of such an advantage.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Notwithstanding + the desolation of the city, however, a certain number of people + continued to inhabit the site, probably officials of the temples + (whose services still continued), and tradesmen who supplied the + wants of those whose duty held them attached to the place. Here, year + after year, the usual sacrifices were offered to the old gods of the + Babylonians, especially <span class="tei tei-q">“My Lord and + Lady,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> Bêl (Merodach) and Beltis + (Zēr-panitum, his consort), and prayers were made for the king at the + time reigning, and also for his sons (if he had any). That + inscriptions may come to light which will show more clearly the state + of things in that vast ruined city is exceedingly probable, and a + sufficient number of tablets referring to this period are known to + exist even now, and show in some measure the state of the city and + the kind of people who dwelt in such parts of it as had been reserved + for that purpose.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To those who + inhabited Babylon's desolation, the most important thing, in all + probability, was the worship, with all the old rites and ceremonies, + of the deities whose temples and shrines still existed there. But + those old priests and temple scribes occupied their time in another + way, namely, the keeping of careful records of every historical event + for the purpose of being able to tell the future. These historical + notices are preceded by indications of the positions of the moon and + the planets, together with the price of grain or other produce, + during the period referred <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page480">[pg + 480]</span><a name="Pg480" id="Pg480" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> to. + The positions of the planets, etc., were combined afterwards, by the + <span class="tei tei-q">“monthly prognosticators,”</span> with the + historical happenings, for the purpose of foretelling events, which + at that late period was probably done much more systematically than + during earlier ages, to the great advantage of the modern student of + this period.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following will + give an idea of these historical notices:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Month Ab, 143rd + year, Anti'ukusu, king = 168 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, reign of Antiochus + Epiphanes.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“An., the king, marched victoriously among the cities of + the land of Meluḫḫa, and ... the people (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">puliṭē</span></span><a id="noteref_144" name= + "noteref_144" href="#note_144"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">144</span></span></a> the + Greek πολίτης) (constructed?) idols (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">puppē</span></span>, evidently a Greek word, + probably meaning <span class="tei tei-q">‘images of gods’</span>) and + works like a shrine (of?) the Greek(s?)....”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The inscription + then goes on to speak of the appointment of a <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">zazak</span></span> (apparently a grade of + priests) by the king, the handing to him of the gold in the treasury + of Ê-saggil for the great (shrine) of Bêl, the (dedication?) of an + unsuitable or an untimely image of the god Uru-gala on the 8th day of + the month, and other similar occurrences. From the lines translated + above, it will be seen that the Babylonians had not by any means + escaped from the influence of Greek civilization, not only Greek + words, but also, to all appearance, Greek gods and shrines having + made their appearance. The word used in speaking of the image of the + god Uru-gala is <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tamšil</span></span>, but the things which the + citizens made were <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">puppē</span></span>, possibly used like our word + <span class="tei tei-q">“idol.”</span> It is possibly to this period, + or a little later, that the transcriptions into Greek of Babylonian + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page481">[pg 481]</span><a name="Pg481" + id="Pg481" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> tablets (which promise to be + of considerable value for the study of the Assyro-Babylonian + language) belong.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If the translation + given above be correct, it would confirm the account in the second + book of Maccabees (vi. 2), from which it would appear that this ruler + tried to habituate the Jews to Greek customs, and also to the Greek + religion, going even so far as <span class="tei tei-q">“to pollute + also the temple in Jerusalem, and to call it the temple of Jupiter + Olympus; and that in Garizim, of Jupiter the Defender of strangers, + as they did desire that dwelt in the place”</span> (vi. 2). + <span class="tei tei-q">“The abomination of desolation”</span> which + was set on the altar at Jerusalem (1 Macc. i. 54) is understood by + commentators to mean an idol-altar, though almost any heathen image + would suit the sense, and a statue of a god, with or without a + shrine, might be meant. The reference to Meluḫḫa in all probability + refers to one of his expeditions to Egypt, and is generally supposed + to indicate Ethiopia.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another change + which the Babylonians experienced was when the rule of their Greek + masters was exchanged for that of the Parthians, and the Seleucidæ + gave way to the Arsacidæ. Concerning the period of the change, and + the way in which it came about, very little is known. The varied + fortunes of the Seleucid princes is illustrated by the fact that a + satrap of Media named Timarchus, in 161-160 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, had succeeded in + proclaiming himself king of Babylon; and from 153-139 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, Arsaces VI. + (Mithridates I.) was in possession of all the district east of the + Euphrates—Babylonia, Elam, and Persia. After his death, however, all + this portion seems to have returned to the rule of the Seleucidæ, and + their era was in all probability restored. After the death of + Antiochus Sidetes, in 129 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, the province of + Kharacene became independent under a ruler named Hyspasines or + Spasines, who, two years later, seems <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page482">[pg 482]</span><a name="Pg482" id="Pg482" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> to have made himself master of Babylon. An + interesting tablet dated in the reign of this king (who used the + Seleucian era) shows something of the state of things on the site of + the old city, and that somewhat vividly.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(The inscription + is preceded by five introductory lines, which are unfortunately + imperfect, but do not seem to affect the transaction as a whole.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“In the month Iyyar, the 24th day, year 185th, Aspāsinē + (being) king, Bêl-lûmur, director of Ê-saggil, and the Babylonians, + the congregation of Ê-saggil, took counsel together, and said + thus—</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“'Itti-Marduk-balaṭu, chief of the construction over the + artificers (?) of the houses of the gods, scribe of Anu-Bêl, son of + Iddin-Bêl, who formerly stood (?) at the side of Aspāsinē, the king, + who (relieved?) want in the gate of the king; lo, this is for + Bêl-âḫê-uṣur and Nabû-mušêtiq-ûrri, his sons—</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘(As) they find the whole of + his keep, a sum (?) has been collected (?) in the presence of the + aforesaid Bêl-lûmur and the Babylonians, the congregation of + Ê-saggil.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘From this day of this year we + will give 1 mana of silver, the sustenance of Itti-Marduk-balaṭu, for + their father, to Bêl-âḫê-uṣur and Nabû-mušêtiq-ûrri, from our (own) + necessities. The amount, as much as Itti-Marduk-balaṭu, their father, + has taken, they shall keep for (his) keep, and they shall give the + grant for this year.’</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“(Done along) with Bêl-šunu; Nûr; Muranu; Iddin-Bêl; + Bêl-uṣur-šu, the scribe of Anu-Bêl, and the deputy-scribes of + Anu-Bêl.”</span><a id="noteref_145" name="noteref_145" href= + "#note_145"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">145</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Though the + translation is necessarily, from the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page483">[pg 483]</span><a name="Pg483" id="Pg483" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> mutilation of the text, not altogether + satisfactory, certain items of information which it contains will + hardly admit of doubt. There were still inhabitants of the city, + there were temple-servants, who were probably under a kind of + overseer of the works, and these apparently attended to all the + temples. Whether this man was too old to work or not is doubtful, but + it would seem that it was considered too much that his sons should + keep him altogether, hence the drawing up of the document here + quoted.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is noteworthy + that, instead of Merodach, or Bêl-Merodach, the god of Babylon, who + became the chief deity of all Babylonia, a new deity appears, namely, + Anu-Bêl, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> Anu the Lord, or, + paraphrased, the Lord God of Heaven, probably the god Merodach + identified with Anu. The religion of the Babylonians probably + underwent many changes during this later period, when those who + belonged to it came into contact with foreigners, many of them most + intelligent men, whose teaching must have had with them great + weight.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another important + inscription, in the British Museum, gives many details of the period + of this little-known king, Aspāsinē. From this we learn that the + Elamites made incursions in the neighbourhood of the Tigris. + Pilinussu, the general in Akkad, apparently carried on operations + against another general, and seems to have gone to the cities of the + Medes before Bāgā-asā, the brother of the king. A man named Te'udišī + also seems to have opposed the general in Akkad. Yet another + inscription of the same period states that Ti'imūṭusu, son of + Aspāsinē, went from Babylon to Seleucia (on the Tigris), showing that + the former renowned place was still regarded as one of the cities of + the land. At this time one of the opponents of Aspāsinē's generals + was <span class="tei tei-q">“Pittit, the enemy, the Elamite.”</span> + Elam, to its whole extent, was smitten with the sword, and Pittit + (was slain, or <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page484">[pg + 484]</span><a name="Pg484" id="Pg484" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + captured). Sacrifices were made to Bel, probably on account of this + victory.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Similar + inscriptions of the time of the Arsacidean rule in Babylonia also + exist, and would probably be useful if published. Unfortunately, they + are all more or less damaged and mutilated, but of those which I have + been able to make notes of, one may be worth quoting. The following + extract will show its nature:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“This month I heard thus: Aršakā the king and his + soldiers departed to the city of Arqania.... (I) heard thus: The + Elamite and his soldiers departed to battle before the city Apam'a + which is upon the river Ṣilḫu....”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The remainder is + very mutilated, and requires studying in conjunction with all the + other inscriptions of the same class, though even then much must + necessarily be doubtful.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In many of these + inscriptions each of the long paragraphs ends with a reference to the + sacrifices which had been made in the temples of Babylon among the + ruins, and sometimes, though rarely, they refer to something of the + nature of an omen. The following will serve as an example:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“... descended to Babylon from Seleucia which is upon the + Tigris. Day 10, the governor of Akkad ... the congregation of + Ê-saggil, (sacrificed) one ox and 4 lambs in the gate Ka-dumu-nuna of + Ê-saggil, (and) made (prayer for the lif)e of the king and his + preservation. On the 5., one ox and 3 lambs (they sacrificed). The + congregation of Baby]lon came to Ka-dumu-nuna of Ê-saggil, offerings + like the former ones were made ... went forth from Sippar. This month + a goat brought forth, and the litter was 15.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Contract-tablets, + some of them of a very late date indeed, within a decade or two of + the Christian era, show that the temples still existed, and that + sacrifices and services still went on, probably uninterruptedly, at + the temples of Babylon, and this implies that, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page485">[pg 485]</span><a name="Pg485" id="Pg485" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> though the country had no national + existence, the beliefs of the people survived for many centuries the + downfall of their power. In all probability, what took place at + Babylon had its counterpart in other places in the country—the fanes + renowned of old—as well. Indeed, it is known that, at the most + perfectly preserved of the temple-towers of Babylonia at the present + day—that at Borsippa, now and for many centuries known as the Birs + Nimroud, <span class="tei tei-q">“the tower (as it is explained) of + Nimrod,”</span>—the services and worship were continued as late as + the fourth century of the Christian era. The worship of Nebo, the god + of wisdom, or, rather, letters, had always been extremely popular, + hence, in all probability, the continuation of his cult until this + late date. But this was to all appearance the last remnant of the + powerful and picturesque creed of old Babylon, and details of its + slow and gradual disappearance from the religious beliefs of the + world would probably be as interesting as the story of its growth and + development.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Church at Babylon,”</span> mentioned in 1 Peter v. + 13, is generally understood allegorically, as of the Church in the + world, or that in the great Babylon of the time when the apostle + wrote, namely, Rome. Though it is unknown whether a Christian Church + existed in his time anywhere in Babylonia, it is probably certain + that the native Christians of Baghdad (and 'Irāq in general) are pure + descendants of the ancient Babylonians, to whom, in form and stature, + as well as in character, and their tendency to progress, they have a + great likeness. The same may be said of the native Christians of + Assyria.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Could we but know + the history of Assyria at this period, it is very probable that we + should find it to resemble in certain things—perhaps in the main—that + of Babylonia after her downfall. From the religious point of view, + also, there must have been similarity. They, too, knew the worship of + the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page486">[pg 486]</span><a name= + "Pg486" id="Pg486" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“merciful Merodach,”</span> to them a type of Christ, and + his father Êa (from whom he obtained the means of helping mankind), + in name and position a type of Jah, God the Father, whom the + Christians worshipped. But we shall never in all probability know + whether they thus analyzed and compared the two faiths, though it is + very possible that they did, for it is said that the Egyptians were + attracted to Christianity by the comparison of Christ with their + Osiris. Such, however, is the tendency of the mind of mankind. Ever + unwilling to break with the old, he seeks for some analogy in the + new, to form a bridge whereby to pass to higher things. Minor deities + have ever tended to become Christian saints, and such may have + been—indeed, probably was—the case with the Babylonians and the + Assyrians.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page487">[pg 487]</span><a name= + "Pg487" id="Pg487" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc61" id="toc61"></a> <a name="pdf62" id="pdf62"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Appendix. The Stele Inscribed With The + Laws Of Ḫammurabi.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This monument was + found at Susa, in the excavations undertaken by the French + Government, by MM. de Morgan and Prof. V. Scheil. It is a column of + diorite, measuring about 7 feet in height, tapering slightly from the + bottom upwards. The circumference of the base is about 2 yards, and + at the summit about 5 feet 5-½ inches. As, however, the stone is not + square, it may be described as measuring, roughly, 22 inches broad at + the base, and 16 inches just above the bas-relief at the top, where + it is rounded somewhat irregularly.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The bas-relief, + which is in perfect condition, measures about 2 feet 2 inches in + height, and represents Ḫammurabi standing, facing to the right, + towards the sun-god Šamaš, who sits on a throne of the usual recessed + design. The god is bearded, clothed in a flounced robe, and has his + hair looped up behind. His hat is pointed, and is adorned with four + (eight) horns, rising at the side, and coming forward, where their + points are turned up. His right shoulder is bare, and in his right + hand he holds a staff and a ring, emblematic of authority and + eternity, or his apparent course in the heavens. His right hand is + held against his breast, and wavy lines, probably representing his + rays, arise from his shoulders.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ḫammurabi, who + stands before the seated god, is clothed in a long robe reaching to + his feet, and held up by his left arm. His right shoulder and arm are + bare, and the hand is raised as if to emphasize the words he is + uttering. Like the god, he is heavily bearded. On his head he wears + the globular thick-brimmed hat distinctive of men in authority for + many hundred years before his time, and for a considerable period + afterwards.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The inscription, + which is in horizontal columns, covers all four sides of the stone, + and is divided into two parts, called by <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page488">[pg 488]</span><a name="Pg488" id="Pg488" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Prof. Scheil, who first translated it, the + <span class="tei tei-q">“obverse”</span> and the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“reverse”</span> respectively. The former is in 16 + columns, after which come 5 columns which have been erased, probably, + as Prof. Scheil remarks, to insert the name and titles of an Elamite + king, Šutruk-Naḫḫunte, who has his inscription placed on several + other monuments of Babylonian origin found there. For some reason or + other, the space on the stele of Ḫammurabi still remains blank. The + <span class="tei tei-q">“reverse”</span> has 28 columns of + inscription. The columns are narrow, and the lines consequently + short, but as the latter are no less than 3638 in number, the text is + a very extensive one, and when complete, must have consisted of over + 4000 lines.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The inscription + consists of three portions: the Introduction, consisting of 4 columns + and 25 lines, detailing all the benefits which Ḫammurabi had + conferred on the cities and temples of the land; the Laws, which + occupy the remainder of the obverse, and 23 columns of the reverse + (in all, 40 columns less 25 lines); and the Conclusion, occupying the + remaining 5 columns, in which he recounts his own virtues, and in a + long curse, calls upon the gods whom he worshipped to punish and + destroy any of his successors who should abolish or change what he + had written, or destroy his bas-relief.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">The Laws Of Ḫammurabi.</span></h2> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">Introduction.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When the + supreme God, king of the Annunaki,<a id="noteref_146" name= + "noteref_146" href="#note_146"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">146</span></span></a> and + Bel, lord of the heavens and the earth, who fixes the destinies + of the land, had fixed for Merodach, the eldest son of Aê, the + Divine Lordship over the multitude of the people, and had made + him great among the Igigi, they called Babylon by its supreme + name, caused it to be great among the countries (of the world), + and caused to exist for him in its midst an everlasting kingdom, + whose foundation is as firm as heaven and earth.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At that time + Ḫammurabi, the noble prince—he who fears God—me—in order that + justice might exist in the country, to destroy the evil and + wicked, that the strong might not oppress the weak,—God and Bel, + to gladden the flesh of the people, proclaimed my name as a + Sungod<a id="noteref_147" name="noteref_147" href= + "#note_147"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">147</span></span></a> for + the black-headed ones,<a id="noteref_148" name="noteref_148" + href="#note_148"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">148</span></span></a> + appearing and illuminating the land.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page489">[pg 489]</span><a name="Pg489" id="Pg489" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ḫammurabi, the + shepherd proclaimed of Bel am I—the perfecter of abundance and + plenty, the completer of everything for Niffur (and) + Dur-an-ki,<a id="noteref_149" name="noteref_149" href= + "#note_149"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">149</span></span></a> the + glorious patron of Ê-kura;<a id="noteref_150" name="noteref_150" + href="#note_150"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">150</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The powerful + king who has restored the city Êridu to its first state, who has + purified the service of Ê-apsû;<a id="noteref_151" name= + "noteref_151" href="#note_151"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">151</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The best of + the four regions, who made great the name of Babylon, rejoicing + the heart of Merodach, his lord, who daily stays (at service) in + Ê-sagila;<a id="noteref_152" name="noteref_152" href= + "#note_152"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">152</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The kingly + seed whom the god Sin has created, who endows with riches the + city of Ur;<a id="noteref_153" name="noteref_153" href= + "#note_153"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">153</span></span></a> + humble, devout, he who brings abundance to Ê-kiš-nu-gala;<a id= + "noteref_154" name="noteref_154" href="#note_154"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">154</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The king of + wisdom, favourite of Šamaš, the powerful one, he who founded + (again) the city of Sippar, who clothed with green the + burial-places of Aa,<a id="noteref_155" name="noteref_155" href= + "#note_155"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">155</span></span></a> who + made supreme the temple Ê-babbara,<a id="noteref_156" name= + "noteref_156" href="#note_156"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">156</span></span></a> + which is like a throne (in) the heavens;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The warrior + benefiting Larsa,<a id="noteref_157" name="noteref_157" href= + "#note_157"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">157</span></span></a> who + renewed the temple Ê-babbara<a id="noteref_158" name= + "noteref_158" href="#note_158"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">158</span></span></a> for + Šamaš his helper;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The lord who + gave life to Erech, procuring waters in abundance for its people, + he who has raised the head of the temple Ê-anna, completing the + treasures for Anu and Innanna;<a id="noteref_159" name= + "noteref_159" href="#note_159"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">159</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The protector + of the land, who has reassembled the scattered people of Nisin, + who has made abundant the riches of the temple E-gal-maḫ;<a id= + "noteref_160" name="noteref_160" href="#note_160"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">160</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The unique + one, king of the city, twin brother of the god Zagaga, he who + founded the seat of the city of Kiš, who has caused the temple + Ê-mete-ursag<a id="noteref_161" name="noteref_161" href= + "#note_161"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">161</span></span></a> to + be surrounded with splendour, who has caused the great + sanctuaries of the goddess Innanna to be increased;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Overseer of + the temple of Ḫursag-kalama, the enemies' temple-court, the help + of which caused him to attain his desire;<a id="noteref_162" + name="noteref_162" href="#note_162"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">162</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He who has + enlarged the city of Cuthah, made great everything for the temple + Meslam;<a id="noteref_163" name="noteref_163" href= + "#note_163"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">163</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The mighty + steer who overthrows the enemy, the beloved of the god + Tutu;<a id="noteref_164" name="noteref_164" href= + "#note_164"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">164</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page490">[pg 490]</span><a name="Pg490" id="Pg490" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He who causes + the city of Borsippa to rejoice, the supreme one, he who is + tireless for the temple Ê-zida;<a id="noteref_165" name= + "noteref_165" href="#note_165"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">165</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The divine + king of the city, wise, alert, he who has extended the + agriculture of Dilmu,<a id="noteref_166" name="noteref_166" href= + "#note_166"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">166</span></span></a> who + has heaped up the (grain) receptacles for the powerful god + Uraš;<a id="noteref_167" name="noteref_167" href= + "#note_167"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">167</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The lord (who + is) the adornment of the sceptre and the crown, with which the + wise goddess Mama has crowned him;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Who has + defined the sanctuaries of Kêš, who has made plentiful the + glorious feasts for the goddess Nin-tu;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The provident + and careful one, who set pasturages and watering-places for Lagaš + and Girsu, he who procured great offerings for Ê-ninnû;<a id= + "noteref_168" name="noteref_168" href="#note_168"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">168</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He who holds + fast the enemy, the favourite of the divinity, he who fulfils the + portents of the city Ḫallabu, he who has gladdened the heart of + Ištar;<a id="noteref_169" name="noteref_169" href= + "#note_169"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">169</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The prince + undefiled, whose prayer<a id="noteref_170" name="noteref_170" + href="#note_170"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">170</span></span></a> + Addu<a id="noteref_171" name="noteref_171" href= + "#note_171"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">171</span></span></a> has + heard, he who gives rest to the heart of Addu, the warrior, in + the city Muru;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He who set up + the ornaments in the temple E-para-galgala, the king who gave + life to the city of Adab;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He who directs + the temple E-maḫ, the prince who is the city-king, the warrior + who is without rival;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He who has + given life to the city Maškan-šabri, who has caused abundance to + arise for the temple Mešlam;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The wise, the + active one, who has captured the robbers' hiding-places, + sheltered the people of Malkâ in (their) misfortune, caused their + seats to be founded in abundance, (and) instituted pure offerings + for Aê and Damgal-nunna, who have made his kingdom great for + ever.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The prince who + is city-king, who subjugated the settlements of the Euphrates, + the boundary (of) Dagan, his creator, who spared the people of + Mera and Tutul;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The supreme + prince, who has made the face of the goddess Ištar to shine, set + pure repasts for the divinity Nin-azu, who cared for his people + in (their) need, fixing their dues within Babylon peacefully;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The shepherd + of the people, whose deeds are good unto Ištar, who set Ištar in + the temple Ê-ulmaš within Agadé of the (broad) streets; he who + makes the faithful obedient, who guides the Race;<a id= + "noteref_172" name="noteref_172" href="#note_172"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">172</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Who returned + its good genius to the city of Asshur, who caused (its) splendour + (?) to shine forth;</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page491">[pg + 491]</span><a name="Pg491" id="Pg491" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The king who + in Nineveh has caused the names of Ištar to be glorified in + Ê-mešmeš;<a id="noteref_173" name="noteref_173" href= + "#note_173"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">173</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The supreme + one, devoted in prayer to the great gods, descendant of + Sumula-ilu, the mighty son of Sin-mubaliṭ, the eternal seed of + royalty;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The powerful + king, the Sun of Babylon, he who sends forth light for the land + of Šumer and Akkad, the king causing the four regions to obey + him, the beloved of the goddess Ištar, am I.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When Merodach + chose me to govern the people, to rule and instruct the land, law + and justice I set in the mouth of the land—in that day did I + bring about the well-being of the people.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">The Laws.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">1. If a man + ban a man, and cast a spell upon him, and has not justified it, + he who has banned him shall be killed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">2. If a man + has thrown a spell upon a man, and has not justified it, he upon + whom the spell has been thrown shall go to the river,<a id= + "noteref_174" name="noteref_174" href="#note_174"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">174</span></span></a> + (and) shall plunge into the river, and if the river take him, he + who banned him may take his house. If the river show that man to + be innocent, and save (him), he who threw the spell upon him + shall be killed; he who plunged into the river may take + possession of the house of him who banned him.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">3. If a man in + a lawsuit has come forward (to bear) false witness, and has not + justified the word he has spoken, if that lawsuit be a lawsuit of + life,<a id="noteref_175" name="noteref_175" href= + "#note_175"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">175</span></span></a> + that man shall be killed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">4. If he has + come forward (to bear) witness concerning wheat or silver, he + shall bear the guilt of that lawsuit.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">5. If a judge + has given judgment, and decided a decision, and delivered a + tablet (thereupon), and afterwards his judgment is found faulty, + that judge, for the fault in the judgment he had judged, they + shall summon, and the claim which is in question<a id= + "noteref_176" name="noteref_176" href="#note_176"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">176</span></span></a> he + shall (re)pay twelvefold, and in the assembly they shall make him + rise up from his judgment-seat, and he shall not return, and he + shall not sit again with the judges in judgment.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">6. If a man + has stolen the property of a god, or of the palace, that man + shall be killed; and he who has received the stolen thing from + his hand shall be killed.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page492">[pg 492]</span><a name="Pg492" id="Pg492" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">7. If a man + has bought either silver, or gold, or a man-slave, or a + woman-slave, or an ox, or a sheep, or an ass, or anything + whatever, from the hands of the son of a man or the slave of a + man, without witness or contract, or has received it on deposit, + that man is a thief—he shall be killed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">8. If a man + has stolen either an ox, or a sheep, or an ass, or a pig, or a + ship—if it be from a god or from the palace, he shall (re)pay + thirtyfold; if it be from a poor man, he shall restore tenfold. + If the thief have not wherewith to (re)pay, he shall be + killed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">9. If a man + who has lost his property meet with his lost property in the + hands of a man, (and) the man in whose hands the lost thing has + been found say <span class="tei tei-q">“a certain seller sold + it—I bought it before certain witnesses,”</span> and the owner of + the lost object say <span class="tei tei-q">“Let me bring + witnesses who will recognize my lost object,”</span> the buyer + shall bring forward the seller who sold it, and the witnesses + before whom he bought (it), and the owner of the lost object + shall bring forward the witnesses who will recognize his lost + object. The judge shall see what they have to say, and the + witnesses before whom the purchase was made, and the witnesses + knowing the object lost shall speak before God,<a id= + "noteref_177" name="noteref_177" href="#note_177"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">177</span></span></a> and + (if) the seller is the thief, he shall be killed. The owner of + the lost object shall take (back) his lost object; the buyer + shall receive (back) from the house of the seller the silver + which he has paid.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">10. If the + buyer has not brought forward the seller who sold it to him and + the witnesses before whom he bought (it), (and) the owner of the + lost object has brought forward witnesses recognizing his lost + object, the buyer is a thief—he shall be killed; the owner of the + object lost shall take (back) the lost object.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">11. If the + owner of the lost object has not brought forward witnesses + recognizing his lost object, he is a rogue, (and) has made a + false accusation—he shall be killed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">12. If the + seller has gone to his fate, the buyer shall receive from the + house of the seller the claims of that judgment fivefold.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">13. If that + man have not his witnesses at hand, the judge shall grant him a + delay of six months,<a id="noteref_178" name="noteref_178" href= + "#note_178"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">178</span></span></a> and + if he have not procured his witnesses in six months,<a id= + "noteref_179" name="noteref_179" href="#note_179"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">179</span></span></a> + that man is a rogue—he shall bear the guilt of that judgment.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">14. If a man + has stolen the young son of a man, he shall be + killed.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page493">[pg + 493]</span><a name="Pg493" id="Pg493" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">15. If a man + has caused to go forth from the gate either a slave of the + palace, or a handmaid of the palace, or the slave of a poor man, + or the handmaid of a poor man, he shall be killed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">16. If a man + has sheltered the escaped male or female slave of the palace or + of a poor man in his house, and at the request of the steward has + not sent him forth, the master of that house shall be killed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">17. If a man + has met the escaped male or female slave in the fields, and has + taken him back to his master, the master of the slave shall give + him two shekels of silver.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">18. If that + slave will not name his master, he shall take him to the palace, + his intention shall be inquired into, and they shall return him + to his master.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">19. If he has + shut up that slave in his house, and afterwards the slave has + been found in his hands, that man shall be killed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">20. If a slave + escape from the hands of the man who has found him, that man + shall call God to witness<a id="noteref_180" name="noteref_180" + href="#note_180"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">180</span></span></a> + unto the master of the slave, and shall be held blameless.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">21. If a man + has made a breach in a house, in front of that breach they shall + kill him and bury him.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">22. If a man + has exercised brigandage, and has been taken, that man shall be + killed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">23. If the + brigand has not been captured, the man who has been robbed shall + take the thing which he has lost before God, and the city and the + authorities within whose territory and boundaries the brigandage + has been exercised shall make up to him what he has lost.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">24. If (it be + a question of) a life, the city and authorities shall pay one + mana of silver to his people.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">25. If the + house of a man has been set on fire,<a id="noteref_181" name= + "noteref_181" href="#note_181"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">181</span></span></a> and + a man who went to extinguish it has raised his eyes to the + property of the owner of the house, and taken the property of the + owner of the house, that man shall be thrown into that same + fire.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">26. If an + army-leader or a soldier, who has been commanded to go his way on + a royal expedition, does not go, and has hired a mercenary, and + his substitute is taken, that army-leader or soldier shall be + killed, he who changed with him shall take his house.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">27. If an + army-leader or a soldier, who by the king's misfortune is kept + prisoner, afterwards they have given his field and plantation to + another, and he has carried on its administration; if (the + original owner) then return and reach his city, they shall return + to him his field and plantation, and he himself shall carry on + its administration.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page494">[pg + 494]</span><a name="Pg494" id="Pg494" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">28. If the son + of an army-leader or a soldier, who is kept prisoner by the + king's misfortune, is able to carry on the administration, they + shall give to him the field and plantation, and he shall carry on + the administration for his father.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">29. If his son + is young, and is unable to carry on the administration for his + father, the third part of the field and plantation shall be given + to his mother, and his mother shall bring him up.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">30. If an + army-leader or a soldier neglect his field, his plantation, and + his house on account of the burden, and leave it waste, (and) + another after him has taken his field, his plantation, and his + house, and has carried on its administration for three years, if + he return and wish to cultivate his field, his plantation, and + his house, it shall not be given to him—he who took and has + carried on its administration shall continue to administer.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">31. If for one + year (only) he has let (them) lie waste, and has returned, his + field, his plantation, and his house they shall give to him, and + he shall carry on his administration himself.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">32. If a + merchant has redeemed an army-leader or a soldier who has been + kept prisoner upon a royal expedition, and has caused him to + regain his city—if in his house there be (the wherewithal) for + his redemption, he shall then redeem himself. If in his house + there be not (the wherewithal) for his redemption, in the house + of his city's god he shall be redeemed. If in the house of his + city's god there be not (the wherewithal) for his redemption, the + palace shall redeem him. His field, his plantation, and his house + shall not be given for his redemption.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">33. If a + governor or a prefect have a substitute,<a id="noteref_182" name= + "noteref_182" href="#note_182"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">182</span></span></a> or + for a royal expedition accept a mercenary as substitute and + incorporate (him), that governor or prefect shall be killed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">34. If a + governor or a prefect take the property of an army-officer, ruin + an army-officer, lend an army-officer for hire, grant an + army-officer in a lawsuit to a magnate, take the gift which the + king has given to an army-officer, that governor or prefect shall + be killed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">35. If a man + purchase from the hands of an army-officer the cattle and sheep + which the king has given to the army-officer, he shall forfeit + his money.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">36. Field, + plantation, and house of an army-officer, soldier, and tax-payer + he<a id="noteref_183" name="noteref_183" href= + "#note_183"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">183</span></span></a> + shall not sell for silver.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">37. If a man + buy the field, plantation, or house of an army-officer, soldier, + or tax-payer, his contract shall be broken, and he shall forfeit + his money. The field, plantation, or house shall return to its + owner.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page495">[pg + 495]</span><a name="Pg495" id="Pg495" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">38. + Army-officer, soldier, or tax-payer shall not leave to his wife + or his daughter (anything) from the field, plantation, and house + of his administration, and shall not give them for his + indebtedness.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">39. He may + leave to his wife and his daughter (any part) of the field, + plantation, or house which he has bought and owns, and may give + it for his indebtedness.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">40. But to an + agent or other official, he may give his field, his plantation, + or his house for silver, (and) the purchaser shall carry on the + administration of the field, plantation, and house which he has + bought.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">41. If a man + has enclosed the field, plantation, or house of an army-officer, + soldier, or tax-payer, and given substitutes, the army-officer, + soldier, or tax-payer may return to his field, plantation, or + house, and take the substitutes which have been given to him.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">42. If a man + has hired a field for cultivation, and has not caused wheat to be + in that field, they shall summon him for not having done work in + the field, and he shall give to the owner of the field wheat like + his neighbour.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">43. If he has + not planted the field, and has let it lie, he shall give to the + owner of the field wheat like his neighbour, and the field which + he has let lie he shall break up for cultivation, shall enclose + (it) and return (it) to the owner of the field.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">44. If a man + has hired an uncultivated field for cultivation<a id= + "noteref_184" name="noteref_184" href="#note_184"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">184</span></span></a> for + three years, and he has been idle and has not cultivated the + field, in the fourth year he shall break up the field for + cultivation, shall hoe (it), and shall enclose (it) and return + (it) to the owner of the field, and for every 10 <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gan</span></span> he shall measure (to him) + 10 <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gur</span></span> of wheat.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">45. If a man + has given his field for rent to a planter, and has received the + rent of his field, and afterwards a storm<a id="noteref_185" + name="noteref_185" href="#note_185"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">185</span></span></a> has + inundated the field, or has (otherwise) destroyed the produce, + the loss belongs to the planter.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">46. If he have + not received the rent of his field, and has let the field for a + half or a third (of the produce), the planter and the owner of + the field shall share the wheat which has been produced in the + field proportionately.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">47. If the + planter, because his husbandry did not yield profit<a id= + "noteref_186" name="noteref_186" href="#note_186"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">186</span></span></a> in + the first year, direct the field to be cultivated (by another), + the owner of the field shall not object. The planter then shall + cultivate his field, and shall take the wheat at harvest-time, + according to his contract.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">48. If there + be interest (upon a loan) against a man, and a <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page496">[pg 496]</span><a name="Pg496" id= + "Pg496" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> storm<a id="noteref_187" + name="noteref_187" href="#note_187"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">187</span></span></a> + inundate his field, or has (otherwise) destroyed the produce, or + by want of water there is no wheat in the field, that year he + shall not return any wheat to the creditor.<a id="noteref_188" + name="noteref_188" href="#note_188"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">188</span></span></a> He + shall damp his tablet (? to alter it), and shall not pay + interest<a id="noteref_189" name="noteref_189" href= + "#note_189"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">189</span></span></a> for + that year.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">49. If a man + has borrowed money from an agent, and has given to the agent a + field laboured for wheat or sesame, (and) has said to him: + <span class="tei tei-q">“Plant the field, and gather and take the + wheat or the sesame which will be produced;”</span> if the + planter has caused wheat or sesame to be in the field, at + harvest-time the owner of the field may take the wheat or sesame + which has been produced in the field, and shall give to the agent + wheat for his silver and his interest<a id="noteref_190" name= + "noteref_190" href="#note_190"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">190</span></span></a> + which he received from the agent, and (for) the cost of the + cultivation.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">50. If he has + given (as security) a planted field, or a field planted with + sesame, the owner of the field shall take the wheat or sesame + which is produced in the field, and shall return the silver and + its interest to the agent.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">51. If there + be no silver (wherewith) to repay, he shall give to the agent + sesame at their market-price for his silver and his interest, + which he received from the agent, according to the tariff of the + king.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">52. If the + planter has not caused wheat or sesame to be in the field, it + does not annul his contract.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">53. If a man + has neglected to stren[gth]en his [dyke], and has not + streng[thened his] dyke, [and] a breach has o[pened] in [his] + dyke, and water has inundated the enclosure, the man in whose + dyke the breach has been opened shall make good the wheat which + it has destroyed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">54. If the + wheat does not suffice to make good (the damage), they shall sell + that (man) and his goods for silver, and the people<a id= + "noteref_191" name="noteref_191" href="#note_191"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">191</span></span></a> of + the enclosure, whose wheat the water carried away, shall share + together.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">55. If a man + has opened his irrigation-channel to water, (and) has been + negligent, and the water has flooded the field of his neighbour, + he shall measure (to him) wheat like<a id="noteref_192" name= + "noteref_192" href="#note_192"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">192</span></span></a> + (that of) his neighbour.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">56. If a man + has opened the water, and the water flood the work of the field + of his neighbour, he shall measure (to him) 10 <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gur</span></span> of wheat for each 10 + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gan</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">57. If a + shepherd has not agreed with the owner of a field for grass to + pasture his sheep, and without the owner of the field has + pastured sheep (in) the field, the owner shall reap <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">his</span></em> + fields; the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page497">[pg + 497]</span><a name="Pg497" id="Pg497" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + shepherd who, without the owner of the field, pastured sheep (in) + the field, shall pay to the owner of the field 20 <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gur</span></span> of wheat for every 10 + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gan</span></span> besides.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">58. If, after + the sheep have left the enclosure, (and) the whole flock has + passed through the gate, the shepherd place the sheep (again) in + the field, and cause the sheep to pasture (in) the field, the + shepherd shall keep the field (where) he has pastured them, and + shall measure to the owner of the field, at harvest-time, 60 + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gur</span></span> of wheat for every 10 + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gan</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">59. If a man, + without (the permission of) the owner of a plantation, has cut + down a tree in the plantation of a man, he shall pay half a mana + of silver.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">60. If a man + has given a field to a gardener to plant as a plantation, (and) + the gardener has planted the plantation, he shall tend the + plantation for four years. In the fifth year the owner of the + plantation and the gardener shall share equally; (thereafter) the + owner of the plantation shall apportion and take his share.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">61. If a + gardener has not completed the plantation of a field, and has + left an uncultivated place, they shall set for him the + uncultivated place in his share.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">62. If he has + not planted the field which has been given him for a plantation, + if (it be) grain, the gardener shall measure to the owner of the + field the produce of the field, for the years during which it has + been neglected, like his neighbour; and he shall do the work of + the field, and return (it) to the owner of the field.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">63. If the + field (was) waste land, he shall do the work of the field, and + return (it) to the owner of the field, and he shall measure for + every year 10 <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gur</span></span> of wheat for each 10 + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gan</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">64. If a man + has given his plantation to a gardener to cultivate, the + gardener, as long as he holds the plantation, shall give + two-thirds of the produce of the plantation to the owner of the + plantation, (and) shall take a third himself.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">65. If the + gardener has not cultivated the plantation, and has diminished + the produce, the gardener [shall measure to the owner of the + field] produce (like) his neighbour.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Five columns + have here been erased, apparently by the Elamite king who + intended to inscribe his name upon the monument. Prof. Scheil + estimates that this contained about 35 sections of the laws, + containing the remaining sections referring to the cultivation of + plantations or orchards, the letting of houses, and the laws + relating to commercial transactions, of which a portion is + preserved after the gap. As pointed out by Prof. Scheil, the + following sections, from fragments of tablets <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page498">[pg 498]</span><a name="Pg498" id= + "Pg498" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> found at Nineveh by Hormuzd + Rassam and the late Geo. Smith, probably came in here.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[If a man has + borrowed silver from an agent, and has given] to the agent [a + date-orchard, and] has said to him: <span class="tei tei-q">“Take + for thy money the dates, [as much as] will be produced in [my] + orchard, for thy money;”</span> (if) that agent be not in + agreement, the owner of the orchard shall take the dates which + are produced in the orchard, and return to the agent the silver + and its interest, according to his tablet; and the owner of the + orchard may ta[ke] the surplus dates which have been produced in + the orchard.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[If a man has + hired a house, and] the man has paid to the owner of [the house] + the complete money for his rent for a year, [and] the owner of + the house, before the days are full, command the ten[ant] to go + [forth],—the owner of the house, [as] he sends the tenant [forth] + from his house before the time,<a id="noteref_193" name= + "noteref_193" href="#note_193"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">193</span></span></a> + [shall return to the tenant a proportionate sum, for having gone + forth from his house], from the money which the tenant has pai[d + to him].</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[If a man] owe + (?) wheat (or) silver, and has not wheat or silver [wherewith] to + [pay], but possess (other) goods, whatever is in his hands he + shall gi[ve] to the agent, before witnesses, as profit, [and] the + agent shall not f[ind fault], and shall ac[cept it].</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Portions of + other laws are also preserved, but they are too fragmentary to + enable the sense to be gathered.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">100. [If an + agent has advanced silver to a commissioner, and he has had good + fortune in the place to which he went], he shall write down the + profits of his silver, as much as he has received, and the day + when they make up their accounts he shall pay (it) to his + agent.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">101. If he + found no profit where he went, he shall make up the silver which + he took, and the commissioner shall repay it to the agent.<a id= + "noteref_194" name="noteref_194" href="#note_194"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">194</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">102. If an + agent has advanced silver to a commissioner for profit, and he + found loss where he went, he shall return the capital of the + silver to the agent.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">103. If, + whilst going on his way, an enemy caused him to lose what he was + carrying, the commissioner shall call God to witness<a id= + "noteref_195" name="noteref_195" href="#note_195"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">195</span></span></a> and + shall go free.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">104. If an + agent has given to a commissioner grain, wool, oil, or any other + goods for trading, the commissioner shall write down the silver + (received), and shall return it to the agent. The <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page499">[pg 499]</span><a name="Pg499" id= + "Pg499" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> commissioner shall take a + sealed document of the silver which he gives to the agent.<a id= + "noteref_196" name="noteref_196" href="#note_196"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">196</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">105. If the + commissioner has been negligent, and has not taken a sealed + document of the silver which he has given to the agent, the + silver not certified shall not be placed in the business.<a id= + "noteref_197" name="noteref_197" href="#note_197"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">197</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">106. If a + commissioner has taken silver from an agent, and dispute + (withhold it from) his agent, that agent shall summon the + commissioner before God and the witnesses concerning the money + taken; the commissioner shall repay to the agent the silver, as + much as he has taken, threefold.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">107. If an + agent act unjustly to a commissioner, and the commissioner has + returned to the agent everything which the agent had given to + him, (and) the agent dispute with the commissioner (concerning) + anything which the commissioner has repaid to him, that + commissioner shall summon the agent before God and the witnesses, + and the agent, for having disputed (with) his commissioner, + anything which he has received he shall repay to the commissioner + sixfold.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">108. If a + wine-woman has not accepted wheat as the price of drink, (but) + has accepted silver by the large stone, or has set the tariff of + the drink below the tariff of the wheat, they shall summon that + wine-woman, and shall throw her into the water.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">109. If a + wine-woman, (when) riotous fellows are assembled at her house, + does not seize those riotous fellows and take them to the palace, + that wine-woman shall be killed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">110. If a + devotee who dwells not in a cloister open a wine-house, or enter + a wine-house for drink, that female they shall burn.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">111. If a + wine-woman has given 60 <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">qa</span></span> + of second (?) quality drink, for thirst, she shall take 50 + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">qa</span></span> of corn at + harvest-time.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">112. If a man + is travelling,<a id="noteref_198" name="noteref_198" href= + "#note_198"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">198</span></span></a> and + has given to (another) man silver, gold, (precious) stones, and + his other property<a id="noteref_199" name="noteref_199" href= + "#note_199"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">199</span></span></a> and + has caused him to take them for delivery, (and) that man has not + delivered what he was to transmit at the place to which he was to + transmit (it), and has taken it away, the owner of the + consignment shall summon that man for anything which he took and + did not deliver, and that man shall give (back) to the owner of + the consignment fivefold anything which had been given to + him.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">113. If a man + have (an account of) wheat or silver against a man, and without + the owner of the wheat has taken wheat from the barn or the + depository, they shall summon that man, for having taking wheat, + without the owner of the wheat, from the barn or depository, and + he shall return the wheat, as much as he <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page500">[pg 500]</span><a name="Pg500" id="Pg500" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> took, and he shall forfeit whatever it may + be, as much as he lent.<a id="noteref_200" name="noteref_200" + href="#note_200"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">200</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">114. If a man + have no (account of) wheat or silver against a man, and make his + distraint, for every distraint he shall pay one-third of a mana + of silver.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">115. If a man + have (an account of) wheat or silver against a man, and make his + distraint, and the person distrained<a id="noteref_201" name= + "noteref_201" href="#note_201"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">201</span></span></a> + die, by his fate, in the house of the distrainer, that lawsuit + has no claim.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">116. If the + person distrained die in the house of the distrainer by blows or + by ill-treatment, the owner of the person distrained shall summon + his agent;<a id="noteref_202" name="noteref_202" href= + "#note_202"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">202</span></span></a> and + if (the person distrained) was the son of the man, they shall + kill his (the distrainer's) son; if he was the servant (slave) of + the man, he shall pay one-third of a mana of silver; and he shall + forfeit whatever it may be, as much as he lent.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">117. If a man + has contracted a debt, and has given his wife, his son, (or) his + daughter for the money, or has let (them) out for service, three + years they shall serve the house of their purchaser or master, in + the fourth year he shall grant their freedom.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">118. If he let + out a male or female slave for service, (and) the agent pass + (them) on (and) give them for silver, there is no claim.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">119. If a man + has contracted a debt, and has sold his female-slave who has + borne him children, the owner of the slave may (re)pay the silver + which the agent has paid, and redeem his slave.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">120. If a man + has delivered his grain for storage in the house of a man, and a + deficiency appears in the granary, or the master of the house has + opened the storehouse and taken the grain, or he has disputed as + to the total of the grain which was delivered at his house, the + owner of the grain shall claim his grain before God, and the + master of the house shall cause the grain which he has taken to + be made up, and shall give (it) to the owner of the grain.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">121. If a man + has delivered grain (for storage) at the house of a man, he shall + pay yearly 5 <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">qa</span></span> of grain for every + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gur</span></span> (as) the price of the + storage.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">122. If a man + give silver, gold, or anything else, to a man on deposit, he + shall show the witnesses everything, whatever he gives; he shall + make contracts, and (then) give (it) on deposit.</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page501">[pg 501]</span><a name="Pg501" id= + "Pg501" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">123. If he has + given it on deposit without witnesses and contracts, and they + dispute (this) to him where he gave it, that lawsuit has no + claim.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">124. If a man + has given silver, gold, or anything else, to a man, before + witnesses, on deposit, and (the man) dispute with him, he shall + summon that man, and whatever he has disputed, he shall make up + and give (back).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">125. If a man + has given his property on deposit, and where he gave (it), his + property disappeared, with the property of the owner of the + house, either through a breaking in or through a trespass, the + master of the house which was in fault shall compensate for his + property which he gave him on deposit and (which) was lost, and + he shall make (it) up to the owner of the property. The master of + the house shall seek his lost property, and take it from the + thief.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">126. If a man, + his property not being lost, say that his property is lost, he + shall bring forward his deficiency. As his property has not been + lost, he shall state his deficiency before God, and whatever he + has claimed they shall cause him to make up, and he shall give + (it) to (make up) his deficiency.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">127. If a man + has caused the finger to be raised against a devotee or the wife + of a man, and has not justified it, they shall set that man + before the judges, and mark his forehead.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">128. If a man + has taken a wife, and has not made her contract,<a id= + "noteref_203" name="noteref_203" href="#note_203"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">203</span></span></a> + that woman is not a wife.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">129. If the + wife of a man is taken in adultery with another male, they shall + tie them together, and throw them into the water. If the owner of + the wife spare his wife, and the king spare his servant....</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">130. If a man + force the wife of a man who has not yet known a male, and (who) + dwells in the house of her father, and has lain in her bosom, and + they have found him, that man shall be killed, the woman shall be + allowed to go.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">131. If the + wife of a man has been accused by her husband,<a id="noteref_204" + name="noteref_204" href="#note_204"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">204</span></span></a> and + he has not found her on the couch with another male, she shall + swear by God,<a id="noteref_205" name="noteref_205" href= + "#note_205"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">205</span></span></a> and + return to her house.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">132. If, on + account of another male, the finger has been pointed at the wife + of a man, and she has not been found with another male on the + couch, she shall plunge into the river for her husband('s + sake).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">133. If a man + has been made captive, and there is in his house the wherewithal + to eat, (and) his [wife] has [gone] forth [from] her [house], + [and afterwards?] has [en]tered into another <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page502">[pg 502]</span><a name="Pg502" id= + "Pg502" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> house, [as] that woman has + not guarded her homestead, and has entered another house, they + shall summon that woman, and throw her into the water.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">134. If a man + has been made captive, and there is not in the house the + wherewithal to eat, his wife may enter another house; that woman + is not in fault.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">135. If a man + has been made captive, and there is not in his house the + wherewithal to eat,<a id="noteref_206" name="noteref_206" href= + "#note_206"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">206</span></span></a> + (and) his wife has entered another house, and has borne children, + (and) afterwards her husband return, and reach his city, that + woman shall<a id="noteref_207" name="noteref_207" href= + "#note_207"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">207</span></span></a> + return to her husband; the children shall go to their father.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">136. If a man + has abandoned his city and fled, (and) afterwards<a id= + "noteref_208" name="noteref_208" href="#note_208"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">208</span></span></a> his + wife has entered another house, if that man return, and (wish to) + take his wife, as he hated his city and fled, the wife of the + deserter shall<a id="noteref_209" name="noteref_209" href= + "#note_209"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">209</span></span></a> not + return to her husband.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">137. If a man + set his face to repudiate a concubine who has borne him children, + or a wife who has caused him to have children, he shall return to + that woman her (marriage) gift, and shall give to her the + usufruct of field, plantation, and goods, and she shall bring up + her children. After she has brought up her children, they shall + give to her, from the property which has been given to her + children, (a share of) the produce like (that of) one son, and + she may marry the husband of her choice.<a id="noteref_210" name= + "noteref_210" href="#note_210"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">210</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">138. If a man + (wish to) repudiate his spouse, who has not borne him children, + he shall give to her silver, as much as was her dower, and he + shall restore to her the wedding-gift which she brought from the + house of her father, and shall repudiate her.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">139. If there + be no dower, he shall give her one mana of silver for the + repudiation.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">140. If (he + be) a poor man, he shall give her one-third of a mana of + silver.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">141. If the + wife of a man, who dwells in the house of the man, set her face + to go forth, commit foolishness (?), ruin her house, despise her + husband, they shall summon her, and if her husband say: + <span class="tei tei-q">“I have divorced her,”</span> he shall + let her go her way. (As for) her repudiation(-gift), nothing + shall be given to her. If her husband say: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“I have not repudiated her,”</span> her husband may + marry<a id="noteref_211" name="noteref_211" href= + "#note_211"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">211</span></span></a> + another woman; that woman shall dwell in her husband's house like + a servant.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">142. If a + woman hate her husband, and say: <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou + shalt not possess me,”</span> her reason for that which she lacks + shall be <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page503">[pg + 503]</span><a name="Pg503" id="Pg503" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + examined, and if she has been continent, and have no fault, and + her husband go out, and neglect her greatly, that woman has no + defect; she shall take her wedding-gift, and shall go to the + house of her father.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">143. If she + has not been continent, and has gone about, she has ruined her + house, (and) despised her husband; they shall throw that woman + into the water.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">144. If a man + has married a wife, and that wife has given a maid-servant to her + husband, and she has had children, (if) that man set his face to + take a concubine, they shall not allow that man—he shall not take + a concubine.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">145. If a man + has married a wife, and she has not caused him to have children, + and he set his face to take a concubine, that man may take a + concubine, (and) may introduce her into his house, (but) he shall + not make that concubine equal with (his) wife.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">146. If a man + has married a wife, and she has given a maid-servant to her + husband, and (the maid-servant) has borne children, (if) + afterwards that maid-servant make herself equal with her + mistress, as she has borne children, her mistress shall not sell + her for silver; she shall place a mark<a id="noteref_212" name= + "noteref_212" href="#note_212"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">212</span></span></a> + upon her, and count her with the maid-servants.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">147. If she + has not borne children, her mistress may sell her for silver.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">148. If a man + has married a wife, and a malady has seized her, (and) he has set + his face to marry a second, he may marry. He shall not divorce + the wife whom the malady has seized; she may stay in the house he + has made, and he shall support her as long as she lives.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">149. If that + woman is not content to dwell in the house of her husband, he + shall deliver to her her marriage-gift, which she brought from + the house of her father, and she shall go her way.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">150. If a man + has presented to his wife a field, a plantation, a house, and + property, (and) has left her a sealed tablet, after her + husband('s death) her sons shall make no claim against her. The + mother may give her property<a id="noteref_213" name= + "noteref_213" href="#note_213"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">213</span></span></a> to + the son whom she loves,—to the brother she need not give.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">151. If a + woman who dwells in the house of a man contract with her husband, + and cause (him) to deliver a tablet, so that a creditor<a id= + "noteref_214" name="noteref_214" href="#note_214"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">214</span></span></a> of + her husband may not seize her, if that man have interest of money + against him before he marries that woman, his creditor shall not + seize his wife, and if that woman have interest of money against + her before she enter the house of the man, her creditor shall not + seize her husband.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page504">[pg + 504]</span><a name="Pg504" id="Pg504" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">152. If + interest accrue against them after that woman has entered the + house of the man, they shall both be responsible to the + agent.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">153. If the + wife of a man cause her husband to be killed on account of + another male, they shall impale that woman.<a id="noteref_215" + name="noteref_215" href="#note_215"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">215</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">154. If a man + has known his daughter, they shall expel that man from the + city.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">155. If a man + has chosen a bride for his son, and his son has known her, (and + if) he (himself) then afterwards has lain in her bosom, and they + have found him, they shall bind that man, and cast her into the + water.<a id="noteref_216" name="noteref_216" href= + "#note_216"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">216</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">156. If a man + has chosen a bride for his son, and his son has not known her, + and he (himself) has lain in her bosom, he shall pay her half a + mana of silver, and shall restore to her whatever she brought + from the house of her father, and she shall marry the husband of + her choice.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">157. If a man, + after his father, has lain in the bosom of his mother, they shall + burn them both.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">158. If a man, + after his father, be found in the bosom of her who brought him + up, (and) who has brought forth children, that man shall be + turned out of (his) father's house.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">159. If a man, + who has brought to his father-in-law's house furniture<a id= + "noteref_217" name="noteref_217" href="#note_217"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">217</span></span></a> + (and) has given a dower, pay attention to another woman, and say + to his father-in-law: <span class="tei tei-q">“I will not marry + thy daughter,”</span> the father of the girl shall take the + property which has been brought to him.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">160. If a man + has brought furniture to the house of his father-in-law, (and) + given a dower, and the father of the girl say: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“I will not give thee my daughter,”</span> the + property, as much as has been brought to him, he shall cause to + be equal,<a id="noteref_218" name="noteref_218" href= + "#note_218"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">218</span></span></a> and + shall return.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">161. If a man + has brought furniture to the house of his father-in-law, (and) + given a dower, and his friend slander him, (and) his + father-in-law say to the husband of the wife:<a id="noteref_219" + name="noteref_219" href="#note_219"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">219</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou shalt not marry my + daughter,”</span> he shall cause to be equal the property, as + much as has been brought to him, and return (it), and his friend + shall not marry his wife.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">162. If a man + has married a wife, (and) she has borne him children, and that + woman has gone to (her) fate, her father shall <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page505">[pg 505]</span><a name="Pg505" id= + "Pg505" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> have no claim upon her + marriage-gift—her marriage-gift belongs to her sons.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">163. If a man + has married a wife, and she has not caused him to have children, + (and) that woman has gone to (her) fate, if his father-in-law has + returned to him the dower which that man took to the house of his + father-in-law, her husband shall have no claim upon the + marriage-gift of that woman—her marriage-gift belongs to the + house of her father.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">164. If his + father-in-law has not returned to him the dower, he shall deduct + from her marriage-gift all her dower, and return (the balance of) + her marriage-gift to her father's house.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">165. If a man + has presented to his son, who is foremost in his eyes, a field, a + plantation, and a house, (and) has written for him a tablet, + (and) afterwards the father has gone to (his) fate, when the + brothers share together, he shall take the gift which the father + gave him, and they shall share equally in the property of the + house of the father besides.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">166. If a man + has taken wives for the sons which he has had, (and) has not + taken a wife for his youngest son, (and) afterwards the father + has gone to (his) fate, when the brothers share together, they + shall set aside the money of a dower for their youngest brother, + who has not taken a wife, from the property of the father's + house, besides his (lawful) share, and shall cause him to take a + wife.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">167. If a man + has married a wife, and she has borne him sons, (and) that woman + has gone to (her) fate, (and) after her he has married another + woman, and she has brought forth sons, (and) afterwards the + father has gone to (his) fate, the sons shall not share according + to the mothers. They shall take the marriage-gifts of their + mothers, and the property of the father's house they shall share + equally.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">168. If a man + set his face to discard his son, he shall say to the judge: + <span class="tei tei-q">“I discard my son;”</span> the judge + shall inquire into his reasons. If the son has not committed a + grave fault which cuts him off from sonhood, the father shall not + cut off his son from sonhood.<a id="noteref_220" name= + "noteref_220" href="#note_220"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">220</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">169. If he has + committed against his father a grave fault which cuts him off + from sonhood, the first time (the father) shall refrain. If he + has committed a grave fault a second time, the father shall cut + his son off from the sonhood.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">170. If a + man's wife has borne him children, and his maid-servant has borne + him children, (and) the father in his lifetime say to the + children whom the maid-servant has borne to him: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“My children,”</span> he has reckoned them with the + children of the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page506">[pg + 506]</span><a name="Pg506" id="Pg506" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + wife. After the father has gone to (his) fate, the children of + the wife and the children of the maid-servant shall share in the + property of the father's house equally; the son (who is) the + child of the wife shall choose and take at the sharing.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">171. And if + the father, during his lifetime, has not said to the children + whom the maid-servant has borne to him: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“My children,”</span> after the father has gone to + (his) fate, the children of the maid-servant shall not share in + the property of the father's house with the children of the wife. + (If) he has set free the maid-servant and her children, the + children of the wife shall not claim the children of the + maid-servant for service. The wife shall take her marriage-gift + and the dowry which her husband gave her (and) recorded upon a + tablet, and she shall sit in the seat of her husband; as long as + she lives, she shall enjoy (them)—she shall not sell them for + money—they belong to her children after her.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">172. If her + husband has not given her a dowry, they shall make up to her her + marriage-gift, and she shall take, from the property of her + husband's house, a share like (that of) one son. If her sons + afflict her, to send her forth from the house, the judge shall + inquire into her reasons, and (if) he set the fault upon the + children, that woman shall not go forth from her husband's house. + If that woman set her face to go forth, she shall leave to her + children the dowry which her husband gave her. She shall take the + marriage-gift of her father's house, and the husband of her + choice shall marry her.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">173. If that + woman, in the place where she has entered, has borne to her + second husband children, after that woman has died, the former + and latter children shall share her marriage-gift.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">174. If she + has not borne children to her second husband, then the children + of her (first) spouse shall take her marriage-gift.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">175. If a + slave of the palace or the slave of a poor man has married the + daughter of a (free) man, and has borne children, the owner of + the slave shall not make a claim upon the children of a (free) + man's daughter for servitude.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">176a. And if a + slave of the palace or a slave of a poor man has married a (free) + man's daughter, and when he has married her, she has entered the + house of the slave of the palace or the slave of the poor man + with a wedding-gift from the house of her father, and after they + have been established, they have built a house and have property, + (if) afterwards the slave of the palace or the slave of the poor + man has gone to (his) fate, the daughter of the (free) man shall + take her marriage-gift, and they shall divide the property, which + her husband and she had after they were established, into two + parts, and the owner of the slave shall <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page507">[pg 507]</span><a name="Pg507" id="Pg507" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> take half, (and) the daughter of the (free) + man shall take half for her children.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">176b. If the + daughter of the (free) man had no marriage-gift, the property + which her husband and she possessed after they were established + they shall divide into two parts, and the master of the slave + shall take half, the daughter of the (free) man shall take half + for her children.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">177. If a + widow whose children are young set her face to enter another + house,<a id="noteref_221" name="noteref_221" href= + "#note_221"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">221</span></span></a> she + shall not enter without the judge. When she enters another house, + the judge shall inquire concerning what remains of her first + husband's house, and they shall entrust the first husband's house + to the second husband and to that woman, and shall cause them to + deliver a tablet. They shall keep that house and bring up the + young (children). They shall not sell (any) utensil for silver. + The buyer who buys a utensil of the children of a widow shall + forfeit his money; the property shall return to its owner.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">178. If a + devotee, or a public woman, to whom her father has presented a + gift, (and) has written for her a tablet, (and) on the tablet + which he has written for her has not written for her (concerning) + the giving of what she should leave to whomsoever she pleased, + and has not let her follow the desire of her heart, after the + father has gone to (his) fate, her brothers shall take her field + and her plantation, and according to the amount of her share + shall give to her food, oil, and clothing, and shall satisfy her + heart. If her brothers have not given her food, oil, and clothing + according to the amount of her share, and have not satisfied her + heart, she may give her field and plantation to the farmer who + may seem good to her, and her farmer shall support her. Field, + plantation, and property, which her father gave her, she shall + enjoy as long as she lives—she shall not give (them) for silver, + nor shall she be answerable (to) another (therewith)—her share as + daughter belongs to her brothers.<a id="noteref_222" name= + "noteref_222" href="#note_222"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">222</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">179. If a + devotee or a public woman, to whom her father has presented a + gift, (and) has written for her a sealed tablet, (and) on the + tablet which he has written for her has written for her + (concerning) the giving of what she should leave to whomsoever + she pleased, and has let her follow the desire of her heart, + after the father has gone to (his) fate, she shall give what she + leaves to whomsoever she pleases—her brothers have no claim upon + her.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">180. If a + father has not presented a gift<a id="noteref_223" name= + "noteref_223" href="#note_223"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">223</span></span></a> to + his daughter, who is a recluse or a public woman, after the + father has gone to (his) <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page508">[pg 508]</span><a name="Pg508" id="Pg508" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> fate, she shall take a share in the + property of the father's house like a son, and enjoy (it) as long + as she lives. What she leaves belongs to her brothers.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">181. If a + father has brought to a god a hierodule or a virgin, and has not + presented to her a gift,<a id="noteref_224" name="noteref_224" + href="#note_224"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">224</span></span></a> + after the father has gone to (his) fate, she shall share in the + property of the father's house a third (as) her inheritance, and + she shall enjoy (it) as long as she lives. What she leaves + belongs to her brothers.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">182. If a + father has not presented a gift to his daughter, priestess of + Merodach of Babylon, (and) has not written for her a sealed + tablet, after the father has gone to (his) fate, she shall share, + with her brothers, in the property of the father's house a third + part (as) her inheritance, and she shall not carry on its + administration. The priestess of Merodach may give what she + leaves to whomsoever she pleases.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">183. If a + father has presented a marriage-gift to his concubine-daughter, + given her to a husband, (and) written for her a sealed tablet, + after the father has gone to (his) fate, she shall not share in + the property of the father's house.<a id="noteref_225" name= + "noteref_225" href="#note_225"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">225</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">184. If a man + has not presented to his concubine-daughter a marriage-gift, + (and) has not given her to a husband, after the father has gone + to (his) fate, her brothers shall give her a wedding-gift + according to the amount (of the property) of the father's house, + and shall give her to a husband.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">185. If a man + has adopted<a id="noteref_226" name="noteref_226" href= + "#note_226"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">226</span></span></a> a + child by its name,<a id="noteref_227" name="noteref_227" href= + "#note_227"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">227</span></span></a> and + has brought it up, that foster-child cannot be claimed back.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">186. If a man + has adopted a child, and when he had adopted him, he rebelled + against his (foster-)father and his (foster-)mother, that + foster-child shall return to his father's house.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><a name= + "Law_187" id="Law_187" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> 187. The son + of a favourite attending the palace, and the son of a public + woman, cannot be claimed back.<a id="noteref_228" name= + "noteref_228" href="#note_228"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">228</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">188. If an + artizan<a id="noteref_229" name="noteref_229" href= + "#note_229"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">229</span></span></a> has + taken a child to bring up,<a id="noteref_230" name="noteref_230" + href="#note_230"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">230</span></span></a> and + has taught him his handicraft, he cannot be claimed back.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">189. If he has + not taught him his handicraft, that foster-child<a id= + "noteref_231" name="noteref_231" href="#note_231"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">231</span></span></a> may + return to his father's house.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">190. If a man + has not reckoned with his sons a young child which he has adopted + and brought up, that foster-child may return to the house of his + father.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">191. If a man + who has adopted a child and brought him up, has built a dwelling, + (and) after he has children (of his own) set <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page509">[pg 509]</span><a name="Pg509" id= + "Pg509" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> his face to cut off the + foster-child, that child shall not go his way. His foster-father + shall give him one-third of his property as his inheritance and + (then) he shall go. He shall give him nothing of the field, + plantation, and house.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">192. If the + son of a favourite or the son of a public woman say to his + foster-father and his foster-mother, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Thou art not my father, thou art not my + mother,”</span> they shall cut out his tongue.<a id="noteref_232" + name="noteref_232" href="#note_232"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">232</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">193. If the + child of a favourite or the child of a public woman come to know + his father's house, and despise his foster-father and his + foster-mother, and go to his father's house, they shall tear out + his eyes.<a id="noteref_233" name="noteref_233" href= + "#note_233"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">233</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">194. If a man + has given his child to a nurse, and that child has died in the + hands of the nurse, and the nurse, without [his] father and his + mother, rear another child, they shall summon her, and as she has + rear[ed] another child without [his] father and mother, they + shall cut off her breasts.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">195. If a son + smite his father, they shall cut off his hands.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">196. If a man + has destroyed the eye of the son of a man, they shall destroy his + eye.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">197. If he has + broken the limb of a man, they shall break his limb.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">198. If he has + destroyed the eye of a poor man, or broken the limb of a poor + man, he shall pay one mana of silver.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">199. If he has + destroyed the eye of a man's slave, or broken the limb of a man's + slave, he shall pay half his value.<a id="noteref_234" name= + "noteref_234" href="#note_234"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">234</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">200. If a man + has knocked out the teeth of a man of his rank, they shall knock + out his teeth.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">201. If he has + knocked out the teeth of a poor man, he shall pay one-third of a + mana of silver.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">202. If a man + has struck the head<a id="noteref_235" name="noteref_235" href= + "#note_235"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">235</span></span></a> of + a man who is greater than he, he shall be struck in the assembly + sixty times with an ox-hide whip.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><a name= + "Law_203" id="Law_203" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> 203. If the + son of a man<a id="noteref_236" name="noteref_236" href= + "#note_236"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">236</span></span></a> has + struck the head of the son of a man who is like himself, he shall + pay one mana of silver.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">204. If a poor + man has struck the head of a poor man, he shall pay ten shekels + of silver.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">205. If the + slave of a man has struck the head of the son of a man, they + shall cut off his ear.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">206. If a man + has struck a man in a quarrel, and do him hurt, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page510">[pg 510]</span><a name="Pg510" id= + "Pg510" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> that man shall swear: + <span class="tei tei-q">“I did not strike him knowingly,”</span> + and he shall be responsible for the physician.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">207. If he die + of his blows, he shall swear (the same). If (it was) the son of a + man, he shall pay one-half a mana of silver.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">208. If it was + the son of a poor man, he shall pay one-third of a mana of + silver.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">209. If a man + has struck the daughter of a man, and caused what was within her + to fall from her, he shall pay ten shekels of silver for what was + within her.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">210. If that + woman die, they shall kill his daughter.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">211. If by + blows he has made what was within the daughter of a poor man to + fall from her, he shall pay five shekels of silver.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">212. If that + woman die, he shall pay one-half a mana of silver.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">213. If he has + struck a man's slave-woman and made that which was within her + fall from her, he shall pay two shekels of silver.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">214. If that + slave-woman die, he shall pay one-third of a mana of silver.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">215. If a + physician has treated a man for a grave injury with a bronze + lancet, and cured the man, or opened the cataract of a man with a + bronze lancet, and cured the eye of the man, he shall receive ten + shekels of silver.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">216. If it was + the son of a poor man, he shall receive five shekels of + silver.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">217. If it was + a man's slave, the owner of the slave shall pay to the physician + two shekels of silver.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">218. If a + physician has treated a man for a grave injury with a bronze + lancet, and caused the man to die, or opened the cataract of a + man with a bronze lancet, and destroyed the eye of a man, they + shall cut off his hands.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">219. If a + physician has treated a poor man's slave for a grave injury with + a bronze lancet, and has caused (him) to die, he shall make good + slave for slave.<a id="noteref_237" name="noteref_237" href= + "#note_237"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">237</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">220. If he has + opened his cataract with a bronze lancet, and destroyed his eye, + he shall pay half his value in silver.<a id="noteref_238" name= + "noteref_238" href="#note_238"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">238</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">221. If a + physician has made sound the broken limb of a man, or saved a + diseased part, the patient<a id="noteref_239" name="noteref_239" + href="#note_239"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">239</span></span></a> + shall pay to the physician five shekels of silver.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">222. If it be + the son of a poor man, he shall pay three shekels of silver.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">223. If it was + a man's slave, the owner of the slave shall pay to the physician + two shekels of silver.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page511">[pg 511]</span><a name="Pg511" id="Pg511" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">224. If an + ox-doctor or an ass-doctor has treated an ox or an ass for a + grave injury, and has saved (it), the owner of the ox or the ass + shall pay to the physician one-sixth (of a shekel) of silver (as) + his hire.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">225. If he has + treated the ox or the ass for a grave injury, and caused (it) to + die, he shall give to the owner of the ox or the ass a quarter of + its price.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">226. If a + barber, without the (knowledge of the) owner of a slave, has + marked an inalienable slave with a mark, they shall cut off the + hands of that barber.<a id="noteref_240" name="noteref_240" href= + "#note_240"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">240</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">227. If a man + has deceived a barber, and he has marked an inalienable slave + with a mark, they shall kill that man, and bury him in his house; + the barber shall swear: <span class="tei tei-q">“I did not mark + knowingly,”</span> and shall go free.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">228. If a + builder has made a house for a man, and has finished it (well), + for a house of one <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">šar</span></span>, he shall give him two + shekels of silver as his pay.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">229. If a + builder has made a house for a man, and has not done his work + strongly, and the house he has made has fallen down, and killed + the owner of the house, that builder shall be killed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">230. If it + cause the son of the owner of the house to die, they shall kill + the son of that builder.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">231. If it + cause the slave of the owner of the house to die, he shall give + to the owner of the house a slave like (his) slave.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">232. If it has + destroyed the property, whatever it has destroyed, he shall make + good. And as he did not make strong the house he constructed, and + it fell, from his own property he shall rebuild the house which + fell.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">233. If a + builder has made a house for a man, and has not caused his work + to be firm, and the wall has fallen over, that builder shall + strengthen that wall with his own money.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">234. If a + boatman has calked a vessel of 60 <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gur</span></span> (burthen) for a man, he + shall give him two shekels of silver as his pay.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">235. If a + boatman has calked a vessel for a man, and has not perfected his + work, and in that (same) year that vessel sail, (if) it have a + defect, the boatman shall alter that vessel, and repair (it) with + his own capital, and give the repaired vessel to the owner of the + vessel.<a id="noteref_241" name="noteref_241" href= + "#note_241"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">241</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">236. If a man + has given his vessel to a boatman for hire, and the boatman has + been neglectful, and sunk or lost the vessel, the boatman shall + replace the vessel to the owner of the vessel.</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page512">[pg 512]</span><a name="Pg512" id= + "Pg512" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">237. If a man + has hired a boatman and a vessel, and has freighted it with + wheat, wool, oil, dates, and any other kind of freight; (if) that + boatman be neglectful, and sink the vessel, and lose what is + within (it), the boatman shall replace the vessel which he has + sunk, and whatever he lost, which was within it.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">238. If a + boatman has sunk a man's vessel, and refloated it, he shall pay + half its value<a id="noteref_242" name="noteref_242" href= + "#note_242"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">242</span></span></a> in + silver.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">239. If a man + [has hired] a boatman, he shall give him 6 <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gur</span></span> of wheat yearly.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">240. If a + down-stream vessel collide with an up-stream vessel, and sink + (it), the owner of the sunken vessel shall declare before God + whatever has been lost in his vessel, and (he) of the down-stream + vessel which sank the up-stream vessel shall replace for him his + vessel and whatever was lost.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">241. If a man + has driven the ox (of another) to work, he shall pay one-third of + a mana of silver.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">242 and 243. + If a man has hired for a year, (as) hire of a draught-ox he shall + pay to its owner 4 <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gur</span></span> of wheat. (As) hire of a + carrier(?)-ox, 3 <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gur</span></span> of wheat.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">244. If a man + has hired an ox (or) an ass, and a lion kill it in the field, + (the loss) is its owner's.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">245. If a man + has hired an ox, and cause it to die by negligence or by blows, + to the ox's owner he shall make up ox for ox.<a id="noteref_243" + name="noteref_243" href="#note_243"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">243</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">246. If a man + has hired an ox, and has broken its foot or cut its nape,<a id= + "noteref_244" name="noteref_244" href="#note_244"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">244</span></span></a> to + the ox's owner he shall make up ox for ox.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">247. If a man + has hired an ox, and has poked out its eye, he shall pay to the + ox's owner half its value in silver.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">248. If a man + has hired an ox, and has broken its horn, cut off its tail, or + pierced<a id="noteref_245" name="noteref_245" href= + "#note_245"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">245</span></span></a> its + nostril, he shall pay a quarter of its value in silver.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">249. If a man + has hired an ox, and God has stricken it and it has died, the man + who hired the ox shall swear by God,<a id="noteref_246" name= + "noteref_246" href="#note_246"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">246</span></span></a> and + shall go free.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">250. If a mad + bull, in its onset, has gored a man, and caused (him) to die, + that case has no claim.<a id="noteref_247" name="noteref_247" + href="#note_247"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">247</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">251. If a + man's ox—goring for goring—has made known to him its vice,<a id= + "noteref_248" name="noteref_248" href="#note_248"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">248</span></span></a> and + he has not sawn off its horns, (if) he has not shut up his ox, + and that ox has gored the son of a man, and caused him to die, he + shall pay half a mana of silver.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page513">[pg 513]</span><a name="Pg513" id="Pg513" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">252. [If] it + be a man's servant, he shall give one-third of a mana of + silver.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">253. If a man + has hired a man to stay upon his field, and [ha]nded to him the + produce (?), confided to him the oxen, [and] contracted with him + [to] cultivate the field, if that man has stolen the wheat or the + vegetables, and it is found in his hands, they shall cut off his + hands.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">254. If he has + taken away the produce and deprived<a id="noteref_249" name= + "noteref_249" href="#note_249"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">249</span></span></a> the + oxen, he shall replace the amount of the wheat which he has + wasted (?).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">255. If he has + let out<a id="noteref_250" name="noteref_250" href= + "#note_250"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">250</span></span></a> the + oxen of a man for hire, or stolen the wheat, and not made (it) to + grow in the field, they shall summon that man, and for every 10 + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">bur-gan</span></span> he shall measure 60 + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gur</span></span> of wheat.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">256. If his + borough cannot respond for him, they shall leave him in that + field with the oxen.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">257. If a man + has hired a field-labourer, he shall give him 8 <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gur</span></span> of wheat yearly.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">258. If a man + has hired an ox-herd (?), he shall give him 6 <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gur</span></span> of wheat yearly.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">259. If a man + has stolen a watering-machine from the enclosure, he shall give + to the owner of the watering-machine five shekels of silver.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">260. If he has + stolen a shadoof or a plough, he shall give three shekels of + silver.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">261. If a man + has hired a herdsman to pasture oxen and sheep, he shall give him + 8 <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gur</span></span> of wheat yearly.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">262. If a man + an ox or sheep for....</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">263. ... If he + has lost [an ox] or a sheep which has been given to [him], he + shall restore to [their] owner, ox for [ox], sheep for + [sheep].</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">264. If a + [herdsman], to whom oxen or sheep have been given to pasture, has + received his wages, everything (?) as agreed (?), and is + satisfied,<a id="noteref_251" name="noteref_251" href= + "#note_251"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">251</span></span></a> has + reduced the oxen, (or) reduced the sheep, (or) lessened (their) + young, he shall give (back) young and increase according to his + contracts.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">265. If a + herdsman, to whom oxen and sheep have been given to pasture, has + acted wrongly, and changed the natural increase,<a id= + "noteref_252" name="noteref_252" href="#note_252"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">252</span></span></a> and + has given (it) for silver, they shall summon him, and ten times + what he has stolen, oxen and sheep, he shall make good to their + owner.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">266. If in the + fold an act of God has taken place, or a lion has killed, the + herdsman shall declare his innocence before God, and the owner of + the fold shall meet the destruction of the fold.</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page514">[pg 514]</span><a name="Pg514" id= + "Pg514" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">267. If the + herdsman has been in fault, and has caused damage in the fold, + the herdsman shall make up the loss caused by<a id="noteref_253" + name="noteref_253" href="#note_253"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">253</span></span></a> the + damage which he has brought about in the fold, (both) oxen and + sheep, and shall give (them) to their owner.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">268. If a man + has hired an ox for treading out (the corn), 20 <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">qa</span></span> of wheat is his hire.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">269. If he has + hired an ass for treading out (the corn), 10 <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">qa</span></span> of wheat is his hire.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">270. If he has + hired a young animal for treading out (the corn), 1 <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">qa</span></span> of wheat is his hire.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">271. If a man + has hired oxen, a cart, and its driver, he shall give 180 + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">qa</span></span> of wheat daily.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">272. If a man + has hired the cart by itself, he shall give 40 <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">qa</span></span> of wheat daily.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">273. If a man + has hired a workman, from the beginning of the year to the fifth + month he shall give six grains<a id="noteref_254" name= + "noteref_254" href="#note_254"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">254</span></span></a> of + silver daily; from the sixth month to the end of the year, he + shall give five grains of silver daily.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">274. If a man + hire an artizan, (as) wages of a ... five [grains] of silver; + (as) wages of a brickmaker (?)<a id="noteref_255" name= + "noteref_255" href="#note_255"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">255</span></span></a> + five grains of silver; (as) wages of a linen-weaver<a id= + "noteref_256" name="noteref_256" href="#note_256"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">256</span></span></a> + five grains of silver; (as) wages of a stone-worker(?)<a id= + "noteref_257" name="noteref_257" href="#note_257"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">257</span></span></a> ... + grains of silver; (as) wages of a milkman (?) ... [grains] of + silver; (as) [wages] of a ... ... [grains] of silver; (as) + [wages] of a carpenter four grains of silver; (as) wages of a ... + four grains of silver; (as) [wages] of a house-superintendent (?) + ... grains of silver; (as) [wages] of a builder (?), ... grains + of silver. [dai]ly [he shall g]ive.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">275. [If] a + man has hired a small boat (?), three grains of silver is its + hire daily.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page515">[pg + 515]</span><a name="Pg515" id="Pg515" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">276. If he has + hired a down-stream (vessel), he shall give two grains and a half + of silver (as) its hire daily.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">277. If a man + has hired a vessel of 60 <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gur</span></span>, he shall give one-sixth + (of a shekel) of silver daily (as) its hire.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">278. If a man + has bought a male or female slave, and before he has fulfilled + his month an infirmity has fallen upon him, he shall return him + to his seller, and the buyer shall receive back the silver he has + paid.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">279. If a man + has bought a male or female slave, and he is liable to be + reclaimed,<a id="noteref_258" name="noteref_258" href= + "#note_258"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">258</span></span></a> his + seller shall respond to the claim.<a id="noteref_259" name= + "noteref_259" href="#note_259"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">259</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">280. If a man, + in a foreign country, has bought a male (or) female slave of a + man, (and) when they have arrived in the midst of the land, a + (former) owner of the male or female slave recognize his male or + female slave, if their male and female slave are children of the + land, he shall set them free without payment.<a id="noteref_260" + name="noteref_260" href="#note_260"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">260</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">281. If they + are children of another land, the buyer shall declare before God + the money<a id="noteref_261" name="noteref_261" href= + "#note_261"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">261</span></span></a> he + has paid, and the (former) owner of the male or female slave + shall give to the agent the money he has paid, and shall recover + his male or female slave.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">282. If a + slave has said to his master: <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou art + not my master,”</span> he shall summon him as his slave, and his + master shall cut off his ear.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Decrees of + equity, which Ḫammurabi, the able king, has established, and has + procured (for) the country lasting security and a happy rule. + Ḫammurabi, the accomplished king, am I. For the head-dark + (ones),<a id="noteref_262" name="noteref_262" href= + "#note_262"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">262</span></span></a> + whom Bel assigned, (and whose) shepherding Merodach has given, I + have not been neglectful, I have not relaxed—peaceful localities + have I found for them,<a id="noteref_263" name="noteref_263" + href="#note_263"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">263</span></span></a> I + have opened the narrow defiles, light have I caused to go forth + to them. With the powerful weapon which Zagaga and Ištar have + conferred upon me, with the acuteness which Aê has bestowed, with + the might which Merodach has bestowed, I have rooted out the + enemy above and below.<a id="noteref_264" name="noteref_264" + href="#note_264"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">264</span></span></a> I + have dominated the depths,<a id="noteref_265" name="noteref_265" + href="#note_265"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">265</span></span></a> I + have made happy the flesh of the land, the people of the + dwellings (therein) have I caused to lie down in security—fear + caused I not to possess them. The great gods have elected<a id= + "noteref_266" name="noteref_266" href="#note_266"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">266</span></span></a> me, + and I am the shepherd giving peace, whose sceptre is just, + setting up my good shadow in my city. I have pressed the people + of the land of Šumer and Akkad in my <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page516">[pg 516]</span><a name="Pg516" id="Pg516" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> bosom; by my protective spirit fraternally + (?) have I guided them in peace; in my wisdom have I protected + them. For the strong not to oppress the weak, to direct the + fatherless (and) the widow, I have raised its<a id="noteref_267" + name="noteref_267" href="#note_267"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">267</span></span></a> + head in Babylon, the city of God and Bel. In Ê-sagila, the house + whose foundations are firm like heaven and earth, I have written + on my monument my most precious words to judge the justice of the + land, to decide the decisions of the land, to direct the + ignorant; and I have placed (them) before my image as king of + righteousness.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The king who + is great among the city-king(s) am I; my words are renowned, my + power has no equal; by the command of Šamaš, the great judge of + heaven and earth, may righteousness have power in the land;<a id= + "noteref_268" name="noteref_268" href="#note_268"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">268</span></span></a> by + the word of Merodach, my lord, may my bas-reliefs not have a + destroyer; in Ê-sagila, which I love, may my name be commemorated + in happiness for ever. The ignorant man, who has a + complaint,<a id="noteref_269" name="noteref_269" href= + "#note_269"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">269</span></span></a> let + him come before my image (as) king of righteousness, and let him + read my inscribed monument and let him hear my precious words, + and my monument explain to him the matter. Let him see his + judgment, let his heart expand, (saying): <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ḫammurabi is a lord who is like a father, a parent + to the people; he has caused the word of Merodach, his lord, to + be reverenced, and has gained the victory for Merodach above and + below. He has rejoiced the heart of Merodach, his lord, and fixed + for the people happiness<a id="noteref_270" name="noteref_270" + href="#note_270"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">270</span></span></a> for + ever, and (well) has he governed the land.”</span> Let him + pronounce (it) aloud, and with his heart perfect, let him pray + before Merodach, my lord, (and) Zērpanitum, my lady. May the + winged bull, (and) the protecting spirit, the gods of the + entrance of Ê-sagila, (and) the wall of Ê-sagila, daily further + (his) desires<a id="noteref_271" name="noteref_271" href= + "#note_271"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">271</span></span></a> in + the presence of Merodach, my lord, and Zērpanitum, my lady.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For the + future, the course<a id="noteref_272" name="noteref_272" href= + "#note_272"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">272</span></span></a> of + days for all time: May the king who is in the land protect the + words of righteousness which I have written on my monument. Let + him not change the law of the land which I have adjudged, the + decisions of the country which I have decided; let him not cause + my bas-relief to be destroyed. If that man have intelligence, and + wish to govern his country well, let him pay attention to the + words which I have written on my monument, and may this monument + show him the path, the direction, the law of the land which I + have pronounced, the decisions of the land which I have decided. + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page517">[pg 517]</span><a name= + "Pg517" id="Pg517" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> And let him rule + his people,<a id="noteref_273" name="noteref_273" href= + "#note_273"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">273</span></span></a> let + him pronounce justice for them, let him decide their decision. + Let him remove the evil and the wicked from his land, let him + rejoice the flesh of his people.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ḫammurabi, the + king of righteousness, to whom Šamaš has given (these) + enactments,<a id="noteref_274" name="noteref_274" href= + "#note_274"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">274</span></span></a> am + I. My words are noble, my works have no equal—they have brought + forth the proud (?) to humility (?) the humble (?) to wisdom (?) + (and) to renown. If that man<a id="noteref_275" name= + "noteref_275" href="#note_275"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">275</span></span></a> is + attentive to my words, which I have written on my monument, and + set not aside my law, change not my word, alter not my + bas-relief—that man like me, the king of righteousness, may the + god Šamaš make his sceptre to endure, may he guide his people in + righteousness. If that man regard not my words, which I have + written on my monument, and despise my curse, and fear not the + curse of God, and do away the law which I have ordained—(if) he + change my word, alter my bas-relief, destroy my written name, and + write his (own) name, (or) on account of these curses cause + another to do so,<a id="noteref_276" name="noteref_276" href= + "#note_276"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">276</span></span></a> + that man, whether king, or lord, or viceroy, or personage who has + been elected,<a id="noteref_277" name="noteref_277" href= + "#note_277"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">277</span></span></a> may + the great God, the father of the gods, proclaimer of my reign, + take back from him the glory of my kingdom, break his sceptre, + curse his destiny. May Bel, the lord who determines the + destinies, whose command is unchangeable, he who has magnified my + kingdom, rouse against him revolts which his hand cannot + suppress, causing (?) his destruction upon his seat.<a id= + "noteref_278" name="noteref_278" href="#note_278"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">278</span></span></a> A + reign of sighing, days (but) few, years of want, darkness without + light, death the vision of (his) eyes, may they set for him as + (his) destiny. May he decree with his grave lips the destruction + of his city, the dispersion of his people, the taking away of his + royalty, the annihilation of his name and his record in the land. + May Beltis, the great mother whose command is supreme<a id= + "noteref_279" name="noteref_279" href="#note_279"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">279</span></span></a> in + E-kura, the lady who makes my thoughts propitious, instead of + judgment and decision, make his word evil before Bel, may she + accomplish the ruin of his country, the loss of his people, the + pouring out of his life like water by the command of Bel the + king. May Aê, the great prince, whose decisions have the + precedence,<a id="noteref_280" name="noteref_280" href= + "#note_280"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">280</span></span></a> the + sage of the gods, he who knows everything, who lengthens the days + of my life, take back from him understanding<a id="noteref_281" + name="noteref_281" href="#note_281"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">281</span></span></a> and + wisdom, bring him back into forgetfulness.<a id="noteref_282" + name="noteref_282" href="#note_282"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">282</span></span></a> May + he dam up his rivers at (their) sources, (and) cause grain, the + life of the people, not to exist in his land. May Šamaš, the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page518">[pg 518]</span><a name= + "Pg518" id="Pg518" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> great judge of + heaven and earth, he who rules living things, the lord my trust, + destroy his dominion; may he not pronounce his judgment, may he + confuse his path, may he annihilate the course of his army. May + he place for him, in his oracles,<a id="noteref_283" name= + "noteref_283" href="#note_283"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">283</span></span></a> an + evil design to snatch away the foundation of his dominion and to + destroy his country. May Šamaš's word of misfortune speedily + attack him; may he snatch him from the living on high, beneath in + the earth may he deprive his spirit<a id="noteref_284" name= + "noteref_284" href="#note_284"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">284</span></span></a> of + water. May Sin, lord of the heavens, the god my creator, whose + brightness<a id="noteref_285" name="noteref_285" href= + "#note_285"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">285</span></span></a> + shines resplendent among the gods, withdraw from him crown and + throne of dominion. May he fix upon him a grave misdeed, his + great fault, which will not disappear from his body, and may he + cause the days, the months, the years of his reign to end in + sighing and tears. May he increase for him the burthen of his + dominion, may he fix for him as (his) fate a life which is + comparable<a id="noteref_286" name="noteref_286" href= + "#note_286"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">286</span></span></a> + with death. May Hadad, lord of fertility, dominator of heaven and + earth, my helper, withhold from him the rains in the heavens, the + flood in the springs. May he destroy his country with want and + famine, may he angrily rage over his city, and turn his country + to mounds of the flood.<a id="noteref_287" name="noteref_287" + href="#note_287"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">287</span></span></a> May + Zagaga, the great warrior, the eldest son of (the temple) Ê-kura, + he who goes at my right hand, break his weapons on the + battle-field. May he turn for him day into night, and may he set + his enemy over him. May Ištar, lady of war and battle, who lets + loose my weapons, my propitious genius, lover of my reign, in her + angry heart, in her great wrath, curse his dominion, his favours + into evils may she turn, may she turn.<a id="noteref_288" name= + "noteref_288" href="#note_288"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">288</span></span></a> In + the place of war and battles may she break his weapons, may she + make for him confusion and revolt, may she cast down his + warriors, may she cause the earth to drink their blood, may she + cast down in the plain a heap of corpses of his warriors, may she + not cause his soldiers to have [burial?]. As for him, may she + deliver him into the hand of his enemy, and bring him as a + captive to the land which is hostile to him. May Nergal, the + strong one among the gods, unrivalled battle,<a id="noteref_289" + name="noteref_289" href="#note_289"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">289</span></span></a> he + who causes me to attain my victory, in his great might burn<a id= + "noteref_290" name="noteref_290" href="#note_290"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">290</span></span></a> his + people like <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page519">[pg + 519]</span><a name="Pg519" id="Pg519" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + a tiny bundle of reeds. With his strong weapon may he subjugate + him, and may he crush his members like an image of clay. May + Nintu, the supreme lady of the lands, the mother my creator, + withhold from him his son, and cause him to have no name, in the + midst of his people may she not produce a human seed. May + Nin-Karrak, daughter of Anu, she who announces my happiness, let + forth from Ê-kura upon his members a grave sickness, an evil + pestilence, a grievous injury, which they cannot cure, whose + nature the physician does not know, which he cannot ease with a + bandage, (and which), like the bite of death, cannot be removed. + Until she take possession of his life, may he groan for his + manliness.<a id="noteref_291" name="noteref_291" href= + "#note_291"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">291</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">May the great + gods of heaven and earth, the Anunna<a id="noteref_292" name= + "noteref_292" href="#note_292"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">292</span></span></a> in + their assembly, the divine bull of the house,<a id="noteref_293" + name="noteref_293" href="#note_293"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">293</span></span></a> the + bricks of Ê-babbara,<a id="noteref_294" name="noteref_294" href= + "#note_294"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">294</span></span></a> + curse that (man), his reign, his country, his army, his people, + and his nation, with a deadly curse—with powerful curses may Bel, + by his word which cannot be changed, curse him, and speedily may + they overtake him.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-tb"> + <hr style="width: 50%" /> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These laws, as + being the oldest known, have attracted considerable attention, + and much has been said concerning their connection with the + Mosaic Code. Whatever connection there may be between them, + however, it must be kept well in mind, that they have been + formulated and compiled from totally different standpoints. + Notwithstanding the references in the Code of Ḫammurabi to + religious things, there is no doubt that the laws given therein + are purely civil, and compiled either by the king as temporal + ruler of the land, or by his advisers, or by the judges who + <span class="tei tei-q">“decided the decisions of the + land.”</span> Charitable enactments were therefore as far from + the intention of the compilers of the Babylonian code as such + things are from the intention of the legislation of this or any + other modern civilized community or nationality. The Law of + Moses, on the other hand, has long been recognized as a Priestly + Code, into which all kinds of provisions for the poor, the + fatherless, the necessitous, were likely to enter, and have, in + fact, entered. From this point of view, Moses' code is + immeasurably superior to that of the Babylonian law-giver, and + can hardly, on that account, be compared with it.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From existing + duplicates of this inscription, we know that it bore a title + which, in accordance with the usual custom in ancient times, was + taken from the first few words of the <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page520">[pg 520]</span><a name="Pg520" id="Pg520" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> inscription, in this case <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ninu îlu + ṣîrum</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“When the supreme + God.”</span> In the Ninevite duplicate in the British Museum, + however, a kind of title in the modern sense of the word is + given, namely, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dinani Ḫammurabi</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Laws of Ḫammurabi,”</span> the first word being + from the common Semitic root which appears, in Semitic + Babylonian, under the form of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">dânu</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“to judge.”</span> As far as our information goes, it + would seem that, whilst the Hebrew <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tôrah</span></span> was both judicial, + ceremonial, and moral, the Babylonian <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">dînu</span></span> was judicial only. + Ceremonial enactments are entirely foreign to it, and morality, + in the modern sense of the word, though represented, does not + hold a very high place, though it must not be forgotten that five + columns of the text are wanting.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">That there + should be, therefore, but few parallels between the Codes of + Moses and of Ḫammurabi was to be expected, though naturally + likenesses and parallelisms are to be found, the Hebrews being + practically of the same stock as the Babylonians, and also, as + has been shown, under the influence of the same civilization. It + will be noticed, in reading through the code, that not only are + there no laws against sorcery, worshipping other than the + national god or gods, and prostitution, but there are actually + enactments referring to the first and the last, showing that they + were recognized. Moral, religious, ceremonial, and philanthropic + enactments are, in fact, entirely absent.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">3-4. With the + enactments concerning false witness, cp. Ex. xx. 16; Deut. v. 20, + etc. More especially, however, are the directions in Deut. xix. + 16 ff. noteworthy. Here the direction is, to do to the false + witness <span class="tei tei-q">“as he had thought to do to his + brother.”</span> In this case, too, the logical penalty would be + death, in a matter involving the life of a man.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">7 (liability + to be regarded as a thief on account of the purchase or receiving + of things without witnesses or a contract) is to a certain extent + paralleled by Lev. vi. 2 ff., where, however, the penalty for + wrongful possession is not death, but the restoration of the + object detained, with a fifth part of the value added + thereto.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">8 (theft of + live-stock) is illustrated by Ex. xxii. 1, where it is ordered + that the thief restore five oxen for a stolen ox, and four sheep + for a stolen sheep. All laws dealing with theft seem to have been + more severe among the Babylonians than among the Hebrews, and + inability to make the object good, with the penalties attached + thereto, was visited with death (6-11, 14, 15, etc.).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">14. This + enactment is exactly parallel with Ex. xxi. 16: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“He that stealeth a man ... shall surely be put to + death.”</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page521">[pg + 521]</span><a name="Pg521" id="Pg521" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">21 + (housebreaking). Ex. xxii. 2-4, justifies the killing of a + burglar caught in the act before sunrise, but not otherwise.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">57. In the + case of unlawful pasturing, it is probable that Ex. xxii. 5 may + furnish the key to the obscurities of this Babylonian enactment. + According to the Mosaic law, the owner of the cattle had to make + the damage good with the best of his field or vineyard. To ensure + getting the best, and his due share, the most satisfactory way + would be to reap the offender's field, if he had one.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">110. The + opening (seemingly in the English sense) of a wine-house by a + temple-devotee, or her merely entering such a place, was in all + probability equivalent to prostituting herself, and if so, this + law may be compared with Lev. xxi. 9, in which the daughter of a + priest, if she profaned herself (and her father) by playing the + whore, was to be put to death by burning.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">117. As is + shown by the preceding enactments, the person of a man might be + seized for debt, but this shows that he might allow his wife, his + son, or his daughter to be taken to work it off, and in that case + they were to be set free in the fourth year. In Hebrew law (Ex. + xxi. 2) an ordinary purchased slave was free after six years' + service, but if a man sold his daughter (v. 7), she did not + <span class="tei tei-q">“go out as the men-servants + do.”</span><a id="noteref_295" name="noteref_295" href= + "#note_295"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">295</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">125. The theft + of things on deposit entailed only restitution if the person with + whom they were deposited were not in fault. In Ex. xxii. 7-9 the + person condemned had to pay or restore double the value of the + things stolen.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">129. In this + law the conditional clause at the end is incomplete, but it may + be supposed that liberty was accorded therein to the king and to + the injured husband to exercise mercy, and commute the + death-penalty in any way they thought fit, attaching thereto any + other penalty which might seem good to them. According to Lev. + xx. 10, the adulterer and the adulteress were to be put to death, + but in what manner is not stated. To all appearance no mercy was + given.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">130. As this + is a case of a married woman living in her father's house, Ex. + xxii. 16 is not an exact parallel. The woman being unbetrothed, + the man who had violated her had to endow and marry her.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">155. Incest of + the nature referred to here is practically a complete parallel + with Lev. xx. 12, where, however, the nature of the death-penalty + is not stated. If the correction of the code of Ḫammurabi + suggested in the footnote (<span class="tei tei-q">“they shall + bind that man, and cast <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">him</span></em> into the water”</span>) be + the true one, the man <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page522">[pg + 522]</span><a name="Pg522" id="Pg522" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + would seem to have been regarded as the chief sinner, and the + woman was probably left to be dealt with by the son's family. The + mere binding of the man, as in the text, would be no adequate + punishment, and the correction: <span class="tei tei-q">“They + shall bind <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">them</span></em>, and cast <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">them</span></em> + into the water,”</span> pre-supposes a very serious mistake on + the part of the scribe.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">157. This is a + parallel with Lev. xviii. 8, and xx. 11, and the penalty is death + in both codes. The word <span class="tei tei-q">“mother”</span> + in the Babylonian Code probably includes <span class= + "tei tei-q">“step-mother”</span> as well.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">195. This is + parallel with Ex. xxi. 15, where, however, the smiting of the + mother is included, and the more severe penalty of death is + prescribed, instead of merely cutting off the offending members + as a punishment.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">196, 197, 200, + 210. These illustrate the dictum: <span class="tei tei-q">“An eye + for an eye, and a tooth for tooth”</span> (Ex. xxi. 24, 25; Lev. + xxiv. 20; Deut. xix. 21; Matt. v. 38). They were naturally the + common punishments of the period when the penalty of imprisonment + could not be imposed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">199. The + destruction of the eye of a man's slave, or the fracture of his + limb, was apparently held to entail the diminution of his value + by one-half, which the person who inflicted the injury had to + pay. Nothing is said, however, concerning injury to a slave by + his master, and this law, therefore, has no parallel in the + Mosaic ordinance given in Ex. xxi. 26, 27, where the master is + spoken of as the possible aggressor, and had to set his slave + free on account of the injury he had received.<a id="noteref_296" + name="noteref_296" href="#note_296"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">296</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">206. The law + regarding injuries inflicted upon a man in a quarrel is parallel + with Ex. xxi. 18, 19, except that the latter decrees that the + person inflicting the injury, in addition to causing the injured + man to be completely healed, has also to pay for his loss of + time. On the other hand, it is noteworthy that, in the Code of + Ḫammurabi, he who committed the injury had to swear that he did + not do it knowingly—that is, with the intention of injuring the + man, otherwise he probably came under the law of retaliation, + Nos. 196, 197, and 200.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">209. This is + parallel with Ex. xxi. 22, but whereas the penalty for the injury + to the woman was fixed at ten shekels of silver, the law of Moses + allowed the husband to estimate the compensation, which was + certified and probably revised by the judges.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">210. It was + not only <span class="tei tei-q">“an eye for an eye, and a tooth + for a tooth,”</span> but also <span class="tei tei-q">“a daughter + for a daughter,”</span> even when a mortal injury may not have + been intended. This is practically <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page523">[pg 523]</span><a name="Pg523" id="Pg523" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the same as Ex. xxi. 23: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give + life for life.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">241. As this + law stands, it refers to the unlawful working of another man's + ox, and not to an ox taken in pledge, for the working of which + there could be no remedy, any more than there was for taking a + man's wife, child, or slave, in pledge to work out a debt.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">244 (loss of + an animal through attack by a wild beast). Compare Ex. xxii. 13: + <span class="tei tei-q">“If it (an animal delivered into the care + of another) be torn in pieces, then let him bring it for witness, + and he shall not make good that which was torn.”</span> + Apparently there was no obligation to place the animal in a safe + place. Cf. Gen. xxxi. 39 (Jacob's reproof to Laban): <span class= + "tei tei-q">“That which was torn of beasts I brought not unto + thee; I bare the loss of it.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">245 ff. These + are to a certain extent illustrated by Ex. xxii. 14, 15, in which + passage, if the owner of the injured animal was not present, the + borrower had to make good any loss. If, however, the owner was + there to protect it, there was no penalty, as he could in all + probability have prevented the injury from being inflicted, and + in any case might be supposed to have control over the + animal.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">250. The owner + of a furious bull was protected from loss, even though the result + was fatal, if he did not know that the animal was vicious. In Ex. + xxi. 28, though the owner of the offending ox was to go free, the + animal itself was to be stoned to death, and its flesh not eaten. + There is no doubt that this was hard on the owner, but it must + have had an excellent effect, and ensured the proper enclosing of + all doubtful animals.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">251. Even when + the master knew that his ox was vicious, the Babylonians were + more lenient than the Hebrews, who, in such a case, besides the + destruction of the ox, decreed the death of the owner as a + punishment for his negligence (Ex. xxi. 29). As will be seen from + verse 30, however, he might be spared by paying such ransom as + might be imposed upon him.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">252. One-third + of a mana of silver is equivalent to 20 shekels, so that the sum + here indicated as compensation for the death of a slave who has + been gored by a bull differs from that awarded in Ex. xxi. 32, by + ten shekels—one-sixth of a mana more.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">266. This is + in part covered by 244 (destruction of cattle by a lion), and is + parallel with Ex. xxii. 10, 11, where, also, an oath had to be + sworn between the parties, and the herdsman in whose care the + cattle were, went free of all obligation. The accident causing + the loss, however, is not there described as <span class= + "tei tei-q">“an act of God.”</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page524">[pg 524]</span><a name="Pg524" id="Pg524" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">267. The + wording of this law clearly indicates that it would apply if the + herdsman were in fault, and suggests that the same condition must + be read into Ex. xxii. 12, where, if the cattle were stolen from + him, he had to make the loss good.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Besides the + enactments in the Code of Moses, however, we find, in the + interesting and important monument translated above, and in the + legal documents of the period to which it belongs, noteworthy + parallels to other parts of the Old Testament. Reference has + already been made (pp. <a href="#Pg174" class= + "tei tei-ref">174</a>, <a href="#Pg175" class= + "tei tei-ref">175</a>, and <a href="#Pg185" class= + "tei tei-ref">185</a>, <a href="#Pg186" class= + "tei tei-ref">186</a>) to the contracts of the period of + Ḫammurabi's dynasty which illustrate the matter of Sarah giving + Hagar to Abraham because she herself was childless (Gen. xvi. 1, + 2). That this was the custom in Babylonia is now confirmed by law + 144, which also furnishes the reason why it was the wife who + chose her partner in the husband's affections. It was because the + first wife preferred to choose herself the woman who was to + replace her, and in doing this, she chose one who would be her + subordinate, not one who might become a really serious rival. A + parallel case is that of Bilhah (Gen. xxx. 4). Hagar's despising + her mistress (Gen. xvi. 4) is illustrated by law No. 146, which + allows the mistress to reduce her to the position of a slave + again, which was agreed to by the patriarch, the result being + that Hagar fled (v. 6).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The + determination to have the possession of the cave of Machpelah + placed upon a thoroughly legal footing (Gen. xxiii. 14-20) may, + perhaps, be illustrated by law No. 7, though there is not much + parallelism between the two instances, a field with a cave and + trees being a difficult thing to steal. There is hardly any + doubt, however, that the patriarch desired that no accusation + should be brought against him or his descendants for unlawfully + using it, as is suggested by the fact that when Ephron offered to + give it, he said that he did so <span class="tei tei-q">“in the + presence of the sons of my people”</span> only, but when the + transaction was completed as Abraham wished, it was done not only + in the presence of the children of Heth, but before all who went + in at the gate of his city (Gen. xxiii. 18), and naturally + included strangers as well.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Abraham's + seeking a wife for his son (Gen. xxiv. 4) is in conformity with + laws 155, 156, and 166; gifts are given (Gen. xxiv. 53 and laws + No. 159, 160, etc.); seemingly the father-in-law retained the + presents given by his son-in-law, if he could get possession of + them (Gen. xxxi. 15 and laws 159-161), and these belonged to the + wife (wives) and the children (xxxi. 16 and laws 162, 167, 171, + ff.).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whether the + theft of her father's teraphim by Rachel (Gen. xxxi. 19) could be + construed as sacrilege or not is doubtful, but this may well have + been the penalty thought of by Jacob when Laban accused some of + his household of theft (Gen. xxxi. <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page525">[pg 525]</span><a name="Pg525" id="Pg525" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> 32 and law No. 6), though theft, if there + were no restitution, was in Babylonian law always punishable with + death.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The punishment + of death by burning, which Judah decreed for his daughter-in-law + Tamar (Gen. xxxviii. 24), is parallel with that meted out to a + devotee opening or entering a wine-house (probably a place of + ill-repute), but the parallel ends there—there is no law in the + code of Ḫammurabi, as at present preserved, decreeing death by + burning for a widow who became a harlot.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Theft from a + palace (law No. 6) is parallel with Gen. xliv. 9, where the sons + of Jacob admit the justice of a death-penalty if Joseph's cup + were found in the possession of any of them. Whether the purchase + of the Egyptians and their land for bread by Joseph had any + analogy in Western Asia or not, is uncertain, though law No. 115, + as well as those which precede it, refer to something similar, + but in these cases the servitude was terminable, which does not + appear from Gen. xlvii. 19 ff. Thereafter the Egyptian ruler took + from these farmer-thralls a fifth part of the produce, which + compares well with the half or third exacted by the owner of a + field in Babylonia from the hirer (law 46). Finally, the clauses + of the laws of Ḫammurabi referring to adoption (No. 185) might be + quoted in illustration of the adoption of Ephraim and Manasseh by + their grandfather Jacob (Gen. xlviii. 5), especially when read in + connection with the inscriptions translated on pp. <a href= + "#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref">176</a> and <a href="#Pg177" class= + "tei tei-ref">177</a>, where the sharing of the adopted son + <span class="tei tei-q">“like a son”</span> is expressly referred + to.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the New + Testament, Gal. iv. 30: <span class="tei tei-q">“Cast out the + bondwoman and her son, for the son of the bondwoman shall not be + heir with the son of the freewoman,”</span> finds illustration in + law 171 of Ḫammurabi's code, and the parable of the talents + (Matt. xxv. 14 ff.) reminds one of the agent sending forth + commissioners to get gain for him by trafficking, as in laws + 100-102. 103-107 do not bear directly upon this parallel, but are + worth noting in connection with it.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It will be + long ere all that can be said about this noteworthy inscription + finds expression. There is much needing comment, and much to + study therein, and the precise rendering of many a word has still + to be found out.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">Babylon And The Bible.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A great deal + has been written concerning the two lectures which the renowned + Assyriologist, Friedrich Delitzsch, delivered some time ago + before the German Emperor, under the title of <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Babel und + Bibel</span></span>. These lectures have now been published, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page526">[pg 526]</span><a name= + "Pg526" id="Pg526" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and from their + style and contents, one can easily judge how great was the + interest which they aroused. Those who were privileged to hear + them must have enjoyed a true archæological feast, all the more + exquisite in that the subject was that which throws more light + upon the Old Testament than any other known.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">His lectures + deal, for the most part, with the things which are touched upon + at greater length in this book—the early records of Babylonia and + Assyria, the history, the literature, the arts, and the sciences + of those countries, and of the great cities of which they were so + proud. Beginning with <span class="tei tei-q">“the great + mercantile firm of Murašû and Sons in the time of + Artaxerxes,”</span> about 450 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, and the Hebrew + names found therein, he speaks of Ur of the Chaldees, Carchemish, + Sargon of Agadé, Ḫammurabi, the Bronze Gates of Shalmaneser II., + Sargon of Assyria, Sennacherib, Assurbanipal (Aššur-banî-âpli or + Sardanapalus), the Laws of Ḫammurabi (translated in full in this + volume), the processions of gods,<a id="noteref_297" name= + "noteref_297" href="#note_297"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">297</span></span></a> the + blessing of Aaron,<a id="noteref_298" name="noteref_298" href= + "#note_298"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">298</span></span></a> the + advanced civilization of Babylonia 2250 years <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, and many other + things. To touch upon all his points would be to repeat much that + has been treated of in this book, and that being the case, all + the most important of them are referred to in the following pages + under special headings:—</p> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + Canaan.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">That he is + right in calling Canaan at the time of the Exodus <span class= + "tei tei-q">“A domain of Babylonian culture”</span> is + indicated by the testimony of the Tel-el-Amarna tablets, and is + fully shown in the present work, Chapters V.-VII. In the notes + appended to the first lecture he refers to the fact that there + existed, in the neighbourhood of Jerusalem, a town called Bît + (or Beth) Ninip, after the Babylonian god—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“even though there may not have been in Jerusalem + itself a <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">bît Ninip</span></span>, a temple of the + god Ninip.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + The Sabbath.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the + present work, the Sabbath is referred to on pl. <a href= + "#Plate_II" class="tei tei-ref">II.</a>, where photographs of + two fragments (duplicates) explaining the word are given. Prof. + Delitzsch calls attention, in the notes to his first lecture, + to this text, together with the British Museum syllabary + 82-9-18, 4159, col. I., l. 24, where <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ud</span></span> (weakened to <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">û</span></span>), <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page527">[pg 527]</span><a name="Pg527" id="Pg527" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> meaning <span class= + "tei tei-q">“day,”</span> is explained by <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">šabattum</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Sabbath,”</span> as <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">the</span></em> day”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">par + excellence</span></span>, and from other passages he reasons + that the old rendering of the word as <span class= + "tei tei-q">“day of rest,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">ûm nûḫ + libbi</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“day of rest of + the heart”</span>—cf. pl. <a href="#Plate_II" class= + "tei tei-ref">II.</a>—is the correct one.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The + following list of Sumerian and Babylonian days of the month + will serve to show exactly how the matter stands:—</p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="3"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sumerian.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Semitic Babylonian.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Translation.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">U</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">ûmu</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">day.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">U-maš-am</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">[mišil] ûmu</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">half a day.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">U-gi-kam</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">[ûmu] kal</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">first day (Sum.), the whole day + (Sem.).</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">U-mina-kam</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">ši-na [ûmu]</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">second day.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">U-eši-kam</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">šela[štu ûmu]</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">third day.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">U-lama-kam</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">irbit</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">fourth (day).</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">U-ia-kam</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">ḫamil[tu]</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">fifth (day).</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">U-âša-kam</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">šeš[šitu]</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">sixth (day).</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">U-imina-kam</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">sib[itu]</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">seventh (day).</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">U-ussa-kam</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">saman[atu]</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">eighth (day).</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">U-ilima-kam</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">tilti do.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">ninth day.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">U-ḫu-kam</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">êširti do.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">tenth day.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">U-ḫuia-kam</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">šapatti</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">fifteenth day (Sum.), Sabbath + (Sem.).</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">U-mana-gi-lal-kam</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">ibbû</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">twentieth day less 1 (Sum.), the + wrathful (Sem.).</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">U-mana-kam</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">êšrû</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">twentieth day.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">U-mana-ia-kam</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">ârḫu bat[tu]</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">twenty-fifth day (Sum.), + festival month (Sem.).</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">U-eša-kam</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">šelašâ</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">thirtieth day.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">U-na-am</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">bubbulum</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">rest-day (Sum.), (day of) desire + (Sem.).</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">U-ḫul-gala</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">u-ḫulgallum</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">evil day.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">U-ḫul-gala</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">ûmu lim[nu]</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">evil day.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">U-šu-tua</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">ûmu rimku</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">libation-day.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">U-elene</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">ûmu têliltum</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">purification-day.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From the + above it will be seen, that the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">šapattum</span></span> or Sabbath was the + 15th day of the month, and that only. That it was a day of + rest, is shown by the etymology, the word being derived from + the Sumerian <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ša-bat</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“heart-rest,”</span> which probably has, therefore, + no connection with the Semitic root <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">šabātu</span></span>, which, as far as at + present known, is a synonym of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gamāru</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“to complete.”</span> It was the day of rest of the + heart, but being the 15th, it was also the day when the moon + reached the full in the heart or middle of the month, and its + name may, therefore, contain a <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page528">[pg 528]</span><a name="Pg528" id="Pg528" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> play upon the two ideas which the word + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">libbu</span></span> contains. In + accordance with the general rule, the consonants of words + borrowed from the Sumerian were often sharpened when + transferred to Semitic Babylonian, hence the form <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">šapattum</span></span> instead of + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">šabattum</span></span>, though the latter + is also found.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The nearest + approach to the Sabbath, in the Jewish sense, among the + Babylonians, is the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">û-ḫulgala</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">ûmu + limnu</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“the evil + day,”</span> which, as we know from the Hemerologies, was the + 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th, and 19th day of each month, the last so + called because it was a week of weeks from the 1st day of the + foregoing month. It is this, therefore, which contains the germ + of the idea of the Jewish Sabbath, but it was not that Sabbath + in the true sense of the term, for if the months had 30 days, + the week following the 28th had 9 days instead of 7, and weeks + of 8 and 9 days therefore probably occurred twelve times each + year. The nature of this original of the Sabbath is shown by + the Hemerologies, which describe how it was to be kept in the + following words:—</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + (The Duties Of The 7th Day).</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The 7th day is a fast of Merodach and Zēr-panitum, + a fortunate day, an evil day. The shepherd of the great peoples + shall not eat flesh cooked by fire, salted (savoury) food, he + shall not change the dress of his body, he shall not put on + white, he shall not make an offering. The king shall not ride + in his chariot, he shall not talk as ruler; a seer shall not do + a thing in a secret place; a physician shall not lay his hand + on a sick man;<a id="noteref_299" name="noteref_299" href= + "#note_299"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">299</span></span></a> + (the day) is unsuitable for making a wish. The king shall set + his oblation in the night before Merodach and Ištar, he shall + make an offering, (and) his prayer<a id="noteref_300" name= + "noteref_300" href="#note_300"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">300</span></span></a> + is acceptable with god.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For the + 14th, 21st, 28th, and 19th, the names of the deities differ, + and on the last-named the shepherd of the great peoples is + forbidden to eat <span class="tei tei-q">“anything which the + fire has touched.”</span> Otherwise the directions are the + same, and though generally described as a lucky or happy day, + it was certainly an evil day for work, or for doing the things + referred to. It is to be noted, however, that there is no + direction that the day was to be observed by the common + people.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page529">[pg + 529]</span><a name="Pg529" id="Pg529" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + Was The Flood A <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Sin-Flood”</span>?</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">That the + Flood was a <span class="tei tei-q">“sin-flood”</span> + (<span class="tei tei-q">“dass die Sintflut eine Sündflut<a id= + "noteref_301" name="noteref_301" href="#note_301"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">301</span></span></a> + war”</span>) among the Babylonians as among the Hebrews has + already been stated (p. <a href="#Pg112" class= + "tei tei-ref">112</a>—cf. p. <a href="#Pg107" class= + "tei tei-ref">107</a>, I, II ff.), and with this Prof. + Delitzsch, answering the criticisms of Oettli, agrees. Replying + to König, he energetically repudiates the idea that + <span class="tei tei-q">“the Babylonian hero saves his dead and + living property, but in both Biblical accounts there appears, + instead of that, the higher point of view of the preservation + of the animal-world.”</span> He then cites Berosus, according + to whom Xisuthros received the command to take into the ark + winged and four-footed animals, and quotes the line translated + on p. <a href="#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref">103</a>: + <span class="tei tei-q">“I caused to go up into the midst of + the ship ... the beasts of the field and the animals of the + field—all of them I sent up.”</span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h5 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + The Dragon And The Serpent-Tempter.</h5> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Prof. + Delitzsch's notes upon the Dragon of Chaos are exceedingly + interesting, as is also the picture which he gives, from a + little seal in the form of a long bead, of the god Merodach + <span class="tei tei-q">“clothed in his majestic glory, with + powerful arm, and broad eye and ear, the symbols of his + intelligence, and at the feet of the god the captive Dragon + of the primæval waters.”</span> From our point of view the + deity does not look very majestic, but it is an exceedingly + interesting representation, the more especially as he bears + in his left hand (in the drawing) the circle and staff of + Šamaš, the sun, showing the correctness of the theory which + made Merodach likewise a sun-god. It is noteworthy, however, + that a similar object found by the German expedition to + Babylonia shows a figure of Hadad, the wind-god, as the + Babylonians conceived him, and accompanying him are a winged + dragon and another creature—indeed, each deity seems to have + had his own special attendant of this nature. Are we, + therefore, to understand that each deity overcame a dragon or + other animal? or may it not be, that Merodach had a kind of + dragon as his attendant, and the one depicted sitting by his + side, close to his feet, is the creature devoted to him, and + not the Dragon of Chaos at all?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Dragon + of Chaos, Tiamtu or Tiawthu, appears in the inscriptions as + the representative of the Hebrew <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tehôm</span></span>, which <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page530">[pg 530]</span><a name="Pg530" id= + "Pg530" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> is the same word without + the feminine ending. It is also regarded, however, as being + represented in the Old Testament by <span lang="he" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="he"><span style= + "font-style: italic">liwyāthān</span></span> (leviathan), + <span lang="he" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "he"><span style="font-style: italic">tannîn</span></span>, + and <span lang="he" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "he"><span style="font-style: italic">rahab</span></span>, + explained as <span class="tei tei-q">“the winding + one,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“the dragon,”</span> and + <span class="tei tei-q">“the monster”</span> respectively. As + far as our knowledge at present goes, none of these names + occur in the Babylonian inscriptions, but there is sufficient + analogy between the Biblical passages which contain them and + the story of Tiamtu to establish an identity between the two + sources.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the + passage <span class="tei tei-q">“Awake, awake,”</span> etc. + (Is. li. 9), the cutting of Rahab in pieces, and the piercing + of the dragon, are made into similes typifying the drying up + of the Red Sea, so that the Israelites might pass over, and + on this account the words standing for these creatures seem + to have become an allegorical way of referring to Egypt, + caught, like Tiamtu, in a net (Ezek. xxxii. 2, 3). In Job ix. + 13 the <span class="tei tei-q">“helpers of Rahab”</span> are + mentioned, recalling the gods who aided Tiamtu, and in xxvi. + 12 <span class="tei tei-q">“he smiteth through Rahab”</span> + is a reminiscence of the piercing of the head of Merodach's + opponent.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Job + xli. 3 the words <span class="tei tei-q">“Lay thine hand upon + him; remember <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">the battle</span></em>, and do so no + more,”</span> evidently refer to leviathan in v. 1, here + typical of Tiamtu, the battle being that which Merodach + fought with her. <span class="tei tei-q">“Shall not one be + cast down even at the sight of him?”</span> in verse 9, + recalls the dreadful appearance of Tiamtu and her helpers, + whose aspect filled the gods of the Babylonians with fear. + Still another parallel is to be found in the verse + <span class="tei tei-q">“Their (the enemies') wine is the + poison of dragons (<span lang="he" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="he"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tanninim</span></span>),”</span> Deut. + xxxii. 33, reminding us of the monsters created by Tiamtu, + whose bodies were filled with poison like blood.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">All these + passages naturally prove that the legend was well known to + the Hebrews, and must also have been current among their + neighbours. Though they identified her with the sea + (<span lang="he" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "he"><span style="font-style: italic">tehom</span></span>), + they did not, to all appearance, use that word to indicate + the Dragon of Chaos, as did the Babylonians—she was a + serpent, a dragon, or a monster. Though she may be the type + of the serpent-tempter (the difference of sex makes a little + difficulty), the compiler of the first two chapters of + Genesis rigorously excluded her from the Hebrew + Creation-story. The story of leviathan, the dragon, or the + monster, was a legend current among the people, and used by + the Hebrew sacred writers as a useful simile, but it seems to + have formed no part of orthodox Hebrew religious belief.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Prof. + Delitzsch has boldly reproduced, on p. 36 of his <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Babel und + Bibel</span></span> (German edition), what has been regarded + in England as the driving of the evil spirit from the temple + built at Calah by Aššur-naṣir-âpli (885 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>), but he calls + it <span class="tei tei-q">“Fight with the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page531">[pg 531]</span><a name="Pg531" id= + "Pg531" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Dragon.”</span> The evil + spirit represented is certainly a kind of dragon, but on the + original slab in the British Museum the creature is a male, + and not a female, as in the Babylonian Creation-story. + Identification with the Dragon of Chaos is therefore in the + highest degree improbable, and as it would seem from his + answer to Jensen, Delitzsch does not regard it as having + anything to do with the Creation-story, but a representation + of <span class="tei tei-q">“a fight between the power of + light and the power of darkness in general.”</span> This + seems exceedingly probable, as is also his statement that in + such a conception as that of Tiamtu, it may easily be + imagined that plenty of room for fancy existed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The + serpent-tempter in Gen. iii. 1 is an ordinary serpent, + <span lang="he" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "he"><span style="font-style: italic">naḫas</span></span>, + the type of the evil one. He had no part in the creation, and + was to all appearance one of the beasts of the field created + by God. Tiamtu, his Babylonian parallel, on the other hand, + does not seem to have been in any sense a tempter—she simply + tried to overcome the gods of heaven, aided by her followers + and offspring, among whom were some of the divine beings + created by the gods. That in consequence of this, she may + have been regarded as having tempted those of her followers + who were the offspring of the gods of heaven, is not only + possible, but probable, and if provable, we should have here + the identification of the Dragon of Chaos with the + serpent-tempter.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And this + leads him to the question as to whether the celebrated + cylinder-seal referred to on p. <a href="#Pg079" class= + "tei tei-ref">79</a> is really intended to be a picture of + the circumstance of the fall of man. Delitzsch points out, + that the clothed condition of the figures prevents him from + recognizing in the tree the tree <span class="tei tei-q">“of + knowledge of good and evil”</span>—perhaps there glimmers + through the Biblical account in Gen. ii. and iii. another and + older form of the story, in which only one tree, the tree of + life, appeared. The words in ii. 9: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“and the tree of the knowledge of good and + evil,”</span> seem, as it were, patched on, and the narrator + completely forgets this newly-introduced <span class= + "tei tei-q">“tree of the knowledge of good and evil”</span> + to the extent, that he even, by oversight, makes God allow + man, in contradiction to iii. 22, to eat of the Tree of Life + (ii. 16). All this seems very plausible, but may it not be, + that man, before eating of the tree of knowledge, was + permitted to eat of the tree of life, which was denied to him + after the Fall? If this be the case, there was probably no + forgetfulness on the part of the narrator, and the story + hangs excellently together. And here it is to be noted that + both the tree of life, and the tree of the knowledge of good + and evil, were in the midst of the garden (ii. 9), that the + woman seems to be aware of the existence of one tree only + (iii. 3), and there is no statement that the man knew the + nature of the fruit which his wife handed to him (6), though + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page532">[pg 532]</span><a name= + "Pg532" id="Pg532" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> it may be + surmised that, with the prohibition with regard to one of + them in his mind, he ought to have inquired. The heaviest + punishment therefore falls upon the tempter, the woman coming + next, and the man having the lightest though even his is + sufficiently severe.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the + design on the cylinder Delitzsch sees a male and a female + figure, with a serpent, and in this both Hommel and Jensen + agree. Delitzsch, moreover, says: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The distinguishing of the one figure by horns, + which was, in Babylonia, as in Israel, equally the common + symbol of strength and victoriousness, I regard as a very + delicate device of the artist to introduce into the two + clothed human figures the sex-distinction in an unmistakable + manner.”</span> He is of opinion that nothing very decisive + can as yet be pronounced concerning the serpent, but one + might connect therewith the appearance of Tiamtu, who also, + like leviathan in Job iii. 8 and <span class="tei tei-q">“the + old serpent”</span> in the Apocalypse, may be assumed to have + been still existing. (Compare p. <a href="#Pg032" class= + "tei tei-ref">32</a> of the present work, lines 112 and + 113.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He points + out that in a list of rivers, etc., there is one called + <span class="tei tei-q">“the river of the Serpent-god + destroying<a id="noteref_302" name="noteref_302" href= + "#note_302"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">302</span></span></a> + the abode of life”</span> (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Id-Sir-tindir-duba</span></span>), which + is also a confirmation of the theory that the Babylonians + possessed the legend of the serpent-tempter. Noteworthy also + is the following text, which he refers to <span class= + "tei tei-q">“by the way,”</span> with a slight indication of + the contents:—</p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“... + sin, fixing the command.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ... of the ordinance, the man of lamentation. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ... the maid, has eaten the evil thing— + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ... Ama-namtagga has done what is evil + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + The fate of Ama-namtagga is hard<a id="noteref_303" name= + "noteref_303" href="#note_303"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">303</span></span></a>— + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Her fate is hard, her face is troubled with a tear. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + She has sat on a glorious throne, + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + She has lain on a glorious couch, + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + She has learned to love aright, + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">She has + learned to kiss.”</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The + mutilation of this inscription renders the true + interpretation doubtful, but it would seem to be exceedingly + probable that there is in it some reference to the fate of + our first mother, inherited by all her daughters to the end + of time.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + Ama-namtagga means <span class="tei tei-q">“The Mother of + Sin,”</span> and her having eaten and done what is evil makes + an interesting parallel with the case of Eve.<a id= + "noteref_304" name="noteref_304" href= + "#note_304"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">304</span></span></a></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page533">[pg + 533]</span><a name="Pg533" id="Pg533" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h5 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + The Cherubim.</h5> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Concerning + the Cherubs something has been said in this book, pp. 80-82, + and to this Prof. Delitzsch adds a few more instances. As + others have done, he regards the cherubim of the Babylonians + and Assyrians as being the winged bulls, with heads of men. + As an angel he gives a picture of a winged female figure + holding a necklace<a id="noteref_305" name="noteref_305" + href="#note_305"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">305</span></span></a>; + the demons he depicts are from the slabs in the Assyrian + Saloon of the British Museum, where two of these beings are + fighting with each other; and devils he regards as being + typified by a small but mutilated statuette of a creature + with an animal's head, long erect ears, and open mouth with + threatening teeth. For the existence of guardian-angels he + quotes the letter of Ablâ to the queen-mother: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Bel and Nebo's messenger of grace (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">âbil šipri + ša dunqi ša Bêl u Nabû</span></span>) will go with the king + of the countries, my lord.”</span> Of especial interest, + however, is his reference to the inscription of Nabopolassar, + in which that founder of the latest of the Babylonian empires + states that Merodach <span class="tei tei-q">“called him to + rule over the land and the people, caused a guardian-god + (cherub) to go by his side, and caused all the work which he + undertook to succeed.”</span> Besides the cherubs or + guardian-angels, the Babylonians believed in numerous evil + gods and devils, besides Tiamtu and the serpent-tempter of + mankind.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h5 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + Babylonian Monotheism.</h5> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The + question of Babylonian monotheism, and of the antiquity of + the name Yahweh (Jehovah) attracted a considerable amount of + attention, and has been supplemented by Delitzsch very fully + in the notes to his first lecture. Upon this point something + was said in the present volume (pp. <a href="#Pg047" class= + "tei tei-ref">47</a> and <a href="#Pg058" class= + "tei tei-ref">58-61</a>), and the author is practically at + one with Prof. Delitzsch. As the inscription translated on p. + <a href="#Pg058" class="tei tei-ref">58</a> shows, the + Babylonians were monotheists, and yet they were not. They + believed in all their various gods, and at the same time + identified those gods with Merodach. Just as, in the beliefs + of India, each soul may be regarded as emanating from, and + returning to, the Creator, and forming one with Him at the + final death of the body, so the gods of the Babylonians were + apparently regarded as parts of, and emanations from, + Merodach, the chief of the gods, who, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page534">[pg 534]</span><a name="Pg534" id= + "Pg534" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> when they conferred upon + him their names, conferred upon him in like manner their + being. It is in this way alone that Merodach, the last-born + of the great gods, can be regarded as the father and begetter + of the gods (see pp. <a href="#Pg045" class= + "tei tei-ref">45</a>, <a href="#Pg046" class= + "tei tei-ref">46</a>).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Prof. + Delitzsch has therefore done a service in bringing more + prominently to the notice of students and scholars the text + of which the obverse is printed on p. <a href="#Pg058" class= + "tei tei-ref">58</a>, and mentioning the paper where it first + appeared.<a id="noteref_306" name="noteref_306" href= + "#note_306"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">306</span></span></a> + The study of the religion of the Babylonians and Assyrians + has been greatly furthered thereby.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With + regard to the question, whether besides this tablet, there be + other indications that the Babylonians—or a section of + them—believed in one god, Delitzsch quotes, as did also the + present author, many names supporting this idea. Thus he + gives the following:—</p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ilu-ittîa, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“God is with me.”</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ilu-amtaḫar, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“I called upon God.”</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ilu-âbi, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“God is my father.”</span><a id= + "noteref_307" name="noteref_307" href= + "#note_307"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">307</span></span></a> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ilu-milki, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“God is my counsel.”</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yarbi-îlu, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“God is great.”</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yamlik-îlu, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“God rules.”</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ibšî-ina-ili, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“He existed through God.”</span><a id= + "noteref_308" name="noteref_308" href= + "#note_308"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">308</span></span></a> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Awel-ili, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Man of God.”</span><a id= + "noteref_309" name="noteref_309" href= + "#note_309"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">309</span></span></a> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mut(um)-ili, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Man of God.”</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ilûma-le'i, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“God is mighty.”</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ilûma-âbi, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“God is my father.”</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ilûma-ilu, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“God is God.”</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Šumma-îlu-lâ-îlîa, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“If God were not my god?”</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And if + more be wanted, to these may be added Ya'kub-îlu, Yasup-îlu, + Abdi-îlu, Ya'zar-îlu, and Yantin-îlu, on p. 157; Ili-bandi, + <span class="tei tei-q">“God is my creator,”</span> p. 166; + Sar-îli, <span class="tei tei-q">“Prince of God,”</span> p. + 170; Uštašni-îli, <span class="tei tei-q">“My God has made to + increase twofold,”</span> p. 178; Nûr-ili, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Light of God,”</span> p. 184; Arad-îli-rêmeanni, + <span class="tei tei-q">“The servant of God, (who) had mercy + on me,”</span> p. 187; Yabnik-îlu, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“God has been gracious (?),”</span> p. 243; and + many others. Remarks upon some of these names will be found + on pp. 244, 245. Similar names occurring during the time of + the later Babylonian empire will be found on pp. 434, 463 + (Aqabi-îlu), 435, 436 (Adi'-ilu and Yadi'îlu), 458 + (Baruḫi-ilu, probably a Jew, and Idiḫi-îlu). It will + therefore be seen that names of a monotheistic nature were + common in Babylonia at all periods, but as they are greatly + outnumbered by the polytheistic ones,<a id="noteref_310" + name="noteref_310" href="#note_310"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">310</span></span></a> + their exact value as testimony to monotheism, or to a + tendency to it, is doubtful. In certain cases, the deity + intended by the word <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">îlu</span></span> is the family god, but + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page535">[pg 535]</span><a name= + "Pg535" id="Pg535" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> in the above + examples, names implying this have been as far as possible + avoided.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Of what kind and of what value this + monothesis was, our present sources of knowledge do not allow + us to state, but we can best conclude from the later + development of Jahvism.”</span> (Delitzsch.)</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + Jahweh (Jehovah).</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Most + important of all, however, from the point of view of the + history of the religion of the Jews, is what Delitzsch states + concerning the name Jahweh (Jehovah). On p. 46 of his first + lecture (German edition) he gives half-tone reproductions of + three tablets preserved in the British Museum, which, according + to him, contain three forms of the personal name meaning + <span class="tei tei-q">“Jahwe is God”</span>—<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ya'we-îlu</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Yawe-îlu</span></span>, and <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Yaum-îlu</span></span>. The last of these + names we may dismiss at once, the form being clearly not that + of Yahweh, but of Yah, the Jah of Ps. civ. 35 and several other + passages. The other two, however, are not so lightly dealt + with, notwithstanding the objections of other Assyriologists + and Orientalists. It is true that Ya'pi-îlu and Yapi-îlu are + possible readings, but Delitzsch's objections to them are + soundly based, and can hardly be set aside. The principal + argument against the identification of Ya'we or Yawe with + Yahwah is, that we should have here, about 2000 years before + Christ, a form of the word which is really later than that used + by the Jewish captives at Babylon 500 years before Christ, when + it was to all appearance pronounced Ya(')awa or Yâwa (see pp. + 458, 465, 470, 471). If, however, we may read the name Ya'wa + (Ya'awa) or Yâwa, as is possible, then there is nothing against + the identification proposed by Delitzsch. That [Cuneiform] was + used with the value of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">wa</span></span> is proved by such words + as <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">warka</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“after,”</span> where the reading <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">wearka</span></span> seems to be + impossible, and the necessary distinction between <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ma</span></span> and <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">wa</span></span> (the former was written + with a different character) would be maintained. It is worthy + of note that Ya'wa must have been more of a name than Yau, + which was a primitive Babylonian word for <span class= + "tei tei-q">“God,”</span> it is doubtful whether it could + always be written without the divine prefix. As, however, the + divine name Ae or Ea, with others, is often written so + unprovided, such an objection as this could not be held to + invalidate Delitzsch's contention.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The + probability therefore is, that Delitzsch is right in + transcribing <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page536">[pg + 536]</span><a name="Pg536" id="Pg536" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the name as he has done, if we may change + the final <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">e</span></em> to <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">a</span></em>, + and he is also probably right in his identification. + Nevertheless, we require more information from the records of + ancient Babylonia before we can say, with certainty, that the + first component of the name Ya'wa-îlu is the Yahweh of the + Hebrews, though we are bound to admit that the identification + is in the highest degree probable. Delitzsch speaks of the + possibility of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ya've</span></span> being a verbal form + (it would be parallel to names like Yabnik-îlu), only to reject + it, as a name meaning <span class="tei tei-q">“God + exists”</span> (Hommel and Zimmern) is certainly not what one + would expect to find. On the other hand, Zimmern admits the + possibility that Yaum may be the name of a god, and possibly + the name Yahu, Yahve may be present in it. As he is against + Delitzsch on the whole, this is an important admission.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">Additional Notes To Ḫammurabi's + Laws.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg492" class="tei tei-ref">492</a>, §. 8. The <span class= + "tei tei-q">“poor man”</span> who is mentioned here and in + several other places, is referred to under a Sumerian term + translated by the Semitic <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">muškinu</span></span>, Arabic <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">miskīn</span></span>, from which the French + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mesquin</span></span> is derived (through + the Spanish <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mezquino</span></span>). With the + Babylonians, however, the <span class="tei tei-q">“poor + man,”</span> as expressed by this term, was only one who was + comparatively wanting in this world's goods. That he was able to + pay a fine, presupposes that he was the possessor of property, + and this is confirmed by a bilingual explanatory list, which + reads as follows:</p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="3"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Giš šar</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">kirû</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Plantation.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">giš šar êgal</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">kirû êkalli</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">plantation of the palace.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">giš šar lugal</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">kirû šarri</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">plantation of the king.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">giš šar mašdu</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">kirû muškini</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">plantation of a poor man.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Muškinu</span></span> is rendered by + Winckler <span class="tei tei-q">“freedman.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg493" class="tei tei-ref">493</a>, § 26 ff. It is difficult to + find a satisfactory rendering for the words translated + <span class="tei tei-q">“army-leader”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“soldier.”</span> Winckler translates <span class= + "tei tei-q">“soldier”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“slinger.”</span> Perhaps the latter should be + rendered <span class="tei tei-q">“scout.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg495" class="tei tei-ref">495</a>, §§ 43 and 44. The word + translated <span class="tei tei-q">“shall enclose (it)”</span> is + in accordance with the meaning given for the root <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">šakāku</span></span> in Delitzsch's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Handwörterbuch</span></span>. If, however, + the rendering <span class="tei tei-q">“plough”</span> in § 260 + (p. <a href="#Pg513" class="tei tei-ref">513</a>), first proposed + by Scheil, be correct, then in all probability the translation in + the two sections should be <span class="tei tei-q">“shall plough + (it).”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg498" class="tei tei-ref">498</a>, l. 12. Literally, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the man the tenancy, the silver of his + rent complete for a year, to the lord of the house has + given.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg499" class="tei tei-ref">499</a>, § 108. The <span class= + "tei tei-q">“large stone”</span> was seemingly large only by + comparison with the <span class="tei tei-q">“small stone”</span> + which weighed 1/3 of a shekel.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg500" class="tei tei-ref">500</a>, § 116, etc. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The son of a man”</span> Winckler translates as + <span class="tei tei-q">“a free-born person.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg501" class="tei tei-ref">501</a>, § 126. Or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“As (in the case of) his property (which) has not + been lost, he shall state his deficiency before God.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg510" class="tei tei-ref">510</a>, §§ 215, 218, 220. Instead + of <span class="tei tei-q">“cataract”</span> Winckler translates + <span class="tei tei-q">“tumour,”</span> but thinks <span class= + "tei tei-q">“lachrymal fistula”</span> still better, though + <span class="tei tei-q">“cataract”</span> is possible.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg513" class="tei tei-ref">513</a>, § 257. Here, as in other + places, the character for field-labourer is the archaic form of + [Cuneiform] <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ikkaru</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">îrrišu</span></span>.</p> + </div> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page537">[pg 537]</span><a name= + "Pg537" id="Pg537" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc63" id="toc63"></a> <a name="pdf64" id="pdf64"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Appendix To The Third + Edition.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">The Hittites.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In consequence + of the very important discoveries of the German explorers at + Boghaz-Köi, the site of the ancient Hittite capital Ḫattu,<a id= + "noteref_311" name="noteref_311" href="#note_311"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">311</span></span></a> much + light will be thrown on the ancient history, religion, manners, and + customs of that portion of Western Asia, and Syria as well, + together with the relations of the empire of the Hittites with + Egypt. As far as can at present be judged, the language of the + Hittites was Aryan, and the similar terminations in such + Kassite<a id="noteref_312" name="noteref_312" href= + "#note_312"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">312</span></span></a> words + as are known point to its being of the same family, and the same + may, perhaps, be said of Mitannian.<a id="noteref_313" name= + "noteref_313" href="#note_313"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">313</span></span></a> The + excavations at Boghaz-Köi began where fragments of tablets had + already been found, namely, on the slope of the hill at Böyük-kale, + the documents becoming more complete as the explorers went higher. + Another mass of records was found at the foot of the hill, by the + ruins of the temple. It was in the upper find that the Babylonian + version of the treaty between Rameses II. and the Hittite king + Ḫattušil was found. The founder of the dynasty was Šubbiluliuma, + the name read <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sapalulu</span></span> in the Egyptian version + of the treaty. He was evidently a warrior-king, whose overlordship + the state of Mitanni acknowledged, and seems to have been succeeded + by his son Arandaš. The next ruler was Muršil, the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Maurasar</span></span> of Egyptologists, who + appears to have been a great conqueror. Muršil's successor was his + brother Mutallu (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mautenel</span></span>), who, however, was + apparently killed in a revolt, whereupon the renowned Ḫattušil (the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Khetasir</span></span> of Egyptologists) + mounted the throne. His queen was Pudu-ḫipa, and they had a son + Dudḫalia, whose name recalls the Tidal (Tid'al) of the 14th chapter + of Genesis, and the Tudḫula (or Tudḫul) of the tablets which + apparently refer to Chedorlaomer and his allies.<a id="noteref_314" + name="noteref_314" href="#note_314"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">314</span></span></a> In + the Babylonian version of the treaty of Ḫattušil with Rameses II., + we learn that the titles of the Egyptian king were <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wašmua-ria + šatepuaria Ria-mašeša mâi Amana mâr Mim-mua-Ria binbin + Min-paḫirita-Ria</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> + User-maat-ra Ra-messu Mery Amen, son of Men-maat-ra (Seti I.), + grandson of Men-peḫti-ra (Rameses I.).<a id="noteref_315" name= + "noteref_315" href="#note_315"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">315</span></span></a></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page538">[pg 538]</span><a name= + "Pg538" id="Pg538" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">The Ḫabiri.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Dr. Hugo + Winckler, the explorer of Boghaz-Köi, who has published many + interesting details of the result of his researches, states that + parallel passages prove the identity of the Sa-gas (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">see</span></span> pp. + <a href="#Pg291" class="tei tei-ref">291</a>, <a href="#Pg292" + class="tei tei-ref">292</a>) of the Tel-al-Amarna tablets with the + Ḫabiri, and that not only the Sa-gas people, but also the Sa-gas + gods are referred to. For these latter, he says, compare the image + of the <span class="tei tei-q">“valley of the <span lang="he" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="he"><span style= + "font-style: italic">'oberim</span></span>”</span> (translated + <span class="tei tei-q">“them that pass”</span>) in Ezekiel (xxxix. + 11), in which further justification of the comparison of + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ḫabiri</span></span> and <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">'eber</span></span> (Eber, regarded as the + ancestor of the <span lang="he" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "he"><span style="font-style: italic">'Ibrim</span></span> or + Hebrews) results. One would like to have further details of the + learned explorer's opinions upon this point. To all appearance the + connection of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">'oberim</span></span> with <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">'eber</span></span> would involve a change in + the vocalization. For the author, the difficulty of connecting + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ḫabiri</span></span> with <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">'Ibrim</span></span> (Hebrews) still continues + to exist. The connection of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ḫabiri</span></span> with <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">'Ibri</span></span> (Hebrew) requires that the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ain</span></span> should have been pronounced + as <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ghain</span></span>, and the Septuagint + generally gives <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gh</span></span> when it was so + pronounced.<a id="noteref_316" name="noteref_316" href= + "#note_316"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">316</span></span></a> In + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">'Ibrim</span></span>, however, this is not the + case, and Prof. Swete has only the soft breathing in his + edition.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">A Letter Apparently From Prince + Belshazzar (</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 144%; font-style: italic">see</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 144%">pp.</span> <a href="#Pg446" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 144%">446-451</span></a><span style= + "font-size: 144%">).</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This is + evidently one of the documents obtained by Mr. Hormuzd Rassam at + Sippar (Abu-habbah), as the reference to Bunene, one of the deities + of the city, shows. Unfortunately, it is very defective, there + being only eight lines (five of them incomplete) on the obverse, + and the remains of the last three lines of the communication on the + reverse. What makes it probable that the Belshazzar who sent the + letter is the son of Nabonidus, and the hero of the fall of + Babylon, is, that no honorific expressions are used with reference + to the person to whom it is addressed—he does not call + Mušêzib-Marduk his lord, or father, or brother, as was the custom + in private correspondence. As far as it is preserved, the following + is a rendering of this document, which is of interest mainly on + account of the personality of its assumed writer—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Letter of Bêl-šarra-uṣur to Mušêzib-Marduk. May the + gods grant thee prosperity. Behold, I have sent Bêl-šunu and ... + the (two) <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mašmašē</span></span>, to.... Send the + requirements for the robes (?) of the deity Bunene....</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Several lines + are wanting here.)</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page539">[pg + 539]</span><a name="Pg539" id="Pg539" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">... I have caused ... to be ... the threshold ... may + all....”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The documents + referring to Belshazzar's residence at Sippar, are mentioned on pp. + <a href="#Pg414" class="tei tei-ref">414</a>, <a href="#Pg449" + class="tei tei-ref">449</a>, <a href="#Pg450" class= + "tei tei-ref">450</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">The Aramaic Papyri From + Elephantine.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These noteworthy + documents, which have attracted considerable attention, were found + in the ruins of the city which lie at the southern point of the + island. Almost all the brick-built private houses of Elephantine + are in a ruinous state, partly due to the ravages of time, but + principally to the Fellahin, who have for many years dug there for + garden-mould. To the south of the place where Mr. Mond's Aramaic + papyri<a id="noteref_317" name="noteref_317" href= + "#note_317"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">317</span></span></a> are + said to have been found, Greek papyri were discovered, but + proceeding north of that point, the German explorers soon came upon + the Aramaic fragments. Those first found are said to have been in + earthen vessels, but the most important of them (the texts + translated below) were buried, without any protective covering, + close to the eastern and southern walls of the room in which they + lay. To all appearance these last had escaped the notice of the + earlier excavators, who had thrown them away with the rubbish cast + aside as containing nothing more worth carrying off.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The text of the + most perfect of them reads as follows—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“To our lord Bagohi, governor of Judea, thy servants + Yedoniah and his companions, the priests in the fortress of Yeb, + salutation! May our Lord, the God of heaven, grant (thee) + prosperity at all times, and set thee in favour before Darius the + king, and the sons of the (royal) house a thousandfold more than + now, and may He give thee long life. Be at all times joyful and + firm. Now speak thy servants Yedoniah and his companions as + follows—</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“In the month Tammuz in the 14th year of Darius the + king, when Arsâm (Asames) had marched forth and gone to the king, + the priests of the god Khnub, who are in Yeb, the fortress, [made] + with Waidrang, who is the governor here, a secret union of the + following nature—</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘The temple of Yahû, the god + who is in Yeb, the fortress, shall be removed<a id="noteref_318" + name="noteref_318" href="#note_318"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">318</span></span></a> from + that place.’</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Thereupon that Waidrang, the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">laḫya</span></span>,<a id="noteref_319" name= + "noteref_319" href="#note_319"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">319</span></span></a> sent + letters to Nephayan, his son, who was commander-in-chief in Syene, + the fortress, saying—</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘The temple which is in Yeb, + the fortress, they shall destroy.’</span></span></p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page540">[pg 540]</span><a name="Pg540" id="Pg540" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Thereupon Nephayan brought in Egyptians, together with + other warriors; they came to the fortress of Yeb together with + their <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tali</span></span>,<a id="noteref_320" name= + "noteref_320" href="#note_320"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">320</span></span></a> + penetrated into that temple, destroyed it down to the ground. And + they shattered the stone columns which were there. It also + happened, (that) they shattered the seven stone doors,<a id= + "noteref_321" name="noteref_321" href="#note_321"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">321</span></span></a> built + out of a hewn block of stone, which were in that temple, and their + heads, they ...<a id="noteref_322" name="noteref_322" href= + "#note_322"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">322</span></span></a> and + their hinges which were in the marble, those were of brass,<a id= + "noteref_323" name="noteref_323" href="#note_323"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">323</span></span></a> and + the roofing, consisting wholly of cedar beams, together with the + plaster pavement (?) of the forecourt (?) and other (things) which + were there—all this have they burned with fire. And the sacrificial + dishes of gold and silver, and the things which were in that + temple, all have they taken and have used as their own. And since + the days of the kings of Egypt have our fathers built that temple + in Yeb, the fortress. And when Cambyses came up to Egypt, he found + that temple (already) built, but they pulled all the temples of the + gods of Egypt down. In that temple, on the contrary, no one had + destroyed anything.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“And after they had done this, we, with our wives and + children, wore mourning-garments, fasted, and prayed to Yahû, the + lord of heaven, who had given us warning concerning that Waidrang, + the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kalbya</span></span>.<a id="noteref_324" name= + "noteref_324" href="#note_324"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">324</span></span></a> They + have taken the chains<a id="noteref_325" name="noteref_325" href= + "#note_325"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">325</span></span></a> away + from his feet, and all the treasures, which he had acquired, have + gone to ruin. And all the men who wished evil to that temple, have + all been killed, and we have been witnesses thereof.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Also before this, at the time when this evil was + committed upon us, did we send a letter to our lord, and to + Yehoḥanan, the high-priest, and his companions, the priests who + were in Jerusalem, and to Ostan (Ostanes), his brother, that is, + 'Anani,<a id="noteref_326" name="noteref_326" href= + "#note_326"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">326</span></span></a> and + the free ones (princes) of the Jews. They have not sent us one + letter (in reply).</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Also since the days of Tammuz of the 14th year of + Darius the king, and until this day, we wear mourning-garments and + fast, our wives have been made as a widow, we have not anointed + (ourselves with) oil nor drunk wine. Also since then and until + (this) day of the 17th year of Darius the king they have not made + food-offerings, incense-offerings, and burnt-offerings in that + temple.</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page541">[pg + 541]</span><a name="Pg541" id="Pg541" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Moreover, thy servants, Yedoniah and his companions, + and the Jews, all citizens of Yeb, speak as follows—</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘If it be good to our lord, + mayest thou consider upon that temple, for its rebuilding, as they + do not allow us to rebuild it. Look to the receivers of thy + benefits and favours, who are here in Egypt. Let a letter be sent + from thee to them with regard to the temple of the god Yahû, to + rebuild it in Yeb, the fortress, even as it was heretofore built. + And they shall offer food-offerings and incense-offerings and + burnt-offerings upon the altar of the god Yahû in thy name. And we + will pray for thee at every time—we and our wives and our children + and all the Jews who are here, if they<a id="noteref_327" name= + "noteref_327" href="#note_327"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">327</span></span></a> have + then worked until that temple is rebuilt.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘And a share shall be thine + before Yahû the god of heaven from the man who offers to him a + burnt-offering and a sacrifice, a value equal to the worth of a + silver (shekel) for (every) 1000 talents.<a id="noteref_328" name= + "noteref_328" href="#note_328"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">328</span></span></a> And + with regard to the gold, concerning that we have sent and given + instruction. We have also sent everything in a letter in our name + to Delaiah and Shelemiah, sons of Sanaballat, governor of Samaria. + Also Arsames had no knowledge of all that which has been done unto + us.’</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“On the 20th of Marcheswan in the year 17 of Darius the + king.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A fragment of a + duplicate gives some instructive variants of this exceedingly + interesting document, from which it would appear that gold and + treasure was given to Waidrang to induce him to act against the + temple of Yahû at Yeb.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To this plea on + the part of Yedoniah and the Jewish congregation at Yeb a + favourable answer was given, as the following document shows—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Memorandum of what Bagohi and Delaiah said to + me—Memorandum as follows—</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Thou shalt speak in Egypt + before Arsames concerning the temple of the sacrificial altar of + the God of Heaven which is in Yeb, the fortress, before our time, + before Cambyses, which Waidrang, that <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">lahia</span></span>,<a id="noteref_329" name= + "noteref_329" href="#note_329"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">329</span></span></a> + destroyed in the 14th year of Darius the king, to rebuild it in its + place, as it was formerly. And they shall offer food-offerings and + incense upon that altar, even as was wont to be done + formerly.’</span> ”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nothing could be + more satisfactory than this little episode of the Jewish colony at + Yeb—it needs but the discovery of the record of the rebuilding and + the inauguration of the temple to round it off.</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page542">[pg 542]</span><a name="Pg542" id="Pg542" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Bagohi governor + of Judea is the Bagoas or Bagoses of Josephus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Antiquities of the + Jews</span></span>, xi. 7. The high-priest Johannes or John (the + Yoḫanan mentioned on p. <a href="#Pg539" class= + "tei tei-ref">539</a>) had slain his brother Jesus in the temple, + because the latter, supported by Bagoas, sought to dispute with him + the High-priesthood. Notwithstanding the protests of the Jews, + Bagoas penetrated into the temple, and imposed upon it a fine of 50 + drachmas for every lamb sacrificed therein. It will thus be seen, + that in offering to him a percentage of the sacrifices in return + for his support in rebuilding the temple at Yeb, Yedoniah and his + companions were acting in accordance with what was known to be his + character. The reference to Yohanan's refraining from helping them, + it is reasonable to suppose, also occurred to them as likely to + further their desires.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yedoniah, the + chief of the Jewish colony at Yeb and the writer of the longer + document, is probably likewise named in the Oxford papyri—he was + either Yedoniah ben Hosea or Yedoniah ben Meshullam, but could not + have been identified with a third of the name, Yedoniah ben Nathan, + as this last is stated to have been an Aramean of Syene. We have to + await further light upon his identity.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Arsames, who is + mentioned in the second paragraph (p. <a href="#Pg537" class= + "tei tei-ref">537</a>), is probably, as Sachau points out, the + Arsanes of Ktesias, who was governor of Egypt when Darius II. + mounted the throne. He left Egypt and went to the court of Darius, + and the priests of Chnum<a id="noteref_330" name="noteref_330" + href="#note_330"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">330</span></span></a> in + Elephantine profited by his absence to destroy the Jewish temple + there. In this they were supported by Waidrang, who, in the absence + of Arsames, seems to have exercised the office of governor. To all + appearance he had been commander-in-chief of the army in Egypt, a + post held, at the time this document was written, by Nephyan his + son. There is some doubt as to the reading and vocalization of the + name Waidrang, and consequently, also, as to its true form, but it + is regarded as certainly Persian. It is thought that its Persian + prototype may have been <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Vayu-darengha</span></span>,<a id= + "noteref_331" name="noteref_331" href="#note_331"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">331</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“companion of the wind-god,”</span> whilst + his son's name, in Persian, is possibly <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Napâo-yâna</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“favour of the god Napâo.”</span> Should these + identifications be found correct, they will have, as Sachau + remarks, considerable value in ascertaining the principle upon + which names in Persian were given.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To all + appearance Arsames returned to Egypt, and a reaction followed which + ended in the disgrace of Waidrang and his followers, who were + deprived of the spoils which they had stolen from the temple at + Yeb, and the Jews also became, in <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page543">[pg 543]</span><a name="Pg543" id="Pg543" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the end, witnesses of the death of all their + persecutors. It seems probable that the central government was + greatly displeased at the action of Waidrang and the priests of + Chnub, for the Persians seem always to have been well-disposed + towards the Jews—moreover, cupidity, and not the good of the state, + was at the bottom of Waidrang's action. The destruction wrought, + however, was not immediately made good, hence this document, which + throws such a vivid light upon the state of Egypt and the Jews in + those days. It is but just to the Persians of that period to say, + that notwithstanding their seemingly Persian names, Waidrang and + his son were apparently not Persians, but possibly Semites, as the + (probably gentilic) adjectives applied to the former seem to + show.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The date of this + document is regarded as not admitting of any doubt, as may be + gathered by the references to the regnal years of Darius in + conjunction with the names of historical personages—Bagohi (Bagoas + or Bagoses of Josephus), governor of Judea, Yehoḥanan or John, the + high-priest at Jerusalem, and the two sons of Sanaballaṭ,<a id= + "noteref_332" name="noteref_332" href="#note_332"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">332</span></span></a> the + governor of Samaria in the time of Artaxerxes I. (Longimanus). The + ruler of the Persian empire when these documents were written, must + therefore have been Darius II. (Nothus), who reigned for 19 years, + namely, 424-405 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> The 14th year of + Darius II.—the date of the destruction of the temple at Yeb—was 410 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, and his 17th + year—the date when the appeal was sent to Bagohi—corresponds with + 407 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> This fixes, among + others, the date of Yehoḥanan, and Sachau points out as noteworthy + that one of his brothers, named Manasseh, was son-in-law of the + governor of Samaria, Sanaballaṭ, as related in Nehemiah xiii. 28. + Another brother of the high-priest was the one whom he killed in + the temple (Jesus). In this record, however, a third brother, Ostan + or Ostanes, appears. To all appearance this last bore also another + name, to wit, 'Ahani, which would be his true Hebrew appellation. + If, however, the Babylonian construction has been followed here, + this Ostan or Ostanes would be brother of 'Ahani, a personage of + importance in Jerusalem, but not otherwise known. Adopting the + rendering given in the translation, however, it is noteworthy that + two brothers named Yehoḥanan and 'Ahani are mentioned in 1 + Chronicles iii. 24. These, however, were descendants of David, + whereas the brothers mentioned in the papyrus must have been + descendants of Aaron.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A high Persian + official named <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Uštanu or Uštannu (Ostanu</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page544">[pg 544]</span><a name= + "Pg544" id="Pg544" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ostan</span></span>) occurs on two Babylonian + tablets in the British Museum, and also on one in the possession of + Lord Amherst of Hackney. He bears the title <span class= + "tei tei-q">“governor of Babylon and across the river,”</span> + possibly meaning all the tract west of the Euphrates. This man, + however, can hardly at the same time have been governor of Egypt, + and the texts in which he is mentioned seem, moreover, to belong to + the time of Darius Hystaspis, in which case he lived at a much too + early date.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Egyptians + called the island of Elephantine Yeb, and its capital bore the same + name as the island. It is transcribed Ab by those who follow the + old system of reading Egyptian, so that the present documents seem + to support the philological views of the Berlin school. A common + ideograph for the name of the island is an elephant with an + upturned trunk, showing that Yeb really means <span class= + "tei tei-q">“elephant-island,”</span> and that Elephantine is + simply the Greek translation of the native name. The temple of + Khnum (Khnumba, Khnub), whose priests are referred to in the + papyri, was destroyed by Moḥammed Ali in 1822.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Hebrew + divine name is written Yahu, which is apparently the longer form of + the biblical Jah, seen in such names as Hezekiah (Assyrian + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ḫazaqi-yau</span></span>), Gemariah or + Gemariahu (Jer. xxix. 3; xxxvi. 10, etc.). As is shown on p. + <a href="#Pg471" class="tei tei-ref">471</a>, this termination was + pronounced <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">iāwa</span></span> by the Babylonian Jews, + which raises the question whether the Yahu of these papyri may not + have been pronounced <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Yāwa</span></span> also.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Dr. L. Belleli, + of the Philological Section of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Instituto di Studi + Superiori</span></span> in Florence, doubts the genuineness of the + papyri found at Elephantine on account of chronological + difficulties. In the case of the documents here translated, + however, no such difficulties can be said to exist, and the forger + of such things would have to be not only a splendid Aramaic scholar + acquainted with the Berlin scheme of transcribing Egyptian, but + also a historian and the possessor of an exceedingly lively + imagination.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The above + description is based upon Eduard Sachau's noteworthy monograph, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Drei + aramäische Papyrusurkunden aus Elephantine</span></span>, Berlin, + Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1907. The documents in + question were discovered by Dr. Otto Rubensohn, and the collection + included some papyri still in roll-form, and various fragments. The + principal document translated above belonged to the former + category, and was successfully unrolled by Herr Ibscher, the keeper + of the Royal Museum. The reproduction shows it as a large sheet of + papyrus, folded in two, and certain damaged portions, on the left, + imply that it was rolled upon itself about six times.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page545">[pg 545]</span><a name= + "Pg545" id="Pg545" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc65" id="toc65"></a> <a name="pdf66" id="pdf66"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Notes And Additions.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref">11</a>. It is needful to state, as has + been pointed out to the writer, that <span class="tei tei-q">“our + English translation would make all (the Biblical Creation-story) + appear English.”</span> In other words, the test of language is not + an unfailing one.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Pp. <a href= + "#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref">14-15</a>. To the names of translators + of the Babylonian Creation-stories must be added P. Jensen, and W. L. + King, who has published important additions to the text.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref">21</a>, l. 4. Alternative rendering: + <span class="tei tei-q">“He beheld Tiamtu's snarling”</span> (see the + note to p. <a href="#Pg024" class="tei tei-ref">24</a>).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg022" class="tei tei-ref">22</a>. With the first paragraph on this + page the contents of the third tablet, and with the last paragraph + those of the fourth, begin.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg024" class="tei tei-ref">24</a>. Instead of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“they clustered around him,”</span> Jensen translates + (doubtfully), <span class="tei tei-q">“they ran round about + him,”</span> and King, <span class="tei tei-q">“they beheld + him.”</span> Something may be said in favour of each, but the + rendering of the text seems more probable. Also, instead of + <span class="tei tei-q">“Examining the lair,”</span> I am inclined to + return to my earlier rendering, <span class="tei tei-q">“Noting the + snarling of Kingu, her consort.”</span> The four succeeding lines + read:—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">He looks, + and his advance</span><a id="noteref_333" name="noteref_333" + href="#note_333"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">333</span></span></a> + <span style="font-size: 90%">becomes confused,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">His understanding is destroyed, + and his action fails (?),</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">And the gods, his helpers, going + by his side,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Saw the [con]fusion (??) of their leader, + (and) their sight was troubled (too).</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">King attributes + this fear and confusion not to Merodach, but to Kingu and his + followers, which would seem to be more consistent, but the difficulty + is, that the original gives no indication that this was the case. + Further discoveries may throw light upon the point.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg027" class="tei tei-ref">27</a>. The Lumaši (l. 2), according to + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cuneiform + Inscriptions of Western Asia</span></span>, vol. III., pl. 57, were + seven constellations, and seem to have been included in the + thirty-six stars or constellations mentioned two lines lower down. A + list of these will <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page546">[pg + 546]</span><a name="Pg546" id="Pg546" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> be + found in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Royal Asiatic + Society</span></span> for 1900, pp. 573-575.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref">28</a>, l. 29. The translation of this + line is based on that of Mr. L. W. King, who first published the + text. The word for <span class="tei tei-q">“bone”</span> is + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">iṣṣimtum</span></span>, the Heb. <span lang="he" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="he"><span style= + "font-style: italic">'eṣem</span></span>, Arab. <span lang="ar" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ar"><span style= + "font-style: italic">'adhm</span></span>. If the word be correctly + read (the character <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tum</span></span> is doubtful), it is possibly + connected with <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">êṣimtum</span></span>, which translates the + Sumerian character standing for a weapon or a long straight + object.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Pp. <a href= + "#Pg029" class="tei tei-ref">29-31</a>. Tutu and other names given to + Merodach in this section are referred to on pp. <a href="#Pg045" + class="tei tei-ref">45-46</a>. By <span class="tei tei-q">“the + people”</span> in line 15 (p. <a href="#Pg030" class= + "tei tei-ref">30</a>) are apparently to be understood the gods.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref">44</a>. Other names of the goddess + Aruru, who assisted Merodach in the creation of man, are <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the lady potter,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“the + constructor of the world,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“the + constructor of the gods,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“the + constructor of mankind,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“the + constructor of the heart.”</span> Aruru was the goddess of progeny, + and is one of the forty-one names by which <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the lady of the gods”</span> was known. An interesting + Sumerian (dialectic) hymn to her exists in the Brussels Museum.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref">47</a>, ll. 29-32. Instead of + <span class="tei tei-q">“in their (the fallen gods') room,”</span> + Jensen suggests, <span class="tei tei-q">“for their + redemption.”</span> That the fallen gods were to be redeemed (lit.: + <span class="tei tei-q">“spared”</span>) by the merits of the race of + men which Merodach created is a new idea, which further information + may confirm.<a id="noteref_334" name="noteref_334" href= + "#note_334"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">334</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref">59</a>, l. 13. Ea is the Aê of the + preceding pages, the Oannes of Damascius. There is reason to believe + that the name was also read Aa, which would account for the Greek + form which he employs, and likewise for the identification of this + god with the Aa of l. 4 and the following paragraph.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref">63</a>, l. 27. Perhaps the most + interesting of recent discoveries is the identification (by Prof. + Zimmern) of Euedoreschos with the Enweduranki of the tablet described + on p. <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref">77</a>. The original Greek + form must have been Euedoranchos (see the note to the page + mentioned). Euedocus (l. 21) is probably the Sumero-Akkadian + En-me-duga.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref">67</a>. For further notes in connection + with Tiamat, see the discussion of Delitzsch's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Babel und + Bibel</span></span> at the end, pp. <a href="#Pg529" class= + "tei tei-ref">529-532</a>. It is noteworthy that this name heads the + list of abodes of the gods published in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Proceedings of the + Society of Biblical Archæology</span></span> for Dec., 1900, pp. + 367-369. The explanation is unfortunately broken away, but it may be + surmised that as the goddess of the watery wastes of the earth she + was described as the abode of the gods who were regarded as her + followers.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page547">[pg + 547]</span><a name="Pg547" id="Pg547" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref">72</a>. The description of Tammuz as + <span class="tei tei-q">“the peerless mother of heaven”</span> is + probably to be explained by the fact, that <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ama-gala</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“great mother,”</span> is one of the Sumerian words for + <span class="tei tei-q">“forest,”</span> and Tammuz was identified + with the forest of Eridu, the divine abode where he dwelt.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref">73</a>. For Pir-napištim, Ut-napištim is + a possible reading (see below, note to p. <a href="#Pg099" class= + "tei tei-ref">99</a>).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For further notes + upon the trees of Paradise, see pp. <a href="#Pg531" class= + "tei tei-ref">531</a>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref">77</a>. Euedoranchos. The forms of this + name, as handed down, are Εὐεδωραχος, Εὐεδωρεσχος, and Εὐερωδεσχος. + Eusebius's Chronicle, however, gives the best form, namely, + Edoranchus.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref">78</a>, l. 20. Perhaps it would be + better to say that the Hebrew accounts of the Creation <span class= + "tei tei-q">“probably came from Babylonia”</span>—they may not have + originated there.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Pp. <a href= + "#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref">80-82</a>. For further remarks upon the + cherubin, see p. <a href="#Pg533" class="tei tei-ref">533</a>. In + <span class="tei tei-q">“the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kurub</span></span> of Anu, Bel,”</span> etc., + which also occurs, we probably have a variant form.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref">83</a>, ll. 1-5. It is noteworthy that + Ablum (<span class="tei tei-q">“Son”</span>) as a personal name + actually occurs (De Sarzec, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Découvertes</span></span>, pl. 30 bis, No. 19). + Compare Ablaa, <span class="tei tei-q">“my son,”</span> p. 533, l. + 12.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref">90</a>. For further information about + the name Gilgameš, see the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Proceedings of the Society of Biblical + Archæology</span></span> for 1903, pp. 198-199. Prof. Hommel has + pointed out that an inscription exists stating that he built the + fortress of Erech, thus bringing him almost within the domain of + history.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref">99</a>. (The Legend of Gilgameš.) Dr. + Meissner's discovery of a fragment of a new version of the + Gilgameš-legend<a id="noteref_335" name="noteref_335" href= + "#note_335"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">335</span></span></a> is a + most welcome addition to our knowledge. A description of this text + will be found in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Proceedings of the Society of Biblical + Archæology</span></span> for March and May, 1903, where a comparison + of the two versions is also given. It speaks of his visit to the land + of darkness in quest of his friend Ea-banî (whose name, as this + inscription indicates, should properly be read Enki-du or Ea(Aê, + Aa)-du). In the second column it details his conversation with Siduri + (<span class="tei tei-q">“the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sabitu</span></span>”</span>), in which he + refers to the death of his beloved companion, since whose departure + he had not sought to live, but having seen her face, he expresses the + hope that he will now not see death. The <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sabitu</span></span>, however, answers him to + the effect that he would not find the life which he sought—death was + the lot which the gods had set for mankind. Eat, therefore, make + festival, rejoice day and night, put on fine apparel, take pleasure + in child and wife—such was her advice. In the last <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page548">[pg 548]</span><a name="Pg548" id="Pg548" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> column of this version the hero meets + with Sur-Sunabu (Ur-Šanabi), who asks him his name. Gilgameš tells + him who he is and whence he came, and asks to be shown Uta-naištim, + the remote, as the Babylonian Noah seems to be called in this version + of the legend. About one-third of the tablet, giving the lower parts + of columns 1 and 2, and the upper parts of columns 3 and 4, is the + amount preserved.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The above seems to + show, that the name of the friend of Gilgameš was Êa-du, (Aa-du, + Aê-du, or Enki-du), not Êa-banî; whilst Ur-Šanabi the boatman, was + really called Sur-Sunabu (or Sur-Šanabi); and Pir-napištim, the + Babylonian Noah, was Ut-napištim.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg104" class="tei tei-ref">104</a>, ll. 1 and 6. Jensen suggests, + for <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">muir kukki</span></span>, the translation + <span class="tei tei-q">“rulers of darkness(?)”</span>:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“(If) the rulers of darkness cause to rain down one + evening a rain of dirt (?),</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">Enter into the ship, and shut thy door!”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">That period + arrived;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The rulers of darkness rain down one evening a rain of + dirt (?).”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Muir</span></span>, however, seems to be + singular, not plural. Another meaning of the word is <span class= + "tei tei-q">“messenger.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref">108</a>, l. 35. If this translation be + correct, the throwing down of a part of the food recalls the casting + of meal on the ground as an offering to the gods. It is not unlikely + that the preparation of the food, and setting it by his head, was + accompanied by some prayer or incantation to secure his recovery, as + in the inscription translated in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Proceedings of the + Society of Biblical Archæology</span></span>, May, 1901, pp. 193 and + 205-210. Sleeping with a cruse of water near the head (1 Sam. xxvi. + 11-12) was probably simply a provision against thirst, with no + special meaning. On p. <a href="#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref">111</a>, + there is just the possibility that <span class="tei tei-q">“The + leavings of the dish”</span> were what was allowed to remain therein + for the gods, and <span class="tei tei-q">“the rejected of the + food”</span> may have been that which was thrown on the ground as an + offering.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref">113</a>, ll. 19 ff. A number of the + deities identified with the god Ea or Aa are given in the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cuneiform + Inscriptions of Western Asia</span></span>, vol. II., pl. 58, and + form a parallel with the inscription printed on p. <a href="#Pg058" + class="tei tei-ref">58</a>. Deities seem also to have been identified + with Nebo. The centres where these gods were worshipped therefore had + likewise their monotheistic system, in which all the other gods were + identified with the patron-deity of the place, just as those + Babylonians who worshipped Merodach identified all the other gods + with him.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref">119</a>. There has been a great deal of + discussion as to the way in which Šumer could be connected with + Shinar, the chief <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page549">[pg + 549]</span><a name="Pg549" id="Pg549" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + reasons against their identification being that the latter must have + come from a Babylonian form, of whose existence there is no evidence, + and that it stood for the whole country (except, possibly, Larsa), + whereas Šumer was the name of the southern part only. Hommel derives + the Biblical Shinar from Ki-Imgir, through the intermediate forms + Shingar, Shumir (Šumer) and Shimir. This is based upon the tendency + which <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">k</span></span> had to change into <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">š</span></span>, + whilst the substitution of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">m</span></span> for an older <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">g</span></span> or + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ng</span></span> can be proved. As, however, + Shinar corresponds practically with the whole of Babylonia, a + modification of Prof. Hommel's etymology may, perhaps, best meet the + case. The whole of the country was called by the Sumerians Kingi (or + Kengi) Ura, and the expression <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">mâda + Kingi-Ura</span></span> is rendered, in the lists, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">mât Šumeri u + Akkadī</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“the land of Sumer and + Akkad.”</span> It is therefore clear, that Kingi-Ura corresponds with + the whole tract, and is practically synonymous with the Biblical + Shinar. The change from <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">k</span></span> to <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">š + (sh)</span></span> being provable, it is possible that Kingi-Ura, + pronounced Shingi-Ura, may have originated the Hebrew form Shinar + (better Shin'ar), through the intermediate forms Shingura and + Shingar.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The statement that + Elam was the firstborn of Shem (Gen. x. 22) receives illustration + from the fact, that many inscriptions have been found showing that + Semitic Babylonian was not only well known, but also used in that + country. From the order in which the names occur in Genesis, it ought + to be the earliest of the Semitic settlements, coming before Asshur, + Arpachshad, Lud, and Aram. If, however, Arpachshad stand, as is + generally thought, for Babylonia, it is quite clear that there is no + indication of chronological order in this, for Assyria was certainly + younger, as a Semitic settlement, than Babylonia, and it would seem + that Elam was colonized with Semites from the last-named country. + This would make Elam to be simply the first Semitic colony, as Prof. + Scheil has already suggested.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A good example of + the slim racial type is shown on pl. <a href="#Plate_V" class= + "tei tei-ref">V.</a>, second seal-impression. For a long time after + the Sumerians had become one nation with the Semitic Babylonians, the + type of the figures represented on the cylinder-seals and sculptures + remained unchanged, and it is on this account that Ḫammurabi is + portrayed, on the slab reproduced as pl. <a href="#Plate_I" class= + "tei tei-ref">I.</a>, in the old non-Semitic costume. The early + Semitic type is shown on pl. <a href="#Plate_III" class= + "tei tei-ref">III.</a>, no. 1 (no. 2 shows the late Assyrian type). + In pl. <a href="#Plate_VI" class="tei tei-ref">VI.</a> the Sumerian + style is there, but the type is rather thick. This, however, may be + partly due to the sliding of the cylinder when the impression was + taken.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg124" class="tei tei-ref">124</a>. Sargon of Agadé's conquests, + according to the omens <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page550">[pg + 550]</span><a name="Pg550" id="Pg550" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + referring to his reign, were as follows:—(paragraph 1) Elam, (2) the + land of the Amorites, (4 and 5) the land of the Amorites (twice), (6) + doubtful, (7) he crossed the sea of the rising of the sun, and the + reference to three years in that district seems to refer to the time + he stayed there, (8) apparently no expedition, (9) he ravaged the + land of Kazalla, (10) he put down a revolt in his own country, (11) + he fought against Suri or Sumaštu.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg125" class="tei tei-ref">125</a>, l. 27. The old Sumerian or + Akkadian laws are only known to us from a few specimens preserved in + the tablets of grammatical paradigms (the series <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ana + itti-šu</span></span>), and will be found on pp. <a href="#Pg190" + class="tei tei-ref">190-191</a>. It is probable that they were made + use of in compiling the Code of Ḫammurabi.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg127" class="tei tei-ref">127</a>, l. 21 ff. But perhaps it was + the city of Aššur which came forth from Babylonia (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> was + a Babylonian colony), and its ever-increasing inhabitants who founded + the other cities mentioned.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg130" class="tei tei-ref">130</a> (the derivation of Nimrod). + Another suggestion is, that Nimrod may be the name of Merodach, as + <span class="tei tei-q">“Lord of Marad”</span> (Nin-Marad). As far as + I have been able to see, however, this name of Merodach does not + occur, and moreover, it was Nergal, and not Merodach, who was lord of + Marad—Merodach's city was Babylon. Prof. Hommel's acute suggestion, + that Namra-ṣit may be a Babylonian form of Nimrod, would seem to be + doubtful.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref">131</a> (Merodach's net). The bow of + Merodach, after his fight with Tiamtu, was placed in the heavens, and + seemingly became one of the constellations, but we do not hear of any + similar honour having been conferred on his net, notwithstanding the + great service which it had rendered him. In Habakkuk i. 15-17 there + is a curious passage in which <span class="tei tei-q">“the + Chaldean”</span> is described as catching men with his angle and his + net, as fishes are caught, and making sacrifice to his net and his + drag on account of his success with them. Heuzey, the well-known + French Assyriologist and antiquarian, makes a comparison between this + passage and the Vulture-stele, on which an ancient Babylonian prince + is represented as having placed his conquered foes in a great net. + This, however, does not explain the statement that the Chaldean + sacrificed and offered incense to his net and his drag, and it is + doubtful whether the Prophet had either that or any similar sculpture + or picture in his mind. There is, nevertheless, just the possibility + that the Babylonians were accustomed to pay divine honours to the net + of Merodach, and this may have given rise to the statement in the + passage quoted. Whether the relief on the Vulture-stele be derived + from the legend of Merodach or not, is doubtful—in all probability it + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page551">[pg 551]</span><a name="Pg551" + id="Pg551" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> merely expresses a simile + derived from catching wild animals with a net, as exhibited by the + sculptures of Aššur-banî-âpli in the Assyrian Saloon of the British + Museum.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Pp. <a href= + "#Pg132" class="tei tei-ref">132-133</a>. With regard to the + statements on these pages, the Rev. John Tuckwell writes: + <span class="tei tei-q">“Gen. xi. 1 must in all fairness be regarded + as going back prior to ch. x, in order to tell the history of Babylon + from its foundation. Again:—Why contradict Genesis? We do not know + who <span class="tei tei-q">‘began’</span> to build Babylon—Sayce + suggests <span class="tei tei-q">‘Etana.’</span> It is quite possible + that <span class="tei tei-q">‘they left off to build the + city,’</span> and resumed the work under Nimrod. There is no need to + regard any of the statements as <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘interpolations’</span> if thus read. If all mankind + perished by the Flood, as both stories appear to teach, there must + surely have been a time when <span class="tei tei-q">‘the whole earth + was of one language.’</span> ”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg134" class="tei tei-ref">134</a>. For the derivation of Shinar, + see the note to p. <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref">119</a>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg136" class="tei tei-ref">136</a>. The Mohammedan legend of the + Tower of Babel, as told in the Persian work, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Rauzat-us-Safa</span></span>,<a id="noteref_336" + name="noteref_336" href="#note_336"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">336</span></span></a> may be + interesting. It is as follows:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“When Nimrud had witnessed the extinction of the pile of + fire, and had beheld the roses produced therein by the benign + Creator, he aspired to ascend to heaven.... Nimrud ... spent many + years in erecting a tower, which was so high that the bird of + imagination could not reach its summit. When it was completed, he + ascended to the pinnacle of the spire, but the aspect of the heavens + remained precisely the same as from the surface of the earth. This + astonished and perplexed him. The next day the tower fell, and such a + fearful noise struck the ears of the inhabitants of Babel that most + of them fainted from the effects thereof; and when they had recovered + their senses they forgot their own language, so that every tribe + spoke a different idiom, and seventy-two tongues became current among + them.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg136" class="tei tei-ref">136</a>, l. 3 from below. Nannara was + the moon-god, the same as Sin. L. 6 from below, read <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ê-bar-igi-ê-di</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg144" class="tei tei-ref">144</a>, l. 9 from below. The Rev. C. H. + W. Johns, in his Assyrian deeds and documents, has pointed out the + likeness of the names <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Naḫiri</span></span> and <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Naḫarau</span></span> (or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Naḫarâu</span></span>) to Nahor, referred to by + Kittel in his little book upon Delitzsch's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Babel und + Bibel</span></span>.<a id="noteref_337" name="noteref_337" href= + "#note_337"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">337</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Naḫiru</span></span>, however, is the common + Assyro-Babylonian word for <span class="tei tei-q">“nostril,”</span> + and is also the name of a creature of the sea supposed to be the + dolphin. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Naḫarâu</span></span> it may be noted, + notwithstanding <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page552">[pg + 552]</span><a name="Pg552" id="Pg552" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + absence of the prefix of divinity, bears every appearance of being a + name like <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bêl-Yau</span></span> on p. <a href="#Pg059" + class="tei tei-ref">59</a>, the initial <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">y</span></span> or + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i</span></span> being omitted as in the case of + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Au-Aa</span></span> seven lines lower down. + Judging from analogy, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Naharâu</span></span> should mean <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Naḫar is Jah,”</span> but whether this has anything to + do with the name Nahor or not is doubtful—as Assyrian equivalent we + should rather expect <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Naḫuru</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref">145</a>, l. 11 from below. The name of a + Babylonian district called Pulug occurs in a Babylonian geographical + list, and may be the same as Peleg. Though the ideogram is different, + this is possibly the same as the Pulukku of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cuneiform Inscriptions + of Western Asia</span></span>, vol. II., pl. 52, l. 53, where it is + explained as <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bît ḫarê</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the house of the cutting,”</span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“excavation.”</span> The Babylonians would therefore seem + to have regarded Pulug or Pulukku as referring to the division of the + land of Babylon by the cutting of the irrigation-channels which gave + it its fertility.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg146" class="tei tei-ref">146</a>, l. 4. There is no great + probability that the name Terah has anything to do with <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tarḫu</span></span>, which occurs in certain + names found in Assyrian contracts (Johns, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Assyrian + Deeds</span></span>, pp. 127, 458, etc.).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg147" class="tei tei-ref">147</a>, l. 4 from below. The family of + Terah may, however, have become pastoral on leaving Ur of the + Chaldees.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg148" class="tei tei-ref">148</a> (Abram). According to Prof. + Breasted (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">American Journal of Semitic + Studies</span></span>, Oct. 1904) mention is made in the geographical + list of Shishak at Karnak of <span class="tei tei-q">“the field of + Abram,”</span> and if this identification be correct, it is the + earliest reference to the great ancestor of the Hebrews and the + nations associated with them, though it cannot be said that the date + (time of Jeroboam and Rehoboam) is a very remote one. Owing to the + same Egyptian character being used for both <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">r</span></span> + and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l</span></span>, Maspéro read the word as the + plural of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">'abel</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“meadow.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg150" class="tei tei-ref">150</a>, l. 23. Illustrations of the old + Akkadian (or Sumerian) laws will be found in the contracts of + adoption of Bêl-êzzu and Arad-Išḫara on pp. <a href="#Pg176" class= + "tei tei-ref">176</a> and <a href="#Pg177" class= + "tei tei-ref">177</a>. The laws themselves are given on p. <a href= + "#Pg190" class="tei tei-ref">190</a>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg152" class="tei tei-ref">152</a>, second paragraph. It is needful + to state that a few Semitic Babylonian inscriptions of an exceedingly + early date (seemingly before 3000 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>) exist, likewise a few + Sumero-Akkadian texts after 2300 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, + and the periods of the two languages therefore overlap. Judging from + the inscriptions, however, Sumero-Akkadian goes back to a date much + earlier than the earliest Semitic, but it was to all appearance + hardly used after the period of the dynasty of Ḫammurabi.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg158" class="tei tei-ref">158</a>, l. 11. The Gutites were + probably Medes.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref">161</a>, l. 11. It is not improbable + that Sippar-Amnanu means simply <span class="tei tei-q">“Amonite + Sippar,”</span> the second word of the compound <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page553">[pg 553]</span><a name="Pg553" id="Pg553" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> being apparently from Amna,<a id= + "noteref_338" name="noteref_338" href="#note_338"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">338</span></span></a> which + is possibly the Babylonian form of the name of the Egyptian sun-god, + Amon. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ya'ruru</span></span> is seemingly the old form + of Aruru, one of the names of Ištar, who was also worshipped + there.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg166" class="tei tei-ref">166</a>. The wedding-gift was to all + appearance the price paid by the bridegroom for the bride, in this + case handed to the bride's brother and sister. For the laws + concerning this payment, see Ḫammurabi's Code, sections 163 and 164 + (p. <a href="#Pg505" class="tei tei-ref">505</a>). It was generally + handed to the bride's father (upon a dish, according to <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cuneiform Inscriptions + of Western Asia</span></span>, vol. v., pl. 24, ll. 48-51<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">cd</span></span>).<a id="noteref_339" name= + "noteref_339" href="#note_339"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">339</span></span></a> Instead + of <span class="tei tei-q">“Ammi-ṭitana the king,”</span> Dr. Schor + reads Ammi-ṭitana-šarru<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">m</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> as + the name of a man, meaning <span class="tei tei-q">“Ammi-ṭitana is + king.”</span> If this be correct, the document is not a record of the + marriage of a princess.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref">168</a>. The grain given to Šeritum was + probably of the nature of a deposit—according to Ḫammurabi's Code, + sect. 257, the wages of a reaper were not one <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">gur</span></span> + of grain, but eight.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg173" class="tei tei-ref">173-174</a>. Upon the question of + adoption, see Ḫammurabi's Code, sections 185-193. As there is no + indication, in these enactments, that female children were included, + it is doubtful whether Ana-Aa-uzni and Aḫḫ-ayabi had any remedy in + case of repudiation, or refusal to perform all the conditions. + Calling the gods to witness was probably regarded as being a + sufficient safeguard. Nevertheless, the usage of the language was + such that <span class="tei tei-q">“daughtership”</span> could be + included in <span class="tei tei-q">“sonship.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Pp. <a href= + "#Pg174" class="tei tei-ref">174</a> ff. It is noteworthy that, in + this contract, there is no indication of the second wife having been + taken to vex the first (Lev. xviii. 18, A.V.), and as the second was + to be subordinate to the first, rivalling (as the R.V. translates) + was as far as possible prevented. As the children already born are + referred to (p. <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref">175</a>, l. 20), + the second marriage could not have been due to the absence of + offspring, and it may therefore be supposed that the second wife was + taken on account of the ill-health of the first (Ḫammurabi's Code, + sect. 148). This is supported by the clauses referring to the + services which Iltani was to perform for her <span class= + "tei tei-q">“sister.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref">176</a>. The adoption of Bêl-êzzu + illustrates section 191 of Ḫammurabi's Code. Both are based upon the + Sumerian laws translated on pp. <a href="#Pg190" class= + "tei tei-ref">190</a> and <a href="#Pg191" class= + "tei tei-ref">191</a>. The word translated <span class= + "tei tei-q">“deep”</span> (line 19) is one generally used for the + ocean, the abode of Ea (Aa), god of the waters. It may have been + something similar to <span class="tei tei-q">“the brazen sea”</span> + in the temple at Jerusalem.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page554">[pg 554]</span><a name="Pg554" id="Pg554" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref">177</a>. Arad-Išḫara was evidently + adopted under the same law and enactment as the foregoing. The + declaration of the foster-father of his right to have children is + interesting.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Upon the adoption + of Karanatum, compare pp. <a href="#Pg173" class= + "tei tei-ref">173</a> and <a href="#Pg174" class= + "tei tei-ref">174</a>, with the note thereon.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Pp. <a href= + "#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref">178</a> and <a href="#Pg179" class= + "tei tei-ref">179</a>. The three tablets giving equal portions to + each of the three brothers, illustrate sections 165 and 167 of the + Code, which enacts that all brothers shall share equally. Any gift or + share in the property left by the mother would probably be recorded + on another document.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref">180</a>. Laws 178 ff. of Ḫammurabi's + Code show that votaries and priestesses had special privileges in the + matter of inheriting property, and it would seem from the tablet of + Erištum, the sodomite or public woman, that her station did not allow + her the choice, that being the right of her sister, Amat-Šamaš, + priestess of the sun.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref">181</a>. Naramtum apparently had no + children, and seems to have been divorced in accordance with section + 138 of Ḫammurabi's Code.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg185" class="tei tei-ref">185</a>. The case of Šamaš-nûri is + illustrated by sections 144-146 of Ḫammurabi's Code.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Pp. <a href= + "#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref">187</a> and <a href="#Pg188" class= + "tei tei-ref">188</a>. The conditions of the hiring of a slave were + probably those of the old Sumerian law translated on p. <a href= + "#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref">191</a>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref">199</a>, l. 26. Elamite overlordship was + naturally coextensive with that of Babylon as long as the latter + power acknowledged Elamite supremacy.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref">201</a>, l. 5 from below. <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Qanni</span></span> is probably one of the + Assyro-Babylonian words for <span class= + "tei tei-q">“sanctuary.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref">203</a>. In addition to the deities + mentioned, Aššur-banî-âpli (Assurbanipal) speaks of the goddess + Nin-gala, the <span class="tei tei-q">“great lady”</span> or + <span class="tei tei-q">“queen,”</span> as having a temple called + Ê-gipara at Haran. She is mentioned with Nusku (p. <a href="#Pg202" + class="tei tei-ref">202</a>) and is called <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the mother of the gods,”</span> Šamaš, the sungod, being + described as her firstborn. To all appearance she was the consort of + the Moongod, Nannar.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg208" class="tei tei-ref">208</a>, last line. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Yoke of the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Elamites</span></em>”</span> would probably have + been the better term. (See the note to p. <a href="#Pg199" class= + "tei tei-ref">199</a>.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref">209</a>, l. 8 from below. Oppert always + refused to accept the identification of Amraphel with Ḫammurabi.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref">222</a>, l. 4 from below. It would + appear from the Babylonian lists that Tudḫula may be read simply + Tudḫul, notwithstanding the final <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">a</span></span> at + the end.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg243" class="tei tei-ref">243</a>, ll. 25 ff. The name Aqabi-îlu + (p. <a href="#Pg463" class="tei tei-ref">463</a>, l. 15) is similarly + formed to that of Ya'kubi-îlu, and from the same root, but it is not + identical with it. There is no probability that Egibi (p. <a href= + "#Pg439" class="tei tei-ref">439</a>, l. 2, etc.) has any connection + with the name Jacob, as has been suggested. Its connection with the + (? Assyrian) name <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page555">[pg + 555]</span><a name="Pg555" id="Pg555" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Ḫakkubu seems to be still more unlikely. Upon these and similar + names, see Hommel, <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ancient Hebrew + Tradition</span></span>,”</span><a id="noteref_340" name= + "noteref_340" href="#note_340"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">340</span></span></a> p. + 112.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg246" class="tei tei-ref">246</a>, l. 5. If my memory serves me, + the name Gadu-ṭâbu, <span class="tei tei-q">“the fortune is + good,”</span> occurs on a contract-tablet in the British Museum. (I + unfortunately forgot to make note of it at the time, hence my + inability to give the reference.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg249" class="tei tei-ref">249</a>, after the first paragraph. + Jacob's wrestling with <span class="tei tei-q">“a man”</span> (Gen. + xxxii. 24 ff.) brings out the interesting name Peniel or Penuel (vv. + 30 and 31), explained as <span class="tei tei-q">“the face of + God,”</span> so called because he had there <span class= + "tei tei-q">“seen God face to face.”</span> A similar name to this is + the Babylonian <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ana-pâni-îli</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“to the face of God,”</span> sometimes shortened to + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Appâni-îli</span></span>. The documents bearing + the latter are of the time of Samsu-iluna, and are therefore rather + earlier than the time of Jacob. Besides the meaning given above, + other renderings are possible, and the question arises, whether + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ana-pâni-îli</span></span> means <span class= + "tei tei-q">“(let me go) to the presence”</span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“before the face of God,”</span> or that its bearer was + asked for by his father <span class="tei tei-q">“at the presence of + God.”</span> Many other possible renderings will also, in all + probability, occur to the reader, but it is noteworthy, that in this + case, the Biblical narrative may, by chance, serve to explain this + Babylonian compound, for as <span class="tei tei-q">“the man”</span> + with whom Jacob wrestled was the representative of the Almighty, so + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">pâni</span></span> in the Babylonian name may be + interpreted in the same way, and the person bearing it may have been + offered or dedicated to the face, or presence (that is, the + representative) of God. It is to be noted that the owner of the name + on Mr. Offord's cylinder (pl. vi. no. 2) was a worshipper of the god + Hadad or Rimmon, and was not, therefore, a monotheist.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg273" class="tei tei-ref">273</a>, l. 8. The date of Amenophis + II., according to Petrie, was about 1449 to 1423.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg278" class="tei tei-ref">278</a>. The non-Semitic pronunciation + of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ninip</span></span> was possibly <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nirig</span></span>, and the Semitic reading + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">En-mašti</span></span> (so Prof. A. T. Clay). An + earlier reading of the Aramaic character regarded as <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">m</span></span> + was <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n</span></span>, which would give <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ênu-rêštū</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the primæval lord,”</span> or the like, a title of Ninip + and of other gods. For other suggestions, see Hrozný in the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Revue + Sémitique</span></span>, July 1908.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg279" class="tei tei-ref">279</a>, l. 2. The name Bidina may also + be read Kaština, apparently a variant of the Babylonian Bidinnam or + Kaštinnam.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">L. 12 ff. The + mention of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dumu-zi</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> + Tammuz or Adonis, goes back to about 3500 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, or earlier. Hymns to + Tammuz in the dialect of the Sumerian language exist, dating from + about 2000 years before Christ, the most noteworthy of these + compositions <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page556">[pg + 556]</span><a name="Pg556" id="Pg556" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> at + present known being that preserved in the Manchester Museum.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">L. 27. Mutzu'u. It + is doubtful whether this name is complete on the tablet where it + occurs. Possibly Mutzuata, a name occurring on the Bronze Gates found + by Mr. Rassam at Balawat, furnishes an indication as to the way in + which it should be completed. (Knudtzon reads <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mut-baḫlu</span></span>, written for Mut-ba'la, + possibly meaning <span class="tei tei-q">“the man of his + lord.”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">L. 31. Yabitiri. + The inscription referring to his early life is translated on pp. + <a href="#Pg284" class="tei tei-ref">284-285</a>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">L. 37. For + Addu-nirari, read Adad-nirari, the Assyrian form.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg280" class="tei tei-ref">280</a>, line 4 and note. Nin-Urmuru (?) + Knudtzon reads as Bêlit(= Ba'lat)-Ur-Maḫ-Meš. In Assyro-Babylonian + this would probably be read <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bêlit-nêši</span></span>, + a name meaning <span class="tei tei-q">“the lady of the + lions.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg286" class="tei tei-ref">286</a>, note 1. For the name Mut-zu'u, + compare the note to p. <a href="#Pg279" class="tei tei-ref">279</a>, + l. 27, above. Knudtzon's new translation differs somewhat from that + given here.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg293" class="tei tei-ref">293</a>, l. 26. Another Zimrêda (to all + appearance) is mentioned in an inscription in the British Museum. + This text comes from Babylonia, and is possibly of an earlier date. + It apparently refers to the affairs of the Babylonian principality of + Suḫu and Maër.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg319" class="tei tei-ref">319</a>, l. 14. Suḫi and Maër are + mentioned together in the document referred to above, note to p. + <a href="#Pg293" class="tei tei-ref">293</a>, and in the inscription + of Šamaš-rêš-uṣur, governor of that district, published by Dr. + Weissbach in his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Babylonische Miscellen</span></span>. This + district lay, according to that scholar, somewhere near the point + where the Habûr runs into the Euphrates. As the western boundary of + this state is entirely unknown, the full value of Tiglath-pileser + I.'s boast cannot be estimated, but the district ravaged must have + been a considerable stretch of country.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg325" class="tei tei-ref">325</a>. The inscription referring to + Gazzāni probably forms part of one of those in which the ruler asks + the gods (generally Šamaš and Hadad) for success against the + countries which he intended to invade. Sargon of Assyria, Esarhaddon, + and Aššur-banî-âpli (Assurbanipal) all had similar inscriptions + composed for them. From the manner in which the text is written, + however, it is probable that it antedates these.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg329" class="tei tei-ref">329</a>, l. 4 from below. Instead of + <span class="tei tei-q">“advanced,”</span> another possible + translation is <span class="tei tei-q">“rose up.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg330" class="tei tei-ref">330</a>, l. 3. Instead of Gilzau, Kirzau + and several other readings are possible.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class= + "tei tei-q">“battle of Qarqara,”</span> as it is generally called, is + illustrated by strip I (old mark C) of the Bronze Gates of + Shalmaneser <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page557">[pg + 557]</span><a name="Pg557" id="Pg557" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + II.<a id="noteref_341" name="noteref_341" href= + "#note_341"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">341</span></span></a> The + scenes only represent the capture of the cities Pargâ, Adâ, and + Qarqara of Urḫilêni (= Irḫulêni) of the land of the Hamathites, there + being no reference either to Ahab, or to his allies. The city of + Qarqara was later on taken by Sargon (see p. <a href="#Pg363" class= + "tei tei-ref">363</a>).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg341" class="tei tei-ref">341</a>, l. 4. Instead of <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Persia</span></em>, + read <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pahlav</span></span> as the identification of + Parsua (Hommel).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg343" class="tei tei-ref">343</a>, l. 22. As the character + translated <span class="tei tei-q">“lady”</span> means also + <span class="tei tei-q">“sister,”</span> it may in reality indicate + the relationship of Sammu-ramat to Bêl-tarṣi-îli-ma.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg346" class="tei tei-ref">346</a>, l. 22. Tiglath-pileser + <span class="tei tei-q">“III.,”</span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“IV.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg347" class="tei tei-ref">347</a>, l. 25. Sardurri of Ararat is + the Sardaris (II.) of the Armenian cuneiform texts.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg349" class="tei tei-ref">349</a>, l. 6. Ḫatarikka is also spelled + with one <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">k</span></em>, as on pp. <a href="#Pg344" class= + "tei tei-ref">344</a> and <a href="#Pg345" class= + "tei tei-ref">345</a>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg374" class="tei tei-ref">374</a>, l. 20. In Kammusu-nadbi we have + an instance of the occurrence of the name of Chemosh, the national + god of the Moabites. This name is also found in that of + Kamušu-šarra-uṣur, apparently a Babylonian, perhaps of Moabite origin + (see the note to p. <a href="#Pg466" class= + "tei tei-ref">466</a>).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg376" class="tei tei-ref">376</a>, l. 21. Urbi occurs as the name + of a city or district in a Babylonian geographical list, from which + we learn also that there was an <span class= + "tei tei-q">“upper”</span> and a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“lower”</span> Urbi. It is immediately followed by Pulug + (see the note to p. <a href="#Pg145" class= + "tei tei-ref">145</a>).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">L. 8. from below. + Kallima-Sin is now read Kadašman-Ḫarbe (or Muruš).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg381" class="tei tei-ref">381</a>, foot-note. According to Prof. + W. Max Müller, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Orientalische Literaturzeitung</span></span>, + Nov., 1902, Mer-en-Ptah and <span class="tei tei-q">“the great + sorcerer and high-priest of Memphis”</span> were brothers, and the + incident of the vision took place before Mer-en-Ptah's battle with + the Libyans, when, as he himself states, he saw in a dream a figure + like that of Ptah, who said to him <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Take,”</span> giving him the sword, and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Put away from thee thy faintheartedness.”</span> Max + Müller attributes the chronological error neither to Herodotus nor to + the Egyptian scribes who supplied him with information, but to + Hecataeus of Miletus, whose work Herodotus used—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“an Egyptian would not have made such a chronological + blunder.”</span> This, naturally, much diminishes the value of the + extract as a parallel to the account of the destruction of + Sennacherib's army before Jerusalem.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg384" class="tei tei-ref">384</a>, l. 1 ff. The following is + Nabonidus's account of the murder of Sennacherib and the events which + led up to it, from <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page558">[pg + 558]</span><a name="Pg558" id="Pg558" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + inscription published by the Rev. V. Scheil in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Recueil des Travaux + relatifs à la Philologie et à l'Archéologie égyptiennes et + assyriennes</span></span>, vol. XVIII., pp. 1 ff.:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“He (this must be Sennacherib) went to Babylon, he laid + its sanctuaries in ruin, he destroyed the reliefs,<a id="noteref_342" + name="noteref_342" href="#note_342"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">342</span></span></a> the + statues he overthrew. He took the hands of the prince, Merodach, and + caused him to enter within Aššur<a id="noteref_343" name= + "noteref_343" href="#note_343"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">343</span></span></a>—according + to the anger of the god then he treated the land. The prince, + Merodach, did not cease from his wrath—for 21 years he set up his + seat within Aššur. (In) later days a time arrived, the anger of the + king of the gods, the lords, was then appeased. He remembered + E-sagila and Babylon, the seat of his dominion. The king of + Mesopotamia,<a id="noteref_344" name="noteref_344" href= + "#note_344"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">344</span></span></a> who + during the anger of Merodach had accomplished the ruin of the land, + the son born of his body slew him with the sword.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For the + Babylonians, the Assyrian king was the instrument of Merodach's + wrath.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg385" class="tei tei-ref">385</a>. The British Museum <span class= + "tei tei-q">“black stone”</span> mentions Esarhaddon's elder + brothers: <span class="tei tei-q">“I, Esarhaddon, whom thou (O + Merodach) hast called, in the assembly of my elder brothers, to + restore those buildings”</span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the + temples, etc., damaged by floods).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg393" class="tei tei-ref">393</a>. Nabopolassar, father of + Nebuchadnezzar the Great, in an inscription found by the German + expedition, and published by Dr. Weissbach in his <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Babylonische + Miscellen</span></span>, refers to the downfall of Assyria in the + following words:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Assyrian, who from remote days ruled all people, and + with his heavy yoke oppressed the people of the land,<a id= + "noteref_345" name="noteref_345" href="#note_345"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">345</span></span></a> I, the + weak, the humble, the worshipper of the lord of lords, by the mighty + force of Nebo and Merodach, my lords, cut off their feet from the + land of Akkad, and caused their yoke to be thrown off.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As the text is not + of any great length, Nabopolassar could not give details, but + notwithstanding his humility, it is noteworthy that he takes all the + credit to himself. The inscription is written on four cylinders from + Ê-ḫatta-tila, the temple of Ninip in Šu-anna.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg399" class="tei tei-ref">399</a>, l. 8. The spelling of the name + of Nebuchadnezzar differs somewhat in the various inscriptions, but + the meaning is always practically the same—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“Nebo, protect the boundary”</span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“my boundary,”</span> according as the second component + ends in <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">a</span></em> or <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">i</span></em>. In + Nabium (p. <a href="#Pg398" class="tei tei-ref">398</a>, l. 7 from + below) we have an old form fully spelt out.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"> + <img src="images/illus-xvi.png" alt="Plate XVI." title= + "Emblems used by Esarhaddon, and carved on the upper surface of the black stone presented to the British Museum by Lord Aberdeen. It represents a divine tiara upon an altar, a priest, the sacred tree of the Assyrians, a bull, a mountain (?), a plough, a date-palm, and a rectangular object—perhaps the walls of a town. The same emblems, arranged in a circle, are found on the cylinders from Babylon inscribed with his architectural works in that city." /> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Emblems used by Esarhaddon, and carved on the upper surface of + the black stone presented to the British Museum by Lord Aberdeen. + It represents a divine tiara upon an altar, a priest, the sacred + tree of the Assyrians, a bull, a mountain (?), a plough, a + date-palm, and a rectangular object—perhaps the walls of a town. + The same emblems, arranged in a circle, are found on the + cylinders from Babylon inscribed with his architectural works in + that city. + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg400" class="tei tei-ref">400</a>, l. 25. The name of at least one + Nabû-zer-iddina (son <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page559">[pg + 559]</span><a name="Pg559" id="Pg559" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of + Ab[laa?], descendant of Irani) occurs in the contracts of the time of + Nebuchadnezzar. This man, however, was a scribe, and there is no + indication that he had ever been captain of the guard.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg403" class="tei tei-ref">403</a>, ll. 7 ff. The penalty of death + by fire, inflicted on Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, receives + illustration from the notes to p. <a href="#Pg480" class= + "tei tei-ref">480</a>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg405" class="tei tei-ref">405</a>, l. 21. The German excavations + at Babylon have revealed the appearance of the gate of Ištar as a + plain opening in a wall of the city, covered with glazed brickwork, + ornamented with bulls and dragons alternately, arranged in vertical + rows, a decoration which is repeated in the thickness of the wall and + in the inner recesses. (See Delitzsch's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Im Lande des einstigen + Paradieses</span></span>, figures 25 and 26.) For the position of the + gate, see the note to pp. <a href="#Pg471" class= + "tei tei-ref">471</a>, <a href="#Pg472" class= + "tei tei-ref">472</a>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg406" class="tei tei-ref">406</a>, ll. 2 and 3 from below. + <span class="tei tei-q">“The House of the Foundation of Heaven and + earth”</span> is the Ê-temen-ana-kia of p. <a href="#Pg138" class= + "tei tei-ref">138</a>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg413" class="tei tei-ref">413</a>, above. As an example of the + sending of the statues of deities temporarily away from their + shrines, see p. <a href="#Pg278" class="tei tei-ref">278</a>, where + mention is made of the image of Ištar of Nineveh, sent to Egypt by + king Dušratta.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg415" class="tei tei-ref">415</a>, l. 23, and four following + pages. Ugbaru and Gubaru are generally regarded as two forms of the + name Gobryas, and though this seems certain, there is just the + possibility, that they are the names of two different persons.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg425" class="tei tei-ref">425</a>, l. 10 from below. The tablet + mentioning Zēru-Bâbîli son of Mutêriṣu exists in two examples, one + being in the British Museum, and the other (which has an Aramaic + docket) in the possession of Mr. Joseph Offord. It is translated in + the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Quarterly Statement</span></span> of the + Palestine Exploration Fund, July, 1900, pp. 264 ff.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg439" class="tei tei-ref">439</a>, l. 26. The <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">raqundu</span></span> was probably a weaver's or + embroiderer's tool, returned in exchange for that lent.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg446" class="tei tei-ref">446</a>, ll. 8 ff. from below. The + inscription referred to is published in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Proceedings of the + Society of Biblical Archæology</span></span>, Dec. 1895, pp. 278, + 279.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg453" class="tei tei-ref">453</a>, ll. 6-8. Prof. Campbell + Thompson translates: <span class="tei tei-q">“I send this as a + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">trouble</span></em> to my + brothers”</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-q">“I am + sorry to trouble you, but I hope you will do what is + right.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg457" class="tei tei-ref">457</a>, l. 19. Arad-Mede may also be + read Arad-Gula. In the next line Šubabu-sara' may be + Šumabu-sara'.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg466" class="tei tei-ref">466</a> (the sale of an Egyptian slave). + Another text of the same nature, dated in the same year, is in the De + Clercq collection. It refers to the sale of an Egyptian slave-woman + named Tamūnu (<span class="tei tei-q">“she of Amon”</span>). The text + is published, with a translation by Prof. J. Oppert, in the second + vol. of the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page560">[pg + 560]</span><a name="Pg560" id="Pg560" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Catalogue</span></span>.<a id="noteref_346" + name="noteref_346" href="#note_346"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">346</span></span></a> The + slave in question belonged to Itti-Nabû-balaṭu, son of + Kamušu-šarra-uṣur, <span class="tei tei-q">“Chemosh, protect the + king”</span>—probably indicating that the bearer of the name was of + Moabite origin, or the introduction of the god of the Moabites into + Babylonia.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Pp. <a href= + "#Pg471" class="tei tei-ref">471-472</a>. The German excavations have + already settled many doubtful points concerning the topography of + Babylon, and it is certain that, after the destruction of the city, + exaggerated accounts of its enormous extent obtained credence. + According to Delitzsch, it was not larger than Munich or Dresden, + though even that is a good size for an Oriental city. The principal + ruins are on the right bank of the river, and included Babil + (<span class="tei tei-q">“Probably a palace”</span>), to protect + which the city-wall makes a considerable angle on the north. From + this point the wall continues its course in a south-easterly + direction for a considerable distance, and turning at a right angle + at its farthest point from the river, runs back in a south-westerly + direction to meet it again. About a mile south of Babil the visitor + comes upon the great ruin known as the Kasr, where stood + Nebuchadnezzar's second palace. On the eastern side of this is the + <span class="tei tei-q">“procession-street”</span> of the god + Merodach, from which came some very fine reliefs of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the Lion of Babylon,”</span> beautifully wrought in + coloured and enamelled brick. The temple of the goddess Nin-maḫ lay + to the south-east of the southern end of the street, and between the + two was situated the celebrated Gate of Ištar, adorned with lions and + strangely-formed dragons, already referred to (p. <a href="#Pg551" + class="tei tei-ref">551</a>). Proceeding to the south-west from the + temple of Nin-maḫ, we reach Nebuchadnezzar's earlier palace, a very + extensive structure, with a spacious court-yard and a large hall used + as a throne-room, on the south side of which the recess for the + throne is still visible. The palace of his father Nabopolassar, which + adjoined it on the west, has not yet been excavated. About + half-a-mile to the south of these palaces lie the ruins of the great + temple of Belus, in the mound now known as Amran-ibn-Ali (see pp. + <a href="#Pg137" class="tei tei-ref">137</a> ff., <a href="#Pg476" + class="tei tei-ref">476</a>, <a href="#Pg480" class= + "tei tei-ref">480</a>, ff.). The German excavations have thus + confirmed the identification of the site, as indicated in the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cuneiform + Inscriptions of Western Asia</span></span>, vol. I., pl. 48, no. 9 + (published in 1861). This text, which is a brick-inscription of + Esarhaddon, reads as follows:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, king of Babylon, has caused + the brickwork of Ê-saggil, Ê-temen-ana-kia, to be built anew for + Merodach his lord.”</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page561">[pg 561]</span><a name="Pg561" id="Pg561" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">According to the + German plan, the portion of the city on the west of the river was of + exceedingly small extent.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Artists will soon + be able to depict the scenery of Babylon as a background for pictures + of this world-renowned city with considerable accuracy.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg478" class="tei tei-ref">478</a>, l. 24. An alternative rendering + instead of <span class="tei tei-q">“sculptor,”</span> is <span class= + "tei tei-q">“seal-engraver.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg480" class="tei tei-ref">480</a>. On account of the Greek words, + I give here a transcription of the late Babylonian text of the + extract printed on this page:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">An(tiukkusu) šarru + ina âlāni ša mât Meluḫḫa šalṭaniš itta-luku-ma ... (amēlu) puliṭê + puppê u êpšētam ša kima uṣurtu (amēlu) Yāwannu....</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Uṣurtu</span></span> may be translated + <span class="tei tei-q">“bas-relief”</span> instead of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“shrine,”</span> but the rendering would not be + materially changed thereby.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The remainder of + the inscription, which is exceedingly interesting, is rather + mutilated, and a trustworthy translation of it is at present + exceedingly difficult. Certain thieves (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">šarraqa</span></span>), however, seem to be + mentioned, and had to all appearance stripped (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">iqlubū</span></span>) the image of Uru-gala and + another, <span class="tei tei-q">“a deity whose name was called + Ammani'ita.”</span> On the 10th of Marcheswan these thieves were + captured and imprisoned, and on the 13th to all appearance judged and + condemned. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ûmu šuati ina išati qalû</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-q">“That day they were burnt in the + fire”</span>—such is the end of the story.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This seems not to + be in accordance with the laws of sacrilegious theft, as stated in + sections 6 and 8 of Ḫammurabi's code. Perhaps the law had changed in + the 1800 years which had elapsed since the time of that ruler; or + stripping a sacred image was a much more heinous crime than mere + theft from a temple, which, in the first degree, was punishable with + death.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is noteworthy + that refusal to worship the image set up by Nebuchadnezzar was + visited, in Dan. iii, with the same penalty, probably as showing + contempt for the divinity.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg484" class="tei tei-ref">484</a>, l. 13. The river Ṣilḫu is + probably the Sellas in Messinia, where one of the numerous cities + named Apameia (Apam'(i)a) lay.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Pp. <a href= + "#Pg489" class="tei tei-ref">489-491</a>. Not the least interesting + of this long list of temples and cities are Aššur and Nineveh, of + which we have here the earliest mention.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page563">[pg 563]</span><a name= + "Pg563" id="Pg563" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc67" id="toc67"></a> <a name="pdf68" id="pdf68"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Index.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Aa" id="Index-Aa" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aa, Aê, Ea (Aos), 17, 26, 56, 61, 77; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ? the same name as Yâ, 59, 112; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + transferred to Merodach, 32, 113; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his other names and titles, 62; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + abode and form, 62, 63; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + offspring, attendants, and consort, 63, 64; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + parentage, 17, 64; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + god of handicrafts, rivers, and water, the sea and life therein, + 62, 63; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ever ready with counsel, 64; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + warns Pir-napištim of the coming of the Flood, commands him to + build a ship, and tells him what to say to the people, 102; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + reproaches Ellila, 107; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + deifies Pir-napištim, 107, 108; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped at Eridu, 160; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + month Iyyar dedicated to him, 65; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + figures of Aa, 247 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aa (Aê, Ea), Yâ, Ya'u, names containing, 59, 546 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aa (goddess), 160 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aah-mes, Egyptian captain of marines, 270 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aah-mes, Pharaoh, 269, 270 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aa-ibur-sabû, Babylon's festival street, 405, 472 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aa-rammu of Edom, 374 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Abarakku</span></span>, 258 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abdi-Aširta (Abdi-Aširti, Abdi-Ašratum, Abdi-Aštarti), the + Amorite, 278, 293; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the forms of his name, 313; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + writes to the king of Egypt, 314 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abdi-îli (Abdeel), 157 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abdi-li'iti of Arvad, 374 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abdi-milkutti of Sidon beheaded, 386 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abdi-tâba of Jerusalem, 233; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a different position from Melchizedek, 235; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + writes to the king of Egypt, 294, 295, 297-299; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + see also 293 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abed-nego (Abed-nebo), the Babylonian name of Azariah, 129, 403 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abel-Beth-Maachah, 352, 353 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abēšu' (Ebisum), king, 153, 155; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his daughter hires a field, 167 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abi-baal of Samsimuruna, 386 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abil-Addu-nathānu, life of, 459 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abil-akka, 352 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abil-Sin, king, 153 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abi-nadib (Abinadab), 438, 439 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ablum, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“son,”</span> as a personal name, 547 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abram, Abraham, his parentage, meaning of his first name, and + traditions concerning him, 146, 147, 196; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a Chaldean or Babylonian, 147; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + probable Assyrian form of his name, 148; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the importance of his period, 149 ff.; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his seeming mistrust of the sons of Heth, 150, 151; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + was there a movement towards monotheism in his time? 198, 199; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Sabeans dedicate a chapel to him, 203; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the field of Abram, 552 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Abrech</span></span>, Sayce's explanation + of, 258 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Abriqqu</span></span>, 258 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Absence of names of Egyptian kings, 250 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Abubu</span></span>, one of the weapons of + Merodach, 24 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page564">[pg 564]</span><a name= + "Pg564" id="Pg564" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abu-habbah (Sippar), 158, 411 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abu-ramu, 148 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abydenus, 63, 384, 385, 393 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abyss, the, measured by Merodach, 26. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Apsu" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Apsū</a>, <a href= + "#Index-Apason" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Apason</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Accad, a city of Nimrod's kingdom, 118. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Akkad" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Akkad</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Accho, 277; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + lawless acts of the people, 281, 282, 360, 374 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Accusation, false, 501 (127) + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Achzib (Akzibi), 374 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Act of God, 513, 523 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Adad-'idri, 329; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + resists the Assyrian king, 334, 335; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + = Ben-Hadad, 337 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Adad-nirari of Assyria, 279 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Adad-nirari, king of Nuḫašše, 317 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Adad-nirari III., king, 339, 342, 344; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + inscriptions of, 340, 341, 343 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Adam, various etymologies of the word, 78; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">adam</span></span> in the bilingual story of + the Creation, 78, 79 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Adamah, 292 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Adaya, 297 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Addu" id="Index-Addu" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Addu (Hadad), 157, 170, 277 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Adini of Til-barsip, 328 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Administration, 493, 494 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Adonis (<span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">see</span></span> <a href="#Index-Dumuzi" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Dumuzi</a>, <a href= + "#Index-Tammuz" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Tammuz</a>), 82, 279 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Adoni-zedek, 324 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Adoption, 173, 175 177, 463, 465, 508, 509, 525, 553 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Adram(m)elech, 378, 384, 385 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Adultery, 501, 502 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aesculapius, the serpent, and the magic herb, 109 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Agad, Agadé, 124, 412, 422; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its temple-tower, 136; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + misfortunes sung, 477. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Akkad" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Akkad</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Agaditess, lamentation of the, 477 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Agents and travelling merchants, laws concerning, 495 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Agricultural implements, theft of, 513 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ahab (Ahabbu of the Sir'ilâa), 329-331, 335, 337, 338 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ahaz and Tiglath-pileser, 353, 356 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aḫi-milki of Ashdod, 386 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aḫi-miti of Ashdod, 369 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aḫi-tâbu (Ahiṭub), 281 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ahuni of Til-barsip, 328 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ahuramazda, 426, 427 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ain-anab, 293 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ainsworth, W. F., his description of the ruins of Haran, 200 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ajalon, 280, 297 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Akizzi, king of Qatua, 289-290, 317 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Akkad" id="Index-Akkad" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Akkad (Accad), 119; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + references to the country and its language, 121, 412; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the ideograph for, 122; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in early times a collection of small states, 123; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + names of their capitals, 124; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the gods of, 415; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + revolt in, 415; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + weeping in, 416 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Akaad" id="Index-Akaad" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Akkad, the city (Agadé), 124, 135 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Akkadian, Akkadians, 119, 120, 121; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + probably migrants, 134; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + will overthrow the nations, 123; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their language that of most of the earlier inscriptions, 124; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its gradual disuse, 125; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + disappearance of their specific racial type, 125; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their literature current also in Assyria, 126; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their laws retained, 125; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + transcription and translations of inscriptions, 219-221 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Akkû (Accho), 374 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alašia (? Cyprus), 277 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Al Aštarti, city, 278 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Al bêth Ninip, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“the city of the temple of Ninip,”</span> 278 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aleppo, 304, 329 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Allala-bird, Ištar breaks his wings, 96 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Allat, the temple of, 182 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alliance by marriage, 276 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amadeh, 273 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amāna, the god Ammon, 278 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ama-namtagga, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“the mother of sin,”</span> 532 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amanus mountains, 349, 368 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amaru, a name of Merodach, 54 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amar-uduk (Merodach), 54 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amasis, pharaoh, Babylonian vassal, 401 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amattu (Hamath), 363 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page565">[pg 565]</span><a name= + "Pg565" id="Pg565" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amedi, city, 372 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amen-em-heb, officer of Thothmes III., 272 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ameni (Amen-em-ha), inscription of, 261 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amenophis II., 273; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Amenophis III., 274, 316; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Amenophis IV., 269, 293, 299, 302; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his names, 303 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amherst of Hackney, Lord, his tablet mentioning Ostanes, 544 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amki, the cities of, 288, 289, 317 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ammani'ita, goddess, 561 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amminadab (Ammi-nadbi) of Beth-Ammon, 389 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ammi-ṭitana, king, 153; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + extent of his dominions, 155; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + letter from, 165; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + lord of Amurrū, 215 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ammi-zaduga, king, 153; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + tablet dated in his reign, 168, 332 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ammonites (Amanians), 329, 333 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ammurabi, a form of the name Hammurabi, 209 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ammurapi (Hammurabi), 210 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amna, a name of the sun-god, 144 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amon (the god Ammon), 278 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amoria (the land of the Amorites), 155, 205, 206, 207, 208, 374, + 422 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amorite, Amorites, 156, 157, 300; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Babylonia, 169, 277, 310; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + tribute from the, 328, 341; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their kings do homage to Cyrus, 422; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their deities, 156, 170 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + names, 170 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amorite tract, the, 169, 312 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amorite, an, the father of Jerusalem, 316 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amosis, the prince who knew not Joseph, 307 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 'Amq, identified with Amki, 289 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amraphel (Hammurabi), 125, 152; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + identified with Hammurabi by Prof. Schrader, 209; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + explanations of the final <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l</span></span>, 211; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + colophon-dates of his reign, 211-214; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his successor, 153, 187, 188 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amtheta, mother of Abram, 146 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amu, the ethnic name of the <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“impure”</span> Hyksos kings, 265 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amurrū (the land of the Amorites), 122, 134, 155, 205, 206 (207), + 208, 328, 341; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ruled over by Sargon of Agadé, 215; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + claimed by Ḫammurabi, 215; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ruled by Ammi-ṭitana, 311; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the cuneiform ideographs for, 122, 311, 312; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used for <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“west,”</span> 311 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amurrū (the god), 156, 312 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amurrū (personal name), 157 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amytis, 407 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anab, 293 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anamimi, the spring of, 305 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“An eye for an + eye,”</span> etc., 509, 522 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Animals created by Merodach, 40; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + animals sent into the ark, 103, 117; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + animals held in honour at On, 264, 265 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ankh-kheperu-Ra, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“the beloved”</span> of Amenophis IV., 303 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anman-ila, king, 54 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, 154 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Annihilation, the, of Assyria, 393 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Annunit, 224. <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Anunitum" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Anunitum</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anos (= Anu), 17 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ansan, city, 411, 420, 421 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anšar and Kišar, production of, 16; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their names, 65; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + connection of Anšar with Asshur, 66; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + identity of the two deities, 66; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + similar names, 67 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anšar and the revolt of Tiamtu, 20 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Antiochus (Epiphanes), tablet referring to his reign, 480, 561 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anu, god of the heavens, 16; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + asked to subdue Tiamtu, 20; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fails, 21; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mentioned with Ištar, 41; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped at Erech, 160, 231; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Merodach founds a place for him, 26; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + he joins with other deities to send a flood, 101 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Anu-Bel" id="Index-Anu-Bel" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anu-Bêl, the god, 482, 483 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Anunitum" id="Index-Anunitum" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anunitum, goddess of Sippar, 160; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Nabonidus' and Belshazzar's offerings to her temple, 445, 450 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anunnaki (spirits or gods of the earth), creation of, 40; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + present at the Flood, 104 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aos (Aa, Aê, or Ea), 17. <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Aa" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Aa</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apam'a (Apameia), city, 484 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Apason" id="Index-Apason" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apason (Apsū, the primæval ocean), <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page566">[pg 566]</span><a name="Pg566" id="Pg566" class= + "tei tei-anchor" style="text-align: left"></a> 16; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + husband of Tauthé (Tiamtu), 17 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apharsathchites, the, 391 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apharsites, the, 391 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aphek, city, 330 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apophis ('Apop'i), 262 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apparazu, city, 334 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apprenticeage, 508 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Apsu" id="Index-Apsu" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apsū (= Apason), the primæval ocean, the abyss, 17; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + non-existent at the beginning, 39; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its fountain, 41, 44; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + E-sagila there, 40, 43; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the abode of Tammuz, 43 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arabia, Sennacherib, king of, 378, 381 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arabians (Arbâa), 329, 333, 388, 391; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + help Sennacherib, 382 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Arabic”</span> + dynasty, the, 169 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arabs, 347 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Araḫtu, the canal, 70 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aramaic dialects, 140; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + papyri, 539 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arame, king, 334 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aramean tribes, 347, 356 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arameans, 371 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aram-naharaim, 207 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arandaš, Hittite king, 537 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ararat (Urarṭu), 127, 336, 347, 351, 367, 368 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arareh, 293 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ararma (Larsa), 218 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Araske (Nisroch, the god Assur), 378 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arazias, land of, 341 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arbaces, the Scythian, 393 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arbela, 412 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Archevites, the, 391 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arganâ, city, 329 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Argob, 313 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ari, the land of the Amorites in Sumerian, 312 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arioch, 164; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + identified with Eri-Aku, 209 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arioch, the king's captain, 403 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ark (ship), command to build the, given by Aê (Ea, Aa), 102, 117; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + description of the, 103; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + entered by Pir-napištim, his family, etc., 103; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + given into the hands of a pilot, 104; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + stopped by the mountain of Niṣir, 105; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Bel's anger on seeing it, 106; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its building and provisionment, 103, 115 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Armenia, 311, 344, 373; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Sennacherib's sons take refuge there, 378 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Armenians (Mannâa), 387 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arnon, 313 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arpachshad, possible etymologies of, 143, 144 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arpad, 340, 345, 347 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arqania, city, 484 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arrapha (Arrapachitis), 345, 346 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arsakā (Arsaces), departs to Arqania, 484 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arsâm (Arsames), 539, 542 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Art of the Hittites, 323 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Artaxerxes, friendly to the Jews, 428; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his death, 429 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Artificers of the ark saved in the vessel, 103, 115, 117 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aruada (Arvad), 386, 390 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aruru, the goddess of Sippar-Aruru, 43, 44; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + aids Merodach to create the seed of mankind, 40; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + creates Ea-banî, 93; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + her names, 546 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arvad, city, 272, 322, 328, 386, 390 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arvadites (Arudâa), 329, 374 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arzauya of Ruhizzu, 289 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arzawa, 298 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ašaridu, letter of, 210 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Asari-lu-duga (Merodach), 54, 155 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Asaru or Asari (Merodach), 54, 143 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Asdudimma, city, 369 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Asenath, the name, 258; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + legend concerning her, 259 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ashdod, 322, 369, 370, 376, 386 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ashdodites (Asdudâa), 374 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Asherah, the, 278, 314 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ashtoreth, Ashtaroth, 156, 157, 278, 313 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Askelon, 277, 297; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + conquered by Meneptah II., 306, 374, 386 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Asnapper (Assur-banî-âpli), 391; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + letter apparently addressed to him, 210 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Aspasine" id="Index-Aspasine" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aspāsinē (Hyspasines), Kharacenian king, 482, 483 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page567">[pg 567]</span><a name= + "Pg567" id="Pg567" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Assarachoddas (Esarhaddon), 378 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Asshur, builder of the cities of Assyria, 118 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Asshur (Aššur), city, creation or foundation of, 28, 38, 374, + 422; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + earliest mention of, 490; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + revolts, 345, 346; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + land of, 340 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Assignment for loan, 498 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aššur, the national god of the Assyrians, 202, 329, 340; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Delitzsch's etymology of, 66 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aššurâaitu, queen, 392 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aššur-âḫâ-iddina (Esarhaddon), 392 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aššur-banî-âpli, 129; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + letters to, 201, 410; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + restores the temple of Nusku at Haran, 202; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + see also 251; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + refers to Sennacherib, 382; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his reign, 388-392; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his palace discovered, 394 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aššur-dan, king, 344; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + wars in Babylonia, etc., 345 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aššur-êtil-îlāni-ukînni, 392 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aššur-mulik (Aššur-munik), 385 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aššur-nadin-šum, son of Sennacherib, made king of Babylon, 379; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his deposition, 380 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aššur-naṣir, eponym, 410 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aššur-naṣir-apli, I., 327 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aššur-naṣir-âpli II., 327; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + attacks Carchemish, 321; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + marches to the Mediterranean, 328 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aššur-nirari II. marches to Hatarika, Arpad, 345; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and Namri, 346 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aššur-uballiṭ to Amenophis III., 282 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aššur-uttir-aṣbat = Pitru, 329 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Assyria, Assyrians, 122, 123; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + spoke the same language as the Babylonians, 126; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their origin, 126; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + character, rulers, artistic skill, 128; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + invasion by, 331; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + revolt of, 345, 374; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + downfall of, 391 ff., 395; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Christians of, 485 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Assyro-Babylonian language, the, widely known, 140, 275 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Astamaku, city, 334 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aštarte (Istar) and the Asherah, 314 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Astyages captured by Cyrus, 411 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ašur-nadin-âḫi of Assyria, 283 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 'Atar-'ata ('Atar-ghata), Tar-'ata, Atargatis, or Derketo, 203 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Atargatis, goddess of Haran, 203 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aten, the sun's disc, its suggested etymology, 303 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athribis, 389 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Atra-ḫasis (Gk. Xisuthrus), a name of Pir-napištim, 107, 117; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the coming of the Flood revealed to him in a dream, 107 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Augury from entrails, 240 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Avaris, the Hyksos shut up in, 252; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the centre of their rule, 254; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + taken by the Egyptians, 270 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Avitus of Vienne, Bishop, 47 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ay, pharaoh, 303 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Azariah, 338, 348 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aziru, 279, 293, 313, 315 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Azor (Azuru), 375 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Azriau or Izriau (Azariah), 348, 349 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Azuri of Ashdod, 369 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Azzati (Gaza), 285 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ba'ali, city, 340 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ba'ali-ra'asi, 337 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ba'al(u) of Tyre, 386 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Baal-zephon (Ba'ali-ṣapuna), 349; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + (Ba'il-ṣapuna), 369 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ba'asa (Baasha), 333 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Baba (Beby), 261; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his inscription, 262 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Babel = Babylon, 118, 135 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Babel, Tower of, supposed, 44, 132-141, 398 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bâbîa, name, 456 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Babylon, founded by Merodach, 40; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + principal centre, 124; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Dynasty of Babylon, 142, 152, 153; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + city destroyed by Sennacherib, 380, 381; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Jehoiachin carried to, 399; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the gods of Akkad enter, 415; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at the time of the Captivity, 471-473; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the proposed new capital under Alexander the Great, 476; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its walls dismantled under the Seleucidæ, 418; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as revealed by the German excavations, 560; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Church at, 485; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + tablets dated at, 432, 440-444, 448, 449, 459, 460, 464, 466, 478 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page568">[pg 568]</span><a name= + "Pg568" id="Pg568" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Babylon and the + Bible,”</span> 525, ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Babylonia (Sumer and Akkad, Shinar), 118, 119; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + majority of inscriptions Semitic, 119; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + federated under Ḫammurabi, 149; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + change in its rule, 152; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + under Assyrian rule, 327, 356, 357, 371, 379, 380, 386, 391; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + under Cyrus, 419 ff.; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Darius and his successors, 424 ff.; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Greeks, 475 ff.; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Kharacenians, 481; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Parthians, 484 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Babylonia at the time of Abraham, 171, 347 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Babylonian, Babylonians, character, 150; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dress, 171; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + manners, 172, 391; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + racial characteristics, 119, 120; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + downfall of their empire, 415; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fought in the army of Cambyses, 467; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their religion, 49 ff., 159 ff.; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gods worshipped at a late date, 479 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Babylonian Chronicle, the, 361, 383, 385 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bactrian slave-girl, the, 471 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bāgā-asā, brother of Hyspasines, 483 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Baghdad, the Christians of, 126 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bagohi (Bagoas, Bagoses), 539 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Baḫiani, 322 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Balawat, gates of, 405 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ball, the Rev. C. J., 54; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + compares Akkadian with Chinese, 121 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Barbers and slave-marking, 511 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bardes (Barzia), 424 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Baruḫi-îlu (? Baruchiel), 458 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bashan, the plain of, 277 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bashmurites, origin of the, 266 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Battle,”</span> + the, 530 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Behistun (rock), 426 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bêl, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“the + lord,”</span> a name given to Merodach, 32, l. 116, 54; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + = Baal, Beecl, etc., 55; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as god of lordship and dominion, 58; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his dislike for Pir-napištim, 102; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his anger at the escape of the patriarch and his people from the + Flood, 107. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Anu-Bel" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Anu-Bêl</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bêl, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“the + lord”</span> = Ellila (Illil) = Illinos, 17; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + called <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“the + father,”</span> 32, l. 116 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bel and the Dragon, story of (= the Semitic Babylonian story of + the Creation), 20 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bêl-âbla-iddina, captain of Babylon, 469 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bêl-âḫê-iddina, one of Neriglissar's captains, 444 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bêl-bulliṭ-su (a scribe), 478 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bêl-êṭiranni, major-domo of Neriglissar, 438 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bêl-ibnî (Belibus), 379 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Belichus (river), 328 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bel-Merodach, 18 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Belos (Bel-Merodach), 17, 18; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his temple, 471, 472, 552 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bêl-rêṣuā, Belshazzar's servant, 447 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bêl-šarra-bulliṭ, agent of Nabonidus and Belshazzar, 450 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bêl-šarra-uṣur, chief of a Median province, 367 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bel-shamin worshipped at Haran, 203 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Belshazzar (Bêl-šarra-uṣur), son of Nabonidus, 414; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + was he descendant of Nebuchadnezzar? 339, 407; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as crown prince, 412, 447 ff.; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Akkad, 412, 449; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his position, 414; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + though heir to the throne, 447; never mentioned as king, 419; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a sale of clothes, 449; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his appointment of Daniel, 419; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a letter apparently from, 538; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his death, 417-419 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bêl-šum-iškun, father of Neriglissar, 409, 438 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bêl-tarṣi-îli-ma, of Calah, 343 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Belteshazzar (Daniel), explanation of the name, 402 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Beltis, goddess, 415 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bêl-ušallim, the enchanter, tablet of, 155 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bêl-Yau, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Bel is + Jah,”</span> name, 59 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bêl-zēr-lîšir, copy of an old lamentation made for, 447, 478 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bene-berak (Banâa-barqa), 375 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ben-Hadad II. (son of Ben-Hadad I.), 330; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + restores cities, 331; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + besieges Samaria, 333; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + meets Shalmaneser, 335; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + see also 329, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page569">[pg + 569]</span><a name="Pg569" id="Pg569" class="tei tei-anchor" + style="text-align: left"></a> 337, 338, 342; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Ben-Hadad (god), 317 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bennu</span></span>, the bird of Râ or Rê, + 265 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Berechiah, 471 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bêri, the Ḫašabite, to the king of Egypt, 288 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Berlin Museum, 372 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Berosus, the Babylonian author, 63, 378, 379 (siege of + Jerusalem), 384, 385 (death of Sennacherib), 406, 408, 409, 410, + 418, 422 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bertin, George, his suggestion with regard to the <span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“sons of god,”</span> 86 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Beth-Ammon, 322, 386, 389 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Beth-Ammonites, the, 374 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Beth-arbel, 361 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Beth-Dagon (Bît-Daganna), 375 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bethel (<span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">bêt-îli</span></span>), the, at Haran, 201; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + division of property declared in the, 180 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Beth-Ninip, the city, 235, 299 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bethuel, the name, 245 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Beyrout, 293 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Biamites, origin of the, 266 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bigamy, 503 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bilingual Creation story, 38-41 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bin-Addu, 317 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bin-Addu-'idri, 329. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> Ben-Hadad + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Birch, Dr. S., 253 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Birds, sending forth of the, 106, 116 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Birejik, 207 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Birs-Nimroud" id="Index-Birs-Nimroud" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Birs-Nimroud (Tower of Nimrod), services in, 485. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-E-Zida" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">E-zida</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bît-Amukkāni (Chaldean tribe), 356 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bît-Baḫiani, 322 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bît Ḫumrî, Bît Ḫumrîa (Israel), 332, 352, etc. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bît Ninip in the province of Jerusalem, 2, 235, 299 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bît-Yakin, 371 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Black Obelisk, 332, 337 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Blessed, the abode of the, at the mouths of the rivers, 73 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Blessing of Aaron, Delitzsch's parallel to, 526 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Boatmen's wages and penalties, 511-512 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Boats and ships, hire of, 514, 515; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + boats of skins, 319 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Body, the, of Joseph not taken at once to Canaan, 266, 267 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Boghaz Keui (Köi), 205, 317, 537, 538 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bond and free, marriages between, 506, 507, 525 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Borrowers, liabilities and rights of, 495, 496 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Borsippa, the temple tower at, 137; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + tablets dated at, 461, 462. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Birs-Nimroud" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Birs-Nimroud</a>, <a href="#Index-E-Zida" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">E-zida</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bosanquet (Mr.), 345 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bow of Merodach, 28 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Branding of animals, 457 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Breasted, Prof., 552 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brick in Babylonia, 135 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brigandage, 493 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brugsch, Prof., 253, 304, 305; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his translation of the inscription of Baba, 262 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bubastis, 263 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Budu-îlu of Beth-Ammon, 374, 386 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Builders, their pay and liabilities, 511; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Babylonian kings as, 398 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Building of the ship or ark, 102, 103, 117 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bull, divine, sent against Gilgameš and his friend, 97; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + killed and mutilated by the latter, 97, 98 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Buntaḫtun-ila, king, 54 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, 154 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Burial of Seqnen-Rê, 269 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Burra-buriaš (Burna-burias), king, 276, 293; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + speaks of Canaan, 205; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his letter to Amenophis III., 281 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bûr-Sin, king, 124, 164; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + meaning of his name, 217, 218 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Buzu, city, 182 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Buzur-Kurgala, the pilot or boatman of the ship (ark), 104 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caedmon, 47 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cain and Abel, parallel to the story of, 82-84 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Calah (Nimroud), built by Asshur, 118, 126, 341; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + statues at, 343; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + revolt in, 346 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Calne, 348 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Calneh" id="Index-Calneh" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Calneh, one of the cities of Nimrod's <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page570">[pg 570]</span><a name="Pg570" id="Pg570" class= + "tei tei-anchor" style="text-align: left"></a> kingdom, 118; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + identified with Niffer, 126, 135 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Camarina (Urie), 146; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its probable etymology, 147, 197 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cambyses (Kambuzîa), performs ceremonies, 416; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + becomes king, 424; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + tablet of his reign, 466; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his campaign in Egypt, 467 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Canaan, 204, 205; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mentioned by the Pharaoh, 301, 304, 306; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“a domain of + Babylonian culture,”</span> 526 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Canaanites, Rameses II. and the, 305 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Canals, the Babylonian, 159 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Canon, the Babylonian, agrees with that of Ptolemy in naming Pûlu + or Poros, 357, 358 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Canon of Ptolemy, 358, 398 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Canons, the eponym, 352, 353, 358 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cappadocia, 318 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Captives asked for, 301, 302 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caravans, attacks on, 281, 285, 286 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carchemish, 272, 304, 319, 321, 329-334, 339, 367 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carchemishites, 350 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carmania, Nabonidus exiled to, 418 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carmel, Thothmes III. at, 271 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Cedar, beloved + of the great gods,”</span> the, 76 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carrier's responsibility, 499 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cart, oxen and driver, hire of, 514 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chaboras (Habor), river, 364 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chaldean, Chaldeans, the tribes, 341, 347, 356; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not liked by the Babylonians, 371; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Esarhaddon and the, 388; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Nabopolassar supposed to be a, 396 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chaldean Christians, the, 394 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Characters, Assyrian, 312; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Babylonian, 122 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Changelings, 509 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chariots of the Hittites, 319 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chedor-, 209. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Kudur" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Kudur-</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chedorlaomer, 209, 215; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at first identified with Kudur-mabuk, 222; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + probably the Kudur-laḫmal, or Kudur-laḫgumal of the inscriptions, + 223, 232 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chemosh, the god of the Moabites, 557, 559 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cherub, cherubim, 80-82, 533, 547 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chiefs of Takhsi made captive, 273 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chinzeros (Ukîn-zēr), 356, 357 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chnub, Chnum, priests of, plot against Jews, 539, 542, 543 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Choosing the inheritance, 180 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Christians, of Mossoul and its neighbourhood, 394; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Baghdad and Irak, 485 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chronological trade-document, a 398 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cilicia (Kefto), 274, 368; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + places near, conquered by Sennacherib, 379 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cilicians, the, 390 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cities, creation of, in Babylonia, 28; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their growth, 171; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + invoked as deities, 181; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + those benefited by Ḫammurabi, 489, 491 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cities, etc., of the western states, before the Hebrews, 277 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cittaeans, 360 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Civilization in Babylonia, antiquity of, 170 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Clay, Prof. A. T., 555 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cleopatra's Needle, 265 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Coast-lands, Mediterranean, pay tribute to Aššur-banî-âpli, 388 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Code of Ḫammurabi, 491-515; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + notes upon, 519, ff., 545, 546; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + illustrations of, 166, 168, 173 ff., 176, ff., 179, ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Collisions at sea, 512 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Colophon-dates, 178-182, 184, 185, 187, 188, 211-214 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Combat with the Dragon, 18 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Commagene, 319, 329, 372 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Commissariat, letter concerning the, 287 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Commissioner and agent, relations between, 498, 499 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Compensation for slaves, 458, 459, 513, 523 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Conciliation, Elamite policy of, 233 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Concubines, 502, 503, 508 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Confusion of tongues, the, 132, 133, 139, 140, 170 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page571">[pg 571]</span><a name= + "Pg571" id="Pg571" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Congregation, the, of, E-saggil, 126 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, 482 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Constellations, Merodach sets the, 27 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Consulting the teraphim, 247 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Contempt for gods, 553, (480) + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cossaeans (Kaššû), 373, 537 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Costume of the people in Babylonia 2000 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, 171 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Countries known to the Babylonians and Assyrians, list of, 206 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Courts of Justice in the temples and at the gates of cities, 163 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Creation, the Hebrew story of, 11 ff.; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + how it grew, 9 ff.; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + differences between it and the Babylonian accounts, 34 ff., 48-49 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Creation-legend, the Semitic, an heroic poem, 10; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + extracts from, 18, 19, 21-23, 35, 36; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + remarks upon, 20, 33-38 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Creation-legend, the bilingual, 38-45; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + why compiled, 39 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Creation-legends, though differing, contain similar ideas, 10 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Creation-tablet, the first, 16; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Damascius' version, 16; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + remarks thereon, 20; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the second, 20, 21; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + third, 22; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fourth, 22-26; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fifth, 26-28; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sixth, 28, 29; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + last, 29-33 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cruelty of the Egyptians to captives, 273 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cultivation, tablet referring to, 456, 457 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cure of Gilgameš, the, 108, 109 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cush, the father of Nimrod, 118, 204 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cuthah, the temple-tower at, 136; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + tribute from, 341; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its site found by Rassam, 394 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cylinder-seal with supposed representation of Adam's fall, 79 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cyprus (Yatnana or Ya(w)anana), 128, 304, 373; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its kings, 386, 387; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + tributary to Egypt, 272; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + aids Aššur-banî-âpli, 389 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cyrus, his operations against Astyages, 411; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + crosses the Tigris, 412; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + subjugates Babylonia and enters the capital, 415; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + helped by the Jews, 416; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his treatment of Nabonidus, 418; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + master of Babylonia, 419; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his inscription, 420 ff.; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + champion of the Babylonian gods, 422; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + restores exiles to their homes, 423; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his death, 424 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Daché and Dachos, miswritten for Laché and Lachos, 17 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dagon (Dagunu), 59; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + (Dagan), 142, 279 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Daily Telegraph</span></span> expedition, + the, 90; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + finds a fragment of a second story of the Flood, 117 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Damage by herdsmen, 514 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Damascius, his version of the Babylonian Creation-story, 16, 17, + 63 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Damascus, the city (Dimasqu, Dimasqa), Israelites build streets + there, 331; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Mari'u, the king besieged there, 341; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“land + of,”</span> 353; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Ahaz goes there, 356, 363 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Damascus, the country (Ša-imēri-šu, Imēri-su), 329, 334, 336-338; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Mari'u, king of, 341; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + subdued by Assyria, 348 (353); + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Rezon of, 354 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Damu, goddess, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“the great enchanter,”</span> 16 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Daniel, 402, 417 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Daos, the shepherd of Pantibiblon, his long reign, 63 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dapur (Tabor), 305 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Darius Hystaspis, mounts the throne of Babylon, 424; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the contract-tablets of his reign, 425, 468-471; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his monotheism, 426, 427; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the extent of his dominions, 427 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Darius II., 539, 542 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dark head, people of the, 420 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Dark + vine,”</span> the, of the Babylonian Paradise, Eridu, 71, 75 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dâ-šartî, a captive, 302 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Date, probable, of the Hyksos invasion, 265; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the Exodus, 306 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Daughter for + daughter,”</span> 510, 522 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Daughter (? adopted), sale of a, 185 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page572">[pg 572]</span><a name= + "Pg572" id="Pg572" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dauké (= Damkina), 17, 18; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + consort of Aa or Ea, 64 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Day, the evil, 528 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Days of creation, no reference to, 49; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + days of the month, 526, ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dead slave, the, 458, 459 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Death of Shalmaneser II., 339; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + IV., 361; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Sargon, 372; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Sennacherib, 383; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Esarhaddon, 388; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the last king of Assyria, 393; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Belshazzar, 419 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Death-penalty for adultery, 501, 521 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Debt, working off of, 500, 521; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + responsibility of husband and wife for, 503, 504 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + De Clercq collection, the, 560 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Decoration, Babylonian, 551 (405), 552 (471-472) + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Defamation, 501 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dehavites, the, 391 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Deified kings, 164 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Deities as witnesses, 187 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Deities of Mitanni, 277, 278 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Deities of west Asian origin, 156 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Deities probably foreign, 157 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Delaiah, son of Sanballat, 541 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Delitzsch, Prof., Friedrich, 14, 15, 36, 78; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + restorations by, 122, 361; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his etymology of <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sadû</span></span>, 248; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Babel und Bibel</span></span>, etc., 525, + ff., 546, 559 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Deposit, goods on, 499, 500, 501, 521 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Derketo (Atargatis), goddess, 203 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dêru, Babylonian city, 363 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Desertion, 502 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Devotees, recluses, priestesses, and public women, 161, 499, 507, + 508 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Dibbara + Legend,”</span> the, 122 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Digging of canals, dating by the, 159 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dimasqa, Dimasqu (Damascus), 336, 341, 353, 363 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dinaites, the, 391 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Diodorus Siculus upon the taking of Nineveh, 393 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Disaster, the Assyrian, at the siege of Jerusalem, 378 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Disowning of a son, 176, 177, 505 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Distraint, 500; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a parallel to the case of the Egyptian farmers, 525 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Divination, 247 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Divine + Daughters,”</span> the, 160 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Divine honours paid to Egyptian rulers, 270 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Division of property, 178-181 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Divorce, 181, 502 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Double-formed and bull-like monsters, Ea and his attendants, 63, + 64 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dove, swallow, and raven sent forth from the ship (ark), 106 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dower, return of, 502, 504 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dowers and gifts to virgins, priestesses, etc., 508 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Downfall of Assyria, the, 392, 393; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Nabopolassar upon the, 550 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dragon of Chaos, the, 18; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dragon and the serpent-tempter, 529 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dreams, royal, 390, 411 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dress of the scribes in early Babylonia, 171, 172 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Driver, Prof., 260 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Du-azaga, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“the + holy seat,”</span> 405 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dûdu, name, 315 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dudḫalia, 537 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Due of the + Sun-god,”</span> the, 167 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dū-maḫa, a sacred place, 228 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Dumuzi" id="Index-Dumuzi" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dumuzi-Abzu, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Tammuz of the Abyss,”</span> 43, 63 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dungi, Babylonian king, 124, 152, 164 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dunip (Tenneb), city, 277; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + resists the enemies of Egypt, 294 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dunnaitess, lamentation of the, 477 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dura, plain of, 403, 404 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dûr-Ammi-zaduga, city, 172 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dûr-Dungi, 325 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dûr-îlitess, lamentation of the, 478 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dûr-Kuri-galzu, 347 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dûr-Ladinna, 371 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dûr-maḫ-îlāni, son of Eri-Eaku, 223, 224, 226, 227, 231, 233 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dûr-Sargina (Khorsabad), the temple-tower there, 137, 369 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dusratta, king of Mitanni, 276, 278, 304, 316 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page573">[pg 573]</span><a name= + "Pg573" id="Pg573" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dynasty of Babylon, 142, 152, 153; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Babylonia at the period of the, 169 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ea, the god, 17, 26, 56, etc. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Aa" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Aa</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eaašarri, 278 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ea-banî (Aê-banî, Aa-banî), the man of the wilds, 92; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his creation and appearance, 93; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + is seen by a hunter, enticed, and induced to go to Erech, 94; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + he accompanies Gilgameš against Ḫumbaba, 94, 95; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + kills a divine bull, 97, 98; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his dreams and death, 98; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his resurrection, 110 (Ea-du, Enki-du) + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ea-du or Enki-du, 92 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, 548 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + E-ana, E-anna, the temple at Ecrech, 39, 229; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its sanctuary, 91 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Early life of a Syrian prince, 285 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-E-babbara" id="Index-E-babbara" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + E-babbara (the temple at Sippar), 160, 434; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + expenditure of, 446; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + (the temple at Larsa), 218 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + E-bara. <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-E-babbara" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">E-babbara</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ebed-tob (Abdi-ṭâba), 291 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ebers, Prof., his translation of the inscription of Ameni, 261; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + upon Apophis, 263 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ebisum (Abēšu'), king, 153, 155 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eden, Garden of 13, 69; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the native land of the Babylonians, 14; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Sippar of Eden, 70, 72; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Eden not referred to as the earthly paradise in the Babylonian + inscriptions, 72 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Edina, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“the + plain”</span> (Eden), 43, 72 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Edom (Udumu), 322, 341, 370, 374, 386 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Edrei, 313 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Egypt (Musuru, Musru, Musur, Miṣir), 249-309; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Hyksos invasion, 251; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gradually loses Palestine, 290; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + governors still faithful to, 293; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + invaded by Sennacherib, 381; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + an Assyrian province; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + see also 363, 365, 375 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Egypt, the brook (? river) of, 388 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Egypt Exploration Fund, the, 305 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Egyptian civilization, 250 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Egyptian king, the, to the prince of the Amorites, 300 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Egyptian loan-words, 143, 144 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Egyptian slave, sale of an, 466, 551; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + testifies to Cambyses' campaign in Egypt, 467 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Egyptians (Muṣurâa), 375; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their decision with regard to the Israelites, reason of, 268 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + E-ḫulḫul, the temple of Sin or Nannara at Haran, 202 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ejectment before the end of the term, 498 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + E-kidur-kani, temple at Babylon, 433 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ekron (Amqarruna), 375, 376, 377, 386 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + E-kua, sanctuary of Merodach, 472 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Elah, 355 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Elam, a mountainous country, 206; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + firstborn of Shem, 549; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its power, 209; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + conquered by Sargon, 362 (363); + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Merodach-baladan in, 373; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ravaged by Sennacherib, 380; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + conquered by Aššur-banî-âpli, 391; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + acknowledges the sway of Darius, 427 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Elamite, Elamites: Ḫumbaba, 94, 95; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Chedorlaomer, 209, 215, 222, 224, 227; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Kudur-mabuk, Kudur-laḫ(gu)mal, etc., 222-225, 230, 232; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + hostile to Assyria, 372, 379, 380, 391; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their incursions near the Tigris, 483; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + see also 122, 140, 170, 229 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Elath, 353 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Elders, rule of, 280 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Elephantine, the Aramaic papyri from, 539 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Elephants killed by Tiglath-pileser I. in the land of Haran, 200; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and in Lebanon, 201; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + elephants in the district of Niy, 273 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Elephants' tusks, 321 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + El-Kâb, 261 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ellasar, city, 124 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ellila (v. Bel) + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ellipu, country of, 341, 372 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page574">[pg 574]</span><a name= + "Pg574" id="Pg574" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Elmesum, princess, marriage-contract of, 166 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Elmešum's letter to his father, 172 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eltekah (Altaqû), 375 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Elulaeus of Tyre, 360 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + E-maḫ (temple), 161 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Embankment of the Sun-god, the 213 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + E-melam-anna, the temple of Nusku at Haran, 202 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Emutbālu or Yamutbālu, conquered by Ḫammurabi, 211, 212, 213, + 216, 217, 219, 220 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Enchantments, Istar's, 97 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Endowment of an adopted daughter, 173 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Engur, mother of Aa or Ea, 64 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Enki-du, the friend of Gilgameš, 92 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, 540 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + En-nu-gi and the Flood, 101 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ennun-dagalla, 228 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Enoch, 84 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Enšara and Ninšara, 67 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Enweduranki (Euedoreschos), 63, 77, 538, 539 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ephron, 315 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eponym dates in the reign of Shalmaneser IV., 358 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Erech non-existent at the beginning, 39; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + built by Merodach, 41; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + called <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Erech + the walled,”</span> and ruled over by Gilgameš, 91; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + besieged, 91; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + other references to the city, 92, 93, 94; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rejoicing there on the death of the divine bull, 98; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Gilgameš returns thither after seeing Pir-napištim, 110; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + one of the cities of Nimrod's kingdom, 118, 124, 135; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its temple-tower, 136; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the city delivered to Rîm-Sin, 221; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + lamentation over its misfortunes, 477, 478; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + tablet dated at, 456 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ereš-ki-gala (Persephone), 279 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eri-Aku (Eri-Sin), 216, 217, 218, 233; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + inscription of, 219 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eridu, the Babylonian Paradise, 71, 72, 73; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + non-existent at first, 39, 42; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + made, 40; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not the earthly city of that name, 43; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a type of Paradise, 43; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the incantation of, 44; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + one of the principal cities of Babylonia, 124 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Esâ (? = Esau), 157, 245 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + E-saggil, 223, 224. <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-E-sagila" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">E-sagila</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-E-sagila" id="Index-E-sagila" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + E-sagila (E-saggil, E-sangil), completed by Merodach, 40, 43; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + meaning of the name, 43, 139; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the temple of Belus, 137, 246, 472; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + restored by Samsu-iluna, 161; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + restoration attempted under Alexander and Philip, 476; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + offerings at, 412, 480; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its congregation, 482; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + see also 409, 415 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + E-sagila, the temple <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“within the Abyss,”</span> founded by + Lugal-du-azaga, 40, 73 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + E-sagila-râmat and her father-in-law's slave, 465, 466 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Esarhaddon (Aššur-âḫâ-iddina), 383, 384-388; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + apparently crowned at Haran, 201-202; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Ḫanigalbat, 384, 385; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Babylonia and the Mediterranean states, 386, 387; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Armenia, and on the east of Assyria, 388; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Egypt, 251, 388; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + he restores the temple of Belos, 560; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mentions his brothers, 558, and his father's campaign against the + Arabs, 382; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his death, 388 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + E-šarra, the heavens, 26 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + E-šarra, an Assyrian temple, 328, 340 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + E-ša-turra, a temple at Su-anna, 433 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Esau, the name, 157, 245 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Escaped slaves, 493 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Esdraelon, defeat of Syrians at, 271 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ešnunna(k) (Umliaš), soldiers of, defeated by Ḫammurabi, 213; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + destroyed by a flood, 214; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its gods restored by Cyrus, 422 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Etakama (Edagama), of Kinza and Kadesh, 279; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + pretending to be faithful to Egypt, attacks Amki, 288, 289; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + hostile to Egypt, 293 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + E-temen-ana(-kia), the tower of <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page575">[pg 575]</span><a name="Pg575" id="Pg575" class= + "tei tei-anchor" style="text-align: left"></a> Babylon, 136, 138, + 139, 406, 559; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and shrine of E-sagila, 398, 560 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + E-temena-ursag, temple, 213 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Etham, 304 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ethobaal (Tu-ba'alu), 374 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + E-tur-kalama, a Babylonian temple, 214, 415 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Euedoreschos, 63, 546, 547 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + E-ur-imina-ana(-kia), the tower of Borsippa, 136, 138 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Euphrates, creation of, 40; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mentioned, 329, 334, 335, 336, 339, 341, 344, 471, etc. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eupolemus concerning Abraham, 146, 196 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eusebius, 396 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eve, a Babylonian type of, 532 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Events chosen to date by, 159 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Evetts, Mr. B. T. A., 408 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Evil-Merodach (Awel-Maruduk), 408; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + murdered, 409; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + tablets dated in his reign, 440, 441 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Evil spirit, the, driven from the temple, 530 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Evolution in the Babylonian story of the Creation, 33, 34 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Exodus, date of the, 306; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + pharaoh of the, 309 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Expulsion of Eve, a parallel to, 83 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Expulsion of the Egyptians from Palestine, 302 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Eye for an + eye,”</span> 509, 522 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-E-Zida" id="Index-E-Zida" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + E-zida, the temple-tower at Borsippa, restored by Nebuchadnezzar, + 138, 139, 406; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Evil-Merodach, 409; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its people resist Kudur-laḫgu(mal), 229, 230; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its bronze doorstep, 405; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + incantation concerning, 41; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + see also 412, 415, 485 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ezra, Sir H. Howorth upon, 427, 429 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Fair + son,”</span> the, his carrying off, 83 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Faithlessness, 503 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fall? did the Babylonians possess the legend of the, 79, 531, 532 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + False witness, 491 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Family of the hero of the Flood saved with him, 103, 115, 117 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Famines in Egypt, 260, 261 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Father's lawsuit, a, 182 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fear of God, lines upon, 50 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Female rule, 280 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fifteenth day = Sabbath, 527 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fire, penalty of death by, 480 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Flood, the Biblical story, 87 ff.; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Babylonian story, 100 ff.; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + introduction to, 89, ff.; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + first read by G. Smith, 90; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a chapter of the Legend of Gilgameš, 90; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + related to him by Pir-napištim, 101; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + decided upon by the gods, 101, 102; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its approach, arrival, and effect, 104, 105; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + duration and subsidence, 105, 106; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + due to the god Bel, 106; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + why sent, 107, 112; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Pir-napištim dreads its coming, 104, 116; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the second Babylonian story of the, 117; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + was it a <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Sin + Flood”</span>? 529; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + description of the tablets recording, 100, 101 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Followers of Tiamtu, the, 530 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Food, incantation in which it is used, 540 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Foster-children and their disowning, 176, 177, 505 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Four kings against five, the, 208 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fraudulent practices, 513 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Furious cattle, laws concerning, 512, 523 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Furniture, lists of, 189 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Future life, 111 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gad, the name, 246 (Gadu-ṭâbu) + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gadlat, goddess of Haran, 203 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gadu-ṭâbu, name, 547 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gala-Aruru = Istar the star = the planet Venus, 44 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Galilee, attacked by Tiglath-pileser, 353 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Galilee, South, invaded by Amenophis II., 273 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Garden of Eden, 69 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Garizim, temple at, re-dedicated to Jupiter, 481 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Garment, the vanishing, 23 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page576">[pg 576]</span><a name= + "Pg576" id="Pg576" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Garu, Petrie's identification of, 292 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gate of Istar at Babylon, 551, 552 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gates of city, judgment in the, 163 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gath (Gimti), 299 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gath-Carmel, 296 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gauzanitis, 304 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gaza (Ḫazitu), 277, 376 386, 411; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Thothmes III. at, 271; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Yabitiri guards, 285; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Hanon of, 352, 363, 365, 366 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gazzāni (a ruler), 224, 325, 556 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gebal (Gublu), 278, 293, 313, 317, 322, 339, 386 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gebalite, whose brother drove him from the gate, 300 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gebalites (Gublâa), 350, 374 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gedaliah, governor of Jerusalem, put to death, 400 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gemariah, 471 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gergesa, 324 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gezer, 297, 299, 306 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Giammu, prince, 328 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gift to a son, 505 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gigîtum, Neriglissar's daughter, 442 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gihon, river, 69, 70 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gilead, 353 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Gilgames" id="Index-Gilgames" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gilgameš, ancient hero, king of Erech, 73, 91; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the legend concerning him, 90 ff.; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and his friend Ea-banî, 92; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + who consents to go to him, 94; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + he seeks the place of Ḫumbaba, 94; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + who is killed, 95; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Ištar makes love to him, 95, 96; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + he reproaches her, 96, 97; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and she sends a divine bull against them, 97; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dreams concerning him, 98; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + he mourns for Ea-banî and sets out on his great journey, 98; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + he meets Ur-Sanabi, the pilot, and Pir-napištim, 99; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + who tells him the story of the Flood, 101 ff.; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + he is restored to health, 108, 109; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + finds the magic plant, 109; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + loses it, and reaches Erech, 110; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sees the spirit of Ea-banî, 111; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the new version of the legend referring to him, 547 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gilgameš-series, the getting together of the, 90 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gilu-ḫêpa, wife of Amenophis II., 276 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gimil-Sin, king, 124, 164 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gimmirrâa, the, 390 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gimti (Gath), 299 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gimtu (Gath?), 369 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gindibu'u, an Arabian tribe, 333 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Girgashites, the, 310, 324-326 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gišdubar, Gišṭubar, Gisdhubar. <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Gilgames" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Gilgameš</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Glosses in the Tel-el-Amarna tablets, 234 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gobryas (Gubaru, Ugbaru) of Gutium, enters Babylon, and appoints + governors there, 415, 417, 418, 419; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + (goes) against ..., 416, 417; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + receives the kingdom for Cyrus, 419 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“God,”</span> + names for, in the chief tongues of the ancient East, 170, + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gods and their seats, 160, 415; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + tithe granted to, 448; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + processions of, 526; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + they fear the Flood, 105; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + those who joined Tiamtu, 20, 25; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their punishment, 25 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gods, figures of, found under the pavement of palaces, 247 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gods identified with Merodach, 58 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gods of On (Heliopolis), 264 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gods of the west of Asia, 277 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gog, 391 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Gold, much + gold,”</span> 277, 283 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gomer, people of, 390 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Good + wishes,”</span> the tablet of, 81 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Goshen, 268 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Government of states, 279 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gozan, 345, 364 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Greek words in Babylonia, 480 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Greetings, Babylonian, 172, 452, 453, 454 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gublu (Gebal), 313 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Guites, 329; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + (= Goim?), 332, 333 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gula, goddess of healing, 86, 472 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gutians, Gutites, 158, 170, 552 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Guti-kirmil, 296 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gutû or Gutium, 206, 207, 415 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gyges' son, the dream of, 390 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page577">[pg 577]</span><a name= + "Pg577" id="Pg577" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Habati" id="Index-Habati" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ḫabati</span></span>, the, 292, 299 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ḫabbatu</span></span>, 291. <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Habati" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Habati</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ḫabiri</span></span>, the, 269, 291, 295, + 296, 297, 538; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + they possess the land, 299 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ḫaburu, city in Babylonia, 446 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hadad, 160, 277, 330; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Aleppo, 329. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Addu" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Addu</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ḫādara, Rezon's birthplace, 354 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hades, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“the land + of no-return,”</span> 65 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hagar, her position, 186; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + parallels (with differences) to the case of, 174, 175, 185, 236, + 524 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ḫâi, 315 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Halah (Ḫalaḫḫa), 364 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ḫalman, 325 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hamah (Hamath), 317 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ḫamanu (Amanus), mountains, 328, 334, 336, 349 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hamath (Amatte), Hamathites (Amatâa), Irhulêni of, 329, 334; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + districts of, 349; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Yau-bi'idi (Ilu-bi'idi) of, 322, 363; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + see also 348 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ḫammatites (? = Hamathites), Eni-îlu of the, 350 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ḫammurabi (Amraphel), changes during his reign, 125; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its length, 153; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + tablets dated therein 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + references to his conquest of <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Mair and Malgia,”</span> 187; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + other references to him, 209-215, 238; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his code of laws, 491-515; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his image on the stele, 487; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the benefits he had conferred on the cities of Babylonia, + 488-491; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his opinions of his reign, 515, 516; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his curse upon any destroying or changing his record, 517-519 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ḫammurabi-ḫêgalla, canal, 211 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ḫammurabi-nuḫuš-niši, canal, 212 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ḫammurabi-Samši, name, 164, 187 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ḫana-galbat, Ḫani-galbat, king of, 283; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the caravans of, 286; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Esarhaddon fights (? against his brothers) there, 384, 385 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ḫanni, messenger of Egypt, 301 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hanon of Gaza, 352 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ḫanû, land of, 206 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Haran born at Ur of the Chaldees, 144 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Haran (city, the Bab. Ḫarran), a centre of lunar worship, 147, + 195; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Terah and his family migrate thither, 192, 195; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its probable origin, 199, 200; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its ruins, 200; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + elephants in the neighbourhood in early times, 200, 201; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its gods and temples, 201, 202, 534; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Esarhaddon (?) crowned there, 201, 202; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Nabonidus restores the temple of Sin, 202; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its renown in later days, 202, 203; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the city besieged, 411; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + deities restored, 414 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ḫarḫar, called by the Assyrians Kar-Sarru-ukîn, 367, 368 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ḫarri-si'isi, 325 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ḫatānu, servant of Neriglissar, 439 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ḫatarika, Ḫatarikka, 344, 345, 349 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hatred of Bel for the hero of the Flood, 102, 113 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hatshepsut, queen regent, 271 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ḫatta, 288. <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Hatti" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Hatti</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Hatti" id="Index-Hatti" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ḫatti, Ḫattî (Hittites, Kheta, people of Heth), 205, 288, 319, + 341; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their depredations, 317; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ships of, used by Sennacherib, 379; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Syria and the Holy Land, 386. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Heth" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Heth</a>, <a href= + "#Index-Hittites" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Hittites</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ḫattu, city, 205 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ḫattu-šil, (Kheta-sir), 320, 537 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Haupt, Prof. Paul, upon the description of the ship or ark, 114 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hauran, the (Ḫauranu), 336 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ḫâya, a messenger, 286 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ḫaza, 340 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Hazael" id="Index-Hazael" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hazael of Arabia, 382 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hazael of (Ša-)Iamēri-šu (Damascus), 337, 338, 342 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ḫaza-îlu, 336, etc. <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Hazael" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Hazael</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hazor, 277, 353 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heathen images, the, of Jacob's household, 247, 248 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heavens, Merodach arranges the, 27 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page578">[pg 578]</span><a name= + "Pg578" id="Pg578" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hebrews, their ancestor and his language, 204; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Egypt, 268; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + did not leave with the Hyksos, 267; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their commonwealth, 327; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + were they the <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ḫabiri</span></span>? 538 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heliopolis, 258 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Helios (Samas), 203 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hellenizing influence, the, of Antiochus Epiphanes, 480 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Helpers of Rahab, the, 530 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hephaistos (Sethos), 381, 382 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Herdsmen, their duties and liabilities, 213, 214, 524 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hereditary chiefs, 279 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Herodotus upon the Temple of Belus, 137, 405; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Sennacherib's expedition to Egypt, 381, 382; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Nitocris' architectural works, 407; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + see also 342, 443 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Heth" id="Index-Heth" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heth, 368, 369; the sons of, 315. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Hatti" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Ḫatti</a>, <a href= + "#Index-Hittites" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Hittites</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hezekiah (Ḫazaqiau), 375, 376, 377, 395 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hiddekel, the Tigris, Babylonian form of the name, 84 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hiding heathen images, 248 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hieroglyphic inscriptions of the Hittites, 317 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hilprecht, Prof. H. V., 124 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hire of animals for agricultural work, 514; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + field labourers and herdsmen, 513; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fields, 495; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of a ship (by Belshazzar), 450; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + (by Sirku), 470 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hired <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“from + himself,”</span> 188 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hired men, their responsibilities, 513 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hiring of slaves and freemen, for money, 187, 188; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + for produce, 188; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + risks of the hirer, 191 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hirom (Ḫirummu) of Tyre, 350 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Hittites" id="Index-Hittites" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hittite, Hittites, 140, 205, 274, 277, 315-323, 341; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + attack Tuneb, 316; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + tributary, 272, 316, 320; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their architecture borrowed by the Assyrians, 323; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + inscriptions, where found, 317; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their language, 537 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hittite, a, the mother of Jerusalem, 316 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Holy Land, 340; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its state before the entry of the Israelites, 277 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Home, the, of the Hittites, 318 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hommel, Prof., 14, 54; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + suggests a connection of Ea, Aê, or Aa, with Ya'u (Jah), 113; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his early etymology of Arpachshad, 143; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his work upon Egyptian culture 144 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Hittite inscriptions, 318; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Gilgameš, 547; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Shinar, 549; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + early names, etc., 555, 557 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hophra encourages Zedekiah against Nebuchadnezzar, 399; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + marches to support him, 400; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + deposed, 401 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hor-em-heb, 303 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Horner, Rev. J., 331 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Horse, glorious in war, loved by Istar, 96 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Horus, 264 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hosea, Hoshea (Ausi'a), king, 354, 355, 359; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the prophet, 361 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + House of Belshazzar, its situation, 447 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Household goods, 189; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gods, 247 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Housebreaking, 493, 521 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Houses and cities, built by Merodach, 40 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Houses, private, 188, 189 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Howorth, Sir H., 427, 429 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hui, his tomb at Thebes, 303 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ḫulḫutḫulitess, lamentations of the 477 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ḫumbaba, apparently an Elamite, 94; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Gilgameš and Ea-banî seek his domain, 94, 95; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his end, 95 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ḫursag-kalama, Babylonian city, 415 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ḫursag-kalamitess, lamentations of the, 477 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Husband, causing death of, 504 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ḫuṣṣiti-ša-Mušallim-Marduk, tablet dated at, 436 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hyksos, or shepherd-kings, legends concerning, 252; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their fear of an Assyrian (Babylonian) invasion, 251; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their policy in time of famine, 260; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + quit Egypt, 252, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page579">[pg + 579]</span><a name="Pg579" id="Pg579" class="tei tei-anchor" + style="text-align: left"></a> 270; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Tanis, 264; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + those who remained reduced to subjection, 270; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their descendants, 266 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hyspasines, 481. <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Aspasine" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Aspāsinē</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ian-Ra (Ra-ian), was he the pharaoh of Joseph? 263 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Iāwa, the ending of names, 470, 471. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Yawa" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">-yāwa</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ibi-Sân sells his daughter, 185 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ibi-Sin, king, 124, 152, 164 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ibi-Tutu, king (?), 230, 231 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ibscher, Herr, 544 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Idalium, 386 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Idigna, Akkado-Babylonian form of the name of the Tigris, 84 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Igigi, address to Merodach by the, 29-33; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his title among them, 32 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ijon, 353 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ikausu of Ekron, 386 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ili-milki (Elimelech), 295 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ili-rabiḫ, 288, 289 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Illegitimate children, acknowledgement of, 505, 506 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Illinos (Illil, the god Bel), 17 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Iltani, princess, hires a field, 167 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Iltani, princess, sun-devotee, hires a reaper, 168 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ilu-bi'idi (Yau-bi'idi) of Hamath, 322, 363, 366 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ilu-dâya, the Hazite, writes to the king of Egypt, 288 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Imgur-Bêl, wall of Babylon, 405 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Immerum, king, 154 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Immortality, the Chaldean Noah attains, 101, 108 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Impure,”</span> + the name given by the Egyptians to the Hyksos, 254 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Inaction of the Egyptian king, 296, etc. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ina-E-sagila-rêmat, daughter of Nabonidus, 450 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ina-êši-êṭir, Nebuchadnezzar's agent, 432 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Incantation for E-zida (the Birs-Nimroud), 41; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + against <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“sickness of the head,”</span> 55; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to purify, 86 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Incest, 504, 521, 522 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + India-House Inscription, extract from the, 138, 139; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + references to Babylon, 405, 406 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Inheritance, 178-181, 503-507; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of virgins, priestesses, etc., 508 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Injuries, penalties for, to slaves, 509, 522; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to a woman, 510, 522; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a quarrel, 509, 510, 522 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Inscriptions, the Hittite, 317, 318 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="he" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="he"><span style="font-style: italic">'Ir</span></span>, + the Hebrew for <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“city,”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">uru</span></span>, 241 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Irḫulēni of Hamath, 329; = Urhi-lēni, 332; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + resists the Assyrian king, 334, 335 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Irnini, a god, 95 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Irqata, rule of, 280 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph, 242 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Išḫara, goddess, invoked, 433 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Isidore of Charax, 192 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Isin, Isinna (Karrak), city, 124, 211 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Isis, 264 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Isis-Hathor (Venus Urania), 264 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Isqal(l)una (Askelon), 374, 386 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Israel, 351, 352, 355; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the monolith of Meneptah, 306 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Israel, the name, probable Assyro-Babylonian forms, 157, 245 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Israelites, allied with Ben-Hadad, 329-333, 337; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + subject to Hazael, 342 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iššaku</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“chief”</span> (= + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">patesi</span></span>), 127 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Istar" id="Index-Istar" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ištar, 55; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + her search for Tammuz in Hades, 65; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + makes love to Gilgameš, 96; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + her cruelty to her lovers, 96, 97; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sends a divine bull against Gilgameš and Ea-banî, 97; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + which they kill, 98; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + her grief on account of the Flood, 105, 116; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped at Erech, 160; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + her spouse Tammuz, 279; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Ištar's gate, at Babylon, 405, 559, 560 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ištar and the <span lang="he" class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left" xml:lang="he"><span style= + "font-style: italic">asherah</span></span>, 278 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ištar of Babylon, 212; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Haran, 203; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Nineveh, 278, 491, 551 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ištara, goddess, 156 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Išullanu, Ištar's treatment of, 97 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Itu'u, on the Euphrates, 344 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page580">[pg 580]</span><a name= + "Pg580" id="Pg580" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Iyyar, the month of Ea (Aa, Aê), 65 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Izdubar. <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Gilgames" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Gilgameš</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jabesh, 293 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jacob, Jacob-el, 157, 183, 243, 244, 547 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Jaffa" id="Index-Jaffa" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jaffa, Yabitiri guards, 285 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jah, 113, 535 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jahweh (Jehovah), 535 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Janoah, 353 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jebus (Jerusalem), 323 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jebusites, 312, 323, 324 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jehoahaz, 342 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jehoiachin, captive in Babylon, 399; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + released by Evil-Merodach, 408 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jehoiakim, 399 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jehoram, 338, 339 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jehu, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“son of + Omri,”</span> 332, 337-339 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jensen, Prof., 140, 318, 546, 548 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jerabis (Carchemish), 317 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jerusalem (Uru-salim, Ursalimmu), 234, 277, 280, 375, 376, 377, + 378, 379; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + legend attributing its foundation to the Hyksos, 252; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Ahaz besieged there, 353; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + invested twice by the Babylonians, 399, 400; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Temple destroyed, 400; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Temple polluted, 481 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jesus, brother of Johanan, murdered, 542 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Jews" id="Index-Jews" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jews (Yaudâa), 375; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Damascus, 331; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + last vestiges of their rule, 400; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Cyrus helped by, 416; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + probably thought him a monotheist, 419; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + names of Jews at Babylon, 470, 471; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + why did they remain in the cities of their exile? 474 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jezreel, 338 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jilting, 504 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Joash, king of Israel, 340, 342 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Johns, the Rev. C. H. W., 551, 552 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Joppa (Yappû). <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Jaffa" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Jaffa</a>, <a href= + "#Index-Yapu" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Yapu</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Joseph, the name, 243; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its probable meaning, 244 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Joseph in Egypt, 255 ff.; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as viceroy, 260; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + no native record of his administration, 253; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his death, 266, 267 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Josephus, 359, 382, 408-410; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + upon the Hyksos, 251; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the period of Joseph, 262; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Amorites, 313; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the siege of Jerusalem, 377, 378; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the murder of the high-priest's brother, 542 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jotham, 355 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Judah, 353; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + one of the states regarded by the Assyrians as Hittite, 322, 386 + (Yaudu) + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Judeans (Yaudâa), 375. <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Jews" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Jews</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Justin upon Abraham, 147 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kadašman-ḫarbe or Kadašman-Murus, 123; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + transports the Sutites, 291 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kadesh, 279; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + (Kidša), 300; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + conquered by Seti I., 304; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + (Kidiš), 401 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ka-dumu-nuna, the gate of E-saggil, 484 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kaldu (the Chaldean tribes in Babylonia), 341 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kalisch, 266 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kallima-Sin (now read Kadašman-ḫarbe), king, 276 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kames, king of Egypt, 269 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kamid-el-Lauz, 293 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kammusu-nadbi of Moab, 374 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kan'ana (Canaan), 304 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Karanatum, her adoption, 177; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + her name and that of Ashteroth Karnaim, 157 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kar-Adad (fortress of Hadad), 349 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kar-Duniaš, Kara-Dunias, Karu-Dunias (Babylonia), 120 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ruled by Kudur-laḫgumal, 225; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">see also</span></span> 281, 286 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kar-Nebo, maternal grandfather of Abram, 146 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kar-Shaimaneser (-Shalmanu-aša-rid), city, 339 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kar-Sippar, 167 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kaši (= Kašši), 297, 298 + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + (<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">see</span></span> <a href="#Index-Kassite" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Kassite</a>) + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page581">[pg 581]</span><a name= + "Pg581" id="Pg581" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Kassite" id="Index-Kassite" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kassite, Kassites, 122, 140, 170, 537 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kedesh, 272, 353 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kefto, identification of, 274 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Keilah, 299 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kemi (Egypt), 271 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kêš, a Babylonian city, 124 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kêšitess, lamentations of the, 477 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kheta (Hittites), 274; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their treaty with Egypt, 304; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Meneptah's reference to, 306 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kheta-sir = Ḫattu-šil, 320, 537 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Khorsabad (Dûr-Sargina), 137, 369 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kidnapping, 492, 493, 520 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kidiš (Kadesh), 401 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kili(gug ?), Neriglissar's servant, 438 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kili-Tešub son of Kali-Tešub, 319 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Killing and mutilating hired animals, 512, 523 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kinaḫḫi (Canaan), 281, 301 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + King, Mr. L. W., 28, 545, 546 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + King, the, 164-168 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kingi or Kengi (a part of Babylonia), 134, 351 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kingi-Ura or Kengi-Ura = Sumer and Akkad (Babylonia), 206 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kingu, Tiamtu's husband, exalted, receives the Tablets of Fate, + 19; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + is overcome by Merodach and deprived of them, 25; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bound, 36 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kirbiš Tiamtu, 24, 31 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kirkišâti, 324, 325 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kirubu</span></span> = Heb, <span lang="he" + class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang= + "he"><span style="font-style: italic">kerûb</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“cherub”</span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">kirub + nismû</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">kirub + šarri</span></span>, 81 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kiš, a Babylonian city, 415 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kišar, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“host of + earth,”</span> 16 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kišara-gala, 66 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kisi, Aramean leader, 349 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kiškanū-tree in Eridu, 75; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its fruit, 76 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kissaré and Assoros (Kišar and Anšar), 17 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kizirtum, princess, 166 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Knudtzon, Prof., 556 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ktesias, 203 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kudma-bani, district, 179, 180 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Kudur" id="Index-Kudur" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kudur in Elamite names, 209, 222 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kudur-laḫgumal, 230, 231 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kudur-mabuk, inscription of, 219; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his sons Eri-Aku and Rîm-Sin, 216 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kûites, the, 350 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kullanû, city, 348 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kulummite(s), 372 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kummuhi (Commagene), 319, 320, 329 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kundaspu of Commagene, 329 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kurium, 387 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Laban, the name, 245 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Labaya, father of Mut-zu'u, 286; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his sons, 293, 297, 298 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Laborosoarchod (Labāši-Marduk), son of Neriglissar, 410; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + lends money, 443, 444 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Labynetus, Cyrus marches against, 407. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Nabonidus" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Nabonidus</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lachish, 277, 297, 377 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lachish epigraph, the, 382 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lagamal (Lagamar, Lagamaru), 222 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lagaš, a Babylonian city, 124 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Laḫamu, consort of Laḫmu, 16 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Laḫamu, creatures produced by Tiamtu, 19 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Laḫmu and Laḫamu, production of, 16; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + these names in Damascius, 17 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Lake of Abraham + the Beloved,”</span> 192, 193 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Lament of the + Daughter of Sin,”</span> 83 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lamentations, Babylonian, 194, 195, 477, 478 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Land of the + city of Jerusalem,”</span> 297 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Landed property acquired by Neriglissar, 440-442 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lands, etc., created by Merodach, 40 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Language of Canaan, 204 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Larancha, lamentation of, 477, 478 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Larsa (Ellasar), 124; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the temple-tower at, 137; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a centre of sun-worship, 160 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Laws, Sumero-Akkadian, 190, 191, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page582">[pg 582]</span><a name="Pg582" id="Pg582" class= + "tei tei-anchor" style="text-align: left"></a> 550; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Ḫammurabi's, 491-515, 553, 554 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lawsuit of Bunanitu, the, 462-464 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lawsuits, 182, 184 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Layard, Sir A. H., discoverer of the palaces of Nineveh and + Calah; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and Rassam, his helper and successor, 394 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Laz (goddess), 211 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leasehold system, the, 190 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lebanon, elephants in, 201; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Saniru (Shenir) before, 336; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">see also</span></span> 387 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Legal precedents, 190, 191 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Legend of Asenath, 259 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Legend of Chedorlaomer, 227-230 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Legend of Râ-'Apop'i, 254 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lenormant, inscription published by, 216 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Letter concerning an inscription of Ammurapi (Hammurabi), 210 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Letters from Abdi-ṭâba (Ebed-ḫiba, Ebed-ṭâba, Ebed-tob), 294-299; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Ammi-ṭitana, 165; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Akizzi of Qatna, 289; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Ašur-uballiṭ, 382; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Bêri, 288; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Burra-buriaš, 281; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Ilu-dayan, 289; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Mut-zu'u, 286; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Yabitiri, 284; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Yidia, 286, 287; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the king of Egypt, 300; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the king's daughter to Queen Aššu-râaitu, 392 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leviathan, 530 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leviticus xviii. 18, the tablet illustrating, 545 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Lex + talionis</span></span>, 509, 522 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lêya, a captive, 302 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Libation, the, of the Babylonian Noah, 106 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lieblein upon the pharaohs of the Oppression and the Exodus, 269 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Life at Tanis in Egypt, 264 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Lingua + franca</span></span>, the, of Western Asia, 140 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lion (divine), loved by Ištar, 96 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Liver, the, in divination, 247 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Loan to make up purchase-money and its repayment by instalments, + 460, 461, 464, 465 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Lord and Lady, + my,”</span> 479 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lud, 391 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ludlul the Sage, lines by, 50 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lugal-zag-gi-si, early Akkadian king, 123, 124 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Luli of Sidon, 373 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lullubite, Lullubites, 123, 325 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lulubū (Lullubū), country, 206, 208 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lulumu (Lulubū), 207, 351 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Luluppu</span></span>-tree, the legend of + the, 76 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Lumaši</span></span>-constellation, 545 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Luxor, 326 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lydia (Luddu), 390, 391 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Machpelah, differences between Babylonian contracts and that + referring to, 236-238, 524 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mad bull or vicious ox, death or injury from, 512, 513 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maër (and Suḫi), principality, 548 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Magdala, 293 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maḫ, Babylonian goddess, 105, 106, 116 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mahler, Dr. Edouard, upon the stele of Meneptah II. and the + Exodus, 306 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mair, city, 213, 214 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Majesty, plural of, in addressing the king, 284; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + (in the Chedor-laomer-legend it refers to the god) + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Malgia, city, 211, 213, 214 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Malik (Moloch), 156; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Maliku, 170 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mamre, 315 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mamun, khalif, 266 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Man, creation of, 28, 40, 45, 47 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Manamaltel, king, 154, 155 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Manasseh (Minsê, Minasê), 340; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + pays tribute to Esarhaddon, 386; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to Assur-banî-âpli, 389 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Manda barbarians, Medes, 420 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Manê, a messenger, 276 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Manetho, 251, 274 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mankind, destruction of, in the Flood, 105; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in future other means to be used, 107, 112, 116 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Man's duties, 45 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marad, city, 415; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its patron-deity, 542 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page583">[pg 583]</span><a name= + "Pg583" id="Pg583" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marduk (Merodach), 33, etc. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marduk-âbla-iddina (Merodach-baladan) of Babylonia, 379 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marduk-îriba, one of Belshazzar's neighbours, 447 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marduk-nadin-aḫi, son of Nebuchadnezzar, 435 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marduk-našṣi-abli. <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Sirku" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Sirku</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marduk-šum-uṣur, son of Nebuchadnezzar, 434 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marduk-zakir-šumi of Babylonia, 379 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maritime nation, Babylonia a, 115, 116 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mari'u of Ša-îmēri-šu, 341, 342 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marking of slaves, 469 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marriage, 173-175, 186 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marriage-contracts, 173, 174; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Princess Elmešu, 166; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Neriglissar's daughter, 442; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + indispensable, 501 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Martu = Amurrû, 312 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mašitess, lamentation of the, 477 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maspero, Prof., 253; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + upon the Sallier Papyrus, 255 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Matan-ba'al of Arvad, 386 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Mattaniah" id="Index-Mattaniah" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mattaniah (Zedekiah), 399 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Max Müller, Prof. W., 274 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Medes, the (Madâa, Umman-manda), in alliance against Assyria, + 392; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Haran, 411, 414; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">see also</span></span> 341, 351, 364, 388 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Media, 206, 346, 351, 368 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mediation, 53 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mediterranean, the, 340, 341; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + states of, 365 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Megasthenes, 401 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Megiddo, 274; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Thothmes III. at, 271 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Meissner, Dr., 547 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Melakiyin, the, 266 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Melchizedek, 324; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Heb. vii. 3, 234 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Meluḫḫa, 370, 375, 480, 481 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Memphis, 263; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + captured by Esarhaddon, 388, 389 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Menahem (Meniḫimme, Minḫimmu), 350, 351, 374 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Menander, 360 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Menanu of Elam, 380 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Menant, M. J., 560 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Menasê (Manasseh), 386 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Meneptah II. (Merenptah), the pharaoh of the Exodus, 269, 305 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mentiu (Bedouin), 270 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mer, Merri, a name of Hadad or Rimmon, 207, 212 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Merchants of Babylonia killed, 281 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Merodach, the god, his parentage, 33, 63; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the same as Nimrod, 126; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the gods' champion against Tiamtu, 21, 22; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + installed as king, 23 (163); + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + prepares for the fight, 23, 24; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + attacks and conquers Tiamtu, 25, 537; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + takes the Tablets of Fate, 25; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + cuts Tiamtu asunder, 26; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + orders the universe anew, 26 ff.; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + receives new names, etc., 29-33; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“incantation,”</span> 41; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + founds Babylon, Niffer, and Erech, 40, 41, 42, 126; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + creator of the gods, 43; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his titles, 44; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + explanations of some of his names, 45, 54, 56; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + identified with other gods, 47, 58; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + glorified above them all, 49; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + prayer to be delivered into his gracious hands, 51; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the other deities mediators with him, and his manifestations, 53, + 58; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + heavenly bodies, identified with him, 55; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the benefactor of mankind, 56, 57; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the begetter of the gods, 533, 534; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his description, 529; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his weapons, 550; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + names compounded with his, 57; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + which in the end was almost = <span class="tei tei-foreign" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">îlu</span></span>, 58, 61; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + he was the <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“great hunter,”</span> 131; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped especially at Babylon, 160, 407; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his yearly procession, 405; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his vengeance, 392; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his merciful nature, 486; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + replaced in the end by Anu-Bel, 483 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Merodach in West Asia, 279 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Merodach-baladan, king of Babylon, 357, 361, 364, 370, 371, 373, + 379, 380, 395 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Merom, 305 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page584">[pg 584]</span><a name= + "Pg584" id="Pg584" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Merwân II., khalif, 266 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mesech, 230 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mesha of Moab, 338 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mesopotamia, 204, 207, 336, 351 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Messengers dying abroad, concerning, 283, 284 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mesu, the land of, 341 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Methusael, 84 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Middle class, the, 171 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Mighty + king,”</span> the, 234, 280 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Milki-asapa of Gebal, 386 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Milki-idiri, governor of Kedesh, 401 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Milki-îli, Milkîli, 293, 297, 298, 299 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Milku (Melech, Moloch), 279 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Milton, 47 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Minsê (Manasseh), 389 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mitâ of Musku (Mesech), 367 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mitanni (Naharain, Naharaim), 276, 277, 304; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its language not Semitic, 275; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + vassal state, 537 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mitinti of Ashdod, 374, 376 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mitinti of Askelon, 355, 386 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mitunu, the eponyme of, Sennacherib's campaign against Hezekiah, + 378 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mnevis, the bull, 265 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moab (Ma'ab, Ma'abi), 322, 338, 370, 386 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moabites, the, 326, 374; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + driven out, 313 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moloch, 279 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mond, Mr., his papyri, 539 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Monotheism and polytheism in Babylonia, 47, 198, 533 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Monotheistic names, 534; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + systems, 541 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Monster, the, 530 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Monsters, produced by Tiamtu, 18 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Month, Egyptian god, 262 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Months and stars, 27 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moon, purpose of the, 27, 37 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moph or Noph (Men-nofr, Memphis), 264 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mordecai (Mardecai), 61, 436, 471 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moses, notes upon his date, 306; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + was he saved by Teie's daughter? 307 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mosque of Abraham at Urfa (Orfa or Edessa), 192 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Mother of + Sin,”</span> the, 532 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moumis (= Mummu), son of Tauthé and Apason, 17 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mouths of the rivers, a sacred place, 71, 108 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mugallu of Tubal, 290 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mugheir, regarded as Ur of the Chaldees, 147, 193; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + but not altogether certain, 197 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Müller, Prof. W. Max, 557 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mummu Tiamtu, the first producer. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Tiamtu" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Tiamtu</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Muršil, Hittite king, 537 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Muru, a centre of the worship of Hadad, 490 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Muṣaṣir, 127 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mušêzib-Marduk of Babylonia, 380 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mushtah, 293 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Muškinu</span></span>, 536 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Musku (Mesech), 371 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Muṣrites, 329; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + (Muṣrâa), 333 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Muṣru, the land of, 354 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Muṣur'i of Moab, 386 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Muṣuru, Muṣur, Miṣraim (Egypt), 366, 370 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mut-Addu to Yanhama, 292 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mutallu, Hittite king, 537 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mut-îli = Methusael, 84, 245 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mut-zu'u, 279; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + letter from, 286 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nabonassar, 347; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his death, 356 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Nabonidus" id="Index-Nabonidus" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nabonidus, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“who + is over the city,”</span> witness to a contract, 436; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + described on one copy as the son of the king, 436 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, 437 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nabonidus, king, his parentage, 410; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + expeditions, and reference to Cyrus, 411; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + said to have neglected the gods, 412; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and brought strange deities, 413; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his antiquarian researches, 413; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his son Belshazzar, 414, 447 ff.; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his daughters, 450, 451; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his flight before the army of Cyrus, and capture, 415; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sent to Carmania, 418; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his record of the downfall of Assyria, 392; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the death of Sennacherib, 537 ff.; + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page585">[pg 585]</span><a name= + "Pg585" id="Pg585" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + other inscriptions, 411, 414; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + tablets dated in his reign, 444-451; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his pious works, 445, 446; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Berosus upon his reign, 410 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nabopolassar, king, supposed to have been a Chaldean, 396; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his alliance with the Medes, 392, 397; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + marches against Nineveh, 392, 393, 397; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his connection with Syria, 397; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + he builds the two great walls of Babylon, 410; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his guardian-god, 533; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + frees Akkad from Assyrian yoke, 558 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nabû-balaṭ-su-iqbî, the father or ancestor of Nabonidus, 410, 437 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nabû-bêl-uṣur, governor, 346 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nabû-kain-âḫi, secretary of Belshazzar, 447, 448 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nabû-nadin-zēri, 356 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nabû-ṣabit-qâtâ, servant of Neriglissar, 438; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Laborosoarchod, 443; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and Belshazzar, 448 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nabû-šarra-uṣur, one of Nebuchadnezzar's captains, 434; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a secretary of Nabonidus, 445 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nabû-šum-iddina, secretary of Neriglissar, 440 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nabû-šum-ukîn, Babylonian king, 356; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a priest of Nebo, 442 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nagitu, the three cities called, 373, 380 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Naharaina" id="Index-Naharaina" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Naharaina, Naharaim (Upper Mesopotamia), 270, 271, 272, 274, 288, + 296, 304. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Nahrima" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Nahrima</a>, + <a href="#Index-Narima" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Narima</a>, <a href="#Index-Nairu" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Na'iru</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Naḫarâu and Nahor, 551 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nahor, the city of, 204 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nahor, 551; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + traditions concerning, 146 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Nahrima" id="Index-Nahrima" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nahrima (Naharaim), 296. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Naharaina" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Naharaina</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nahr-Malka, 158; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + referred to by Mr. Rassam, 159 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nahum upon the fall of Nineveh, 393 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Nairu" id="Index-Nairu" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Na'iru (Mesopotamia), 341, 351 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nal mountains, 351 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Names given to Merodach, 30-32 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Names of captives, 302 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nammu, a river-god, 43 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Namri, 336, 346, 347 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Namyawaza, an Egyptian vassal, 290, 293 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nannar(a), worshipped at Ur and Haran (Ḫarran), 147, 160, 219 + ff.; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + hymns referring to him, 194, 195 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Naphtali, 353 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Napḫu'ruria, Napḫuri (Amenophis IV.), 281, 282 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Naram-Sin conquers Elam, 124 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Narima" id="Index-Narima" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Narima (Naharaim), 288 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Navigation, Babylonian, 470, 512 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Naville, Prof. E., 253, 305; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + upon the stele of Meneptah II., 306 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nebo identified with Merodach, 58; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + takes part at the coming of the Flood, 104; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped at Borsippa, 160, 409, 415; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + named also Lag-gi, 370; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his titles, 343 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Neb-mut-Râ (Amenophis III.), 276 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nebuchadnezzar (Nebuchadrezzar), son of Nabopolassar, 392; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + marries Amytis, sent against the army of Egypt, 397; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + aids, with his brother, in the restoration of the temple + E-sagila, 398; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mounts the throne, 398, 399; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + affairs in Palestine, Syria, Egypt, etc., 399-402; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his dreams and the golden image, 403, 404; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his buildings, 405-407; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his sons, 408; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + was Nabonidus his son-in-law? 407, 437, 438; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + tablets dated in his reign, 432-440; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his offerings, 433; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his use of divination, 247; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his name, 558 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nebuzaradan, 400, 558 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Necho of Memphis and Sais, 389 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nefer-titi, the Egyptian name of Tâdu-ḫêpa, 276 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Negeb, the, 272 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Negligence, loss or damage from, 496, 513 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nemitti-Bêl, wall of Babylon, 405 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nephayan, commander-in-chief at Syene, 539 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nergal, Nerigal, god of war, etc., 279, 330; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + identified with Merodach, 58; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped at Cuthah, 160; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and in Alašia, 278 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page586">[pg 586]</span><a name= + "Pg586" id="Pg586" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nergal-sharezer, 408, 409 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nergal-ušêzib of Babylonia, 380 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Neriglissar (Nergal-šarra-uṣur), son of Bêl-šum-iškun, 409, 438; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + cattle-owner, 339; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + trader, 440; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + banker, 441; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mounts the throne, 408, 409; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his daughter's marriage, 442; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + tablets dated in his reign, 441-444; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his death, 410 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Net, Merodach's, wherewith he catches Tiamtu, 24, 131, 550 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nibhaz, god of the Avvites, 129 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nîbiru, planet Jupiter, 27 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nicolas of Damascus upon Abraham, 147 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Niffer" id="Index-Niffer" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Niffer (Calneh), non-existent at the beginning, 39; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + built by Merodach, 41; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + called Nippur (Niffer), 124; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its temple-tower, 136; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its streets and houses, 188, 189; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the daughter of Niffer laments, 477, 478 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nimmalḫê, an Amorite captive, 302 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nimmuaria (Neb-mut-Râ, Amenophis III.), 276 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nimrod, son of Cush, his power and kingdom, 118, 119; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the same as Merodach, 126, 127, 129, 130; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“the mighty + hunter,”</span> 131; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his land, 126; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + how his name assumed this form, 129, 550; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Arabic Nimrud, 551 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nina, goddess, 64 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nin-aḫa-kudu, goddess, 41 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nin-edina, 77 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nineveh (Ninua), 376, 378, 387; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + probably named after Nina, daughter of Ea or Aa, 64; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + built by Asshur, 118, 126, 127; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + earliest mention of, 491; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its destruction, 393 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nineveh-road, the, 384, 385 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nina-gala, goddess of Haran, 546 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nin-igi-azaga (Aa or Ea), 114 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ninip identified with Merodach, 58; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his names, 235, 236, 555; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped near or at Jerusalem and in the west, 235, 278; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in the Flood-story, 101, 104, 107 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ninšaḫ inscription dedicated to, 220 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nin-Urmuru (?), 280; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + possible reading <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bêlit-nêši</span></span>, 548 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nippuru, 28, 37. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Calneh" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Calneh</a>, <a href= + "#Index-Niffer" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Niffer</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nisaba, the legend of, 76 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Niṣir, the mountain on which the <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“ship”</span> rested, 90, 106 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nisroch, the god Asshur, 129 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nitocris, queen, 407 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Niy, city, 271; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + elephant-hunting near, 273 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Non-existent things at the beginning, 16, 39 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nudimmud (= Aa, Aê, or Ea), 18; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + asked to subdue the Dragon, fails, 21; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + an abode made for him, 26 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nuḫašše, 317; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + an Assyrian district, 280 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nûr-îli-šu, builds and dedicates a temple, 162 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nûr-Rammāni (Nûr-Addi), king of Larsa, 218 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nusku, one of the gods of Haran, 202 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Obelisk, the, emblematic, 265 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Offerings, royal, to the gods, 433, 444-446 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Officials' rights, duties, and responsibilities, 493, 494 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Offord, Mr. J., his cylinder, pl. vi. and p. 548; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his tablet, 559 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Og of Bashan, 313 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Omri (Ḫumrî), the <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“house of Omri,”</span> 332; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“son of + Omri,”</span> 337, 339; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“land of + Omri,”</span> 341 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + On (Heliopolis), 258, 264; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the shrine of, 265 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Opis on the Tigris, the battle of, 415, 416; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + tablets dated at, 439, 450, 459 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oppert, Prof., 14; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his suggested Babylonian etymology of Abel, 82, 83; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dates from Hebrew sources, 332 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oppolzer upon the Sothis period, 307 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page587">[pg 587]</span><a name= + "Pg587" id="Pg587" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oracles (for Esarhaddon), 385; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + (concerning Nineveh), 393 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Osah (Ušû), 374 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Osiris, Merodach identified with, 54; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped at On, 264 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ostâu (Ostanes), 540, 543 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oxen, the hire of, 512 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Padî of Ekron, 375, 376, 377 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Palace, house bought for a, 441; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + theft from a, 491, 492, 525 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Palaces of Nebuchadnezzar at Babylon, 552 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Palastu (Philistia), 341 (<span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">see</span></span> <a href="#Index-Pilista" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Pilišta</a>) + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Palestine, Egyptian successes in, 270; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Assyrian do., 329, 336, etc. (Amurrū, Ḫattî) + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pallukatu (the Pallacopas), 70 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pâlûma, a captive, 302 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Panbesa, letter of, 305 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pantibiblon, supposed to be Sippar, 63 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Paphos, 387 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pap-sukal, the god, 433 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Papyri of Elephantine, the, 539-544 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Paradise, the Babylonian, description of, 71, 72; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its inaccessibility, 72 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pariktum (canal), 167 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Partnership, 183 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Party-walls or fences, 190 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pasturing, 496, 497 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Patesi</span></span> (priest-kings or + viceroys), 126 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Patinians, Kalparundu of the, 334 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Patriarchs before Abraham, 141 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Paura (Pauru, Puuru), the king's commissioner, 297, 298 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Peek, Sir Cuthbert, 179 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pekah, 352-355 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pekod, 458 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pekodites, the, 347 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Peleg, 145, 552 + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + " 544 (note to p. 145) + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pelusium besieged, 378, 381 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Penalties, for changing the words of a contract, 174; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + for divorcing a wife, or denying a husband, and denying + sisterhood (by adoption), 175; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + for denying an adopted son, an adopted father, 176, 177; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + for denying a mistress (by a female slave), 185; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">see also</span></span> 190, 191 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Peniel or Penuel, 547 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pen-nekheb, officer of Thothmes I., 270 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pentaur, Egyptian poet, 304 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + People, the, in early Babylonia, 169-191 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Persian rule in Babylonia, 423 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pethor (Pitru), 329 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Petrie, Prof. Flinders, 250, 253, 274, 275, 292, 293, 297, 303, + 312, 313; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + upon the revival of native Egyptian power, 269; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Amenophis II., 273; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + monolith found by, 305 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pharaoh not drowned in the Red Sea, 307 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Philistia (Pilišta, Palastu), 341, 352, 353, 361, 370 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phœnicia, 272, 360 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phœnix, the, 265 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Physicians' fees and liabilities, 510, 511 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pi-Beseth (Pi-Bast, Bubastis), 263 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Piercing of Rahab, the, 530 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pilinussu, general of Hyspasines, 483 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Pilista" id="Index-Pilista" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pilišta (Philistia), 352, 353, 361 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pilot or boatman (of Gilgameš), 99; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + (of the ship or ark), 104, 116 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Pirke di + Rabbi Eliezer</span></span>, 307 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pir-napištim, the Babylonian Noah, 73; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Gilgameš sees him afar off, 99; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + they converse, 100; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + tells Gilgameš the story of the Flood, 101-108; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + directs his wife to cure Gilgameš, 108; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + tells him of a wonderful plant, 109; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + he was a worshipper of Ea (Aê, Aa), 113, 114; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and was called also Atra-ḫasis, 107, 112, 117; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his faithfulness to the old deity Aê, 114; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his name probably Ut-napištim, 547 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pir'u of Musuri or Musri, 366, 370; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + one of the kings of the sea-coast and the desert, 368 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page588">[pg 588]</span><a name= + "Pg588" id="Pg588" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pishon, river, 69, 70 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pisiris of Carchemish, 350, 367 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pithom, 305 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pittit, an Elamite, 483 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Place of fate, the, 472 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plague of darkness, the, 309 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plantation, concerning a, 456, 457 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Planting and plantations, 497 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plant making the old young, the, 75 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plants, Merodach creates, 40 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pliny, his reference to king Horus, 124 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Polyhistor, 393 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Polytheism, the difficulty of escaping it, 246 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Potiphar, 255; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the name, 258 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Poti-phera, meaning of, 258 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Prayer to be freed from sin, 50-52 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Presents, interchange of, 276 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Priestesses and votaries, privileges of, 507, 508, 546 (180) + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Priest of Nebo marries the daughter of Neriglissar, 442 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Priests of On, the, 265 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Primæval Ocean, the, 16 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Principal cities, the, of Babylonia, 124 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Procession-street at Babylon, the, 552 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Profaning herself, of a temple-devotee, 499, 521 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Property of officials, 493-495 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Prostitution probably not compulsory, 443 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Protection of caravans, the, 282 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Prove purchase and gift, contracts to, 438, 439, 458 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ptolemy, 357, 358 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pul (= Pûlu, Poros), 357, 358 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pulug, Pulukku, or Peleg, 544 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pura-nunu (the Euphrates), 158 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Purattu (Phuraththu), the Euphrates, 158 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Purchase of a house, 460 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Qarqara, royal city, 329, 330, 363; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the battle there, 556 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Qatna, 290, 317 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Qauš-gabri of Edom, 386 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Quê, 371 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Qutite, Qutites, 123, 170 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Qutû, the land of, 420, 422; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + old lamentation referring to the, 477. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> Qutite + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Râ or Rê, the Egyptian Sun-god, 254, 264 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Râ-'Apop'i and the king of the south, 254 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rabbātum, land of, 224 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rabi-mur of Gebal, 288 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rab-mag (? = Rab-mugi), 408 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Races, many, in Babylonia, 119, 169, 170, 541, 542 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rahab, 68, 530 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Râ-Harmachis, 264 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Raian ibn + el-Walid,”</span> pharaoh, 263 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Raising the spirit of Ea-banî, 110 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rameses I., 303 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rameses II., the pharaoh of the Oppression, 269, 304, 305, 307, + 537 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rammānu (Rimmon), 160, 277 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ramoth-Gilead, 338 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ranke, Dr. Hermann, 148, 154 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Raphia (Rapiḫu), 363 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Râ-seqenen (Seqenen-Rê) III., 261 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rassam, Mr. Hormuzd, 38; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + finds the gates of Balawat, 405, 556; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his reference to the Nahr-Malka, 159; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + finds bas-relief and inscription of Ḫammurabi, 215; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + cylinder of Cyrus, 411, 419; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his family in the East, 394 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Raven, sending forth of the, 106 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rawlinson, Sir Henry, recognizes Eridu as a type of Paradise, 71; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his identification of Ur (Mugheir), 193; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and Kudur-mabuk, 222 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Reaper, hire of a, 168 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Receiver, liabilities of a, 492, 520 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rehoboth, Rehoboth-Ir, built by Asshur, 118, 127 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Reisner, Dr. G. A., 156 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Religion of the Western states, 277-279 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Religious element, the, 159 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rent, 448 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Reproaching the Amorite, 300 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page589">[pg 589]</span><a name= + "Pg589" id="Pg589" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Repudiation of master by slave, 515 (law 282) + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Resen, its origin, 126, 127 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Respect for parents, 509, 522 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Retaliation, the law of, 509, 510 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rezin, Rezon (Rasunnu), 350, 353, 355 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ria (the Egyptian Râ or Rê), 254 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rianappa, the representative of Egypt, 287 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rib-Addi of Gebal, etc., 293, 313 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rieu, Dr., 263 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Right of way, tablet concerning, 459 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rim-Anu, king, 217 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rimmon (or Hadad), god of the atmosphere, identified with + Merodach, 58; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in the Flood-story, 104, 277 (Addu, Rammānu) + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rîm-Sin, 164; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + connection of this name with Eri-Aku, 216, 217; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + capture of, 213, 214, 217; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + inscription of, 220, 221 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rivers, the mouths of [which are on] both sides, 73; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the place of the Babylonian Paradise, 71, 72 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rost, Dr. P., 347, 348, 352 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Royal family, the, among the people, 166-168 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Royal letters, 165 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rubenstein, Dr. Otto, 544 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rubute, city, 299 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rûkipti of Askelon, 355, 356 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rutennu (Syrians), 303; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Upper, 274; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Upper and Lower, 304; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + conquered by Thothmes I., 270 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Sabbath" id="Index-Sabbath" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sabbath, the Babylonian, 27, 527, 528, pl. ii. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sabeans, the, 203, 363 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sachau, Prof. E., 539 ff., 542 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sacrifice, the, on coming out of the ship (ark), 106 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sacrilegious theft, the punishment of, 553 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sadi-Tesub, son of Hattu-šar, 320 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Šadû</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Šaddu</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q" + style="text-align: left">“mountain,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“lord,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“commander,”</span> 248 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + SA-GAS = <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ḫabatu</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ḫabbatu</span></span>, 291, 292, 538 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ša-imērišu, Imērisu (Syria of Damascus), 329, 334, 336, 337, 341, + 354, 356 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sajur (river), 329 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Šala, consort of Rimmon or Hadad, 212 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Salatis, Hyksos king, 251 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Salem, 239-241 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sale of a son by his parents, 435, 436 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sales of land, 237, 238; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + slaves, 466, 559 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Šalim</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">šalimmu</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Šulmanu</span></span> (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Salmanu</span></span>), <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Šalmanu nunu</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">šalāmu</span></span>, 239-241 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Salmayātu, worshipped at Tyre, 278 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Salvation, Babylonian desire for, 52 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Samaria, 322; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Ben-Hadad's attempts upon, 330, 333, 338; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Pekah's flight from, 354, 355; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + revolts, 363; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Menahem of, 350 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Samarians, city of the, 350 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Samas" id="Index-Samas" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Šamaš, the Sun-god, 77; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + identified with Merodach, 58; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + monsters guard him, 98; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + appoints the time for the coming of the Flood, 103, 104, 115; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Mitanni, 278 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Šamaš-šum-ukîn, king of Babylon, 388 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sammu-ramat (Semiramis), 342, 343 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Samsê, Samsi, queen of Arabia, 354, 363 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Samsi-Adad III., king, 339 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Samsimuruna, city, 386 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Samsimurunâa, Menahem, the, 374 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Samsu-iluna (king), 142; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + length of his reign, 153; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + tablets dated therein, 179, 180, 187, 188 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Samsu-ṭitana, king, 153 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sân (deity), 156 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-San" id="Index-San" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sân (Zoan), 263; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the inhabitants said to be of a different type from those of + other places in Egypt, 266 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sanaballat (Sinuballiṭ), governor of Samaria, 541, 543 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sanacharib (Sennacherib), 378, 381 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page590">[pg 590]</span><a name= + "Pg590" id="Pg590" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sangara of Carchemish, 329, 334; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + called king of the Hattê, 321 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Šaniāwa, name, 458 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saniru (Shenir), 336 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saosduchinos (Samaš-šum-ukîn), 388; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + refuses to acknowledge his brother's suzerainty, 391 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sapîa, city, 357 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saracos (Sin-šarra-iškun), 392, 396 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sarah, 148 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sarasar (Shareser), 378 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sardurri of Ararat, 347 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Šargani (Sargon of Agadé), 124 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sargon of Agadé, 124, 313; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ruler of Amurrū, 215; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + period and extent of his rule, 150; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">see also</span></span> 549 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sargon (Sargina) the later, the Arkeanos of Ptolemy, 362; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his annals, 367; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his conquests, 322, 363-372; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his death, 372 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sarḫa (Zorah), 280 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sar-îli, name, 157, 245 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Šarru and Šullat, foundation of a temple to, 162 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Šarru, a captive, 302 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sarru-dûri, one of Darius's captains, 456 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Šarru-îlûa, servant of Neriglissar, 439 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Šarru-lû-dâri of Askelon, 374 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Šarru-lû-dâri of Zoan, 389 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sauê mountains, 349 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sayce, Prof., 14; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + identifies the Babylonian story of Paradise, 71; 124; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + researches in Hittite, 140, 318; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + upon the Amorites and Tidalum, 311, 312; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his analysis of a Hittite name, 321; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + see also 283 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, 332, 539 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Scape-goat, Babylonian parallel to the, 53 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Scheil, the Rev. V., 117, 487 ff., 536, 549, 558 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Schrader, Prof. Eberhard, 143; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + identifies Amraphel with Ḫammurabi, 209; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">see also</span></span> 341, 342 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sea, the, personified by Tiamtu, 16, 67; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the abode of the god of knowledge, 62 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sea-coast, kings of the, 334, 335, 340 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Seir, 296 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Seizing the person for debt, 500, 521 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Seleucia" id="Index-Seleucia" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Seleucia upon the Tigris, 476, 483, 484 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Seleucus and the Babylonians, 476; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Seleucus and Antiochus, tablet dated in the reign of, 477, 478 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sellas river. <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Silhu" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Ṣilḫu</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Semiramis, 342, 344 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Semitic names replace the Akkadian, 125; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Semitic inscriptions more numerous, 119 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sennacherib, 129, 372, 373-384; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Armenia, against Merodach-baladan, the Cosseans and + Yasubigalleans, Ḫatti (Sidon, Ekron, Hezekiah, etc.), 373-376; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + before Lachish, 377, 382; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Babylonia, 379; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Elam, 380; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + against Egypt, 381; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his treatment of the Babylonians, 396; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his death, 383, 384, 550 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Seqnen-Rê, the death of, 255 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Šêri (Seir), 296 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Serpent and magic plant, 109; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + serpent-god and the abode of life, 532; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + serpent-tempter, the 531 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Serû-êṭirat, princess, 392 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sethos and Hephaistos, 549 (381) + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Seti I., Meneptah, 304 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Seven”</span> a + round number, 263 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Seven kings of Cyprus send tribute, 372 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Seventh day, the Flood stops on the, 105; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the birds sent forth seven days later, 106; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + duties of the, 528 (<span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">see</span></span> <a href="#Index-Sabbath" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Sabbath</a>) + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shaaraim, 297 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shaddai, a possible etymology of, 248 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shalam (Salamis), 305 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shalman, 239 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shalmaneser II., his accession, 328; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + refers to Ahab and Ben-Hadad, 331 ff.; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Jehu son of Omri, 332, 337-339; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his death, 339 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page591">[pg 591]</span><a name= + "Pg591" id="Pg591" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shalmaneser III., his accession and expeditions, 344 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shalmaneser IV., his accession and expeditions, 357, 358-362 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Share of the cultivator, the, 495, 525 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shareser, Sarasar, 378, 384, 385 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shasu Bedouin, the, 271, 304 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shaving the head in Egypt and Western Asia, 257 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sheep, the, of Neriglissar's servant, 438 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shelemiah, son of Sauballaṭ, 541 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shem, 141 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shepherd kings, the, in Egypt, 251, 252 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shepherd loved by Ištar, her treatment of him, 96, 97 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sheshonq of Busiris, 389 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shinar (Babylonia), 118; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + regarded as equivalent to Sumer, 119, 134; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its etymology, 548 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ship, Gilgameš and Ur-Šanabi embark in a, 99; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Gilgameš lies down in its <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“enclosure,”</span> 108 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ship, Pir-napištim commanded to build one to escape the Flood, + 102, 113; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its building and provisionment, 103, 114; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the embarkation, 103, 104, 115; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the pilot, 104, 116; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the god Uragala, 104; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Pir-napištim looks forth, 105; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the mountain of Niṣir, and the sending of the birds, 105; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Ellila's anger and Aê's kindness, 106, 107 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shrine of Râ at On, 265 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shrines of the gods at Babylon, 472 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shuhites, 319 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Shulchan + Aroch</span></span>, the, 306 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sibitti-bi'ili of Gebal, 350 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sickness of the head, incantation against, 55, 56 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sidon in the Tel-el-Amarna tablets, 277, 300; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its tribute to Shalmaneser II. (337), 338, 339; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + conquered by Adad-nirari, 341; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Tiglate-pileser III., 360; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Sennacherib, 373; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Esarhaddon, 386; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Great and Little Sidon, 374 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sidonians (Ṣidunâa), 328, 337, 374 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ṣidqâ of Askelon, 374 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Siduri, goddess, consulted by Gilgameš, 99 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sihon, 313 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Silhu" id="Index-Silhu" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ṣilḫu, river (the Sellas ?), 484, 561 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ṣili-Ištar and Iribam-Sin, their dissolution of partnership and + the lawsuit following, 183-185 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Silili, mother of the horse beloved of Ištar, 96 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ṣilli-bêl of Gaza, 376, 386 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Siluna, country of, 340 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Similes, Babylonian, 52 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ṣimirra (Simyra), 348, 351 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Simti-Šilhak, king, 219 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Simyra (Ṣimirra, Ṣumuru), 277, 293, 313, 348, 351, 363 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sin, the Moon-god, identified with Merodach, 58; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped at Ur and Sippar, 160, 194, 195; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + also at Haran, 201, 202, 411 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sin-idinnam of Larsa, 165, 169, 218 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sinjar, 304 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sin-mâr-šarri-uṣur, servant of one of Nebuchadnezzar's sons, 435 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sin-mubaliṭ, king, 153; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + tablets of his reign, 178, 179, 180, 181 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sin-šarra-iškun (Saracos), the last king of Assyria, 392, 396 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sippar or Sippara (now Abu-Habbah), discovered by H. Rassam, 394; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its four names, 70; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + supposed to be Sepharvaim, 158; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dated tablets from, 211; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + captured by Tiglath-pileser, 347; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by Cyrus, 415, 416; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its gods, 415; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">see also</span></span> 38, 63, 484 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sippara of Eden, 70 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sippar-Amnanu(m), 161, 552 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sippar-Ya'ruru (Aruru), 161, 165, 553 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sirara, forests of, 387 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sir'ilites (Sir'ilâa, Israelites), 329, 330, 332, 335, 337 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Sirku" id="Index-Sirku" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sirku, a Babylonian magnate, 454, 467 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Širru, land of, 206, 207 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sirû, land of, 206, 207 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page592">[pg 592]</span><a name= + "Pg592" id="Pg592" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sisters, the, of Belshazzar, 450, 451 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Slander, 504 (law 161) + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Slavery, 182, 185-187, 515 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Small Hittite states, 322 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Smerdis, 424 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Smith, George, publishes the Babylonian Creation-story, 14; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the original of Berosus' Canon, 84; the Gilgameš-series, 90; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + conducts the <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Daily + Telegraph</span></span> expedition, 90; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and finds a fragment of the second Flood-story, 117; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + arranges the series, 91, 93, 95; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + identifies Arioch, 209; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + concerning Shalmaneser IV., 359, 362 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Smiting a father, 509 (law 195) + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + So, king of Egypt, 359, 365, 366 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Son of his + God,”</span> the, 86 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Sons of + God,”</span> the, 85 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sons of Syrian chiefs educated in Egypt, 274 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sons, the, of Yakinlû of Arvad, 390 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sothis period, 307 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spells, 491 (laws 1 and 2) + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sphinxes, Hyksos, 264 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spiegelberg upon the stele of Meneptah II., 306 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spirit of Ea-banî, the raising of, 110 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spirits of heaven and earth, invocation of, 56 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spirits of the departed, their lot, 111 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stars, creation of, 27 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + States regarded by the Assyrians as Hittite, 322 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Steindorff's translation of Zaphnath-paaneah, 257 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stele of Meneptah II., extract from the, 306 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stephen, Saint, 192 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Storage and deposit, 500 (laws 120 ff.) + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Storm at the coming of the Flood, description of the, 104, 105 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Streets of Babylonian cities, 188, 189 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Šu-anna (Su-ana), a part of Babylon, foreign gods taken thither, + 414, 420; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Cyrus enters and receives tribute there, 420, 422; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">see also</span></span> 433 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Šu-ardatum, 299 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Suba" id="Index-Suba" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ṣuba' or Ṣuma', city of the land of, tablet dated at, 457 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Subarte, 318 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Šubbiluliuma, Hittite king, 537 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sūḫu and Maër, states, 319, 556 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Šulmanu-ašarid (Shalmaneser), 239 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ṣuma', land of. <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Suba" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Ṣuba'</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Šum-Addu (Šamu-Addu) of Šam-ḫuna, 279 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Suma-îlu, king, 162, 163 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Šumer (= Kengi), Sumerian, 119, 134; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + texts (incantations), 39 ff., 55, 86, 120, 121 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Šumer and Akkad, 541; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mentioned by Cyrus, 420; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in titles, 347, 421 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sumero-Akkadian, its nature, 120, 121; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + early period, 552 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sumu, apparently a deity, 142; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + names compounded with his, 142 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sumu-âbi, king, 153, 154 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sumu-Dagan, name, 142 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sumu-la-îli (king), his name, 142, 153, 154; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + tablet dated in his reign, 173, 174; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + (Sumulel), 181 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sumulel (= Sumu-la-îli), 181 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Šumu-libšî, a witness, 167 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sun, a title of the kings of Egypt, 284, 286, 287, 289, 295 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sun, the city of the, 446 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sun the indicator of the seasons, 115 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sun-devotees, Babylonian, 161, 168 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sun-god, the, 58, 77, 92, 103, 115; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + (<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">see</span></span> <a href="#Index-Samas" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Šamaš</a>), + worshipped at Sippar and Larsa, 160; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the centre of his worship in Egypt, 258 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sûqâain, tablet dated at, 457 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Surgeons' fees and penalties, 510 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Surippak, where the gods decided to make a flood, 101; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the native place of Pir-napištim, 102 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Suri or North Syria, the king of, 347 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sur-Šanabi (Ur-Šanabi), 540 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Suru, land of, 206, 207 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Susa, city of, 422 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Susanchites, the, 391 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Šûta, royal commissioner, 296 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Šutadna of Akka (Accho), 281 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sutekh, the god of the Hyksos, 254 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page593">[pg 593]</span><a name= + "Pg593" id="Pg593" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sutî (Sutite, Sutites), 123, 158, 170, 291, 292, 368; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + brigands, 283 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Šûzubu (Nergal-usêzib), 380 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Swallow, the, sent forth, 106 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Swearing by the gods and the king, 162, 163, 174 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Syncellus, 393 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Syria, Egyptian successes in, 270, 271; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + (Rameses II.), 304; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Syria in the time of Amenophis III., 274; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the stele of Meneptah, 306; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Shalmaneser II. there, 336 ff.; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Adad-nirari, 341; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Shalmaneser III., 344; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Tiglath-pileser, 347, 351; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Sargon, 367; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Sennacherib, 373 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Syrian campaigns, Thothmes I., 270 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tabal (Tubal), 367 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tablet of Good Wishes, the, 81 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tablets of Fate given to Kingu, 19; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + taken by Merodach, who presses his seal upon them, 25 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tablets referring to Chedorlaomer, Tidal, and Arioch, 223 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tâdu-hêpa, princess of Mitanni, asked in marriage (? for + Amenophis IV.), 276 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Takhsi, near Aleppo, 273 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Takrēta<span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">in</span></span> (?), tablet dated at, 439 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Talents, parable of the, 525 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Talmud, the, 195 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, 203 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tamessus, 387 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tamar, the case of, 525 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Tammuz" id="Index-Tammuz" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tammuz, in Akk. Dumu-zi or Du-mu-zida, 72, 82; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his names, 539; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + possible parallel to the story of Cain and Abel, 83; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his wife, Ištar, causes him grief, 96; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his temple-tower at Agadé (Akkad), 136; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped also at Eridu, 160; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in the west, 279; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + early date of his worship, 555; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">see also</span></span> 547 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tammuz of the Abyss, 43, 63, 65 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tâmtu, the coast-land, 122, 123 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tanis (Zoan), 264. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-San" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Sân</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Taribu, queen, 173 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tarpelites, the, 391 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tašmêtum, spouse of Nebo, 213 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tauthé (= Tiamtu), 16, 67 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Taylor Cylinder, 373 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Teie (Teyi), the first wife of Amenophis III., 275, 276 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tel-Aššur (Til-Ašurri), 388 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tel-Basta (Bubastis), 264 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tel-el-Amarna tablets, 249, 275-302 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tel-Sifr ruin-mound, 176, 211, 214 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Temâ, Babylonian city, 412 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Temeni, land of, 343 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Temple, gift of a, 162 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Temple (Jewish) at Elephantine, 539 ff.; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + destroyed, 540 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Temple of Belus, the, 552 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Temple of the Sun-god, declaration made in the, 184 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Temples restored by the early kings, 161, 162; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + benefited by Ḫammurabi, 489-491 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Temple-towers, Babylonian, 136 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tenneb (Tunep, Dunip), 277; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its government, 280 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Terah, traditions concerning, 146; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + stated to have been an idolater, 147, 195; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his journey from Ur to Haran, 192, 195, 196; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his name compared, 544 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Teraphim, the, 246, 524 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tešupa or Tešub, Hadad of Mitanni, 277 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Teuwatti of Lapana, 289 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thargal, for Thadgal = Tidal, 232. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Tudhula" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Tudḫula</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thebais, kings of, 252 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thebes and the Thebans, their aid in expelling the Hyksos, 269, + 270; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the birthplace of Thothmes III., 271; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + stronghold of Tirhakah, 389 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Theft (death-penalty for), 491, 492; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by an <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">employé</span></span>, 513; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of things deposited, 501, 521; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">see also</span></span> 520, 561 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thompson, Prof. Campbell, 559 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thoth, 264 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thothmes I., 270 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thothmes II., 271 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thothmes III., 271, 316 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thothmes IV., 274, 316 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page594">[pg 594]</span><a name= + "Pg594" id="Pg594" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Throne-bearers”</span> of the gods, 82 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thureau-Daugin, Morsiem F., 218 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tiamat, 67. <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Tiamtu" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Tiamtu</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Tiamtu" id="Index-Tiamtu" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tiamtu or Tiawthu (= Tauthé), 16, 17, 33; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + being joined by certain gods, prepares to fight, 18 ff.; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + her husband Kingu, 19, 20; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + terrifies the gods Anu and Nudimmud, 21; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + caught by Merodach, 24, 131; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + conquered, 25; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + cut asunder, 26; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + her head pierced, 31; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + meaning of her name, 33, 67; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + why applied, 68; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + her desire to be the creator or producer, 34, 35; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + how typified in the O. T., 68 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tiamtu, the sea-coast, 230 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tidal, 222. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Tudhula" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Tudḫula</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tidalum = Tidnu = Amurrū, 312 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tidnu, the Akkadian name of Amurrū (the land of the Amorites), + 206, 208, 312; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ideograph for, 312 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tiglath-pileser I., 129; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + kills elephants in Mesopotamia and Lebanon, 200, 201; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + attacks the Hittites, 318 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tiglath-pileser III., 346; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“king of Sumer + and Akkad,”</span> 347; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + captures Arpad, 347; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Kullanû, etc., 348; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + tribute from Syria, 350; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + marches to Madâa, Nal, and Ararat, 351; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + takes Gaza, 352; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + marches to Damascus, helps Ahaz, 353; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + describes the flight of the Syrian king, 354; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his conquests, 355, 356; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + submission of Chaldean tribes, entry into Babylon, death, 357; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + = Pul, 357, 358 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tigris and Euphrates, creation of, 40; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mentioned in Gen. i., 69; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rivers of the district of Sippar, 158; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and of Babylon, 471 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tigris, the, flows close to Nineveh, 393; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Cyrus and the districts of, 422; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Elamite incursions thither, 483. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Seleucia" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Seleucia</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ti'imūṭusu, son of Aspāsinē, 483 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Til-barsip, 328 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Til-garimme (Togarmah), 271, 368 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tilla (= Ararat), 122, 208 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Timašgi (regarded as Dimaški = Damascus), 290 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Timnah (Tamnâ), 375 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tindir (Babylon), 420, 421 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + el-Tireh, 293 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tirhakah, 383, 388, 389 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tithes, payments of, 434 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Title of the Gilgameš legend, 91 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Togarmah (Tilgarimme), 271, 368 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Tooth for + tooth,”</span> 509 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Topography of Babylon, 552 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tower of Babel, the Mohammedan legend of the, 551 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Transcription of lines referring to Antiochus's rule in + Babylonia, 553 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tree-felling, 497 (law 59) + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Towns in the ancient East, 188 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Trade between Canaan and Babylonia, 281 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Translation of the hero of the Flood, 108, 116 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Translation, Semitic, inserted in the divided Akkadian lines, 38 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Tree of the + drink of life”</span> = the vine, 75 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Tree of + knowledge,”</span> 73; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Babylonian parallel of the, 77 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Tree of + life,”</span> 73; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a Babylonian parallel of the, 75 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Trees, sacred, of the Babylonians and Assyrians, 74-77, pl. III. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tribes classed as Amorites, 311 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tribute of Carchemish of the Hittites, 321 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tubal, 367, 390 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tuckwell, the Rev. J., 551 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Tudhula" id="Index-Tudhula" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tudḫula, the probable Babylonian form of Tidal, 222, 223, 224, + 227, 231, 232, 537, 554 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tukulti-Ninip I. annexes Babylonia, 327, 371 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tum or Tmu, 264 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tunep, Syrian town, 272; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its resistance, 305 + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + (Dunip, Tenneb) + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ṭpašu, canal, 468 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Turbazu killed, 296 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tušamilki of Muṣur, 390 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tutamû, king of Unqu, 348 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page595">[pg 595]</span><a name= + "Pg595" id="Pg595" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tutu, a name of Merodach, 30; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the explanation given, 45 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tûya, a captive, 302 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Two wives, marriage-contracts for, 174, 175 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ty, Ay's queen, 303 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tyre (Ṣurru), 277, 338, 339, 360, 373, 386, 400; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + blockaded by Nebuchadnezzar, 490; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Ṣûru =? Tyre, 401; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + contract dated at, 401 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tyre, the land of, conquered by Adad-nirari, 341 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tyre, Old (Palaetyrus), 360 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tyrians, the land of the, pays tribute, 328, 337, 350; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + resists Shalmaneser IV., 360 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ube, Syria of Damascus, 290 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Udumu, 310; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + (Edom), 322, 341, 370, 374, 386 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ugga, the god of Death, 36 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ukabu'šama, daughter of Nabonidus, 451 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ukîn-zēr (Chinzeros), 356, 357 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ukka, 127 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ukus, patesi, 124 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ul-Šamaš, city, 213 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Umbara-Tutu, father of Pir-napištim, 102 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ummanaldas of Elam, 391 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Umman-manda, the, 230, 392 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ummu Ḫubur, a designation of Tiamtu, 18 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Unknown tongue, an, 140 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Unlawful pasturing, 496, 521 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Unqu, 348 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Unskilful surgical treatment, penalties for, 510, 511 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Unug, Akkadian form of the name of Erech, 84 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Upaḫḫir-bêlu, eponymy of, 372 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Upê, Upia (Opis), 439, 458, 459 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Upê-rabi, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Opis + is great,”</span> name, 182 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Upšukenaku, the place of assembly of the gods, 21 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Ur" id="Index-Ur" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ur (of the Chaldees), 124; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its temple-tower, 136, 193-195; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + = Urie or Camarina, 146, 147, 196, 197; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + identified with Mugheir, 193; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + possibly really Uri or Ura (Akkad), 197; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rebels against Assyria, 386; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Nabonidus's inscriptions at, 414, 415; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + name of its wall or fortification, 220 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ura, god of pestilence, 107; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + legend of Ura, 122; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Ura the + unsparing,”</span> 228; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + invoked by Evil-Merodach, 409 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ura-gala and the ship (ark), 104 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Urarṭu (Ararat), 127. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Urtu" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Urtū</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Uraš, god of Dailem, 279; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the great gate of, 468 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Urbi, the, 376, 557 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Urdamanê, son of Sabaco, 389 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Urfa (Orfa), the traditional Ur of the Chaldees, 192, 193 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Uri or Ura = Akkad, 122, 134 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Urie (Ur of the Chaldees), 146; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a centre of lunar worship, 147 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Urikku of the Kûites, 350 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Uriwa, the Akkadian form of Ur (Mugheir), 193 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ur-kasdim (Ur of the Chaldees), 193. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Ur" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Ur of the Chaldees</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Urraḫinaš, Hittite city, 320 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ursalimmu (Jerusalem), 375, 376 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ur-Šanabi, the pilot or boatman, accompanies Gilgameš to see + Pir-napištim, 99; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + takes the hero to be cleansed, 109; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + returns with him to Erech, 109, 110; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Sur-Šanabi, 548 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Urtu" id="Index-Urtu" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Urṭū (apparently short for Urarṭu), Ararat, 122, 208 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Uru (in Uru-salim), probably from the Akkadian, 241 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Uru-gala, the image of, 480, 561 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Uruk + supuri</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Erech the walled,”</span> 91 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Uru-ku, the dynasty of, 154 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Urumaians (Hittites), 318 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Uru-milki of Gebal, 374 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Uru-salim (Jerusalem), 234, 239 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Uruwuš (king), 124 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Usertesen I., 261 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Uštan(n)u (Ostanes), 543 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ut-napištim, 548 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page596">[pg 596]</span><a name= + "Pg596" id="Pg596" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Van, 127, 367 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vannites, 391 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Venus, 203. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Istar" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Istar</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Veterinary surgeons' fees and penalties, 511 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vicious cattle, laws concerning, 512, 523 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Village settlements, growth of, 171 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vine, the, 75 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vine of the Babylonian Paradise, 71 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Violation, penalty for, 501, 521 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Virgins, priestesses, and hierodules, 508 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vowel-changes in the Akkadian dialects, 241 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Waidrang, governor of Elephantine, 539 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wall built at Ur (Uriwa) by Eri-Aku, 220 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ward, Dr. W. Hayes, conductor of the Wolfe expedition, 70 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Warehouse of + the king's gifts,”</span> the, 445 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Water, concerning the king's, etc., 446 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Waters of + death,”</span> the, 99 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Way, the Rev. Dr. J. P., 155 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Weissbach, Dr., 556, 558 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wedding-gift, the bridegroom's, 553 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + West called Amurrū (Amoria, the land of the Amorites), 205 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + West-land, no record of an expedition to, in the reign of + Ḫammurabi, 214, 215; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his claim to this tract, 215 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + West-Semitic deities, 156; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + names, 157 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Whitehouse, Mr. F. Cope, 263 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wiedemann, Prof., 253 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wife of Pir-napištim prepares the magic food, 108, 109 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wife-seeking, Abraham's, for his son, parallels to, 524 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wild animals damage by, 512, 523 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Winckler, Dr. Hugo, 235, 297, 537, 538 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wine-women, 499 (laws 108 ff.) + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wišyari, a captive, 302 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Witnesses necessary, 500, 501; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + names of, 162, 237, 238, etc. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Working an ox unlawfully, 512, 523 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Working-off debt, 500 (law 117) + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Workmen, hire of, 188, 514 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Worship, lines upon, 49 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Xenophon, 422 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Xerxes, forms of his name, 428 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yaana or Yawani, a Hittite, 369, 370 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yaanana. <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Yatnana" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Yatnana</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yâ, Ya'u, Au, Aa, names containing, 59 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yâ-abî-ni, name, 60 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yabitiri, governor of Gaza and Jaffa, 279; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to the king of Egypt, 284 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yabušu, name, 324 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ya-Dagunu, name, 59 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ya'enḫamu (Yanḫamu), 298 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yahu (Jah, Jehovah), temple of, at Elephantine, 539 ff., 544 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yahwah, 342. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Yawa" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">-yāwa</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yakinlû of Arvad, 389; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sends his sons to Assur-banî-âpli, 390 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Yakubu</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Yakubi</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Yakub-îlu</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ya'kubi-îlu</span></span> (Jacob, Jacob-el), + and other similarly-formed names, 157, 183, 243-245, 554 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yamutbālu, Emutbālu, conquered by Ḫammurabi, 211, 212, 214, 216 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yanḫamu, an Egyptian official, 285, 295, 298 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yanzû, king of Na'iri or Mesopotamia, 367 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yapa-Addu, 293 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yapti'-Addu killed, 296 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Yapu" id="Index-Yapu" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yapu, Yappu (Jaffa), 285, 375 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yaraqu traversed by Shalmaneser, 334, 349 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yasubigalleans, 373 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Yašupum</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Yašup-îlu</span></span> (Joseph, Joseph-el), + and other similarly-formed names, 157, 243 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Yatnana" id="Index-Yatnana" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yatnana (Yaanana), Cyprus, 387 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page597">[pg 597]</span><a name= + "Pg597" id="Pg597" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ya'u, Yaum, etc., 535, 536; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + suggested etymology of, 113; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + supposed to have been identified with Aa or Ea, 18 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yaua (Jehu), 337, 339 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yau-bi'idi (= Ilu-bi'idi) of Hamath, 322, 363, 366 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yaudu, Yaudi (Judah), 370, 386, 389 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yaum-îlu, name, meaning <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Jah is God”</span> (Joel), 199 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Yawa" id="Index-Yawa" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ya'wa, Yâwa, 535 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + -yāwa, names ending in, 458, 465, 470, 471 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ya(')we-îlu, name, 535 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yeb (Elephantine), 539 ff.; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + meaning of the name, 544 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yedoniah of Elephantine, 539 ff. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yehohanan (Johanan or John), 540, 542 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yidia of Askelon to the king of Egypt, 286, 287 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yoke of Assyria thrown off by Nabopolassar, 550 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Young, plant to make the old, 109 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zabibé, queen of Arabia, 350 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zabû, Zabium (king), 153; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + tablets dated in his reign, 174, 183, 237 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zagaga, god of battle, identified with Merodach, 58; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + temple of, at Kiš, 213, 214, 415, 489 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zahi (Phœnicia), 270 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zaphnath-paaneah, Steindorff's translation of, 257 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zarephath (Sareptu), 374 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zedekiah, captured, 400. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Mattaniah" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Mattaniah</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zelah, 297 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zēru-kênu-lîsir, son of Merodach-baladan, 386 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zēr-panitum, consort of Merodach, 160, 212; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + swearing by, 433; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + invocation of, 466; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">see also</span></span> 472, 479 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zērû-Bâbîli (Zerubbabel, better Zeru-Babel), a frequent name, + 425, 441, 559 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zeus (Belos), 137 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Zikurat + Babili</span></span>, 139 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zilû city, 296 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zimmern, Prof. H., 68, 536, 546 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zimrêda of Sidon, hostile to Egypt, 293; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Zimrêda of Lachish, threatened, 296; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + another Z., 556 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ziri-Bašani (field of Bashan), 277 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zoan, supposed place where Joseph met Pharaoh, 253 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zubuduru, messenger of Nebuchadnezzar's son, 434 + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-back" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + <div id="footnotes" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc69" id="toc69"></a> <a name="pdf70" id="pdf70"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Footnotes</span></h1> + + <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes"> + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href= + "#noteref_1">1.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Written on the edge of the tablet in + the Assyrian copy.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_2" name="note_2" href= + "#noteref_2">2.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. the royal names, Anman-ila, + Buntaḫtun-ila, etc., in the so-called Arabic Dynasty of Babylon. + (P. <a href="#Pg154" class="tei tei-ref">154</a>.)</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_3" name="note_3" href= + "#noteref_3">3.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Literally <span class="tei tei-q">“he + who feareth not his god.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_4" name="note_4" href= + "#noteref_4">4.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Akkadian line has <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the sickness (disease) of the head.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_5" name="note_5" href= + "#noteref_5">5.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cuneiform Inscriptions and the + O.T.</span></span>, 2nd edit. vol. i. p. 28.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_6" name="note_6" href= + "#noteref_6">6.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A later explanation by Prof. Sayce is, + that Enoch may be Ḫana, <span class="tei tei-q">“on the east side + of Babylonia,”</span> with the determinative suffix <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">ki</span></span> + (making Ḫanaki) added. See <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Expository Times</span></span>, Jan. 1902, p. + 179.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_7" name="note_7" href= + "#noteref_7">7.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In this description of the contents of + the 12 tablets referring to Gilgameš, the common reading of the + name of his friend and companion has been retained, partly to keep + a form which was more or less familiar, and partly because the + reading is doubtful. From the new text discovered by Meissner, + however, the name would seem not to be Êa-bani, but Êa-du or + Enki-du. Future discoveries may ultimately give us the true + reading.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_8" name="note_8" href= + "#noteref_8">8.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Variant, <span class="tei tei-q">“with + loud voice.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_9" name="note_9" href= + "#noteref_9">9.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Variant, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Maḫ.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_10" name="note_10" href= + "#noteref_10">10.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Compare the story of Aesculapius, who, + when in the house of Glaucus, killed a serpent, upon which another + of these reptiles came with a herb in its mouth, wherewith it + restored its dead companion to life. Aesculapius was to all + appearance luckier than Gilgameš, for it was with this herb that he + restored the sick and dead, whereas the Babylonian hero seems to + have lost the precious plant.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_11" name="note_11" href= + "#noteref_11">11.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Apparently meaning the same as if the + word <span class="tei tei-q">“artificers”</span> only had been + used. Compare the expression <span class="tei tei-q">“a son of + Babylon”</span> for <span class="tei tei-q">“a + Babylonian.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_12" name="note_12" href= + "#noteref_12">12.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Marshall Brothers, Paternoster + Row.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_13" name="note_13" href= + "#noteref_13">13.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Assyrians, when referring to + Babylonia, generally call it <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Akkad,”</span> which ought rather, therefore, to be + the district nearest to them—that is, the northern part of the + country, immediately south of their own borders. They also called + this part Karduniaš, one of the names by which it was known in + Babylonia.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_14" name="note_14" href= + "#noteref_14">14.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See p. <a href="#Pg122" class= + "tei tei-ref">122</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_15" name="note_15" href= + "#noteref_15">15.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Other possible instances of the + occurrence of this element in names of this time are Zumu-rame, + Šumu-ḫammu (apparently for Sumu-ḫammu), Sumu-ḫala, Samu-abum, + Samukim, Sumu-entel (so probably to be read instead of + Sumu-ente-al), Sumu-ni-Ea, <span class="tei tei-q">“Our Shem is + Ea,”</span> and in all probability many others could be found. (See + Hommel, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ancient Hebrew Tradition</span></span>.)</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_16" name="note_16" href= + "#noteref_16">16.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For further information upon Babylonia + and Egypt, compare Prof. F. Hommel's <span class="tei tei-q">“Der + babylonische Ursprung der ägyptischen Kultur,”</span> München, G. + Franz, 1892. A new etymology of Arpachshad, very similar to that of + Prof. Schrader, has, however, lately been suggested by Prof. Sayce, + and afterwards by Prof. Hommel, who has apparently abandoned that + given above.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_17" name="note_17" href= + "#noteref_17">17.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See the tablet translated on pp. + <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref">182-183</a>, and compare the + documents quoted on pp. <a href="#Pg174" class= + "tei tei-ref">174</a>, <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref">178</a> + ff., <a href="#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref">180</a>, <a href="#Pg184" + class="tei tei-ref">184</a>, <a href="#Pg185" class= + "tei tei-ref">185</a>, <a href="#Pg186" class= + "tei tei-ref">186-7</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_18" name="note_18" href= + "#noteref_18">18.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In consequence of variations in the + lists, there is doubt as to the total of the reigns of the above + kings. The shorter indications have been given above, as far as the + reign of Samsu-iluna. A small tablet from Babylon (Rassam + excavations) gives Sumu-abi 15, Sumu-la-ila 35, Zabû 14, Abil-Sin + 18, Sin-mubaliṭ 30, Ḫammurabi 55, and Samsu-iluna 35—total, with + the others, 304 years instead of 285. Perhaps there were usurpers, + whose reigns have not been included. There seems to have been an + interregnum after the reign of Samu-abi (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Proceedings of the + Society of Biblical Archæology</span></span>, 1899, p. 161).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_19" name="note_19" href= + "#noteref_19">19.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Buntaḫtun-ila</span></span>, in an inscription + published by Hermann Ranke (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pennsylvania Expedition</span></span>, vol. + VI., part 1, 1906).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_20" name="note_20" href= + "#noteref_20">20.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The name really seems, however, to be + Sumuenteal, probably a scribe's error.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_21" name="note_21" href= + "#noteref_21">21.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or <span class="tei tei-q">“heroic + son”</span>—<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">dumu ursa[ga?]</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_22" name="note_22" href= + "#noteref_22">22.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Ebišum of the chronological + lists.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_23" name="note_23" href= + "#noteref_23">23.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Yosephia and Habe-Ibraheem.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_24" name="note_24" href= + "#noteref_24">24.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quarterly + Statement</span></span> of the Palestine Exploration Fund, July + 1900, pp. 262, 263.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_25" name="note_25" href= + "#noteref_25">25.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">An interesting commentary on this is + furnished by the British Museum tablet K, 2100, which informs us + that the god Rimmon or Hadad was called <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Addu</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dadu</span></span> in Amorite, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tešsub</span></span> in the language of + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Su</span></span> (Mesopotamia), <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Maliku</span></span> in the language of + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Suḫ</span></span>, (the Shuites), <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kunzibami</span></span> in Elamite, and + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Buriaš</span></span> in Kassite. The same + inscription also states that the word for <span class= + "tei tei-q">“God”</span> was <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ene</span></span> in <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Su</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nab</span></span> in Elamite, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">malaḫum</span></span> in Amorite, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kiurum</span></span> in Lulubite, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mašḫu</span></span> in Kassite, and gives the + additional synonyms (? in Babylonian) <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">qadmu</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“he who was first,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">digirū</span></span> (from the Akkadian + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">dingir</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“god”</span>), and also, seemingly, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ḫilibu.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_26" name="note_26" href= + "#noteref_26">26.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">To all appearance letters were + originally read out to the person addressed by a professional + reader.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_27" name="note_27" href= + "#noteref_27">27.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This often happens, the most + interesting case being the tablets referring to Bunanitum, four in + number, acquired in 1876, 1877, and a year or two later. Another of + the series is in New York. Cf. pp. 459-465.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_28" name="note_28" href= + "#noteref_28">28.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">I have purposely given the translation + of the inner tablet, that of the envelope being less simply worded, + and therefore not quite so easy to understand. The list of + witnesses, however, is from the envelope, this being much more + satisfactory in that it gives the father's name and the title of + the person in some cases.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_29" name="note_29" href= + "#noteref_29">29.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The envelope here adds: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“At no future time shall he make a claim.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_30" name="note_30" href= + "#noteref_30">30.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This is apparently an expression taken + from the contracts referring to the purchase of houses, in which + the same set phrases were used.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_31" name="note_31" href= + "#noteref_31">31.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In the list of household goods + inscribed on the tablet Bu. 91-5-9, 337, are enumerated 1 bed, 1 + couch, 2 tables, other objects, mostly of wood, to the number of + 42; 7 pots, 1 chair, 4 <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ušratum</span></span> (probably vessels + containing the tenth part of some measure), 5 <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">hamsatum</span></span> (probably vessels + containing the fifth part of a measure), 31 <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">qa</span></span> + of sesame, and a few other things.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_32" name="note_32" href= + "#noteref_32">32.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Generally read Ê-giš-šir-gal.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_33" name="note_33" href= + "#noteref_33">33.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Probably the first line of the next + tablet.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_34" name="note_34" href= + "#noteref_34">34.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Talmud says that Terah worshipped + twelve divinities, one for each month of the year.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_35" name="note_35" href= + "#noteref_35">35.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">There was a temple of the sun and the + moon at a town at no great distance from Ur [Mugheir], now + represented by the mounds of Tel-Sifr, where a number of tablets + with envelopes were found.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_36" name="note_36" href= + "#noteref_36">36.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">One of the most interesting names + found in the texts of this period is that of Yau<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">m</span></span>-îlu, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Jah is God,”</span> occurring in a letter. Yau (Jah) + was one of the Babylonian words indicating the Supreme God, only + used, however, in special cases. (Cf. pp. <a href="#Pg058" class= + "tei tei-ref">58</a> ff.)</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_37" name="note_37" href= + "#noteref_37">37.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See the inscription translated on p. + <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref">155</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_38" name="note_38" href= + "#noteref_38">38.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In inscriptions referring to Haran the + Moon-god bears this name.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_39" name="note_39" href= + "#noteref_39">39.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Apparently the god Sin, through the + priest, his representative. For Esarhaddon's successes in Egypt, + see p. <a href="#Pg388" class="tei tei-ref">388</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_40" name="note_40" href= + "#noteref_40">40.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ayin</span></span> of the second element must + have been pronounced like the Arabic <span lang="ar" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ar"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ghain</span></span>, making 'Atar-ghata, which + would probably be a better transcription.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_41" name="note_41" href= + "#noteref_41">41.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A corrupt form of the same name.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_42" name="note_42" href= + "#noteref_42">42.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This is probably not the land of Ḫana + referred to on p. <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref">84</a>, + note, which was apparently a Babylonian principality, and retained + its independence to a comparatively late date. It was a district + which had especially skilful stone- and metal-workers.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_43" name="note_43" href= + "#noteref_43">43.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A doubtful rendering.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_44" name="note_44" href= + "#noteref_44">44.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or <span class="tei tei-q">“Year of + the images of the 7 gods.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_45" name="note_45" href= + "#noteref_45">45.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or <span class="tei tei-q">“Year of + (the temple) Ê-namḫe.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_46" name="note_46" href= + "#noteref_46">46.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">It may just be mentioned that date 30, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Year of the army of Elam,”</span> if + correctly rendered, may refer to the Elamite expedition to the + West, but it seems more likely that it records a disaster to the + Elamite arms, which enabled Ḫammurabi to overthrow Rîm-Sin of + Emutbālu next year.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_47" name="note_47" href= + "#noteref_47">47.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A deity, probably the god of + destruction.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_48" name="note_48" href= + "#noteref_48">48.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Further details will be found in the + paper, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Certain Inscriptions and + Records</span></span>, etc. in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the + Victoria Institute</span></span>, 1895-96, pp. 43-90. Published + also separately.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_49" name="note_49" href= + "#noteref_49">49.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The word <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ḳâtu</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“hand,”</span> in Semitic Babylonian, means also + <span class="tei tei-q">“power,”</span> and as an explanatory + gloss, the scribe has introduced the Hebrew זרוע or עורז, + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">zuruḫ</span></span> in Assyrian transcription, + meaning <span class="tei tei-q">“arm,”</span> or, here, + <span class="tei tei-q">“power.”</span> Apparently he was afraid + that <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ḳâtu</span></span> would not be + understood.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_50" name="note_50" href= + "#noteref_50">50.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In this connection Maspero's remarks + upon this fragment (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Records of the Past</span></span>, 2nd series, + vol. ii. p. 43) are worth repeating. He points out that there were + three Pharaohs named Soqnun-rî (= Seqnen-Rê), and he implies that + it was in all probability the last of these which is referred to. + He perished by a violent death, perhaps in battle against the + Hyksos themselves. <span class="tei tei-q">“He had shaved his head + the morning before, <span class="tei tei-q">‘arraying himself for + the combat like the god Montu,’</span> as the Egyptian scribes + would say. His courage led him to penetrate too far into the ranks + of the enemy; he was surrounded and slain before his companions + could rescue him. The blow of an axe removed part of his left cheek + and laid bare the teeth, striking the jaw and felling him stunned + to the ground; a second blow entered far within the skull, a dagger + or short lance splitting the forehead on the right side a little + above the eye. The Egyptians recovered the body and embalmed it in + haste, when already partly decomposed, before sending it to Thebes + and the tomb of his ancestors.... The author of the legend may + probably have continued the story down to the tragic end of his + hero. The scribe to whom we owe the papyrus on which it is + inscribed must certainly have intended to complete the tale; he had + recopied the last lines on the reverse of one of the pages, and was + preparing to continue it when some accident intervened to prevent + his doing so.... It is probable, however, that it went on to + describe how Soqnun-rî, after long hesitation, succeeded in + escaping from the embarrassing dilemma in which his powerful rival + had attempted to place him. His answer must have been as odd and + extraordinary as the message of 'Apôpi, but we have no means even + of conjecturing what it was.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_51" name="note_51" href= + "#noteref_51">51.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Compare the name of the well near + which Hagar the Egyptian woman fell down exhausted when fleeing + from Sarai, Abraham's wife: <span class="tei tei-q">“The well of + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the + living one</span></em> who seeth me.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_52" name="note_52" href= + "#noteref_52">52.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Driver, in Hastings's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dictionary of the + Bible</span></span>, under Joseph.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_53" name="note_53" href= + "#noteref_53">53.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or <span class="tei tei-q">“to each + hungry person.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_54" name="note_54" href= + "#noteref_54">54.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This and other transcriptions of the + name into cuneiform character suggests that it was generally + pronounced Neb-mu'a-Re'a.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_55" name="note_55" href= + "#noteref_55">55.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Another god of Mitanni seems to have + been Eaašarri, probably from the Babylonian <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Êa + šarru</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“Êa (Aê) the + king.”</span> Other Mitannian deities are Šimîgi and Sušbi.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_56" name="note_56" href= + "#noteref_56">56.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Compare the Arabic <span lang="ar" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ar"><span style= + "font-style: italic">eshāra</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“sign.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_57" name="note_57" href= + "#noteref_57">57.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Nin-urmuru (?) is only a provisional + transcription, being at least partly Akkadian. Her name in all + probability began with <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bêlit</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“lady of”</span> = <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bâalat</span></span>. As the name ends with + the plural sign, the question naturally arises whether it may not + be practically a title—<span class="tei tei-q">“Lady of the + Urmuru”</span> (?), or something of the kind.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_58" name="note_58" href= + "#noteref_58">58.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">I.e.</span></span> to king Amenophis, to whom + he was writing.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_59" name="note_59" href= + "#noteref_59">59.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In all probability this is + metaphorically spoken, and means simply that he captured him. The + feet of those vanquished in battle were sometimes cut off, but it + is hardly likely that a man would survive this without medical + treatment.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_60" name="note_60" href= + "#noteref_60">60.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit. <span class="tei tei-q">“stood + before him.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_61" name="note_61" href= + "#noteref_61">61.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit. <span class="tei tei-q">“a + servant of faithfulness.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_62" name="note_62" href= + "#noteref_62">62.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit. <span class="tei tei-q">“I look + thus, and I look thus.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_63" name="note_63" href= + "#noteref_63">63.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">It is doubtful whether the full form + of the name is preserved, the tablet being broken at this + point.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_64" name="note_64" href= + "#noteref_64">64.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ḫani-galbat is identified with + northern Mesopotamia (Aram-Naharaim), and was the land ruled over + by Dušratta, king of Mitanni, a synonym of which, at least in part, + the district known as Ḫani-galbat was. Ḫana-galbat is apparently a + variant spelling.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_65" name="note_65" href= + "#noteref_65">65.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or <span class="tei tei-q">“the keeper + of thy horses.”</span> The dual sign before the word <span class= + "tei tei-q">“horses”</span> suggests that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“attendant,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“guardian,”</span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“driver”</span> of the two horses of the king's chariot + is meant. The expression is apparently intended merely to indicate + the writer's position as vassal.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_66" name="note_66" href= + "#noteref_66">66.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit. <span class="tei tei-q">“to whose + head,”</span> apparently meaning <span class="tei tei-q">“to whose + self”</span> = <span class="tei tei-q">“to whom.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_67" name="note_67" href= + "#noteref_67">67.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Thus in the original—apparently + Abdi-ṭâba thought that <span class="tei tei-q">“they + backbite”</span> (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">îkalu karsi</span></span>) might not be + understood.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_68" name="note_68" href= + "#noteref_68">68.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The name is lost.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_69" name="note_69" href= + "#noteref_69">69.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The number is lost.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_70" name="note_70" href= + "#noteref_70">70.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This number is incomplete.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_71" name="note_71" href= + "#noteref_71">71.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit. <span class="tei tei-q">“taken + hostility against me.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_72" name="note_72" href= + "#noteref_72">72.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit. <span class="tei tei-q">“there is + alliance to all the governors.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_73" name="note_73" href= + "#noteref_73">73.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The scribe has left out a wedge in the + middle character, making the name <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kapasi</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_74" name="note_74" href= + "#noteref_74">74.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Apparently meaning that Milki-îli, + pretending to be faithful to the king of Egypt, intended to ask + him, later on, for the territory governed by Lab'aya and Arzawa, in + order to give it back to them, they having forfeited it by their + rebellion.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_75" name="note_75" href= + "#noteref_75">75.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">So Naville and others.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_76" name="note_76" href= + "#noteref_76">76.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sothis rose heliacally on the 9th of + Epiphi of the 9th year (1545 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>) of Amenophis I. + Amosis, his predecessor, ruled twenty-two years, so that his first + year must be 1575 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> Subtract 240 years, + the period of oppression, from 1575, and we obtain 1335 as the date + of the Exodus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_77" name="note_77" href= + "#noteref_77">77.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mahler suggests that it was one of the + sons of Rameses II. who met with his death in the Red Sea when + pursuing the departing Israelites.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_78" name="note_78" href= + "#noteref_78">78.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Also Abdi-Aširta, Abdi-Ašratum.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_79" name="note_79" href= + "#noteref_79">79.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit. <span class="tei tei-q">“chariots + of the harness of their yoke.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_80" name="note_80" href= + "#noteref_80">80.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Prof. Sayce translates <span class= + "tei tei-q">“like moon-stone I laid low.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_81" name="note_81" href= + "#noteref_81">81.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or <span class="tei tei-q">“fear which + dreaded.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_82" name="note_82" href= + "#noteref_82">82.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">These words <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">(ša mât + Ḫat-ta-a-a</span></span>) are inserted in this place in squeeze + 84.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_83" name="note_83" href= + "#noteref_83">83.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See the list, p. <a href="#Pg374" + class="tei tei-ref">374</a> (with <a href="#Pg373" class= + "tei tei-ref">373</a> and <a href="#Pg378" class= + "tei tei-ref">378</a>). Amurrū (Amoria, p. 374) appears as in Ḫatti + (p. <a href="#Pg373" class="tei tei-ref">373</a>), or synonymous + with it.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_84" name="note_84" href= + "#noteref_84">84.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit. <span class="tei tei-q">“of his + decision.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_85" name="note_85" href= + "#noteref_85">85.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See p. <a href="#Pg224" class= + "tei tei-ref">224</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_86" name="note_86" href= + "#noteref_86">86.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The land of the Amorites.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_87" name="note_87" href= + "#noteref_87">87.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or Šizanians.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_88" name="note_88" href= + "#noteref_88">88.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Only eleven are mentioned.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_89" name="note_89" href= + "#noteref_89">89.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The god of death and battle.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_90" name="note_90" href= + "#noteref_90">90.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Thus in the inscription, but + translators generally read <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Gilzanu</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_91" name="note_91" href= + "#noteref_91">91.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Guide to the Nimroud Central + Saloon</span></span>, p. 31. This rendering is based on a careful + comparison of the inscription with the bas-relief.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_92" name="note_92" href= + "#noteref_92">92.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Son of + Ê-saggil”</span> means that he was one of the deities worshipped in + the temple bearing that name. The god Ninip is called <span class= + "tei tei-q">“son of E-sarra,”</span> for the same reason. Nebo was + especially worshipped, however, at Ê-zida.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_93" name="note_93" href= + "#noteref_93">93.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“The broad + (land of) ... li,”</span> however, occurs, and, as Professor Hommel + actually suggests, may be a reference to <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nap-ta-li</span></span> or Naphtali.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_94" name="note_94" href= + "#noteref_94">94.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">I.e.</span></span> like the ruins of cities + which had been swept away by a flood. In both Assyria and Babylonia + floods were common things, and the devastation they caused + naturally gave rise to the simile.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_95" name="note_95" href= + "#noteref_95">95.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">According to Fried. Delitzsch, this is + incorrectly given for Sewe, the Sib'e of the Assyrian + inscriptions.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_96" name="note_96" href= + "#noteref_96">96.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">If it be Sargon, then it was naturally + he who carried Israel captive to Assyria, placing them in Halah, + Habor, and the cities of the Medes.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_97" name="note_97" href= + "#noteref_97">97.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">I.e.</span></span> those of the island of + Tyre, which still held out.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_98" name="note_98" href= + "#noteref_98">98.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit. <span class="tei tei-q">“I smote + their overthrow.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_99" name="note_99" href= + "#noteref_99">99.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See the chapter upon the Tel-el-Amarna + letters (p. <a href="#Pg281" class="tei tei-ref">281</a> ff.).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_100" name="note_100" + href="#noteref_100">100.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">It is noteworthy, however, that Sabaco + is elsewhere called Sabaku (see below, p. <a href="#Pg389" class= + "tei tei-ref">389</a>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_101" name="note_101" + href="#noteref_101">101.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“The two + borders,”</span> see Sayce. The Assyrian form is singular, as is + also the Babylonian Miṣir, which has <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">i</span></em> for + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">u</span></em> in both syllables. The Arabic + form is Miṣr. Muṣur(u), Misir(u), Miṣraim, and Misr are all forms + of the same name.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_102" name="note_102" + href="#noteref_102">102.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Compare p. <a href="#Pg366" class= + "tei tei-ref">366</a>, where the earlier payment of tribute is + referred to.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_103" name="note_103" + href="#noteref_103">103.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See pp. <a href="#Pg283" class= + "tei tei-ref">283</a>, <a href="#Pg291" class= + "tei tei-ref">291</a>, <a href="#Pg292" class= + "tei tei-ref">292</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_104" name="note_104" + href="#noteref_104">104.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The land of Heth, Syria in + general.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_105" name="note_105" + href="#noteref_105">105.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit. <span class="tei tei-q">“wrought + anew.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_106" name="note_106" + href="#noteref_106">106.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or Ya(w)anana. (This is added from the + bull-inscription.)</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_107" name="note_107" + href="#noteref_107">107.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ṣidqaa</span></span> (for <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ṣidqaia = + Zedekiah</span></span>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_108" name="note_108" + href="#noteref_108">108.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Unknown objects—perhaps gold bangles + or similar things.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_109" name="note_109" + href="#noteref_109">109.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit. <span class="tei tei-q">“whatever + its name.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_110" name="note_110" + href="#noteref_110">110.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“I.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_111" name="note_111" + href="#noteref_111">111.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Elibus in Alexander Polyhistor, as + quoted by Eusebius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Armenian Chronicle</span></span>, 42.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_112" name="note_112" + href="#noteref_112">112.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">It is impossible, with our present + knowledge, to determine the date of Merodach-baladan's envoy to + Hezekiah (2 Kings xx. 12), but if at the late period indicated, he + must have been in hiding, and waiting for the chance to mount the + throne again.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_113" name="note_113" + href="#noteref_113">113.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This, together with Nagitu, and + Nagitu-di'ibina, are apparently different from the Nagite-raqqi or + Nagitu-raqqu mentioned above. Apparently Merodach-baladan had fled + from the Nagitu <span class="tei tei-q">“within the sea”</span> to + the mainland.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_114" name="note_114" + href="#noteref_114">114.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Babylonian Chronicle claims + victory for the allies, and Sennacherib for the Assyrians. The + sequel implies that the latter is the more trustworthy.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_115" name="note_115" + href="#noteref_115">115.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">I.e.</span></span> Mer-en-Ptah, Seti I. As, + however, this king reigned as early as 1350 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, Herodotus must have + been misinformed. Tirhakah, <span class="tei tei-q">“king of + Ethiopia,”</span> was Sennacherib's opponent at the period of the + siege of Jerusalem (2 Kings xix. 9).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_116" name="note_116" + href="#noteref_116">116.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tel-Assar (Isaiah xxxvii. 12)—Assar + probably = Asari (p. 54).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_117" name="note_117" + href="#noteref_117">117.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">There were twenty provinces in all, + including those of Nikû, king of Mempi and Sâa (Necho of Memphis + and Sais); Šarru-lû-dâri (an Assyrian name), king of Ṣi'anu (Zoan + or Tanis), Susinqu (Sheshonq), king of Buširu (Busiris), and many + others.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_118" name="note_118" + href="#noteref_118">118.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“To the long + chariot, the vehicle of my royalty.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_119" name="note_119" + href="#noteref_119">119.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">As pointed out by Commander Jones in + 1852, the river responsible for the disaster was not the Tigris, + but must have been the Khosr, which flows through Nineveh from the + N.E., and runs into the Tigris W.S.W. of the village of + Armushieh.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_120" name="note_120" + href="#noteref_120">120.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Apparently Duwair, S.S.E. of Babylon. + This, however, is probably not a real place-name, the word really + meaning <span class="tei tei-q">“mound.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_121" name="note_121" + href="#noteref_121">121.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A part of Babylon.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_122" name="note_122" + href="#noteref_122">122.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit. <span class="tei tei-q">“like as + a corpse.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_123" name="note_123" + href="#noteref_123">123.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit. <span class="tei tei-q">“went + round”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“about.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_124" name="note_124" + href="#noteref_124">124.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Probably meaning Asiatics, in + contradistinction to the fair inhabitants of Europe.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_125" name="note_125" + href="#noteref_125">125.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The old name of Babylon as + <span class="tei tei-q">“the seat of life”</span> = old + Babylon.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_126" name="note_126" + href="#noteref_126">126.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit. <span class="tei tei-q">“their + number cannot be announced.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_127" name="note_127" + href="#noteref_127">127.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit. <span class="tei tei-q">“of the + land of Amoria.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_128" name="note_128" + href="#noteref_128">128.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The old capital of Assyria.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_129" name="note_129" + href="#noteref_129">129.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">An addition by the scribe of the first + tablet (the more correct copy), seemingly partly erased.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_130" name="note_130" + href="#noteref_130">130.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The second copy (the less correct) + has, instead of <span class="tei tei-q">“who is over the + city,”</span> the words <span class="tei tei-q">“the son of the + king ...,”</span> which (judging from the word for <span class= + "tei tei-q">“man”</span> before <span class= + "tei tei-q">“king”</span>) the scribe must have read into the + traces which he saw.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_131" name="note_131" + href="#noteref_131">131.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This must be another Marduka—it is + most unlikely that it is the son of Adi'îlu and Ḫulîtu, concerning + whom the document was written.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_132" name="note_132" + href="#noteref_132">132.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Variant, Adi'îlu, possibly the seller + of Marduka, and if so, Ukîn-zēra must have been the brother of the + man sold.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_133" name="note_133" + href="#noteref_133">133.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, p. <a href="#Pg445" class= + "tei tei-ref">445</a>, where the husbandmen are referred to.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_134" name="note_134" + href="#noteref_134">134.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Probably = <span class= + "tei tei-q">“under.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_135" name="note_135" + href="#noteref_135">135.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Apparently from the root <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">par</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“to + be bright.”</span> These stones were probably sacred to the + Sun-god.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_136" name="note_136" + href="#noteref_136">136.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or <span class="tei tei-q">“the + woollen stuffs.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_137" name="note_137" + href="#noteref_137">137.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit. <span class="tei tei-q">“thou + (art) in thy house, in thy heart (there is) good to + thee.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_138" name="note_138" + href="#noteref_138">138.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">It seems to have been sometimes the + custom for a man to be known by more than one name.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_139" name="note_139" + href="#noteref_139">139.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“gardenership.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_140" name="note_140" + href="#noteref_140">140.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This may mean <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the Egyptian,”</span> but as there were more than one + Miṣir, this is doubtful.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_141" name="note_141" + href="#noteref_141">141.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Nabonidus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_142" name="note_142" + href="#noteref_142">142.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or, perhaps, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“(in) the plantation-territory.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_143" name="note_143" + href="#noteref_143">143.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or, perhaps, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the territory of the great farther side.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_144" name="note_144" + href="#noteref_144">144.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">As the Babylonians had no means of + indicating the sound of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">o</span></em>, characters containing + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">u</span></em> had to be used in such words as + these. The Babylonian pronunciation of the Greek πολίτης was, + therefore, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">poliṭē</span></span>. Another form of this + plural word, namely, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">puliṭannu (poliṭānu)</span></span>, also + occurs.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_145" name="note_145" + href="#noteref_145">145.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In 1890, when this inscription was + copied, it was in the possession of Mr. Lucas, who kindly gave me + permission to publish it. I do not know who possesses the tablet at + present. The seal-impression at the end is exceedingly + indistinct.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_146" name="note_146" + href="#noteref_146">146.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The spirits of the earth.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_147" name="note_147" + href="#noteref_147">147.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Sungod was the god of justice, + hence this comparison.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_148" name="note_148" + href="#noteref_148">148.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The inhabitants of the land.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_149" name="note_149" + href="#noteref_149">149.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The temple-tower of Niffur.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_150" name="note_150" + href="#noteref_150">150.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The temple of Bel at Niffur.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_151" name="note_151" + href="#noteref_151">151.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The temple of Eridu.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_152" name="note_152" + href="#noteref_152">152.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The temple of Bel at Babylon.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_153" name="note_153" + href="#noteref_153">153.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See p. <a href="#Pg193" class= + "tei tei-ref">193</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_154" name="note_154" + href="#noteref_154">154.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The temple of Ur—see p. <a href= + "#Pg194" class="tei tei-ref">194</a> ff.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_155" name="note_155" + href="#noteref_155">155.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The moon-goddess of Sippar.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_156" name="note_156" + href="#noteref_156">156.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The temple of the sun at Sippar.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_157" name="note_157" + href="#noteref_157">157.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ellasar.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_158" name="note_158" + href="#noteref_158">158.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The temple of the sun at Larsa + (Ellasar).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_159" name="note_159" + href="#noteref_159">159.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The god and goddess of Ê-anna, the + temple of Erech.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_160" name="note_160" + href="#noteref_160">160.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The temple of Isin or Nisin.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_161" name="note_161" + href="#noteref_161">161.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The temple of Kiš.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_162" name="note_162" + href="#noteref_162">162.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Apparently a conflict had taken place + here, and the success of the Babylonian arms was attributed to the + god of the place.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_163" name="note_163" + href="#noteref_163">163.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The temple of Cuthah.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_164" name="note_164" + href="#noteref_164">164.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Merodach—see p. <a href="#Pg030" + class="tei tei-ref">30</a> ff.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_165" name="note_165" + href="#noteref_165">165.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The temple of Borsippa.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_166" name="note_166" + href="#noteref_166">166.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The modern Dailem.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_167" name="note_167" + href="#noteref_167">167.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The god of Dilmu.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_168" name="note_168" + href="#noteref_168">168.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The temple at Lagas.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_169" name="note_169" + href="#noteref_169">169.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Goddess of Ḫallabu.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_170" name="note_170" + href="#noteref_170">170.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“the + raising of the hand.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_171" name="note_171" + href="#noteref_171">171.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hadad.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_172" name="note_172" + href="#noteref_172">172.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or, with Scheil: who has rectified the + course of the Tigris. As, however, the sign for <span class= + "tei tei-q">“river”</span> is wanting, the meaning <span class= + "tei tei-q">“family,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“race,”</span> + which this word has, is to be preferred.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_173" name="note_173" + href="#noteref_173">173.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The temple of Ištar of Nineveh, later + called E-masmas.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_174" name="note_174" + href="#noteref_174">174.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“to the + river-god,”</span> and so throughout the clause.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_175" name="note_175" + href="#noteref_175">175.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A matter of life and death.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_176" name="note_176" + href="#noteref_176">176.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“which + is in that judgment.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_177" name="note_177" + href="#noteref_177">177.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. 126, 131.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_178" name="note_178" + href="#noteref_178">178.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“a + period to the sixth month.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_179" name="note_179" + href="#noteref_179">179.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“in the + sixth month.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_180" name="note_180" + href="#noteref_180">180.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“shall + call upon the spirit of God.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_181" name="note_181" + href="#noteref_181">181.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“In the + house of a man fire has been kindled.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_182" name="note_182" + href="#noteref_182">182.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“a man + of substitution.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_183" name="note_183" + href="#noteref_183">183.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The officer, etc.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_184" name="note_184" + href="#noteref_184">184.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“for + opening.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_185" name="note_185" + href="#noteref_185">185.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“the god + Hadad.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_186" name="note_186" + href="#noteref_186">186.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or, <span class="tei tei-q">“did not + cover the cost.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_187" name="note_187" + href="#noteref_187">187.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“the god + Hadad.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_188" name="note_188" + href="#noteref_188">188.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“the + lord of the interest.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_189" name="note_189" + href="#noteref_189">189.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“profit.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_190" name="note_190" + href="#noteref_190">190.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or, <span class="tei tei-q">“its + interest.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_191" name="note_191" + href="#noteref_191">191.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“sons,”</span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“children.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_192" name="note_192" + href="#noteref_192">192.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">I.e.</span></span> in the same + proportion.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_193" name="note_193" + href="#noteref_193">193.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“in days + not full.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_194" name="note_194" + href="#noteref_194">194.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In the British Museum fragment + 80-11-12, 1235, found by Mr. Rassam in Babylonia, 100 and 101 form + a single section, the last one of the 5th tablet.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_195" name="note_195" + href="#noteref_195">195.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“invoke + the spirit of God.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_196" name="note_196" + href="#noteref_196">196.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In other words, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“he shall take a receipt for the amount.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_197" name="note_197" + href="#noteref_197">197.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Probably = <span class= + "tei tei-q">“shall not be placed to his credit.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_198" name="note_198" + href="#noteref_198">198.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“dwells + on the road.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_199" name="note_199" + href="#noteref_199">199.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“the + possessions of his hand.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_200" name="note_200" + href="#noteref_200">200.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“and to + whatever its name, as much as he gave, he shall + renounce.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_201" name="note_201" + href="#noteref_201">201.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“the + distraint.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_202" name="note_202" + href="#noteref_202">202.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Apparently the agent who lent him the + money, and who is called <span class="tei tei-q">“the + distrainer”</span> in the foregoing lines.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_203" name="note_203" + href="#noteref_203">203.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Has not made a contract for her.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_204" name="note_204" + href="#noteref_204">204.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“If the + wife of a man her husband accuse her.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_205" name="note_205" + href="#noteref_205">205.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“she + shall invoke the spirit of God.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_206" name="note_206" + href="#noteref_206">206.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The original text adds <span class= + "tei tei-q">“before him,”</span> probably meaning <span class= + "tei tei-q">“before he left.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_207" name="note_207" + href="#noteref_207">207.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“may.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_208" name="note_208" + href="#noteref_208">208.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“after + him.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_209" name="note_209" + href="#noteref_209">209.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“need.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_210" name="note_210" + href="#noteref_210">210.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“she may + take the husband of her heart.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_211" name="note_211" + href="#noteref_211">211.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“take.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_212" name="note_212" + href="#noteref_212">212.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or <span class="tei tei-q">“a + chain.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_213" name="note_213" + href="#noteref_213">213.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“her + after (property).”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_214" name="note_214" + href="#noteref_214">214.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“a lord + of interest.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_215" name="note_215" + href="#noteref_215">215.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“set her + upon a stake.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_216" name="note_216" + href="#noteref_216">216.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">There is a mistake in the text here, + the most probable reading being <span class="tei tei-q">“cast + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">him</span></em> into the water.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_217" name="note_217" + href="#noteref_217">217.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“movable(s),”</span> French <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">du + meuble</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_218" name="note_218" + href="#noteref_218">218.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Perhaps <span class="tei tei-q">“shall + add to it an equal amount,”</span> as a kind of compensation. + Scheil has <span class="tei tei-q">“il égalera.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_219" name="note_219" + href="#noteref_219">219.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">That is, to the man himself.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_220" name="note_220" + href="#noteref_220">220.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In all probability it is an adopted + son who is meant—it is doubtful whether a man could do more than + disinherit his own child.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_221" name="note_221" + href="#noteref_221">221.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">I.e.</span></span> decide to marry again.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_222" name="note_222" + href="#noteref_222">222.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“her + sonhood, of her brothers it is.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_223" name="note_223" + href="#noteref_223">223.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The same word is used as in the case + of a marriage-gift.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_224" name="note_224" + href="#noteref_224">224.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The same word is used as in the case + of a marriage-gift.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_225" name="note_225" + href="#noteref_225">225.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">That is, she must content herself with + the marriage-gift.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_226" name="note_226" + href="#noteref_226">226.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“taken + to childship.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_227" name="note_227" + href="#noteref_227">227.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or <span class="tei tei-q">“in his + name.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_228" name="note_228" + href="#noteref_228">228.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">These were in the position of orphans, + having no proper home.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_229" name="note_229" + href="#noteref_229">229.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“the son + of a worker.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_230" name="note_230" + href="#noteref_230">230.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or <span class="tei tei-q">“as a + foster-child.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_231" name="note_231" + href="#noteref_231">231.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Here the term would seem to be + equivalent to <span class="tei tei-q">“apprentice.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_232" name="note_232" + href="#noteref_232">232.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Evidently such a denial on the child's + part was regarded as the height of ingratitude (see the footnote to + § <a href="#Law_187" class="tei tei-ref">187</a>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_233" name="note_233" + href="#noteref_233">233.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In the original <span class= + "tei tei-q">“his eye.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_234" name="note_234" + href="#noteref_234">234.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“price.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_235" name="note_235" + href="#noteref_235">235.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“skull,”</span> Scheil: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“cerveau.”</span> Peiser's rendering, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“cheek”</span> (Backe), seems to be the best. (This + applies to laws <a href="#Law_203" class="tei tei-ref">203-205</a> + as well.)</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_236" name="note_236" + href="#noteref_236">236.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">According to Winckler, this expression + (<span class="tei tei-q">“son of a man”</span>) means <span class= + "tei tei-q">“a free-born man.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_237" name="note_237" + href="#noteref_237">237.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“slave + like slave.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_238" name="note_238" + href="#noteref_238">238.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“the + silver of half his price.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_239" name="note_239" + href="#noteref_239">239.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“lord of + the injury.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_240" name="note_240" + href="#noteref_240">240.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This was regarded as a fraud, and + punished as such.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_241" name="note_241" + href="#noteref_241">241.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or <span class="tei tei-q">“the + boatman shall repair that vessel, and strengthen (it) with his own + capital, and give the strengthened vessel (back) to the owner of + the vessel.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_242" name="note_242" + href="#noteref_242">242.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“price.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_243" name="note_243" + href="#noteref_243">243.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“ox like + ox.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_244" name="note_244" + href="#noteref_244">244.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Such is the general translation. An + injury of this kind would render the animal useless, as it would be + unable to bear the yoke, hence this enactment.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_245" name="note_245" + href="#noteref_245">245.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“slit.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_246" name="note_246" + href="#noteref_246">246.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“shall + invoke the spirit of God.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_247" name="note_247" + href="#noteref_247">247.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">As the dog his first bite, so the bull + was allowed his first toss free.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_248" name="note_248" + href="#noteref_248">248.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“failing,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“defect.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_249" name="note_249" + href="#noteref_249">249.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“weakened,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“starved.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_250" name="note_250" + href="#noteref_250">250.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“given.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_251" name="note_251" + href="#noteref_251">251.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“it is + good to his heart.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_252" name="note_252" + href="#noteref_252">252.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“the + fate,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, divine decree concerning + them.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_253" name="note_253" + href="#noteref_253">253.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“of.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_254" name="note_254" + href="#noteref_254">254.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The character used is the same as that + for grain (wheat, etc.), but the weight is unknown.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_255" name="note_255" + href="#noteref_255">255.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Winckler: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“potter.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_256" name="note_256" + href="#noteref_256">256.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“man of + linen.”</span> Scheil, Winckler, and Johns translate <span class= + "tei tei-q">“tailor.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_257" name="note_257" + href="#noteref_257">257.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A part only of the word is + preserved.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_258" name="note_258" + href="#noteref_258">258.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“he has + had a claim.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_259" name="note_259" + href="#noteref_259">259.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“shall + answer the claim.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_260" name="note_260" + href="#noteref_260">260.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“he + shall make their freedom without silver.”</span> This law seems to + indicate that neither owner was regarded as having a right to + them.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_261" name="note_261" + href="#noteref_261">261.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“silver.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_262" name="note_262" + href="#noteref_262">262.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The people.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_263" name="note_263" + href="#noteref_263">263.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Ninevite duplicate has a different + reading.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_264" name="note_264" + href="#noteref_264">264.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Probably = <span class= + "tei tei-q">“north and south,”</span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“in mountain and valley.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_265" name="note_265" + href="#noteref_265">265.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Winckler: <span class="tei tei-q">“put + an end to battles.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_266" name="note_266" + href="#noteref_266">266.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“proclaimed.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_267" name="note_267" + href="#noteref_267">267.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Apparently meaning the head of the + stone bearing this inscription.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_268" name="note_268" + href="#noteref_268">268.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Nineveh duplicate has: + <span class="tei tei-q">“by the command of Šamaš and Hadad, judges + of justice, deciders of decisions, may justice have + power.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_269" name="note_269" + href="#noteref_269">269.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“a + word.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_270" name="note_270" + href="#noteref_270">270.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“good + flesh.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_271" name="note_271" + href="#noteref_271">271.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“thoughts.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_272" name="note_272" + href="#noteref_272">272.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“the + going forth.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_273" name="note_273" + href="#noteref_273">273.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“his + dark of head.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_274" name="note_274" + href="#noteref_274">274.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Scheil: <span class="tei tei-q">“given + rectitude.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_275" name="note_275" + href="#noteref_275">275.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The future king.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_276" name="note_276" + href="#noteref_276">276.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“cause + another to take (this responsibility).”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_277" name="note_277" + href="#noteref_277">277.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“whose + name has been proclaimed.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_278" name="note_278" + href="#noteref_278">278.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">I.e.</span></span>, his throne.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_279" name="note_279" + href="#noteref_279">279.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“honourable.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_280" name="note_280" + href="#noteref_280">280.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“go + before.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_281" name="note_281" + href="#noteref_281">281.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“ear.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_282" name="note_282" + href="#noteref_282">282.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“oblivion.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_283" name="note_283" + href="#noteref_283">283.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“visions.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_284" name="note_284" + href="#noteref_284">284.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“spirits”</span> (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">utukke</span></span>). Perhaps the + <span class="tei tei-q">“soul”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“spirit”</span> are meant, the plural being indicated + by writing the character twice, though nothing certain can be + deduced from this.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_285" name="note_285" + href="#noteref_285">285.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Scheil and Winckler: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“sickle”</span> (= crescent), but this seems to be a + different word.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_286" name="note_286" + href="#noteref_286">286.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Scheil: <span class="tei tei-q">“is in + conflict.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_287" name="note_287" + href="#noteref_287">287.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mounds of an inundation, such as the + great Flood was supposed to have produced.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_288" name="note_288" + href="#noteref_288">288.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Probably repeated by an error of the + stone-cutter.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_289" name="note_289" + href="#noteref_289">289.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Nineveh duplicate has: + <span class="tei tei-q">“whose battle has no equal.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_290" name="note_290" + href="#noteref_290">290.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“bind.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_291" name="note_291" + href="#noteref_291">291.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“strength,”</span> apparently meaning the imperfectness + of that quality.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_292" name="note_292" + href="#noteref_292">292.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Generally referred to under the fuller + form Anunnaki.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_293" name="note_293" + href="#noteref_293">293.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“temple,”</span> either that of Merodach at Babylon, or + Ê-babbara.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_294" name="note_294" + href="#noteref_294">294.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The temple of the Sun at Sippar or at + Larsa—probably the former.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_295" name="note_295" + href="#noteref_295">295.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In Ex. xxi. 8 it is presumed that the + master of the girl betrothed her to himself, as in the case of + Šamaš-nûri (p. <a href="#Pg185" class="tei tei-ref">185</a>), who, + however, could be sold as a slave if she denied her mistress.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_296" name="note_296" + href="#noteref_296">296.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The old Sumerian law referring to + injuries to slaves (p. 191) inflicts a fine on the <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">hirer</span></em>, + not on the owner.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_297" name="note_297" + href="#noteref_297">297.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Isaiah xlv. 20: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“They have no knowledge that carry the wood of their + graven images.”</span> R. V.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_298" name="note_298" + href="#noteref_298">298.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Num. vi. 26: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Lord lift up his countenance upon thee,”</span> + equivalent to <span class="tei tei-q">“to raise the eyes”</span> in + Assyro-Babylonian.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_299" name="note_299" + href="#noteref_299">299.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“shall + not bring his hand to the sick.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_300" name="note_300" + href="#noteref_300">300.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“the + raising of his hands.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_301" name="note_301" + href="#noteref_301">301.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This form is due to a false etymology, + but it is used by Delitzsch as a very convenient compound + word.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_302" name="note_302" + href="#noteref_302">302.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The word may also be translated + <span class="tei tei-q">“inhabiting,”</span> but this does not seem + to be so good.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_303" name="note_303" + href="#noteref_303">303.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“ill.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_304" name="note_304" + href="#noteref_304">304.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For parallels to the Babylonian legend + of Tiamtu in the Talmud and Midrash, see S. Daiches in the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für Assyriologie</span></span>, + xvii. (1903), pp. 394-399.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_305" name="note_305" + href="#noteref_305">305.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Similar figures are shown on the slabs + in the British Museum (Nimroud Gallery) standing before the sacred + tree.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_306" name="note_306" + href="#noteref_306">306.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Religious Ideas of the + Babylonians</span></span>, in the Journal of the Transactions of + the Victoria Institute, 1895.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_307" name="note_307" + href="#noteref_307">307.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. 181.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_308" name="note_308" + href="#noteref_308">308.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. 183, where the reading is + Ibsina-ili.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_309" name="note_309" + href="#noteref_309">309.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. 184.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_310" name="note_310" + href="#noteref_310">310.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For a list of these, see <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Observations sur la Religion des Babyloniens 2000 ans + avant Jésus-Christ,”</span> by Th. G. Pinches, in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Revue de l'Histoire + des Religions</span></span>, 1901.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_311" name="note_311" + href="#noteref_311">311.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See Hugo Winckler, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die im Sommer 1906 in + Kleinasien ausgeführten Ausgrabungen</span></span>, Orientalische + Literatur-Zeitung, Dec. 15, 1906; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vorläufige + Nachrichten über die Ausgrabungen in Boghaz-Köi im Sommer + 1907</span></span>, Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft, + Dec. 1907 (No. 35).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_312" name="note_312" + href="#noteref_312">312.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See pp. <a href="#Pg297" class= + "tei tei-ref">297</a>, <a href="#Pg298" class= + "tei tei-ref">298</a>, where Cassites (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kâsi</span></span>) are referred to. The + Kassites east of Babylonia were the Cosssæans of the Greeks. (Cf. + pp. <a href="#Pg122" class="tei tei-ref">122</a>, <a href="#Pg140" + class="tei tei-ref">140</a>, <a href="#Pg170" class= + "tei tei-ref">170</a>.)</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_313" name="note_313" + href="#noteref_313">313.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See pp. <a href="#Pg275" class= + "tei tei-ref">275</a> ff.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_314" name="note_314" + href="#noteref_314">314.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See pp. <a href="#Pg222" class= + "tei tei-ref">222</a> ff.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_315" name="note_315" + href="#noteref_315">315.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">It will be noticed that the + Hittite-Babylonian transcription is of considerable value for the + pronunciation of Egyptian.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_316" name="note_316" + href="#noteref_316">316.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See p. <a href="#Pg232" class= + "tei tei-ref">232</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_317" name="note_317" + href="#noteref_317">317.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aramaic Papyri discovered at + Assuan</span></span>, edited by A. H. Sayce and A. E. Cowley. + London, 1906.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_318" name="note_318" + href="#noteref_318">318.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class="tei tei-q">“they + shall remove.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_319" name="note_319" + href="#noteref_319">319.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sachau suggests that this may be + gentilic, and mean <span class="tei tei-q">“the + Lachite.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_320" name="note_320" + href="#noteref_320">320.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Possibly <span class= + "tei tei-q">“companions”</span> (Sachau).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_321" name="note_321" + href="#noteref_321">321.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Variant: <span class="tei tei-q">“the + 7 great doors.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_322" name="note_322" + href="#noteref_322">322.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">QYMu</span></span>, a word of doubtful + meaning.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_323" name="note_323" + href="#noteref_323">323.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“bronze.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_324" name="note_324" + href="#noteref_324">324.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sachau suggests that this may be the + name of Waidrang's tribe—that of Caleb, or the like.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_325" name="note_325" + href="#noteref_325">325.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Possibly signs of dignity or wealth, + made of some precious metal.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_326" name="note_326" + href="#noteref_326">326.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In the original <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ostan âḫûhi zi + 'Anani</span></span>, a construction which reminds us of the + Babylonian <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">âbli-šu ša</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“son of.”</span> May we, therefore, read <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ostanes, brother of 'Anani?”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_327" name="note_327" + href="#noteref_327">327.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">That is, the receivers of Bagohi's + benefits.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_328" name="note_328" + href="#noteref_328">328.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">As such a reward would be much too + small, Sachau suggests that the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kinkar</span></span> (? talent) was much below + the value of an ordinary talent.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_329" name="note_329" + href="#noteref_329">329.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See page <a href="#Pg539" class= + "tei tei-ref">539</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_330" name="note_330" + href="#noteref_330">330.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Chnub, the Greek <span lang="el" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Chnubis</span></span>, <span lang="el" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Knuphis</span></span>, or <span lang="el" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kneph</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_331" name="note_331" + href="#noteref_331">331.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">If this be the case, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Waidareng</span></span> is also a possible + reading.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_332" name="note_332" + href="#noteref_332">332.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sanballat in Nehemiah. The + transcription here used is that of the Septuagint, but the + vocalization is in both cases incorrect—it should be Sin-uballiṭ. + This name, which is Babylonian, means <span class="tei tei-q">“the + moon-god has given life.”</span> He is called a Horonite in Neh. + ii. 10, 19.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_333" name="note_333" + href="#noteref_333">333.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lit.: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“going.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_334" name="note_334" + href="#noteref_334">334.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See the Author's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion of Babylonia + and Assyria</span></span> (A. Constable & Co., 1906), pp. + 43-44.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_335" name="note_335" + href="#noteref_335">335.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatischen + Gesellschaft</span></span>, 1902, I.: <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ein Altbabylonisches + Fragment des Gilgamosepos</span></span>, von Bruno Meissner. + Berlin, Wolf Peiser Verlag.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_336" name="note_336" + href="#noteref_336">336.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Oriental Translation Fund, New Series, + I. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Rauzat-us-Safa; or Garden of Purity</span></span>, by Mirkhond. + Translated by E. Rehatsek. Royal Asiatic Society, 1891.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_337" name="note_337" + href="#noteref_337">337.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Babylonian Excavations and Early Bible + History</span></span>, by Prof. Kittel, translated by Edmund + McClure, M.A., with a preface by Henry Wace, D.D. Society for + Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_338" name="note_338" + href="#noteref_338">338.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western + Asia</span></span>, vol. v., pl. 2, l. 40, and <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cuneiform Texts from + Babylonian Tablets</span></span>, part xii., pl. 6. Cf. p. + 144.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_339" name="note_339" + href="#noteref_339">339.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Probably illustrating the Sumerian + Laws.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_340" name="note_340" + href="#noteref_340">340.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Society for Promoting Christian + Knowledge, 1897.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_341" name="note_341" + href="#noteref_341">341.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Bronze Ornaments of the Palace Gates of + Balawat</span></span>, with an introduction by Walter de Gray + Birch, and descriptions and translations by Theophilus G. Pinches. + Published at the Offices of the Society of Biblical Archæology, + Bloomsbury, W.C.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_342" name="note_342" + href="#noteref_342">342.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“images.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_343" name="note_343" + href="#noteref_343">343.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Assyria.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_344" name="note_344" + href="#noteref_344">344.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See p. <a href="#Pg207" class= + "tei tei-ref">207</a>, upper part.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_345" name="note_345" + href="#noteref_345">345.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">That is, Babylonia.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_346" name="note_346" + href="#noteref_346">346.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Collection de Clercq. Catalogue méthodique et + raisonné</span></span>, par M. de Clercq, avec la collaboration de + M. J. Menant. Paris, Leroux, 1885, etc.</dd> + </dl> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE OLD TESTAMENT IN THE LIGHT OF THE HISTORICAL RECORDS AND LEGENDS OF ASSYRIA AND BABYLONIA*** +</pre> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <a name="rightpageheader71" id="rightpageheader71"></a><a name= + "pgtoc72" id="pgtoc72"></a><a name="pdf73" id="pdf73"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Credits</span></h1> + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th class="tei tei-label tei-label-gloss">January 31, + 2012 </th> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="tei tei-item tei-item-gloss"> + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" + style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Project Gutenberg TEI + edition 1</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"><span class= + "tei tei-respStmt"><span class= + "tei tei-name">Produced by Delphine Lettau, David + King, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team + at <http://www.pgdp.net/>.</span></span></td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <a name="rightpageheader74" id="rightpageheader74"></a><a name= + "pgtoc75" id="pgtoc75"></a><a name="pdf76" id="pdf76"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">A Word from Project + Gutenberg</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This file + should be named 38732-h.html or 38732-h.zip.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This and all + associated files of various formats will be found in: <a href= + "http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/8/7/3/38732/" class= + "block tei tei-xref" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <span style= + "font-size: 90%">http://www.gutenberg.org</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">/dirs/3/8/7/3/38732/</span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Updated + editions will replace the previous one — the old editions will be + renamed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Creating the + works from public domain print editions means that no one owns a + United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and + you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without + permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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