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Akins + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: History of Halifax City + +Author: Thomas B. Akins + +Release Date: January 25, 2012 [EBook #38666] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF HALIFAX CITY *** + + + + +Produced by Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div id="tp"> +<h1>HISTORY OF HALIFAX<br /> +CITY.</h1> + +<p>by<br /> +Dr. Thomas B. Akins<br /> +(1809-1891)</p> + +<p class="no-p">Halifax, Nova Scotia<br /> +1895</p> + +</div> + +<table class="no-b" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="1" summary="Table of Contents"> +<tr align="center"><td><a href="#CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I.</a></td> +<td><a href="#CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II.</a></td> +<td><a href="#CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III.</a></td></tr> + +<tr align="center"><td><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV.</a></td> +<td><a href="#CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V.</a></td> +<td><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI.</a></td></tr> + +<tr align="center"><td><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII.</a></td> +<td><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII.</a></td> +<td><a href="#CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX.</a></td></tr> + +<tr align="center"><td colspan="3"><a href="#APPENDICES">APPENDICES.</a></td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">{3}</a></span></p> + +<p id="begin">HISTORY OF HALIFAX CITY.</p> + +<h2 id="chap-one"><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2> + +<p>Halifax, the metropolis of Nova Scotia, and the chief City of the +Acadian or Lower Provinces, was founded in the year 1749, at the +expense of Government, under the direction of the Lords of Trade +and Plantations, and was named in compliment to George Montague, +Earl of Halifax, then at the head of the Board, under whose immediate +auspices the settlement was undertaken.</p> + +<p>From the Treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, when Acadia was ceded to +the Crown of Great Britain, to the year 1749, no progress had been +made by the British in colonizing the country. The inhabitants +consisted of a few thousand Acadian peasants, scattered around +the shores of the Basin of Minas, Chignecto and the Valley of +Annapolis. The Governor resided at Annapolis Royal, a small fortified +port, with a garrison of two or three hundred regular troops, and +was, in a great measure, dependent on New England for his necessary +supplies. This was the only British port within the Province, +with the exception of that of Canso, where, during the fishing season, +a number of French, with a few Indians and New England fishermen, +assembled, and where a captain's guard was usually stationed +to preserve order and protect the rights of property. The French +population, though professing to be neutral, had refused to take the +Oath of Allegiance to the Crown of Great Britain, and were continually +in a state of hostility to the British authorities in the country. +Their poverty and ignorance placed them completely under the +control of a few designing emissaries of the French Governor at +Quebec, who incited the people to resent British rule, and frequently +put all law at defiance, by assuming to themselves the sole management +of municipal affairs in the settlements most remote from the +seat of Government. The Governors of Canada had undertaken to +claim all the country from the River St. Lawrence to the Bay of +Fundy, as comprehended within their jurisdiction, confining the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">{4}</a></span> +territory of Acadia as ceded under the Treaty of Utrecht, to the +Peninsula alone, and had actually commenced to erect forts on the +River St. John and the Isthmus while the nations were at peace.</p> + +<p>The necessity of a permanent British settlement and Military +Station on the Atlantic Coast of the Peninsula, had long been considered +the only effectual means of preserving British authority, as +well as for the protection of the coast fishing, which, at this time, +was deemed of paramount importance to British interests. But +lately the continual breaches of neutrality on the part of the French, +together with the loss of Louisburg, under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle, +in October, 1748, rendered such an establishment indispensably +necessary to the support of the British Crown in Nova +Scotia.</p> + +<p>The scheme for settlement at Chebucto is said to have originated +with the people of Massachusetts,<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> who, in calling the attention of +Government to the claims and encroachments of the French, suggested +the necessity for, as well as the great commercial advantages to +be derived from such an undertaking; and it has also been asserted +that a committee of influential citizens had been formed in Boston +for the purpose of more effectually advocating the design. No +authentic information on the subject, however, has been found +beyond the suggestions contained in Governor Shirley's letters to +the Secretary of State, in 1747 and 8, in which one extensive plan +of British colonization throughout Nova Scotia is proposed and +details suggested, many of which, however, did not receive the +approval of Government.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> + +<p>A plan for carrying into effect this long-cherished design was, +however, matured by the Board of Trade and Plantations, in the +year 1748, and submitted to Government in the autumn of that +year, and being warmly supported by Lord Halifax, the President of +the Board, advertisements soon appeared under the sanction of His +Majesty's authority, "holding out proper encouragement to officers +and private men lately discharged from the Army and Navy, to +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">{5}</a></span> +settle in Nova Scotia." Among other inducements was the offer to +convey the settlers to their destination, maintain them for twelve +months at the public expense, and to supply them with arms and +ammunition for defence, and with materials and articles for clearing +the land, erecting dwellings and prosecuting the fishery. The encouragements +appeared so inviting, that in a short time 1176 settlers, +with their families, were found to volunteer, and the sum of £40,000 +being appropriated by Parliament for the service, the expedition +was placed under the command of Col. the Honble. Edward Cornwallis, +M. P., as Captain General and Governor of Nova Scotia, +and set sail for Chebucto Bay, the place of destination, in May, +1749.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> + +<p>The fleet consisted of 13 Transports and a Sloop of War. The +following is a list of the vessels, with the number of settlers.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p> + +<table frame="hsides" rules="groups" cellpadding="2" summary=""> +<colgroup /> +<colgroup /> +<colgroup /> +<colgroup /> +<thead> +<tr><th colspan="2" class="bb">Sphinx Sloop of War, with Gov. Cornwallis and Suite.</th> +<th rowspan="2">Tonnage.</th><th rowspan="2">Number of<br /> Passengers.</th></tr> +<tr><th><span class="smcap">Transports.</span></th><th>Captains.</th></tr> +</thead> +<tr><td>Charlton Frigate</td><td>Richard Ladd</td><td align='right'> 395</td><td align='right'> 213</td></tr> +<tr><td>Winchelsea</td><td>Thomas Cornish</td><td align='right'> 559</td><td align='right'> 303</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wilmington</td><td>Thomas Adams</td><td align='right'> 631</td><td align='right'> 340</td></tr> +<tr><td>Merry Jacks</td><td>—— Granger</td><td align='right'> 378</td><td align='right'> 230</td></tr> +<tr><td>Alexander</td><td>Samuel Harris</td><td align='right'> 320</td><td align='right'> 172</td></tr> +<tr><td>Beaufort</td><td>Elias Brennan</td><td align='right'> 541</td><td align='right'> 287</td></tr> +<tr><td>Rochampton</td><td>Samuel Williamson</td><td align='right'> 232</td><td align='right'> 77</td></tr> +<tr><td>Cannon Frigate</td><td>Andrew Dewar</td><td align='right'> 342</td><td align='right'> 190</td></tr> +<tr><td>Everly</td><td>S. Dutchman</td><td align='right'> 351</td><td align='right'> 186</td></tr> +<tr><td>London</td><td>John Barker</td><td align='right'> 550</td><td align='right'> 315</td></tr> +<tr><td>Brotherhood</td><td>....</td><td align='right'> ....</td><td align='right'> 27</td></tr> +<tr><td>Baltimore</td><td>Edward Cook</td><td align='right'> 411</td><td align='right'> 226</td></tr> +<tr><td>Snow Fair Lady</td><td>Isaac Foster</td><td align='right'> ....</td><td align='right'> 10</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td align="right" class="total">2576</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>The total number of males, exclusive of children, was 1546; of +this number above 500 were man-of-war sailors.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> + +<p>The names of the principal settlers, with the rank and calling as +they appear in the register, are as follows:</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">{6}</a></span> +Leonard Lockman and Ezekiel Gilman, Majors in the Army; +John Lemon, Foot Major and Commissary; Otis Little, Edward +Amherst, Thomas Lewis, Benjamin Ives, Frederick Albert Strasburger, +and Francis Bartelo, Captains in the Army; David Lewis, +George Burners, George Colly, Richard Partridge, Thomas Newton, +<i>John Collier</i>, <i>Robert Ewer</i>, <i>John Creighton</i>, Thomas Voughan, <i>John +Galland</i>, Richard Reves, William Joice, Joseph Wakefield, Augustus +Graham, <i>Alexander Callendar</i>, David Haldame, Robert Campbell, +William Bryan, and T. Vaughan, Lieutenants in the Army; James +Warren, Thos. Reynolds, and Henry Wendell, Ensigns; John Hamilton, +Adam Cockburn, and Wm. Williams, Lieutenants in the Navy; +John Steinfort, Dennis Clarke, William Neil, Gustavus Mugden, and +John Twinehoe, Lieutenants of Privateers; Chas. Mason, Robert +Beatie, Charles Covy, Samuel Budd, John Ferguson, Nicholas Puxley, +William Watson, Joseph Tomwell, Henry Chambers, Nicholas +Todd, Roger Lowden, Joseph Gunn, John Thompson, Robert Young, +Thomas Burnside, Timothy Pearce, Richard Drake, Newbegin +Harris, William Vickers, Richard Cooper, Richard Mannering, +Thomas Dumster, and Robert Cockburn, Midshipmen in the Royal +Navy; John Jenkins, Cadet; Rene Gillet, Artificer; John Grant, +John Henderson, Edward Gibson, William Hamilton, and William +Smith, Volunteers; Lewis Hayes, Purser; John Bruce, Engineer; +William Grant, Robert White, Patrick Hay, Mathew Jones, Thomas +Wilson, M. Rush, James Handeside, H. Pitt, George Philip Bruscowitz, +Cochran Dickson, Joshua Sacheveral, Thomas Inman, John +Wildman, David Carnegie, and John Willis, Surgeons; John Steele, +Lieutenant and Surgeon; William Lascells, Augustus Carsar Harbin, +Archibald Campbell, John Wallis, John Grant, Daniel Brown, +Timothy Griffith, Henry Martin, Robert Grant, and Alexander Hay, +Surgeon's Mates and Assistants; Robert Thorckmorton, Surgeon's +Pupil; Mr. Anwell, Clergyman; <i>John Baptiste Moreau, Gentleman +and Schoolmaster</i>; William Jeffery, Commissary; William Steele, +Brewer and Merchant; Daniel Wood, Attorney; Thomas Cannon, +Esquire; John Duport, and Lewis Piers, Gentlemen; Archibald +Hinshelwood, John Kerr, <i>William Nisbett</i>, and Thomas Gray, Governor's +Clerks; David Floyd, Clerk of the Stores.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">{7}</a></span> +On the 21st June, 1749, old style, the Sloop of War, "Sphinx," +arrived in the Harbor of Chebucto, having on board, the Honourable +Edward Cornwallis, Captain General and Governor-in-Chief of +the Province of Nova Scotia, and his suite. They had a long and +boisterous passage, and did not make the coast of Acadia until 14th. +They had no one on board acquainted with the coast, and did not +meet with a pilot until the 20th, when they fell in with a Sloop +from Boston, bound to Louisburg, with two pilots for the Government +of that place. Governor Cornwallis' intention was first to proceed +to Annapolis, but the wind not serving for the Bay of Fundy, +and the officers assuring him that in case of foggy weather setting in +they might be a long time in getting to Annapolis, he concluded on +proceeding at once to Chebucto, rather than risk the possibility of +being separated for any length of time from the fleet. He also felt, +that by so doing, he would save the Governor of Louisburg the bad +and long navigation to Annapolis, and accordingly, he dispatched a +letter to Governor Hopson, by the Sloop, apprising him of his intention +and desiring him to transport his garrison to Chebucto as soon +as possible. The "Sphinx," before making Chebucto, first came to +anchor in Malagash Bay, where they found several French families, +comfortably settled, who professed themselves British subjects, and +had grants of land from Governor Mascarine; they had tolerably +good wooden houses covered with bark, and many cattle, and expressed +themselves greatly pleased on hearing of the proposed new +settlement. It happened that the same day on which Cornwallis +arrived in the Harbor of Chebucto, a sloop came in from Louisburg +with a letter from Hopson in expectation of meeting him. Hopson +was in great perplexity, the French having arrived to take possession +under the terms of the treaty, and there were no vessels to embark +his troops. It appeared he was fully under the expectation that the +ships which were to bring out the settlers would arrive in time to be +sent down to him for that purpose, and he had made no other +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">{8}</a></span> +arrangements. On receiving the letter, Governor Cornwallis immediately +dispatched the Sloop to Boston, with letters to Apthorp +& Handerik, whom Hopson recommended for the purpose, to hire +vessels with all expedition to transport the garrison of Louisburg +to Chebucto; also a letter directed to Governor Mascarine in case +they should meet at sea with a vessel bound to Annapolis. At the +same time, a Frenchman, acquainted with the country, was dispatched +overland by Minas to Annapolis, with orders to Mascarine to come +down with a quorum of his Council as soon as possible, that the +new commission might be opened and another Council appointed in +accordance with the Royal Instructions.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p> + +<p>Governor Cornwallis' first dispatch to England, after arriving +at Chebucto, was sent via Boston, and bears the date 22nd June, the +day after his arrival. In this letter he says: "The coasts are as +rich as ever they have been represented; we caught fish every day +since we came, within 50 leagues of the coast. The harbour itself +is full of fish of all kinds. All the officers agree the harbour is the +finest they have ever seen. The country is one continued wood; no +clear spot is to be seen or heard of. I have been on shore in several +places. The underwood is only young trees, so that with difficulty +one is able to make his way anywhere." "D'Anville's Fleet have +only cut wood for present use; they cleared no ground, but encamped +their men on the beach. I have seen but few brooks, nor as +yet have found the navigable river that has been talked of. There +are a few French families on the east side of the bay, about three +leagues off. Some have been on board."</p> + +<p>Governor Mascarine having received Cornwallis' letter on the 26th, +on the following day, ordered Captain Davis to make ready his +galley and go round to Chebucto with fresh provisions. Mascarine +was waiting the arrival of the new Governor at Annapolis, as +appears by his letters to Governor Hopson on the 14th and 26th +June, in which he says: "Get ready supplies for the new Captain +General who will be here, but the fleet will be at Chebucto." The +"Snow Fair Lady" arrived shortly after the Sphinx, and was +dispatched to Annapolis to afford Mr. Mascarine the means of +transporting his council and part of his garrison to Chebucto. On +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">{9}</a></span> +the 26th, the "Fair Lady" was in the harbour of Annapolis ready to +receive Governor Mascarine and suite. On the 27th, the transport +began to make their appearance off the harbour of Chebucto, and +by the 1st July, they had all arrived. As their passage had been +extremely good, and none of them had in the least suffered, the +Governor found himself in a position to afford vessels to Colonel +Hopson the moment the settlers should be put on shore.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> Accordingly +having countermanded the order to Boston for transports, he +dispatched to Louisburg the ship "Brotherhood" on the 1st July, +and on the 5th, the "London," "Wilmington," "Winchelsea," and +"Merry Jacks." On the 8th he received from Louisburg, copies +of letters from Governor Shirley of Boston, to Governor Mascarine, +giving an account of the French having commenced a fort at the +mouth of the River St. John, and on the following day sent Captain +Rouse in the "Albany" and a small sloop to attend her, with +orders to the commanding officer at Annapolis to furnish him with +troops if required, and to proceed immediately to the River St. +John, Governor Shirley having previously sent the ship "Boston" +to Annapolis for the same service, there to await orders. It appears +that the French had fitted out an expedition, under M. Ramey, for +this purpose, a short time before the arrival of Cornwallis, and the +vessel with ammunition, arms and provisions, bound to St. John +River, had passed Malagash Bay a few days before the arrival of the +"Sphinx" there; but having put into Port Mouton on her way, the +information of their designs was communicated to the authorities of +Annapolis.</p> + +<p>Governor Mascarine having arrived with several of his Council on +the 12th, the following day Governor Cornwallis opened his commission +and took the oaths of office in their presence, and on Friday, +the 14th July, the Civil Government was organized, and Colonel +Paul Mascarine, Captain Edward How, Captain John Gorham, +Benjamin Green, John Salsbury and Hugh Davidson were sworn in +Councillors<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> on board the "Beaufort" Transport, and the Commission +and Royal Instructions were then read. "The formation of the +Board was announced to the people by a general salute from the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">{10}</a></span> +ships in the harbour and the day was devoted to festivity and amusement." +The four first gentlemen named in the Council were officers +from Annapolis; Mr. Green was from Massachusetts, and had been +with General Hopson at Louisburg, and the two latter were of His +Excellency's suite; Mr. Davidson acted as Secretary.</p> + +<p>Early in the month of July, a spot for the settlement was pitched +upon near Point Pleasant,<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> then called Sandwich Point, and people +were employed in cutting down the trees; but the want of sufficient +depth of water in front, its great exposure to south-east gales and +other inconveniences being discovered, it was abandoned for a more +eligible situation to the northward, commanding a prospect of the +whole harbour and on an easy ascent with bold anchorage close +to the shore. Here Mr. Bruce the engineer, and Captain Morris the +surveyor, were ordered to lay out the town, which was surveyed, the +plan completed and the lots appropriated to their respective owners +by the 14th September. The town was laid out in squares or blocks +of 320 by 120 feet deep, the streets being 55 feet<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> in width. Each +block contained 16 town lots, forty feet front by sixty deep, and the +whole was afterwards divided into five divisions or wards, called +Callendar's, Galland's, Ewer's, Collier's and Foreman's divisions, +after the names of the persons who were appointed Captains of +Militia, each ward being large enough to supply one company.</p> + +<p>Buckingham Street was the north and Salter Street the south limit, +and the whole was surrounded by a strong palisade of pickets with +block houses or log forts at convenient distances. Foreman's new +division was afterwards added as far as the present Jacob Street. +The north and south suburbs were surveyed about the same time, but +the German lots in the north were not laid off till the year following.</p> + +<p>Great difficulty was at first experienced in the erection of dwellings; +the European settlers being totally unacquainted with the +method of constructing wooden buildings. Frames and other materials +for building were, however, soon brought from Massachusetts, +and before the cold weather set in a number of comfortable dwellings +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">{11}</a></span> +were erected. Provisions and other necessary supplies were +regularly served out in the camp, and every exertion on the part of +the Governor made to render the settlers comfortable before the +approach of winter. Several transports were detained and housed +over to accommodate those settlers whose houses were not complete, +and the canvas tent and log hut were soon abandoned for more +convenient and comfortable accommodations.</p> + +<p>I have, says Governor Cornwallis, in his letter of the 20th August, +contracted for frames and materials for barracks and officers' lodgings +from Boston. Boards are very high owing to the drought. I +have got none under £4 per thousand, and shall be obliged to +furnish a vast number to help the people to get under cover, and +have sent an officer on purpose to Boston to obtain them at a fair +price. Many houses are begun and huts and log houses already up +for more than half a mile on each side the town.</p> + +<p>Tradition says that on clearing the ground for settlement a +number of dead bodies were discovered among the trees, partly +covered by the underwood, supposed to have been soldiers of the +Duke D'Anville's expedition which put into Chebucto Harbor in +1746,<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> but the Governor in his letter does not mention the facts.</p> + +<p>During the winter months the people were kept actively employed +in cutting pickets for fences and wood for fuel, and for erecting new +buildings. Mechanics were placed at the head of working parties to +direct their labours, and by a judicious division of the people into +small parties the more laborious portion of the work was executed +with uncommon dispatch. Mills were also erected at the expense of +Government for sawing lumber, and a mill master appointed with a +salary, and every facility held out to enable those settlers, who had +not yet been accommodated, to complete their dwellings on the +approach of spring. The Governor in his letter of 27th July, +describes the site of the Town as very advantageous. He says: "It +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">{12}</a></span> +has all the conveniences I could wish except a fresh water river.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> +Nothing is easier than to build wharves; one is already finished +for ships of 200 tons. I have constantly employed all the carpenters +I could get from Annapolis and the ships here to build log +houses for stores. I have likewise offered the French at Minas +considerable wages to work, and they have promised to send fifty +men to remain until October. As there was not one yard of clear +ground you will imagine our difficulty and what we have here to do; +however, they have already cleared about 12 acres, and I hope to +begin my house in two days; I have a small frame and pickets +ready."</p> + +<p>The following extracts from a letter dated 25th July, 1749, +written by a settler,<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> affords several interesting facts relative to the +state of the settlement at this time:—"On our arrival we found the +Sphinx, of 20 guns, which had come into harbor a few days before +us; as I write the transports are entering the harbor with the two +regiments of Hopson and Warberton on board from Louisburg. +The assistance, as well as the security we shall receive from them, +will greatly forward our settlement; the officers have brought all +their furniture, a great number of milch cows, and other stock, +besides military stores. We have already cleared about 20 acres, +and every one has a hut by his tent. Our work goes briskly, +and the method of employing the people in ships' companies has a +good effect, and as the Governor is preparing to lay out the lots of +land, we shall soon have a very convenient and pleasant town built, +which is to be called Halifax. There are already several wharves +built, and one gentleman is erecting a saw mill; public store houses +are also building, and grain of various sorts have been sown. We +have received constant supplies of plank and timber for building, +and fresh stock and rum in great quantities, 20 schooners frequently +coming in in one day. We have also a hundred cows and some +sheep, brought down to us by land, by the French at Minas, which +is about 30 miles distant from the bottom of the bay, and to which +we purpose to cut a road. The French Deputies who came to make +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">{13}</a></span> +submission have promised to send us 50 men for this purpose, and +to assist us as far as they are able; we have received the like +promise, and friendship and assistance from the Indians, the chief +having been with the Governor for that purpose. In short, every +thing is in a very prosperous way. But I should be equally unjust +and ungrateful, were I to conclude without paying the tribute which +is due to our Governor. He seems to have nothing in view but the +interest and happiness of all; his zeal and prudent conduct in the +difficult task assigned him cannot be too much admired."</p> + +<p>The plan of the town having been completed and the building lots +marked out, in order to prevent dispute and discontent among the +settlers, it was deemed best that they should draw for the lots. +Accordingly, at a Council held on the 1st of August, it was resolved +that on Tuesday following, the 8th of August, all heads of families who +were settlers, should assemble at seven o'clock with the overseers, +and single men should form themselves into families, four to each +family, and each family choose one to draw for them. Mr. Bruce +the engineer, being present on the occasion, assisted in distributing +the lots according to the arrangement, and the whole were entered in +a book of registry which was to be kept for the purpose and to constitute +evidence of title and possession.<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p> + +<p>The next object of importance was the erection of proper defences +for the protection of the settlement. After they had taken possession +of the lots, and commenced to build, the Governor endeavoured +to induce the people to work for a few days in throwing up a line of +defence around their new abode; "but," says he, "there was no +persuading them to do it." It was not until the 13th August when +the Council voted 1s. 6d. per day to each man employed, that this +necessary work was commenced by the settlers. The harbour being +broad and easy of access, the difficulty of selecting proper positions +for fortifications, which would command the entrance, was at first +seriously felt. This had been the great objection on the part of the +French to making any settlement at Chebucto, La Have having +been chosen by them for the principal post on the Atlantic Coast, +being, from its narrow entrance, more easy of defence. In Admiral +Darell's plan of Chebucto, the two points that flanked the entrance +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">{14}</a></span> +to Bedford Basin were marked as the places proper to fortify. Mr. +Cornwallis says, their view must have been to have the settlement +within that Bay (the Basin); this would have been subject to great +inconvenience. In the first place, it would have been too far up for +the fishermen, it being about five leagues from the entrance of the +Harbour to those points, and the beach all along as well adapted +for curing their fish as can possibly be imagined; no fisherman +would ever have thought of going within these forts. Indeed no +ship would choose to go so far, as no finer harbour can be than that +of Chebucto, which reaches from these points to Sandwich River; so +that notwithstanding any forts upon these points, an enemy's fleet +might be secure and indeed block up all ships within the bay. He +accordingly fixed upon Sandwich Point and the high lands opposite, +(now called York Redoubt), and George's Island as the most proper +positions for the erection of the necessary defences. On the latter +he immediately placed a guard, landed his stores and planned and +proposed to build thereon his magazine for powder.</p> + +<p>The first act of Government, after the organization of the Council +on the 14th, was an audience of the three French Deputies, who had +come down to meet the New Governor. They were Jean Melanson, +from Canard River; Claude le Blance, from Grand Pre, and Philip +Melanson from Pisiquid. Colonel Mascarine read to the Council +the oath which the French inhabitants had before taken. Being +asked if they had anything to offer from their several departments, +they answered that they were sent only to pay their respects to His +Excellency and to know what was to be their condition henceforth, +and whether they would be allowed their priests. They were assured +that their religion should be protected, but that, as heretofore, no +priest should be permitted to officiate within the Province, without +having first obtained a license from the Governor. They were +furnished with copies of the Royal Declaration, a proclamation +issued by Governor Cornwallis, and the oath which had been customary, +with directions to return within a fortnight, to report to the +Council the views of the inhabitants of the respective districts, and +also to notify the other settlements to send deputies as soon as +possible. The second meeting of the Council took place on the 17th, +when Mr. Wm. Steele was sworn in a member of the Board, and on +the following day the Governor's proclamation was read in the camp, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">{15}</a></span> +prohibiting all persons from leaving the Province without permission, +and against the retail of spirituous liquors without license.</p> + +<p>On the 18th, Mr. Bruce the Engineer, Lieutenants Ewer, Collier +and Mr. John Duport were appointed Justices of the peace, and all +the settlers having assembled in separate companies with their +respective overseers, each company chose its constables.</p> + +<p>The Governor designed opening more perfect means of communication +with Minas by constructing a road, which he described as +being 30 miles only, in a direct line, and to build a Block House +half way, but having only two companies of soldiers with him, one +of Hopson's and one of Warberton's regiment, together with about +60 of Goreham's Indian Rangers, and the 50 French, who promised +to assist in the work, having disappointed him, he was compelled to +postpone the object until after the arrival of the army from Louisburg. +Proper access to the interior, by the construction of a good +road to Minas, was deemed of paramount importance to the settlement +of the country. The inhabitants of the rural districts were so +insulated as to be in a great measure independent of all authority. +Colonel Mascarine, on returning to Annapolis, received directions to +send a Captain, 3 Subalterns and 100 men to Minas, and to erect a +Block-house and Battery there, the troops to be first quartered at +Grand Pre, where the Block-house was to be built, and the French +people were to be hired at fair wages to assist in the work.</p> + +<p>Capt. How, who had been sent to St. John River in the Albany +with Capt. Rouse, having returned overland with thirteen Indians, +three deputies from the tribes at St. John, the Chief of the Chinecto +Indians, and nine others of their tribes. They received an audience +on the 14th; they consisted of Francis de Salle, Chief from +Octfragli; the Chief Noellobig, from Medochig; the Chief Neptune +Albodonallilla from the Chignecto tribe, for himself and tribe. The +negotiation was carried on through Martin, the Indian, and André, +the interpreter from Minas. They stated to the Council that they +had come to confirm the treaty of 1726, and that several of them +had been present at that treaty. Terms were drawn up by Mr. +Secretary Davidson, and signed by the Chiefs on the 15th August,<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">{16}</a></span> +1749, and Capt. How was ordered to carry it to St. John to be ratified, +and to take with him presents to the Chiefs. It was accordingly +ratified on the 4th day of September following, and signed by +all the Chiefs and Captains at the River St. John, six in number, in +the presence of Mr. How and seven other witnesses; Madame De +Bellisle acting as interpreter by request of the Indians. This document +is still in existence; also a copy of that of 1726, sent to +Governor Cornwallis by the Governor of Massachusetts Bay. This +treaty appears to have been little regarded, for in the beginning of +October following, news arrived from Annapolis and Canso of +further incursions on the part of the Indians, and Government was +compelled to raise two new independent companies of Volunteers for +that service, which were placed under the command of Major Gilman +and Capt. Clapham, on the same footing with the Rangers under +Gorham.</p> + +<p>After the evacuation of Louisburg the population received a +considerable accession; a number of the English inhabitants came +with Governor Hobson and became settlers, and many from New +England were daily arriving, and upwards of 1000 more from the +old provinces had expressed themselves desirous of joining the +Settlement before winter. The Governor therefore gave orders to +all vessels in the Government service to give them a free passage. +The New England people soon formed the basis of the resident +population, and are the ancestors of many of the present inhabitants. +They were better settlers than the old discharged soldiers +and sailors who came on the fleet; most of whom died or left the +country during the first three or four years, leaving, however, the +most industrious and respectable among them as permanent settlers. +Many settlers and traders came out for the purpose of making +money; these people infested the Settlement in great numbers, and +gave Mr. Cornwallis and his successors much trouble and annoyance, +in demoralizing the people by the illicit sale of bad liquors, and +in other ways retarding the progress of the country.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">{17}</a></span> +A proposition was made about this time by a French merchant +from the West Indies to Governor Cornwallis to bring to Halifax +some Protestant families from Martinique with their effects, if he +would give them protection and grant them lands, and the Governor +was furnished with a list of their names, with what each of them +was worth, which approached in all nearly £50,000. This gentleman +proceeded to Louisburg to obtain for them a passport, and +proposed to have his people on before winter; but it does not +appear as far as any information on the subject can be gathered +from the public records that any of these French Protestants ever +arrived.</p> + +<p>The Government found it necessary to check the indiscriminate +sale of spirituous liquors by a license duty. On the 28th August +an ordinance passed for that purpose, and all such licensed houses +were to be closed at 9 p. m. under penalty. On the 31st August +the Governor and Council for the first time sat as a Court of Law. +This was named the General Court, all authority—legislative, +executive and judicial—being vested in the Board. They met on this +day for the trial of Abram Goodside, the Boatswain's mate of the +Beaufort, who stabbed and wounded two men. A grand jury was +summoned who found a bill of indictment; he was tried and found +guilty by a petit jury, and hanged under the Governor's warrant on +2nd September, 1749. On 31st August, another Court was held for +the trial of one Peter Cartal, for murder. The Acadian Deputies +having returned from the country, they were called before the +Governor and Council on September 6th, when they presented a +letter signed by 1000 inhabitants claiming to take only a qualified +Oath of Allegiance.</p> + +<p>On the 30th August, a sloop from Liverpool, Great Britain, with +116 settlers, arrived after a passage of nine weeks. They were, however, +all quite healthy, not one person being sick on board at the time +of their arrival. Two streets were then added to the Town and lots +assigned to these people. This was Forman's new division. We +have no names of these settlers or the name of the sloop.</p> + +<p>Information having reached the Government that the Indians of +Acadia and St. John's Island, designed to molest the settlement at +Halifax on the approach of winter,<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> it was deemed advisable to erect +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">{18}</a></span> +outworks for its defence; accordingly the troops and inhabitants +were immediately employed to construct a line of palisades around +the town in connection with square log forts which were to be placed +at convenient distances. A space of thirty feet was cleared without +the lines, and the trees thrown up by way of a barricade, which +constituted a complete defence against any attempt on the part of +the Indians. Those settlers who had built their houses without the +town had arms given them, and their dwellings being built of logs +were musket proof; also the Ordnance Artificers, those from New +England and such of the settlers as had been in the army, and such +others as could be trusted with arms within the town, also received +them, and an order was sent to Boston for a supply of lamps to +light the streets during the winter nights. Col. Goreham was sent +to the head of the Basin with his company of Rangers for the winter, +with an armed sloop to assist him, and every preparation possible +was made for the protection of the people during the ensuing winter.</p> + +<p>The Indians had appeared in the neighbourhood of the town for +several weeks, but intelligence had been received that they had commenced +hostilities, by the capture of twenty persons at Canso under +frivolous pretences, and of two vessels having been attacked by them +at Chignecto, when three English and seven Indians were killed. +In consequence of this information it was resolved in Council to +send a letter to M. Desherbiers, Governor of Louisburg, to recall +LeLoutre. On the last day of September they made an attack on the +sawmill at Dartmouth, then under the charge of Major Gilman. +Six of his men had been sent out to cut wood without arms. The +Indians laid in ambush, killed four and carried off one, and the +other escaped and gave the alarm, and a detachment of rangers was +sent after the savages, who having overtaken them, cut off the heads +of two Indians and scalped one.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p> + +<p>These proceedings compelled the government to take more active +measures, and orders were given to the commanding officers at the +out stations, to destroy the Indians wherever they met them, and +a premium of ten guineas was offered for every Indian killed or +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">{19}</a></span> +taken prisoner, this offer was in consequence of the large rewards +offered by the French to the Indians for English scalps. Orders +were given for raising two independent companies of rangers, one of +one hundred men by Major Gilman, who was sent to Piscataqua for +that purpose,<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> the other a company of volunteers by Captain Wm. +Clapham, who with Goreham's Indian Rangers, now returned from +their stations at the head of the Basin with a company of Philips' +Regiment, were to scour the whole country around the Bay. The +St. John Indians having kept the treaty, received from Governor +Cornwallis a present of 1000 bushels of corn, and an order was also +given to purchase at Minas 500 bushels of wheat, to be baked into +biscuit for the same purpose. Captain How was intrusted with +these and other presents, and was directed to bring back with him, if +possible, some of the tribe to go against the Mic-Macs. The +preparation necessary to the protection of the town against +French-Indian hostilities tended to expedite the progress of the +settlement; before the middle of October, about three hundred and +fifty houses had been completed, two of the square forts finished +and the barricade carried all around. A number of store houses +and barrack buildings for the accommodation of the troops had been +also erected and the Governor's residence completed. The Council +met there on the 14th October. About 30 of the French inhabitants +were employed on the Public Works, and in cutting a road from the +town to the Basin of Minas. A number of influential and +industrious families from New England and other places had +already become settlers, and Halifax Harbor was the resort of a +large number of fishing vessels.</p> + +<p>About this time a destructive epidemic made its appearance in the +town, and it is said nearly 1000 persons fell victims during the +autumn and the following winter. On the 14th day of October, the +Government found it necessary to publish an ordinance, commanding +all Justices of the Peace, upon the death of the settlers, to name +so many of the neighbourhood or quarter (not exceeding 12) to +which the deceased belonged, to attend at the burial and carry the +corpse to the grave, and whoever refused to attend without sufficient +reason should have his name struck off the Mess Book and Register +of Settlers as unworthy of His Majesty's bounty; again in +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">{20}</a></span> +December, another order was made commanding all householders to +report their dead to a clergyman within twenty-four hours.</p> + +<p>Owing to the frequent alarms of invasion from the Indians and +French stragglers during the winter, it was resolved in Council to +organize a militia force for the protection of the settlement, and on +the Sunday following the 6th day of December, after divine service, +all the male settlers, between the age of sixteen and sixty, were +assembled on the parade, and drawn up in the following order:—"Those +of Mr. Ewer's and Mr. Collier's divisions to face the harbor, +those of the quarters of Mr. Galland and Mr. Foreman to face the +Citadel, and those of Mr. Callendar's division at one end of the +parade." The proclamation bears date the 7th day of December, +1749. On the 16th, information arrived that a French force had +been dispatched overland from Canada, to attack Halifax, and that +the Indians were to co-operate with them, also, that two vessels +with six hundred men were in the Bay Verte under LeCorne, and +with ammunition and stores of all kinds for a winter expedition. +The people having been again assembled on the parade after divine +service, the proclamation was read and the settlers commanded to +fell all the trees around the town without the forts and barricades. +No attempt was, however, made upon the town, either by the Indians +or French during the winter. These hostilities were being carried +on by the Government of Canada, while the two Crowns were +nominally at peace, under pretence that the Treaty of Utrecht only +ceded to the Crown of Great Britain the peninsula of Nova Scotia +proper.</p> + +<p>The Governor deeming it expedient that some permanent system of +judicial proceedings to answer the immediate exigencies of the +Colony should be established, a committee of Council was accordingly +appointed to examine the various systems in force in the old +Colonies. On 13th December, Mr. Green reported that after a +careful investigation, the laws of Virginia were found to be most +applicable to the present situation of the province. The report was +adopted. It referred principally to the judicial proceedings in the +General Courts, the County Courts, and other tribunals.</p> + +<p>Before concluding this chapter, which comprehends all that can +be collected relative to the affairs of the settlement during the first +year of its existence, it will be proper to observe that in founding +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">{21}</a></span> +the City, the spiritual wants of the settlers were not lost sight of by +the British Government. Preparatory to the embarkation of the +settlers, a letter was addressed by the Lords of Trade and Plantations +to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign +Parts, dated Whitehall, April 6th, 1749, recommending to the +Society to appoint ministers and school-masters for the new +settlement at Chebucto, and for such other townships or settlements +as should from time to time be formed in Nova Scotia, and requesting +the Society to make some provisions for them until arrangements +should be made for their sufficient support, by grants of land, etc.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> +The Society resolved immediately to act on this recommendation, +and undertook to send six clergymen and six school-masters, when the +settlements should be formed. The first missionaries appointed +under this arrangement, were the Rev. William Tutty, of Emmanuel +College, Cambridge, and the Rev. Mr. Anwell, who both came out +with the settlers in June, 1749. Mr. Tutty officiated in the open +air until the necessary church accommodation could be obtained. On +laying out the town, a spot was assigned by Government for the +church. The site was first selected at the north end of the Grand +Parade, where Dalhousie College now stands, but it was changed +immediately after for the present site of St. Paul's Church, which +was erected at the expense of Government and ready for the reception +of the missionary, who preached his first sermon there on the +2nd day of September, 1750. The pews and inside finish were not +completed for several years after. The name of Mr. Tutty does not +appear among those of the settlers who came with Cornwallis. He +probably, however, accompanied him. Mr. Anwell came with the +expedition, but his name does not again appear; he died shortly +after his arrival. Mr. Tutty spoke German and administered the +Lord's Supper to the German settlers in their own language. The +other missionary, J. Baptiste Moreau, who came out as school-master, +and afterwards went to England for ordination, returned to the settlement +and went down to Maligash with the Germans, 1752. Mr. +Halstead was the school-master in charge of the Society's schools at +Halifax during the first two or three years.</p> + +<p>Governor Cornwallis in 1749, assigned the lot at the south-west +corner of Prince and Hollis streets for a Protestant Dissenting +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">{22}</a></span> +Meeting house. The old building known as Mather's, or as it was +afterwards called St. Matthew's Church (destroyed by fire in 1859,) +was soon after erected on this site. It was appropriated originally +to the Congregationalists, many of whom came from New England to +settle in Halifax. It was called Mather's Church after the celebrated +Cotton Mather, one of the leading divines of that denomination +at Boston, in early days. The Presbyterians, and all who did +not belong to the Established Church, attended divine service in this +building. The Rev. Mr. Cleveland, who came from one of the old +colonies, was the first minister who officiated in this building. It +afterwards fell into the hands of the Presbyterians and became the +property of the Church of Scotland, and the name of Mather's was +changed to that of St. Matthew. This old Church was destroyed +by fire, which consumed a large portion of the buildings in Hollis +Street, in 1859. The lot of ground on which it stood was afterwards +sold to Mr. Doull, who erected the fine stone store thereon, +now known as Doull and Miller's building.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> One Thomas Coram, whose name appears frequently in the history of the state of +Maine, is said to have suggested a scheme for building a town at Chebucto in 1718, and +applied to Government for a grant of land, but was prevented by the agents of the +Government of Massachusetts Bay, who supposed that such project might interfere +with their fishing privileges, and he was compelled to abandon his enterprise. This, +however, has not the weight of much authority.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Copies of several of Shirley's letters were furnished Governor Cornwallis on +leaving England, as part of his instructions.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Cornwallis was gazetted 9th May, 1749.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Smollet's History mentions 1,000 settlers with their families; this probably was +intended to include the Germans and other settlers who arrived between 1749 and 1753.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> But one death, a child, occurred during the voyage. This was attributed to the +care of the Board of Trade and Plantations in providing ventilators and air pipes for +the Transports, a new invention then lately introduced.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Governor Cornwallis in his letter to the Lords of Trade, dated Chebucto, 24th +July, 1749, says: "The number of settlers—men, women and children—is 1,400, but I beg +leave to observe to your Lordships that amongst them the number of industrious, +active men proper to undertake and carry on a new settlement, is very small. Of +soldiers there are only 100, of tradesmen, sailors and others able and willing to work, +not above 200." The rest he reports as idle and worthless, persons who embraced the +opportunity to get provisions for a year without labour, or sailors who only wanted a +passage to New England, and that many were sick and unfit for settlers, and many +without sufficient clothing. He describes a few Swiss who were among the settlers, +as "regular, honest and industrious men," and observes that there are "indeed, many +come over of the best sort, who, though they do not work themselves, are useful in +managing the rest." "I have," he says, "appointed two or three of them as overseers +of each ship's company."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> This messenger arrived on the fourth day, at Annapolis. "It is," says the Governor +in his letter, "25 leagues over to Minas, (now Horton), and the French have made a +path for driving their cattle over."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> The settlers who came out in the transport, afterwards sent to Louisburg, were +first landed on George's Island.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> The table around which this Council assembled is now in the small Council +Chamber in the Province Building.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> "From seeing the place only, one would be apt to choose Sandwich Point as the +best situation for a town, being very defensible and having the advantage of Sandwich +River, (now known as the North West Arm), navigable a great way. This was the +general opinion at first, and they began to clear there, the first day they worked, but +upon examination we found the strongest objections against it."—<i>Governor Cornwallis' +letter to Board of Trade.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> The streets are supposed to be 60 feet broad, but none of them are found to exceed +55 feet in width.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> The remnant of this formidable fleet which was destined for the destruction of the +British settlements of Acadia and New England, put into Chebucto Harbor in distress +in September, 1746. The troops it is said were encamped on the western side of the +Basin, near the small Cove about 4 miles from town, which still bears the name of the +French Landing. The Duke died of grief at the failure of the expedition, and the Vice +Admiral Destourville, ran himself through the body, and was buried on George's +Island. His remains, or what was supposed to be have been, were afterwards removed +to France by his family. Several of the ships of war were sunk on the eastern side of +the Basin. The hulls of these vessels were visible in calm weather about 50 years +ago, but they have long since disappeared. M. Jonquiare, afterwards Governor of +Canada, was also in this expedition.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> At this period when the settlement was confined to such narrow limits the brook +known to us as Fresh Water River, in the south suburbs, was considered to be at a +distance too far from the pickets to be of much value as a means of supply to the +settlers.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> This letter appeared in one of the British periodicals for October, 1749.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> This allotment book still remains entire in the office of the Provincial Secretary, +in Halifax. It was repaired in 1869 by the Record Commission, and a fac-simile copy +made for use and the original placed out of the reach of injury.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Note.</span>—These Indians are described in a letter from one of the Settlers, to +England, dated 19th August, as quite different from the Indians of the peninsula, their +faces all rubbed over with vermillion and across their nose and forehead are regularly +drawn black lines. Their ears are bored full of holes and adorned with tobacco pipes +and ribbons of different colours; their clothes are of the light homespun grey but intolerably +ragged. The French supply them with those articles. Their squaws or women +dress equally as gay as the men. They are entire drunkards, and never cease drinking +spirituous liquors as long as they can get it. They came on board to the Governor in +great form. After the treaty was ratified they received presents and went on board the +man-of-war, where they solaced themselves with singing and dancing. As to the songs +it is one continued bellowing and noise. Upon their coming off, the man-of-war gave +them a salute of 17 guns, as likewise they did on going aboard. They expressed a great +deal of satisfaction at the honors done them; so they were discharged and sent in one +of Colonel Goreham's sloops to St. John River with presents to the rest of their tribe.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Governor Cornwallis' letter to Secretary of State.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> This affair is mentioned in a letter from a gentleman in Halifax to Boston, dated +October 2nd, as follows: "About seven o'clock on Saturday morning before, as several +of Major Gilman's workmen with one soldier, unarmed, were hewing sticks of timber +about 200 yards from his house and mills on the east side of the harbour, they were surprised +by about 40 Indians, who first fired two shots and then a volley upon them +which filled four, two of whom they scalped, and cut off the heads of the others, the +fifth is missing and is supposed to have been carried off."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> These men were supplied with hatchets and snow shoes for winter warfare.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> A copy of this letter will be found in the <a href="#APPENDICES">appendix</a>.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">{23}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2> + +<p>The winter of 1749-50, as has been before mentioned, was spent +in continual apprehension of Indian and French invasion, and in +preparations to receive the enemy. On the 7th January, 1750, a +number of the inhabitants petitioned that Martial Law should be +declared, but the Governor and Council did not consider the danger +so great or imminent as to make it necessary. However, stringent +regulations with regard to the militia were enacted, and an ordinance +was issued compelling all settlers able to bear arms between 16 and +60, to be formed into 10 companies of 70 men each,<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> and a guard +of — officers and 30 men to assemble every evening near the parade +to keep guard until sunrise, and all militia men called upon to labour +at the fortifications, were to be allowed 1s. per day. Labourers +were constantly employed in raising a barricade and continuing it to +the water side, and block houses were erected between the forts.</p> + +<p>During the winter intelligence frequently arrived from Minas, +Pisiquid, and the eastern shore, of attacks being made by the Indians +upon stragglers, and several young Acadians were brought from +Minas to Halifax for trial, having been found in arms with the +Indians. A large reward was offered for the apprehension of +LeLoutre, the Indian missionary, and also £10 sterling for every +Indian scalp or Indian prisoner. Capt. Sylvanus Cobb, an active +and bold sea captain from Massachusetts, was taken into Government +employ, and sent to Chignecto with his armed sloop for the +purpose of surprising LeLoutre and his gang, and afterwards to +search the harbors along the coast for Indians, and bring with him +all he captured as prisoners to Halifax. Troops under Capt. Bartilo +and others were sent into the interior and other active proceedings +taken by the Governor and Council during the months of January +and February for the peace of the province. A courier having been +stopped at Cobequid, Priest Gourard and the French Deputies, +were all brought to Halifax, by Capt. Bartilo, for examination +before the Governor and Council; Gourard was detained at Government +House until the courier returned, but the deputies were +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">{24}</a></span> +dismissed. He disclosed the fact to the Council that the Mic-Mac +Indians of Nova Scotia went every year to Quebec, to receive +clothing from the French Government, and that LeCorn had made +the French of Acadia take the Oath of Allegiance to the French +King. Gourard on this occasion took the Oath of Allegiance to the +Crown of Great Britain, and thereupon received a licence to officiate +as Priest to the Acadians, and promised not to leave the province +without special leave from the Governor.</p> + +<p>Among the municipal regulations this winter, was an ordinance +that all persons found breaking the liquor license law, should be +put one hour in the public stocks, and for the second offence receive +twenty lashes. These severe regulations were found to be absolutely +necessary, in consequence of the demoralized state of the settlement +from settlers and others who infested the town and who were not +settlers.</p> + +<p>On the 2nd February, 1750, an ordinance was passed in Council, +prohibiting the recovery of any debt contracted in England or elsewhere +prior to the establishment of the settlement or to the debtor's +arrival in Halifax, in any Court of Law within the province, except +for goods imported into the Colonies. There appears to have been +some difference of opinion at the Board on the subject; the Council +divided, and the ordinance was carried by a small majority.</p> + +<p>It was proposed in Council about this time, to build a quay along +the shore in front of the town, but several merchants—Mr. Saul, +Mr. Joshua Mauger and others, having applied for water lots, and +liberty to build wharves on the beach, the subject was referred to +Mr. Morris the surveyor, and Mr. Bruce the engineer. They +thought the quay was a work of time and required means from +England. Licences to build wharves were therefore granted, with a +reservation of the right of the Crown in case the quay should be +resolved on or the frontage required for government purposes. This +scheme was afterwards abandoned by Government, and the licences +remained unrepealed. At this period the line of the shore was so +irregular, as in some places to afford only a footpath between the +base line of the lots, which now form the upper side of Water Street +and high water mark;<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> at the Market the tide flowed up nearly to +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">{25}</a></span> +where the [old] City Court House stood, forming a cove, the outlet +of a brook which came down north of George Street. Near the +Ordnance Yard another cove made in, and this part of the shore +was low and swampy many years after the batteries were built.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p> + +<p>The winter passed without any attack on the settlement, and the +people were all quite healthy. The number of settlers was daily +augmented by almost every vessel which arrived from New England +and elsewhere; every thing required was provided for them, that +they should be tolerably comfortable before the cold weather set in. +The winter was very fine, very few extreme bad days, no heavy +snow storms, the navigation never stopped in the slightest degree. +More fine days and fewer bad ones (says the Governor) than I ever +saw in winter. Spring opened early with fine warm days and thaw, +and the fishing schooners began early in March to go upon the +Bank.<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> The snow lay all the winter, from the middle of January; +it was, however, only three feet deep in the woods. The healthy +condition of the settlers may be inferred from there never being +more than 25 in the hospital ship at any one time.</p> + +<p>By the 19th March, a place had been erected for a public +Hospital, and a school building commenced for the orphan children. +The French from the interior engaged freely for money to square +timber for the erection of the blockhouses, and preparations were in +progress for the completion of the Church.</p> + +<p>A meeting of the Governor and Council took place on 19th April, +when the French Deputies again appeared with a petition to be +permitted to sell their lands and leave the country. The names of +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">{26}</a></span> +these deputies were Jaques Teriot from Grand Pre, Francois +Granger from River de Canard, Battiste Galerne and Jean André.</p> + +<p>Mr. Cornwallis was continually embarrassed by letters from the +Board of Trade, finding fault with the expenses incurred in planting +the settlement. £40,000 had been voted by Parliament, and £36,000 +of excess had been demanded as a further vote; this could +not be considered so great an expenditure under all the circumstances, +as it included the pay and equipment of two regiments of +infantry. In his replies, he says, "Not a pound shall be expended +by me unnecessarily, but without money you could have had no +town, no settlement, and indeed no settlers. 'Tis very certain that +the public money cleared the ground, built the town, secured it, +kept both soldiers and settlers from starving with cold, and has +brought down above 1000 settlers from the other Colonies. Lots +in Halifax are now worth 50 guineas. If there was no public +money circulating, lots would be given for a gallon of rum. The +money is laid out in building forts, barracks, store houses, +hospitals, churches, wharves, etc., public works all that seem +absolutely necessary. According to your Lordship's directions, I +have discharged the two Government Apothecaries and shall discharge +some of the Surgeons' Mates that may be spared. As for +the saw mill, we never had one board from it—it has been a constant +plague from the beginning. Thirty men have been constantly kept +there ever since the affair of the Indians. Gilman has behaved so +ill I shall have to discharge him from all service. I have laid in a +quantity of lumber in the King's yard this spring at a reasonable +price. For want of stock I have been sometimes obliged to pay +£5 per M. The settlers have paid £6. I have got them lately at +£3 10s., £3 and £2 15s. No new boards are given to settlers."</p> + +<p>The salaries to the public officers of Cornwallis' Government +appear exceedingly small in comparison with the arduous duties +which devolved upon them in organizing the settlement. His Aides-de-Camp, +Capt. Bulkely and Mr. Gates,<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> had no allowance except +some trifling commission on the issue of molasses and spirits.</p> + +<p>In June, 1750, the Governor and Council assigned as a site the +spot on which the [old] City Court House stands, for a market +for black cattle, sheep, etc., and made market regulations. In +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">{27}</a></span> +July, the settlers were ordered to clear the streets in front of their +respective lots to the centre. They had begun to clear George's +Island and to erect block-houses. Seven 32-pounders had been +mounted upon it, and a palisade carried all around the works. The +frame of the Church, which had been brought from Boston, was +erected and was being covered in, the estimated cost of finishing +the edifice being £1000 sterling. The temporary barricades were +removed, and the palisades carried completely round the town. +30,000 bricks had been manufactured in the neighbourhood and +found very good. The meeting house for Dissenters had not yet +been commenced. The town was increasing every day in settlers +and the number of its houses, but no improvement of the lands in +the neighbourhood had been made beyond a few small gardens. +The fishery was prosperous and produced 25,000 quintals the first +year.</p> + +<p>In the month of August, 1750, three hundred and fifty-three +settlers arrived in the ship Alderney; and in September following, +three hundred German Protestants, from the Palatinate, in the ship +Ann. The Governor and Council were embarrassed in providing +for their support, and found it necessary to enter into pecuniary +arrangements with the merchants of the town, who at this early +period had formed themselves into an association for the benefit of +trade. Those who came in the ship Alderney, were sent to the +opposite side of the harbour, and commenced the town of Dartmouth, +which was laid out in the autumn of that year. In December +following, the first ferry was established, and John Connor +appointed ferryman by order in Council.</p> + +<p>In the spring of the following year the Indians surprised Dartmouth +at night, scalped a number of settlers and carried off +several prisoners. The inhabitants, fearing an attack, had cut +down the spruce trees around their settlement, which, instead of a +protection, as was intended, served as a cover for the enemy. +Captain Clapham and his company of Rangers were stationed on +Block-house hill, and it is said remained within his block-house +firing from the loop-holes, during the whole affair. The Indians +were said to have destroyed several dwellings, sparing neither +women nor children. The light of the torches and the discharge of +musketry alarmed the inhabitants of Halifax, some of whom put off<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">{28}</a></span> +to their assistance, but did not arrive in any force till after the +Indians had retired. The night was calm, and the cries of the +settlers, and whoop of the Indians were distinctly heard on the +western side of the harbour. On the following morning, several +bodies were brought over—the Indians having carried off the +scalps.<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> Mr. Pyke, father of the late John George Pyke, Esq., +many years police magistrate of Halifax, lost his life on this +occasion. Those who fled to the woods were all taken prisoners but +one. A court martial was called on the 14th May, to inquire into +the conduct of the different commanding officers, both commissioned +and non-commissioned, in permitting the village to be plundered +when there were about 60 men posted there for its protection.</p> + +<p>There was a guard house and small military post at Dartmouth +from the first settlement, and a gun mounted on the point near the +saw mill (in the cove) in 1749. One or two transports, which had +been housed over during winter and store ships were anchored in the +cove, under the cover of this gun, and the ice kept broke around them +to prevent the approach of the Indians. The attempt to plant a +settlement at Dartmouth, does not appear to have been at first very +successful. Governor Hobson in his letter to the Board of Trade, +dated 1st October, 1753, says, "At Dartmouth there is a small town +well picketed in, and a detachment of troops to protect it, but there are +not above five families residing in it, as there is no trade or fishing +to maintain any inhabitants, and they apprehend danger from the +Indians in cultivating any land on the outer side of the pickets."</p> + +<p>There is no record of any concerted attack having been made by +the Indians or French on the town of Halifax. Many stragglers +were cut off during the first years of the settlement, particularly +along the western side of the Basin, where the best firewood was to +be obtained. It was at length found necessary to send out an +armed body when fuel or lumber was required. The enemy usually +retired before a regular organized force. The Ranger companies +under Goreham and Bartelo, were most efficient for this purpose; +they were usually recruited in New England, where men for that +service were more readily found.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">{29}</a></span> +The German settlers who came in the ship Ann, were employed +in the public works at 2s. per day, besides a supply of beer and +other liquors to each. It was decided that all settlers who came in +the previous year, should cease to draw provisions after the 15th +September, 1750. This order was afterwards repealed on 29th, and it +was determined that all settlers already in the town or who should +come before 1st December, should be entitled to one year's provisions +from the time of their names being entered on the victualling +book.<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p> + +<p>It was the intention of Government that the Germans should be +sent into the interior of the province; but they having arrived so late +in the season, and the want of a sufficient supply of provisions then +in store to sustain them through the winter rendered it impossible, +and they were retained in the town. They were very sickly, many +of them old and unfit for settlers, and their passages not being paid, +and there being no person to purchase them, they were employed on +the public works to work out their passage money.</p> + +<p>About this period a gloom was cast over the settlement by the +news of the murder of the Hon. Edward How, one of the Council at +Chignecto. "Captain How was employed on the expedition to +Chignecto as knowing the country well and being acquainted both +with the Indians and the inhabitants, and furthermore he knew +personally their leaders, LeCorne and LeLoutre. His whole +aim and study was to obtain a peace with the Indians, and +get the English prisoners out of their hands, for which purpose he +often had conferences with the French officers under a flag of +truce. LeCorne one day sent a flag of truce by a French officer +to the water side, a small river which parts his people from the +British troops. Capt. How and the officers held a parley for some +time across the river. How had no sooner taken leave of the +officers than a party that lay in ambush fired a volley at him and +shot him through the heart, an instance of treacherous brutality +not to be paralleled in history, and a violation of a flag of truce, +which had ever been held sacred, and without which all faith is at +an end, and all transactions with an enemy."—[Cornwallis' letter +27th November.]</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">{30}</a></span> +The spring of 1751 the five acre lots on the Peninsula were laid +out; the people engaged in clearing the land. The uncertainty from +surprise by Indians, however, much retarded the work; a large space, +however, was cleared around the town before winter set in.</p> + +<p>Another vessel having arrived on the 10th June, with German +Palatine settlers, they were directed to be employed at Dartmouth in +picketing in the back of the town. In July, the arrival of 200 more +was reported, and they were ordered to be placed at the head of the +N. W. Arm and mouth of the Basin; and those who owed work for +their passage, were directed to picket in their stations. Monsieur +Dupacquir, who had engaged to bring out 300 Swiss, brought but +twenty this year, but more were expected in the following spring.</p> + +<p>Ninth July, a proclamation issued to forfeit all lots of the town +settlers who only put up slight frames of houses, unless they +immediately proceeded to board them in and finish them as +dwellings.</p> + +<p>On the 18th June, Jas. Stephens and Wm. Harris were hanged for +house-breaking; this was the second public execution which took +place in the town.</p> + +<p>William Piggot had a license granted him to open a coffee house +on the 8th April the same year.</p> + +<p>In January of this year the Council passed a series of regulations +for the General Court and County Courts, and ordered them to be +published by the Provost Marshal by reading the same after the +beat of drum through the settlement, and on the first day of the +next sitting of the General Court and County Courts.</p> + +<p>The only matters further recorded worthy of notice during the +year 1751, was the dismissal of Mr. Otis Little, the Commissary of +Stores, for remissness in his office, and the resolution of the +Governor and Council to pay a draft for £882, sent from Quebec, +for the ransom of English prisoners taken by the Indians and +carried to Canada. It appeared that Lt. Hamilton and upwards of +sixty officers, soldiers and settlers had fallen into the hands of the +savages, and Priest LeLoutre had agreed to ransom them for the sum +above mentioned.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">{31}</a></span> +It may here be mentioned that several batteries have already been +erected on George's Island,<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> and expensive earth works had been +thrown up.</p> + +<p>Towards the close of the year Mr. Joshua Mauger, a gentleman +from England, who came out at the commencement of the settlement +to trade and distil rum for the soldiers, was charged by government +with having attempted to make Halifax the repository for Louisburg +merchandize, brought up secretly and to be carrying on an illicit +traffic, he being at the time agent victualler to Government. +Governor Cornwallis, upon information, caused Mr. Mauger's stores +to be searched for contraband articles brought from Louisburg. +Much discussion ensued, and the settlement was for some time +thrown into commotion, by what Mr. Mauger called in his letter to +England, the high-handed proceedings of the Governor.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> The Artificers formed one company by themselves, and the whole militia amounted +to about 840 men. The Officers behaved well, but, says the Governor in his dispatch, "I +cannot say so of the men."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> According to the original plan of the Town published in October, 1749, a space +appears to have been reserved between the line of the lots and the shore, but no Water +Street was laid out—the upper side of the present Bedford Row being the western limit. +There were five forts, having each four quadrangular blockhouses, with a barrack in +the centre; these were connected by wooden palisades or pickets.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> A number of licences to erect wharves and buildings along the beach had been +granted by Government to individuals engaged in trade and the fishery, before the idea +of a general Government breastwork had been abandoned. These titles continued to be +held good; a number of wharf proprietors, however, obtained conformation grants from +time to time as they required water extension. Mr. Charles Morris, the Surveyor-General, +who had the sole management of the land office, in his reports to the Government, +advised small spaces to be reserved on both sides in making these conformation +grants as well as in subsequent water grants in fee, which have been found of much +inconvenience to trade, and a drawback on the progress of the City. No reservation of +water was originally made at the foot of the cross streets or hills. At the close of the +last and the commencement of the present century, when conformation or extension +water grants were asked for, he marked on his plans narrow strips or reservations on +the sides of many of these water grants, which for there being in many instances +inaccessible, have since proved of no value to the public and a great injury to the +proprietors of water property.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Cornwallis' letter of 19th March.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> This was the well-known Horatio Gates, afterwards a Revolutionary General.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> The Governor in his letter to England mentions 4 men killed, 6 soldiers prisoners +who were not upon guard, and our people killed 3 Indians, and had they done their duty +well, might have killed many more.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> See victualling list in the <a href="#APPENDICES">appendix</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> This Island is called in the old French maps Isle Racket or the Snow Shoe Island, +being in the shape of a snow shoe.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">{32}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2> + +<p>In January, 1752, Mr. Collier, who had been acting as Chief +Justice, and Captain Frotheringham, were called to the Council in +place of Mr. Salisbury and Col. Horseman, who had returned to +England. On 3rd February, a public ferry was established between +Halifax and Dartmouth and John Connors appointed ferryman for +three years, with the exclusive privilege, and ferry regulations were +also established. At the same sitting of the Council, an order was +passed for the recording of deeds and mortgages, making all papers +unrecorded void against those which had been registered. Col. +Horseman's stone building was purchased for a prison in place of +that before used.</p> + +<p>April 29th, Charles Morris, James Monk, John Duport, Robert +Ewer, Joseph Scott, John Wm. Hoffeman and Leonard Christopher +Redolf were appointed Justices of the Peace. It was resolved in +Council at their sitting on 12th June, that a lottery should be held +for building a Light House near Cape Sambro, to raise £450. +One thousand tickets at £3 each. Prizes from one of £500 to £7 +the lowest. Two hundred prizes, in all amounting to £3000, 15 per +cent. to be deducted from the prizes, to be drawn publicly in the +Town House at Halifax, under the direction of managers to be +appointed by Government.</p> + +<p>The winter of 1751-2 had been severe, but the harbour had not +been frozen or at all impeded by ice, and the spring opened early, +and preparations for prosecuting the fishery were soon in active +operation.</p> + +<p>The Government mills at Dartmouth, under charge of Captain +Clapham, were sold at auction in June. They were purchased by +Major Gilman for £310.</p> + +<p>16th July—An order passed to strike off the victualling lists all +the German and Swiss settlers, who had arrived in the Speedwell.</p> + +<p>In the spring of 1752, a number of settlers arrived in the Nancy, +under the charge of Lt. Young. About the same time the Marquis +DeConte, a Sicilian nobleman, and a number of other foreign +settlers, came to Halifax from the island of Tercera, one of the +Azores, and settled in the town.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">{33}</a></span> +Governor Cornwallis having obtained permission to resign the +Government, the Hon. Peregrine T. Hopson, was appointed his +successor, and was sworn into office before the Council on Monday, +3rd August. Mr. Cornwallis, however, did not leave the province +until after the 10th of October, as he appears to have attended the +Council held on that day.<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p> + +<p>In September, 1752, John Baptist Cope, commonly called Major +Cope, a Mic-Mac chief, head of the Shubenacadie Indians, came in +with terms of peace, which were agreed to. This bears date the 15th +September, in that year. Immediately after this document was +signed, Cope left town in a vessel, having requested Capt. W. +Piggot should be sent to Indian Harbour, to meet the Indians there, +to ratify the Treaty. Mr. Piggot was accordingly dispatched, and +brought up with him two or three Indians, who appeared before the +Council, after which they were sent back to Beaver Harbour, under +the conduct of Mr. Piggot, with blankets, provisions, etc. The +terms of the Treaty were agreed to and confirmed in Council, and +the whole was engrossed on parchment and ratified on 22nd +November, 1752. The names of the Indian delegates on this +occasion were, Andrew Hodley Martin, Gabriel Martin and Francis +Jeremiah. Mr. Saul received directions to issue provisions, according +to the allowance of the troops for six months, for 90 Indians, +that being the number of the tribe under Cope, occupying the +eastern part of the province.</p> + +<p>This treaty does not appear to have been respected by the Indian +Chief, who we find, not more that eight months after its ratification, +refusing to respect the pass of Governor Hopson to one Anthony +Cartel, who had been captured by the Indians, in one of the harbours +eastward of Halifax, and carried through the country to Shubenacadie, +the head-quarters of Major Cope, from whom he was +ransomed by a French inhabitant. It would appear that the terms +of amity, entered into by Cope and his men with the Government at +Halifax, had been in some manner without the sanction of Abbe +LeLoutre, who, when Anthony Cartel was brought before Count<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">{34}</a></span> +Raymond at Louisburg, was present, and as Cartel expresses it, +inveighed bitterly against Governor Cornwallis, and said if he +wanted peace he ought to have written to him, and not to have +treated with the tribe of Indians. That he, Cartel, might depart, +having been ransomed, but that the first Englishman he caught +should be retained until he, LeLoutre, had full satisfaction for himself +and his Indians.</p> + +<p>In April following, two men named John Connor and James +Grace, arrived at Halifax in an Indian canoe, bringing with them +six Indian scalps. They informed the Council that they and two +others, having put into a place between Tor Bay and Country +Harbour, in a schooner, were captured by the Indians, and carried +ten miles into the country, where their two companions were +murdered; that they had surprised the Indians at night, killed +several, whose scalps they secured, and having escaped to the +seaside, seized a canoe, and made their way to Halifax. Along the +coast, both east and west from Halifax, Indian massacres had been +frequent. Those persons engaged in the fishery, who were compelled +to land for wood and water, were chiefly the sufferers.</p> + +<p>Much had been said and written in Europe at the time, relative to +the aggressions of the French, during the suspension of hostilities +between the two nations. The Indians, from their religion and +trading intercourse, more favourable to the French in Canada and +Acadia, were made use of to harass the British settlers, who +(though the two nations were then at peace) were looked upon with +a jealous eye by the resident French population. A French writer, +(I refer to a little work, now a scarce book, published during the +second siege of Louisburg), states that the English neglected to +cultivate an acquaintance with the manners and customs of the +Indians, and it was therefore not surprising at the time, that they +should show less affection towards them than towards the French, +who had great regard to their humours and inclinations.</p> + +<p>"So strong is their aversion to despotic power," says the author, +"that force will never do; they will yield to nothing but persuasion. +Though they know nothing of precepts or subordination, yet they +enjoy almost every advantage derived from well-regulated authority. +Their laws and customs appear impressed on their hearts. In order +to gain an ascendancy over them, you must gain their esteem, for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">{35}</a></span> +they never confide in a person whom they do not value, and this +esteem is very difficult to obtain."</p> + +<p>The savages were exasperated against the English by a speech +delivered by Count Raymond, at a meeting of the chiefs, in which, to +suit his own purposes, he depicted the most frightful cruelties perpetrated +by the English.</p> + +<p>During the Indian hostilities, opposition on the part of the +Colonists was altogether of a defensive nature. The regular troops, +as well as the undisciplined militia, proving unfit for such warfare, +it was found necessary to employ the New England Rangers. These +were volunteers from the New England provinces, accustomed to +Indian warfare, many of them Indians and half-bloods. They +ascended the rivers, penetrated into the heart of the province, and +attacked the enemy in their strongholds. The Indians finding they +were opposed by men equally accustomed to the forest with themselves, +soon found it their interest to make peace with the British.<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></p> + +<p>In 1758, it was found necessary to procure the services of 250 of +these Rangers from New England, by promises of high pay and +other advantages. Long accustomed to the border war with the +Indians and French of Canada, they had become well disciplined, +and accustomed to hardships and fatigue, and were perhaps at this +time superior to all other provincial troops in America. The +Provincials were troops raised in the Colonies at the expense of the +Provincial Government, and were distinct from the Rangers, who +were independent companies paid by the British Government. They +served at Havannah, at Louisburg in the first siege under Pepperell, +and with Wolfe at Louisburg and Quebec, and afterwards served to +form the groundwork of Washington's army in 1775.</p> + +<p>After the fall of Fort William Henry in 1758, it was said that the +Marquis de Montcalm sent a number of prisoners taken at that +place, in a vessel to Halifax. They were Provincial soldiers, +chiefly from the New England provinces. This was said to have +been an attempt to introduce the small pox into Halifax, many of the +men being ill of the disorder on their embarkation. Providence, +however, frustrated this benevolent design. The prisoners being +kept on low diet, half starved, and exposed to the cold, soon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">{36}</a></span> +recovered, while the French in charge of the vessel, having indulged +in the use of wine and strong fare, were thrown down with the +disease, and nearly all perished. The vessel was brought into port +by the prisoners.<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p> + +<p>In the spring of 1751, nine hundred and fifty-eight Protestant +German settlers arrived, and in the following year 1000 more.<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> +The latter were from Montbeliard, of the Confession of Augsburgh, +and were placed under the spiritual charge of the Rev. J. B. +Moreau. They had been induced to emigrate by promises from +King George II, which it is said were never realized. Considerable +difficulty appears to have been experienced by the Government in +providing a suitable situation for settling so large a number of +persons. The original design with regard to the foreign Protestants +was to place them in the interior of the country, on the lands +unoccupied by the French Acadians, it being supposed that their +proximity to and intercourse with the French, would be the means +of lessening the bad feeling which had been fostered by emissaries +from Canada. The project was unfavorably received by the +Acadians. There were, however, other difficulties in the way of its +accomplishment, of a particular nature, which compelled the Government +to abandon the object. The want of sufficient provisions to +maintain so many settlers through the winter, the lateness of the +season, and the helplessness of a large portion of the Germans, who +were unfit for labour, induced the Government to place them in the +neighbourhood of Halifax. It was at first proposed in Council to +send them to the opposite side of the harbour over against George's +Island, and Captain Morris was sent to survey the grounds. The +mouth of Musquodoboit River was also suggested, and a survey of +that part of the country ordered, but the distance from Halifax and +the danger of the Indians, rendered the scheme impracticable. "All +I could do," says the Governor, "was to build boarded barracks +for them. They must be sustained by Government until they are +capable of raising something of their own; most of them are poor +and wretched, and have scarce a farthing of money among them."</p> + +<p>These people had been collected together by a Mr. Dick, the +Government agent for that purpose. He had persuaded these who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">{37}</a></span> +came out this year to sell everything they possessed even to their +bedding, before going on board; and they stated that owing to the +want of bedding and other conveniences, many of them died on the +passage and since their arrival. Many of these people are represented +as very old, and as objects fitter to be kept in almshouses, +several of them above 80 years of age. The Governor in his letter +to the Board of Trade, says, "On the 26th September last, when +the last of these settlers were landed, there were 30 of them who +could not stir off the beach, and among the children there were 8 +orphans, who in twelve days increased to 14 by the death of their +parents. These had to be removed to the public orphan house, and +had the best care taken of them." Many of these settlers became +discontented with their condition, and went off to the Island of St. +John, where they endeavoured to settle themselves. The difficulty +of procuring provisions was very great. The Government appears +to have been altogether dependent on the contracts of Althorp and +Hancock of Boston, and Delaney and Watts of New York, for the +necessary supplies for the settlement.</p> + +<p>In June, 1753, about 1500 of these German settlers embarked +for Malagash Harbour, west of Mahone Bay, where they afterwards +built the town of Lunenburg. They were accompanied by a +company of Rangers under Major Goreham. The expedition was +placed under the command of Col. Charles Lawrence. There were +also some regular troops, under Major Patrick Sutherland, who took +a very active part in planting the settlement. Lieutenant John +Creighton, of Warburton's Regiment, also accompanied the German +settlers, and also the Rev. J. H. Moreau, who officiated as their +minister.</p> + +<p>The Lunenburg settlers were placed under similar regulations +with those at Halifax, and received Government allowance for +several years after their arrival at Malagash.</p> + +<p>After the removal of the Germans from Halifax to Lunenburg, +there were but 15 German families left in the north suburbs. Not +knowing any English, they formed themselves into a separate +congregation for religious worship, and built themselves a small +house upon the German burial ground on Brunswick street, in which +they had prayers every Sunday. In 1760, a steeple was built on +this house, and the next year the Rev. Dr. Breynton, Rector of St.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">{38}</a></span> +Paul's, preached there for the first time, and it was on that occasion +dedicated by the name of St. George's Church. The congregation +followed the English Church rules of doctrine and appointed their +Elders and Vestry. This old building still remains in its primitive +state, the only monument now remaining of the old German settlement, +called Dutchtown.</p> + +<p>In October, 1752, Mr. Cotterall was appointed to the Council, +and John Duport sworn in Clerk of the Council. An order in +Council and proclamation appeared on the 14th of November, +forbidding persons from assembling or carrying about effigies on the +anniversary of the holiday, called Gunpowder Treason, being the +16th of November, according to the alteration of the style.</p> + +<p>At the Council held on the 22nd December, 1752, the Justices +were ordered to look out for a proper place for a bridewell or workhouse, +and to form a plan for the building of a block-house for that +purpose, and to obtain an estimate of the probable expense, and to +report rules and regulations for the government of the same. The +Constables were to go about the streets on Sundays to prevent +disorders, and to make a report to the Justices in the evening after +divine service, and to apprehend disorderly persons during the +night. Proprietors of land were obliged to fence their quota; on +failure, to be liable to an action for the recovery of the charges for +fencing the same.</p> + +<p>All proprietors of land upon the peninsula of Halifax were +directed to clear half their lots by 1st May, 1753, to clear the +remainder and fence the whole by 1st May, 1754, otherwise the lots +would be forfeited and be disposed of to others who would improve +them. And an order was made for permission to John Connors, to +assign the Dartmouth Ferry to Henry Wynne and William +Manthorne.</p> + +<p>Among the local events recorded this year, was a robbery in one +of the King's storehouses, which was broken open on the night of +the 26th October. There was also a cartel published by Governor +Hopson, for the exchange of prisoners with the French Government +in Canada.</p> + +<p>The most important circumstance of the year, however, was a +charge against the Justices of the Inferior Court of Common Pleas, +sent in to the Council by a number of the most influential inhabitants,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">{39}</a></span> +charging them with partiality, and praying for a public +hearing. This document was presented to the Council in December, +and was signed by Joshua Mauger, Joseph Rundel, Isaac Knott, John +Grant, Francis Martin, Edward Crawley, Richard Catherwood, +Robert Campbell, William Nesbitt, John Webb, William McGee, +Sebastian Zouberbuhler, Samuel Sellon and Isaac Deschamps. +These charges came on for hearing before the Council on 3rd +January following; they consisted of ten distinct charges against +Charles Morris, James Monk, John Duport, Robert Ewer and +William Bourn, Esquires, Justices of the Inferior Court of Common +Pleas, for the Town and County of Halifax, and were signed by the +following inhabitants:</p> + +<ul> +<li>Joshua Mauger,</li> +<li>S. Zouberbuhler,</li> +<li>Samuel Sellon,</li> +<li>Edward Buckleton,</li> +<li>James Porter,</li> +<li>Daniel Wood,</li> +<li>Jonathan Gifford,</li> +<li>William Schwartz,</li> +<li>Edward Crawley,</li> +<li>William Jeffray,</li> +<li>Vere Rous,</li> +<li>Francis Martin,</li> +<li>John Brooks,</li> +<li>Henry Wilkinson,</li> +<li>William Nesbitt,</li> +<li>John Woodin,</li> +<li>James Ford,</li> +<li>George Featherstone,</li> +<li>Thos. Mattison,</li> +<li>Joseph Antony,</li> +<li>Alex. Kedy,</li> +<li>James Fullon,</li> +<li>William Murray,</li> +<li>Louis Triquet,</li> +<li>William Clapham,</li> +<li>John Webb,</li> +<li>Robert Catherwood,</li> +<li>John Walker,</li> +<li>Geo. Peter DeBreg,</li> +<li>Richard Hollis,</li> +<li>Henry Sibley,</li> +<li>Edward O'Brien,</li> +<li>Henry O'Brien,</li> +<li>Thos. Wynne,</li> +<li>John Grant,</li> +<li>William Vanselson,</li> +<li>Cheyne Brownjohn,</li> +<li>Richard Tritton,</li> +<li>Edward Lukey,</li> +<li>Cyrus Jannin,</li> +<li>John Willis,</li> +<li>Roger Hill,</li> +<li>Js. Deschamps,</li> +<li>Robert Grant,</li> +<li>William McGee,</li> +<li>Joseph Rundel.</li> +</ul> + +<p>This affair arose from a dispute which occurred between the +Government and Captain Ephraim Cook, who had been discharged<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">{40}</a></span> +from the Commission of the Peace by Governor Cornwallis for bad +behaviour, and appears to have been the result of party feeling.</p> + +<p>It resulted in additional numbers being added to the bench of +Magistrates, and the Governor and Council availed themselves of +this affair to urge upon the Government the necessity of having a +Chief Justice.</p> + +<p>The necessity of a properly organized Militia force being kept up, +had become apparent, in consequence of the continual threats of +hostility on the part of the Indians and native French; it was therefore +resolved on 22 March, 1753, that a Militia should be raised +and established for the security of the Province, and a proclamation +was accordingly issued, compelling all persons (except foreigners, +who were to be placed elsewhere) between the ages of 16 and 60, to +serve in the Militia.</p> + +<p>On the first day of June, another proclamation was issued for a +muster of the Militia. Those of the south suburbs to assemble +within the pickets opposite the end of Barrington Street, near +Horseman's Fort. Those of the north suburbs, between the Grenadier +Fort and Lutteral's Fort, and those of the town on the +esplanade, near the Citadel Hill.</p> + +<p>On the 12th of April, 1753, Glaude Gisigash, an Indian who +styled himself Governor of LaHave, appeared before the Council, +and having declared his intention of making peace, terms of amity +were drawn up and signed by the Governor and the Indian Chief, on +the part of himself and his people. The terms were the same as +those made with Major Cope, and it was arranged that some of his +tribe should come up and ratify the treaty.</p> + +<p>Governor Hopson went home on leave in the autumn of 1753, and +the government was administered by Col. Lawrence. In one of his +last letters to the Board of Trade, in reference to the disturbed state +of the country, Governor Hopson says, "Your Lordships may +imagine how disagreeable it is to me to see His Majesty's rights +encroached upon, and those encroachments openly avowed and +supported by the Governors of Canada and Louisburg, when it is +not in my power to prevent it. I have barely a sufficient force to +protect the settlers from the insults of an Indian war, under +pretence of which the French take all opportunity to commit +hostilities upon His Majesty's subjects. I am informed that the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">{41}</a></span> +French have often been mixed among them in the expeditions, +and am convinced past doubt that they are fed and protected from +our pursuit, and are encouraged to disturb us as openly and in as +great a degree as in time of war."</p> + +<p>There were three still houses in Halifax in 1753. Mr. Best the +master mason, and Mr. Clewley the master carpenter, having been +ordered to inspect them. The return was as follows:</p> + +<ul> +<li>Mr. Richard Bowers, 2 stills in Granville Street.</li> +<li>Wm. Murray, 1 still in Grafton Street, reported not safe.</li> +<li>Jonathan Gifford, 1 still in Barrington Street.</li> +</ul> + +<p>October 16th, Mr. John Greenwood presented a petition to the +Council, stating that he had paid passage for 12 men, 1 woman and +2 children, foreign settlers, with the Governor's leave. They +engaged to serve him for a year, but having been removed to +Lunenburg by the Governor's orders, he lost their services; he was +allowed £79 5s., the labour of 12 men for 96 days.</p> + +<p>Governor Hopson took leave of the Council on 26th October, and +received an address on his departure. He sailed for England on the +2nd November following.</p> + +<p>On the 16th November, two Indians appeared before the Council, +who had been sent from Lunenburg by Col. Sutherland. They stated +they were of the tribe of Cape Sable Indians, which consisted of +about 60 people with two chiefs; that Baptiste Thomas, one of +their priests, was one of their chiefs, and the other Francis Jean de +Perisse was not a chief, but deputed by the other chief. They +stated that they had never joined with the other Indians to molest +the English; that on the contrary they had always exhibited a +friendly spirit, in consequence of which they had never received any +assistance from the French. The Council gave them 2000 pounds +of bread, 3 barrels of pork, 20 blankets, 30 pounds powder, some +shot, tobacco and other articles, also two gold-laced hats for their +chiefs, and one silver-laced for the deputy.</p> + +<p>The close of this year was occupied by the Governor and Council, +in investigation of the riots which occurred at Lunenburg, known as +the Hoffman Rebellion. It was found necessary to send Col. +Monkton with a body of regular troops to suppress the riots. Mr. +Hoffman, the supposed ringleader, was brought to Halifax and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">{42}</a></span> +imprisoned on George's Island. He was afterwards tried and +sentenced to a fine of £100 or two years imprisonment.</p> + +<p>It may be proper to advert to the religious condition of the settlement +at this period. The greater portion of the inhabitants were +at this time of the Church of England. The Protestant Germans had +nearly all united themselves to that Church, and sought missionaries +from the S. P. G. Society.</p> + +<p>The Rev. John Breynton succeeded Mr. Tutty in St. Paul's. In +1752, he reported that half of the population had professed themselves +members of the Church, and that the actual communicants +were between 500 and 600.</p> + +<p>Mr. Breynton established an Orphan House, and the Orphan +School was under his superintendence. In 1753, fifty poor children +were diligently instructed. Ralph Sharrock was the school-master. +In 1753, the Rev. Thomas Wood from the Province of New Jersey, +was appointed to assist Mr. Breynton, and he remained jointly in +charge with Mr. Breynton until 1763, when he was removed to +Annapolis.</p> + +<p>It may here be observed, that on the establishment of Representative +Government at Halifax, in 1758, among the first acts of +the Assembly, was that for the support of Religious Worship, which +contained a clause for the free toleration of all Protestant dissenters, +whether Lutherans, Calvinists, etc., completely exempting them +from all charges for the support of the Established Church. By +this act, the right of the parishioners of St. Paul's and all future +parishes, to present their own minister to the ordinary for induction +was declared, and immediately after its publication, the parishioners +of the parish of St. Paul's, in the Town of Halifax, presented the +Reverend John Breynton and the Reverend Thomas Wood as joint +Rectors, or "Rector and Vicar," as they were called, to the +Governor, who immediately went through the form of induction, a +ceremony thought necessary in order to entitle them to privileges of +incumbents. The record of this fact will be found in the correspondence +of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel at that +period.</p> + +<p>During the winter of 1753-4, there had been no disturbance from +the Indians, and the Government availed themselves of the opportunity +of sending out proper persons to make a survey of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">{43}</a></span> +country around. The winter was mild and the frost not so severe +as usual or of so long continuance. The valley of the Shubenacadie +had been examined, but it was not found available for +settlement, being the principal resort of the Indians under Cope. +The Township of Lawrencetown including Chezzetcook, had also +been undertaken, and further grants of land in that quarter of the +country were sought for in the following spring.</p> + +<p>The desertion of many of the lower orders of the German settlers +at Lunenburg is mentioned; they appear to have gone over to the +French. Governor Lawrence in his letter to the Board of Trade, +August 1st, 1754, speaking of the French, says, "They have not +for a long time brought anything to our markets, but on the other +hand have carried everything to the French and Indians."</p> + +<p>At this time the land was being cleared for the Battery at the east +side of the harbour, the site probably of the present eastern battery. +A fort was also in progress of erection at Lawrencetown when the +settlement was progressing, not having been disturbed by the +Indians. This settlement had been formed by Governor Lawrence +in consequence of the good meadow lands at the head of the +harbour, and he granted the township to 20 proprietors and built a +blockhouse for their protection. But the undertaking was not +prosperous, and finally failed to answer the object intended, owing +to its exposed situation and the distance from Halifax.</p> + +<p>The arrival of the Vulture, sloop-of-war, Capt. Kenzey, from the +Bay of Fundy, produced much excitement in the Town; she brought +several prisoners charged with murder, who were lodged in jail to +take their trial before the General Court.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></p> + +<p>Benjamin Street, Samuel Thornton and John Pastree, were placed +on their trial for the murder of one of the midshipmen and a sailor +of the Vulcan. It appeared on the trial that a schooner, of which +the parties charged were part of the crew, commanded by one +Hovey, belonging to Boston or some part of New England, was +found trading in the Bay of Fundy and supplying the French with +provisions, etc. Capt. Kenzey sent a boat aboard Hovey's shallop, +under the idea that he had contraband goods on board. The crew +refused to allow the man-of-war boat to come alongside, and fired<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">{44}</a></span> +into her, killing Mr. Jolly and wounding several others. Hovey, +the master, appears to have gone below and hid himself during the +whole affair. He was discovered in his berth by the officer in command +of the man-of-war boat, after the sloop had been captured. +This affair occurred in July, 1754, and the trial took place before +the Chief Justice in Michaelmas Term of that year. This was the +first sitting at which Chief Justice Belcher presided. The three +prisoners were acquitted of the murder, but it would appear they +were found guilty of the minor offence, as they were sentenced to +six months imprisonment, and afterwards placed on board a man-of-war +(1755). Joseph Hovey, the master, was discharged, the +grand jury refusing to find a bill of indictment against him.</p> + +<p>The following appointments were made by the grand jury in +Michaelmas Term, 1754: Gaugers of Casks, Paul Pritchard and +Lewis Piers; Surveyors of Pickled Fish, Henry Ferguson and Daniel +Hills; Cullers of Dry Fish, Charles King and E. Gerrott; Cullers +of Hoops and Staves, Dennis Heffernan and Benoni Bartlett; +Surveyors of Lumber, etc., Joseph Scott and Joseph Marshall; +Surveyors of Cordwood, Samuel McClure, Josiah Milliken and +Joseph Wakefield.</p> + +<p>On Monday 14th October, 1754, Jonathan Belcher, Esq., was +sworn in Chief Justice. The Court then adjourned to the Court +House, where His Majesty's Commission was read, appointing Lt. +Governor Lawrence, Governor General of the province. Mr. +Belcher's appointment bears date in July. At the commencement +of Michaelmas Term, the following ceremonies and procession were +observed, the first of the kind ever seen in Nova Scotia. On the +first day of Michaelmas Term, the Chief Justice walked from the +Governor's house honoured by the presence of His Excellency +Charles Lawrence, Esq., Lieutenant Governor, and accompanied by +the Honourable the Members of H. M. Council, proceeded by the +Provost Marshal, the Judge's tipstaff, and other civil officers, the +gentlemen of the Bar attending in their gowns, and walking in +procession to the long room at Pontach's, where an elegant breakfast +was provided, where the Chief Justice in his scarlet robes, was +received and complimented in the politest manner, by a great +number of gentlemen and ladies, and officers of the Army. Breakfast +being over, they proceeded with the commission before them, to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">{45}</a></span> +church, where an excellent sermon was preached by the Rev. Mr. +Breynton, from these words: "I am one of them that are peaceable +and faithful in Israel." A suitable anthem was sung, after which +they proceeded to the Court House, which upon this occasion was +very handsomely fitted up, where the Chief Justice being seated +with his Excellency the Lieutenant Governor on his right hand +under a canopy, the clerk of the Crown presented His Majesty's +commission to the Chief Justice, appointing him to be Chief Justice +within the province, which being returned, and proclamation for +silence being made, the same was read, and directions were given +by the Chief Justice for the conduct of the practitioners, and the +Grand Jury appearing in Court upon the return of the precept, were +sworn and charged by the Chief Justice, and the business of the day +being finished, the Court adjourned. His Honor the Chief Justice, +accompanied and attended as before, returned to the Governor's +house. A few days after Mr. Chief Justice Belcher, the Provost +Marshal, the gentlemen of the Bar, and other officers of H. M. +Supreme Court, and the gentlemen of the grand jury, waited on his +Excellency the Lieutenant Governor, when the Chief Justice, in his +robes of office, addressed his Excellency in the name of the whole, +as follows:</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,—We esteem it our indispensable duty to testify our zeal, +as Chief Justice, provost marshal, grand jurors, practitioners and +officers of H. M. Supreme Court of judicature, for the interest of +this province, and the protection of its laws, our attachment to your +person, and our respect and gratitude for your eminent services, +by expressing our joy in His Majesty appointing you to the chief +command of this his dominion of Nova Scotia. We shall ever +consider it as essential to our fidelity in the execution of the laws, +to exert our most vigilant endeavors for the ease and success of +your administrations, and not only to suppress any measures +subversive of your consultations for the public good, but at all +times affectuate the means prescribed by you for the prosperity of +the province. Our solicitude for the advancement of justice +under the laws, cannot be more fervently expressed, than by the +tender of our ardent wishes for your being and happy continuance +in the chief chair of this Government."</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">{46}</a></span> +To which his Excellency the Lieutenant Governor was pleased to +make the following answer:</p> + +<p>"Mr. Chief Justice and gentlemen of the Supreme Court and +grand jury:</p> + +<p>"I have the highest sense of this testimony of your zeal for the +public welfare and your esteem for me. I should be much +wanting in my duty if I did not embrace this opportunity of returning +my thanks for the late pious, learned and eloquent charge from +the Bench, and I doubt not, gentlemen, but your vigilance and +fidelity in the service of your country will have its desired effect.</p> + +<p>"While I have the power to sit in the chair, be assured the +authority of Government shall be ready to support the law, for +the law, gentlemen, is the firm and solid basis of civil society, the +guardian of liberty, the protection of the innocent, the terror of +the guilty, and the scourge of the wicked.</p> + +<p class="ralign smcap">"Charles Lawrence."</p> + +<p>Governor Lawrence in his letter of 12th January, 1755, says, "I +am now preparing to build three batteries of 10 guns each in front +of the town, and contemplate finishing them in good time. These +batteries were erected along the line of the shore. The middle or +King's battery stood where the Queen's wharf now is, there was +another at the present Ordnance Yard, another near the site of +Fairbanks wharf, and a fourth at the present Lumber Yard, which +latter still remains."</p> + +<p>The batteries along the front of the town were completed during +the summer of 1755, and a plan of them sent to England in June of +that year. They were twelve feet in height above high water mark, +two hundred and forty feet in length, and sixty-five in breadth. +The parapet raised on these was seven feet high, and the materials +consisted of logs and timber framed and filled up with gravel, +stones, earth and sand. The material consisted of 9500 logs of 25 +feet, 1280 tons of square timber and 25,000 tons weight of gravel +and earth, the whole expense about £5,300. The work was commenced +in January, 1755, and completed late in the summer. 20 +guns were mounted on these three batteries in July of that year—the +other batteries were afterwards added.</p> + +<p>An attempt was made this year to involve the Government in a +dispute with the Indian tribes. Paul Laurant, an Indian Chief of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">{47}</a></span> +Mic-Mac tribe, appeared before the Council on 12th February, 1755, +and informed them that he and another Indian Chief named +Algamud, had set out from Beausejour for Halifax in order to treat +of peace, but that the Chief had fallen sick at Cobequid and had +intrusted him with the proposals. They demanded the whole +eastern section of the Province, from Cobequid to Canso, to be set +apart for them as feeding and hunting grounds. Being asked what +security he could give that the Indians would keep the peace, he said +he could say nothing to that, being only desired to bring in the +terms. The Council dismissed him with a promise of an answer in +writing. An answer in writing was drawn up and signed by the +Governor on 13th February, 1755, which expressed a willingness on +the part of the Governor and Council to allow them such lands as +would be sufficient for their purposes. It mentioned the perfidious +breaches of all former treaties on the part of the Indians, and where +their conduct was complained of that the Tribes themselves had +disallowed all authority on the part of their Chiefs to make such +treaties, and that the Governor and Council demanded a full attendance +of Chiefs before them, with full power to treat, before any +further proceedings could be taken.</p> + +<p>On the 3rd and 4th July, the Council was engaged with the +French Deputies, again on 14th, 15th and 28th same month.</p> + +<p>The defence of the settlement was the next subject of deliberation +and the protection from the incursions of the French along the +Bay of Fundy and from Louisburg, both nations being at the time +arrayed against each other in open warfare.</p> + +<p>On the 18th February, 1755, Mrs. Green, wife of Hon. Benj. +Green, and her family, Captain Horatio Gates and Mrs. Gates, with +Captain Hale and their servants and baggage, were received on +board Captain Rogers' sloop for Boston. Captain Gates had been +one of the Aides-de-Camp of Governor Cornwallis, he was afterwards +a General in the American Revolutionary Army.<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></p> + +<p>The loss of the Mars, a 70 gun ship, occurred off the harbour in +May, 1755. It was in an easterly gale and supposed to be the fault +of the pilot. Guns and crew were all saved. The Mars rock at +the western entrance of the bay marks the spot. The guns and +stores were brought to Halifax. Admiral Holborn's letter announcing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">{48}</a></span> +the loss of the ship bears date the 28th May, off Halifax +Harbour.</p> + +<p>30th December, 1755, Montague Wilmot and Charles Morris, +having been appointed to the Council, were sworn in. The other +members were John Collier, Mr. Cotterell, Robert Monkton and +Captain Rous.</p> + +<p>A number of French prizes, taken by the fleet under Admiral +Boscawen, were this summer brought into Halifax. There were in +these 19,998 gallons of rum and brandy.</p> + +<p>A Mr. Ellis had for several years held the office of Governor of +Nova Scotia, and received the emoluments, but never came out. Lt. +Governor Lawrence received the appointment of Governor-in-Chief +on the resignation of Mr. Ellis, and Colonel Monkton became Lt. +Governor; their commissions were read and they sworn into office +on 23rd July, this year.</p> + +<p>The following census of the town appears to have been taken +about 1755 or 1756:—</p> + +<table class="no-b" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="0" summary=""> +<tr><td>Masters of families paying poor tax</td> <td align="right">256</td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td>Male children between 12 and 21 years of age</td> <td align="right">182</td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td>Male children under 12</td> <td align="right">291</td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td>Transient persons who pay no taxes</td> <td align="right">108</td><td></td></tr> + +<tr><td></td><td class="total"></td> <td align="right">837</td></tr> + +<tr><td>Married women</td> <td align="right">241</td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td>Girls unmarried above 12 years old</td> <td align="right">261</td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td>Girls under 12 years of age</td> <td align="right">345</td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td>Women servants</td> <td align="right">71</td><td></td></tr> + +<tr><td></td><td class="total"></td><td align="right">918</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td></td><td align="right" class="total">1755</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>The only other event of this year worthy of notice was the +following melancholy affair detailed in Col. Sutherland's letter from +Lunenburg, dated 12th September. "Yesterday," he says, "I +received the melancholy account of Mr. Payzant's house being burned +in Mahone Bay, and that he himself and other people who were with +him, were killed by the Indians. I immediately sent out an officer +and party, which returned this morning, by whom I am informed +that on Payzant's Island the house is burned, he with another young<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">{49}</a></span> +man killed and scalped, a woman servant and child also killed and +scalped near the water side. His wife and four children missing. +The young man was son to a family which lived on Captain Rous's +Island. As his hands were tied the gentlemen immediately conjectured +some further mischief was done there, and on their arrival +they found the man thereto belonging, likewise scalped. It appears +that Captain Rous's is the most advanced settlement, that they +first came there and took the boy to conduct them to Payzant's." +Mr. Payzant came to this country with a strong recommendation +from Mr. Pownall, secretary to the Board of Trade. The death of +James Payzant, Esquire, a clerk in the office of the Secretary of +State, of the age of 100 years is announced in the London Gazette +for 1757. This was probably the father of the gentleman who came +out to Halifax, to whom Mr. Secretary Pownall's recommendation +referred.</p> + +<p>1756. January 26th, the term of Henry Wynne and William +Manthorn's licences of the Dartmouth and Halifax ferry having +expired, John Rock petitioned and obtained the same on the terms +of his predecessors.</p> + +<p>On the 30th June, 1757, Lord Loudon arrived at Halifax with +the troops from New York, destined for the invasion of Cape +Breton.</p> + +<p>Saturday, 16th July, 1757, His Excellency acquainted the Council +that the Earl of Loudon had this day represented to him that a +fever had broken out among the troops, under His Lordship's +command, occasioned by the great quantities of rum that were sold to +the soldiers by unlicensed retailers, and if continued must prove of +fatal consequences to the service; and unless steps were immediately +taken to effectually stop the same, he would feel himself justified in +ordering all liquors found in the possession of such unlicensed +retailers to be destroyed. The Council empowered the Provost +Marshal and his deputies to enter such houses, seize the liquors and +place them in the King's store until the army and navy departed.</p> + +<p>On the 1st November, 1757, the grand jury of the County of +Halifax petitioned the Governor and Council on behalf of the +inhabitants of the town, that the town should be put into some state +of defence "for the preservation of the place, the inhabitants, their +families and effects." They stated that the property, etc., was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">{50}</a></span> +insecure from the want of proper defences; that the people were +willing to assist in the work, and intimated that if their prayer +could not be heard, humbly beg that they "may immediately know +it in order to take the first opportunity of convoying themselves, +their families and effects, to a place of safety in some of the neighbouring +Colonies." A previous petition had been presented to +the Governor, to which no answer had been returned. The names +attached to the petition were, Robert Saunderson, Joseph Rundell, +John Anderson, Paul Pritchard, Hugh McCoy, Joseph Fairbanks, +William Schwartz, Robert Campbell, William Pantree, John Killick, +John Brooks, Henry Wilkinson, Walter Manning, John Slayter, +Richard Catherwood, Joseph Pierce, Alexander Cunningham, +Richard Tritson, Jonathan Gifford and Benjamin Leigh.</p> + +<p>The boundaries of the Township of Halifax were settled by order +in Council 20th May, 1758, as follows: That until said township +can be more particularly described, the limit thereof shall be deemed +to be as follows:</p> + +<p>To comprehend all the lands lying southerly of a line extending +from the westernmost head of Bedford Basin, across the northerly +head of St. Margaret's Bay, with all the Islands near to said land, +together with the Islands called Cornwallis Island,<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> Webb's and +Rous' Island.<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></p> + +<p>Minutes of Council 21st June, 1758: Mr. Josiah Marshall +proposed to build a workhouse, 50 feet long, 20 feet wide and 8 +feet high, in the town. The timber to be laid close, with a roof +double boarded and shingled; to have 4 windows on each side, each +window to have nine panes of glass and three iron grates; to have a +staircase in the entry and a whipping post. The building to be +placed on a good dry wall. Mr. Marshall's tender for £200 sterling, +finding materials and labour, was accepted.</p> + +<p>To Charles Morris, Joshua Mauger and Charles Proctor, +Esquires. "Whereas, it has been thought proper to convert to the +use of the public, a piece of land called Goreham's Point and the +lands next ajacent, lying in the north suburbs of Halifax, +formerly allotted to sundry persons, who have cleared and +improved the same and erected some buildings upon them; they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">{51}</a></span> +were directed to value the lands and proportion each owner's +extent therein, and report to His Excellency. Dec. 9th, 1758."</p> + +<p>This is the site of the Commissioners' House in the present +Dockyard.</p> + +<p>December 9th, 1758. Peter Marquis de Conte and Gravina, +convicted for intent to commit rape on a child under the age of ten +years, was sentenced by the Court to walk between the hours of 11 +and 12 this day from the north to the south side of the Parade, and +from thence to the jail with a paper placed on his breast with his +crime inscribed thereon, and to be confined for three months and +fined thirty pounds; to remain in jail till the same be paid. +Governor Lawrence remitted the first part of this sentence. The +Marquis de Conte was a Sicilian nobleman; he had been an officer in +Goreham's Rangers.</p> + +<p>December 29th, 1758. It appears by an advertisement of this +date, that Governor Lawrence had wells sunk and pumps erected as +reservoirs against fires, and that they had been damaged by some +unknown person. His Excellency caused them to be put in repair.</p> + +<p>Governor Lawrence, in his letter to the Board of Trade, 3rd +November, 1759, mentions that the masonry of Sambro Light House +had been some time finished, and that the lantern was then in +progress of erection. That a chart of the harbour was also in +progress, as also proper directions for piloting in ships with safety. +Copies of these directions were enclosed in his letter.</p> + +<p>It appears that in the year 1758, the Governor appropriated out +of the old crown duty money for the Light House £1,000, for the +Work House £500, for the Church £400, and for the Meeting +House £100.</p> + +<table class="no-b" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="0" summary=""> +<tr><td>Again in 1760, for the Light House</td> <td align="right">£987</td> +<td align="right">5s.</td><td align="right">5d.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">452</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">635</td><td align="right">6</td><td align="right">8</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="right" class="total">£2075</td><td align="right" class="total">2s.</td><td align="right" class="total">11d.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>For the Work House £5,456, for the Church £350 18s. 6d., +Meeting House £174 0s. 4d., Jail £208 11s. 9d.</p> + +<p>Captain Rous was placed in charge of the Light House, a post +which he occupied for many years. This was not Captain John +Rous, the member of Council, but a relative of his from New +England.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">{52}</a></span> +21st December, 1758. The Governor and Council appropriated +the sum of £400, raised by duties on liquors, towards the church in +Halifax, under the direction of Benjamin Green, John Collier, +Charles Morris, Robert Saunderson and Henry Newton, commissioners +for that purpose.</p> + +<p class="center">[Extract of letter from Louisburg, June 9th.]</p> + +<p>"Admiral Saunders, with the squadron under his command, +arrived in good condition on the 21st April off Louisburg, but on +account of ice blockading the harbour, was obliged to bear away +on the 26th for Halifax, whence he arrived on the first of May."</p> + +<p>June 16th, 1759. Peter Marquis de Conte and Gravini, was +released from his imprisonment, he having paid his fine. This +gentleman died at Halifax. His will is recorded in the probate +office.</p> + +<p>Thursday 16th August, 1759, William Cotteral, Robert Grant and +Montague Wilmot, Esquires, Councillors, being absent from the +Province, the Governor appointed Richard Bulkeley, Thomas Saul +and Joseph Gerrish, who were this day sworn in and took their +seats.</p> + +<p>February, 1760, two Indian Chiefs attended the Council, and +were presented with laced blankets, laced hats, etc. They were +informed that the same would be sent to the Chief of the St. John's +Indians, and that the treaty of peace would be ready to be signed +to-morrow, and if the wind was favourable they should embark on +Sunday.</p> + +<p>In Council 11th March, 1760, the Governor appointed the Hon. +Jonathan Belcher, Benjamin Green, John Collier, Charles Morris, +Richard Bulkeley, Thomas Saul and Joseph Gerrish, Esquires, and +William Nesbitt, John Duport, Joseph Scott, John Creighton, +Sebastian Zouberbuhler, Edward Crawley, Charles Proctor and +Benjamin Gerrish, Esquires, to be justices of the peace for the town +and county of Halifax. Charles Morris, John Duport, Joseph +Scott, Joseph Gerrish and Edward Crawley, Esquires, to be justices +of the Inferior Court of Common Pleas for the county of Halifax, +to the several of whom His Excellency then administered the oath +requisite.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> On September 29th, 1752, the first fire regulations were published at Halifax, +among which are found the following: Two or three Magistrates may order a house to +be pulled down or blown up to stop a fire, the owner to be indemnified by the house +owners of the Town. The fire wards to be appointed by the Justices of the Peace, each +to carry a red staff 6 feet long, with a bright brass spear 6 inches long on it; and other +regulations. This custom is still kept up in the City, or was until very lately.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Governor Cornwallis reduced the Rangers. He thought Goreham very incompetent +to command them.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> This story was related by the late Titus Smith, who received it from his father.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> The names of the settlers who arrived after June and July, 1749, are not to be +found among the records of the country.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Mr. Nisbett was Attorney General at the time. He had been acting in that office +since the Spring of 1752.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> See <a href="#Horatio_Gates">Biographical note</a> in the last Chapter.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Now McNab's.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> Now known as Lawlor's and Devil's Islands.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">{53}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2> + +<p>Notwithstanding the advantages held out by Government to the +settlers at Halifax, and the repeated large grants of money by +Parliament, the people were rapidly removing to the old Colonies. +Little progress had been made in clearing the country. The fishery, +one of the main inducements of the settlement, was almost altogether +neglected, and the population was reduced to much less than +half its original number. They subsisted chiefly on the money +expended by the Army and Navy, and were dependent on Boston +for their provisions and many other necessary supplies.</p> + +<p>In 1755, Dr. Breynton, the minister at St. Paul's, estimated the +inhabitants of Halifax at 1,300, eight hundred of whom professed +themselves members of the Church of England; and again in 1763, +eight years later, according to the Doctor's returns to the Propagation +Society, the number was still found not to exceed one thousand +and three hundred souls; nine hundred and fifty of them being of +the Church of England, and three hundred and fifty Protestant +Dissenters and Roman Catholics.</p> + +<p>Up to the year 1757, the enormous sum of £560,000 sterling had +been expended on the settlements, and though in some respects the +Colony had been considered a failure, yet in a military point of view +it was of incalculable importance to Great Britain, and to its +position as a naval and military depot may be ascribed in a great +measure the downfall of the French power in America.</p> + +<p>On 30th June, 1757, Lord Loudon with his transports and 12,000 +regulars and provincials arrived at Halifax, and on July following, +Admiral Holborn arrived with his fleet. This armament, which +was destined for an attack on Louisburg, left Halifax early in +August, but having proved a failure the fleet returned to England in +September, but Loudon returned with his army to New York; they +both left Halifax on the same day, 16th August. Holborn arrived +at Louisburg on 20th, where finding the French fleet superior to his +own, he continued to cruise off Louisburg harbour until 24th +September, when he encountered a severe gale of wind which +scattered his fleet, several ships were lost, eight sail got safe to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">{54}</a></span> +Portsmouth, and the rest got to New York. This powerful +armament consisted of 13 sail of the line—the Newark 80 guns, +Invincible 74, Grafton 68, Terrible 74, Northumberland 68, +Captain 68, Bedford 64, Orford 68, Nassau 64, Sunderland 64, +Defiance 64, Tilbury 64, Kingston 60, Windsor 54, and the +Sutherland 50, with several others which afterwards joined them, +and 16 smaller vessels of war. The naval forces amounted 10,000 +men, and the land forces to 12,000, six thousand of whom were +provincial troops. Loudon left three regiments at Halifax, and +several of the vessels remained to winter here.</p> + +<p>In May of this year the Governor and Council offered a bounty +for sowing land with grass on the peninsula of Halifax, also for +the erection of stone fences around the lots, and for raising grain +and potatoes.</p> + +<p>Loudon was succeeded in the supreme command by Abercrombie, +another incompetent—a debilitated old man who remained in command +for a short time. He was succeeded by Sir Jeffrey Amherst.</p> + +<p>In the following spring about 12,000 troops arrived at Halifax, +under the command of General Amherst. They were soon followed +by Admiral Boscawen from England with a large fleet consisting of +23 ships of the line and 18 frigates. This great fleet arrived in +Halifax harbour in May, 1758, accompanied by 120 transports. +The land forces amounted to 12,260 men. On Sunday, 28th May, +they set sail from Halifax, 157 vessels in all. They were met by +General Amherst, with part of the force, as they went out of the +harbour. Governor Lawrence accompanied the army and took +command of one of the Brigades, Colonel Monkton being left in +command during his absence.</p> + +<p>After the siege, which was protracted for two months, part of the +fleet and army returned to Halifax, and some of the vessels +remained to refit. The colony was sacked for provisions and the +town turned into a camp for the troops. A number of the +provincial soldiers and others, having enriched themselves with the +spoils at Louisburg, became settlers in the town. All the ammunition +and stores, with a quantity of private property, were removed +to Halifax, and the town once again began to assume a prosperous +appearance.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">{55}</a></span> +This year was also memorable as the one in which Representative +Government was established in Nova Scotia. The subject +of calling a Legislative Assembly had undergone much discussion. +It had been represented by the Governor and Council, to the +authorities in England, that such a step at that particular time +would be fraught with much danger to the peace of the colony. +Chief Justice Belcher, however, having given his opinion that the +Governor and Council possessed no authority to levy taxes, and +their opinion being confirmed in England, it was resolved in Council +on 3rd January, 1757, that a representative system should be +established and that twelve members should be elected by the +province at large, until it could be conveniently divided into +counties, and that the township of Halifax should send four +members, Lunenburg two, Dartmouth one, Lawrencetown one, +Annapolis Royal one, and Cumberland one, making in all twenty +two members, and the necessary regulations were also made for +carrying into effect the object intended.</p> + +<p>Much discontent prevailed in the town, and also in other parts of +the province, in consequence of the opposition of Governor +Lawrence to the calling of a Representative Assembly. Hitherto +the Government had been carried on solely by the Governor and +Council, who possessed both Legislative and Executive authority. +Under the Royal instructions the Governor was directed to call a +Representative Assembly as soon as the circumstances of the +country would permit, but the Governor was of opinion that it +would be injudicious to proceed to a popular election until the +country was better prepared for it. After repeated remonstrances +from the people of Halifax and some pressure from his Council, +it was on the 7th January resolved in Council that an assembly +should be called, and a plan was drawn up and submitted to the +Board of Trade for the sanction of the home government. We find, +however, that in February following it was resolved by the inhabitants +of Halifax to petition the Crown against the conduct of +Governor Lawrence, not only as regards his unwillingness to +establish a representative government, but his oppressive and +overbearing conduct in other respects to many of the leading +inhabitants. This petition was entrusted to one Ferdinando Paris, +a gentleman in London, accompanied by affidavits and a power of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">{56}</a></span> +attorney, conferring on him authority to represent the subscribers +before the Privy Council and the Board of Trade and Plantations. +A subscription was set on foot, and about £120 sterling subscribed, +to meet the expenses of the application to Government. These +documents were certified by Chief Justice Belcher as authentic, on +14th March. As these proceedings bear date in February, 1757, it +is probable that the resolution of the Council of the 7th January +had not been made known. The petition and power were signed by +the following residents of the town who reputed themselves as a +committee appointed by the people for the purpose of forwarding +their views: Robert Saunderson, William Pantree, Malachi Salter, +Jonathan Binney, Otto Wm. Schwartz, Robert Campbell, Henry +Ferguson and John Grant. These papers were also accompanied by +a copy of an address from the people of Halifax to Lt. Governor +Robert Monkton, praying that certain sums of money, collected as +rum duties, etc., might be expended on the fortifications of the town +as a protection to the inhabitants, and offering to contribute both +labour and money for the purpose. It also complains of the +"miserable management of those who have had the direction of the +defences." This petition bears date 19th October, in the same +year. The language of one of the letters addressed to Mr. Paris, +the request on the subject of the Halifax grievances and the overbearing +military rule of Governor Lawrence, bespeak much +excitement to have existed in the town on the subject. The feeling +appears to have prevailed principally among the leading inhabitants. +We find that the list above referred to was signed by Mr. Binney, +Mr. Salter, Mr. Pantree, Mr. Schwartz, Dr. Grant, Mr. Saunderson, +Mr. Fairbanks, Mr. Robt. Campbell, Mr. Butler, Mr. Suckling, +Mr. Vanput, Mr. G. Gerrish, Mr. Gibbon, Mr. Wiswell, Mr. Mason, +and many others.</p> + +<p>On the first of November following, the Grand Jury of Halifax +petitioned Governor Lawrence that some immediate steps may be +taken to fortify the town so that the inhabitants might be placed in +a more secure position in case of invasion. They refer to a petition +presented to Lt. Governor Monkton on the same subject, to which +no reply had been made, and concluded by asking that they might +know without further delay what they were to expect; that if no +further security is to be provided for the settlement they may have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">{57}</a></span> +an opportunity of conveying themselves, their families and effects to +a place of greater safety in some of the neighbouring Colonies. +The names of the Grand Jury were Robert Saunderson, Joseph +Rundell, John Anderson, Paul Pritchard, Hugh McKay, Joseph +Fairbanks, William Schwartz, Robert Campbell, William Pantree, +John Killick, John Brooks, Henry Wilkinson, Walter Manning, +John Slayter, Richard Catherwood, Joseph Pierce, Alexander +Cunningham, Richard Tritton, Jonathan Gifford and Benjamin +Leigh.</p> + +<p>On Monday, the 2nd of October, 1758, the newly elected members +met in the Court House in Halifax, pursuant to summons from the +Provost Marshall; their names were as follows:</p> + +<table class="left no-b" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="0" summary=""> +<tr><td>Joseph Gerrish,</td><td class="vcenter" rowspan="6">Esquires.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Robert Saunderson,</td></tr> +<tr><td>Henry Newton,</td></tr> +<tr><td>William Foy,</td></tr> +<tr><td>William Nesbitt,</td></tr> +<tr><td>Joseph Rundell.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td>William Best,</td><td class="vcenter" rowspan="12">Gentlemen.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Alexr. Kedie,</td></tr> +<tr><td>Jonathan Binney,</td></tr> +<tr><td>Henry Ferguson,</td></tr> +<tr><td>George Suckling,</td></tr> +<tr><td>Robert Campbell,</td></tr> +<tr><td>Willm. Pantree,</td></tr> +<tr><td>Joseph Fairbanks,</td></tr> +<tr><td>Philip Hammond,</td></tr> +<tr><td>John Fillis,</td></tr> +<tr><td>Lambert Folkers,</td></tr> +<tr><td>Philip Knout.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>They sent Messrs. Nesbitt, Newton and Rundell, to wait on the +Governor, who sent Messrs. Morris and Green from the Council to +swear them in. They then chose Robert Saunderson their speaker, +which was confirmed by the Governor, who addressed them as +follows: "Gentlemen of the Council and House of Representatives: +His Majesty having been most graciously pleased by his +royal instructions to his Governors of this Province to direct the +calling an assembly of the freeholders to act in conjunction with his +Governor and Council as the Legislative Authority, when such a +measure should be found essential to his service; I am to assure +you that it is with particular pleasure I now meet you convened in +that capacity, in consequence of a plan some time since formed here +for that purpose, with the advice and assistance of His Majesty's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">{58}</a></span> +Council, and by me transmitted to the Lord Commissioner for +Trade and Plantations to be laid before His Majesty for his +approbation.</p> + +<p>"Gentlemen of the House of Representatives:</p> + +<p>"I entertain the most sanguine hopes that you are come together +unanimously disposed to promote the service of the Crown, or in +other words, the real welfare and prosperity of the people whom +you have the honour to represent, in every point to the utmost of +your authority and capacity.</p> + +<p>"This, I presume, you will conceive is justly to be expected, not +only from the immediate regard due to the Civil Rights and +Interests of your constituents, but likewise from the unspeakable +obligations you are under to demonstrate in their behalf your +dutiful sense of His Majesty's paternal concern for the prosperity +and security of those his subjects in those distinguishing marks +of his royal favour and protection which we have from time to +time so happily experienced in the fleets and armies sent out for +our immediate preservation when we were under the most imminent +danger of being swallowed up by a merciless enemy; also in the +ample supplies of money for so many years annually granted for +the support and encouragement of this infant colony; and moreover +still, in the continuance of His Majesty's royal bounty for +that purpose, when from the seeming inclination of the inhabitants +to have an assembly convened some time ago, it might have +been presumed, and indeed by an article of His Majesty's +Instructions, which I shall order to be laid before you, it has been +judged that the Colony has become capable of providing for the +necessary support of government here, as has been usual in all +His Majesty's other American Dominions.</p> + +<p>"Gentlemen of both Houses:</p> + +<p>"As my Military occupation requires my attendance as early as +possible upon the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces to the Westward, +and as the Lieutenant Governor is now necessarily employed, +and will be for some time to come, upon an enterprise of +importance in a distant part of the province, there is not at +present an opportunity of entering upon such particulars as might +otherwise call for your attention; I am therefore earnestly to +recommend to your serious consideration the expediency, or rather<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">{59}</a></span> +the necessity of unanimity and dispatch in the confirmation of +such Acts or resolutions of a legislative nature, as the Governor +and Council under His Majesty's Royal Instructions have found +expedient, before the forming of an assembly and indispensably +necessary for promoting the welfare and peaceable Government of +this people.</p> + +<p>"You may depend upon it, Gentlemen, on my return to the +Government you will find me perfectly disposed to concur with +you in enacting such further laws, making such amendments to +the present ones, and establishing such other regulations as shall +appear upon more mature deliberations to be consistent with the +honour and dignity of the Crown and conducive to the lasting +happiness of His Majesty's subjects where I have the honour to +preside.</p> + +<p class="ralign smcap">Charles Lawrence."</p> + +<p>The House then resolved that the members should all serve without +pay for the session. The calling of the Legislature had been +delayed till the autumn in consequence of both the Governor and +Lt. Governor being absent with the Army at Louisburg. Governor +Lawrence came up to Halifax from Louisburg specially to meet the +Legislature.</p> + +<p>The Governor in his letter to the Board of Trade about this time +noticed particularly the serious effects on the settlement of the +enormous importation and retail of spirituous liquors, and expressed +a hope that the Legislature would check it.</p> + +<p>On 2nd July, 1761 (second session) the House voted £50 for a +public clock in the Town.</p> + +<p>The following year (1759) Halifax was again the rendezvous for +part of the fleet and army both before and after the siege of Quebec; +not a few of the more enterprising settlers followed the camp and +enriched themselves during the war, Admiral Darell with 4 ships +of the line arrived in Halifax Harbor in April and left for the St. +Lawrence on 5th May.</p> + +<p>At the news of the victory, the town was illuminated, and fire +works, bonfires and other public entertainments lasted several days.</p> + +<p>Between the years 1759 and 1763 the harbor had been the +constant resort of the squadrons under Lord Colville and others;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">{60}</a></span> +the place was enlivened by the presence of a large army and navy, +and at the close of the war several gentlemen of condition were +induced to become settlers.</p> + +<p>Peace having been proclaimed in 1763, the 28th day of December +of that year was solemnized at Halifax as a day of thanksgiving on +account of the termination of the war. Though the town possessed +all the advantages to be derived from the presence of the naval and +military forces, the resident population did not increase. From the +notitia parochialis of the Rev. Dr. Breynton, the Rector of St. Paul's, +the number of inhabitants in the town did not exceed 1300 souls. +However, in 1769, six years after, the Doctor makes the following +return: Inhabitants in and about Halifax including Garrison, +Acadian French and fishermen, by the late public survey 5000 souls, +of which 200 are Acadians and 55 protestant dissenters. The number +of births that year was 200 and the deaths 190.</p> + +<p>Among the local occurrences of the year 1759, was the trial of +Thomas Lathum, baker, for the murder of Lieutenant Collins of the +Royal Navy. It appeared that Mr. Collins, Captain Sweeney, +Doctor Johns, Mr. Fulton and others of the Navy, had been sipping +at the house of one John Field, and late in the evening proposed to +go out in search of some women with whom one of them had made +an engagement. They knocked at the door of one Hewitt, and +inquired for Polly. On being refused admission, it appeared that +Thomas Lathum, the brother-in-law of Hewitt, who lived in the +neighbourhood, hearing the noise, came to his own door and +demanded of the gentlemen in the street whether they intended to +rob Mr. Hewitt. They replied that they were gentlemen and not +robbers. Some further words provoked a scuffle, in which Fulton +was dragged by Lathum into his house. The affair terminated in +Lathum discharging a gun after the party, and mortally wounding +Collins. Captain Sweeny had previously called the guard, who +shortly after the affair arrived and took Lathum into custody. +Lathum was tried on the 24th April, 1759.</p> + +<p>The names of the grand jury, who found the bill of indictment, +were Michael Francklin, foreman, Charles Proctor, Abraham +Bowyer, Walter Manning, James Quinn, Nathan Nathans, J. +Pernette, John Craig, Terrence Fitzpatrick, John Kerby, Jonathan<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">{61}</a></span> +Pierce, James Porter, Henry Sibley, J. Flanagan, Michael Moloney, +Robert Cowie, Charles Terlaven, Jonathan Gifford and James +Browne.</p> + +<p>On the 11th March, 1760, the following gentlemen were appointed +Justices of the Peace for the county of Halifax, viz.: The Hon. +Jonathan Belcher, Hon. Benjamin Green, Hon. John Collier, Hon. +Charles Morris, Hon. Richard Bulkeley, Hon. Thomas Saul, Hon. +Joseph Gerrish, William Nesbitt, John Duport, Joseph Scott, John +Creighton, Sebastine Zouberbuhler, Edward Crawley, Charles +Proctor and Benjamin Gerrish, and on 30th December following, +Malachi Salter, Alexander Grant, Johnathan Binney and John +Burbidge were added to the number. Messrs. Morris, Duport, +Scott, Gerrish and Crawley were appointed Justices of the Inferior +Court of Common Pleas.</p> + +<p>Governor Lawrence, who had been for 7 days ill, died of inflammation +of the lungs on the morning of the 19th October, 1760. The +Council were immediately summoned, and Chief Justice Belcher +sworn in to administer the Government. A question had arisen on +a previous occasion, between Mr. Belcher and Mr. Green, as to the +eligibility of the Chief Justice to the office of administrator of the +Government, which was decided in favour of the Chief Justice, but +some years after, the question was determined by the British +Government declaring that the two offices of administrator of the +Government and Chief Justice, should never be held by the same +person.</p> + +<p>It was resolved in Council, that the funeral of the late Governor +should be at the public expense, and a monument to his memory +was afterwards voted by the Assembly to be placed in St. Paul's +Church.<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p> + +<p>The funeral of Governor Lawrence took place on the Thursday +following, 24th October, at 4 p. m. The procession began from +Government House as follows:—</p> + +<p>The Troops in Garrison, the Military Officers, two field pieces 6 +pounders, the Physicians, the ministers, the corpse in a coffin +covered with black velvet, and the pall, to which were affixed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">{62}</a></span> +escutcheons of His Excellency's arms, supported by the President +and the rest of His Majesty's Council.</p> + +<p>The Mourners, the Provost Marshall, the House of Assembly, the +Magistrates, the Civil Officers, the Freemasons and a number of the +inhabitants. The Bearers, Clergy, Physicians and all Officers, Civil +and Military had linen and cambric hat-bands.</p> + +<p>The corpse was preceded near the church by the orphans singing +an anthem. The pulpit, reading desk and the Governor's pew, were +covered with black and escutcheons, and a most pathetic Funeral +Sermon was preached by the Reverend Mr. Breynton, Rector of the +Parish, after which the corpse was interred on the right side of the +Communion Table.</p> + +<p>Minute guns were fired from one of the batteries, from the time +the procession began, until the interment, when the whole was +concluded with three volleys from the troops under arms.</p> + +<p>The Supreme Court, which began on Tuesday following, was +hung in mourning and escutcheons.</p> + +<p>The following fulsome eulogium, to the late lamented Governor, +appeared in the newspapers of the day: "The Lieutenant Governor +was possessed of every natural endowment and acquired, accomplishment +necessary to adorn the most exalted station, and every +amiable quality that could promote the sweets of friendship and +social intercourse of human life.</p> + +<p>"As Governor, he exerted his uncommon abilities with unwearied +application, and the most disinterested zeal in projecting and +executing every useful design that might render this Province and +its rising settlements flourishing and happy. He encouraged the +industrious, rewarded the deserving, excited the indolent, protected +the oppressed and relieved the needy. His affability and masterly +address endeared him to all ranks of people, and a peculiar greatness +of soul made him superior to vanity, envy, avarice or +revenge.</p> + +<p>"In him we have lost the guide and guardian of our interests, +the reflection on the good he has done, the anticipation of great +things still expected from such merits, and circumstances which, +while they redound to his honour, aggravate the sense of our +irreparable misfortune."</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">{63}</a></span> +About the end of October, Commodore Lord Colville arrived in +the harbor with the Northumberland and three other ships of the +line and several frigates from Quebec. The Sloop-of-War England +also arrived from England with dispatches and next day sailed for +Louisburg and Quebec. Several transports also came in about the +same time with Col. Montgomery's Highlanders to relieve the two +battalions of the 60th Royal Americans.</p> + +<p>Among the advertisements in the Halifax Gazette of 1st November, +1760, is the following:</p> + +<p>"To be sold at public auction, on Monday the 3rd of November, +at the house of Mr. John Rider, two Slaves, viz.: a boy and girl, +about eleven years old; likewise, a puncheon of choice old cherry +brandy, with sundry other articles."</p> + +<p>1759. Among the town officers nominated by the Grand Jury +this year were, John Fillis, Richd. Wenman, Richd. Gibbon and +Wm. Schwartz as Commissioners of the poor for the town.</p> + +<p>Surveyors of Highways, Chas. Morris, Esq., Chas. Proctor, Esq., +Mr. Wm. Prescott and Mr. John Rider.</p> + +<p>This year an Act of the Legislature was passed to regulate the +Sambro Light House at the entrance of Halifax Harbor, which had +been erected the previous year at the expense of £1000. The Work +House was also erected this year. Firing guns within the town +and peninsula was forbidden in 1758 under a penalty.</p> + +<p>The accession of King George the Third was proclaimed at +Halifax on the 11th February, 1761, with great ceremony. The +proclamation was first read at the Court House door,<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> then at the +north gate of the town,<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> at Government House, at the south gate,<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> +and lastly on the Parade, where the troops were drawn up and a +salute fired by the artillery. Lord Colville's fleet being in the +harbour at the time, "each ship fired a Royal Salute, beginning +with his Lordship's flagship the Northumberland."</p> + +<p>The order of the procession on this occasion was as follows:—1st, +A Company of Grenadiers; 2nd, Constables of the Town; 3rd,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">{64}</a></span> +Magistrates; 4th, Civil Officers of Government; 5th, Constables; +6th, The Provost Marshall with two deputies on horseback; 7th, a +Band of Music; 8th, Constables; 9th, The Commander-in-Chief of +the Province, the Honorable Jonathan Belcher, with Admiral Lord +Colville and Colonel Foster, commandant of the Garrison, and the +members of His Majesty's Council; 10th, the Speaker and the +members of the House of Assembly, followed by the principal +inhabitants. At three o'clock the company waited on the Commander-in-Chief +at Governor Lawrence's head tavern, where a very +elegant entertainment was provided for them, and after dinner His +Majesty's health was drunk under Royal Salute from the Batteries, +also other toasts, and the evening concluded with great rejoicings +and illuminations, bon-fires and artificial fire works, played off by +the Royal Artillery. A sermon was afterwards ordered to be +preached (13th February, 1761) in St. Paul's Church, on account of +the decease of the late King, and all public amusements were +ordered to cease for one month from that day. The 17th was +accordingly set apart and the sermon preached by the Rev. T. +Wood, the Curate. Part of St. Paul's church was hung in black, +and minute guns were fired for an hour and a half, and the flags on +the Citadel and George's Island were half-mast during the day.</p> + +<p>On the 11th day of February, 1760, two Indian Chiefs of the +Passamaquoddy and St. John River tribes, came to Halifax with +Colonel Arbuthnot and appeared before the Council, and by their +interpreter, settled with the Governor terms of peace, renewing the +Treaty of 1725 and giving hostages for their good behaviour. At +their request truck houses were established at Fort Frederick. +Benjamin Gerrish, John Collier and Thomas Saul were appointed a +Committee to prepare the Treaty in French and English, which was +to be taken back with them to be ratified by their tribes. It was +arranged that Colonel Arbuthnot should accompany them, and that +they should be sent back at the public expense, after which His +Majesty's health was drunk and the Chiefs returned to the quarters +assigned them by the Governor. On the 13th the Treaty was +ratified in Council and the Indians and the Governor and Council +settled the table of the prices to be established at the truck houses. +The Indians stated that the number of their tribes, men, women and +children, was about 500. During the sitting of the Council on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">{65}</a></span> +13th, Roger Morris, one of the Mic-Mac Indians, appeared and +brought with him three Frenchmen who were lately arrived from +Pictou, and another Indian called Claude Renie, who said he was +Chief of the Tribe of Cheboudie Indians. He stated that he had left +70 of his people at Jeddore; the men were out killing moose and +their families were in want of provisions. It was arranged that +provisions should be sent to them and that the men should forthwith +come up and conclude a peace.</p> + +<p>Treaties of peace were afterwards concluded on 10th March +following with three Mic-Mac Chiefs, viz., Paul Laurent, chief of +the Tribe of LaHave, Michael Augustine, chief of the Tribe of +Richibucto, and the before-mentioned Claude Renie, chief of the +Cheboudie and Musquodoboit Indians; the treaty was signed in +Council on that day and they received their annual presents. Another +treaty of peace was signed in Council on 15th October, 1761, with +Jannesvil Peitougawash, Chief of the Indians of the Tribe of +Pictock and Malogomish, and the merchants and traders were +notified that the Indian trade to the eastward would be thrown open +under regulations in the following spring. The following summer +Joseph Argunault, Chief of the Mongwash Indians, with a number +of followers, appeared before the Council and executed a final +Treaty of peace. The members of Council and Legislature, with +the Magistrates and public officers, attended on the occasion.</p> + +<p>The Abbe Mallaird being introduced, interpreted the treaty to the +Chief, who was then addressed by the Hon. Mr. Belcher, the Commander-in-Chief. +The treaty was respectively signed by the +Commander-in-Chief and the Indian Chief, and witnessed by the +members of the Council present, the Speaker of the Assembly and +Mr. Mallaird.<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> The Chief then addressed Mr. Belcher in the +following manner: That he had formerly paid obedience to another +King, but that he now acknowledged King George 3rd for his only +lawful Sovereign, and vowed eternal fidelity and submission to him; +that his submission was not by compulsion, but that it was free and +voluntary with his whole heart, and that he should always esteem +King George 3rd as his good father and protector. That he now +buried the hatchet in behalf of himself and his whole tribe, in token<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">{66}</a></span> +of their submission, and of their having made a peace which should +never be broken upon any consideration whatever. The Chief then +laid the hatchet on the earth, and the same being buried the Indians +went through the ceremony of washing the paint from their bodies, +in token of hostilities being ended, and then partook of a repast set +out for them on the ground, and the whole ceremony was concluded +by all present drinking the King's health and their Haggas. This +ceremony is said to have been performed in the Governor's garden, +westward of the old English burial ground, where the Court House +now stands. Benjamin Gerrish, Esquire, was appointed Commissioner +of Indian Affairs, and additional truck houses were built and +other arrangements made throughout the Province for more +effectually carrying on the Indian trade.</p> + +<p>On the 30th December, 1760, Malachi Salter, Alexander Grant, +Jonathan Binney and John Burbidge were appointed Justices of the +Peace for the Town of Halifax. Mr. Burbidge was a member of +Assembly; he afterwards removed to the country and settled in +Cornwallis township, where his descendants now remain.</p> + +<p>The French having invaded the British settlements in Newfoundland, +and captured the fort of St. John, a council-of-war was called +at Halifax, for the purpose of consulting on means of the defence +of the town in case of an attack. This Council was composed of +Lt. Governor Belcher, Col. Richard Bulkely, Halifax Militia, Major +General Bastead of the Engineers, Col. William Foster, Lt. Col. +Hamilton, Lt. Col. Job Winslow, and the Right Honorable Lord +Colville, commander-in-chief of the squadron. They met on the +10th July, 1762, and continued their sittings until 17th August. +They recommended to Government the embodying a portion of the +militia force, and that the Batteries on George's Island, Fort George, +Point Pleasant and East Battery should be put in repair and guns +mounted, and the erection of such works around the town and at the +Dockyard as might be considered necessary for the protection of the +place. The whole to be placed under the superintendence of +General Bastead of the Engineers. Some of the old works were +put in repair and others added on this occasion, but the cause of +alarm having subsided, further expense was deemed unnecessary.</p> + +<p>At the first settlement it had been found necessary to occupy not +only every elevated position in the vicinity, but also large spaces<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">{67}</a></span> +around the town as at first laid out, for the purposes of defence and +other military objects. After the necessity for those defences had +ceased, it frequently occurred that the military commanders would +lay claim to the grounds as military property, and in this way +obstacles had continually arisen to the extension of the town, a +grievance which has continued to be felt until the present time. +Those whose duty it was to plan and lay out the town appear to +have been guided more with a view to the construction of a military +encampment than that of a town for the accommodation of an +increasing population. The narrow blocks and small dimensions of +the building lots have been found to be a continual drawback on the +comfort, the health and the convenience of the inhabitants, and of +late years these inconveniences have been severely felt in the business +parts of the city. This, however, was not the case in laying out +the north and south suburbs; here the lots were of ample dimensions, +and though the streets were not of the width frequently met with in +modern cities, yet of sufficient dimensions to ensure comfort. It is +to be regretted that the town and city authorities, during the last 35 +years, have not, as in other places, exerted their authority in the +arrangement and laying off of building lots, and by wholesome +regulations, prevented the crowding of buildings on pieces of land +not sufficiently deep to admit of proper ventilation. It is also a +matter of the utmost importance to the future welfare of the city +that those lands now in the hands of the military and naval boards +in various directions around the city which are not immediately +required for military works should be handed over to the Civil +Government for public promenades and other useful purposes.</p> + +<p>July 18th, 1768. The Chiefs of the tribes of Indians of St. +John's River, named Pierre Thomas and Ambroise St. Aubon, +appeared before the Council with the following requests: They +said the use of rum and spirituous liquors was too common among +them, and requested that a remedy might be thought of to prevent +it. They also required lands for cultivation, and that they should +not be required to bear arms in case of war with any of the +European powers. That some further regulations of prices in their +traffic should be made, and several other matters, all of which +appear to have been granted them. They desired to return home as +soon as possible, that their people might not be debauched with +liquor in the town.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">{68}</a></span> +This year (1768) Mr. Joshua Mauger retired from the office of +Agent of the Province in London. Mr. Mauger came up from +Louisburg with the army and resided in the town as a distiller of +rum, and followed the camp for several years. He received grants +of land from the government in various parts of the province. The +bench at the south-west extremity of Cornwallis Island, now known +as McNab's Island, was named after him. Mr. Mauger was +afterwards elected a member of the British Parliament.</p> + +<p>In the month of May of this year was presented to the Legislature +the celebrated revolutionary document known as the Massachusetts +or Boston Letter. This was a letter addressed by Speaker Cushin +of the House of Representatives at Boston, to the Speaker of the +Assembly in Nova Scotia. It bears the date February 11, 1768, and +was on the subject of the differences existing between the British +Government and the American Colonies, then on the eve of revolt. +This letter is couched in very moderate but firm language; it +appears to have been received, however, with great indignation by +the House, who declined to have it read. A memorial was presented +to the Governor and Council in March, 1767, by Colonel Dalrymple, +then commander of His Majesty's troops at Halifax, complaining of +the undue occupation of grounds about the town, on which there had +been palisaded forts and lines of defence. It appeared that +Governor Lawrence had granted certain small tracts of land on +which a palisaded line of defence had formerly been, and that such +tracts of land could not be supposed to come into use on any future +occasion for fortifications. That Colonel McKellan of the Engineers +had advised the situation of the Work House with an enclosure, in +the front of said line, and that a whole bastion of two curtains of +Lutterell's fort were covered by it, and that Governor Lawrence had +further laid out more of such grounds on which part of the +palisading of Horseman's Fort formerly stood, all of which it +appeared he did by an undoubted right of the power given him by +the King's Commission, to erect and demolish fortifications, and +therefore to convert the ground to other uses, it being no more +serviceable for the former purposes. But it also appeared that none +of the Barracks were ever granted or admitted into private occupation. +That Governor Lawrence had admitted the occupation of some of +the ground reserved for fortification, on condition it should be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">{69}</a></span> +surrendered when the King's service should again require it, by +which it was evident that the King's rights in their lands had been +sufficiently secured. Horseman's fort occupied the ground in the +vicinity of the present Roman Catholic Cathedral. Lutterell's +fort stood where the old Poor House and County Jail formerly +stood. In June, 1763, the Council recommended the Governor to +make a grant of the Common for the Town of Halifax to trustees +for the benefit of the inhabitants. The Trustees were John Collier, +Charles Morris, Richard Bulkeley, William Nesbitt, Charles Proctor +and Richard Best. Some question having arisen as to the limits of +the common, the Council were unanimously of the opinion that the +lands which had been granted without the town were not within the +limits of the Common as appeared by the plan thereof laid before +the Lords of Trade, and which had not been disapproved of by their +Lordships. No copy of this plan is now to be found.</p> + +<p>The number of families residing in and around the town in 1763 +was estimated at 500, which would make the population about 2500 +souls. There was also supposed to be, at this time, about one +thousand Acadian French in and about the town.</p> + +<p>In June, 1763, the Hon. Montague Wilmot was sworn in Lieut. +Governor in place of Mr. Belcher. In the following year he +received the appointment of Governor-in-Chief.</p> + +<p>On the 29th day of September, 1766, the Germans, who had been +located to the west of the peninsula, the settlement now known as +the Dutch Village, petitioned the Government that a convenient +road should be laid out for them to their settlement. The Surveyor +was ordered to report on the petition. He reported that he found +the road from the north German lots to the southward of George +Bayers' stone wall, now laid out, in the most convenient place, and +that the road should be at least four rods wide. That from George +Bayers' stone wall the road should be on the south side of said wall +and thence to run until it meets the public road leading to the town.</p> + +<p>About this time, at the request of the Magistrates, the Hospital +was granted for an alms house. This hospital was established very +early for the use of the settlers, and stood on part of the land now +occupied by the Government House, to the north of that building.</p> + +<p>The church of St. Paul's had now been for some years finished, +and the Town and vicinity had been, by an Act of Legislature,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">{70}</a></span> +constituted into a parish with corporate powers in the church +wardens and vestry. After the death of Mr. Tutty, the Reverend +Thomas Wood, from the Province of New Jersey, was appointed to +assist Dr. Breynton, and he and the doctor were jointly inducted +into the parish in 1758; Dr. Breynton as rector, and Mr. Wood as +vicar or curate, to assist. Mr. W. continued at St. Paul's until 1763, +when he was removed to Annapolis Royal with the consent of the +Governor and the church wardens and vestry, when the whole duties +of the Mission at Halifax devolved upon Mr. Breynton. Mr. B. was +in the habit of officiating to the Germans in their own language. +In 1761, he preached in German and English to the small congregation +in the old Dutch church in Brunswick Street, on occasion of its +being dedicated as the church of St. George. In 1770, at the +solicitation of the Governor and Council, the Chief Justice and the +congregation of St. Paul's, he received from the University of +Cambridge the degree of D. D., to which he was entitled from his +standing in the University. Early in his ministry the Doctor +established in the Town an orphan school, and provided for the +tuition of 50 poor children, through the assistance afforded him by +the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. Mr. Ralph +Sharrock, a discharged soldier, was his first schoolmaster. In +1776, Dr. Breynton mentions in his report to the Society, having +administered the Lord's Supper to 500 men of the Baron de Seiltz's +German regiment in their own language "whose exemplary and +regular behaviour" he says, "did them great honour." The +following extract from a document, in reference to Dr. Breynton, +said to have been written by a Dissenter, is given by Mr. Hawkins, +from the records of the Propagation Society: "As a person who, +during a residence of upwards of twenty years in this Province, has +deservedly gained the good will and esteem of men of all ranks and +persuasions. He preaches the Gospel of peace and purity, with an +eloquence of language and delivery, far beyond anything I ever +heard in America." He lived to a good old age, preserving the +esteem of his fellow townsmen to the last. He appears to have +lived on terms of Christian fellowship with the clergy of other +denominations, as we find that at the annual meeting of the Church +Society, which took place in St. Paul's in 1770, the dissenting +ministers all attended at the Church to hear the doctor preach his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">{71}</a></span> +Visitation Sermon. One of the last acts of his ministry was the +establishment of a Sunday School in the city. This was about +1783, perhaps a little later, and was the first Sunday School +instituted in Nova Scotia.</p> + +<p>In the month of July, 1769, a large number of Indians, many +of whom at this time appear to have been Protestants, attended +divine service in St. Paul's Church, when prayers were read by the +Reverend Thomas Wood, in the Mic-Mac language, the Governor +and many of the principal inhabitants being present. The Indians +sang an anthem both before and after the service. Before the +service began a Chief came forward, and kneeling down, prayed for +the prosperity of the Province and the blessing of Almighty God on +King George, the Royal family and the Governor of the Province. +He then rose up, and Mr. Wood, who understood the language, at +his desire explained the prayer in English to the whole congregation. +When service was ended the Indians returned thanksgivings +for the opportunity they had of hearing prayers in their own +language. In the following year Mr. Wood again performed divine +service at Halifax in the Mic-Mac language at the residence of +Colonel Joseph Gorham, where a number of Indians were +assembled. He had obtained great influence with the Indians +through his friendship with the Abbe Maillard, and particularly +from his behaviour to him a little before his death. He was in +consequence frequently called on both by the Indians and French to +baptize their children and visit the sick in the absence of a priest of +their own church. In one of his letters to the Society for the +Propagation of the Gospel, in 1762, he mentions having attended +the Abbe Maillard during his illness of several weeks, and at his +request, the day before his death read to him the office of visitation +of the sick in presence of many of the French, and having performed +the funeral service of the Church of England, in French, on +his remains in the presence of the principal inhabitants of Halifax +and a number of French and Indians. The Governor and all the +public functionaries attended the funeral of M. Maillard, who was +highly esteemed and beloved in the community, and the members of +His Majesty's Council were the pall bearers.<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">{72}</a></span> +Mr. Wood was shortly after removed to Annapolis Royal, where +he died in the year 1778. While there he applied himself to a +closer study of the Mic-Mac language, and by assistance of papers +left him by M. Maillard was enabled to prepare a Mic-Mac +grammar and dictionary. He sent the first volume of his grammar, +and a Mic-Mac translation of the Creed and Lord's Prayer to +England in 1776. He continued occasionally to minister to the +Indians in their own language until his death.</p> + +<p>February 26th, 1769. Halifax harbour was so full of ice that +vessels could not come in, which had not been the case for (says the +Gazette for that day) ten years. The cold was intense, snow +between four and five feet deep in the woods and on the peninsula, +an instance of which had not been known for several years.</p> + +<p>May 9th, 1769. Major Leonard Lockman died after a lingering +illness in the 73rd year of his age; he was interred under the old +German church in Brunswick Street, and a monument to his +memory, with coat of arms, is yet to be seen in that church. Major +Lockman was one of the leading settlers among the Germans. The +street running between the German lots and Water Street in the +north suburbs bears his name.</p> + +<p>In the fall of this year the town was visited by a severe gale of +wind from the S. W., which caused the destruction of much +property and some loss of life.</p> + +<p>Among the principal merchants in Halifax in 1769, the Hon. +John Butler, uncle to the late Hon. J. Butler Dight, Robert +Campbell on the Beach, John Grant, Alexander Brymer, Gerrish +and Gray appear most prominent. Among the shopkeepers and +tradesmen who advertized during the year were, Robert Fletcher on +the Parade, Bookseller and Stationer, Andrew Cunod, Grocer, +Hammond and Brown, Auctioneers, Robert Millwood, Blockmaker, +who advertized best Spanish River Coal at 30s. per chaldron.</p> + +<p>The period between 1770 and 1776 was one of great public +excitement, emissaries from the revolted colonies were numerous, +and the Governor and Council deemed it expedient as early as +1770, to prohibit all public meetings of a political nature.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">{73}</a></span> +same spring the general election took place, after which the House +sat for fourteen years without being dissolved.</p> + +<p>In 1771, Governor Lord William Campbell issued a proclamation +forbidding horse races as tending to gambling and idleness.</p> + +<p>October 8th, 1773. Governor Legge was sworn into office.</p> + +<p>The subject of fortifying the town came under the consideration +of the Council in the following year. It was considered that the +ground being rocky in many places around the town, it would not +admit of entrenchments being made, and that the only practical +fortifications would be temporary blockhouses and palisades, and it +was resolved that the Engineers under Col. Spry do immediately +proceed to fortify the Navy Yard in that manner, which may be +defended by the people of the town, and afford a retreat for them. +Any attempt at fortifying the Citadel Hill this season was thought +to be out of the question, the season being too late, the scarcity of +workmen very great, and there being no troops for its defence.</p> + +<p>The Governor proposed and it was agreed in Council to collect a +force of 1000 men with pay and provisions, and that four companies +of light infantry now forming at Lunenburg be ordered up, +and that 100 Acadians from Clare and Yarmouth, and two light +companies from Kings County do march immediately to Halifax. +The public authorities appear to have been kept in a constant state +of apprehension of invasion, while a continued suspicion of many of +the leading inhabitants being favourable to the revolt, seemed to +have taken possession of the mind of Governor Legge, who, having +differences of opinion with some of his officials, attributed their +disagreement with him on subjects of finance, etc., as marks of +disloyalty. He at length became so obnoxious to those in +authority, that it was deemed advisable to remove him from the +Government. His quarrels with Jonathan Binney, Governor +Francklin and other leading men of the town, are disclosed in the +official letters and minutes of Council of that day.</p> + +<p>It was found necessary to remove the Military Stores to George's +Island for safety, and additional batteries were erected there. The +officers of the Town Regiment of Militia were called on to subscribe +the Oath of Allegiance before going on duty. Those who subscribed +were Col. Butler, Major Smith, Captains Vanput, Brown, +Finney and Millet, Lieutenants Pyke, Piers, Solomon, Clarke and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">{74}</a></span> +Fletcher, Second Lieutenants Tritton, Jacobs, Schwartz and Kerby, +and Adjutant Peters. Among them we recognize several family +names, the grandsires of some of our present citizens.</p> + +<p>Among the magistrates appointed in 1771 were Joseph Gray, +John Amiel and Captain Thompson of His Majesty's Ship Mermaid.</p> + +<p>The bureau of Governor Legge, at the Government House, was +broken open in 1744, and a reward of £100 was offered for the +detection of the thief.</p> + +<p>The condition of the Orphan House, and the children therein, +was considered bad, and an order was issued for immediate steps to +be taken for its being put on a better footing.</p> + +<p>During the winter of 1774, Sambro Light House was without +light for five successive nights in consequence of Mr. Woodmass, +the contractor, not having sent down a supply of oil, for which he +was dismissed by Order of Council.</p> + +<p>The following year William Nesbitt, speaker of the House of +Assembly, was appointed Custos of Halifax County, and the names +of Thomas Bridge and Thomas Proctor added to the Commission of +the Peace.</p> + +<p>Col. Butler, commanding the militia force, reported that the +sickness in the town, together with the daily labour of the inhabitants, +rendered it difficult to make up the number of men ordered for the +town guard, which duty the people considered a hardship. The +guard was accordingly ordered by the Council to be discontinued.</p> + +<p>The scarcity of provisions in the town was at this time so great +that the government found it necessary to dispatch the Snow +Elizabeth to Quebec for flour for the inhabitants.</p> + +<p>The impressment of men for the Navy had been a great grievance; +the trade of the country was not only injured, but the town was +becoming deprived of fish and fuel in consequence of the scarcity of +fishermen and labourers. The merchants petitioned the Governor +and Council on the subject. The memorial was sent to the naval +commander of the station; it does not appear, however, that any +further attention was paid to the remonstrance.</p> + +<p>In September, 1775, it was proposed to throw up some temporary +works in addition to the old works on Citadel Hill, and to entrench +about the naval yard. On consideration, it was thought too late in +this season to do any earth work on Citadel Hill. Col. Spry,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">{75}</a></span> +however, proposed the erection of Blockhouses in the neighbourhood +of the town. It is probable the old Blockhouses at Fort Needham +and Three Mile House, the remains of which are within the +recollection of many of our citizens, may have been originally +constructed about this time. They were in full repair during the +war of 1812.</p> + +<p>A continual influx of strangers from the old colonies caused +Martial Law to be proclaimed on the 30th of November of this year, +and it was deemed necessary by the Council that a proclamation +should be issued requiring all persons not being settled inhabitants +of the town, who had arrived since September, to give notice of their +arrival and names to two Magistrates, and all inn and tavern +keepers were required to report arrivals at their houses, and vessels +were forbidden entering the North West Arm without license. One +thousand militiamen were ordered for the defence of the town. The +constant arrival of loyalist refugees from the revolted colonies, +during this and subsequent years, rendered provisions scarce, +and in addition to these troubles, the small-pox broke out in the +town about the middle of July. The King's troops had all been +removed from Nova Scotia to the revolted provinces, and the +Governor was informed by the home authorities that no troops +could be spared, and that the inhabitants themselves must defend the +town. The town guard was accordingly again composed of militia.</p> + +<p>1775. The fifth General Assembly held this year its seventh +session from 12th June to 20th July. Mr. Nesbitt was Speaker. +Chief Justice Belcher presided at the quarter sessions this summer, +and gave a very loyal address to the Magistrates and public +functionaries present; all Magistrates and town officers took the +Oath of Allegiance. The general feeling throughout the town +appeared to have been eminently loyal; some of the leading citizens, +however, though firm in their allegiance to the British Crown, yet +thought that self government in the Colonies in fiscal matters was +the correct policy. This threw several under suspicion; Mr. John +Fillis, Mr. Malachi Salter and Mr. Smith, who were natives of +Boston, were among the number.</p> + +<p>Mr. Legge, the Governor, proposed to raise a regiment in Halifax, +to be commanded by himself, but was unsuccessful owing to his +unpopularity.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">{76}</a></span> +In the autumn of the previous year, a difficulty had arisen +regarding the importation of some tea, in which Mr. Smith and Mr. +Fillis were concerned; and it having been understood that Fillis had +said the measures of Government were oppressive, these two +gentlemen were ordered to be removed from all offices under +Government. The year previous a quantity of hay belonging to +Joseph Fairbanks, intended for the King's service, had been +burned. Some one in Halifax sent to Boston a statement charging +Fillis and Smith as being privy to the act. They complained to the +House of Assembly, then in session, when the following resolution +was passed: That this House do esteem Mr. Fillis and Mr. Smith to +be dutiful and lawful subjects to the King, etc., and that the +"House is unanimously of opinion that the said reports are base, +infamous and false, and that the authors thereof merit punishment." +The garrison having been reinforced by King's troops, the Governor +concluded on bringing no further drafts of militia to the town.</p> + +<p>1776. This was a memorable year for Halifax. The British +forces under General Howe having evacuated Boston, a fleet of +three men-of-war and 47 transports arrived in the harbour on 30th +March, with troops and a number of inhabitants of Boston. These +were followed on 1st April by many more transports, nearly 100 in +number, with the remainder of Howe's army and a number of Loyalist +refugees. Howe demanded accommodation for 200 officers and +3000 men, and about 1500 loyalists with their families, with supplies +of fresh provisions, etc. Rents of houses in the town were consequently +doubled and the town soon presented the appearance of a +military camp.<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> Many complaints appear against the soldiers for +pulling down the fences and demolishing the stone walls on the +peninsula. One Christopher Schlegall had been killed in one of the +numerous affrays with the soldiers. Three soldiers were arrested +and tried for murder, but no convictions occurred. Several persons +were called on to give security for their good behaviour in the town.</p> + +<p>Among the events of this year was the appearance in one of the +Halifax newspapers of copies of treasonable articles from the Rhode +Island and Boston papers. The printer was brought before the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">{77}</a></span> +Council and reprimanded and cautioned against permitting any such +publications again to appear in his paper.</p> + +<p>The names of the Members of Assembly for Halifax County and +Town in 1776 were Wm. Nesbitt and Henry Smith, and Thomas +Bridge and Joseph Fairbanks. Mr. Fenton was still Provost +Marshall with jurisdiction throughout the province, there being then +no County Sheriffs at this time. Henry Newton was Collector of +Customs at Halifax, James Burrows, Comptroller, Lewis Piers, +Gauger of Liquors, etc.</p> + +<p>The Magistrates of the town were John Creighton, John Burbidge, +Malachi Salter, Benjamin Green, John Cunningham, George +Cotnam, John Newton, Winkworth Tonge, Jos. Desbarres, Charles +Morris, Junior, George Smith, J. Gray, Giles Tidmarsh, George +Deschamps, Dan. Cunningham, Thomas Proctor and Thomas Bridge.</p> + +<p>The death of Chief Justice Belcher occurred this year. Mr. +Morris, one of the assistant judges, was appointed to fill the office +of Chief Justice until another should be appointed.</p> + +<p>1777. The jail at Halifax was at this time in a very insecure +condition. Criminals were continually escaping from it, several of +whom had been found guilty of being in arms against the King. +The jailor was infirm and his wife took charge. There were no +regulations enforced for visiting the prisoners at night, and the +shackles on the prisoners were found not to be sufficient. The +Provost Marshall was suspended and Mr. Bridge appointed to act +in his place.</p> + +<p>Malcolm McIntyre, Thomas Crow, John Chalk, John Sewlock, +Samuel Miller, Robert McMullen, Tulley McKilley, Cornelius +O'Brien, Thomas Whitteny, John Cribben and John McIntyre, all +fishermen of Herring Cove, were this year rewarded for attacking +and taking a shallop and apprehending seven persons, being part of +the crew of an American privateer which had been driven on shore +and destroyed by the armed brig Hope, off Canso, from which they +had made their escape in the shallop.</p> + +<p>1778. The names of John Hosterman, Thomas Stevens and +Edmund Phelan appear as Commissioners of the Poor, John Woodin, +Keeper of the Poor House, and Thomas Brown, Schoolmaster at +Halifax.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">{78}</a></span> +On the 13th July, 1779, the Revenge, privateer, Capt. Sheppard +of Halifax, was taken and destroyed by two American armed +vessels. In December following, H. M. Sloop-of-War North and +the armed sloop St. Helena, in coming into the harbour from +Spanish River, Cape Breton, the night being very dark and a south-east +storm, were driven on shore about a league from the light +house; both were lost and 170 persons perished.</p> + +<p>1780. This year the following gentlemen were in the Commission +of the Peace at Halifax: William Nesbitt, Winkworth Tonge, +John Burbidge, Benjamin Green, John Cunningham, John Newton, +Isaac Deschamps, William Russell, W. Phipps, J. F. W. Desbarres, +Charles Morris, junior, George Smith, Enoch Rust, Joseph Gray, +Giles Tidmarsh, John Fillis, George Deschamps, Daniel Cunningham, +Thomas Proctor, Thomas Bridge, George Sherlock and John +George Pyke.</p> + +<p>A public slaughter house was erected this year in the town and +John Woodin, senior, made keeper.</p> + +<p>March 12, 1780. John O'Brien advertizes as keeper of the +tavern known as the Golden Ball, formerly kept by Edward Phelan. +The Golden Ball was situate at the corner of Hollis and Sackville +Streets, opposite the building now called Variety Hall, occupied by +W. Harrington. The hotel called the Pontac, at the corner of +Duke and Water Streets (now Roger Cunningham's corner) was at +this time kept by one Willis. It was here the Town Assemblies, +Public Balls and Entertainments were held.</p> + +<p>The Court House stood at the north-east corner of Buckingham +and Argyle Streets, where the store of Messrs. Northup & Sons +now is. Chief Justice Belcher presided here when first appointed. +This building was, some years after, burned down and the lot on +which it stood, sold.</p> + +<p>On the 15th January, this year, the town was illuminated and +there were great rejoicings throughout the day for the success of the +British troops in Georgia.</p> + +<p>The Governor being informed from England that a large armament +was fitting out at Brest, it was resolved in Council that the +town militia should be called out for duty and a portion of the +country militia got ready to march to Halifax if required. General +McLean, then in command of the Garrison, was directed to put the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">{79}</a></span> +fortifications in working order. The Halifax militia was employed +in the erection of bomb batteries. Drafts of militia from the +country came down and were employed for three weeks on the +works.</p> + +<p>At this period the means of communication between this country +and England had been very uncertain. The intercourse of Halifax +with the old colonies having been cut off, Governor Sir Richard +Hughes urged on the British Government the necessity of a line of +packets being established between Halifax and England. Several +privateers, during this and the following years, were fitted out at +Halifax to cruise in American waters. The Revenge, Capt. James +Gandy, and the Liverpool, Capt. Young, the former mounting 30 +and the latter 8 guns, sailed for Halifax early this spring. They +were accompanied by the Halifax, Robert E. Foster, master, owned +and fitted out by Alexander Brymer, one of the principal merchants +of the town.</p> + +<p>The 18th of January being the Queen's birthday the citizens and +militia had a Ball at Willis' rooms in the Pontac.</p> + +<p>In May, the Revenge brought in a richly laden Snow, bound from +Cadiz to Chesapeake Bay, the Blond Frigate and an armed sloop +both brought in American prizes.</p> + +<p>For several years two large ships, the Adamant and St. Lawrence, +were regular traders between Halifax and Great Britain. They +were regular in their trips, spring and fall, and the merchants of +Halifax depended chiefly on them for their supplies of British +merchandize.</p> + +<p>A government armed vessel called the Loyal Nova Scotian, and +several other small vessels, were kept to cruise off the mouth of the +harbour to prevent surprise from the pirates and privateer cruisers +which infested the coast. Several were captured and brought into +Halifax during this and the two following years.</p> + +<p>In May, 1779, an election for the County took place in Halifax. +John George Pyke and Francis Boyd were the candidates. Pyke +was returned.</p> + +<p>General McLean left Halifax in June with a force for the +reduction of Penobscot. In August, a squadron, consisting of +several men-of-war and some merchant vessels, among which were +the Adamant and St. Lawrence, sailed from Halifax for his relief.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">{80}</a></span> +The town continued to be infested with Press Gangs for the ships +of war. The inhabitants complained to the Governor and Council. +Several riots on the wharves having occurred in consequence of the +press, proclamation was issued demolishing all impressments except +under the sanction of the Governor and Council.</p> + +<p>October 26th, 1780. The committee of the House of Assembly, +at this date, reported the sum of £1500 to be granted for the +erection of a "proper and convenient building in the town for a +public school, and a sum not exceeding £100 per annum for a +master, and £50 for an usher when the number of scholars shall +exceed forty." The trustees were to be five in number, to be +appointed annually by the government, and the £1500 was to be +raised by lottery. This lottery was carried into effect, but the +building does not appear to have been erected. How the proceeds +of the lottery were disposed of is not mentioned. The Halifax +Grammar School had its origin from this proceeding. It was +established in the old building at the corner of Barrington and +Sackville Streets, from which it has only lately been removed to the +private residence of the Rev. Doctor Gilpin, the Head Master. This +building was originally occupied as a place for the meeting of the +Legislature, and was previously at one time used as a Guard House. +It appears to have undergone very little alteration since 1780, until +sold a year or two ago. It is one of, if not the oldest building in +the city, except St. Paul's Church, and the old Dutch Church on +Brunswick Street. The Rev. William Cochran, afterwards Vice-President +of King's College, was the first head master. He was +succeeded by the Rev. George Wright, who was Garrison Chaplain +and minister of St. George's. On his death, in 1819, the Rev. John +Thomas Twining received the appointment. He retired from the +school in 1848, when the Rev. Edwin Gilpin, succeeded him.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> The inscription to be placed on this monument is given at full length in the +Gazette of that day, but it was not to be found among those which cover the walls of +old St. Paul's. There is, however, an escutcheon with the arms of Lawrence on the +east gallery.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Now Northup's corner, Buckingham and Argyle Streets.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> At this period there was a fence on the north side of what is now called Jacob St. +and a gate near the opening of Brunswick St., in front of the North Barrack old +parade, some say further north.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> The situation of the south gate is uncertain: there were several south gates. It +was along Salter Street, probably in a line with the old forts known as Luttrell's and +Horseman's Forts.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Note.</span>—This document is not to be found among the papers preserved in the +Secretary's office at Halifax.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> It must be understood that M. Maillard did not leave the Roman Catholic +Church, but there being no priest of his own persuasion in Halifax at the time, he +availed himself of the pious offices of his friend, Mr. Wood, whom he no doubt esteemed +as a good Christian.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Among the various exhibitions of public feeling at this period was the erection of +a gallows, on the Common, with a boot suspended from it as a token of disapprobation +of Lord Bute's Government.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> The engravings of the town published in 1777 show the Common, west of +the Citadel, and Camp Hill covered with tents, where a large part of the troops appear +to have been encamped.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">{81}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2> + +<p>At the commencement of the year 1781 many of the Loyalist +refugees who came to Halifax after the evacuation of Boston by the +British Army, had left the town, and the price of provisions was +beginning to come down. The constant influx of strangers, however, +from the revolted colonies, with the prisoners taken in the +prizes brought into the port by the privateers and ships of war, +tended again to augment the population. Captains of men-of-war, +when vessels were in port, in order to fill up their complements of +men, undertook to impress in the streets of the town without authority +from the civil magistrate. On the 6th January an armed party of +sailors and marines assisted by soldiers and commanded by naval +officers, seized in the streets of the town, some of the inhabitants +and several coasters belonging to Lunenburg, who had come up in +their vessels to sell their produce; bound their hands behind their +backs, carried them through the streets and lodged them in the +guard houses, from which they were conveyed on board the ships of +war in the harbour. The Grand Jury were in session at the time +and presented the outrage to the Sessions, who requested the +Governor, Sir Richard Hughes, to interfere. The Governor issued +his proclamation declaring all such impressments, without the +sanction of the civil authority, to be illegal and an outrageous +breach of the civil law, and calling upon all magistrates, etc., to +resist such proceedings and to bring the offenders to justice. It +does not appear, however, that the proclamation was sufficient to +procure the release of the unfortunate coasters. The names of the +Grand Jury on this occasion were William Meaney, William Graham, +Robert Kitts, Peter McNab, John Boyd, William Mott, William +Millett, junior, John Moore, William Carter, James Creighton, +John Cleary, Richard Jacobs and Charles Hill.</p> + +<p>On the 13th January, this year, died Malachi Salter, Esq., aged +65 years. He was one of the first members of Assembly for the +town. His colleague in the representation was Joseph Fairbanks. +Mr. Salter came from Boston to Halifax, very soon after the town<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">{82}</a></span> +was commenced, and carried on business as merchant. He is said +to have visited Chebucto Harbour while engaged in the fishery, +several years before the arrival of Cornwallis in 1749. The old +building at the corner of Salter and Barrington Streets, formerly the +residence of the late Hon. William Lawson, afterwards owned by +John Esson, was originally built by Mr. Salter, and was his residence +for many years. This is one of the oldest houses now remaining in +Halifax. It received improvements, and was enlarged by Mr. +Lawson, about 60 years ago.</p> + +<p>The School Lottery, before mentioned, was carried on this year. +It was divided into two classes. The first to consist of 5000 tickets, +at 20s. each, was advertised on the 25th September. The highest +prize was £2000. The prizes in all came to £4,250, leaving a +balance of £750 for the purposes of the school.</p> + +<p>The most exciting occurence of the year was the arrival of the +Charleston Frigate, the sloop Vulture, and the armed ship Vulcan, +in July, after a sharp conflict with a French Squadron. The +Charleston had left the harbour a short time before in convoy of some +transports, and while out had taken several prizes, which had been +sent in a few days previously. On the 10th July, the Charleston +discovered near Spanish River, Cape Breton, two French Frigates, +of 40 guns each. Captain Francis Evans, of the Charleston, having +thrown out signals for the transports to make for a port, bore +down upon the enemy. The Little Jack, convoy to the Quebec fleet, +being in company, supported the Charleston and the Vulture. +Some time after the action began, Capt. Evans being killed by a +cannon shot, Lt. McKay, the succeeding officer of the Charleston, +under the direction of Capt. Dennis George,<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> of the Vulture, +continued the action with the greatest coolness and bravery. Nor +was the Vulcan, armed ship, in the least deficient in giving signal +proof of the resolute determination of the troops on board, under +command of Capt. Ewatt, of the 70th Regiment. But notwithstanding +the superiority of the French, after an obstinate resistance +they were enabled to sheer off and bear away, and Capt. George +conducted his much-shattered little squadron into Halifax Harbour.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">{83}</a></span> +The Little Jack stuck to one of the French Frigates of 42 guns, but +was afterwards recaptured. On the 31st, the remains of Captain +Evans, were interred with military honors, under St. Paul's Church, +where his monument is still to be seen on the east side of the chancel. +He was a young man of great promise, and his premature death +was a loss to the service, and shed a gloom over the town, in which +he had made many friends.</p> + +<p>This year (1781), Lord Charles Montague, who had been +Governor of one of the West India Islands, arrived at Halifax, with +200 of his disbanded corps from Jamaica. This nobleman died at +Halifax, from the effects of fatigue, in travelling over land from +Quebec to Halifax, in winter. He was buried under St. Paul's +Church, where a monument to his memory is to be seen near that +of Capt. Evans. He was a younger son of Robert, Duke of +Manchester.</p> + +<p>1782. The continual intercourse at this time carried on with the +revolted colonies, rendered it necessary that a more strict system of +inspection should be adopted with respect to vessels and passengers +entering and leaving the port; accordingly Capt. Thomas Beamish +was appointed Port Warden. His duty was to grant passes to all +vessels and boats leaving, and to visit all those entering the harbour. +No vessel or boat was allowed to pass George's Island, in the night +time, or leave the harbour without sending a boat to the island, and +also producing a pass from the Port Warden; and all vessels coming +in were to be hailed from the island, and ordered to send their boat +on shore to the Market Slip, or public landing, to be examined by +the Port Warden before landing in any other part of the town. +The Port Warden's office was in the old building which formerly +stood at the corner now known as Laidlaw's Corner on Water +Street, just above the Steamboat Wharf. At this time the water +came up as far as the spot on the wharf, where Bauld and Gibson's +store or shop now stands.</p> + +<p>The Governor, Sir Andrew Snape Hammond, went to England +this year, and was succeeded by Governor Parr. He received a +very flattering address from the inhabitants of the town. Hammond +was esteemed a good Governor, and had gained the good will +of the people by his courteous manners and desire to meet, as far as +possible, the wishes of the inhabitants in all municipal matters.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">{84}</a></span> +This summer 57 transports with troops, and the Renown, a fifty +gun ship, put into Halifax on their way to New York and Canada. +In October the Renown sent in a prize, laden with a rich cargo of +silks, etc. The naval ships Adamant and St. Lawrence made +their trips this season in 35 days.</p> + +<p>Among the occurences this year was the conviction and sentence +of a man named William McLean, for street robbery, and the +murder of a Mrs. Ann Dunbrack in July, by persons unknown. +The grand Jury recommended McLean to mercy, but the +Governor and Council saw no reason to grant a reprieve, and he +was executed. Street robberies were at the time of frequent occurence +in the town.</p> + +<p>Articles of peace between Great Britain and the United States of +America were signed in November of this year, and with France in +January following.</p> + +<p>The principal public amusements in the town during the year +were subscription assemblies, held at the Pontac, and at Mrs. +Sutherland's Coffee House, every fortnight. The latter establishment +was in Bedford Row, opposite the Commissary offices. The +national societies dined together, and levees were held and parties +given at Government House on all public holidays. The Garrison +consisted of the 70th, 82nd and 84th Regiments, with Baron de +Seitz's<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> Germans. Night riots were frequent, and continual +complaints appear to have been made before the Sessions, of signs +being removed from shops, and windows broken.</p> + +<p>The views of the town and suburbs at this time show the fortifications +at Citadel Hill, Fort Needham and Point Pleasant. They +were supposed to have been taken by one Colonel Hicks, and were +engraved and published in London. These views were mere +outlines. Copies of them are to be seen at the Provincial Museum, +where there are also a series of views, very neatly executed in +copper plate, of the Government House, St. Paul's Church and +other parts of the town. These latter were published about 1776, +some six or seven years before those of Colonel Hicks.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">{85}</a></span> +Governor Parr and family came out in the ship St. Lawrence, +and assumed the government in October.</p> + +<p>Benjamin Green, Esq., son of the Hon. B. Green, one of the +first members of Council, was elected member of Assembly for the +town in February, without opposition. Mr. William Shaw was at +the time Sheriff of the County.</p> + +<p>In December, 1782, a large quantity of heavy ordnance was +brought to Halifax from Charleston, South Carolina; also 500 +refugees, men, women and children, arrived about the same date.</p> + +<p>In August, 1783, a number of Negro refugees arrived from New +York. It was resolved that they should be settled in different parts +of the Province; however, not a few remained in Halifax, and +became servants and labourers.</p> + +<p>The Loyalists continued to come from the old Colonies, many of +them in a destitute and helpless condition, until the population of +the town was increased to three times its former number, and much +temporary suffering in consequence prevailed. Yet many intelligent +and enterprising settlers were at this period added to our +population, giving new life and spirit to the town. Many spacious +and commodious buildings began to be erected, taking the place of +the low gamble-roofed and picketed buildings of an early day. It is +very remarkable, however, that in the year 1791, only seven years +after this great influx, the population had again so decreased as +scarcely to exceed 5,000. In 1783, Governor Parr estimated the +population at only 1,200. This was before the Loyalist emigration +from New York. In 1784, one hundred and ninety-four Negro +men, women and children arrived in Halifax from St. Augustin's, +in a destitute condition; they did not remain in the town, but were +distributed by the Government throughout the interior parts of the +Province.</p> + +<p>Governor Parr in his letter to England of November 20th, 1783, +says, "upwards of 25,000 Loyalists have already arrived in the +Province, most of whom, with the exception of those who went to +Shelburne, came to Halifax before they became distributed +throughout the Province."</p> + +<p>Again in his letter of 15th January, 1784, he says, "In consequence +of the final evacuation of New York,<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> a considerable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">{86}</a></span> +number of refugee families have come to Halifax, who must be +provided for at the public expense. They are in a most wretched +condition, destitute of almost everything—chiefly women and +children, all still on board the vessels, and I have not been able +to find as yet any place for them, and the cold is setting in very +severe."<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a></p> + +<p>On the 20th October, 1784, an advertizement appeared in a +Halifax paper, for sale, "All that land near the entrance of the +harbour and opposite to Cornwallis' Island, called Mauger's +Beach, containing by particular grant 5 acres according to the +plan attached to the grant." This beach had been formerly +occupied for curing fish, and had buildings erected thereon for that +purpose.<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a></p> + +<p>The Penal Statutes had been repealed in 1783. The Roman +Catholics in the town, chiefly emigrants from Ireland, having +become numerous, purchased a piece of ground in Barrington +Street, where they built a Chapel, which was dedicated to St. Peter. +The frame was erected on 19th July, 1784, and many of the +inhabitants, both Protestants and Roman Catholics, attended the +ceremony. This building stood in from the street, directly opposite +the head of Salter Street. It was painted red, with a steeple at the +western end. It was removed in or shortly after Bishop Burke's +time, on the completion of the new stone church, now St. Mary's. +The Rev. Mr. Jones was the first officiating priest. The Rev. +Edmund Burke, who came from Canada, officiated at St. Peter's for +many years before he was appointed Bishop.</p> + +<p>A number of emigrants arrived in Halifax this year from +England. Three hundred passengers came in the Sally transport, +in a great measure destitute of clothing and provisions. Fresh +provisions became very dear, and the merchants of Halifax had flour +up to £3 10s. per cwt. The Governor and Council, in consequence, +ordered the admission of provisions from the United States to afford +relief to the inhabitants.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">{87}</a></span> +The House of Assembly was dissolved this year; it had sat +fourteen years without being dissolved, in consequence of the +American troubles. The only alteration in the Halifax representation +was the return of Capt. William Abbott for the County. Mr. +Francis Green, second son of old Councillor Green, was again +chosen Sheriff of Halifax in 1784.</p> + +<p>1785. January 3rd, Mr. Sampson Salter Blowers, a barrister +from Boston who came among the Loyalists, was appointed Attorney +General in the place of Mr. Gibbons, who had received the appointment +of Chief Justice for the Island of Cape Breton, then a separate +province.</p> + +<p>The Orphan house being no longer in use, was ordered to be let +on a lease for one year.<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></p> + +<p>In September, 1785, a number of whalers from Nantucket came +to Halifax; three brigantines and one schooner, with crews and +everything necessary for prosecuting the whale fishery, which they +proposed to do under the British flag. Their families were to +follow. A short time after they were joined by three brigantines +and a sloop from the same place.</p> + +<p>On the twentieth of October following, the Chief Land Surveyor +was directed to make return of such lands as were vacant at +Dartmouth to be granted to Samuel Starbuck, Timothy Folger, and +others, from Nantucket, to make settlement for the whalers. The +Town of Dartmouth had been many years previously laid out in lots +which had been granted or appropriated to individuals, some of +whom had built houses, and others though then vacant, had been +held and sold from time to time by their respective owners. Most +of these lots were reported vacant by Mr. Morris, the surveyor, and +seized upon by the Government, as it is said, without any proceeding +of escheat, and re-granted to the Quakers from Nantucket, +which caused much discontent, and questions of title arose and +remained open for many years after.</p> + +<p>At a Court of Admiralty held on Friday, the 27th August, 1785, +for the trial of piracies committed upon the high seas, M. Buckley +and Belitham Taylor were tried, committed and sentenced to death +for running away with the schooner John Miller of Chedabucto and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">{88}</a></span> +her cargo. Two men were also hanged this year for robbery +committed to the eastward of Halifax.</p> + +<p>The death of the Chief Justice, Bryan Finucane, having occurred +this year, Judge Isaac Deschamps filled the office until the appointment +of Chief Justice Pemberton. Judge Finucane was buried +under St. Paul's Church. His escutcheon is in the gallery.</p> + +<p>A general election occurred in 1785, when Mr. S. S. Blowers, +John George Pyke, Richard John Uniacke and Michael Wallace +were returned for the County, and John Fillis and William Cochran +for the town.</p> + +<p>The whale fishery was the chief subject which engaged the +attention of the public during the year. Much advantage was +expected to accrue to the commerce of the place from the Quakers +from Nantucket having undertaken to settle in Dartmouth. They +went on prosperously for a short time, until they found the commercial +regulations established in England for the Colonies were +hostile to their interests, and they eventually removed, some of them, +it is said, to Wales and other parts of Great Britain, where they +carried on their fishery to more advantage.</p> + +<p>A petition was presented this autumn to the Governor and +Council from a number of merchants, tradesmen and other inhabitants, +praying for a Charter of Incorporation for the Town. This +was the first occasion on which the subject was brought prominently +before the public. It was, however, not deemed by the government +"expedient or necessary" to comply with the prayer of the petition. +The reasons are not given in the Minute of Council, which bears +date 17th November, 1785. The names of the Councillors present +were Richard Bulkeley, Henry Newton, Jonathan Binney, Arthur +Goold, Alexander Brymer, Thomas Cochran and Charles Morris. +The functions of His Majesty's Council at this period of our history +embraced all departments of executive authority in the Colony. +They were equally supreme in the control of town affairs as those +of the province at large. The magistrates, though nominally the +executive of the town, never acted in any matter of moment without +consulting the Governor and Council. The existence of a corporate +body having the sole control of town affairs would in a great +measure deprive them of that supervision which they no doubt<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">{89}</a></span> +deemed, for the interest of the community, should remain in the +Governor and Council.</p> + +<p>1786. It was customary at this period to celebrate the Royal birthdays +and almost all public holidays by a levee at Government House, +a review of the troops in garrison on the Common, and occasionally +a public ball, either by the Governor at Government House or by +the inhabitants of the town at the public assembly room. This +custom continued in Halifax until about the year 1844 or 1845, when +it was broken through by Governor Falkland. On the 18th June, +1786, Queen Charlotte's birthday was celebrated in the town by a +levee and review, and in the evening by a ball in the old Pontac +building. The confectionery on this occasion was very superb. It +was prepared by one Signor Lenzi. The ball commenced at half-past +eight, supper was announced by the elevation of a curtain that +separated the two rooms. In the middle of the table there arose an +artificial fountain, with the temples of Health and Venus at the top +and bottom, all constructed of sugar. The Gazette of the time +says, they "did not go home till morning."</p> + +<p>A regular post communication was opened this summer with +Annapolis; a courier was engaged, who went through once a +fortnight with the mail between Halifax and Annapolis. John +Howe, who had lately come to Halifax from Boston and had +established a newspaper, was at this time postmaster; he succeeded +Mr. Stevens. The following spring (1786) the town was so +enveloped in smoke for many days as almost to impede business, +caused by a great fire which raged in the woods in the neighbourhood.</p> + +<p>On 10th October, 1786, arrived His Majesty's Ship Pegasus, +commanded by His Royal Highness Prince William Henry. He +was received at the King's Slip by Governor Parr and Major General +Campbell, then in command of the Garrison, and conducted to the +Government House, which stood in the square now occupied by the +Province Building, where he was waited upon by the military and +the principal inhabitants. The Prince expressed a desire that all +display should be laid aside, but the people illuminated their +dwellings, and by 8 o'clock the whole town was lighted and the +streets crowded with people.</p> + +<p>In the Gazette of the 9th February, 1786, appears a resolution +and engagement entered into by the merchants and others at a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">{90}</a></span> +public meeting lately held in Halifax, wherein they pledged themselves +neither to buy nor sell articles imported from the United +States, prohibited by the Governor's proclamation. The document +is signed by 75 persons.</p> + +<p>On 28th February, a German Society was formed in Halifax, +when John W. Schwartz was chosen President, Doctor F. +Gschwint, (pronounced Swint) Vice-President, Godfrey Schwartz +Treasurer, Henry Uthoff Secretary. In 1790 Adolphus Veith was +secretary of this Society.</p> + +<p>On 4th March, the jail was broken open and the prisoners, six in +number, all escaped, of whom five were re-taken. Mr. Green +was then Sheriff. Inquiries were instituted, but no information +obtained. The delapidated and insecure state of the jail at the time +was the subject of public comment.</p> + +<p>The money collected for Liquor Licences in the town, between +31st May, 1784, and 31st May, 1785, amounted to £531. Mr. +Francis Shipton was Clerk of Licences.</p> + +<p>Three vessels were fitted out during the summer of 1786 for the +whale fishery,—the schooners Parr and Lively, and the ship +Romulus.</p> + +<p>This year the merchants and shipowners formed themselves into a +society called the Halifax Marine Association, for the benefit of +trade. The following year Nova Scotia was erected into a Bishop's +See. The Right Reverend Charles Inglis was appointed Bishop. +He arrived from England on 16th October, and made Halifax his +residence.</p> + +<p>On the 3rd July, 1787, the Pegasus, frigate, commanded by Prince +William Henry, arrived again at Halifax, 15 days from Jamaica. +On Friday, at half-past two o'clock, the troops were drawn up in +double line from the wharf to Government House. The Prince +landed at the slip under a salute from the artillery on the King's +Wharf. He was accompanied to Government House by the +Governor and Council, where he received an address from the +inhabitants. There was a dinner and ball at Government House in +the evening, and a brilliant illumination of the town.</p> + +<p>This month two whalers returned bringing 1,060 barrels oil and +72 cwt. whalebone. It is not mentioned whether these vessels +belonged to the Quakers or to some of the merchants of the town.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">{91}</a></span> +On the 24th June, the Freemasons had a grand procession. They +walked to St. Paul's Church, where they heard a sermon from the +Rev. Mr. Weeks. The Prince reviewed the troops in garrison on +30th July, consisting of the 57th and 37th Regiments, and the first +Battalion of the 60th Regiment.</p> + +<p>On the 7th July the fleet, consisting of the Leander, Commodore +Sawyer—Pegasus, Prince William Henry—Ariadne, Capt. Osborne, +the Resource, and the Brig Weazel, Commander Hood, fell down to +the beach, intending to proceed to Quebec the first fair wind. They +sailed on the 14th. The Pegasus, with the Prince, returned to +Halifax early in November. He received an address on the 6th, +from the House of Assembly then in Session. At two o'clock on +that day, the barge of the Pegasus with the Royal Standard flying, +preceded by the Commodore in his barge, with his pendant, and the +Captains of the other ships of war in their barges, proceeded slowly +in procession from their ships to the King's Wharf, where the party +landed under a salute of 21 guns. They were received at the stairs +by the Governor, Council and Assembly, and the troops, under +General Ogilvie, being ordered up, they proceeded to Government +House, where a number of members of the Legislature were presented +to him. They then proceeded through the lines of troops to the +Golden Ball,<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> where a handsome dinner was prepared, and where +the Prince dined with the members of <a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a>Assembly and the principal +officers of Government. He retired at 6 o'clock, after which a ball +was given in the evening at Marchington's new building in Water +Street, adjoining the Ordnance Yard, called the British Coffee +House. The Prince entered the ball room a little after 8 o'clock, +and at 12 the company were conducted into the supper room. The +table was handsomely decorated and contained places for 200 +people. The Prince is said to have displayed great affability in +conversation on the occasion.</p> + +<p>An Act was passed this Session authorizing the sale of the +Orphan House, the Court House, the Public Slaughter House, and +the Old Jail, and to erect a Jail, and also to erect on the Lower +Parade a Public Hall, a Province House of Brick or Stone for the +setting of the Legislature and Public Offices. The Commissioners<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">{92}</a></span> +appointed for this purpose were John Newton, Richard John +Uniacke, John George Pyke and Mr. Taylor. Such parts of this +Act as have been executed were afterwards repealed by Act of 1797.</p> + +<p>1788. An Election for Members for the Town took place this +winter, which was attended with extraordinary excitement. On the +20th February the poll opened, at the Court House, in Halifax; the +candidates were Mr. Charles Morris and Jonathan Sterns. It closed +on the Friday following, when it stood: Morris, 415; Sterns, 274. +Majority for Morris, 141. Mr. Morris was carried through the +Town and then taken home to his father's house. Hand-bills had +been posted up reflecting on the government. Serious riots at the +election occurred and many persons were hurt, some of whom +received fractures of the skull and other severe injuries. Armed +persons paraded the Town assaulting individuals. As this was a +very remarkable election, and resulted in more turbulence and riot +than had ever before occurred in the town on such occasions, we +here copy the following extract from Anthony Henry's <i>Gazette</i> of +25th February:—"The unwearied and spirited exertions of a number +of respectable gentlemen in a great measure calmed the minds +of the people, and prevented their violence being carried to any +very great length; nevertheless it was utterly impossible, in such +confusion, to prevent many persons from being wounded and +hurt, two of whom, we are sorry to inform the public, remain +in a dangerous state; one having his skull fractured by some +persons who rushed out of Laycock's house on the beach, and +the other having been dangerously wounded by a shot from a +window in the same house. We are likewise sorry to inform +the public, that Mr. Benjamin Mulberry Holmes and his son, +have been much beaten and abused by the populace on Friday +night, and were it not for the very fortunate and timely interposition +of Mr. Tobin's man and some others, it is probable +they would have fallen a sacrifice to an enraged multitude."</p> + +<p>The excitement had been caused partly by certain proceedings on +the part of the judges of the Supreme Court against Mr. Sterns and +Mr. Taylor, two practising lawyers in the town, whose names had +been struck off the roll by Chief Justice Deschamps. One of the +gentlemen, Mr. Sterns, was the defeated candidate at the election.</p> + +<p>On the 3rd June, Bishop Inglis held his primary visitation of his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">{93}</a></span> +Clergy, when he delivered a charge, received an address, and held a +confirmation in the afternoon at St. Paul's, when one hundred and +twenty young persons went through the ceremony of confirmation.</p> + +<p>A heavy rain-storm occurred on Saturday, 5th July, when the +streets of the town were very much injured by the torrents of water +which poured down the hills. It was estimated that the rainfall was +upwards of 186 tons of water to an acre, which, allowing the rain to +have fallen equally on the whole peninsula, would make the fall of +water on that small space equal to 345,000 tons, in four hours.</p> + +<p>July 30. Arrived five sail of whalers, having on board the following +valuable cargoes:</p> + +<ul> +<li>Sloop "Watson," Danl. Ray, Master, 150 bbls. sperm, +50 do. headmatter.</li> + +<li>Brigt. "Lucretia," J. Coffin, Master, 250 bbls. sperm, +300 bbls. black oil, and 3000 cut bone.</li> + +<li>Brigt. "Somerset," S. Gardner, Master, 230 bbls. sperm.</li> + +<li>Brigt. "Sally," P. Worth, Master, 200 bbls. do.</li> + +<li>Brigt. "Industry," W. Chadwick, Master, 84 bbls. do. +26 bbls. headmatter, and 300 do. black oil, also +3000 cut bone.</li> +</ul> + +<p>The "Andromeda," frigate, commanded by Prince William Henry, +from England, arrived on 17th August, 1788; he was again received +with the usual honours and the town was illuminated. The Prince +attended a sham-fight on the Common, on 10th September, in which, +the 4th, 37th, and 57th Regiments took part. Three soldiers were +wounded by bursting of their muskets during the performance.</p> + +<p>On 21st October, the new Chief Justice Jeremiah Pemberton, took +the oaths and his seat on the bench, and his patent was then read in +open Court.</p> + +<p>Wednesday, Oct. 22nd, was launched at the south end of the +town, a handsome brig, the property of Messrs. Gouge & Pryor; +she was the first vessel of the size ever built in the town.</p> + +<p>The following gentlemen composed the Magistracy of the town this +year, viz:—Benj. Green, John Cunningham, John Newton, Charles +Morris, George Smith, William Sherlock, John George Pyke, Thos. +Cochran, Anthony Stewart,<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> W. Taylor, Stephen N. Binney, J. M.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">{94}</a></span> +F. Bulkeley, Revd. Michael Houseal, James Gautier, William +Morris, Charles Morris, junior, Daniel Wood, junior; Matthew Cahill +was High Sheriff.</p> + +<p>It appears that the rank of Esquire was not applied to any person, +at this or any previous period, except Magistrates and high public +functionaries, and persons to whom it was accorded in consequence +of their personal wealth and rank in society. Being a member of +the House of Assembly did not confer the title.</p> + +<p>There was then no regular police establishment in the town, the +Magistrates, by turns, attended to police duties with the aid of the +town constables, who were annually appointed. All special matters +were discussed and settled at the special sessions, which was +generally a private meeting of Magistrates in the back office in +conjunction with the Clerk of the Peace. Criminal charges of a +delicate nature, or when private character was likely to be affected, +were usually investigated with closed doors, and no information +made public until found to be necessary for the ends of justice. +This system continued until Mr. John George Pyke received the +appointment of Police Magistrate, about 60 years since. His duties +were merely to relieve the Magistrates from the more onerous duties +of attending daily at the Police office. Colonel Pyke became +incapacitated by age about the year 1825 or 6, when Mr. John +Liddell was appointed, who had to his aid three or four Police Constables, +two of whom had attended his predecessor, and the valuable +assistance of David Shaw Clarke, the clerk of the peace. Such was +the arrangement until the Act of Incorporation in 1848.</p> + +<p>The "Royal Gazette" was published by Anthony Henry, until +about 1801, when it fell into the hands of Mr. John Howe, from +Boston.</p> + +<p>The "Weekly Chronicle," another paper, was at this time established +by Mr. William Minns, stationer, in Barrington Street, +opposite the north-end of the Grand Parade. It was commenced in +1787, and continued to exist until about 1828 or 9.</p> + +<p>Among the merchants who advertized in these papers we find the +names of James Vetch, opposite the woodyard; David Hall & Co., +in Hollis Street, opposite Government House, (Crown Prince Building); +and George Bell, Granville St. The shops appear to have +contained both groceries and dry-goods, like the country stores of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">{95}</a></span> +the present day. A. & R. Leslie were at the corner of Duke and +Water Streets, near the Pontac. Lawrence Hartshorne, Hardware, +corner of Granville and George streets, between the market house +and the parade. This old corner, so many years known as +Hartshorne & Boggs' corner, had a gun at the corner of the platform +which extended down the hill to the lower corner, occupied by one +Hart, a Jew, afterwards known as Martin Gay Black's, and now +occupied by the new building of the Merchant's Bank; this walk +was the resort of the merchants in the morning, and the fashionable +and idle in the afternoons.</p> + +<p>1789. On the night of Friday, the 23rd January, Cochran's +buildings, a range of three-storey buildings in the market square, +were totally consumed by fire. Firewards were John Fillis, J. G. +Pyke, R. J. Uniacke, Michael Wallace, Geo. Bell, Lawrence +Hartshorne, William Lawlor, Charles Hill.</p> + +<p>On 9th February, an advertisement appeared in the "Gazette," +as follows: "I am directed by His Excellency the Governor, to +acquaint the several gentlemen called upon on Friday last to form +a Fire Company, that he desires their attendance at the 'Golden +Ball' on Thursday next, at twelve o'clock, to agree to rules and +regulations. (Signed) Jas. Gautier."</p> + +<p>On 15th August, the jail was broken open, and a prisoner for debt, +one Livesay, who had been imprisoned at the suit of William Stairs, +escaped, for which Sheriff Green was prosecuted; Green stated +that he had repeatedly represented to the Council the insecure state +of the jail. Mr. James Clarke succeeded Mr. Green as Sheriff of +Halifax, this year.</p> + +<p>The Dockyard at this period was in full operation. The +Commissioner in charge was the Honorable Henry Duncan, who +was also a member of His Majesty's Council. Doctor John +Haliburton, father of the late Chief Justice Sir Brenton Haliburton, +was Surgeon of the Naval Hospital, Mr. Provo Wallis was Master +Superintendent, Elias Marshall, foreman of shipwrights, William Lee +foreman of carpenters, Alexander Anderson and Provo F. Wallis, +Chief Clerks.</p> + +<p>A great scarcity of bread was felt in the town this summer. +Vessels sent to Canada for wheat, returned empty. On the 9th July, +the Governor received a letter from the Governor of Canada, stating<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">{96}</a></span> +the great scarcity of provisions in the Province of Lower Canada or +Quebec, that a famine was dreaded, and requesting him not to +obstruct the exportation of corn and flour from Halifax to Quebec. +But the Justices of the Quarter Sessions presented a memorial which +had been laid before them by the bakers of Halifax, setting forth +that there is not more of flour in the town than sufficient to provide +bread for three or four days, whereupon it was ordered by the +Council that no vessel be permitted to clear out with bread or flour +to Quebec, except the brigantine "Ceres," until further consideration.</p> + +<p>There were amateur theatrical performances this winter at the +Pontac. It would appear that the old theatre in Argyle Street, in +the recollection possibly of some of the oldest inhabitants, was in +operation this year. We find plays advertized to take place there +in February and March. This building stood on the spot on which +the present Acadian School was afterwards erected. It was the +only theatre in the town during the time of the Duke of Kent. It +was afterwards occupied by Walter Bromley as a public school upon +the Lancaster plan, until removed to make way for the present +building, in the year 1816.</p> + +<p>The first Agricultural Society was formed in Halifax in the year +1789; the Hon. Richard Bulkeley was the first president, and Mr. +James Clarke,<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> (afterwards Sheriff Clarke,) was the first secretary.</p> + +<p>The old Block House on the Citadel Hill being in a ruinous condition, +was taken down this year, but the flag and signal staffs +which were on it, were preserved.</p> + +<p>June 1, 1789. The old gaol and garden were offered for sale at +auction. This old building was in Hollis Street, nearly opposite the +present Halifax Hotel, and was formerly the property of the late +Mr. Robert M. Brown.</p> + +<p>On the 16th June, in conformity with the Act of the Legislature +formerly passed, the Governor was pleased to nominate Hon. Henry +Newton, Hon. Thos. Cochran, James Brenton, John Newton and R. +J. Uniacke, Trustees of a Grammar School forthwith to be erected +in the town. "These gentlemen chose Mr. William Cochran, of +Trinity College, Dublin, and lately Professor of the Greek and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">{97}</a></span> +Latin languages in Columbia College, New York, to be master. +Mr. George Glennie, who was regularly educated in the University +of Aberdeen, to be usher, and Mr. Thomas Brown, already well +known in this town, to be teacher of writing, arithmetic and +mathematics. It is thought proper to give this early notification +to the public, but until a suitable building can be provided, the +school will be opened without delay in the room where the +Assembly of the Province meets."</p> + +<p>The Legislature after this met in the building known as Cochran's +building, which was erected at the Market Square after the fire +before mentioned, and the old building appropriated permanently +for the Grammar school, which remained so until lately, when the +school was removed to the private residence of Mr. Gilpin, the head +master, and the old building sold.</p> + +<p>The following advertizement appeared in the "Royal Gazette": +"Information for Masters of Vessels. The Block House on Citadel +Hill, which was a conspicuous object, is removed, having been in +a ruinous condition. The flag and signal staffs remain." "The +hulk of the large ship, sometime since stranded at the back of +Thrum Cap, was beaten to pieces in the last gale."</p> + +<p>On the 15th October, Charles Hill advertized for sale at auction, +the ground where the Court House stood, now known as Northup's +Corner; measuring on Buckingham Street, 94 feet, and on Argyle +Street 43 feet. On the 17th July previous, the old Court House, +and the building adjoining, known as Kirby's soap-house, and other +buildings, were destroyed by fire.</p> + +<p>1790. In the month of July, this year, the whaling fleet arrived, +after a successful voyage. The brig "Prince William Henry," Capt. +Pinkham, with 110 barrels of sperm oil; brig "Hibernian," Capt. +Worth, 100 barrels sperm and 32 black oil; ship "Parr," Capt. +Chase, 480 sperm and 100 black oil, and brig "Harvest," Capt. +Kelly, with 200 sperm. In August following arrived the "Romulus," +with 170 bbls. sperm oil.</p> + +<p>Among the chief merchants of the town at this time were William +Forsyth, Philip Marchington,<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> Brymer & Belcher, Hardware<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">{98}</a></span> +merchants, successors to Thomas Robie; Michael Wallace, retail +store-keeper; James Moody, Hollis Street; Sabatier, Stewart & Co., +Chas. Geddes, dry goods, lower side of the Parade; Richard Kidston, +general merchandize; George Deblois, William Millet, Charles +Hill, Hugh Kelley, all auctioneers. John W. Schwartz kept store at +the corner of Granville and Buckingham Streets; Lawrence +Hartshorne, at his corner, had a general assortment of cutlery, etc., +D. Hall & Co., in Hollis Street, opposite Government House; Ann +Bremner kept a dry goods shop at the north-west corner of the parade; +Peter Lynch kept a hat store at the sign of the "King's Arms;" +C. C. Hall & Co. was the chief dry goods store in the town; Benjamin +Salter, Ship Chandlery, Water St.; John Fillis & Son and G. & +J. Thirlock were among the wholesale dealers; Linnard & Young +were the fashionable tailors; Richard Courtney had a shop at the +lower side of the parade, William Sellon in Granville Street, King +& Story in Marchington's buildings, John Butler Dight, wholesale +store in Marchington's buildings; C. C. Hall & Co. had this year +removed to Marchington building; Winkworth Allen, general +dealer, in Cochran's new building. Mr. Wm. Millet the auctioneer, +on the 9th Sept. advertized for sale, "a negro man and sundry +other articles." In the following year, James Forman & Co. occupied +a store on Copeland's wharf, also Benjamin Salter. The +British Coffee house was kept by John Gallagher at the head of +Marchington's wharf. Mrs. Sutherland's coffee house, was at this +time, one of the chief places of resort for Public Committees and +Societies, as well as for Public entertainments; concerts were held +here throughout the winter, commencing in September. The +Halifax Marine Society, which had been established in Halifax for +several years, held their quarterly meetings at this house. There +was a house of entertainment then kept on McNab's Island by one +Mary Roubalet, for tea parties in the summer. It was called the +Mansion House.</p> + +<p>On the 12th day of January, 1790, James Clarke and George +Geddes, Church Wardens of St. Paul's, advertized that in consequence +of the inclemency of the weather on Sunday there was so +small an attendance in church, that the contributions towards the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">{99}</a></span> +clothing of the children in the Sunday Schools in the town, were so +small, that they desired to invite contributions from the inhabitants +for the relief of the orphans and others attending the schools. In +February following, the church wardens again advertized the distribution +of clothing to the poor children of the Sunday Schools: 15 +great coats, 64 shirts and shifts, 70 pairs stockings and 35 pairs +strong shoes, which cost £30 7s. 2d. The St. Paul's school had +nineteen boys and sixteen girls in attendance.</p> + +<p>On the same day, there was a visitation of the Halifax Grammar +School by the Governor, the Bishop, the Trustees and others. The +attendance during the winter was usually about 60. The school was +addressed on this occasion, by one of the elder boys, and after the +examinations in the Latin classes, writing and arithmetic, several +scholars repeated pieces and dialogues. Mr. Cochran was the headmaster; +he shortly afterwards accepted the charge of the Academy +at Windsor; and the Rev. George Wright was appointed in his place. +His salary was £150 per annum from the Legislature, with what he +could get from the pupils. The number of scholars was 68. He +states his loss in the shape of discount on his Treasury warrants +amounted to from 15 to 20 per cent., in consequence of the delay in +payment.</p> + +<p>The winter was very severe; The harbour was frozen over, and +the destitute condition of the poor very great. The gentlemen +amateurs of the theatre, sent £25 to the Rev. Mr. Weeks, of St. +Paul's, Dr. Andrew Brown, of the Presbyterian meeting house, and +Mr. Houseal of St. George's in Dutchtown, for the poor of their +respective parishes. The overseers of the poor, Jonathan Tremain, +James Gautier, James Kerby and Andrew Belcher, met at the +"Golden Ball," to assess the inhabitants of the town for the poor +rates.</p> + +<p>The Court House having been destroyed by fire, the Quarter +Sessions held their sittings on the 19th February, in the long room +of the "Golden Ball," for the trial of offenders. The "Golden +Ball" was kept by Edward Phelan this winter, who occupied the +north end of the building as a store for general merchandise.</p> + +<p>An Act of the Legislature had been passed this year, and was +published early in May, reciting that the destruction of the Court +House by fire, and the inconvenient situation of the present Assembly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">{100}</a></span> +House, made it necessary that a more suitable place should be +provided, and the state of the Province finances not being such as to +admit of the expense of erecting a proper and suitable building, it +was therefore enacted, that Commissioners be appointed to treat +with Thomas James and William Cochran, for their building opposite +Government House, for £200 per annum, and to expend £100 in +furniture for the purposes of the meeting of this Legislature and +the Courts of Law. This building lately erected after the fire, stood +on the spot now occupied by the new Dominion Public building, and +continued to be the place of holding the General Assembly, the +Courts of Law, etc., until the Province Building was completed for +their reception in 1820. The building in which the Legislature formerly +held its sittings, and which was now appropriated for the +Grammar School, was this year repaired at the public expense.</p> + +<p>In June, the Grand Jury addressed Chief Justice Strange on +his arrival from England. The names of the Jury were:—Richard +Kidston, foreman, William Millet, Lawrence Hartshorne, Godfrey +Schwartz, Winkworth Allen, John Davis, J. Forbes, James Lewis, +Benjamin Salter, James Strachan, William Lawlor, Martin Shier, +John Boyd and Alexander Copeland.</p> + +<p>In the autumn, the Secretary of the Province announced to the +people of the town, that in the event of a war with Spain, and the +withdrawal of the troops from the Province, it would be necessary +to call out the Militia for the defence of the town, and the Colonels +of regiments were called upon to hold themselves in readiness, +and to make returns of the state and condition of their respective +regiments.</p> + +<p>About this time, Captain Stack was a regular trader between this +port and Ireland, and sold his cargoes of beef, salt pork, lard, etc., +at auction, at Charles Hill & Co.'s rooms.</p> + +<p>The Halifax Bar addressed Chief Justice Strange, on his leaving +for England on a visit, this autumn. The address was signed by +S. S. Blowers, R. J. Uniacke, James Sterns, E. B. Brenton, James +Stewart, Daniel Wood, Foster Hutchinson, J. Prout and W. H. O. +Haliburton.</p> + +<p>At a Court of Quarter Sessions, held at Halifax, in June term of +this year, the Sheriff, pursuant to law and by virtue of a warrant +directed to him by the Justices of the Sessions, to lay out a road<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">{101}</a></span> +in the north suburbs of the town, reported that he had laid out the +road by a jury, in the manner following, viz:—Beginning at the +north-east corner or angle of Lot No. 2, on the road leading from +the Dockyard to the Naval Hospital; thence to run north 28 west, +40 feet; thence north, 59 east, 238 feet, which leaves a road of 40 +feet wide, between Allbright's ground and the Hospital fence; +thence north, 28 west, 660 feet; thence north 20 west, 664 feet to +the road leading to Fort Needham, leaving the road 50 feet wide +between the shore at the Narrows at high-water mark, and the Lots +Nos. 3 and 4. This notice was published, that all persons who +might think themselves aggrieved by the laying out of the road +might have an opportunity of being heard before the sessions, on +Tuesday, the 5th September, 1790. It was signed by Thomas +Wood, Clerk of the Peace.</p> + +<p>This road was intended as a continuation of Water Street northward, +to meet the road which leads up from the water to Fort +Needham, but it does not appear to have been on the line of the +present road, but to have gone through the northern end of the +Hospital grounds, along the water side, below the site of the old +magazines.</p> + +<p>At the session of the House of Assembly in 1790, several articles +of impeachment against the Judges of the Supreme Court, as before +mentioned, passed the House, which were laid before the Executive +Council by the Governor, on 7th April. It was proposed to suspend +Chief Justice Deschamps and Judge James Brenton, in +conformity with the request of the Assembly.</p> + +<p>1791. Governor Parr died on 25th November this year, in the +66th year of his age, and the ninth of his government. He was +buried with military honours, under St. Paul's Church, on the 29th +of the month. The procession moved from Government House to St. +Paul's Church, in the following order:—All the Lodges of the Freemasons, +(His Excellency having been the Grand Master,) the 20th +regiment as the firing party, the Church Wardens, the Physicians of +deceased, the Clergy, the Bishop, the body covered by a pall adorned +by eight escutcheons, Pall-bearers, Hon. A. Brymer, Major Boyd, +the Commissioner of the Dockyard, the Admiral, the Hon. S. S. +Blowers, Hon. Thomas Cochran, Major Rawlinson, the General, the +relatives and servants of deceased, particular friends, the Sheriff of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">{102}</a></span> +the county, members of Council, viz., Morris, Bulkeley and Newton, +Judges Brenton and Hutchinson, the treasurer of the province, the +Speaker of the House of Assembly, Custos of the county and Justice +Binney, Magistrates of the town, the bar, staff of the army, +officers of the navy and army, officers of militia, gentlemen of the +town, and the whole garrison all under arms, lining the streets. +Minute guns were fired by the men-of-war in the harbor and by the +Royal Artillery, during the procession. The service was performed +by the bishop, Dr. Charles Inglis, and the body was buried under the +middle aisle.</p> + +<p>During the autumn and winter, a number of black people from +different parts of the province were brought to Halifax, to be +removed to Sierra Leone. Michael Wallace was agent, who on 5th +December, advertised for 1000 tons of shipping, for the purpose. +Ships "Venus," "Parr," "Eleanor;" Brigs "Betsy," "Beaver," +"Mary," "Morning Star," "Catherine," "P. W. Henry;" Schrs. +"Liberty," and "Two Brothers," the whole commanded by Lieutenant +Clarkson, having on board the colored people, all sailed for +Sierra Leone on 15th January, 1792. The hire and damages +amounted to £3965 8s. 0d. sterling. This expense was borne by the +Sierra Leone Company. These colored people were chiefly those +who came from the old provinces with the Loyalists. They formed +a colony in Africa, called the "Nova Scotia colony,"<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> which still +exists, and about 15 years since several old negroes were living who +recollected the removal from Halifax, when children. The fleet +arrived at their destination after a passage of 40 days. The number +embarked was 1139. The day of arrival was 28th March, and +the 28th March in every year is still kept up by the adherents of +the Lady Huntingdon Congregation at Sierra Leone, as the +anniversary of the arrival of their fathers in the colony.</p> + +<p>Until these Nova Scotian adherents of Lady Huntingdon's connection +could erect a chapel for themselves in their new home, they united +with the other coloured congregations of Methodists and Baptists. +Mr. Zachary Macaulay, who was at one time Governor of this colony, +says: "There were five or six black preachers among the Nova Scotians<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">{103}</a></span> +raised up from their own body, who are not without a considerable +influence." Among these, was John Ellis, who was Superintendent +of the churches; he was succeeded by Anthony Elliot, a young +Nova Scotia negro; he acquired several of the native dialects and +became an active Christian missionary in Africa. He died in 1854 +at the advanced age of 80. Elliot followed the avocations of a fisherman +and pilot as the means of livelihood, and on the Sundays he +preached to the people the word of Life.</p> + +<p>The population of the city and suburbs, in 1791, had fallen to +4,897.</p> + +<p>The returns on the census this year, are as follows;—</p> + +<table class="no-b" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'>1301</td><td>males over 16 years of age.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>935</td><td><span class="pad-lr">"</span> under <span class="pad-l1">"</span> +<span class="pad-lr">"</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>2209</td><td>females.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>422</td><td>black people.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>The Agricultural Society of Halifax, offered premiums this year, +and published a volume on husbandry.</p> + +<p>A gold medal and 10 guineas was offered for the best essay on +the natural history of the Hessian fly, and the method of stopping its +progress in the wheat crop. A volume of the Society's proceedings, +was this year published at Halifax by John Howe.</p> + +<p>1792. On the 17th April news arrived of the appointment of Mr. +John Wentworth as Governor. He had resided in Halifax for seven +or eight years, having held the office of Ranger of woods and forests, +and had been Governor of New Hampshire. On 12th May, the +"Hussar," frigate, Capt. Rupert Denis George, arrived, having on +board Governor Wentworth, etc. He landed at the King's wharf +under a salute fired from the parade and a guard of honour from +21st regiment. On the 14th he was sworn into office. In the evening +the town was brilliantly illuminated.</p> + +<p>On 17th August a fire broke out in the property of John Welner, +soap-maker in Granville Street. Six tenements and the Ordnance +laboratory were consumed; Welner and his wife, two aged persons, +were burnt to death. The sum of £140 was raised by subscription +for the sufferers at the fire. The principal sufferers, however, declined +to receive any aid, and a committee was appointed to +examine the claims and distribute the fund.</p> + +<p>Folger and Starbuck, the Quaker whalers, who settled at Dartmouth<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">{104}</a></span> +a year or two since, left Halifax this year, for Milford +Haven, in Great Britain, where they expected to carry on their +whale fishery with greater facilities than at Dartmouth.</p> + +<p>Died at Halifax, on 27th September, 1792, Mrs. Hester Godfrey, +aged 101 years.</p> + +<p>The Grand Jury at Halifax, for 1792, were as follows, viz:—George +Smith, foreman, Andrew Liddell, John Masters, Philip +Marchington, Benjamin Mulberry Holmes, Rufus Fairbanks, Peter +Smith, Michael Wallace, John Steeling, Richard Jacobs, John Kirby, +Thomas Filles, Charles Hill, J. W. Schwartz, William Cochran, +John Butler Dight,<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> Thomas Russell, Alexander Brymer, George +Grant, William Williams and George Deblois.</p> + +<p>Several petitions were presented this year to the Governor and +Council, from the merchants and others of Halifax, on the subject +of trade regulations and the collection of debts. Among the signatures +to these petitions, we find the names of James Forman & Co., +James Moody, William Veitch, George Grant, Winkworth Allen, +William Kidston, Samuel Rudolph, Benjamin M. Holmes, James and +Alexander Kidston, Chas. Geddes, Wm. Forsyth & Co., Thomas +Russell, Hall, Bremner & Bottomry, William Taylor, Burnes, +Liddell & Co., P. Smith, Jonathan Masters, Williams & Lyons, +Geo. Deblois, John Moody, and S. Hall & Co.</p> + +<p>Again 1793: Brymer & Belcher, Forman & Grassie, John Steeling, +Jonathan Tremain, P. Marchington, Andrew Liddell, George Sherlocke, +Francis Stevens, Geo. Bell, Geo. Moren, Edward Butler, +Nathan Hatfield, Thomas Watson, Peter McNab, Benjamin Salter, +Frederick Major and John Brown.</p> + +<p>The town Assemblies were held this winter in Mrs. Sutherland's +rooms in Bedford Row, opposite the Commissary offices.</p> + +<p>On Thursday evening, Dec. 20th, 1792, Governor and Mrs. +Wentworth gave a grand ball. The decorations in the supper room +were very elegant. The ladies sat down and the gentlemen waited +on them. Among the decorations were the exact representations of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">{105}</a></span> +Mr. Jonathan Tremain's new flour mill at Dartmouth, of the windmill +on Halifax Common. A model of the red light house at +Shelburne, and the tract of new road from Pictou, was delineated in +the most ingenious and surprising manner, as was also the representation +of our fisheries.</p> + +<p>To all these inimitable ornaments, corresponding mottoes were +attached, so that not only taste and elegance were conspicuous, but +encouragement and genius were displayed. Such was the description +of this affair as it appeared in the newspapers of the day.</p> + +<p>Cochran's buildings were again on fire, 30th January, 1793, but +the fire was extinguished without much damage.</p> + +<p>War with France was announced by letters from the Secretary of +State to the Governor, dated 9th February, 1793. Orders were also +received to raise a provincial regiment. This regiment was to be +called the Nova Scotia Fensibles; they were to be raised in Halifax, +but were not to have half pay, and the Commissions were to be given +to half pay officers. Young Haligonians were thus excluded. It +was about the same time decided on embodying a part of the Militia +force for the defence of the town. 1050 effective men were accordingly +marched into the town from the country, who were to receive +pay from the British Government while on duty. The Governor +published his thanks to the militia on 2nd November, for the alacrity +with which they obeyed his orders in marching to Halifax. By the +month of May the number of men enlisted for the Nova Scotia +regiment, amounted to 100, the enlistments were afterwards increased +to 600 men.</p> + +<p>Apprehensions appear to have been entertained of an attack on +the town by the French fleet. Every precaution appears to have +been taken by Governor Wentworth for the protection of the +Capital. In his letter to the Secretary of State of 23rd July, the +Governor says, "In twenty minutes I could put under the command +of General Ogilvie, 900 militia men, and in a few hours a second +battalion of 600, who reside in the neighbourhood of the town."</p> + +<p>The Halifax Militia Artillery, commanded by Capt. J. Tremain +was a most effective body of men. It had been this year formed +and consisted of sixty freeholders of the town. The Town Regiment +of Infantry was commanded by Col. John George Pyke. +550 men of the Town Militia assisted the Garrison in repairing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">{106}</a></span> +and mounting the batteries on Citadel Hill and elsewhere. On the +2nd April, two French Prizes were brought into the harbour by +H. M. Ship Alligator, with cargoes valued at £40,000.</p> + +<p>Among the events of the War was an expedition fitted out at +Halifax to attack the Island of St. Pierre, in Newfoundland. It +consisted of the Alligator and Hussar, men-of-war, with a body of +troops under General Ogilvie. Before leaving, the two ships of war +received permissions from the Governor and Council to press +through the town and complete their crews. The place surrendered +without fighting, and the Governor, M. Danseville, with several +hundred prisoners and stores were brought to Halifax. They +landed on the 20th of June. Governor Danseville was placed on +parole, and resided at Dartmouth for many years in the house known +as Brook House, now or lately the residence of the Hon. Michael +Tobin, junr., about a couple of miles or more from Dartmouth +town. The old gentleman displayed some taste in beautifying the +grounds at Brook House. He built a fish pond and laid out walks +among the beech and white birch groves near the house. The +pond still remains, but the walks and most of the trees have long +since disappeared. He remained a prisoner with an allowance from +Government until the peace of 1814, when he returned to his own +country a zealous royalist. Mr. Mizanseau was his aide-de-camp; +he married a farmer's daughter in the South East Passage, and left a +family who bear his name in that neighbourhood.</p> + +<p>Governor Wentworth proposed to place the French prisoners who +had been brought to Halifax from time to time, on an Island in the +North West Arm, afterwards known as Melville Island, but the +General preferred the Cornwallis <a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a>Barracks. The Island was not +the property of the Government at this time, but hired by Governor +Wentworth for this purpose of a prison. It afterwards became +Admiralty property.</p> + +<p>A poll tax existed at this time. It had been imposed by Act of +the Legislature in 1791. One shilling per head was imposed on all +males above 21 years of age. The law also contained a tax on +cattle, with an extra tax on certain trades and occupations. It was +ostensibly for the purpose of reducing the provincial debt. It does +not appear, however, to have been regularly collected in the town.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">{107}</a></span> +1794. On the 10th May, His Royal Highness Prince Edward +arrived at Halifax in the Blanche Frigate, twelve days from St. +Kitts. He landed immediately under a salute of 21 guns.</p> + +<p>A levee took place on the 14th and an address was presented to +him couched in the most fulsome and ridiculous language. On the +24th there was a garrison review under the command of General +Ogilvie.</p> + +<p>On the 22nd January, the following year, he set out by land for +Quebec. He was at Boston on 5th February, where he remained 10 +days and then embarked for the West Indies. It appears, however, +that he was in Halifax on 25th February.</p> + +<p>1794. This year a number of merchants of the town agreed to +underwrite policies of insurance on vessels and goods, and appointed +Benjamin Salter the broker, who, on the 10th May, advertised +attendance every day during "change" hours at the "Coffee Rooms."</p> + +<p>The town was again harassed by press gangs from Admiral +Murray's ship. The Admiral had persuaded the Governor and +Council to allow him twenty-four hours power over the inhabitants +to man his fleet—though Capt. Home had been previously refused +the privilege in January.</p> + +<p>In December the Marine Society, which had been established by +the merchants of Halifax several years previously, was re-modeled +and extended in its operations. About this time a project had been +formed by Governor Wentworth for uniting the waters of Halifax +Harbor with the Bay of Fundy by a canal from the River +Shubenacadie, and rendering the river navigable. Suggestions on +the subject had been made to Governor Wentworth by persons whom +he supposed competent to judge of the feasibility of the project, and +was very sanguine of success in the work if not interrupted by +hostilities. It does not appear, however, that any attempt was +made this year towards effecting the object, but three years after +(1797) the sum of £250 was voted for a survey of the projected +canal.</p> + +<p>All public lands in the town were this year granted to trustees. +A grant of part of the King's Stores for a fishmarket was made, +also the Province Building ground and the Grand Parade. The old +English burial ground opposite the present Government House on +Pleasant Street had been originally set apart, in 1749, as a general<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">{108}</a></span> +burial place for the inhabitants of the town. It consisted of two +acres and a quarter, but the title had not passed out of the Crown. +It was this year granted to the Church Wardens and Vestry of +St. Paul's Parish. They have been considered to hold it in trust +for the original purpose for which it was dedicated. The old poor +house burial ground was also included in this grant.</p> + +<p>The French prisoners brought from St. Pierre and Miquelon, who +had been lodged in the town with others who had been taken in +prizes, were sent, in the month of July, to the Island of Guernsey.</p> + +<p>We find Captain George of the Hussar receiving permission from +the Council to fill up the complement of his men by impressment. +In July following a similar application from Capt. Knowles of the +ship Daedalus was refused. Admiral Murray, it appears, obtained +another license in September to press through the town for seven +days.</p> + +<p>Commodore George informed the Governor that intelligence of +the state of the defences of the town had been, or was likely to be, +communicated by the French prisoners, through persons from the +United States, to the French ambassador at Washington, and +suggested an embargo on all vessels going to the United States for +the present until he should receive intelligence from Admiral +Murray. The Collector of the Customs at Halifax was accordingly +ordered not to clear any vessels to the United States until further +orders.</p> + +<p>The following gentlemen were added to the Magistracy of the +town: Michael Head, M. D., George Sherlock, Francis Green, +J. M. F. Bulkeley, J. B. Dight, John Phillips, M. D., Johnathan +Tremaine. James Clarke was Sheriff. Among the advertisements +which appeared in the newspaper this and the previous year was a +notice that sedan chairs would stand for hire in Barrington Street, +also at the Court House, for the convenience of the public. The +principal merchants and ship owners in the town between 1787 and +1795 were Geo. Bell, Hardware and Glass Store in Granville Street, +near the town guard, then kept in the old house behind Masons' +Hall; Peter Smith, Wines & Groceries; James Veitch, Groceries +and General Store, shop opposite the wood yard; David Hall & Co. +Dry Goods Store in Hollis Street, opposite old Government House; +Charles Handesayde, Boot & Shoe Maker in Granville Street; Alex.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">{109}</a></span> +and Robert Leslie, Dry Goods Store at the corner of Duke & Hollis +Streets, near the Pontac; Lawrence Hartshorne, Hardware Store at +corner of Granville Street, between the Market House and the +Parade; Wm. Forsyth & Co., Importing Merchants; Linnard & +Young, Tailors, in Marchington's Buildings, Upper Water Street; +George DeBloise, General Dealer; John Butler Dight, Importing +Merchant, and Winkworth Allen and the Messrs. Cochran. William +Minns, Stationer, Benj. Salter, Importing Merchant, Chas. Geddis, +Watch Maker & Jeweller, lower side the Parade; John Hill, Cutter, +Hollis Street; Edmond Phelan, "Golden Ball" tavern, Hollis +Street; Wm. Brindley, Wines, etc., Forman, Grassie & Co., +Importing Merchants, store on the Long Wharf (late Copeland's); +Hall, Bremner & Bottomley, Dry Goods, etc.</p> + +<p>Between '95 and '99. James Romans, Boot & Shoe Maker, +corner of Duke & Granville Streets; Wm. Dickie, Dry Goods, Phebe +Moody, Dry Goods, Matthew Richardson, General Store, Robert +Chrisley, Dry Goods, John McMasters, Dry Goods, Edward King, +Livery Stable, John Kidston, General Dealer.</p> + +<p>In 1798 the firm of L. Hartshorne & Co. was changed to +Hartshorne & Boggs.</p> + +<p>Moody & Tidmarsh, Dry Goods, Thos. Wallace, Dry Goods, etc., +opposite wood yard; J. Hemmington, Grocer, near the Navy Yard; +Lyon & Butler, General Dealers, Saml. Leddiet, Soap Boiler from +Liverpool, kept the London Porter House above the Grand Parade; +Philip Garrell, Tailor, Fraser, Thom & Co., Importing Merchants, +Marchington's Wharf; Robert Scaiff, successor to Wm. & Thos. +Williams, Hardware, Jewellery, etc., Forsyth, Smith & Co., Importing +Merchants, James Leaver, Lower Water Street, Dry Goods, +David Seabury, Auctioneer, Joseph Davis, Dry Goods, Michael +Head, Apothecary, Saml. Hart, Dry Goods, D. Marshall and D. +Fraser, both Importing Merchants, Wm. Annand, Groceries, etc., +Saml. Greenwood, Mast Maker, Ed. Bartlett, Dry Goods, Marchington's +Wharf; Jacob Miller & Son and Philis, Boyd & Philis, +Importing Merchants, Tremain & Boggs, opposite the fuel yard, +Hardware, etc., Thomas Roby, Merchant, Granville Street, Brymer +& Belcher, John Grant, Wm. Forsyth & Co., Jonathan Tremain, +Merchants, James Moody, Grocery & General Store keeper, Hollis +Street, Michael Wallace, Wines, Groceries, etc. C. C. Hall & Co.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">{110}</a></span> +appear to have been the leading dry goods shop keepers; their store +was in Marchington's buildings near the Ordnance. Charles Hill, +Auctioneer, James Forbes, Wine, Groceries, etc., Water Street, +near Fairbanks' Wharf. Andrew Gallagher kept the British Tavern +opposite Marchington's Wharf. Sabatier, Stewart & Co., General +Merchants; their firm was dissolved in 1790. William Millett, +Auctioneer, King & Stoe, Shop-keeper, No. 6 Marchington's buildings, +near the British Tavern; Thomas Russel, shop-keeper, store +near the Coffee House; Alex. Morrison, Bookseller, Thos. Donaldson, +Confectioner, Etter & Tidmarsh, corner of the Parade, British +Merchandise, D. Curry & Co., Dry Goods, James Frame, Cabinet +Maker, Jonathan & John Tremain, Hardware, etc., David Rudolph, +near the Golden Ball, Dry Goods & Groceries, Richd. Woodroffe, +Furrier, near the South Barracks.</p> + +<p>1795. At the request of Prince Edward, the men of the Militia +were employed on the fortifications in the neighborhood of the town +during the summer. At this time the French prisoners in the town +became very riotous; they were ordered to be removed to a place of +confinement and none to be permitted at large. Several French +prizes were brought in during the summer by Capts. Cochran and +Beresford, of the Hussar and the Thetis, Sloops-of-War. An +armed Snow named the Earl of Moira was kept by the Provincial +Government for the protection of the coast. The most stirring +event of the year was the arrival of the Hussar and Thetis after a +long cruise bringing with them two French ships-of-war which they +had captured; part of the enemy's squadron bound from the West +Indies to Virginia.</p> + +<p>Several Halifax ship masters lost their vessels and were made +prisoners by French privateers in 1795. The names of Capts. +Jacobs, Lloyd, Ewing and John Pryor appear among them. They +suffered much hard usage at Guadaloupe where they were detained. +A project for building a bridge across the Narrows was contemplated +about this time. A petition was presented to the House of Assembly +dated 11th March, 1796, from a number of persons praying for an +Act to authorize the building of a bridge across the Narrows.</p> + +<p>Between January, 1795, and January, 1796, the Halifax markets +appear to have been well supplied. The newspapers of the day +mention that 786 head of fat cattle, 30 cows and calves, besides +sheep and swine had been brought into the town.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">{111}</a></span> +1796. St. George's day was celebrated with much festivity by +the English Society. They had a dinner in the evening at which +Governor Wentworth and Prince Edward were present. Among +the decorations were sixty variegated lamps. Genl. Ogilvie and +Chief Justice Strange were among the guests. The Prince arrived +and departed under a royal salute and, during the dinner, sat under +a canopy of white satin and gold lace.</p> + +<p>During the spring of 1796 Halifax suffered from a scarcity of +provisions. The inhabitants were indebted to Messrs. Hartshorne +and Tremain, whose mills at Dartmouth enabled them, through the +summer, to obtain flour at a reduced price and to afford a sufficient +supply for the fishery.</p> + +<p>The 4th June, old King George's birthday, was celebrated this +year with the usual ceremonies. There was a levee and a review of +the troops, and Sir John Wentworth entertained the Prince and a +number of the principal inhabitants at a Ball, when the old Government +House was brilliantly illuminated. There was a dinner the +same afternoon among the merchants at the British Tavern, Marchington's +buildings.</p> + +<p>St. Patrick's day, this year, was also celebrated by a levee at the +Government House and a dinner at Gallagher's hotel. The society +sat down to dinner at five o'clock. His Royal Highness Prince +Edward, Governor Sir John Wentworth, several members of +Council, the Speaker and a number of members of the House +of Assembly attended. The Prince and the Governor retired early, +but the society kept up their festivities to a late hour.</p> + +<p>On July 21st, vessels arrived in the harbor with five hundred +Maroon negroes from Jamaica. The Maroons were the descendants +of a number of African slaves, who, when Jamaica was conquered +from the Spaniards, took refuge in the Island. They continued in +a state of insubordination, but occasionally made treaties with the +English. At this time they were in open hostility, but had been +conquered, and it was arranged that a number of them should be +sent as settlers to Canada. They put into Halifax on their way. +They were under the superintendence of Colonel Quarrell of Jamaica, +who had letters from the Governor of Jamaica to Sir John Wentworth. +Prince Edward was commander of the garrison at the time, +and on inspecting the people was so much pleased with the athletic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">{112}</a></span> +proportions of the young mulatto men that he proposed to detain +them to work on the fortifications of the town, which were then in +progress under his direction. The French squadron under Admiral +Richery was then off the coast, and it was expected that he would +visit Halifax. The fortifications at the mouth of the harbor having +fallen into decay were under repair, but, not sufficiently forward to +afford protection in case of an attack. The proposal was accepted +by the Maroons; some were accordingly accommodated with sheds, +and others placed in barns and such places of shelter as could be +found in the town for their temporary accommodation. A number +were sent to work on Citadel Hill, and one of the bastions there +was called the Maroon Battery. The assent of the Secretary of +State having been obtained for their settlement in Nova Scotia, land +was assigned them in the Township of Preston. Col. Quarrell did +not like the treatment they received. Many of the Maroons were +permitted to come to town and seek work among the inhabitants. +It was about this time that Sir John Wentworth proposed, as has +been before mentioned, to open communication between Halifax +and the River Shubenacadie which was to be performed by Maroon +labor. This was the first proposal to be met with in reference to +the Shubenacadie Canal which, in after years caused so much loss +and suffering by its failure. Differences arose between Col. Quarrell +and the Governor, the Maroons refused to work, and discontent +increased. Sir John and Prince Edward had a project of forming +them into a corps of militia, and bestowed militia commissions on +several of the young men among the Maroons, and two of their +leading men, Montagu and Johnson, were appointed Colonels. +Jarret, Bailey, Mayers and others were made Majors and Captains, +which gratified their vanity.</p> + +<p>The winter of 1796-7 was very severe, the want of provisions +was felt, and the scarcity of flour threatened a famine in the town. +The expenses of supplying these people had hitherto been borne by +the Jamaica Government. Land had been purchased at Preston +and the large building known as Maroon Hall, afterwards the +property of Lieut. Katzmann, was erected as a residence for the +superintendent. Some difficulties arose with the Jamaica Legislature. +Quarrell left Halifax in the spring of 1797, leaving the Maroons +discontented and refractory. It was finally arranged that they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">{113}</a></span> +should be sent to Sierra Leone. Eight years previously a number +of negroes had been sent there from Halifax. The Maroons were +to be united with them in the hope that the union would be a check +on the turbulent conduct of the Nova Scotia colony, which at that +time had been the source of some trouble to the Sierra Leone +Company. They were accordingly embarked in the autumn of 1800, +and arrived on the coast of Africa in October.</p> + +<p>Sir John Wentworth had received intelligence in September which +led him to apprehend some attempt on Halifax by the French forces +now in Newfoundland. At the close of the year the harbor +defences were brought into good condition, and capable of affording +a tolerable defence in case of invasion. Two press warrants were +issued this year by the Council; one on 31st January to Admiral +Murray for twenty-four hours in the town, and another in October +to Admiral Vandiput for two months through the province.</p> + +<p>On the night of the 21st March a fire broke out in the range of +houses opposite St. Paul's Church, in Barrington Street, which +consumed the property of Dr. Greaves. The trees around the +Church escaped uninjured.</p> + +<p>The sudden death of James Michael Freke Bulkeley, the Secretary +of the province, on the 12th November, threw a gloom over the +community. He was a young man of pleasing address and highly +esteemed. He had been for some time member for the county, +which he held in conjunction with that of Provincial Secretary. He +had succeeded his father, Richard Bulkeley, in the office but a short +time before his death.</p> + +<p>In November, the fleet, under Vice Admiral Vandiput, sailed +from Halifax on a cruise. It consisted of the Resolution, 74, +bearing the Admiral's flag, Capt. Ledmore; Assistance, 50 guns, +Capt. Mowatt; Andromeda, 32 guns, Capt. Taylor; Ceres, 32, +Capt. Otway; Lynx, 18, Capt. Hall, and the Hunter, 18, Capt. +Tucker.</p> + +<p>1797. During this summer the town was enlivened by the +presence of four or five hundred embodied militia who did garrison +duty. Several battalions were enrolled in the country with the +intention of their being removed to Halifax for the protection of the +town in the absence of the regular troops. They were, however, +not required, and were discharged in the latter part of October by +order of the Governor.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">{114}</a></span> +At this time Dr. Robert Stanser was rector of St. Paul's, Dr. +Archibald Gray, minister of St. Matthew's, at the corner, Mr. +Michael Bernard Houseal, missionary to the Germans and minister +of St. George's, north suburbs. Chief Justice Strange resigned this +year and was succeeded in the office by Mr. Sampson Salter Blowers, +who remained Chief Justice until 1835, when he was succeeded by +Sir Brenton Halliburton. Chief Justice Blowers died in 1842, at the +age of 100 years. His monument is in the south-east corner of the +east aisle of St. Paul's. He built the house at the corner of +Barrington and Blowers Streets, lately occupied by Mr. Romans as +a hotel, and known as the Waverley House, where he resided for +about thirty-five years.</p> + +<p>Mr. Shaw was Sheriff of Halifax this year; he was succeeded by +Lewis M. Wilkins, afterwards a Judge of the Supreme Court, and +father of the late Judge Wilkins of that Court.</p> + +<p>Prince Edward, who was Commandant of the garrison, appears +to have patronized almost all the public entertainments in the town. +He dined with the national societies, and honored the balls given by +Governor Wentworth with his presence. His manners were affable, +and he was, in consequence, quite popular with all classes in the +town. He was very much affected by the sudden death of Lieutenant +Charles Thomas of his own regiment, the 7th Fusiliers, who +was accidentally shot by a brother officer while on a hunting +expedition in August of this year. Lieut. Thomas was the son of +Nathaniel Ray Thomas, a magistrate and collector of the customs +of Windsor, and a cousin of Governor Wentworth. He was a +favourite and protegé of Prince Edward, who attended his funeral +and erected a monument at his own expense over his grave.</p> + +<p>On the 23rd November, this year, H. M. Ship La Tribune, Capt. +Baker, was lost in coming into the harbor. The following authentic +account of this disaster is from the newspaper of the day:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>"La Tribune was one of the finest frigates in His Majesty's service, +mounted 44 guns and had been lately captured by Captain Williams in the +Unicorn frigate. She was commanded by Captain S. Barker, and sailed +from Torbay the 22nd September, as convoy to the Quebec and Newfoundland +fleets. In Lat. 49° 14´ Long. 17° 29´ she fell in with and spoke His +Majesty's ship Experiment from this place, out 12 days. She lost sight of +all her convoy October 19th, in Lat. 46° 16´ Long. 32° 11´. On Thursday +morning last, they discovered this Harbour about 8 o'clock. The wind being +E. S. E. they approached it very fast, when Captain Barker proposed to the +master that they should lay the ship to till they could obtain a pilot; the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">{115}</a></span> +master replied, 'he had beat a 44 gun ship into the harbour—that he had +been frequently here and that there was no occasion for a pilot, as the +wind was fair.' Confiding in these assurances Captain Barker went below +and was for a time employed in arranging some papers he wished to take +on shore with him. The master in the meantime taking upon himself the +pilotage of the ship, and placing great dependence upon the judgment of a +negro man by the name of John Casey, (who had formerly belonged here) +whom he had placed forward to con the ship. About 12 o'clock the +ship had approached so near the Thrum Cap Shoals, that the master +became alarmed and sent for Mr. Galvin the master's mate, who was sick +below. On his coming on deck he heard the man in the chains sing out +'by the mark five,' the black man forward at the same time singing out +'steady.' Galvin got on one of the carronades to observe the situation of +the ship, the master in much agitation at the same time taking the wheel +from the man who was steering with an intent to wear ship, but before +this could be effected or Galvin able to give an opinion, she struck. +Captain Barker instantly came on deck and reproached the master with +having lost the ship. Seeing Galvin also on deck, he addressed him and +said (as he knew he had formerly sailed out of this harbour) that he was +much surprised that he could stand by and see the master run the ship on +shore. Galvin informed the Captain he had not been on deck long enough +to give an opinion. Signals of distress were instantly made and answered +by the military posts and the ships in the harbour. Boats from all the +military posts, from His Majesty's ships and from the Dockyard, proceeded +to the relief of La Tribune. The military boats and one of the boats from +the Dockyard, with Mr. Rackum, boatswain of the Ordinary, reached the +ship; but the other boats, though making the greatest exertions, were not +able, the wind being so much against them, to get on board. The ship was +immediately lightened by throwing all her guns, except one retained for +signals, overboard, and every other heavy article, so that at about half-past +eight o'clock in the evening the ship began to heave and about nine she got +off from the shoals. She had before at about five or six o'clock lost her +rudder, and on examination it was now found that she had seven feet of +water in the hold. The chain pumps were immediately manned and such +exertions made that they seemed to gain on the leaks, and by advice of Mr. +Rackum the Captain ordered to let go the best bower anchor. This was +done but it did not bring her up. The Captain then ordered them to cut the +cable, and the jib and fore topmast stay sail were hoisted to steer by. All +this time the violent gale, which had come on from the south east, kept +increasing and carrying them to the western shore. In a short time the +small bower anchor was let go, at which time they found themselves in about +thirteen fathoms water. The mizzen mast was then cut away. It was now +about ten o'clock, the water gaining fast on the ship, little hope remained +of saving the ship or their lives. At this critical period Lieut. Campbell +quitted the ship. Lieut. Nooth was taken into the boat out of one of the +ports. Lieut. James of the Royal Nova Scotia Regiment, not being to be +found was so unfortunate as to remain, and to the great distress of his +worthy parents and friends shared the general fate. From the period +when Lieut. Campbell quitted the ship all hopes of safety had vanished, +the ship was sinking fast, the storm was increasing with redoubled +violence, the rocky shore to which they were approaching resounding with +the tremendous noise of the billows which rolled toward it, presented +nothing to those who might survive the sinking of the ship, but the +expectation of a more painful death from being dashed against those +tremendous precipices, which even in the calmest day it is almost impossible +to ascend.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">{116}</a></span> +Dunlap, one of the survivors, informs us that at about half-past ten, as +nearly as he could conjecture, one of the men who had been below came to +him on the forecastle and told him the ship was sinking; in a few minutes +after, the ship took a lurch as a boat will do when nearly filled with water +and going down; immediately on which Dunlap began to ascend the fore +shroud, and at the same moment casting his eyes towards the quarter deck +saw Capt. Barker standing by the gangway and looking into the water, and +directly after heard him call for the jolly-boat. At the same time he saw the +Lieutenant of Marines running towards the taffrail, he supposed to look for +the jolly-boat, as she had previously been let down with four men in her—but +instantly the ship took a second lurch and sank to the bottom; after +which neither the captain nor any other of the officers was seen. The +scene, sufficiently distressing before, became now peculiarly awful—more +than 240 men, besides several women and children were floating on the +waves making their last efforts to preserve their existence. Dunlap, +whom we have before mentioned, gained the fore top. Mr. Galvin, the +master's mate, after incredible difficulty, got into the main top—he was +below when the ship sank, directing the men at the chain pump. He was +washed up the hatchway, thrown into the waist and from thence into the +water, and his feet as he plunged, struck a rock. On ascending, he swam +to gain the main shrouds when he was suddenly seized hold of by three +men—he was now afraid he was lost. To disengage himself from them he +made a dive into the water which induced them to quit their hold. On +rising again he swam to the shrouds and arrived at the main top and +seated himself on an arm-chest which was lashed to the mast.</p> + +<p>From the observations of Mr. Galvin from the main-top and Mr. +Dunlap in the fore-top, it appears that near one hundred persons were for +a considerable time hanging to the shrouds, the tops and other parts of the +wreck; but from the extreme length of the night and the ferocity of the +storm nature became exhausted, and they kept at all periods of the night +dropping off and disappearing. The cries and groans of the unhappy +sufferers, from the bruises many of them had received and as their hopes +of deliverance began to fail them, were continued through the night; +though as morning appeared from the few that then survived they became +feeble indeed. The whole number saved from the wreck amounted to +eight persons and several of them so exhausted as to be indifferent +whether they were taken off or not. Mr. Galvin mentions that about +twelve o'clock the mainmast gave way; at that time he supposes there +were on the main-top and on the shrouds upwards of forty persons. By +the fall of the mast the whole were again plunged into the water, and of +that number only nine besides himself regained the top. The top rested +upon the main yard, and the whole remained fast to the ship by some of +the rigging. Of the ten persons who regained the main-top four only +were alive when morning appeared. Ten were at that time alive on the +fore-top, but three of them had got so exhausted and had become so unable to +help themselves that before any relief came they were finally washed +away; three others perished, and four only were also finally left alive in +the fore-top. The place where the ship went down was only about three +times her length to the southward of the entrance into Herring Cove. The +people came down in the night to the point opposite to which the ship +sunk and kept large fires, and were so near as to converse with the people +in the wreck.</p> + +<p>The first exertion that was made for their relief was by a boy, thirteen +years old, from Herring Cove, who ventured off in a small skiff by himself +about eleven o'clock the next day; and this truly deserving young lad +with great exertions and at extreme risk to himself ventured to approach the +wreck and backed in his little boat so near to the fore-top as to take off<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">{117}</a></span> +two of the men, for the boat could not with safely hold any more; and here +a trait of generous magnanimity occurred which deserves to be noticed. +Dunlap and Munroe had, throughout this disastrous night providentially +preserved their strength and spirits beyond their unfortunate companions, +and had endeavoured to cheer and encourage them as they found their +spirits sinking; they were now both of them able to have stepped into the +boat and put an end to their own sufferings, but their other two companions, +though alive, were unable to help themselves. They lay exhausted +on the top, wished not to be disturbed, and seemed desirous to perish as they +lay. These generous fellows hesitated not a moment to remain themselves +on the wreck and to save, though against their will, their unfortunate +companions. They lifted them up and by the greatest exertions got them +into the little skiff, and the manly boy rowed them triumphantly to the +Cove and instantly had them conveyed to a comfortable habitation. +After shaming, by his example, older persons who had larger boats, he put +off again in his little skiff, but with all his efforts he could not then approach +the wreck. His example, however, was soon followed by the men in the +Tribune's jolly-boat and by some of the boats of the Cove, and by their +joint exertions the eight men were preserved, who, with four that escaped +in the jolly-boat make the whole number of survivors of this fine ship's +company.</p> + +<p>Some have been disposed to blame Capt. Barker as exhibiting too +much obstinacy in not abandoning the ship and preserving his crew, as a +violent storm was evidently approaching, but on examining the men who +have survived we find (though other officers in the same situation might have +formed a different judgment) that the conduct of Capt. Barker was throughout +the trying scene completely cool and collected. Though from the +manner in which the ship had been run ashore, no blame could attach to +him, yet he could not reconcile it to himself to lose so fine a ship without +making every exertion to save her. Having by the greatest efforts considerably +lightened her, he had reason to suppose she might get off before +high water. She made no water while she lay aground, there was therefore +great hopes, if she could not that night have been got up the harbour that +she might with safety have been brought to anchor and have rode out the +gale. When she finally got off, universal joy was diffused throughout the +ship—every man thought the object of their joint efforts was attained—but +the rapid manner in which the water poured into her, soon damped their +joy and plunged them into despair. Had the ship been finally saved by +the great exertions which were made to effect it, every man would have +praised Capt. Barker, and, notwithstanding those exertions failed, we +think we may justly say, in the language of Mr. Addison,</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"'Tis not in mortals to command success<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Barker did more; he did deserve it"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>To his memory therefore and that of his brave fellow-sufferers, the commiseration +of their countrymen is justly due. From every generous heart +they will receive that commiseration; and while the mind runs over the +whole trying scene the tears which must involuntarily flow will embalm +their memory.</p> + +<p>Having closed the general scene, we think it will not be unacceptable +to our readers if we notice the conduct of some individuals. A quartermaster +belonging to the ship, by the name of McGregor, had his wife on +board; they were a respectable couple and greatly attached to each other. +McGregor from his affectionate solicitations for her safety, endeavoured to +persuade her, while the ship lay on the shoals, to go ashore in one of the +boats which came off from the Island, as his mind would be more at ease, +could he put her in a place of safety. To his solicitations she replied, +'that she never would abandon him; if it was his lot to perish, she wished<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">{118}</a></span> +not to survive him.' Finding it in vain to urge her further, he desisted +from the attempt and she afterwards shared the common fate. A considerable +time after the ship had foundered a man was discovered swimming +towards the wreck. On his approaching near it was found to be McGregor; +he informed his comrades who were hanging by the wreck, that he had +swam towards the shore; that he had ventured as far as he could with +safety into the surf, and found if he went further he should be dashed to +pieces, and he cautioned them all to avoid making a like attempt, but if +possible to hold by the wreck. He himself gained the main shrouds and +remained there till the mast gave way, and then met the same fate as his +unfortunate consort, whose death he was continually deploring while on +the shrouds.</p> + +<p>Dunlap relates another instance which occurred, which though it +may appear ludicrous after the distressing scenes we have noticed, is so +descriptive of that cool thoughtlessness of danger which so often distinguishes +our British tars that it would be inexcusable to omit it. Daniel +Munroe, one of the survivors had as well as Dunlap got into the fore-top. +After a while he disappeared and it was concluded that he had been +washed away with many others; after an absence from the top of about +two hours, he suddenly popped his head up through the lubber hole to the +surprise of Dunlap, who enquired where he had been; he said he had been +cruising about for a better berth; and it appeared that, after swimming +about the wreck for a considerable time, he had returned to the fore shrouds, +and crawled in on the cat-harpins and had actually been to sleep there +more than an hour, and he said he was and really appeared to be greatly +refreshed.</p> + +<p>Mr. Brennan of the Dockyard, who had gone aboard with Mr. Rackum, +after the sinking of the ship, had got on the maintop and remained there +till the mainmast gave way and was never after seen.</p> + +<p>While noticing the immediate disasters of the ship, we forebore to +mention the fate of one of the boats which had gone from George's +Island. About nine o'clock as the ship went off, the boat got under the +ship's bow and was upset; by this circumstance a part of the men, consisting +of two sergeants and four privates of the Royal Nova Scotia Regiment were +unfortunately drowned; the remainder were taken up by the boat belonging +to the Eastern Battery. Too much praise cannot be given to the men +who manned these boats, and particularly to Sergt. Bourke, and the boat's +crew who persevered in following the ship, and finally brought off Lieuts. +Campbell and Nooth of the Royal Fusiliers.</p> + +<p>Great praise is also due to the dock-yard boat which carried Mr. +Rackum on board. They followed the ship at a short distance till she +foundered, and with extreme difficulty at length reached Herring Cove. +We are sorry to mention that Mr. Rackum, whose exertions on board +La Tribune to preserve the ship were gratefully acknowledged, perished +with the unhappy ship's company.</p> + +<p>Having mentioned all the disastrous circumstances which have +attended this distressing scene, it is with pleasure we now notice the +attention which has been paid to the widows and children of the unfortunate +sufferers. His Royal Highness Prince Edward with that uniform +generosity which has distinguished his Royal Highness during his +residence in this province, directed immediate provision to be made for the +bereaved families, and there is reason to hope through his Royal Highness' +representations, that provision will be made as permanent as their +sufferings. Actions like these dignify even kings and add splendour to the +highest rank.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">{119}</a></span> +Besides the attention shown by his Royal Highness a liberal subscription +has been made by the garrison and gentlemen of the town for the +widows of the soldiers who were drowned and for the men who manned +the boats.</p> + +<p>There is another instance of generosity, which the occasion seems to +require, and it seems to be the earnest wish of the men who were saved +from the wreck; it is that some reward may be bestowed on the boy who +first came off to them. They attribute in a great measure their deliverance +to him, and they mention with the warmest gratitude, not only his +exertions to save them from the wreck, but his kind and hospitable +attention to relieve them after they had reached the Cove. Surely if a +subscription were set on foot there is not a man in the country who would +not give something to reward and encourage so young an instance of +humane and heroic magnanimity.</p> + +<p>Mr. Club, the master of La Tribune, was master of the Active, frigate +when she was run ashore on the Island of Anticosti.</p> + +<p>Mr. Fennel, first lieutenant, and Mr. Galvin, the master's mate, were +both formerly prisoners at Guadeloupe with Colonel Wetherall, and were +all for a considerable time chained by the legs together. Lieut. +Fennell declared to Lieut. Campbell that his only motive in coming out in +La Tribune was to have the pleasure of seeing Colonel Wetherall; and +such appears to have been the attachment of Galvin to Lieut. Fennel that, +though he speaks with becoming feeling of the fate of the ship's company, +the loss of Lieut. Fennell seems peculiarly to affect him. On enquiring of +him if he saw Lieut. Fennell after the ship sunk, he replied, he did not, for +if he had, though he was himself in a place of apparent security, he would +again have risked his life to preserve him, and would have effected it or +perished with him. A similar attachment to each other appears among +the men who have survived the wreck, and these circumstances unite to +prove that the virtues which render human beings the most pleasing are +those they are taught in the trying school of adversity.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p>List of the officers lost in La Tribune:—Captain, Scory Barker; First +Lieutenant, Thomas Fennel; Second do., Thomas Clarke; Third do., Thomas +Sheirp; Master, James Clubb; Lieutenant Marines, James Cregg; Surgeon, +—— Jones; Purser, —— Stanford; Carpenter, James Jurd; Boatswain, John +Franklin; Master's Mate, William Stacey; Midshipmen, John Dennington, +Charles Belcher, John Clowdsley, William Crofton, —— Nops; Captain's +Clerk, William Foley; Surgeon's Mate, James Mulquinney; Gunner, William +Thomas.</p> + +<p>List of officers and men saved from La Tribune:—John Galvin, +Master's Mate; Seamen, Abraham Wanhill, James Crawford, Robert +Parker, Daniel Monroe, E. Knowles, Richard Best, James Green, Henry +Husley, Chris. Dowling, Robert Dunlap and John White.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p>We have been favored with the following extract of General Orders +dated Halifax, November 26, 1797:</p> + +<p>Lieutenant General, His Royal Highness Prince Edward thinks it his +duty to return his particular thanks to Lieutenants Haliburton, Campbell +and Nooth of the Royal Fusiliers, also to the several non-commissioned +officers and privates of the Royal Nova Scotia Regiment, who manned the +boats sent to give assistance on Thursday last to His Majesty's frigate +Tribune, unfortunately wrecked by getting on shore at the mouth of this +harbour.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">{120}</a></span> +His Royal Highness most sincerely laments the loss of Lieut. James +and two non-commissioned officers with four privates of the Royal N. S. +Regiment, who were unfortunately drowned in executing the first of all +duties, that of giving succor to brother officers and men in distress.</p> + +<p>His Royal Highness directs that the Commissary-General will serve +free rations to the widows of the non-commissioned officers and privates +lost, as follows:—</p> + +<p>To the wife of Sergt. Baker, and two children, two rations.</p> + +<p>To Sergt. Mullen's wife, one ration.</p> + +<p>To the wife of John Bush and two children, two rations.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p>Tuesday last the body of Lieut. James was found and brought up to +town to his disconsolate parents—and Wednesday was interred with +military honors."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>Michael Wallace was appointed Treasurer of the Province in +October of this year on the resignation of Benning Wentworth. +Mr. Wallace remained treasurer until 1827 or 1828, when he was +succeeded by his son. Mr. Wallace administered the government +as senior councillor several times during the absence of the +Governor, Sir James Kempt.</p> + +<p>The old playhouse lot in Argyle Street was granted, about this +time, to James Putnam, from whom it came into possession of the +trustees of the Acadian School. The grant from the Crown of part +of the King's Stores for a fishmarket, before referred to, was, on +29th August, signed by the Governor and the Prince as commander +in chief of the troops. This is what was called the new fishmarket. +The old market had formerly been private property, and the rents of +stalls at this time were received by Mr. Cochran, but it was subject +to town regulations. Commissioners were about the same time +appointed to purchase land and to erect buildings for the accommodation +of the Legislature and Courts of Justice as soon as peace +should occur and the price of labor should be lower. The Act +formerly passed for erecting buildings for this purpose on the +"lower parade" was repealed, and that of 1797 was amended in +1799 and the Commissioners were directed to purchase land in the +south suburbs, and build a Government House.</p> + +<p>The winter of 1797-8 was again very severe. The heavy falls of +snow rendered the road from Halifax to Windsor impassable. The +Prince ordered the troops to clear the road between the town and +his residence on the Basin. The supply of fat cattle from the +country for the troops was retarded for a long time by the state of +the roads.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">{121}</a></span> +It was proposed to raise a fund in the town to be at the disposal +of Government for the purposes of war. The inhabitants subscribed +a sum approaching £4000 towards this fund; the officers of the +Royal Nova Scotia Fencible Regiment, £200. The boys of the +Grammar School contributed about £24, and the regiment in garrison +and the officers in the public departments, including the contributions +of the Nova Scotia Regiment, amounted to £2097. Much +enthusiasm on the subject prevailed, and great loyalty was displayed +by the people.</p> + +<p>A general fast was proclaimed on 21st May, which was kept at +Halifax with much solemnity.</p> + +<p>A commission was issued in July to William Forsyth, Andrew +Belcher, William Cochran, Lawrence Hartshorne, Charles Hill, +Richard Kidston, John Bremner, William Sabatier and Michael +Wallace, as directors for the Shubenacadie Canal. A survey and +report was made by this committee which was printed and published.</p> + +<p>There were several regular traders at this time between Halifax +and Boston. The principal and most regular one was the Schooner +Nancy, Captain Tufton.</p> + +<p>In the month of January, 1798, a boat arrived in the harbor with +Capt. Wyatt and several passengers of the Brig Princess Amelia, +bound to Halifax, which had been wrecked on the south side of +Sable Island on 9th November. The wreck had been reported by +an American schooner, who saw signals of distress on the Island. +Sir John Wentworth immediately sent a vessel to the Island with +clothing and provisions for the relief of the sufferers. Capt. Wyatt +equipped his long boat and, having got over to the north side of +the Island, embarked with four of his crew and Lieut. Cochran of the +Fusiliers, one of the passengers, intending to seek relief. He +arrived safe in one of the harbors to the eastward of Halifax, where +he obtained a pilot who brought him to Halifax. Capt. Parker, +who had charge of the vessel sent to the Island, brought off the +remainder of the crew and passengers in safety.</p> + +<p>1798. On the 8th August, this year, Prince Edward received an +injury by a fall from his horse while riding on one of the streets in +the town. The horse broke through a defective wooden bridge over +one of the street gutters. The horse rolled over him hurting one of +his legs; it did not, however, prevent him from attending to his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">{122}</a></span> +military duties. He was recommended by the physicians to go to +England for further advice. An address subscribed by about four +hundred of the inhabitants was presented to him on his departure, +which took place on the 21st October, when he embarked in H. M. +Ship Topaz, Captain Church. The House of Assembly had previously +voted five hundred guineas to purchase a star of the order of +the Garter to be presented to His Royal Highness.</p> + +<p>Among the events of the year was the arrival in the harbor, in +November, of the United States Squadron, consisting of the Sloop-of-War +Herald, Capt. Stevens, and the Pickering, Capt. Chapman, +with the Brig Commerce, Capt. Childs. Salutes were exchanged, +and the captains landed and paid their respects to the Governor, +Admiral and General, and were hospitably entertained. The United +States was at this time at war with France.</p> + +<p>On the 25th November news of Nelson's victory at the Nile +arrived in Halifax. The town was illuminated in the evening. +Salutes were fired and other demonstrations of joy occurred throughout +the day. A number of prizes were brought into the port during +this autumn.</p> + +<p>Mr. James Stewart, afterwards Solicitor-General, was this year +elected without opposition for the county.</p> + +<p>On the 25th September a tremendous hurricane visited Halifax +and continued through part of the night. Nearly all the wharves in +the town were swept away, and most of the shipping in the harbor +damaged. The tide rose to an unprecedented height, overflowed +Water Street and did much damage to property. The water came +up to the old market house where the city brick building now stands. +The market wharf and King's wharf were partially destroyed, and +the market slip or public landing swept away. The loss of property +in the town, including the shipping, was estimated at above +£100,000.</p> + +<p>Among the names of persons engaged in business in the town +this year we find, James Kidston, Wholesale and Retail Dealer, +Matthew Richardson, at the foot of Prince Street, James Moody +and James Tidmarsh just entered into co-partnership; Forman & +Grassie, Fraser, Thom & Co., Shipping Merchants, Lyon & Butler, +Shopkeepers, near the market house; Thomas Moody, Dry Goods, +etc., corner of Marchington's wharf; James Leaver, opposite the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">{123}</a></span> +Dartmouth Mill Flour Store, in Water Street; John McMasters, +Benjamin Etter, Watchmaker and Hardware Store at the corner of +George and Barrington Streets, lower side of Grand Parade +(Crosskill's corner); Phoebe Moody, Dry Goods, opposite the +Parade, in Barrington Street. In the following year the names of +Jonathan and John Tremain, Samuel Hart, Tremain & Boggs and +William Annand appear.</p> + +<p>The members of Assembly for the county were: Michael Wallace, +Jonathan Sterns, Lawrence Hartshorne and Charles Morris. Mr. +Sterns was replaced by James Stewart.<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> William Cochran and +J. G. Pyke were still members for the town. Mr. Benning +Wentworth was Provincial Secretary. The Hon. Richard Bulkeley, +the senior councillor, was Grand Master of the Masons.</p> + +<p>The papers of the day are filled with long advertisements about +the Government Lottery.</p> + +<p>1799. The chief event which occupied the attention of the good +people of Halifax during the autumn of this year was the arrival +and movements of His Royal Highness Prince Edward, who had +now been created Duke of Kent. Having received the appointment +of commander-in-chief of the troops in British North America on +6th September, he arrived in H. M. Ship Arethusa, Capt. Wooley, +forty-three days from England. The Prince landed in state. A +procession of boats was formed from the frigate to the King's Wharf +under a royal salute from the ships, and on reaching the wharf, by +a salute from the Citadel. A double line of soldiers, including the +militia, lined the street from the King's Wharf to Government House, +through which the procession passed. The Governor and Council, +Admiral Vandiput, General Ogilvie, the officers of the staff and +public departments and a number of the principal citizens, attended. +On his arrival at Government House the bells of St. Paul's and the +old Mather Meeting House rang out a merry peal, and a large +number of the inhabitants crowded around to bid him welcome +again to Halifax. In the evening, bonfires were lit on the Grand +Parade in honor of his arrival. The Duke soon after removed to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">{124}</a></span> +his villa on the Basin, six miles from town. This beautiful little +retreat had been erected by Prince Edward on the land of the +Governor, Sir John Wentworth. The grounds were laid out and +improved at considerable expense under his direction. The +Rotunda, or music room, on the opposite side of the road, next the +water, surrounded by the rich foliage of the beech groves, and +surmounted by a large gilded ball, flashing in the sunlight, +presented a beautiful and picturesque appearance on the approach +to the Lodge. The villa was built altogether of wood, consisting of +a centre of two stories containing the hall and staircase, with a flat +roof. There were two wings containing the Duke's apartments. +In the rear was a narrow wooden building with pointed gothic +windows, resembling a chapel, containing the kitchen and offices, +which extended some distance southward beyond the main building. +The grouping of the beech and birch trees in the lawn and around +the house was well arranged. They were the original forest trees, +selected and permitted to stand in clearing away the space for the +buildings. The rooms were not spacious, and the ceilings low, +which appears to have been the fashion of building in Halifax at +the time. The woods around were very beautiful. They were +traversed by walks, and in several places by a carriage road with +vistas and resting places where little wooden seats and several +imitation Chinese temples were erected. Several of these small +summer houses were in existence in 1828, and probably later, and +portions of them could be seen through the openings in the trees on +passing the main road. The Duke erected a range of low buildings +on the edge of the Basin, a little to the north of the Rotunda, which +were occupied by two companies of his regiment, and contained the +guard room and a mess room for the officers. This building was +afterwards known as the Rockingham Inn, a favourite resort in +summer, when tea and ginger beer were to be had under the piazza +which ran along the edge of the water. This hotel acquired the +name of the "Rockingham," having been for a long time after the +Prince's departure the place of meeting of the Rockingham Club. +This club was established either while the Duke was resident here, +or very soon after his leaving for Canada. It was composed of +Governor Wentworth, the members of His Majesty's Council, the +Admiral of the station, several of the principal military officers, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">{125}</a></span> +a number of the leading citizens of Halifax. Dr. Stanser, rector +of St. Paul's, was one of its members; also the Hon. Andrew +Belcher, both of whom had villas on the Basin, the former at +Sherwood, afterwards the property of the late Mr. Thos. Kenny, +and the latter at Birch Cove, now in the occupation of the family of +the late Peter Donaldson.</p> + +<p>The Rockingham Club was partly literary and partly social. +The members dined together at the hotel, which was styled the +Rockingham House, in compliment to Sir John Wentworth, the +head of whose family, the Marquis of Rockingham, was about that +time in, or at the head of the British Ministry. The large room +which extended along the south wing of the building, east and west, +with the end to the water, was hung with the portraits of many of +the members of the club painted by Field, a portrait painter of +considerable talent who, at that time and for several years after, +resided in Halifax, and from whose brush the portraits of many of +the then principal citizens and their ladies still remain.<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></p> + +<p>In 1799 the prices of provisions in Halifax markets were as +follows: Beef, by the quarter, from 4d. to 5d. per pound, pork, +6d., mutton, 7d. to 8d., veal, 8d. to 9d., fowls, from 3s. to 4s., +oats, 2s. 6d. and 3s., butter, 1s. 3d. and 1s. 6d.</p> + +<p>In 1798 the number of illegitimate children in the Halifax Poor +House was fourteen, in 1799, seventeen, and in 1800, fifteen. The +total cost of the establishment during the three years was £570 16s. +1d. Fines received at Halifax, 1798, £60; 1799 and 1800, £82 10s. +Fresh Water Bridge was renewed and completed in 1798.</p> + +<p>In 1799 the Legislature made some amendments to the Act for +the erection of public buildings. The Commissioners appointed +by the Governor and Council were authorized to purchase land +for the site of a new Government House. The old House to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">{126}</a></span> +be appropriated to the House of Assembly and Courts of Law. +The Commissioners were Messrs. Wallace, Cochran, Hartshorne, +and John Beckwith. The House of Assembly voted £10,500 for +the building, etc. The old Government House having been found +unfit for the accommodation of the Legislature, was sold and the +block of buildings known as Cochran's, before mentioned, was +leased this year for £300 per annum for the accommodation of the +Law Courts, the Legislature, and the public offices connected with +the Provincial Government. Commissioners were also appointed to +build a new market house for the butchers and for a vegetable +market. This was the wooden building which was removed during +the administration of Governor LeMarchant, to make way for the +present brick structure. A clerk of the market was appointed. +There being then no convenient accommodation for the vegetable +market, the country people were permitted to sell in the streets and +the square in front of the market house.</p> + +<p>This has once more become the custom; the portion of the new +market appropriated to the country people having been lately taken +for city offices. The want of sufficient space in the central parts of +the town for the convenience of markets and the erection of public +buildings, has been always an impediment to the improvement and +embellishment of the city. The small dimensions of the lots as +originally laid out, being only forty feet by sixty, and the short +space between the streets, the narrow spaces allowed for the public +landings, and the small size of the water grants for the erection of +wharves in the old town, have been a continual drawback to the +convenience of trade and the progress of improvement in front of +the town. And it is a subject of regret that at the present day so +little attention is paid by the public authorities to the future welfare +of the city in respect to laying off building lots and streets by +private owners and speculators.</p> + +<p>The regular packet between Halifax and Boston, the Schooner +Nancy, usually occupied three days in her trips. She was +commanded by Capt. J. Huxford. He was afterwards known in +Halifax as Crazy Huxford. He was on board the Shannon, frigate, +in the engagement with the American ship Chesapeake, and had been +wounded in the head, from which he never fully recovered. He was +one of the best pilots on the coast and was, until his death, a naval<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">{127}</a></span> +branch pilot attached to the Dockyard. When under the influence +of liquor he became frantic and was continually shouting through +the streets of the town without hat or coat. This poor old man +died about twenty-five or thirty years ago at a very advanced age.</p> + +<p>In May the small pox made its appearance in the town and strict +quarantine regulations were enforced. Dr. Gschwint (pronounced +Swint) was appointed health officer.</p> + +<p>The elections took place this autumn. Messrs. William Cochran +and John George Pyke were again returned. The former polled +104 votes and the latter 346. At this time the electors were +confined to freeholders only. The franchise was not altered till +about the year 1836. Mr. Cotnam Tonge, Edward Mortimer, +Messrs. Fulton and Morris were elected for the county. Only two +resident in the town succeeded, Tonge and Morris; Wallace, +Stewart and Hartshorne were rejected by the Pictou votes.</p> + +<p>On Saturday, the 11th August, attempts were made by persons +unknown to set fire to the Dockyard, Government house and the +engine house. The Governor and Council offered a large reward +for discovery. A night patrol of militia and inhabitants was +ordered out under the superintendence of the magistrates.</p> + +<p>The Rev. Bernard Michael Houseal, minister of St. George's, in +the north suburbs, died on the 9th March, this year, in the seventy-second +year of his age. He was a native of the Duchy of Wurtemberg, +was educated at one of the German universities, and was +esteemed a good scholar and a pious minister of religion. He had +been chosen by the learned consistory of Stuttgart for the ministry +of the Lutheran Church, and embarked for America in 1752. After +being several years in the ministry he took charge of a congregation +of Germans in New York, and came with the Loyalists to Halifax +in 1783. He was buried in the old German burial ground attached +to his church in Brunswick Street, and his tombstone remains there. +Mr. Houseal was succeeded in the Church of St. George by the +Rev. George Wright, who was also principal of the Halifax Grammar +School and chaplain to the garrison. The Round Church, in +Brunswick Street, was at this time only in process of erection and +was not finished until the year 1811, or thereabouts.</p> + +<p>On the 30th October, H. M. Ship Porcupine, Capt. Evans, +arrived from New Providence, having on board the Duke of Orleans<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">{128}</a></span> +and his two brothers, the Duke of Montpensier and Count Beaujolie, +attended by Count Montjoye. They had been waiting for a passage +to England and had proceeded here in the Porcupine in hope of +meeting with an opportunity of going to Europe. Finding no +immediate opportunity to England, they both took their passage in +a merchant ship for New York. Though considered as prisoners +on parole, they dined with the Governor, and paid a visit to the +Duke of Kent at the Lodge. They also attended a public ball at +Government House on the 17th November. The Duke of Orleans +was afterwards elected to the French throne as Louis Philippe, King +of the French, and eventually died in exile in England. After he +became king, on meeting with several persons from Nova Scotia, +he very kindly enquired after several gentlemen of Halifax by name +and spoke with much feeling of the kindness he experienced while +in Halifax. On arrival he was found to be in very straitened +circumstances and the Duke of Kent was believed to have given +him pecuniary assistance to enable the party to proceed on their +voyage.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Afterwards Sir Dennis George, Baronet. He was father of the late Sir Rupert D. +George, Secretary of the Province for many years, and of Sir Samuel Hood George, +who was for a short time member of Assembly for the County of Halifax. Capt. George +married Miss Cochran, of Halifax.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Baron de Seitz died at Halifax in the following year. He was buried under St. +Paul's Church with military honors, with his full uniform, sword and spurs, according +to the ancient custom in Germany when the last Baron of the race dies. His monument, +a quaint old German performance, may be seen in the east gallery of St. Paul's, +with his armorial bearings, etc. Among his effects advertized for sale was his diamond +ring and coach with 3 horses.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> New York was finally evacuated by the British Troops on the 25th November, 1783.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Note.</span>—Tradition says that the town was then so crowded by refugees and +soldiers, that the cabooses from the transports were removed from the vessels, and +ranged along Granville Street in rear of Government House, for the accommodation of +the people.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> The tower now on Mauger's Beach was not built until about the commencement +of the present century.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> The locality of this orphan house is uncertain.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> S. W. corner of Sackville and Hollis Streets.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> The House afterwards voted £700 for the cost of the day's entertainments.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Anthony Stewart was a gentleman from the province of Maryland; he was the father +of the late Judge James Stewart, who married a sister of the late Chief Justice Sir B. +Haliburton and who died in 1830, and was succeeded on the Supreme Court Bench by +R. J. Uniacke, junior.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Sheriff Clarke was father of the late David Shaw Clarke, for many years Clerk of +the Peace, and one of the police Magistrates of the town.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Mr. Marchington was a Loyalist from New York. He commenced business in +Halifax soon after his arrival, and accumulated a large landed property in the town. +He owned all the land on the north side of the lane known by his name, leading from +the ordnance into Argyle Street, since called Bell's Lane, also the wharf adjoining the +Ordnance yard, long known as Marchington's wharf, afterwards the property of Tim +Connors. He died at Halifax; he was the grandfather of Major Welsford, killed in the +Crimean War, whose monument is to be seen in the old English burial ground.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Among these negroes was a coloured preacher, the Rev. John Marrant, who had +been ordained in London in 1785, as a minister of Lady Huntingdon's connection. He +laboured among the people of his own colour while in Nova Scotia, and having accompanied +them to Sierra Leone, officiated among them there for several years. He +returned to England, and died in 1791.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> John Butler Dight was the nephew and heir of the Hon. John Butler, one of the +early councillors. Under the will of his uncle, he assumed the name of Butler only and +was afterwards know as John Butler Butler. He first was engaged in keeping a shop +in the town; having acquired a fortune by the death of his uncle, he became a member +of council and obtained a situation in the Commissariat department, after which he was +removed to the seat of war with the army under Lord Wellington and others. Being +owner of a large property near Windsor, he came back to Halifax in about 1833, and +died at Windsor. He was the father of Colonel Edward S. K. Butler of 35th regiment, +who afterwards settled and died at Windsor.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Note.</span>—Uncertain as to where the Cornwallis Barracks were situated.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Note.</span>—Mr. Stewart was the son of Anthony Stewart, before mentioned, a Loyalist +gentleman from Maryland. He was Solicitor General and afterwards a Judge of the +Supreme Court. He married a sister of the late Chief Justice, Sir B. Haliburton. +Judge Stewart's residence was the yellow brick house at the corner of Pleasant Street +and Morris Street, afterwards the residence of Mr. Alexander Stewart, Master of the +Rolls, but not related to Judge James Stewart. The late Reverend James Stewart, of +Dartmouth, was his grandson.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> Among Field's portraits remaining in Halifax, are those of the Hon. Michael +Wallace, Hon. Wm. Lawson, Hon. Andrew Belcher and Mrs. Belcher, Bishop Charles +Inglis, Rev. Dr. Archibald Gray and Mrs. Gray, the late Andrew Wright, of the firm of +Belcher & Wright, and his sister Mary, the Dr. W. J. Almon, and others. That of +Sir John Wentworth, a full half length, the best performance of Field in this country, +was removed from the Rockingham to Government House by Sir John after the club +had been dissolved, and became Government property. It was afterwards removed to +the Province Building, whence it was taken some years ago, and is said to have fallen +into private hands, having been either lent or given away by order of one of the +gentlemen who, some years ago, occupied the office of Provincial Secretary. It is to +be hoped that ere long it will find its way back to its place in the Building.</p> + +<p>That of Commissioner Inglefield, also a member of the club, hung for many years +over the mantle piece of the committee room of the Legislative Council Chamber, but +was afterwards presented to the late Admiral Inglefield, father of Sir Edward Inglefield, +lately Admiral on this station.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">{129}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2> + +<p>1800. At the commencement of the century Halifax presented +a prosperous condition. The population now approached 9,000. +Trade was brisk, and the place was enlivened by a large garrison +and the presence of a Prince of the Blood Royal. The harbor was +the resort of the fleet and was the principal station of the naval +commander. The war was at its height and the Prize Court in full +operation. Several privateers had been fitted out by the merchants +of the town and captures of French vessels were frequent, though +the trade of the port occasionally suffered from the French cruisers +on the coast. Among the captures from the enemy at the time, the +most remarkable was that of two prizes, one French and one Danish, +brought in by Captain William Pryor, commander of the Privateer +Nymph, of Halifax.</p> + +<p>Several public buildings were commenced this spring. On the +5th June the Prince laid the corner stone of the Masonic Hall. His +Royal Highness was Grand Master of the Masons of Lower Canada, +and acted for the Hon. Richard Bulkeley, Grand Master of Nova +Scotia, when age and infirmities prevented him from attending. A +masonic procession was formed and the ceremony is said to have +been one of the finest which Halifax ever witnessed. The band of +the Prince's own regiment, the 7th Fusiliers, performed under the +direction of Mr. Selby, organist of St. Paul's, one of the craft.</p> + +<p>On the 10th April, Sir John Wentworth laid the corner stone of +the Round Church (St. George's) in Brunswick Street. The +Legislature this session voted £500 towards its completion. The +land on which the church was erected had been purchased some time +previously by the Committee of Superintendence. The design is +said to have been the work of the late John Merrick and Mr. J. +Fliegar of the Surveyor General's department, and for some years +surveyor to Governor Wentworth while Surveyor General of Woods +and Forests in Nova Scotia. St. George's old church, then known +as the Dutch Church, was at this time occupied by the congregation<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">{130}</a></span> +of the north suburbs, many of whom were the descendants of the +first German settlers. Though always an independent congregation, +it had been considered part of the parish of St. Paul's, the whole +Township of Halifax having been originally included in that parish, +and it continued so until legally erected into a separate parish by +the name of St. George's parish, under the Act of the Legislature +passed for that purpose in 1827. The Rev. George Wright was at +this time minister of St. George's congregation. He had lately +succeeded Mr. Houseal, who was styled Missionary to the Germans.</p> + +<p>A sum of money, as we have seen, had been voted by the +Legislature for the erection of a Government House. Much +discussion had arisen in the House of Assembly and with the +Executive authorities, the funds to be appropriated for +this purpose, and some difference of opinion existed regarding the +site for the building. It was finally arranged that it should be +placed in the field between Hollis and Pleasant Streets, to include +the site of the old hospital. The corner stone of this edifice was +laid by the Duke of Kent on the 11th of September. A procession +was formed which proceeded from the old Government House, +accompanied by a band of music, and the ceremony was concluded +by a prayer by the Rev. Doctor Robert Stanser, Rector of St. +Paul's. Isaac Hildrith was the architect, and John Henderson chief +mason. No building since erected in Halifax exceeds Government +House in neatness of design and solidity of workmanship. Some +of the old brick buildings now remaining in the city were erected by +Mr. Henderson.</p> + +<p>The old market house was taken down this year and the new one +commenced. This old market occupied the site of the recent City +Court House. The new one was erected in the open space opposite +the King's wharf, where the new brick market house now stands. +It was a flat-roofed wooden building intended to accommodate the +butchers only. A pitched roof was afterwards put on this building. +There was a small green market built at the same time next the +north line of the fuel yard, which was afterwards removed. These +buildings were erected at the expense of Government, the sum of +£2,252 having been granted by the House of Assembly to be +appropriated to the erection of this new meat market, also to the +repair and extension of the market slip or public landing, and for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">{131}</a></span> +the fish-market, and, at the same time, £250 was voted to the heirs +of the late Joseph Gerrish who claimed some interest in a portion +of the old market house lot. A small piece of ground at the corner +of the military fuel yard, next to the new market house, was about +the same time purchased from Mr. Kidston who then occupied it for +weigh scales and other purposes. The Grand Jury refused to +accept the grant from the Crown of the old market house lot in the +way it had been drawn by the Secretary of the province. The +Council declined to make the alterations in the grant required, and +concluded that the old building and the lot should remain under the +control of the Commissioners of Public Markets, and ordered the +old buildings to be taken down and the ground leased.</p> + +<p>In March the House of Assembly was in session. The elections +of Mr. Tonge for the County and Mr. Pyke for the Town were +declared void by the House in consequence of some defect in their +qualifications. On the 9th April following, the new election for the +town took place, and on the 14th, Andrew Belcher was returned by +a majority of 65 votes. Mr. Michael Wallace was returned for the +County. Mr. Tonge, having been also chosen by a country +constituency, fell back on the double return and retained his seat. +On the 12th March, the House attended at St. Paul's church in a +body, when the Rev. Dr. Stanser, then chaplain, preached before +them.</p> + +<p>This summer His Royal Highness the Duke of Kent took his final +departure from Halifax. The usual addresses were presented by +the House of Assembly, His Majesty's Council and the people of +the Town. He embarked in H. M. Ship Assistance on the 3rd +August, and sailed on the 4th. His embarkation was attended with +full military ceremony, the troops lining the streets. His Royal +Highness, accompanied by the Governor and Council and the +principal Naval and Military Officers, proceeded on foot through the +avenue formed by the troops to the King's Wharf, whence he +reached the ship under salutes from the batteries, the artillery corps +and the ships of war. Several of the old inhabitants not many +years since recollected the scene, and could describe the feelings +evinced by the townspeople on the occasion. His tall commanding +figure in full military uniform, his hat surmounted by the lofty +white plume, then worn by the fusiliers, could be seen above the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">{132}</a></span> +heads of the surrounding crowd as he walked down the line with a +smile of recognition for his friends, on passing them, amidst the +plaudits of the crowd.<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> Though the Duke exhibited on all occasions +the most kind temper in civil life, and his manner and conversation +with those he liked almost amounted to familiarity, yet his sternness +in military affairs never forsook him. Eleven soldiers had been +sentenced to death for mutiny and desertion, and had been left by +the Duke for execution, which was carried into effect under his +orders a few days after he left our shores. On the 7th August, +those unfortunates were brought out on the Common, dressed in +white, with their coffins, accompanied by the Revd. George Wright, +the Garrison Chaplain, and Doctor Burke, the Roman Catholic +clergyman, in the presence of the whole garrison. Eight of them +were reprieved under the gallows, and the three who belonged to +the Newfoundland Regiment were hanged. Public feeling was +against the Duke in this affair. It was thought that on the eve of +his departure he should have granted a remission of the death +sentence, which, as General Commanding, he had power to do, +until the King's pleasure should be known. Three executions only +a day or two after his departure, produced a disagreeable impression +of His Royal Highness in the minds of the people of Halifax, +who had just taken leave of him with so much kind feeling.</p> + +<p>The Quarter Sessions having authorized the establishment of a +military exercising ground on the north end of the Common, an act +for which they had no authority, laid the groundwork of much +dispute and controversy with subsequent military commanders, who +on several occasions later undertook to interfere with the City +authorities in beautifying and improving the Common.</p> + +<p>The death of the Hon. Richard Bulkeley, late Secretary of the +Province, occurred this year; he was in his 83rd year. Mr. Bulkeley +came to Halifax as Aide-de-Camp to Governor Cornwallis in 1749, +and had twice administered the Government as Senior Councillor. +Also that of Anthony Henry, the King's printer. He published the +Royal Gazette at Halifax for about 40 years. John Howe was his +successor in the office of King's printer.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">{133}</a></span> +1801. Early this year it was proposed to establish a bank in +Halifax by means of a joint stock company whose capital was to be +£50,000 in shares of £100 each. A committee of management was +named consisting of Edward B. Brenton, William Forsyth, Foster +Hutchinson, Lawrence Hartshorne, James Forman, James Fraser +and Captain John Beckwith. They required a monopoly, which was +refused them by the House of Assembly, and the project fell through.</p> + +<p>The winter of 1800-1801 had been very sickly. Smallpox had +made its appearance in town early in the autumn, and 182 persons +had died of it between September, 1800, and the month of February +following.</p> + +<p>Several fires occurred during the winter. Sir John Wentworth's +stables at the lodge were burned down. The most disastrous fire +which had occurred in the town for many years took place on the +5th February, when the block fronting the old Government House +on Hollis Street was partially destroyed.</p> + +<p>On the 13th February this year, the society known as the Sun +Fire Company was established at Halifax. It was, perhaps, the +first Fire Company ever instituted in the town. Those known as +the Phœnix Fire Company, the Hand and Hand and the Heart and +Hand were of a subsequent date. The Sun Fire Company in the +year 1810, included most of the principal inhabitants of the town. +Their names will be found in the <a href="#APPENDICES">Appendix</a>.</p> + +<p>1802. A considerable outlay of money appears to have been +made on the streets of the town about this time. The commissioners +appointed for this purpose were Charles Morris, J. G. Pyke, +Lawrence Hartshorne, Michael Wallace and William Lyons. The +expenditure this year on the streets amounted to £930, and in the +two succeeding years to £696 and £808. The sum of £500 had +been granted in 1801 towards the expense of paving some of the +streets; the remainder probably was raised by assessment.</p> + +<p>The names of the town magistrates in 1802, were John Newton, +Custos, Jonathan Binney, Geo. W. Sherlock, J. G. Pyke, Dr. +Michael Head, W. Taylor, Stephen H. Binney, Jas. Gautier, Wm. +Cochran, Charles Morris, Junior, Daniel Wood, William Thompson, +Michael Wallace, Charles Hill, Richard Kidston, P. Marchington, +Jonathan Tremain, James Clarke, William Schwartz, Hibbert N. +Binney and John Bremner. These are the Magistrates for the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">{134}</a></span> +County of Halifax. They all appear to have been residents in the +town. Lewis M. Wilkins was Sheriff; John Newton and H. N. +Binney were joint Collectors of the Customs; Daniel Wood, +Inspector; John Cleveland, Collector of light duties; and John H. +Fliegar, Gauger. The Firewards of the town were Mr. Pyke, Mr. +Wallace, Mr. Hill, Mr. Cleveland, Mr. Clarke, William Millet, +Elias Marshall, Thomas Fillis, Andrew Liddell, John Fillis, Wm. +Lyons, Thomas Boggs, John Howe and Garret Miller.</p> + +<p>The Royal Nova Scotia Regiment on being disbanded this year, +presented an address to Sir John Wentworth, their Colonel, in +August. The names of the officers of this Regiment were Lt. Cols. +Francis Kearney and Samuel V. Bayard,<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> Major Geo. Thesiger, +Capts. John Solomon, Jones Fawson, Alexander Howe,<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> John +Allen, William Cox and Joshua W. Weeks, Capt. Lieutenant John +G. Degreben; Lieutenants Thomas Morris, Otto W. Schwartz, +Phillip Kearney, Eric Sutherland, George H. Monk, Michael +Pernette, Charles Rudolf, John C. Ritchie, John Emerson, Timothy +Ruggles, Richard Green, Isaac Glennie, Hebbert Newton, Thomas +A. C. Winslow, Alexander Hamilton, Charles W. Solomon and +John Fraser; Ensigns James Moore, Robert Bayard, Henry Green, +Thomas Wright, Richard Gibbons; Paymaster Benning Wentworth, +Surgeon John Fraser.</p> + +<p>Governor Wentworth directed his reply to this address from +"the Lodge."</p> + +<p>The population of Halifax had again decreased towards the end +of the year 1802. The returns of the number of inhabitants in the +town and on the peninsula were as follows:—</p> + +<table class="no-b" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="0" summary=""> +<tr><th></th><th>Men.</th> <th>Women.</th> <th>Boys.</th> <th>Girls.</th> <th>Total.</th></tr> + +<tr align="right"><td align="left">Whites</td> +<td>1924</td> <td>2489</td> <td>1790</td> +<td>1669</td> <td>7872</td></tr> +<tr align="right"><td align="left">Blacks</td> +<td>96</td> <td>166</td> <td>81</td> +<td>108</td> <td>451</td></tr> +<tr align="right"><td align="left">In Naval Yard</td> +<td>25</td><td>36</td> <td>27</td> +<td>27</td> <td>115</td></tr> +<tr align="right"><td align="left">Dutch Village</td> +<td>15</td> <td>16</td> <td>30</td> +<td>33</td> <td>94</td></tr> + +<tr><td></td><td align="right">Total</td><td></td><td></td><td></td> +<td class="total" align="right">8532</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">{135}</a></span> +There were 1000 dwelling houses in the town and peninsula. In +taking the census, the wards of the town were distinguished as +follows: North Barracks Ward, Pontac Ward, Market House Ward, +Governor's Ward, Meeting House Ward, South Barracks Ward, +South Suburbs and North Suburbs.</p> + +<p>The sum of £8,900 had been expended by the Commissioners on +the building of Government House, and but the first story had been +completed. Much dissatisfaction was expressed in the House of +Assembly with the course pursued by the Commissioners. Belcher, +Hutchinson, Cochran and Beckwith had kept no minutes of their +proceedings. Wallace appears to have had the principal supervision. +He was censured by the House for having acted without +the concurrence of those associated with him, and for exceeding the +limits prescribed him by law. But his zeal and ability were +commended and no corrupt motives were attributed to him. In +1804 an additional sum of £2,500 was voted to complete the +building, a considerable sum having been voted and expended the +previous year.<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a></p> + +<p>Several fires occurred in June which were supposed to be the +work of incendiaries. It had been proved beyond all doubt that +buildings in several parts of the town had been set on fire. A +patrol of militia under Colonel Pyke was ordered to patrol the +streets from sunset to sunrise, and all suspected persons who could +not give a good account of themselves at night were ordered to be +arrested. A reward of £100 was offered for discovery, and several +arrests were made. A boy who confessed to having attempted to +set fire to the Dockyard was sent out of the province.</p> + +<p>On the 2nd September the 97th regiment arrived in the harbor +and landed immediately at the King's Wharf. On the 14th the fleet +arrived from Jamaica under the command of Commodore Baynton, +consisting of the Cumberland, 74, Bellerophon, 74, Ganges, 74, +Vanguard, 74, Goliah, 74, Thesis, 74, Elephant, 74 and the +Pelican, Brig. The 7th regiment embarked shortly after, and the +town people presented a farewell address to Col. Layard and Lieut.-Col. +Edwards. In April the Governor and Council were prevailed +on to grant a press warrant to Capt. Bradley of the Cambrian for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">{136}</a></span> +ten days in the town to enable him to fill up the number of his crew, +it being 50 short of its complement.</p> + +<p>The Rev. Dr. Burke was at this time Roman Catholic Vicar +General of Nova Scotia under the Bishop of Quebec; he afterwards +administered the Episcopal office in Halifax as Bishop of Zion. +Dr. Burke was a gentleman of education and highly esteemed in the +community.</p> + +<p>The death of a very aged inhabitant, John Murphy, occurred this +year. He was 90 years of age, and had been one of the first settlers +of the town. He had acquired a large property in fields in the south +suburbs, where he kept a large number of cows, and for a great +many years supplied the principal inhabitants with milk and butter. +The fields extending northward from Smith's tan yard to the corner +house formerly occupied by the late Sheriff Sawyer, were known +formerly as Murphy's fields.</p> + +<p>1803. The following is an account of the butchers' meat sold in +the Halifax market for six months commencing July 1st and ending +December 31st, 1802.</p> + +<table class="no-b" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="0" summary=""> +<tr><th></th><th>Sheep.</th><th>Calves.</th><th>Oxen.</th><th>Pigs.</th></tr> +<tr><td align="left">July</td><td align="right">785</td><td align="right">264</td><td align="right">157</td><td align="right">—</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Aug</td><td align="right">964</td><td align="right">147</td><td align="right">186</td><td align="right">—</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sept</td><td align="right">1409</td><td align="right">91</td><td align="right">273</td><td align="right">21</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Oct</td><td align="right">1017</td><td align="right">85</td><td align="right">224</td><td align="right">76</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Nov</td><td align="right">928</td><td align="right">78</td><td align="right">465</td><td align="right">407</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dec</td><td align="right">883</td><td align="right">—</td><td align="right">614</td><td align="right">692</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total</td><td align="right" class="total">5986</td> +<td align="right" class="total">665</td><td align="right" class="total">1919</td> +<td align="right" class="total">1196</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>The above is exclusive of the meat issued under contract for the +Navy, but it is to be assumed it included the Army contract.</p> + +<p>1804. This spring the House of Assembly recommended that +the old market house should be taken down and a new building +erected on the ground for the purpose of a County Court House and +police office. This was the brick building lately used for city +purposes. An Act was passed in 1804 with that object.</p> + +<p>The trade of the port was much depressed this season by the +number of captures made by the enemy, and from the low prices +obtained for fish in the West India market, where the merchants of +Halifax were undersold by U. S. fishermen.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">{137}</a></span> +Among the events of the year was the arrival of several +distinguished prisoners, among whom was General Brunet and +suite, who put into Halifax on their way to England, having been +made prisoners at St. Domingo. Governor Wentworth assigned +them the old Rockingham Inn, near the Prince's Lodge on the +Basin, as a place of abode while here. They were shortly after +removed to England.</p> + +<p>In the autumn General Boyer, commandant of the garrison, +undertook to try the metal of the Haligonians by causing a false +alarm of invasion. The report was spread early in the morning +that the French were off the harbor. Before 10 o'clock, A.M., +about 1,000 militia men were embodied and at their respective +posts. Two hundred of them were artillery men. The dress +companies were all in uniform and fully equipped. Among the first +who appeared on the parade ground with their guns were Parson +Wright, head master of the grammar school, and the Solicitor +General, James Stewart, better known as Judge Stewart.</p> + +<p>1805. Press warrants were granted by the Council on the 6th +May to Vice Admiral Sir Andrew Mitchell, then in command of the +station, for fourteen days. He afterwards demanded an extension +of his warrant for six months, which was refused by the Council at +their meeting on the 18th. In their reply to the Admiral they +mention that the number of seamen engaged in the West India +trade, etc., had been so reduced by captures, imprisonment and +other causes that there were not sufficient in the port to man the +vessels, and that all the seamen to be found in the town would not +now be enough to meet half the demand for one sloop-of-war in the +fleet. Moreover, that there were many at the time in French prisons +whose families were supported by charity in the town. This, +together with the high rate of wages in the United States, had +reduced the commerce of the port to the greatest necessity. +Finally, that the execution of impress warrants on shore were +attended with much disturbance and annoyance to the laboring +poor and others not fit for service, and the Council were of opinion +that it should only be resorted to on the most urgent occasions +and when advantage from it was to be reasonably looked for.</p> + +<p>Mitchell, finding he could not prevail on the Council, undertook, +in the following October, to send press gangs through the town<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">{138}</a></span> +without warrant. An armed party of sailors and marines from the +Cleopatra, frigate, under the command of one or more officers, were +sent out. The citizens resisted and a riot ensued, which resulted in +the death of one person and the wounding of several others. One +of these encounters occurred in the store of Messrs. Forsyth & Co., +where a number of merchant sailors had secreted themselves. +General Wentworth called a meeting of the Council on 23rd +November, and it was ordered that the Solicitor-General should +proceed to prosecute all persons belonging to the ships war who +had been engaged in impressments. The Attorney General, R. J. +Uniacke, Mitchell's father-in-law, was in England at the time, on +leave of absence. The Admiral's gang had broken open the store +of Forsyth & Co. under the pretense of looking for deserters, and +Sir Andrew defended his conduct under the authority of a warrant +from the Admiralty, but he was condemned in heavy damages for +his illegal proceedings.</p> + +<p>The town artillery at this time consisted of three companies +commanded by Captains Charles Morris, Bremner and Fillis, and +there was another under Capt. McIntosh of Spryfield, which did +duty at York Redoubt, composed principally of market fisherman +who were regularly trained to battery exercises. Governor Wentworth +appears to have been assiduous in his efforts to keep up the +local defences of the town, and to have placed much reliance on the +volunteer companies for that purpose.</p> + +<p>There was a plentiful harvest this year throughout the whole +province. Provisions of all sorts were plentiful in the town, so +much so that the arrival of the fleet and a large export to Bermuda +and Newfoundland did not augment the prices. The importations +of flour from the United States, both this and the following year, +were very extensive.</p> + +<p>In October an unfortunate French prisoner named Pierre Paulin +was executed on the common for the murder of a fellow prisoner. +The Governor and Council refused to reprieve him.</p> + +<p>In December the town was illuminated and other joyful demonstrations +made by the inhabitants on the news of the Battle of +Trafalgar.</p> + +<p>1806. In the month of February, Lieut.-General Gardner, the +commandant of the garrison, died at Halifax; his funeral was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">{139}</a></span> +attended with much military pomp and ceremony. He was buried +under old St. Paul's Church.</p> + +<p>A general election occurred in 1806, when Edward Mortimer +of Pictou, Simon B. Robie, S. G. W. Archibald and William +Lawson were returned for the county, and John George Pyke and +Foster Hutchinson for the town. Cochran, the old member, +petitioned against Lawson on the ground of qualification.</p> + +<p>The Government House remained still unfinished. The sum of +£4,292 had been expended on the building since the last session, +which was £2,000 more than had been voted.</p> + +<p>On the 29th April Halifax was thrown into alarm by the appearance +of a number of large vessels in the offing. Signal guns were +fired from the alarm posts in the harbor, and the military and militia +were under arms. There was another alarm of French invasion +on or about the 20th May, when several large vessels were again +reported off the harbor. The militia of the town were again +assembled, but the greater part of them were without arms. +Governor Wentworth had previously made several applications to +the Imperial Government for arms for the Halifax Militia, but it +does not appear that much attention was paid to his solicitations.</p> + +<p>Among the advertisements which appeared in the Gazette this +year was notice of a periodical publication to be called the "Nova +Scotia and New Brunswick Magazine or Historical Library," which +was offered for sale at the book stores of Messrs. Morrison, Bennet, +Edmund Ward and William Minns. Morrison kept his book and +stationer's shop at the corner of Duke and Granville Streets, afterwards +known as Joseph Robinson's hat store, now owned by Mr. +Kiezer. He was succeeded in his business by George Eaton, who +was the principal book seller and stationer in the town for several +years. This old building, with others along the upper side of Granville +Street was destroyed by fire about 1827. At this time there was +a law in existence to prevent persons building wooden houses in the +town above a certain height. The present wooden building at the +corner was then erected under this law and did not exceed what by +measurement was deemed one story and a half. Several stone and +brick buildings were erected in consequence of this law. That to +the south of Kiezer's corner occupied by Mr. Simonds and others, +another in the same block built by the late William Macara,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">{140}</a></span> +druggist, and the large double three story stone building in +Barrington Street, nearly opposite St. Paul's, were all erected about +this time by Mr. Matthew Richardson on the site of the late +Andrew Belcher's garden. Several old gamble roofed houses, the +remnant of the first settlement, were destroyed by the above-mentioned +fire.</p> + +<p>On 22nd December, the American Government laid an embargo +on all vessels within American ports bound to any foreign places, +and the officers of the Customs throughout the States were directed +to refuse clearances to all such vessels. This was a great check to +trade, and Halifax felt the result in the scarcity of provisions and +particularly of flour, which went up immediately to £5 per bbl., +the inhabitants having been in a great measure dependent on the +States for that article.</p> + +<p>A sailor named John Wilson had been taken from the American +Frigate Chesapeake on charges of mutiny and desertion. He was +tried in Halifax by Court Martial on board the Flag Ship Belleisle +on 26th August, condemned and executed 31st. Two other +seamen were in October following executed on board the Jason, +Capt. Cochran, for mutiny.</p> + +<p>The following list of town officers appointed by the Grand Jury +for the Town in 1806, will be found interesting:</p> + +<table class="left no-b" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="2" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center">Halifax, Nova Scotia,<br /> +March Term.</td> + +<td class="smcap vcenter">Court of Quarter Sessions.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>The Grand Jury present to the Worshipful Court the following as +proper persons to serve as Town Officers for the ensuing year, in +the different offices to which they are named, viz:</p> + +<p>William Lyon, County Treasurer; Henry Yeomans, Town Clerk; +Samuel Muirhead, Stephen Oxley, Clerks of the Market; Richard +Woodin, Michael Denny, William Hogg, Enoch Wiswell, Surveyors +of Lumber and Fence Viewers; Joseph Hamilton, James Romans, +Sealers of Leather; Nicholas Vass, Thomas Adams, Patrick Ryan, +William Ford, John Knowdie, Frederick Stormy, Surveyors of +Pickled Fish; Thomas Adams, William Ford, Cullers of Dry Fish; +Nicholas Vass, William Ford, Frederick Stormy, Gaugers of Oil; +John Fleigher, Gauger: Henry Shiers, Richard Woodin, William +Graham, Measurers of Wood; Francis Le'Guire, Measurer of Wood +and Coals for the Fuel Yard; Richard Woodin, Henry Shiers,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">{141}</a></span> +William Graham, Measurers of Grain; Richard Woodin, Henry +Shiers, William Graham, William Hogg, Measurers of Salt and +Coal; John Brown, William Ford, Cullers of Hoops and Staves; +James King, Edward King, Weighers of Hay; John Metchler, Surveyor +of Bricks and Lime; W. G. Forsyth, Lawrence Hartshorne, +John Sullivan, John William Morris, Hogreaves; John Phelan, +Pound Keeper; Thomas Stone, John Atkins, John Mansfield, David +Fletcher, William Shea, George Isles, Peter Laffen, Edward +Herbert, John Clarke, Richard Munday, Henry Wright, Hugh +Chisholm, Andrew Bowers, Francis Wade, Alexander Cummings, +Patrick Tobin, Constables; Jacob Michael, Constable for Dutch +Town; Peter Shaffro, Constable for Dutch Village; John Mc'Alpin, +Overseer of Highways for Dutch Village and Pen.; Jacob Bower, +George M'Intosh, Overseers for Harriot and Spryfields; William +Adams, Constable for Harriot and Spryfields; Peter Vambolt, John +Duffeney, Constables for Margaret's Bay; Christopher Boutteleer, +Overseer of Highways for Margaret's Bay; Frederick Boutteleer, +Measurer of Cordwood for Margaret's Bay; George Duffeney, +Fence Viewer for Margaret's Bay; George Mc'Intosh, Overseer of +Highways from Spryfield to Catch Harbour; William Keys, Overseer +of Highways from Windsor Road to Gay's River; Robert +Fletcher, Terence Canty, Constables for the Shubenacadie Fisheries; +Edmund Bambrick, Jonathan Shelling, George Hiltz, Overseers of +Roads from Sackville Bridge to the extremity of the County; Jacob +Haverstock, Overseer of Roads from Nine Mile River to Hammond's +Plain; George Dunn, George Hiltz, Surveyors of Lumber +for Nine Mile River to Hammond's Plain and Windsor Road; Colin +Grant, Christopher Shultz, Robert Anderson, Fence Viewers; +Christopher Haverstock, Joseph Fielding, Jacob Pentz, Constables +for Windsor Road and Hammond Plains; Henry Bambrick, George +Fultz, Hogreaves; John Shultz, George Hershman, Hugh Bambrick, +Assessors of the County Rates; Henry Miller, Pound Keeper; +Edward Foster, Surveyor of Highways from Dartmouth Town Plot +to the Basin; Samuel Hamilton, Constable from Dartmouth Town +Plot to the Basin; Jon. Tremain, Sr., William Penny, Surveyors of +Highways, Dartmouth Town Plot; David Larnard, Constable, +Dartmouth Town Plot; James Munn, Pound Keeper, Dartmouth +Town Plot; Henry Wisdom, Surveyor of Highways from the Ferry<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">{142}</a></span> +up the Preston Road to Tanyard; Mark Jones, Constable; John +Wisdom, Hogreave; Mark Jones, Pound Keeper; George Simpson, +Surveyor of Highways and Fence Viewer from Tanyard to +Simpson's; Hugh Ross, Constable; Thomas Settle, Surveyor of +Highways and Fence Viewer from Simpson's eastward to the new +bridge; Philip Molyneux, Constable; Timothy Crane, Surveyor of +Highways for all Preston, and Fence Viewer; John Richardson, +Constable; Thomas Settle, Surveyor of Lumber and Bark; George +Horn, Hogreave; John Stewart, Surveyor of Highways from Cole +Harbour to Turner's; Robert Collins, Surveyor of Highways from +Turner's to Jones'; Robert Turner, Constable; Peter Mc'Nabb, +Surveyor of Highways, Eastern Passage; Benjamin Horn, Constable; +Adam Archibald, Musquodoboit, Surveyor of Roads; +William Gould, Constable; George M'Leod, Robert Nelson, Fence +Viewers; Hugh Archibald, Pound Keeper; Archibald Crawford, +Overseer of Roads for Meagher's Grant; Alex. Grant, Constable +for Meagher's Grant; Peter Ogilvie, Overseer of Roads from +Meagher's Grant to George Anderson's; Peter Gordon, Constable +for Meagher's Grant to George Anderson's; Jacob Bayer, Overseer +of Roads from Musquodoboit Harbour; John Turple, Constable for +Musquodoboit Harbour; George Bayer, Overseer of Roads for +Pitpiswick; George Baker, Constable for Pitpiswick.</p> + +<p>March 5, 1806. +<span style="float:right;">WILLIAM LYON, <i>Foreman</i>.</span></p> + +<hr /> + +<p>On 11th May, 1807, it having been reported to His Majesty's +Council that the Grand Jury and Sessions had refused to accept a +grant of the piece of land on which the old Market House stood, +upon the conditions which had been inserted in the grant, (probably +on it being vested in Commissioners) the Governor and Council +refused to alter the grant, and if not accepted by the Session it was +ordered that the old building be taken down and the ground cleared +and remain under the control of the Commissioners of Public +Markets. This was the site on which the late City Court House was +afterwards erected.</p> + +<p>1808. In the month of April, 1808, the new Governor, Sir +George Provost, arrived to take the place of Sir John Wentworth, +who was allowed a retiring pension of £500 per annum. He<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">{143}</a></span> +brought with him the 7th, the 8th and the 23rd Regiments, consisting +of about 3000 men, with Brigadier General Houghton. The +Governor came in H. M. Ship Penelope. At six o'clock on the +same evening of his arrival, he landed at the King's Wharf under a +salute from the Batteries. Sir John Wentworth was at his villa on +the Basin—the Prince's Lodge as it was called—when his +successor arrived, and did not receive the official letter announcing +his appointment until 18 days after the arrival of Sir George +Provost. On the 13th April, Sir John came to town and the new +Governor was sworn into office.</p> + +<p>It was deemed advisable that some trusty person should be sent +to the United States to obtain information as to warlike preparations +then progressing in that country. Mr. John Howe, the +postmaster at Halifax, was chosen. He proceeded to Boston and +afterwards visited other parts of the Union. Mr. Howe was again +dispatched on a second mission late in the fall, and on his return +made a report to the Lieutenant Governor.</p> + +<p>Mr. Samuel Hood George, afterwards Sir Samuel, came out with +Sir George Provost. He was appointed Provincial Secretary, and +afterwards represented the County of Halifax in General Assembly. +He was the eldest son of Commodore Sir Denis George, who married +Miss Cochran of Halifax, and succeeded his father in the Baronetcy. +This young man died early of consumption, and was succeeded both +in the Baronetcy and the office of Secretary by his youngest brother +Sir Rupert D. George, who remained in office until responsible +government was established in the province.</p> + +<p>The ships Milan, Observateur and Centurian were stationed at +Halifax during the winter. The Centurian was the ship in which +Lord Anson circumnavigated the globe. She remained in the +harbour as a receiving and store ship for many years, and was +broken up at the Dockyard somewhere between the years 1820 +and 1823.</p> + +<p>Among the visitors to Halifax this year was the notorious Aaron +Burr, late Vice President of the United States. He passed under +an assumed name.</p> + +<p>1809. The winter of 1808-9 was remarkably severe. During +the month of February the cold continued so long that the great +expenditure of fuel was felt by all classes of the community. Much<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">{144}</a></span> +distress prevailed among the poor, and large sums of money were +raised by subscription for their relief.</p> + +<p>An expedition had been fitted out at Halifax, under the command +of Sir George Provost, for the capture of the French Island of +Martinique. It was composed of the 7th, 8th and 23rd Regiments +with a Brigade of Artillery. Having succeeded in this enterprise +they returned to Halifax on the 15th April. The gentlemen of the +town gave a ball at Mason Hall in honor of their return. Three +soldiers of the 7th Fusiliers were the only men killed in the expedition, +the place having surrendered immediately on the attack being +made. A tablet to the memory of these three soldiers may be seen +in the gallery of the Round Church in Brunswick Street.</p> + +<p>The Harbour was again this year the scene of another of those +Naval executions, which were performed with so much severity +during the time of war. A mutiny had occurred, or was supposed +to have occurred, on board the Columbine on the 1st August, off +St. Andrews. Four seamen and two marines were found guilty and +executed on the 18th September. They were afterwards hung in +chains on Meagher's Beach.</p> + +<p>One of the most atrocious cases of piracy and murder on record +occurred this autumn on the coast to the eastward of Halifax. The +vessel was the Three Sisters, of Halifax, owned by Jonathan and +John Tremain, merchants of the town, commanded by Captain John +Stairs, brother of the late Honorable William Stairs, formerly +president of the Union Bank. She was on her way from Gaspé +Bay to Halifax with a cargo of fish. Edward Jordan, who had +been formerly owner of this vessel or in some way concerned with +her, took passage for himself and wife and four children with Capt. +Stairs for Halifax. The following account is taken from a Halifax +newspaper of 16th October, 1809:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>"<span class="smcap">Monday, October 16, 1809.</span>—The following are the particulars received +from Capt. Stairs, of the piracy and murder that took place on board the +schooner Three Sisters, belonging to this place, some account of which we +gave in our last.</p> + +<p>"This most atrocious act of piracy and murder, of which none could be +guilty but the most diabolical incendiaries in human shape, took place, as +has been stated, on the 13th ult. off Cape Canso, on the coast of this +province, on board the schooner Three Sisters, bound and belonging to this +place from the Bay Cheleaur. Edward Jordan, who has been represented +as a passenger, and who had some interest in the vessel, appears to have +been the exciter of this act of barbarity. Jordan having corrupted the +mate, Kelly, who joined him in effecting his wicked intention, they secured<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">{145}</a></span> +the arms, and availing themselves of that moment most likely to assist +their horrid design, which was when Capt. Stairs was below with one of +his men,<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> shot the other man who was on deck, and taking aim at Capt. +Stairs through the sky-light with a pistol, wounded him in the face and +shot the man who was near him in the breast. Capt. Stairs immediately +ran on deck, where he met Jordan with a pistol in one hand and an ax in +the other. Capt. Stairs then retreated into cabin and searched for his +pistols but found them taken from his chest with a sword; finding himself +destitute of arms he again ascended the deck and saw Jordan giving the +fatal blow to the man who was on the deck, when he turned from him +and presented another pistol at Capt. Stairs, which flashed when they +closed and the pistol in the struggle was thrown overboard. The man +who had received the wound below having reached the deck, made an +effort to assist his captain, but in his attempt, from weakness, fell on his +face, where he was shortly after dispatched with an ax by Jordan. In the +scuffle Capt. Stairs called upon his mate (Kelly) for assistance, whom he +perceived was in the act of loading another pistol, but who made him no +answer. At which time Jordan's wife, a fit companion for so base a +monster, attacked him with a boat hook which he parried with his arm, +and after much exertion disengaged himself, and seizing one of the +hatches, jumped into the sea. The wind blowing a strong breeze, the +vessel soon left him to his precarious fate, where he remained about three +hours, when he was taken up by the schooner Eliza Stoddard, of Hingham, +in an almost lifeless condition from wet and cold."</p></blockquote> + +<p>The vessel was captured and brought into Halifax, and Jordan +and his wife placed on their trial before a special commission for +the trial of piracies on the high seas on 15th November. The +Commission of Judges who sat on this occasion were Lieut.-Gen'l +Sir Geo. Provost, Vice Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren, Chief +Justice Blowers; Councillors, Butler, Wallace, Brenton, Hill, +Uniacke and Morris; Capt. Lloyd, R. N., Capt. Lord James +Townshend, R. N. and Capt. Simpson, R. N., Sir Samuel Hood +George, Provincial Secretary, T. N. Jeffery, the Collector of +Customs. Doctor Cooke, the Admiralty Judge, refused to attend +because the Commissioners would not allow him precedence of the +Governor with a veto on the proceedings of the Court. No jury +was called under this commission. Jordan was found guilty and +sentenced to be hanged, which sentence was carried into execution +on the beach some distance below Fresh Water Bridge, and the +body was afterwards gibbeted on the shore some distance further +down. The wife was acquitted, and a subscription was raised in the +town to send her to Ireland. Dr. Burke, the Roman Catholic +clergyman, Dr. Archd. Gray, minister of St. Matthew's, and Dr. +Stanser, Rector of St. Paul's, acted as a committee for the purpose.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">{146}</a></span> +The court assembled again a short time after, for the trial of the +mate, Kelly, who was convicted, but afterwards pardoned.<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a></p> + +<p>This being the 50th year of the reign of King George III, a jubilee +was celebrated at Halifax on the 23rd October, with great ceremony.</p> + +<p>The market slip, the new fish market and meat market were all +repaired and improved this year at the cost of £571, £500 of which +had been voted by the Assembly for the purpose. The taxes +gathered in the town for liquor licenses in 1809 amounted to £1400.</p> + +<p>The Fire Insurance Association of Halifax was established on +24th April, 1809. The first directors were Andrew Belcher, Charles +Hill, Lawrence Hartshorne, Foster Hutchinson, James Fraser, +George Grassie and H. H. Cogswell. Mr. J. H. Fliegar was +secretary and the office was kept in his house in Hollis Street, where +it continued to be kept for a great many years. He was succeeded +by Mr. William Newton, at whose death Mr. Tremain was appointed.</p> + +<p>Meetings of the Committee on Trade were held during the +autumn. The Halifax Marine Insurance Company first opened +their office for business in Water Street, opposite the fuel yard, this +year. The committee of management were George Grassie, Jesse +Woodward, Garret Miller, James Kerby, Lawrence Doyle, Lewis E. +Piers, John Osborne, Thomas Deblois and John Albro'.</p> + +<p>Among the merchants of Halifax at this time we find, in addition +to the above, the names of Wm. Stairs, Wm. Bremner, Hartshorne +& Boggs, at the old corner of George and Granville Streets, +Kidston, Dobson & Co., Richard Kenefick, who had lately brought +out Irish linen goods, Forman & Grassie, Shipping Merchants; +William Bowie, afterwards a partner of Stephen W. Deblois, and +who lost his life in a duel with the late Judge Richard Uniacke, +Alexander Izat, Dry Goods, at corner opposite two pumps, corner +of Hollis and Duke Streets, now occupied by the People's Bank; +Martin Gay Black, Dry Goods; Geo. N. Russell, afterwards +Wallace & Russell, Hardware Merchant, corner of Hollis and +Prince Streets, now occupied by the Union Bank building; Temple +and Lewis E. Piers, Ship Chandlery. This firm several years later<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">{147}</a></span> +purchased the irregular shaped lot adjoining the City Court House +lately occupied by Stairs, Son & Morrow, removed a range of one +story buildings or sheds known as the Ratstail, and erected a building +in which they carried on the ship chandlery business until the establishment +was purchased by Mr. William Stairs. Henry Austin, +afterwards a partner with William Stairs in ship chandlery, Water +Street, south of the fuel yard, and John Owen, shop keeper and +shipping merchant.</p> + +<p>There was a small newspaper, quarto size, called the "Novator" +established or published at Halifax in 1809 by one James Bagnall +in Sackville Street. It was not of long continuance.</p> + +<p>Jones Fawson was Sheriff of Halifax this year.</p> + +<p>From the commencement of the year 1810 until the month of +April, 1812, there was a constant apprehension of a rupture with +the United States. The garrison and navy enlivened the town by +their frequent balls and festivities. The Rockingham Club, before +mentioned, continued to have their weekly dining on Saturday at +the old Rockingham Hotel on the Basin. It was then customary +for the merchants and other principal inhabitants, occasionally to +give public dinners to the generals, admirals and principal officers +of both army and navy. These dinners, as well as those of the +National Societies, were held at the old Mason Hall, that building +then containing the most spacious and convenient room in the city.</p> + +<p>In January, 1811, the merchants of Halifax petitioned the +King, through the Lieutenant-Governor, to permit the coal mines +in Nova Scotia to be opened and worked under regulations. A +proposal was made this year for the formation of a Joint Stock +Bank. The books for subscription were opened at the office of +Henry Yeomans, insurance broker, and were first signed on 13th +February by the Committee of Trade, consisting of William Sabatier, +Andrew Belcher, John Black, James Fraser, George Grassie, Charles +R. Prescott and John Pryor. No further proceeding appears to +have been taken towards this object.</p> + +<p>Much suffering as usual among the poor prevailed this winter. A +society for the relief of the poor had been formed, which distributed +during the year ending 9th February, 1811:</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">{148}</a></span></p> + +<table class="no-b2" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="2" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">285 cords wood which cost</td><td align="right">£994</td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">860 lbs. sugar</td><td align="right">49</td> <td align="right">15</td> <td align="right">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">111 <span class="pad-lr">"</span> tea</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">702 <span class="pad-lr">"</span> rice</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">236 <span class="pad-lr">"</span> flour</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1560 loaves bread to 255 persons</td><td align="right">36</td><td></td><td></td></tr> + +<tr align="right"><td></td><td class="total">£1079</td> +<td class="total">15</td> +<td class="total">6</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>Eighty-four persons in distress, with their families, and others, +in Halifax, Preston, Dartmouth, Chezzetcook, Windsor Road and +Lawrencetown, with several families in Digby and Shelburne, were +relieved at the time from the same funds.</p> + +<table class="no-b" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="0" summary=""> +<tr><td>Subscriptions raised for the above purposes</td><td align="right">£255</td></tr> +<tr><td>Donations from individuals, &c.</td><td align="right">384</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="right" class="total">£639</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>The committee in charge of this fund and its distribution were +Edwd. B. Brenton, Revd. Robert Stanser, Revd. Archibald Gray, +W. J. Almon, M. D., Hibbert N. Binney, John Lawson, Treasurer.</p> + +<p>On Wednesday the 19th February, a public fast was proclaimed +throughout the Province, which was observed at Halifax, with due +solemnity.</p> + +<p>Two fires occurred this year, one at Commissary Buildings on +Hollis Street, the spot on which the Bank of Nova Scotia stands, on +18th April, and the other at Bellemont, Mr. John Howe's residence +at the North West Arm, on 6th May. Both buildings were saved.</p> + +<p>The office of the Nova Scotia Marine Insurance Company was +kept by Henry Yeomans, broker, of the Company. A new Marine +Insurance Office had been started in February; George Grassie was +Chairman of the Committee of Management, and John Bonnett was +Secretary.</p> + +<h3 class="smcap">The Province Building.</h3> + +<p>Decisive measures were adopted this session by the Legislature for +the erection of a building for the accommodation of the legislative +bodies, the courts of law and the public offices, on the site of +the old Government House on Hollis Street. Commissioners +were appointed and plans and elevations prepared or procured by +Mr. John Merrick. Chief Justice Blowers, Mr. Speaker Wilkins +and Judge Hutchinson has the planning of the interior arrangements,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">{149}</a></span> +and George Grassie, Winkworth Allen and John Merrick were the +commissioners to erect the building. Mr. Richard Scott was +the builder employed to conduct the work. The building was fully +completed and finished, ready for the sittings of the Courts and +Legislature, in 1820, at the cost of £52,000.</p> + +<p>A new steeple and an addition of 16 feet to the northern end was +added to old St. Paul's Church this year, at the cost of £1000, +granted by Government, £500 from a fund known as the Militia +Arms Fund, and the remainder from funds arising out of the forfeited +estate of one Jonathan Clarke. Hibbert N. Binney and H. H. +Cogswell were the churchwardens. Their advertizement for tenders +for the work appears in the Gazette. The sum of £500 from the Arms +Fund was at the same time granted to St. George's Church towards +finishing the interior of that building. These works were commenced +this year, but were not finished until late in 1812. But one capital +criminal conviction is recorded in 1811, that of one Sarah Wilson +for burglary. She was sentenced to death, but afterwards reprieved.</p> + +<p>On the 27th May the sloop of war, Little Belt, Capt. Bingham, +arrived from a cruise. She reported having fallen in with the +United States frigate, President, by whom she was fired into, and +had sixteen men killed and twenty-one wounded, and the rigging of +the ship much cut up. The two nations being at peace at the time, +the affair caused much excitement in Halifax. Explanations were +offered on the part of the Captain and Officers of the U. S. frigate, +which only tended to show the bitterness of feeling which shortly +afterwards manifested itself in open hostilities. Early this season +non-intercourse was established between the United States and Great +Britain.</p> + +<p>Sir George Provost was now appointed to the chief command in +Canada. The inhabitants of Halifax presented a congratulatory +address on his promotion on the 19th August. He sailed for +Quebec on the 25th, and Sir John Cope Sherbroke, his successor, +arrived with his family from England on 16th October following in +the ship Manilla.</p> + +<p>On 26th September a poll was opened by Capt. Jones Fawson, +then Sheriff, for the election of two members for the town and four +for the county. John Pryor, John Geo. Pyke and William H. +Taylor were nominated; the latter retired and the two first were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">{150}</a></span> +declared elected. The four old members for the county were +returned. Mr. William Sabatier was nominated but afterwards +retired from the contest.</p> + +<p>The merchants of Halifax, on 20th July, petitioned the Governor +respecting the state of trade, etc., stating that they were agreed to +take gold and silver coins at the following values, viz: A Guinea, +£1 3 4, Halifax currency; a Johannes, at £4; a Doubloon, at +£3 17 6; an Eagle, at £2 10; the old French Guinea, at £1 2, and +all the other decimal parts of the same coins at a proportional +value; English and old French Crowns, at 5s. 6d; Spanish Dollars, +(including those which heretofore passed current at 4s.) at the rate +of 5s. At this time British silver was unknown at Halifax—Spanish +silver was the current coin. It came up from the West +Indies and Spanish America in the course of trade, and the British +Government found it more convenient for various reasons to pay +their troops stationed here in Spanish silver than to import British +coin for that purpose.</p> + +<p>The names attached to this petition were William Bowie, Garret +Miller, Starr & Shannon, Charles Loveland, Moody & Sinclair, +Alexander McDonald, William A. Black, Martin Gay Black, John +Albro, Charles Boggs, Henry Ford & Co., Henry Austin, Michael +Forrestall, Jonathan and John Tremaine, John W. Pyke, Matthew +Richardson, Richard Tremain, Samuel Head, M. D., Kidston, +Dobson & Telford, H. Taylor, John Liddell & Co., Capel Hines, +Jas. Ewing, George W. Mitchell, Prescott Lawson & Co., James +Fraser, Winkworth Allen, Smith & Thom, Scaiffe & Baine, R. Lyon, +Sr., Andrew Belcher, Forsyth, Black & Co., Lawrence Hartshorne, +Charles Hill, Forman Grassie & Co., John Lawson, James Leaver, +William Minns, John Osborne and John Owen.</p> + +<p>A proposition concerning some alteration in Water Street, near +the Ordnance Yard, was made by Captain Gustavos Nichols of the +Royal Engineers. It was understood that the town would not agree +to the proposal unless the Military authorities surrendered a road +in continuation of Hollis Street, southward. The subject had been +mooted for a long period previous to this time, but no arrangement +could be agreed on between the military and the town authorities. +Captain Nichols' letter makes an offer according to the plans therein +enclosed. This letter and plans are not now forthcoming among<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">{151}</a></span> +the City or Provincial Records, and therefore the particulars of the +proposition made by the Engineer Department cannot now be +understood. Copies of these plans may possibly exist at the +Lumber Yard and Engineers' office.</p> + +<p>On the 17th March, the Irish Society celebrated the anniversary +of St. Patrick this year by a dinner at Mason Hall, which was +attended by the Governor, General Balfour, Commissioner Inglefield, +Judge Croke, the Captains of the Navy in port and the Staff +of the Garrison, etc. The Hon. Charles Morris was President, +and Samuel Hood George, afterwards Sir Samuel, was Vice. The +dinner was at five o'clock, the fashionable hour in those days. The +Governor and principal guests retired at nine. The rest of the +company sat late, but the utmost harmony and good feeling +prevailed. These national festivals were better attended in those +days, when no political animosities existed to disturb the harmony of +the good people of Halifax.</p> + +<p>On the 11th May, there was a public examination of the Halifax +Grammar School under old parson Wright—a ceremony in which +the inhabitants at this period took much interest. On this occasion +Mr. Edward Monk, son of Judge Monk, took the first prize; Lewis +M. Wilkins, the late Judge, won the second, and the third was +given to James Bailey, and the fourth to Edward Fairbanks, a +brother of S. P. Fairbanks, Esq., and of the late Judge Charles R. +Fairbanks, Master of the Rolls.</p> + +<p>A Company was formed this year, in Halifax, for prosecuting the +codfishery. The managers were John Lawson, Henry H. Cogswell, +William Pryor, Garret Miller, John Brown, John William Morris +and Charles Loveland. A large capital was raised in shares of +£50 each.</p> + +<p>On the 20th November, the fleet sailed for Bermuda, consisting +of the Flag Ship of Admiral Sawyer, the Spartan and Melampus, +Frigates; the Atalanta, Ratler and Indian, Sloops-of-War.</p> + +<p>At the commencement of the year the following Ships of War, +under the command of Sir John Borlase Warren, were on this +station, viz.: Swiftsure, 74; Guerriere, 40; Melampus, 36; +Æolus, 39; Cleopatra, 32; Euridice, 24; Little Belt, 22; Halifax, +18<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a>; Indian, 18; Emulous, 18; Atalanta, 18; Colibre, 18; La<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">{152}</a></span> +Fantome, 18; Plumper, 12 and the schooners Vesta, Juniper, Holly, +Barbare, Bream, Cuttle and Chub. The old Centurian was the +receiving ship; she remained for many years off the dockyard. The +Pyramus was afterwards used as a receiving ship for the fleet lately +sold and broken up; she was an old-class 50 taken from the Danes +at the capture of Copenhagen.</p> + +<p>The Eighth and Ninety-eighth British regiments, the Nova Scotia +Fencible Infantry, with a battery of Artillery and a company of +Engineers composed the Garrison of Halifax. Captain Philip Van +Cortlandt was Town Major, and Stephen Hall Binney, Barrack-master. +The former was succeeded by Lieutenant John McColla as +Town Major, who resided in Halifax for a number of years, and +was Adjutant General of the Provincial Militia. Major-General +Balfour<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> commanded the Garrison. Captain J. N. Inglefield, +R. N.,<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> was Commissioner of the Dockyard, and Mr. P. F. Wallis, +first clerk. Mr. W. was father of Admiral Sir Provo Wallis, who +distinguished himself in the action of the Shannon and Chesapeake.</p> + +<p>A Marine Humane Society existed at Halifax in 1811. Their +drags, for the recovery of drowned persons, were advertised as +being lodged in the respective stores of Hon. And. Belcher, John +Pryor, John Brown, Samuel Muirhead and John Starr.</p> + +<p>The 30th September was marked by a severe gale of wind from +the S. E., by which many of the wharves in the town were ripped +up and much damage done to the shipping in the harbour and along +the coast.</p> + +<p>The year terminated by a proclamation opening the Port of +Halifax to vessels of neutrals. The proclamation bears date the +24th December.</p> + +<p>Among the deaths recorded this year was that of James Gautier, +Esq., for many years clerk of His Majesty's Council and keeper of +the public records in the Secretary's office. He died poor. The +Legislature voted £30 to defray the expenses of his funeral. He +left no family.</p> + +<p>The principal retail merchants in the town at this time were +Martin Gay Black, Smith & Thom, Carret & Alfort at the corner<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">{153}</a></span> +lately occupied by Messrs. Duffus; John Liddell & Co., H. Ford, +McDonald & Co., Robert Lyon, W. Bremner, John Lawson, +Kidston, Dobson & Telford, Scaiffe & Bain, Thomas Heaviside, +James Fraser, Arthur Brymer, all Dry Goods—Moody & Sinclair, +C. & R. Hill & Co., Red store, road leading to Dockyard, Thomas +Leaver and William Remmington, all Auctioneers, William Minns +and Geo. Eaton, Stationers. Mr. Minns occupied the old building +in Barrington Street below the Parade, opposite Dalhousie College, +where he died about 1825. He conducted a paper called the +Weekly Chronicle for above 20 years. Windham Madden and +William Conroy kept Livery Stables.</p> + +<p>1812. Orders had been issued early this season to put the Forts +in repair; the works on the Citadel Hill having again fallen into a +dilapidated condition. Captain Nichols, commanding the Royal +Engineers, made an elaborate report, and operations were commenced +forthwith under his superintendence. The United States +had now declared war. Commodore Rogers, in command of an +American Squadron, had fallen in with the British Frigate Belvidere, +36 guns. She sustained the attack for two or three hours and at +length got off with the loss of several of her crew killed, the Captain +and 22 wounded. The Belvidere came into the harbor on the 27th +June, and on the following evening a special dispatch arrived from +the Governor of New Brunswick with intelligence of the Declaration +of War. Sir John immediately made the necessary arrangements +for calling out the militia. All able-bodied men between 18 and 50 +were to be billetted for service and a portion of them to be immediately +embodied. This was arranged by Order in Council dated +28th June. The Belvidere, after she had escaped from the +American Squadron, captured three American merchant vessels +which she brought in with her. Halifax being the headquarters of +the Naval force under Admiral Warren, who had upwards of 60 +pendants under his command, prizes now began to be brought into +port. The Court of Admiralty under Judge Croke was in active +operation, and the newspapers of the day appear filled with advertizements +of sales of prizes and prize goods. Cartels frequently +came and went between Halifax and the American ports for the +exchange of prisoners. With all this bustle of business money +became plenty, and the foundations of small fortunes began to be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">{154}</a></span> +laid by the Crown lawyers and the prize agents. The presence of a +large army and navy caused much dissipation in the town. Festivities +of all kinds prevailed. Subscription assemblies at Mason Hall +were kept up during the winter under the management of Mr. +Jeffery, Collector of the Customs, Capt. Brenton, of the navy, and +Lieut.-Col. Robertson, of the garrison. Dinner parties at Government +House, and balls and levies on state days, with the frequent +rejoicings on the news from time to time of the success of the +British Armies, both in Europe and America, completed the round +of Halifax festivities.</p> + +<p>The capture of the British ship Guerriere, a first class frigate +commanded by Capt. Dacres, belonging to the Halifax squadron, +by the Americans, in August, caused much talk and excitement +throughout the community. Capt. Dacres, a young and inexperienced +officer, it was thought had surrendered too early to the enemy. +He had only left the harbor a short time when he lost his ship.</p> + +<p>In July, a press warrant was granted to Rear Admiral Sawyer +for 48 hours. Desertions from the navy were frequent and large +offers were reported to have been made by the enemy for such +able seamen as would come over to the American navy. The +Commander-in-Chief, in consequence, found it necessary to publish +a proclamation at Halifax offering the King's pardon to all who had +deserted, on their returning to their duty. Letters of Marque +against the Americans were ordered in Council on 31st July, and +all vessels were prohibited from leaving the port without special +license, for the space of one month.</p> + +<p>The old Halifax Artillery Company was at this time a very +popular corps, and included many of the young merchants as well as +tradesmen of the town. It was at one time supposed that the +property owned by those whose names were on its roll comprised no +small part of the wealth of our town.</p> + +<p>An Act of the Legislature was passed this year regarding that +part of the public road or highway which leads from Fort Massey +to the exercising ground on the Commons. His Majesty's service +required that this piece of road should be enclosed for the purpose +of enlarging the Artillery Park. It was therefore enacted that +when the officers of His Majesty's Ordnance should have laid out a +new road agreeable to the plan submitted to His Excellency Sir<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">{155}</a></span> +John Cope Sherbrooke, and filed in the Surveyor General's office, +measuring fifty feet in breadth, through the field of John George +Pyke, and shall have procured a release from Mr. Pyke, and shall +have completed said new road, that the Engineer should take in 310 +feet in length of that part of said road which now leads from Fort +Massey to the exercising ground on the Common, forever for the +Ordnance Department at Halifax. The new road to be substituted +therefor.</p> + +<p>1813. The arrival of DeWatteville's regiment of Germans in +May on their way to reinforce the army at Quebec, and of the +American ship Volante with a valuable cargo and mounting 21 guns +taken by H. M. Brig Curlew, Capt. Michael Head,<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> and the +accession of the 64th Regiment to the strength of the garrison were +the chief events during the spring of 1813.</p> + +<p>On Sunday morning, the 6th, June, the inhabitants of Halifax +were surprised by the arrival of His Majesty's Ship Shannon, Capt. +Broke, with her prize the United States Frigate Chesapeak, Capt. +Lawrence. The engagement which was said to be the result of a +challenge on the part of Capt. Broke, took place off Boston Harbor +a very short time after the Shannon left Halifax. The enemy +surrendered after about 20 minutes fighting. Capt. Broke ran his +ship in upon the Chesapeak, and captured her with his boarding +party who, "rushing upon the enemy's deck, carried away everything +before them with irresistible fury." Capt. Lawrence, and +his First Lieutenant, Ludlow, were killed; the latter died at Halifax +on the 13th June. The engagement was one of the most bloody on +record. The Shannon had 30 men killed and 57 wounded, and the +Chesapeak 74 killed and above 100 wounded, all within the short +space of little more than fifteen minutes. When the ships came up +the harbor the decks were being swabbed and the scuppers ran quite +red. Numbers of the inhabitants of the town put off in boats and +visited the ships. Though the bodies of the slain had been nearly +all removed from sight, yet the marks of the slaughter were terribly +conspicuous. Mr. Provo Wallis, a Halifax man, one of the Lieutenants +of the Shannon, brought in the prize. He received his +promotion as Commander soon after, and later became a full +Admiral and Knight Grand Cross of the Bath. On the 8th, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">{156}</a></span> +funeral of Capt. Lawrence took place. The body was landed under +minute guns from the ships and the procession proceeded from the +King's Wharf to the old English Burial Ground attended by an +immense concourse of people. The coffin was covered by the +U. S. colours and six British Post Captains bore the pall. The +34th Regiment formed the firing party. The officers of the garrison, +His Majesty's Council, the principal civil officers and heads of +departments, and all the officers of the navy in port followed in +procession, the American officers walking next the coffin.</p> + +<p>On the 10th August, following, an American Brig with a flag of +truce arrived for the bodies of Capt. Lawrence and Lieutenant +Ludlow, which were taken up and carried to their native country. +That of Capt. Lawrence lies in the yard of Trinity Church, Broadway, +New York, where his tomb is to be seen on the left of the +entrance.</p> + +<p>A memorial of the merchants of Halifax, numerously signed, was +presented to the Colonial Secretary through the Governor, complaining +of the permission of American vessels to resort to the +British West Indies, and of the right of fishery conceded to the +Americans by the Treaty of 1783, and praying that the interests of +Nova Scotia might be considered in any future negotiations. Among +the principal signers were William Sabatier, John Black, John +Pryor, Geo. Grassie and Enos Collins. At this time the English +Government was very jealous of British Colonial rights, and was +ready to fight in their defence.</p> + +<p>The town and its vicinity had for the last two years abounded +with French prisoners of war. Those taken from American prizes +now increased the throng. A prison had been erected at Melville +Island, at the head of the North West Arm, for their accommodation, +and soon became crowded. Many of the French sailors +were ingenious workers in wood and bone, and made articles of use +as well as ornament, which they sold to the numerous visitors who +were freely permitted access to Melville Island. It was the favorite +resort of the young people on Sundays and holidays, where a +pleasant hour could be passed in conversing with the French prisoners +and examining their toys. The French naval officers were on +parole of honor, and resided in Dartmouth and Preston. They +spent their time chiefly in field sports, occasionally visiting Halifax,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">{157}</a></span> +where they mixed freely in society. M. Danseville, the Governor +of St. Pierre and Miquelon, resided in the house near Preston lately +owned by the Hon. Michael Tobin, known as the Brook House, +where he entertained his friends with great politeness and hospitality. +Many of the French prisoners were permitted to come to town +and work for the inhabitants. A number of our own Halifax +people were at this time languishing in French prisons. The sum +of £130 sterling was subscribed in Halifax for their relief, and +remitted to England in the month of July of this year.</p> + +<p>Great quantities of prize goods were sold at auction this year, +taken principally from American vessels. The American trade was +terribly cut up by the British cruisers. On one occasion we find +advertised for sale at public auction by order of the Court of Vice-Admiralty, +dated 19th March, twelve full-rigged ships, eight brigs, +seven schooners and ten or twelve small vessels, with their cargoes.</p> + +<p>On 7th September, the merchants of Halifax petitioned the +Governor and Council for permission to export to the States +portions of the prize goods as being particularly adapted to the +American market. The following names, among others, appear +attached to this petition: John Lawson, Temple F. & Lewis E. +Piers,<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> Jas. Forman, Samuel Head, M. D., Hartshorne, Boggs & +Co., James and Michael Tobin, James Hamilton, Roy Leslie & Co., +Carrett & Alport, Scaiffe & Bain, G. Grassie, James Ewing, +William Annand, Matthew Richardson, William Phillips, James +Russell, Miles W. White, Smith & Thom, John Brown, W. H. +Reynolds & Co., Harding & Hill, A. McDonald, Henry Ford, +Stephen W. DeBlois & Co., Wm. Bremner, John Moody & Co., +Collins & Allison,<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> Henry Austin, William Stairs, Richard Tremain +& Co., G. N. Russell, Jonathan & John Tremain.</p> + +<p>On the 7th September, Sir Borlase Warren with his fleet arrived +in Halifax Harbor in eight days from the Chesapeake. The fleet +consisted of the St. Domingo, 74 guns, Diadem, 64, Diomede, 50, +Junon, 38, Romulus, 36, Success, 32, Fox, 32, Nemesis, 28, +Loupcervier, 18, Mariner, 15, Highflyer, 10, and several transports.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">{158}</a></span> +The following passage from Murdoch's history affords a lively +picture of the condition and aspect of Halifax at this period, drawn +no doubt, in some measure from his personal recollection:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>"The effects of the war upon the people of Halifax were very marked. +Our harbor had become the temporary home of the ships of war, and +the place where their prizes were brought and disposed of. Our youths +were eager to participate in the path that seemed to lead by a few steps +to honor, glory, and fortune; and indeed when it is borne in mind +that several Halifax lads rose to be admirals, we can hardly wonder at +the school-boys' desire to wear the white stripe on his collar, and the +ivory-handled dirk that indicated his authority to command men. The +little capital, then occupying a restricted space, became crowded. Trade +was active, prices rose. The fleet increasing, provisions were in great +demand, and this acted as a large bounty in favor of the agriculturist +and the fisherman. Rents of houses and buildings in the town were +doubled and trebled. A constant bustle existed in our chief streets, +cannon were forever noisy; it was a salute of a man-of-war entering or +leaving, practising with guns or celebrating something or somebody. +There is another side to this picture which must not be omitted. The +moral condition of the town had become dreadful in the extreme. Eight +or ten thousand soldiers, sailors, and prisoners of war let loose in a little +town of less than 10,000 inhabitants can well be imagined."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>The upper streets were full of brothels; grog shops and dancing +houses were to be seen in almost every part of the town. A +portion of Grafton Street was known under the appellation of Hogg +Street from a house of ill-fame kept by a person of that name. +The upper street along the base of Citadel Hill between the north +and south barracks was known as "Knock him Down" Street in +consequence of the number of affrays and even murders committed +there. No person of any character ventured to reside there, nearly +all the buildings being occupied as brothels for the soldiers and +sailors. The streets of this part of the town presented continually +the disgusting sight of abandoned females of the lowest class in a +state of drunkenness, bare headed, without shoes, and in the most +filthy and abominable condition.</p> + +<p>The Acadian School was this year established by Walter Bromley, +Esq., on the Lancaster system. It was intended chiefly for the +instruction of the poor. Mr. Bromley had been paymaster of the +23rd Fusiliers, and having retired from the army while that regiment +was in garrison at Halifax, devoted all the energy of his philanthropic +mind to the amelioration of the condition of the poor. He +first opened his school on 13th January, 1814 in the old building in +Argyle Street, then lately used as a theatre for amateur performers, +where he held Sunday school for poor children of all denominations<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">{159}</a></span> +and had a large class of blacks, both children and adults, to whom +he devoted particular attention. Many colored men and women +who afterwards became valuable servants, and some of whom +entered into business in Halifax, owed their success and subsequent +christian life to the exertions of Mr. Bromley. His labors to +improve the condition of the Mic-mac Indians will be remembered +by not a few individuals now living. His house was open to them +at all times, where those who were not addicted to the habitual use +of spirits were hospitably treated, clothed and furnished with means +of following their hunting and other occupations. This continued +until he left the country. The old play house having fallen into +decay, the present stone building was erected on its site in 1816 +and apartments for Mr. Bromley were therein provided. A printing +press which had been established by him at the Acadian School +became the means of disseminating his views regarding education +throughout the province, and his little pamphlets, entitled Appeals +to the People of Great Britain on behalf of the Indians of Nova +Scotia, were very forcible and touching. The first edition of +T. C. Halliburton's history of Nova Scotia was issued from +Bromley's press in 1824. When Bromley left Halifax in 1828, the +poor lost a true friend and the Indians their chief patron.</p> + +<p>Halifax was visited by a great gale of wind in the autumn of +1813. The Gazette of the 19th November says:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>"On Friday evening last, a most tremendous gale, or rather hurricane +from the south-east, rushed up the harbor with such destructive violence +as has not been witnessed since the tornado which happened in September, +1798. The lapse of little more than one short hour left but few +vessels at their anchors and of those scarcely one that had not sustained +material injury. Its utmost fury being felt about dead low water, less +damage was sustained by the wharves and stores than might otherwise +have been expected, but several shallops and small craft were sunk, and +many others wrecked and torn by the sea. H. M. Ships St. Domingo, +Hogue, Maidstone, two brigs and a schooner were driven on shore. +Fourteen other men of war, including small ones, suffered by vessels +being driven against them. The Barossa, Diadem and the old Centurian +suffered least. There were forty-six merchant vessels, transports and +prizes, all large vessels except about seventeen, stranded; most of them +having been got off again. Twenty-four, including store ships and transports, +suffered more or less injury, and a brig, a transport and one or two +sloops sank and were totally lost. Several schooners were sunk at +Prospect, and two large vessels were reported overset off the harbor. A +number of lives were lost during the gale, and many seamen badly hurt +on board the ships of war."</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">{160}</a></span> +Among the deaths recorded this year was that of James Creighton, +Esq.,<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> in his 81st year. He was the son of one of the settlers who +came with Governor Cornwallis in 1749, and had acquired a large +property in the neighborhood of the town which was inherited by +his son who was the ancestor of the family of that name now in the +city. The fields in the north suburbs adjoining the common were +for many years known as Creighton's fields; long since laid off into +building lots, including the streets known as Maynard Street, +Creighton Street and Bauer Street, etc.</p> + +<p>The death of Sir Samuel Hood George, Provincial Secretary of +the Province, took place this year in England, where he went for +the benefit of his health. He died of consumption in the 24th year +of his age.</p> + +<p>In the month of January, 1813, a murder was committed on the +Market Wharf, which caused considerable excitement in the town. +About 7 o'clock on Monday evening, January 25th, five soldiers, +having had some dispute with the shallop men on the wharf, +attacked them with their bayonets and badly wounded four men, +Frederick and Henry Publicover, Cornelius Uhlman and George +Teele. The main guard from the King's Wharf being called out, +three of the soldiers were secured. Henry Publicover died of his +wounds and the Coroner's Jury brought in a verdict of wilful +murder against some persons unknown. One of those who had +been apprehended, a young soldier named Oliver Hart, was tried +and convicted of the murder at the Easter term of the Supreme +Court, but was afterwards pardoned by the Governor. Much +dissatisfaction existed in the community in consequence of the +termination of this affair.</p> + +<p>In the month of March the crew of a Spanish schooner, the +Serifina, was brought into Halifax. They had killed six of their +fellow-sufferers upon the alleged necessity of saving their own lives +by subsisting on the flesh of those they killed. Investigations were +entered into, the result of which does not appear.</p> + +<p>The Commissioners of Streets for the town were appointed on the +12th May. They consisted of James Forman, John Albro, Michael<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">{161}</a></span> +Tobin, Frederick Major, James Fraser and John Allen. The three +former remained in office until about 1829 or 1830, when a new +system was inaugurated under the management of H. H. Cogswell +and others. Matthew Forrester was the Overseer and Superintendent +of Streets under the Commissioners for many years. The old +Commissioners, a short time before their retirement, undertook to +remove all obstructions to side paths; many old houses stood on +banks with cellar doors projecting into what was supposed to be +part of the street. Others again were approached by flights of +steps, all of which were removed to the detriment of many buildings +in the suburbs. At this time the town was adorned in many places +by ranges of trees in the sides of the streets. St. Paul's Church +was surrounded by large old willow trees; a range of fine old +willows extended from William Pryor's corner down the eastern +side of Hollis Street past the Lumber Yard Gate. A fine range of +willows of less dimensions also ran along that part of Argyle Street +between the late H. H. Cogswell's stone house and the residence of +the late R. J. Uniacke, since sold for a country market. Again in +Poplar Grove, and the old Grenadier fort house which stood on the +site of the present Trinity Chapel in Jacob Street, on both sides of +Brunswick Street, particularly on the east side, there were several +fine clusters of Lombardy poplar trees of gigantic size, several +being in front of the residence of James Kirby. There were also +some fine trees in other parts of the town. These were all cut +down without mercy by Mr. Forrester, under the directions of the +Commissioners before the year 1830, and the lower stairs of a number +of buildings were buried in levelling the streets. Albermarle and +Grafton Streets were at this time in a very rough condition, particularly +the former, where banks of earth and stones were to be seen +in the centre of the street, sufficient in some places to obstruct +carriages. These were removed by the new Commissioners.</p> + +<p>The town was at this time supplied with water by public wells +and pumps in various parts of the town. A pump stood at the +north end of the Province Building Square, in George Street, known +as Black's pump; another at the south end of the square; another, +known as the White pump, stood in the centre of Prince Street, +where it is crossed by Albermarle Street; this was one of the last +to be removed. There were two known as the Sisters at the corner<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">{162}</a></span> +of Duke and Hollis Streets, near the site of the building occupied by +the People's Bank. There were four or five along the east side of +Brunswick Street, one at the foot of Cornwallis Street, and a +number in the south suburbs and other parts of the town; also two +in Barrington Street in front of the Parade.</p> + +<p>1814. During the winter of 1813-14 some distress existed +among the poor in the upper streets. This part of the town was +chiefly occupied by people of the lower order, and in consequence of +the war had become a resort for soldiers and sailors. Barrack +Street, before mentioned, was known as "The Hill" and was as +well known through His Majesty's dominions for its evil reputation +as the worst haunts of Plymouth or Portsmouth in England.</p> + +<p>On the 25th February a public fast was proclaimed by the +Governor, after which we do not find any further proclamations of +this kind for many years.</p> + +<p>A press warrant was granted to Rear Admiral Griffiths on 28th +February, when many of the idle and worthless vagabonds of the +town were happily secured for His Majesty's service, where they +would be brought under wholesome restraint.</p> + +<p>It had been arranged this spring that a residence for the Admiral +of the station should be erected. The British Parliament had +granted the sum of £3000 for this purpose, which being found +insufficient, the House of Assembly of this province voted £1500 +towards its completion. A site was selected in the field between +the Naval Hospital grounds and Gottingen Street, and the present +building known as Admiralty House was commenced this year, but +not finished until some time after. Why the local funds of the +province should have been devoted to this purpose does not clearly +appear.</p> + +<p>The arrival of the English packet on 21st May furnished news of +the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte and the entry of the allied armies +into Paris. It being Sunday, the event was celebrated all Monday +by a military review with salutes, and the whole town was illuminated +in the evening. A military band performed during the evening +on the flat roof of the old market house, long since removed to +make way for the present brick structure, and the streets were +crowded to a very late hour. The merchants and many of the +principal inhabitants met at the Exchange Coffee House and other +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">{163}</a></span> +places, where hot suppers were consumed in honor of the occasion.</p> + +<p>Among the captures this year was that of the American privateer, +Snap Dragon, six guns and 70 men, brought in by H. M. Sloop, +Martin on 5th July, taken off Sambro Light, and on the 13th, the +United States Sloop Rattlesnake, 18 guns, by the Leander frigate, +taken near Shelburne Harbor. About the same time 340 British +prisoners were brought to Halifax in Cartels from Salem in Massachusetts. +The Rattlesnake was afterwards sold and fitted out as a +privateer by merchants in Liverpool, Queens County.</p> + +<p>The British forces having captured Washington in August, 1814, +a large number of black slaves, of both sexes, from the plantations +along the Potomac and Chesapeake Rivers, who had deserted their +masters, took refuge on board the British men-of-war while they +laid in Chesapeake Bay. Sir George Cochran, the naval commander, +sent them on to Halifax, where many of them arrived in September, +following in a transport ship and the Brig Jasper. They were +afterwards located at Preston and Hammond's Plains. Many of +the domestic slaves remained in the town as servants, attaching +themselves to the inhabitants. Those who went to the country, +being unused to cold and hard labor, were unable even with the +assistance of the Government allowance to make their living; soon +became paupers and a burden to the community, a condition in +which their children and grand-children largely remain. At the +close of the war a quantity of American soldiers' uniforms, taken at +Castine, in Maine, were served out to the Chesapeake negroes. +Their grotesque appearance in the blue and yellow coats, occasionally +intermixed with the green and red facings of the corps called the +York Rangers, (at the peace disbanded in Halifax,) must be within +the recollection of many of our old inhabitants.</p> + +<p>The grand event of this year for Halifax was the fitting out of +the expedition for the invasion of the State of Maine. This +expedition consisted of the 29th, 60th, 62nd and 98th British +Regiments, with artillery and some militia. The two brigades were +commanded by Major Goslin and Colonel Douglas; the whole being +under the command of Lieutenant-General Sir John Cope Sherbrooke. +Rear Admiral Griffiths commanded the squadron, which +was composed of 3 seventy-four gun ships, the Bulwark, Dragon +and the Spencer, with two brigs, a schooner and ten transports.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">{164}</a></span> +Castine was taken on 1st September, and the town of Michias by +Lieut.-Col. Pilkington, on the 11th. Thus all the State or District +of Maine fell into the hands of the British as far west as the old +bounds of Acadia. This territory was originally part of Nova +Scotia, and at the peace of 1783 had been conceded to the Americans +through the ignorance and imbecility of Lord Gambier, who had +been intrusted by the British Ministry with the settlement of our +lines. The British Government was erroneously induced to relinquish +this conquest at the close of the war, a policy which has +deprived this Dominion of the fairest timber lands of New Brunswick, +and caused the loss of the most direct line of communication +between the Canadian provinces through British territory, a loss +which the whole expense incurred by the British Government during +the war could not now repay. Sir John, having left a garrison to +take care of his conquest, soon returned with his little army to +Halifax. Several Halifax merchants availed themselves of the +opening afforded to make money, sent agents with supplies of goods +to establish shops at Castine, etc. The British authorities collected +the Revenue of Maine while in occupation, which amounted to a +considerable sum of money. This fund was placed by the colonial +minister in the hands of the Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia, +who appropriated it in various ways as he thought most for the +benefit of the country. It was from this fund that Dalhousie +College was afterwards built and endowed by the Earl of Dalhousie, +who succeeded Sir John Cope Sherbrooke in the government, the +Legislature of the Province having been induced to vote the sum of +£5,000 currency towards the same object.</p> + +<p>In the autumn the small pox made its appearance in Dartmouth +and Preston and was very fatal among the Chesapeake negroes.</p> + +<p>The old Rockingham Club, which in the days of Prince Edward +and Sir John Wentworth dined periodically at the Rockingham +Hotel on the Basin, had ceased to exist, but it appears to have +revived about this time under the name of the Wellington Club. A +dinner at the Rockingham by the Wellington Club was announced in +the papers of 26th August to take place on the 30th instant at half +past four o'clock. Five o'clock was the fashionable dinner hour. +The Governor's dinner cards of this date were all for that hour.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">{165}</a></span> +The old Rockingham was destroyed by fire nearly half a century +ago. It stood on the shore of the Basin, a short distance north of +the Rotunda. After the departure of the Prince it became a house +of entertainment, kept successively by Graves, Paine and others. +It was a favorite resort being a convenient distance from town. +The approach from the post road was by a carriage drive next to +the Rotunda, between two beech trees, from which hung suspended +a sign with the Wentworth Arms. When destroyed it was the +property of the estate of David Muirhead.</p> + +<p>In September the body of General Ross, who had been killed +before Baltimore, was brought to Halifax for interment. He was +buried in the old English burial ground with all military honors. +No monument to his memory appears in St. Paul's Church.</p> + +<p>On the 24th November, the Man-of-War Brig Fantome, 18 guns, +went on shore at Prospect. She soon went to pieces, as also a +schooner which accompanied her. No lives were lost.</p> + +<p>The merchants presented several petitions to the Governor this +year relative to the trade of the port. The following names appear +appended to these petitions, among which we will find those of +many of our principal citizens whose faces were once familiar to +many now living:</p> + +<p>James Forman,<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> Belcher & Wright,<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> John Clarke, William +Rudolf, John Stayner, Rufus G. Taylor, William Strachan, William +Young, Jr., Austin & Stairs,<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> Jessie Woodward, Richard Kidston, +Lawrence Doyle, John Carrol, Henry Yeomans, Francis Stevens, +Benjamin Etter, John Merrick, W. C. Wilkie, Charles Boggs, And. +Smith, William Duffus, James Kerby, Charles Tropolet. Again, +Thomas Wallace, Bowie & DeBlois,<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> Hosterman & Etter, John & +David Howe,<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> W. A. & S. Black,<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> James Baine, Martin Gay +Black, Duncan McColl, Thomas Cleary, Robert Phelon, Levi Moses +& Co., and John A. Barry.<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a></p> + +<p>The Province Building and the Admiralty House were both slowly +progressing during the summer and autumn.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">{166}</a></span> +Halifax did a brisk trade during the period of the American +War. The following list of exports for the year 1813 is given by +Murdoch in one of his notes: Vessels, 412; Tons, 54,457; men, +2,868; Boards and Plank, 1,881,722 feet; Staves, 232,562; Dry +Fish, 82,059 quintals; Pickled Fish in tierces, 408; Barrels, +29,829; Smoked Herring in barrels, 142; Boxes, 6,425; Fish Oil, +49,668 gallons.</p> + +<p>1815. The winter of 1814-15 was more severe than the previous +one. The small pox had broken out in the town and many persons +died of it. A number of the black refugee negroes had been, about +the month of May, after the removal of the prisoners, placed on +Melville Island. They were all vaccinated to prevent the spread of +the disease among them. They remained here for a short time until +they could be located in the country.</p> + +<p>The treaty of peace between Great Britain and the United States +was ratified in February 1815, and executed at Ghent on the 24th +December following. An immediate exchange of prisoners took +place after the ratification, and many seafaring men belonging to +Halifax, who had been confined in American prisons, were restored +to their homes. Peace was proclaimed at Halifax on 3rd March. +This spring an Act of the Legislature passed for establishing a +Bridewell or House of Correction in Halifax. It was placed under +the control of the sessions, and the old gamble-roofed building +formerly used as a poor house, then situated at the western end of +the space known as the old poor house grounds, was taken for +the purpose and fitted up with cells, etc., for the prisoners. This +building was taken down, having ceased to be used after the +erection of Rock Head Prison and the Provincial Penitentiary on the +North West Arm. It was one of the oldest buildings in the town +afterwards, and was in early days the residence of Mr. Wenman, the +keeper of the Asylum. When it was first built is uncertain, but +being situate within the lines of the old forts, was probably a +military residence of some sort during the first five or six years of +the settlement.</p> + +<p>A regular police court was this summer established in the brick +Court House. John George Pyke, John Howe and John Liddell +were appointed police magistrates. Mr. Pyke had long been custos +of the county, and he and subsequently Mr. Liddell gave regular<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">{167}</a></span> +attendance at the office. Mr. Pyke was allowed eleven shillings +and eight pence per day, and had three police constables at his +command, with the additional assistance of Hawkins, a colored +gentleman, who dressed in an old military uniform with cap and +feathers, usually escorted the criminals to and from the workhouse, +and when occasion required inflicted his 39 lashes on juvenile +offenders at the old whipping post, which stood at the south-west +corner of the building opposite Messrs. Stairs' office—a system +of punishment less expensive than paying their board and lodging +for eight or ten weeks from the taxes of the citizens.</p> + +<p>The Spring of 1815 was very backward. The Basin had been +frozen up all winter, and was not free from ice until the month of +June. On the first of June the harbor was full of ice so as for +an hour or two to impede the progress of the ferry boats. It was +partially collected from loose ice which came down the Narrows from +the Basin, and some drift ice which was brought in in the night +previously from the sea by the tide and southerly wind.</p> + +<p>There were two ferries at this time. The upper ferry was +conducted by John Skerry, whose memory is still cherished by many, +both in Dartmouth and Halifax, as one of the most obliging and +civil men of his day. Skerry's wharf in Dartmouth was a short +distance south of the steam boat wharf. The other ferry was the +property of Mr. James Creighton, known as the Lower Ferry, +situate to the south of Mott's Factory. It was conducted for Mr. +Creighton by deputy and was afterwards held under lease by Joseph +Findlay, the last man who ran a ferry boat with sails and oars in +Halifax Harbor. These ferry boats were furnished with a lug sail +and two and sometimes four oars. They were large clumsy boats, +and occupied some thirty or forty minutes in making the passage +across the harbor. There were no regular trips at appointed hours. +When the boat arrived at either side the ferryman blew his horn +(a conch shell) and would not start again until he had a full freight +of passengers. The sound of the conch and the cry of "Over! +Over!" was the signal to go on board. The boats for both ferries +landed at the Market Slip at Halifax. An act of the Legislature +had been obtained this session to incorporate a Steamboat Company +with an exclusive privilege of the ferry between Halifax and +Dartmouth for 25 years. They could not succeed in getting up a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">{168}</a></span> +company, steam navigation being then in its infancy, and in the +following year had the act amended to permit them to run a boat by +horses to be called the Teamboat. This boat consisted of two +boats or hulls united by a platform with a paddle between the boats. +The deck was surmounted by a round house which contained a large +cogwheel, arranged horizontally inside the round house, to which +were attached 8 or 9 horses harnessed to iron stanchions coming +down from the wheel. As the horses moved round, the wheel +turned a crank which moved the paddle. It required about twenty +minutes for this boat to reach Dartmouth from Halifax. It was +considered an immense improvement on the old ferry boat arrangement, +and the additional accommodation for cattle, carriages and +horses was a great boon to the country people as well as to the +citizens of Halifax, who heretofore had been compelled to employ +Skerry's scow when it was found necessary to carry cattle or +carriages from one side of the harbor to the other. The first trip of +the Teamboat was made on the 8th November, 1816. The +following year an outrage was committed which caused much excitement +and feeling in the town. All the eight horses in the boat were +stabbed by a young man named Hurst. No motive for this cruel +act could be assigned, drunkenness alone appearing to be the cause. +The culprit was tried for the offence and suffered a lengthy +imprisonment. Mr. Skerry kept up a contract with the Company +for several years, until all differences were arranged by his becoming +united with the Company, and after a short time old age and a small +fortune, accumulated by honest industry, removed him from the +scene of his labors. The teamboat after a year or two received an +addition to her speed by the erection of a mast in the centre of the +round house, on which was hoisted a square sail when the wind was +fair, and afterwards a topsail above, which gave her a most +picturesque appearance on the water. This addition considerably +facilitated her motion and relieved the horses from their hard labor. +As traffic increased several small paddle boats were added by the +Company, which received the appellation of Grinders. They had +paddles at the sides like a steamboat, which were moved by a crank +turned by two men. In 1818 the proprietors of the old ferries +petitioned the House of Assembly against the Teamboat Company +using these small boats as contrary to the privilege given them by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">{169}</a></span> +the Act of Incorporation. It afterwards became a subject of +litigation until the question was put an end to by Mr. Skerry +becoming connected with the Company. Jos. Findlay continued to +run his old boats from the south or lower ferry until about the +year 1835.</p> + +<p>On the 3rd August, the Man-of War Brig Vesta arrived from +England with the news of the Battle of Waterloo. The town was +illuminated in honor of the victory, and the inhabitants kept up their +rejoicings till a late hour in the evening. Preparations were made +for a public dinner on the occasion, which took place at Mason Hall +on the 15th. The Attorney General, R. J. Uniacke, took the chair +and James Forman was Vice-President. The committee of management +were Doctor William B. Almon, John Pyke, eldest son of old +John Geo. Pyke, the custos. David Shaw Clarke, G. Lewis and +John Howe, junior, John Albro, Thomas Heaviside, Edward +Alport, Joseph Allison and William Bowie were the Stewards. +Subscriptions had been opened throughout Great Britain and the +Colonies for the families of those soldiers who were killed and +wounded in the action. The Town of Halifax including the +garrison and public officers contributed the large sum of £3,800.</p> + +<p>This year an Act of the Legislature passed for regulating the +appointment of Trustees and Master for the Grammar School of +Halifax. The first Act establishing this school bears date 1780.</p> + +<p>The refugee Negroes brought to Halifax by Admiral Cockburn had +been in a great measure a burden upon the community. A +proposition was made this year by the British Government to +remove them to a warmer climate, but no steps appear to have been +taken to effect the object. Had this suggestion been carried out at +the time much suffering would have been spared to these poor +people, and the inhabitants of Halifax relieved from a burden.</p> + +<p>On 26th February a resolution passed the House of Assembly +directing the commissioners of the poor to cause an account to be +taken of the number of black persons in the Town and the environs, +who were brought to this country from the United States of +America. The following return, dated March 6th, was signed by +Richard Tremaine, Chairman of the Committee:</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">{170}</a></span></p> + +<table class="no-b" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="0" summary=""> +<tr><th></th><th>Men.</th><th>Women.</th><th>Children.</th><th>Total.</th></tr> +<tr align="right"><td align="left">In the Town of Halifax</td><td>179</td><td>56</td><td>101</td><td>336</td></tr> +<tr align="right"><td align="left">Windsor Road</td><td>11</td><td>14</td><td>26</td><td>51</td></tr> +<tr align="right"><td align="left">Dartmouth and Preston</td><td> ...</td><td> ..</td><td> ...</td><td>270</td></tr> +<tr align="right"><td align="left">Mr. Fairbanks' Estate +at Lake Porter</td><td> ...</td><td> ..</td><td> ...</td><td>27</td></tr> +<tr align="right"><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="total">684</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>The men and women with families were generally in need; none +appear to have been located at Hammonds Plains at this time.</p> + +<p>James Archibald was tried for the murder of Captain Benjamin +Ellenwood of Liverpool, N. S., before Chief Justice Blowers, in +Easter term of the Supreme Court at Halifax this year. He was +convicted and executed soon after on the Common.</p> + +<p>Another attempt to incorporate Halifax was now made. It +will be seen that in 1785 the merchants of the town suggested the +subject for the consideration of the Governor and Council, but they +disapproved of the measure; again in 1790, the Speaker of the +House of Assembly, in consequence of complaints regarding the +settlement of the poor and the necessity of a police force, etc., drew +up the following resolution, which was passed: "Resolved, that it +be recommended to this House to present a humble address to His +Excellency the Lieutenant Governor, to request that he will be +pleased to grant a charter to the Town of Halifax for incorporating +the same, and enabling the inhabitants thereof to make such +by-laws as shall be sufficient to regulate the police of said town." +No step, however, was taken by the Governor and Council relative +to this resolution.</p> + +<p>The merchants of the town had a meeting on the subject in 1816, +which resulted in a definite proposition being made, in which all the +details of the proposed charter were fully set out in a pamphlet of +some length.</p> + +<p>The following preface or introduction to this pamphlet affords a +sketch of the plan proposed:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="center">INTRODUCTION.</p> + +<p>The following plan for regulating the municipal affairs of this town has +been drawn up in the form of a charter, as the clearest and best method to +express the extent of the proposed improvements. The objects have been +pointed out by a thorough investigation into the various modes of conducting<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">{171}</a></span> +the public business; which was entered into in consequence of a +presentment made by the Grand Jury to the Court of Quarter Sessions in +the December Term of 1812. The Court having appointed six different +investigating committees of the Magistrates to meet the various objects +contemplated by the grand Jury, their several reports combined clearly +prove the necessity of some reform; but as it would now become an +invidious as well as a useless task, to point out the <i>prevailing errors</i> of the +present practice, which are but too evident to admit of a doubt, the gentlemen +who have undertaken the task of sketching out the <i>means of improvement</i>, +have left it to the Public to compare the one with the other.</p> + +<p>It will be perceived by a perusal of the following sheets, that the Charter +has but two leading objects—to establish regularity in business, and to +define and extend the powers of the Magistrates and Grand Jury (acting as +a Common Council) to the same limits as (and not a step beyond) the +powers granted to all corporations within the King's Dominions.</p> + +<p>The only novelty introduced is that of preserving a gradual change of +the ruling members of the corporation, without incurring the unpleasant +duty of the electing system. This is done by the appointment of ten +magistrates to act as trustees, two of whom will go out and two others +come in annually, and the appointment of the Grand Jury of the existing +year, (or if it is preferred that of the last year, or a draft from the whole +list until it is gone through), to act as a Common Council.</p> + +<p>By these means the whole of the leading members of the community +(likely to take an active part in the affairs of the town) will, in turn, +partake of the duties of a respectable office, and become intimate, and +thereby feel interested in its affairs. The various articles of consumption +and of commerce will be better inspected than they are at present; the +revenues will be regularly attended to, and every desirable improvement +in possession of other similar communities in His Majesty's Dominions +will in time, no doubt be adopted.</p> + +<p>The provisions of the Charter have been selected and drawn up with the +utmost care to avoid objections by an attentive reference to the London, +Philadelphia, New York and New Brunswick Charters, and the East Company's +by-laws; and the whole is arranged and worded agreeably to the +most approved forms, in order to obviate any difficulties on the part of +Government, or from local partialities.</p> + +<p>In debating the merits of the following pages, these three queries will +naturally occur to and guide every reflecting mind:</p> + +<p>1st. Whether the present management requires any improvement?</p> + +<p>2nd. If so—is this an effectual plan?</p> + +<p>3rd. If not—what is better?</p> + +<hr class="lalign" /> + +<p>N. B. When the terms of the Charter are agreed on and assented to by +His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor, it is proposed to apply to His +Excellency to grant it for a term of three or five years by way of trial; +during which period such amendments may be made to it as experience +shall point out to be necessary;—after which, if it proves acceptable to the +inhabitants, application may be made to renew it for another term of a few +years, for the purpose of improving it still further, as its deficiencies may +appear; then the Charter may be made perpetual if the inhabitants +approve of it. It will be necessary to have an Act of the General +Assembly to confirm the Charter when first granted, and on every renewal +of it.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">{172}</a></span> +Mr. Sabatier and a few others were principally concerned in +endeavoring to forward the object, but the Governor and Council +appear to have been still influenced the belief that their own +supervision of local affairs was preferable and better suited to the +circumstances of the town at that time.</p> + +<p>It will be seen that in the plan proposed the idea of a popular +election of members of the corporation was not even thought of +either by the Government or the people of the town.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Note.</span>—After the Prince's departure Governor Wentworth occupied the Lodge on +the Basin, which had been built on his land. He resided there for some time after +retiring from the Government.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Col. Bayard retired from active service and settled in Annapolis County. He was +the father of the late Dr. Bayard of St. John, and grandfather of the present Doctor +William Bayard of that city.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> Capt. Howe was a descendant of the Hon. Ed. Howe, one of Cornwallis' first +councillors.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> The building cost about £18,000.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Thomas Heath, who left a wife and two children in this town.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> A report of these trials was published in 1810 by Mr. Bagnall at the office of the +newspaper called the "Novator," taken from the notes of two students at law, Charles +R. Fairbanks, afterwards Master of the Rolls, and Andrew W. Cochran, who for many +years was Secretary of the Province of Lower Canada and member of Council.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> This brig was the only vessel of war ever built at the Halifax Dockyard.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> General Balfour was this year removed to New Brunswick, where he died Lieutenant +Governor of that Province.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> Commissioner Inglefield was grandfather of Vice Admiral Sir Edward A. Inglefield, +lately in command of the Squadron at Halifax.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> Brother of the late Dr. Samuel Head of Halifax.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> Messrs. Piers were the grandsons of Mr. L. Piers, who came with Cornwallis in +1749. Descendants of Temple F. Piers still reside in Halifax.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> This firm was Hon. Enos Collins and Joseph Allison, both of whom became members +of His Majesty's Council. They succeeded to the business of Prescott & Lawson on +the wharf afterwards known as Collins' wharf, where Mr. Collins, in 1823, built the +range of stone stores, a part of which is occupied by the Halifax Banking Company.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> Mr. Creighton was not related to Lieutenant Creighton, who afterwards settled +in Lunenburg and was known as Col. Creighton. He came out, however, in company +with him in the same vessel, being friends; they were both from the same part of +England.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> For many years Custos of the County.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> Hon. Andrew Belcher, son +of the first Chief Justice and member of Council. His partner, William Wright, was +son of old Parson Wright of the Grammar School. Neither left male descendants in +Nova Scotia.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> Hon. Wm. Stairs, Sr., afterwards in Council.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> William Bowie, killed in a duel with R. J. Uniacke.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Both brothers of the late Hon. Joseph Howe, +Provincial Secretary, etc.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> Hon. William A. Black of the Legislative Council.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> Mr. Barry was afterwards in the House of Assembly for Shelburne; died at LaHave +aged 80 years.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">{173}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2> + +<p>1816. Soon after the peace the prosperity of Halifax began to +wane. The price of provisions and all the necessaries of life, the +value of real estate and the high rents of houses in the town all +became more or less affected by the scarcity of money arising from +the withdrawal of the troops and navy and the sudden alterations in +trade. The reaction was not fully realized until about two years +after peace was proclaimed, when the rapid fall off in the value of +real estate and the sudden check given to commercial pursuits was +found to have reduced many speculators to poverty.</p> + +<p>Sir John Cope Sherbrooke having been appointed Governor +General of Canada, the principal inhabitants of the town gave him +a farewell dinner on 25th June. It was presided over by Chief +Justice Blowers and the vice chair was occupied by Michael Wallace, +the treasurer of the province. An address, largely signed by the +inhabitants, was presented to the Governor on his departure. Sir +John had rendered himself very popular in Halifax by his affable +manners and his prompt and decisive way of treating all matters +brought to his notice by the citizens. He embarked at the King's +wharf on Thursday, 27th June, under a salute from the batteries +and the cheers of the inhabitants.</p> + +<p>The rough condition of the streets of the town at this period +rendered immediate and extensive improvements necessary. Those +in the least frequented parts of the town had been so much +neglected that in many places they were impassable from the +accumulation of rubbish and the broken condition of the wooden +platforms or bridges at the gutters and crossings. In many places +the streets were overgrown at each side with grass except in the centre. +Brunswick Street, though one of the principal highways of the +town, was overgrown at each side with grass. Many of the old +Dutch houses then still remaining in this street stood on banks a +few feet above the sidewalk and where there were no buildings rough<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">{174}</a></span> +stone walls or fences marked the line of the street. Water Street, +from the continual traffic and wear during the period of the war, +had been worn into holes and was in wet weather almost impassable +from the accumulation of mud, particularly between the Ordnance +Yard and the foot of Prince Street. The market square at this +time, as also that portion of Water Street between Collins' Wharf +and the King's Wharf, was much lower than at present. It was +found necessary to pave this portion of Water Street, which was +accordingly accomplished during the years 1816 and 1817. The +pavement, which was with round stones, extended from the +Ordnance to Black and Forsyth's Wharf, (later Mitchell's) at +the foot of Prince Street. The Provincial Legislature contributed +the sum of £1,200 towards the work, and the expense of flagging the +sidewalks was charged to the owners of property fronting on +the street. About the year 1835 this pavement had so sunk down +as to be no protection from the accumulation of mud. The lower +part of the market square bordering on Water Street and the way +leading to the market slip or public landing were raised about five +feet. Between 1820 and 1824 new Street Commissioners were +appointed. The Macadamizing system begun to be introduced and +extensive improvements in the way of levelling the streets and +filling up hollow places were proceeded with.</p> + +<p>The Acadian School, conducted by Walter Bromley, had now +been under way for about three years. It was inspected on 31st +July. There were 400 children in attendance. On this occasion +Mr. Bromley stated that since the opening of the school in 1813, +eight hundred and ninety-three children had received instruction +there, and about one hundred apprentices and colored children in +the Sunday schools. The latter were under the special superintendence +of Mr. Bromley himself, who devoted all his leisure to the +instruction of the black children and others who could not attend +school throughout the week. The small sum of £200 was voted +annually by the Legislature in aid of this school. Subsequently a +grant of money was made by the Assembly to the National School, +which was about this time set on foot on the Madras system, under +the auspices of the Bishop and members of the Church of England +in Halifax, who had lately erected the large three-story building in +Argyle Street, opposite the parade, for the purpose. In 1818 this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">{175}</a></span> +school had 117 children in attendance. The daily attendance at +these two schools exceeded 500, which was a large number considering +the extent of the population at this period.</p> + +<p>The appointment of Dr. Robert Stanser, Rector of St. Paul's, to +the Bishopric of Nova Scotia, vacant by the death of Bishop +Charles Inglis, took place in 1817. Interest had been made with +Lord Bathurst, the Colonial Secretary, and the Archbishop of +Canterbury to have Dr. John Inglis, son of the late Bishop, +appointed to the See. The appointment was said to have been +arranged in favor of Dr. Inglis, but a recommendation from both +branches of the Legislature then in session in favor of Dr. Stanser, +their Chaplain, prevailed, and Dr. Inglis was appointed Rector of +St. Paul's, vacant by the elevation of Stanser to the Bishopric. +Dr. John Inglis proved a highly popular Rector; his bland manners +and kind disposition rendered him a favorite with all classes and +denominations, and when he afterwards, in 1825, obtained the +Bishopric he carried with him to England addresses in his favor not +only from his own parishioners, but largely signed by his friends +among other denominations.</p> + +<p>The remains of the old Bishop were brought to town from +Aylesford, where he died, and buried under St. Paul's Church on +the 29th February. The funeral was attended by the Governor, Sir +J. C. Sherbroke, Sir John Wentworth, the retired Governor, His +Majesty's Council and a large assemblage of the citizens. A +monument to his memory is on the west side of the chancel of +the church.</p> + +<p>On the morning of the 18th April great excitement prevailed +throughout the town in consequence of a murder which had been +committed in one of the streets during the previous night. Capt. +Westmacott of the Royal Engineers who, as officer of the night, +was going his rounds on horseback to visit the guards, met +two men in Sackville Street whom he challenged in consequence of +their suspicious appearance. They immediately attacked him and +by a sudden effort threw him from his horse, having first wounded +him fatally with a bayonet. He lingered until the 4th day of May, +when he died. The murderers were soon after discovered and +proved to be two soldiers, deserters from one of the regiments in +garrison. They had been stealing fish through the night from a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">{176}</a></span> +store on one of the wharves. They were identified by the Captain +and, being tried and convicted of the murder, were executed on the +Common.</p> + +<p>The Nova Scotia Fensible Regiment, after the close of the war, +remained in Canada for some time. Early in June of this year they +embarked at Quebec for Halifax. The transport in approaching +Halifax ran upon a reef of rocks known as Jeddore ledges, which +lies off the harbour of that name eastward from Halifax. The +weather was calm and the troops were landed in safety, with the +exception of four private soldiers, two women and several children, +but with the loss of considerable part of the baggage. It was found +on landing the men that the tide was rising, and that in all +probability the greater part of the ledge would be covered at high +water. It was proposed that the women and children should be +first landed and placed on the higher part of the rock. But on the +soldiers perceiving that Colonel Darling, who commanded the +Regiment, and several of the officers were intending to avail +themselves of the higher parts of the ledge, immediately declared +that all officers should be compelled to remain with their respective +companies and share the fate of their men. One officer, a captain, is +said to have shown symptoms of impatience or something worse on +the occasion, and abandoned his wife and family and his men, +seeking shelter for himself on the rocks amidst the reproaches and +jeers of his comrades. The Regiment was, however, successfully +landed on the ledges, chiefly through the heroic exertions of the +Adjutant-Lieutenant Stewart, who volunteered to carry a cable from +the bowsprit of the ship to the rock, when having there made it fast +the sailors were enabled to construct means for landing men in +safety. Part of the Regiment was brought to Halifax in coasting +vessels about the first July, and others found their way by land, +having been brought on shore from the rocks by the fishermen of +the neighbourhood. Col. Darling and some others being displeased +at all the credit of the exploit being attached to Lt. Stewart, who +was probably not a favorite of the Colonel, brought him to a Court-Martial +for some trifling offence supposed to have been a breach of +orders, and it is said he was compelled to leave the Regiment.</p> + +<p>Two very extensive fires occurred at Halifax this year. One on +the 8th October, remembered as the "Haliburton" fire in consequence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">{177}</a></span> +of the brick building at the corner of Hollis and Sackville +Streets owned by Mr. George Haliburton, having been the first +house consumed. The fire destroyed nearly the whole block from +Haliburton's corner to where Mrs. Howard's new stone building +stands, on the east or lower side of Hollis street. All the +buildings on Sackville Street down to the corner known as +Reynolds' corner, and the whole of the buildings on the upper or +Western side of Bedford Row were consumed. The fire commenced +at ten o'clock in the evening and continued to rage until six o'clock +next morning. It was considered the most disastrous fire that had +ever occurred in Halifax. The old buildings were all of wood +except Haliburton's corner house. The block was soon rebuilt +with a better description of buildings. Mr. W. K. Reynolds +erected a fine stone store at the corner of Sackville Street and +Bedford Row, which still remains; this was far the finest store in +Halifax at the time. A range of brick buildings along Bedford +Row were at the same time erected by the late Nicholas Vass. +Haliburton's corner was also rebuilt of brick, and the buildings on +Hollis street, the property of Mr. LeNoir and others, were built +about the same time by the late Judge William Hill and his brother +T. T. Hill, then both at the Halifax Bar. Several old wooden +houses were pulled down during the fire by order of the firewards to +prevent the spread of the fire. The town was assessed to pay the +damage. The other fire was on Water Street at Creighton and +Grassie's wharf. It occurred in the night of 17th December, +during very cold weather. All the stores at and near the head of +the wharf were consumed, and the fire extended to buildings on the +opposite side of the street. Mr. Grassie rebuilt with brick and +stone, and afterwards lined the shutters of his new store with sheet +iron.</p> + +<p>The Earl of Dalhousie, a Scotch nobleman, who had distinguished +himself in the Spanish campaign as a general of Division under +Lord Wellington, had been appointed to succeed Sir J. Cope +Sherbrooke in the Government. He arrived in Halifax on 24th +October, 1816, in the Frigate Forthe. Lord and Lady Dalhousie, +immediately after their arrival, landed in state and proceeded to the +Council Chamber under a salute from the Citadel attended by the +heads of Departments, civil and military, when the Earl was sworn<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">{178}</a></span> +into office in presence of His Majesty's Council. The troops lined +the way from the King's wharf to Cochran's building where the +Council Chamber was then situated.</p> + +<p>There had been no theatrical performances worthy of mention in +the town since the Duke of Kent's old theatre in Argyle Street had +been appropriated to the school under Mr. Bromley. In the autumn +of this year a company of players, Messrs. Price, Chamock, +Placide, etc., fitted up an old store on Fairbank's wharf as a theatre. +Placide, Price and Mrs. Young were considered good performers +and attracted large audiences. At the close of their career the +manager got into jail for debt, when Placide, the best comic actor +of the company, distinguished himself by escaping from prison and +passing the sentry at the jail gate in the night, who supposed it +was a Newfoundland dog, Mr. Placide being famous for imitating +the bark and whine of the canine species.</p> + +<p>1817. The winter of 1816-17 was much more severe than that +of the preceding year. The south-east passage was closed with ice +all winter, and the ice remained until late in April. Great distress +prevailed in the town as usual among the laboring classes during +this winter, which was also the case throughout the whole Province. +The sum of £600 was contributed this winter by the inhabitants of +Halifax for the support of destitute emigrants who had been +brought up from Newfoundland.</p> + +<p>An attempt was made by the Legislature in their session of 1817 +to relieve the pressing necessities of the county by an Act authorizing +the Governor and Council to procure copper coin to the value of +£2,000 to be issued from the provincial treasury. The Act was +disallowed by the Colonial Secretary in England. No good reason +appears to have been assigned for its rejection. The circulating +medium at this time in the town and throughout the country was +Spanish doubloons, old Spanish dollars, pistareens and other +small Spanish coins, with a mixed collection of copper coinage, +English and Spanish, with all kinds of half-penny tokens issued by +private individuals in the town. No British coinage ever reached +Halifax except the old English Guinea. The troops were paid in +old Spanish money, which was brought from South America and the +West Indies by the merchants in exchange for their cargoes of fish +with occasional importations of Spanish silver by the British<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">{179}</a></span> +Government for the troops, etc. An issue of paper money was at +this time made under an Act of the province.</p> + +<p>It was in the year 1817 that the project was first broached for +the establishment and erection of a college on the Grand Parade.</p> + +<p>The sum of £9,750 was then remaining in the hands of the +Governor from the revenues collected at Castine while the State of +Maine was in the hands of the British troops. This sum Lord +Dalhousie obtained the permission of the Colonial Secretary to +appropriate towards the erection of a college in Halifax on the +model of the Scotch Universities. The professors were to receive +moderate salaries. The students were not to reside in the college +building, but only to attend courses of lectures which were to be +open to all students and all else who might feel disposed to purchase +tickets for the courses.</p> + +<p>This winter the theatre on Fairbanks' wharf was again in +operation and as attractive as ever. Miss Powell was at this time +giving lessons in dancing. She gave her spring ball at Mason Hall +on 21st May. This lady, who was patronized by the fashionable +part of the community, was the daughter of Mr. Powell who +conducted the theatre in Argyle Street when under the patronage of +the Duke of Kent. She lived many years in Halifax and died +at an advanced age, having been dependent on the charity of her +friends for several years before her death.</p> + +<p>The naval force on the station had now been reduced to a few ships +under the command of Rear Admiral Sir David Milne, father of +Vice-Admiral Sir Alexander Milne, who some time since commanded +on the North American Station. Sir David's flagship was the +Leopard, Frigate.</p> + +<p>It may here be noticed that the British and Foreign Bible Society +had lately organized a branch in Halifax. The second annual +meeting of the branch society took place on the 5th May. It was +attended by the Earl of Dalhousie, who occupied the chair, and a +number of officials. The chief speakers on the occasion were Judge +James Stewart, the Rev. Dr. Archibald Gray, of St. Matthew's, and +Judge Wilkins. Martin Gay Black was treasurer and Walter +Bromley, secretary. Mr. Black continued to act as treasurer of +this society to the year of his death. The Speaker of the House of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">{180}</a></span> +Assembly and a number of the members of the House were also +present on this occasion.</p> + +<p>The great destitution of the laboring part of the population +during the winter, as usual, rendered it necessary on behalf of the +Commissioners of the Poor for the town to call on the inhabitants +for contributions in addition to the annual poor rate assessed. The +poor house at Halifax was then, as has been the case frequently +since, the receptacle for transient paupers from the country, and the +sum of £300 was voted this year by the House of Assembly towards +the expenses of the establishment.</p> + +<p>The charitable societies of St. Patrick and St. Andrew dined +together on the respective anniversaries of their patron saints. +Richard J. Uniacke, the Attorney General, occupied the chair at +the St. Patrick's dinner, and Dr. Samuel Head the Vice. The +Governor, Mr. Philip Woodhouse, the Commissioner of the Dockyard, +the Bishop of Nova Scotia, the Commanding Officers of the +Garrison and other distinguished guests were present at both +dinners.</p> + +<p>A fire occurred in the southern part of Granville Street this winter, +which destroyed the chocolate manufactory of Mr. John Ferguson +and his dwelling house. The fire companies of Halifax at this time +were, perhaps, the most useful institutions in the community. +These companies consisted of several hundred gentlemen each, who +formed themselves into a company for the purpose of rendering +assistance at fires. Each member provided himself with a leather +cap, two or three buckets, canvas bags, etc., on which were +painted the name of the owner and device of the company. The +members were elected by ballot. They held quarterly meetings and +occasionally dined together, and gave annual balls at Mason Hall. +The Heart and Hand and the Hand in Hand Companies were the +oldest, but the Sunfire Company was the most exclusive. The +Phœnix Company was also very efficient, being composed chiefly of +young tradesmen of the town. The Engine Company was a very +ancient institution, and tolerably efficient, considering the kind of +machinery they had to work with. The Axe Company, as now, +was composed of carpenters and others suitable for such work at +fires. It was customary for the soldiers in garrison to turn out at +fires and form lines with the inhabitants for the conveyance of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">{181}</a></span> +water by buckets, handed through the lines from the harbor or the +wells and tanks of the town. One feature which is now never seen +at fires was the guard which was furnished by the military to take +charge of the property removed to the streets from the burning +houses. Scarcely a pile of furniture or goods could be observed +without a sentry over it with fixed bayonet pacing up and down. +The supply of water was principally drawn from the wells and +pumps which were kept in order by the Magistrates of the town. +These pumps have been before noticed. The inhabitants of the +suburbs, however, depended for good water on their private wells. +Almost every house in Brunswick and Lockman Streets had a good +well in the garden or near the house. The north suburb lots were +of very large dimensions; fruit gardens were numerous; the plum, +the Dutch cherry and red and black currants were raised in +abundance. The caterpillar and other vermin which now infest +the fruit gardens had then not been imported.</p> + +<p>Among the names of merchants who were carrying on business +this year in Halifax we notice those of John Pryor, father of +the late City Judge, Henry Pryor, William Strachan, White, +Creighton & Co., Ironware Merchants, Wallace & Russell, Hardware +and Wines, at the corner of Hollis and Prince Streets, now +occupied by the Union Bank; Prescott & Calkin, Fruits, etc., in +Granville Street; James Leishman & Co., Woolen Ware, lately from +Glasgow; Hartshorne, Boggs & Co., Hardware, etc., at the old +stand, corner of Granville and George Streets, and S. & W. DeBlois +at the opposite corner. The firm of Hartshorne & Boggs existed +for many years. The head of the firm, the Hon. Lawrence Hartshorne, +retiring from business, the name was altered to Boggs & +Hartshorne; the late Thomas Boggs became head of the business +and Lawrence Hartshorne, Jr., afterwards County Treasurer, was +junior partner. The business continued until the old corner building +was taken down, about the year 184-, and replaced by the fine +stone edifice erected by Mr. George E. Morton on the site.</p> + +<p>Scarff & Bain, afterwards James Bain<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> & Co., carried on an +extensive importing business at the corner now occupied by W. & +C. Silver. James Romans, Boots and Shoes, who succeeded Mr.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">{182}</a></span> +McNab at the old corner of Granville and Prince Streets, lately +owned by Mr. Robert Romans, who succeeded his father in the +business; John Witham and Thomas Donaldson, the former +Groceries and Wines, the latter Confectionery, were fashionable +resorts on the lower side of Granville Street. Mrs. Jane Donaldson +carried on the business after the death of her husband and finally +retired to her residence at Birch Cove on the Basin, which had been +purchased from the late Andrew Belcher on his leaving the province +for England. Sherwood, which was built by Bishop Stanser, was +also the property of Mrs. Donaldson. The late William Donaldson +afterwards sold it to Thomas Kenny, Esq. James Donaldson, the +brother of Donaldson of Granville Street, was also a Confectioner +and carried on business at the corner of George and Barrington +Streets, now occupied by Cragg Bros., opposite the Parade, +and was afterwards succeeded by the late Adam Esson. The +principal auctioneers were Bowie & DeBlois, Moody & Boyle, Fillis +& Perkins, and Charles Hill & Co. The latter carried on business +in Bedford Row near the corner of Sackville Street. Among the +dry goods stores were Israel Allison & Co., Carnot & Alport, +where Mr. Duffus afterwards erected his stone building; Thomas +Cleary, M. G. Black, Winkworth Allen & Co., in Cochran's Buildings +near the market. Among the importing and West India +merchants, Abram Cunard & Co., Lawrence Doyle, Collins & +Allison, Collins' Wharf; James Forman, Sr., James and Michael +Tobin, Tobin's Wharf; Thom, Salter & Co., Ship Chandlery.</p> + +<p>A court for the summary trial of actions in the town was established +this year. The Commissioners named by the Governor and +Council were James Forman, Richard Tremain, William Minns, +Charles Boggs and James Tobin. The Commission bears date in +April of this year.</p> + +<p>In addition to the public schools before mentioned, Mr. Thomas +Crosskill kept a good school for young men in rear of the Acadian +School, entrance from Barrington Street; his classes were more +advanced than those of Mr. Bromley. Mr. Addison kept his +classical academy in Marchington's Lane. There were several +schools for young girls. Miss Wenman kept a school for small +children in Granville Street; she was one of those who were burned +out in the great fire before mentioned. Mrs. Henry in Barrington<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">{183}</a></span> +Street and Mrs. McCage, for young ladies, also in Barrington +Street, in the brick house lately the property of Mrs. Doctor +Slayter.</p> + +<p>On the 25th April, 1818, a public meeting was called to petition +the British Government to make Halifax a free port so that +foreigners might have access and take cargoes of the produce of the +country or merchandise imported into it; accordingly, on the 27th +May, an order of the Prince Regent in Council was obtained +making Halifax and St. John, New Brunswick, free ports. Halifax +was declared by proclamation of the Governor bearing date +August 13th.</p> + +<p>At the request of the inhabitants of the town an Act of the +Legislature was obtained this year authorizing the leasing of 25 +acres of the Common for a period of 999 years at a small ground +rent. The lots were each 60 feet in front by 330 feet deep. These +lots were gradually disposed of and the broad street known as +Spring Garden Road was laid out with the lots fronting on it. +Very few of these lots were built on at first, and not until many +years after was there any appearance of improvement in this part +of the town. The only residence westward of the General's +quarters was the house of old Colonel Pyke, the Police Magistrate, +which stood in the field next his brewery.</p> + +<p>About this time the late John Stayner, of Water Street, +commenced to erect the building known Brookside, afterwards +the residence of the late Hon. Joseph Allison. Many years +afterwards John Spry Morris, the Surveyor General, erected the +building, and planted the trees, lately occupied by D. Cronan. The +fields on the west side of Queen Street, opposite the General's +quarters, known as Pedley's Fields, or Smidtville, were not then +built upon and the whole space from the present line of Queen +Street to the Tower Road was occupied as pasture for cattle. +Queen Street led up to Fort Massey military burial ground; it was +covered with grass and seldom used except for military funerals.</p> + +<p>Owing to the frequent alarms of fire and other disturbances in +the town this winter, the Magistrates made application to the +Legislature for an Act to establish a night watch, and accordingly, +on the 5th May, a nightly watch was established by order of the +Governor and Council for three months.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">{184}</a></span> +During the spring of 1818 and the previous autumn, several +vessels arrived in this port with emigrants from Europe, many of +whom were found to be in a most destitute condition. They could +not be permitted to remain a burden on the town and the Governor +and Council advanced funds to assist their removal to the country, +and Mr. Samuel Cunard and Mr. Michael Tobin were intrusted with +the funds for the purpose.</p> + +<p>"On the 9th February there remained of these emigrants in +town only 20 families and 30 single men. Their distress and +that of the humbler classes in the town this winter induced +the Governor to place £100 more in the hands of Messrs. Tobin +and Cunard to be used by them to mitigate the suffering of the +poor in general. They, in consequence, established for a time +a public soup house, beginning with 50 gallons of soup a day; +but in three days they were obliged to double the quantity, +finding that 50 pounds beef and vegetables, producing 100 +gallons a day, did not more than answer the demand. The +fitting up of the place and eight days' issue cost over £50, and +they supposed the money would be all gone in a fortnight more. +They attended constantly in person at the daily issues and say +that 500 daily partook of the gift. They estimated that £200 +more would be required to keep up the establishment until the +pressure of want should be alleviated in some other way. The +first £50 was paid out of the Arms Fund, £100 from the Treasury, +and the House voted £200 on 10th February for temporary relief +of the poor at Halifax."—[Murdoch.]</p> + +<p>Eight armed fishing vessels were seized this summer by the ships +of war on the station, and brought into the Harbor of Halifax. +Five were released and three condemned in the Court of Vice-Admiralty.</p> + +<p>A general election occurred this year. The poll for the County +and Town of Halifax was opened at the County Court House on +Monday, 15th June, and continued until Wednesday, when one of +the candidates, Mr. Richard Kidston, having withdrawn, the other +two, Mr. John Albro' and Mr. H. H. Cogswell were returned. +Capt. Thomas Maynard, R. N., was Sheriff this year. He resided +in the old house in Jacob Street formerly known as the Grenadier<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">{185}</a></span> +Fort, which stood on the spot where the Trinity Church has since +been erected.</p> + +<p>Among the events of the year worthy of notice was the appearance +of Anthony H. Holland, proprietor of the Acadian Recorder +newspaper, (which had been established in 1813) at the Bar of the +Assembly to answer charges of having published severe animadversions +on public affairs, particularly from some remarks relative +to Edward Mortimer, one of the County members, for which Mr. +Holland suffered a short imprisonment. This affair, with the +letters of Agricola, which now began to appear in the same paper +brought that paper into public notice.</p> + +<p>A Bill was introduced into the House of Assembly this session +by Mr. Shaw, who resided near the Three Mile House, for lighting +Water Street, but it does not appear that the object was effected.</p> + +<p>Paper money, issued from the Provincial Treasury, had been for +some time in circulation and had to some extent taken the place of +the Spanish Silver, which had been, heretofore, the only circulating +medium in the town.</p> + +<p>During the month of February this year, the harbor was blocked +up with float ice as far down as George's Island. Between 13th +and 20th, persons crossed from Dartmouth on the ice at the Narrows.</p> + +<p>In the "good old days when George the Third was king," his +birthday, the 4th June, was celebrated with great enthusiasm at +Halifax. A levy at Government House, a review of the troops, and +sometimes the militia on the common, and a royal salute from the +Battery and shipping in harbor, terminating with a ball in the +evening.</p> + +<p>This year the officers of the 3rd Halifax militia regiment gave a +dinner at the Exchange Coffee House in the large room lately occupied +by the Corporation as a Council Chamber. The North British +Society also dined together on St. Andrew's day at Mason's hall. +Lord Dalhousie, and all the heads of departments, civil and military, +and Bishop Burke attended. Judge Brenton Halliburton was +President, and Geo. Mitchell Vice-president.</p> + +<p>Dr. Burke had been officiating priest at St. Peter's, the old Roman +Catholic church which stood on the present St. Mary's grounds at +the head of Salter Street. He was this year appointed Bishop for +this province under the title of Bishop of Zion. He was consecrated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">{186}</a></span> +at Quebec on the 5th July. Dr. Burke was a very popular clergyman, +was highly thought of in the town and was very remarkable +for his hospitality, great benevolence, and Christian self-denial and +care for the poor. Though on several occasions engaged in theological +controversies with Dr. McCulloch of Pictou and others, he +never permitted those differences of opinion to interfere with that +kindly and gentlemanly intercourse with his friends for which he +was so remarkable.</p> + +<p>On the 15th December this year the Agricultural Society of Nova +Scotia was inaugurated at a public meeting held at Masons' Hall. +The Earl of Dalhousie presided, the Hon. S. B. Robie, Judge +Brenton Halliburton, Rev. Dr. Inglis, afterwards Bishop, and S. G. +W. Archibald addressed the meeting. Resolutions were passed for +the organization of the society, Lord Dalhousie appointed President, +and John Young, the author of the letters of Agricola, was +appointed Secretary with a good salary. Chief Justice Blowers +was named as Vice-president, and a Committee of twenty named +to manage the business.</p> + +<p>Mr. Placide's theatre at Fairbanks' wharf was again in full +operation this winter; Mrs. Young was the favorite actress, and +young Mr. William Blake, a native of the town who joined the +Company, acquired much popularity. Mr. Blake afterwards visited +Halifax as manager of a company of play actors, about 1830 or '31.</p> + +<p>Mr. John Black<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> and James Fraser, two wealthy Halifax merchants, +were this year appointed to His Majesty's Council. Mr. +Black was senior member of the firm of Black, Forsythe & Co., +afterwards known as Fiddis, May & Robinson. This business was +carried on for many years on the wharf at the foot of Prince Street, +lately the property of George Mitchell. Mr. Fraser<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> carried on +business near Commercial wharf. His residence was on the upper +side of Water Street nearly opposite his place of business. His<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">{187}</a></span> +garden extended into Argyle Street, and occupied the space on +which the Salem Chapel stood.</p> + +<table class="no-b" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="0" summary=""> +<caption class="no-pad">Census of the Town of Halifax, taken 1816-17.</caption> + +<tfoot> +<tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Memo</span>:—Population in 1752,—4249.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="pad-lr pad-l5">"</span> +<span class="pad-lr">"</span> 1791,—4897.</td></tr> +</tfoot> + +<tr><td align="left">Men, 3114, males under 16 years of age, 2120, Total males</td><td align="right">5234</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Females, total</td><td align="right">5177</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" class="total">10411</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Colored population, males 391, females 324</td><td align="right">745</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total population of the town</td><td align="right" class="total">11156</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>In the spring of 1819 the excavations at the north end of the +Grand Parade were commenced for the erection of Dalhousie College. +A grant under the great seal of the province, of a part of the parade +ground had been made to Trustees as a site for the college in August +1818. The Legislature at their sitting in February, voted +£2000 towards the erection of the building and a sum of £3000, +part of the Castine fund before mentioned, was also appropriated to +the building, the balance together with an additional vote of £2000 +from the province being invested for the support of the college.</p> + +<p>The space known as the Grand Parade had been reserved for +military and other necessary purposes on laying out the town in +1749. It had never been military property or claimed by the +military authorities, but was originally reserved as a place of muster +for the militia of the town, though used also by the King's troops +for mounting guard. An old building originally erected on the +upper side of the space next Argyle Street for an Artillery barrack, +was remaining there as late as 1777, and ranges of cannon appear +in front of it in the old pictures of the town about that date. +Prince Edward when General Commanding at Halifax had the +parade ground walled up and a new rail or fence erected. The +surface was levelled and the wall built at the north end bringing the +surface high above Duke and Barrington streets; ice houses were +built under this wall which were occupied by Mrs. Jane Donaldson, +Confectioner of Granville street. This wall was removed to make +way for the foundation of the college building. It had always been +asserted as a right on the part of the inhabitants of the town, that a +free, unobstructed way for foot passengers should be kept open<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">{188}</a></span> +across the centre of the old parade from one part of George street +to the other, and wooden steps had been provided soon after the +wall along the upper side had been erected and a gate and turn stile +at the town side for the accommodation of the public.<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> There was +a high wooden rail around the parade painted red.</p> + +<p>The Province Building being now finished, the Courts of Justice +and the Public Offices were removed from Cochran's building, and +the Legislature, which met on the 11th February, took possession +of the chambers appropriated to the Council and Assembly with all +due ceremony.</p> + +<p>The reduction of the Dockyard establishment this year was a great +loss to the town. A large force of workmen were discharged, many +of whom were thrown out of employ without any provision from +government.</p> + +<p>The project for the removal of the Dockyard to Bermuda was +found in many respects not to have realized the advantages contemplated +by the change. It was removed at the time that one of the +Admirals on the Station had taken offence at some occurrences in +the town and had used his influence to effect the change.</p> + +<p>A few years afterwards the Shears, a gigantic apparatus at the +Dockyard, for throwing down vessels, was demolished. The Shears<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">{189}</a></span> +was a very conspicuous object, and stood so high that it could be +seen from most parts of the town. It is still in the recollection of +many of our older citizens. The Royal Standard floated from the +staff which surmounted the Shears on the King's and Queen's birthdays +and other public holidays. The Dockyard of Halifax, as +mentioned in a previous chapter, was first established in the year +1758. The present wall was first erected in 1769 and bears the date +of 1770 over the gate, but it has been improved and some portions +rebuilt since that time.</p> + +<p>Anthony H. Holland built a paper mill at the head of the Basin this +year, on the stream near the opening of the Hammonds Plains Road. +The paper made here was used for his newspaper, and the +various pamphlets which issued from Holland's press and occasionally +by other newspapers. It was of a very inferior quality. The +brown paper, however, used for shop purposes, was of a tolerably +good description. It was the first paper manufactory set on foot in +Nova Scotia. It was kept up for many years after the death of +Holland.</p> + +<p>On the night of the 11th of November a fire broke out in +the Naval Hospital adjoining the Dockyard, which destroyed several +buildings. In consequence of the removal of the Naval Station the +space remained unbuilt on for many years.</p> + +<p>The Magistrates of the town, in session in December, voted a +portrait of Chief Justice Blowers. It was painted by a Mr. Drake +in full dress, wig, and scarlet gown. This picture occupies a place +in the Legislative Chamber, with that of Chief Justice Sir Thomas +Strange, by Benjamin West, late President of the Royal Academy.</p> + +<p>Among the promotions which appeared in the Royal Gazette this +year we find the appointment of Mr. Hibbert N. Binney<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> to His +Majesty's Council.</p> + +<p>An event occurred in the month of July which cast a gloom over +the whole community. Mr. Richard J. Uniacke, junior son of the +Attorney-General of that name, a member of the Bar, in his address +to the jury at a trial before the Supreme Court, made some observations +offensive to Mr. William Bowie, of the firm of Bowie and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">{190}</a></span> +DeBlois; a challenge from Mr. Bowie was the consequence, and on +the morning of Wednesday, following the 21st July, the community +was startled by the announcement that Mr. Bowie had been mortally +wounded. The duel was fought in the grove at the Governor's +north farm, near the Lady Hammond Road. Mr. Bowie was carried +to the house at the corner, then or afterwards occupied by Mrs. +McNeil as a tea house, where he died in a few hours, the bullet +having entered his right side below the rib. Mr. Uniacke and the +two seconds, Stephen W. DeBlois and Edward McSweeny, were +indicted for murder and tried the same term, and were acquitted by +the jury of the capital offence. This was the first criminal trial of +importance which took place in the Province Building. The Court +Room at the time, now the Legislative Library, comprised the three +rooms overhead, lately used by the keeper of the building. A large +gallery then surrounded the Court Room on three sides. This +gallery was removed in 1827 or 1828, the height of the Court Room +reduced, and the upper space made into three rooms, which were +appropriated to the Law Library, Admiralty Records, etc. This +unfortunate duel excited much feeling in the town, and some blame +was attached to the seconds who promoted or advised the parties to +fire a second time, when a reconciliation might have been effected. +The combatants were both gentlemen highly esteemed for their +amiable qualities. Bowie was a handsome young man and very +popular for his social qualities. He was buried from his lodgings +in town, and his funeral was said to have been more numerously +attended than any within the recollection of the oldest inhabitants. +Mr. Uniacke afterwards became a Judge of the Supreme Court. +The recollection of the sad event is supposed to have shortened +his life. He died at the early age of 45. Judge Uniacke was one +of the handsomest men Halifax ever produced, was more popular +than any other of his family, several of whom were in public positions.</p> + +<p>1820. On 7th April, King George IV. was proclaimed at Halifax. +The ceremony was performed by the Governor, Council, and such +Members of the House of Assembly as remained in town, together +with the Magistrates, the Grand Jury, and a number of private +citizens, proceeding to the Council Chamber, where the proclamation +was signed by the Governor, Councillors, and others. David Shaw<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">{191}</a></span> +Clarke, the Clerk of the Peace, acted as Herald, accompanied by +the High Sheriff in a carriage, escorted by a body of troops. The +proclamation was read by the Herald in the Market Square, at St. +Paul's Church, and on the Military Parade in Brunswick Street in +front of the officers' old barracks. A royal salute was fired and the +procession then returned to the Province Building, where the proclamation +was again read. The Royal Standard, which had been +flying on the citadel, was then lowered to half-mast and minute guns +fired from George's Island, there being none mounted on the hill at +the time on account of the decease of the late King George III. +Sermons were preached in all the places of worship and the +inhabitants of the town went into mourning.</p> + +<p>The House of Assembly being dissolved by the death of the +Sovereign, a public meeting of the freeholders of the Township was +held at the Exchange<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> Coffee House on the 3rd May for the nomination +of the candidates to represent the town. Richard Tremaine, +Esq., was called to the chair. Mr. Stephen W. DeBlois nominated +John Pryor and George Grassie. Mr. Cogswell, the former member, +retired, also Mr. James Forman and Mr. John Young, both of +whom had been suggested. John Albro', one of the former members, +led the poll at the close of the election, Pryor and Grassie stood +even. Captain Maynard, the Sheriff, made a special return of the +facts. It was said that the last vote polled was that of the Sheriff, +who first declared the poll closed and then voted for Mr. Grassie, +which placed the candidates even. On the validity of his vote +rested the question of the majority. The election lasted three days +and closed on Saturday evening. At the close the poll stood, +Albro, 453; Grassie and Pryor, each 395. Freeholders or owners +of real estate only had the privilege of voting at this period. The +new House met on 12th November following, and Mr. Pryor having +died in the interim the House ordered the return of Mr. Grassie.</p> + +<p>William Lawson, Simon B. Robie, Samuel G. W. Archibald, and +George Smith were returned for the County. Mr. Robie was +elected Speaker of the new House. Mr. Smith resided in Pictou, +the other three in Halifax. Pictou and Colchester then formed part +of the County of Halifax.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">{192}</a></span> +The walls of the new College had now been built up even with the +surface of the parade ground, and it was arranged that the corner +stone should be laid with proper ceremony by Lord Dalhousie, the +patron and originator of the scheme. Accordingly, on the 22nd +May, 1820, the troops in the garrison were turned out and formed +a double line from the Province Building to the Grand Parade. +The Freemasons, under the Grand Master, John George Pyke, +proceeded from Mason Hall along Barrington Street and formed a +square on the Parade. About 2 o'clock, Governor Dalhousie, the +Admiral, the officers of the Governor's Staff, with the Members of +His Majesty's Council, the Magistrates of the town, and a number +of leading inhabitants, proceeded through the line of troops to the +south-east corner of the building. Dr. J. T. Twining, the Grand +Chaplain, offered a prayer, after which a brass plate containing the +necessary inscriptions and a quantity of coins, were placed under the +stone, after which the Earl addressed the meeting and explained +the objects contemplated in erecting the college. The stone was +then laid with all due Masonic ceremony. A royal salute was fired +from the forts and the whole was concluded by a ball and supper at +Government House.</p> + +<p>On the 24th May, the corner stone of St. Mary's Roman Catholic +Church was laid with full religious ceremonies by Bishop Burke. +The old church of St. Peter, usually known as "the chapel" was a +small wooden building painted red. It stood opposite the head of +Salter Street, inside a rail, and was approached by a gate and turn +stile. This old building was the first Roman Catholic place of +worship in Halifax. It was built some time between 1785 and +1790. It was removed soon after the new building was ready for +occupation.</p> + +<p>On the 29th November, Bishop Burke died in the 78th year of +his age. He was laid out in state in his Episcopal robes and mitre +for several days. Bishop Burke was succeeded by Dr. Fraser, Bishop +of Tanen in partibus. He resided at Antigonish. Mr. Miniot was +parish priest at this time; he was succeeded by Mr. O'Brien and +afterwards by Mr. Lochnan, etc., until the appointment of Bishop +Walsh. The St. Mary's Cathedral crept on slowly for many years +for want of funds, but was finished according to the original plan +about the time of the appointment of Bishop Walsh.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">{193}</a></span> +The Earl of Dalhousie having been appointed Governor General +of Canada on the death of the Duke of Richmond, a farewell ball +was given to him and his Countess by the officers of the garrison +on 28th May, and on 31st the inhabitants presented him with an +address. On the first of June, his successor in the Government, +Sir James Kempt, arrived at Halifax in the Phæton, frigate, Capt. +Montague, 42 days from England. He landed at the King's +Wharf, and was driven to Government House. At 3 o'clock the +same day he went to the Council Chamber, where he was sworn into +office.</p> + +<p>On the 5th, Lord Dalhousie embarked for Canada. The flank +companies of the First Halifax Regiment of Militia, under the +command of Capts. John Liddell and John Pyke, attended on the +wharf as a guard of honor. Sir James Kempt brought with him as +A. D. C., Major Charles Gore, afterwards General Sir C. Gore, +G. C. B., Lord Frederick Lenox, a younger son of the Duke of +Richmond, who lately died in Canada, and Major Couper, afterwards +Sir George Couper, Comptroller of the Household of the +Duchess of Kent, the Queen's mother. Sir James Kempt was one +of Lord Wellington's Officers in the peninsular war. He commanded +a brigade at the Battle of Waterloo, and after the death of +Sir Thomas Picton, the General of Division, who was killed early +in the action, the command of the division fell to him.</p> + +<p>The only other occurrences worthy of notice during this year were +the dinner given to Governor Dalhousie by the inhabitants of the +town, which took place at Masons' Hall on 17th June, the Hon. +Michael Wallace in the chair, and John George Pyke, Vice. Sir +John Wentworth, Baronet, the former Governor, died this year at +his residence, Mrs. Flieger's, Hollis Street. His death took place +on 8th April. He was in his 84th year. He was succeeded in his +Baronetcy by his son, Charles Mary Wentworth, a native of +Halifax, who had retired to England, where he held some subordinate +office under Government. At his death, unmarried, the title +became extinct. By his will, he gave the old villa and grounds on +the Basin, built by the Duke of Kent, to Mrs. Gore, the novelist, +who was a distant relative of his family.</p> + +<p>A Fair and Cattle show was held by the Agricultural Society on +6th September on Camp Hill. The Governor distributed the prizes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">{194}</a></span> +John Young, John Albro', William Young, John Starr, Peter +McNab and Frederick Major, Esquires, were Judges of the cattle.</p> + +<p>1820-21. This winter was, if anything, more severe than the +three preceding. Early in January the harbor became frozen over, +and by the 20th the ice extended to Meagher's Beach and was +sufficiently strong to bear sleighs. By the 27th the ice formed a +firm bridge between Halifax and Dartmouth, over which a continuous +line of sleighs, teams and foot passengers might be seen +on market days. Skating and sleighing parties were numerous. +The Governor, Sir James Kempt, drove tandem almost to McNab's +Island, and the double sleigh of Judge Brenton Halliburton, in +passing over a weak spot in the ice, fell through but was rescued +without damage to the horses or the ladies in the sleigh. The +navigation was completely stopped for several weeks. A passage +was, however, cut from Cunard's wharf to the mouth of the harbor +with much labor and expense, to permit the Government Brig +Chebucto to proceed on her cruise. This little brig was owned by +A. Cunard & Sons, and was employed by the Imperial Government +in cruising along the shores of the province to protect the fishery, +and at the same time to enable the officers of Government to visit +the outposts, and was occasionally employed on special service to +proceed to Quebec and other places with despatches, etc. The +channel through the ice by which this vessel was taken out, and +which ran along close to the wharves, was afterwards kept open +while the ice remained, and a boat and two rafts were used to +convey over passengers and sleighs.</p> + +<p>On the 17th September, a fire occurred in the town, which +destroyed nearly all the buildings on the eastern side of Barrington +Street, between Sackville Street and Blowers Street and extended +back into Granville Street, where several houses were consumed. +Most of the buildings destroyed were old and delapidated except +those at the corner of Granville and Sackville Streets occupied by +Mr. Liswell's Bakery, etc. There were in all about 24 houses +consumed. A large portion of the burned district remained for +many years after unbuilt upon.</p> + +<p>It was customary at this time for the dress companies of the +militia to give balls. On 23rd January the Grenadier and Light +Companies of the 1st Halifax Regiment gave a ball at Mason Hall<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">{195}</a></span> +at which 300 persons were present. The regiment was commanded +by Hon. T. N. Jeffery, the Collector of the Customs, who had only +lately succeeded old Col. J. G. Pyke in the command. John +Liddell commanded the Grenadiers and Brevet Major John Pyke, +the Light Company. Lieut.-Col. Richard Tremain commanded the +Town Artillery.</p> + +<p>The condition of the transient poor of the town was very sad this +winter. An organized system of relief known as the Poor Man's +Friend Society, was instituted. The town was divided into wards, +and three or four gentlemen volunteered in each ward to visit the +poor throughout the winter months. A soup house was established, +and other arrangements made to meet the objects intended. This +society continued for about six or seven years. In 1824 Beamish +Murdoch was its secretary. The following year William Young +(the late Chief Justice) was acting secretary.</p> + +<p>A large issue of paper money by the province took place in 1820. +Silver change was almost driven out of circulation by the issue of +small notes, many at one dollar, at 2s. 6d., and even at 1s. 3d. +These notes were issued by private individuals upon their own +credit and responsibility. Those of William Lawson and Adam +Esson were the most numerous. The doubloon was at this +time established at £4 currency, and the Spanish dollar at five +shillings. The price of flour had fallen to twenty-seven shillings +and six pence per barrel.</p> + +<p>An anonymous pamphlet was published from the press of A. H. +Holland, charging the magistrates of the town with malpractices, +which caused much excitement. It was discovered to have been +written by Mr. William Wilkie, of Halifax. He was indicted +for libel, tried at the Easter term of the Supreme Court, found +guilty and sentenced to two years imprisonment with hard labor in +the House of Correction. This was esteemed a most tyrannical and +cruel proceeding on the part of the government. The pamphlet +was a very paltry offence, such as at the present day would be +passed over with contempt. Wilkie, though not a person of much +esteem, yet being a member of a respectable family in the community, +should have been spared the indignities thrown upon him +by Chief Justice Blowers and the other Judges of the Supreme<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">{196}</a></span> +Court. After the sentence was known, the sympathy in his favor +was very general throughout the town.</p> + +<p>The reaction after the peace had reduced the price of agricultural +produce, not only in Halifax but throughout the province. The +West India trade, then the chief branch of commerce, had begun +again to be prosperous, and the merchants were looking forward to +profitable voyages. But the value of real estate had so fallen that +sales were made in the body of the town for much less than half the +cost of the buildings. This state of things continued for several +years, and very few new buildings were erected between 1819 and +1823. The population was about 15,000, but the number of houses +did not exceed 1,600.</p> + +<p>The market square at this period presented a very different +appearance from what it does at present. A low wooden building +stood on the site of the present brick market house. The roof was +originally flat and afterwards a pitched roof was added. The +butchers' stalls in this old building were very convenient, perhaps +more so than those in the new market house. The cellars of this +building fronting on Water Street were let for the benefit of the +town, and the south end was, some time after this, occupied by +Mr. Alexander McLeod as a liquor store and grocery for many +years. The ground in front of the market wharf and market +slip was much lower than at present, and also that part of Water +Street between the old City Court House and Stayner's Wharf, +all which was filled up about 1830 or, perhaps, a year or two later. +A range of shops under the Court House before this alteration in +the streets afforded a large revenue to the town, but their value as +places of business was destroyed when the street was raised, and +though partially occupied afterwards, they proved damp and unfit +for storage of goods. The truckmen, who were then very numerous, +ranged their trucks and carts in lines in the square fronting +the meat market (there being no other stand allowed) and in +cold weather they might be seen, in the afternoons, when not +engaged in trucking, amusing themselves with the game of football. +Two liquor stores, one at the head of the market, on Beamish's +Wharf, and the other at the opposite corner, now known as +Laidlaw's corner, kept by Samuel and David Muirhead, were the +chief places where spirits and beer were retailed to the truckmen<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">{197}</a></span> +and fishermen. In front of these shops were ranges of apple and +cake stalls kept by old women, where also gull eggs and lobsters +boiled hard could be had by the fishermen and shallop men from the +wharves. The red woollen night cap was generally worn in those +days by the market fishermen and the people from the coasting +vessels.</p> + +<p>The sidewalks throughout the town with the exception of part of +Water Street, were all of wood. The old platform on George +Street, between Granville and Hollis Streets, was known as Hartshorne's +platform. Messrs. Hartshorne & Boggs occupied a range +of wooden buildings at the corner of Granville Street, since replaced +by the stone building erected by George E. Morton and now +occupied by Knowles' Bookstore. On the lower corner, known as +Martin Gay Black's corner, there stood an old gamble-roofed house +on a high green bank occupied by Mrs. Hart as a dry goods store, +and afterwards by T. & S. Greenwood, watchmakers. This old +building was about this time replaced by another which afterwards +made way for the handsome free stone building erected by the late +Martin Gay Black.<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> This platform was the resort of merchants +and others who congregated there in the mornings for a short walk +and to talk over the news. A large ship gun did duty as a post at +Hartshorne & Boggs' corner, and another at Black's, and formed a +nucleus for loungers—not smokers, for smoking was strictly prohibited +in the streets of Halifax at this time by the Magistrates of +the town. Opposite, near the Province Building rail, was the old +town pump mentioned above, known as Black's pump, remarkable +for its good water, where dozens of boys and girls might be seen +towards evening getting water for tea. The old wooden range +known as Cochran's building, which occupied the site of the present +Dominion building, had been only lately evacuated by the Legislative +Assemblies and the Courts of Law, and was now being fitted +up for shops. Among those who first occupied shops in this +building were Winkworth Allen, who afterwards went to England, +Mr. David Hare, who afterwards became the purchaser of the +property; W. A. Mackinlay, on the north side, and Clement H. +Belcher, at the north-west corner, both well known stationers and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">{198}</a></span> +booksellers, occupied their respective shops a long time, the latter +for more than twenty years. At the opposite corner, to the south, +on Hollis Street, stood a large three story building erected by the +late James Hamilton, who carried on an extensive dry goods +business. It was afterwards sold to Burns & Murray, who erected +the present handsome freestone edifice on the corner. Mr. William +A. Black kept his watchmaker's establishment at the corner below, +now occupied by the P. Walsh Hardware Co. The old Halifax +Journal office occupied a wooden building at the corner of +George and Granville Streets, where the stone store of T. & E. +Kenny now is. Mr. Benjamin Etter had his watchmaker's shop at +the corner of George and Barrington Streets, now known as +Crosskill's corner, in the same old wooden building which has since +undergone extensive alterations. Mrs. Donaldson carried on the +confectionery business at the corner opposite and was succeeded by +Adam Esson. There were two Donaldsons, both confectioners, +whose wives carried on the business after the death of their husbands +and accumulated large properties, usually known as upper and +lower Donaldson's; the latter was in Granville Street and was the +most fashionable, being patronized by the military and navy officers +during the war. The parade ground was surrounded by a high +wooden rail painted red and had a gate and two turn stiles opposite +George Street; the latter for foot passengers who claimed the right +to pass across the ground to the steps which led up into Argyle +Street, and which still remain. John Howe kept the Post Office in +the old building opposite the parade later occupied by Mr. Brander, +Cabinet Maker. The late Matthew Richardson a year or two later +erected the three story stone building next to Mrs. Donaldson on +the site of the Hon. Andrew Belcher's garden, which occupied an +open space south of Donaldson's or Esson's corner. Mr. Belcher +had, a few years before this, left Halifax to reside in England. +His residence was in Granville Street, the same building formerly +owned and occupied by the late Doctor Hoffman a short distance +south of Kenny's buildings and his garden extended in rear fronting +on Barrington Street. No part of the city has undergone +greater changes since this time than Granville Street. From +George Street northward all the old houses on both sides have been +replaced by lofty buildings with some rare exceptions. Between<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">{199}</a></span> +Romans' corner and the Ordnance Square, the street at this time +was elevated about 20 or 25 feet above the present level. It was +cut down about the year 1830 or 31, (perhaps a little earlier) and +the old shabby buildings on the upper side removed, and those on +the lower side had an additional story added to them below in consequence +of the street being lowered. The whole of this part of +Granville Street has been since twice destroyed by fire and replaced +by the present buildings, at a cost and in a style far beyond the +requirements of the city. Proceeding southward along Hollis Street +from the Province Building, both sides as far as Sackville Street +were occupied by a range of small low buildings. At the corner +now occupied by the Queen stone building, there stood an old +gamble roofed house of one story with a little shop at the corner +occupied by a worthy old man, James Smith, who held the office of +Deacon of St. Matthew's Presbyterian Church, opposite. The +other deacon was James Dechman, senior, who was for many years +keeper of the town clock, and resided in the clock building. These +two old worthies have long since gone to their rest. The latter was +father of the late James Dechman, of Halifax, master carpenter, +who died at an advanced age some years ago at his residence in +Bishop Street. The Rev. Dr. Archibald Gray<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> was minister of +St. Matthew's at this time. His place of residence was the old +house in Granville Street, opposite the Province Building, now +known as the Acadian Hotel. Several buildings both in Hollis and +Granville Streets, remnants of the first settlement, stood on high +grassy banks with porches and steps outside and cellar doors on +the side of the bank with plank platforms over the gutters; the +porches and steps frequently projecting out on the side path.</p> + +<p>The Hon. John Black, a short time previous to the year 1821, +built the fine granite building in Hollis Street north of Government +House, afterwards the property of his son-in-law, Hon. James B. +Uniacke, since the residence of the Bishop of Nova Scotia. The old +house within the railing at the upper corner of Hollis & Salter +Streets, lately owned by Mr. Esson, was then the residence of Hon. +William Lawson. It was originally built by Malachi Salter about +1760, perhaps before. At the opposite corner stood the residence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">{200}</a></span> +of the Hon. Hibbert N. Binney, since removed. At the other corner +Mr. Charles R. Fairbanks, some time Solicitor-General, afterwards +Master of the Rolls in Chancery, son-in-law of Mr. Lawson, had +just erected the fine brick building since occupied as a boarding +school for young ladies. The late Samuel Lydiard Brewer built the +iron stone house of three stories south of Mr. Binney's residence +about the same time. The residence of the Hon. Michael Wallace, +Treasurer of the Province, was in Hollis Street immediately opposite +the Government House. It was a wooden building and considered +a first class residence in its time; now altered into two separate +dwelling houses. Trees were common in the streets of Halifax at +this period as has been before mentioned. The stone building in +Morris Street, the residence of Chief Justice Sir Brenton Halliburton, +then Judge Halliburton, had been erected some years before this. +Judge Stewart, his brother-in-law, built the yellow brick building +at the north-west corner of Hollis & Morris Streets, now the +residence of a gentleman of the same name, son of Hon. Alexander +Stewart, late Master of the Rolls and Judge of Admiralty. The +Hon. Thos. N. Jeffery, Collector of the Customs, built and resided +in the building later occupied by Mrs. James Donaldson. The late +Bishop Inglis, then Rector of St. Paul's, owned and occupied the +low wooden building nearly opposite Mr. Jeffery's, since the residence +of Mr. Hagarty. At the corner, opposite Judge Stewart's, was the +old gamble roofed house, the residence of James B. Franklin, son +of Governor Franklin. This old fashioned house still remains as +one of the few relics of the early town. The Hon. Charles Morris +built a handsome wooden dwelling house on the south side of +Morris Street, between Hollis and Water Streets, afterwards the +property of Hon. S. G. W. Archibald, Attorney-General and +Speaker of the House of Assembly; since his death occupied as a +boarding house. The late John Trider about the same time built +his rough stone house at Freshwater Bridge. The late John +Tremain had a Ropewalk adjoining his residence on the south side +of the road leading up from Freshwater Bridge, now known as +Inglis Street. This property was afterwards purchased by James +Forman, Junior, and the old ropewalk building removed. The +residence of Major Bazelgette at the head of this street had been +originally constructed by John Trider from the materials of the old<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">{201}</a></span> +Government House which had been removed and the materials sold +to make way for the foundation of the Province Building. It afterwards +became the property of the late John Moody, a merchant in +the town, who sold it to Major Bazelgette about the year 1817 or +1818, who added to the building and improved the grounds. Mr. +Moody purchased the adjoining grounds and erected a new house; +after his failure his residence was purchased by Hon. Enos Collins, +who improved the property and beautified the surrounding grounds.</p> + +<p>Old Fresh Water Bridge, so well known in former times, crossed +the stream from Smith's Tanyard nearly in the same place as the +present abutment. It was a rickety old wooden structure with a +rough curb or rail. It was a favorite resort of the young of both +sexes on Sundays and summer evenings, and the old wooden rail +was covered with names and initial letters carved with the pen knife +by visitors. The walk down Pleasant Street and up the road now +known as Inglis Street and round the new road, as the Tower Road +was then called to Pyke's Bridge, and thence down Spring Garden +Road to Government House, was the fashionable promenade for all +classes on Sundays and holidays. The old English Burial ground +was then surrounded by a high, rough stone wall, built without mortar, +which was removed some years after the new cemetery on Camp +Hill was consecrated. The Governor's garden up Spring Garden +Road adjoining the burial ground extended as far as the General's +quarters. A portion of this field was taken for the site of the +new Court House and County Jail. The new Poor House in the +opposite space, then lately erected, was a rough stone building +whitewashed on the outside, but the Work House or House of Correction +was the old gamble roof building probably originally erected +as a soldiers' barracks in the days of the forts, and afterwards used +as a Poor House. All these buildings have been since removed and +the ground sold to private speculators, a step much to be regretted, +as the space was very extensive and the most eligible situation for +a public building in the whole city.</p> + +<p>The Poor House Burial Ground, at the corner opposite the +present new Court House, was at this time a standing nuisance in +consequence of the want of drainage and the careless manner in +which bodies of paupers were interred. After the law for closing +all places of burial in the city had been carried into operation, this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">{202}</a></span> +open space was planted with trees and ground carted in to fill up +hollow places, and a substantial wall built around it. The old tan +Yard of Andrew and John Smith was then one of the most +picturesque and secluded spots in the neighborhood of the town. +The stream which turned their mill passed down from the south +common through Smith's Fields, where it formed a pond near the +town road, known as the mill dam, for many years the resort of +skaters in winter, continuing south-eastward to Freshwater Bridge +and passing through a range of willow trees, some of which may +still be seen above the present bridge. Southward from old bridge +the road was at this time but a footpath winding along the shore to +Steele's Pond, beyond which it was passable for carriages. At a +very early period, however, there had been a broad carriage road all +along the shore to Point Pleasant, but the earth had fallen in or +been washed away by the tide. Black Rock, a point running out +south from Trider's old lime kiln, was then, and for many years +after, the resort of bathers. There was a fine gravel beach outside +the old Freshwater Bridge leaving a large expanse of gravel when +the tide was out. It was customary for gentlemen's servants, +truckmen and others who came morning and evening to water their +horses in the stream above the bridge to ride their horses in the surf +at low water.</p> + +<p>That part of the city known as Schmidtville, or Pedley's Fields, +west from Queen Street and the General's quarters, was not laid +out into building lots until many years after the period we are now +describing.</p> + +<p>The stone house at the corner of Prince and Argyle Streets, +opposite the south-west angle of St. Paul's Church, was originally +the mansion of the Hon. Richard Bulkeley, and is, perhaps, now the +oldest stone building in Halifax; it was purchased about 1818 by +H. H. Cogswell, who improved the old house and resided there until +his death in 1854. The stone house at the opposite corner was +built after the close of the war by Dr. William J. Almon. It +afterwards became the residence of his son, Matthew Byles Almon, +who sold it to Dr. Daniel McN. Parker. Proceeding southward +along Argyle Street at the next corner was the handsome residence +of Hon. Richard John Uniacke, who held the office of Attorney +General for a great number of years. This was a wooden building<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">{203}</a></span> +of three stories originally with a flat roof and a parapet all around +with ornaments in the shape of urns at the corners and in the +centre. A roof was put on this building about the time of the +death of old Mr. Uniacke, and the parapet removed. At the south +termination of Argyle Street stood the residence of Mr. Alexander +Creighton, a small low house, and along Blowers Street, to the west, +was a low range of wooden buildings which had been a soldiers' +barracks or guard house. The late Chief Justice Blowers, about +the commencement of the present century, erected the large wooden +building at the corner of Barrington Street, adjoining the Roman +Catholic property, as a residence. After his death it was sold and +became a hotel under the name of the Waverley House. It has +since been purchased and attached to the Roman Catholic church +property.</p> + +<p>In the year 1821 there were no houses in Gottingen Street, north +suburbs, except the stone house at the corner of the lane leading +westward, some years before built by Major McCola, Town Major +of Halifax, since owned by Mr. R. Duport. A wooden house, a +short distance north of it, built by Peter Hay, Mason, and the old +hipped roofed building at the corner of Gerrish Street, known as +the North Pole, still standing. Mr. Lewis Demolitor had then +lately built a large house at the northern extremity of Brunswick +Street, which at that time was considered a very wild speculation. +This is the same house lately the residence of the Hon. Senator +Northup. The late Benjamin Etter also, about this time, built +himself a residence at the corner of North Street, afterwards the +mansion of the late Hon. William A. Black. Captain Michael +Head, R. N., occupied the two story house to the westward of W. +A. Black's property, which a few years before had been built by the +late William Rudolf, of Halifax, and was afterwards the residence +of Commissary General, W. H. Snelling, and afterwards by John +Northup; now or lately known as Belle-Air. Lockman Street +then could boast of very few buildings and was so grown up +with grass as in some places only to afford a narrow path in +the centre for pedestrians and occasionally a stray carriage. The +original Lockman Street extended only from North Street to +Gerrish Street, in the rear of what was called the Dutch Lots; it was +afterwards continued southward by consent of the north suburb<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">{204}</a></span> +lots, as far as Cornwallis Street. The old house, formerly the +residence of Major Leonard Lockman, a German officer, one of the +original settlers, for whom the street was called, stood on the +western side near the northern extremity of the street. It became +very delapidated and was removed some years ago.</p> + +<p>In the 1818, or perhaps as late as 1820, that part of the +north common known as Camp Hill, since appropriated as a public +cemetery, as also all the swampy space westward of the drill +ground, was in a state of nature, covered with cradle hills, laurel +bushes and ground juniper. The butchers' boys kept their sheep +there, and in autumn the swampy portions afforded to the sportsmen +good ground for snipe, plover and curlew. An old building, +known as the St. Andrew's Cross, stood on the hill at the corner +where Quinpool Road, so-called, now meets the common. On the +opposite side an old two story house called Quinpool, which had been +the residence of a Mr. O'Brien, stood in a field to the north of the +road. This old house became uninhabited and was afterward taken +down by Dr. Cogswell, the proprietor of the property, when he +divided the fields into building lots. There were two main roads +leading from town to the Basin, both meeting at what was called +the Three Mile House, a building erected by Mr. Shaw, a member +of Assembly, as a hotel, afterwards known as Increase Ward's +country house. The Wistermont Road was known as the Blue +Bell Road from a very old house with a swinging sign which stood +at the corner before you arrive at the Willow Park property. Mr. +John Young, known as the author of the letters of Agricola, had +then lately purchased this latter place, had improved the house and +gardens, and was commencing to work it as a model farm. Further +north were the old Dutch farms of Philip Bayer and Jacob Shefforth +on either side of the road, surrounded by groups of old willow trees. +The Bayer's house has disappeared, but that of the Shefforth family +fell to the late Mr. Henry Vieth, who repaired the old buildings. +The other road, known as the Fort Needham or Lady Hammond +Road, was a prolongation of Gottingen Street. After passing the +farms of the late John and James Merkel, it turned to the westward +down the hill to the shore of the Basin at the Three Mile House. +The Kempt Road had not yet been opened though for some time in +contemplation. Two block houses, the remnant of the old fortifications<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">{205}</a></span> +of Halifax, overlooked these roads. The first or nearest +blockhouse, was at Fort Needham on the hill south of the Governor's +north farm. The other surmounted the hill just above the cottage +of the late John Steel, called Three Mile Cottage, at the termination +of the Blue Bell Road, near the present Three Mile Church. The +old house at the Governor's north farm known as Lady Hammond's +house was then in good repair, since fallen down. This house was +erected by Lieut. Governor Hammond as a country residence for +his family. The north farm, as it was called, extended eastward to +the shores of the narrows and included the beech grove near the +old railway station. This beautiful grove has been lately cut +up by one of the Government Railway Superintendents who caused +building lots to be laid off and sold in the grove. This fine +collection of trees has been carefully preserved for nearly a century, +and had been the scene of many festivities, and was associated with +very many pleasing events in the minds of the older citizens.</p> + +<p>The common was the usual resort of a large portion of the +inhabitants on a Sunday afternoon during the summer months. It +had been the custom for many years, and had continued to be so +until discontinued by Governor Maitland, for the whole garrison, +which usually consisted of service companies of three regiments, a +part of artillery, and a company of sappers and marines, to parade +on the common every Sunday afternoon at three o'clock during the +summer season. The Governor and his staff attended and the +whole brigade, with their regimental colors, and the artillery, with +their field pieces, formed a line and were inspected by the Governor +or Commander-in-chief, after which they marched around the drill +ground, passing before him at slow time, saluting him in open +column of companies. No booths, however, were allowed on the +common for the sale of refreshments except on the King's and +Queen's birthdays, when grand reviews came off.</p> + +<p>Sunday presented a gay scene at Halifax in those days. There +being then no garrison chapel for the troops, the regiments in +garrison, preceded by their brass bands playing, marched in full +dress to St. Paul's and St. George's churches amid the ringing of +bells and the sound of martial music. The carriage of the +Governor (who was then always a general officer) in full military +costume, with his aides-de-camp, drove up to the south door of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">{206}</a></span> +St. Paul's, the whole staff having first assembled under the portico +which then ran along the southern end of the church. His +Excellency, followed by a brilliant display of gold lace and feathers, +the clank of sabres and spurs, and the shaking of plumed hats of +so many officers, many of whom were accompanied by their ladies, +on entering the church, presented a most brilliant spectacle. All +this was followed by the old Chief Justice Blowers in his coach and +livery, the carriage of the Admiral, and those of several members +of Council. All being seated and the body of the church full of +fashion and dress, the peal of the organ began to be heard and the +clergy in surplice and hood (he who was about to preach, however, +always in the black gown) proceeded from the vestry up the east +side aisle to the pulpit, preceded by a beadle in drab and gold lace, +carrying a large silver headed mace, who, after the clergy had taken +their seats, deliberately walked down the aisle again to the vestry +with his mace over his shoulder. The Rector, Dr. John Inglis, +usually preached in the morning, and the Curate, Mr. J. T. +Twining, performed the service. They were frequently accompanied +by other church clergymen on a visit to town, and in Lord +Dalhousie's time, his Chaplin, the Rev. Isaac Temple, always took +part in the service, frequently preaching in the afternoon at 3 +o'clock. On the sermon in the morning being concluded, the troops +marched back to barracks and the general and staff returned to +Government House, where they partook of luncheon, and were +again in requisition by 3 o'clock for the grand review of the troops +on the common. There were no evening services in the churches +and meeting houses in those days, except with the Methodists, who +were quietly doing their work in the old Argyle Street meeting +house, under the Rev. Wm. Black.</p> + +<p>The police of the town were conducted by one paid magistrate +and one unpaid assistant, together with the clerk of the peace and +three police constables, afterwards increased to four. Old Colonel +Pyke presided as Chief Magistrate for many years, and was usually +to be seen sitting in the little police office in drab knee breeches +with gray yarn stockings and snuff colored coat. Age and infirmity +having at last compelled him to retire, Mr. John Liddell, the second +in command, was appointed Chief Police Magistrate by Sir James<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">{207}</a></span> +Kempt.<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> David Shaw Clarke had been for some years Clerk of the +Peace. He was a member of the Bar and particularly well qualified +for the office he held, the duties of which he performed with much +satisfaction to the public. He was very remarkable as being the +most corpulent man in town. The late Samuel Muirhead, who kept +a liquor shop at the head of the Market Wharf, was next in size +to Mr. Clarke. Muirhead died in 1820, and Clarke, from that +time to the day of his death, had no competitor. No man was +better known or more popular for about thirty years in Halifax +than David Shaw Clarke. He was succeeded in his office by his +son James Stewart Clarke.</p> + +<p>Drunken people were frequently to be seen in the streets in those +days, yet the peace of the town was tolerably well preserved by the +three or four police constables. Old Jock Henderson was very +corpulent, but his great knowledge of his profession rendered him +an exceedingly useful officer. Jack Mahar was celebrated as a +detective, but king alcohol at last put an end to his usefulness. +The practice of publicly whipping thieves had almost altogether +gone out of fashion by this time, though occasionally resorted to at +the work house. Among the town oddities was Constable Hawkins. +He was a negro, one of those who were brought from the Chesapeake +by Admiral Cockburn. He had been for some years employed at the +work house to do the whipping. He was usually dressed in an old +military green uniform, epaulets, plumed cap, with red sash, and on +state occasions, a sword. With constable's staff in hand, this +worthy might be seen in the morning at the opening of the police +office, escorting prisoners down George Street to the office for +examination, accompanied by a mob of boys. Among the other +curiosities of the town was old Ben Myers, usually known as Major +Ben. This old fellow, an idiot, was dressed in a long tailed red +coat of a fashion then long obsolete, a cocked hat and long white +feathers hanging over his shoulder, and on particular occasions, a +star on his breast and a sword and sash. He was the messenger of +the poor house and Bridewell and came down to the market every +morning with his wheelbarrow in which he brought back supplies +for the establishments.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">{208}</a></span> +The troops mounted guard every morning on the Grand Parade +and went through the salute and troop before relieving guard. This +formed a great attraction to strangers and people from the country. +The band usually played for half an hour before the ceremony of +inspecting the guards commenced. At sunset and at gun fire, at +eight o'clock in the evening, the drum and fife proceeded from the +town clock, in Barrack Street, to Government House or the +General's quarters, and back again to the barracks. This had been +an ancient custom in the Halifax garrison and was partly kept up +until about the year 1845. Guard mounting on the parade at 10 +o'clock in the morning during summer continued until Governor +Le Marchant left Halifax in 1856.</p> + +<p>One feature of the town which frequently afforded amusement to +visitors must not be omitted. The negro population of Hammonds +Plains and Preston, the latter particularly, had been, after the +peace, supplied with the American uniform coats taken at Castine +or somewhere in Maine in the year 1813. The sky blue coats with +red and sometimes yellow facings, in conjunction with old torn and +patched trousers of every description, presented the most grotesque +appearance. A short time before this a fensible regiment known as +the York Rangers, having been disbanded in the town, their old +green uniforms, faced red, and the sugar loaf shaped caps, were +given to the negroes, who presented the most ridiculous appearance +on market days.</p> + +<p>M. Geneni kept dancing school at Mason Hall and gave many +pleasant school balls in the winter season to the great delight of +the young people. M. Perro, a polite old French naval officer, was +most popular as a teacher of French and was much esteemed in the +community. M. Chenalette was the most famous confectioner ever +known in Halifax. In his latter days he kept his establishment in +Sackville Street, opposite Bedford Row, and was celebrated for his +French cordials and fancy confectionery. Such was Halifax in +1821 and thereabouts.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> Mr. Bain married a daughter of the late Benjamin Salter and grand daughter of +Malachi Salter, one of the first Members of Assembly for Halifax, the ancestor of Mr. +Benjamin Salter of this city.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> Mr. Black's daughter was the wife of the late Hon. Jas. B. Uniacke. Mr. B. built +the handsome stone mansion near Government House in Hollis Street, afterwards the +residence of Bishop Binney. The granite with which this house was built was +brought from Aberdeenshire. Mr. William Black, his son, removed to Scotland.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> The Hon. James Fraser married a daughter of Mr. DeWolf of Windsor, his eldest +son James D. Fraser, was for many years member of Assembly for Windsor, and his +second son was Dr. Benjamin D. Fraser, of Windsor. His eldest daughter married +Hon. Chas. Gore, afterwards Gen. Sir Chas. Gore. G. C. B., and her daughter married +the Earl of Errol, a Scotch peer. Another daughter became the wife of the Right +Rev. Dr. Suther, Bishop of Aberdeen.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> The Grand Parade as it is called, like other spaces reserved in 1749 for +public purpose, such as the old burial ground, public landing, the common, +etc., had been used for the purpose to which it was originally appropriated but the +title had been supposed not to have passed out of the Crown. Towards the close of +the last century it was thought advisable to vest all the public property in Trustees +under several grants from the Crown for that purpose; accordingly a grant was made +of the parade ground to certain public officials and their successors in office, to be held +by them for the public purposes for which it had been originally reserved. This grant +with all the others had been constructed under the supervision of old Attorney General +Uniacke and of Chief Justice Blowers, but it having been afterwards discovered that +none of the public officials to whom it was granted possessed the corporate powers and +therefore had no succession in law, and the original incumbents at the time of the grant +being all dead, it was concluded that the title had lapsed to the Crown. Lord Dalhousie, +Mr. Wallace and a few others in their exuberant zeal for the erection of a +college on the Scotch model, undertook to have another grant from the Crown +passed of the whole or part of the parade ground to the Governors of the College, +reserving, it is understood, certain privileges over a portion of the ground to the public.</p> + +<p>The Governors of Dalhousie College claimed under this grant. The City contends +that the old grant was not forfeited and that this space among other public property +appertaining to the town was under the Act of Incorporation turned over to the city. +That in order to create a legal forfeiture there must be process of Escheat gone through, +and further, that though the public functionaries to whom it was granted were not +possessed of corporate rights or had any succession of their offices in law, yet the fact +of their having been by Royal patent constituted trustees of the property, by inference +of law the Crown intended to make them a corporation for that particular purpose, and +that their successors in the various offices they held, or the successor of any one of +them, would possess the power of supporting the grant. Otherwise the object of the +Crown in making the grant would be defeated, and as Crown grants are always constituted +in law most favorably for the Crown, it might be inferred that the Crown +intended to support its grant by constituting those public officers and their successors +in office a corporation with succession for that special purpose. Later the dispute +was settled by private arrangement.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> Mr. Binney was a native of the town. He was the father of the late Edward +Binney and Grandfather of the late Bishop of Nova Scotia. His residence was at +the corner of Hollis and Salter Streets, opposite that of the late Honorable William +Lawson. The old house was removed some years since to make way for a range of +wooden three-story buildings, erected by Henry G. Hill, along the east side of Hollis +Street. Mr. Binney was many years Collector of Imports and Excise at Halifax.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> The building afterwards used as the City Hall was then called the Exchange.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> This fine stone building has been since pulled down and a new building for the +accommodation of the Merchants' Bank now occupies the corner.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Dr. Gray married a daughter of Dr. Michael Head and was father of the late +James F. Gray, of the Halifax Bar, many years Clerk of the House of Assembly.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> Governors had a voice in all appointments at this time.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">{209}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.<br /> +<span class="sub">FORTIFICATIONS AND DEFENCES OF THE TOWN—PUBLIC BUILDINGS, ETC.</span></h2> + +<p>From the year 1749 to '54 or '5, the defences of the town +consisted of palisades or pickets placed upright, with block houses +built of logs at convenient distances. This fence extended from +where the Roman Catholic Cathedral now stands to the beach south +of Fairbanks' wharf, and on the north along the line of Jacob Street +to the harbor. These palisades were in existence in 1753, but were +removed at a very early period, not being within the recollection of +the oldest natives of the town living in the year 1825.</p> + +<p>A large portion of the front of the present Citadel Hill was +originally private property; a small redoubt stood near the summit +with a flag staff and guard house, but no traces of any regular or +permanent fortification appear until the commencement of the +American Revolution. There were several block houses south of +the town—at Point Pleasant, Fort Massey and other places. A line +of block houses was built at a very early period of the settlement, +extending from the head of the North West Arm to the Basin, as a +defence against the Indians. The foundation of the centre block +house was still to be seen in 1848 in the hollow below Philip Bayers' +pasture. During Governor Lawrence's time, the Indians made an +attack upon the saw mills at the head of the North West Arm, +which stood near the site of the present mills, and murdered three +men; their bodies were buried by the soldiers near one of the block +houses, and were three times dug up by the Indians in defiance of the +guard, for the purpose of securing the scalps. These block houses +were built of square timber, with loop-holes for musketry,—they +were of great thickness, and had parapets around the top and a +platform at the base, with a well for the use of the guard.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">{210}</a></span> +In 1755, four batteries were erected along the beach—the centre +one, called the middle or Governor's Battery, stood where the +Queen's Wharf now is, being then directly in front of Government +House; another where the Ordnance Yard was afterwards built, +called the Five or Nine-gun Battery; the third was situated north of +the present Fairbanks' wharf; and the fourth called the South or +Grand Battery, still in existence at the Lumber Yard. They were +composed of stone and gravel, supported by cross logs, covered +with earth and planted with grass, having battlements in front and +the two ends, elevated about twenty or twenty-five feet above the +water. These fortifications were removed about the year 1783, and +the grounds appropriated to their present purposes. The Ordnance +Yard, then a swamp around the battery, and the King's Wharf, +were both filled up and levelled by stone and rubbish removed from +the five-acre lots of the peninsula which were beginning to be +cleared about this time.</p> + +<p>There were block houses along the beach, near the Dock Yard +wall, built by Col. Spry about 1775. The drawings of the town, +published about the year 1774 or '6, show a strong fortification on +George's Island.<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> It was not until the commencement of the +revolutionary war that regular works appear to have been constructed +for the defence of the town and harbor. About the year +1778, the Citadel Hill appears to have been, for the first time, +regularly fortified; the summit was then about eighty feet higher +than at present; the works consisted of an octangular tower of +wood of the block-house kind, having a parapet and small tower on +top with port holes for cannon—the whole encompassed by a ditch +and ramparts of earth and wood, with pickets placed close together, +slanting outwards. Below this there were several outworks of the +same description extending down the sides of the hill a considerable +distance.</p> + +<p>Fort Massey, George's Island and the East Battery exhibit the +same kind of fortifications in the pictures of the town made about +1780. At the latter place there was a barrack, afterwards rebuilt +by the Duke of Kent about 1800.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">{211}</a></span> +During the American Revolutionary War, Colonel Spry, the chief +engineer, erected a battery and several small block houses near the +old Dutch Church in Brunswick Street. Several fields on the north +and east sides of the Citadel were then taken by government and +equivalents given to the owners. There was another block house +at the extremity of Brunswick Street, in the field adjoining the +present Admiralty grounds; the first were demolished about 1783, +and part of the land granted by the Crown as a parsonage lot for +the minister of the Germans, but the latter remained many years +after till it fell into decay.</p> + +<p>The Lumber Yard, Ordnance Yard and King's Wharf were all +commenced about the same time, (1784 or '5) but the present +buildings were put up at a much later date. The north barracks +were built soon after the settlement. The buildings known as the +south barracks were erected under the directions of the Duke of +Kent, as also the north barracks, destroyed by fire some years ago.</p> + +<p>During the revolutionary war the main guard house stood on the +spot now occupied by the Mason Hall. It was used as a military +post at a very early period, as the French prisoners from Annapolis, +etc., were lodged there. The guard house was removed over ninety +years ago, and the present building afterwards erected.</p> + +<p>A building called the Military Office stood at the south corner of +the market wharf, near where the main guard house now is. It +was used as a military office until 1790, or perhaps later. At this +time a guard was kept at the Prince's old playhouse, where the +Acadian School now stands.</p> + +<p>The house lately owned by Capt. Maynard, where the Trinity +Chapel now stands, in Jacob Street, was a barrack as early as +1769. It was the site of one of the old block-house forts erected at +the first settlement. It continued to bear the name of the Grenadier +Fort until removed to make room for the present brick edifice +known as Trinity Church.</p> + +<p>The old wooden fortifications were removed from Citadel Hill +about the time Prince Edward was Commander-in-Chief.</p> + +<p>The hill had been cut down and ramparts of earth constructed +mounting five or six guns at each angle, with a deep ditch. There +were also covered ways and passages leading into the fort; willow +trees were planted round the ramparts, and the whole was surrounded<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">{212}</a></span> +by a picket fence. The remains of this work were removed at the +commencement of the present fortifications. Much of the old work +was performed by the militia drafts from the country, embodied at +Halifax at the close of the last century, particularly in 1793, during +Sir John Wentworth's administration, and at subsequent periods. +The Maroon negroes from Jamaica were for a short time engaged +on these works.</p> + +<p>The towers on George's Island,<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> Point Pleasant, the East Battery, +Meager's Beach and York Redoubt were built at the commencement +of the present century. The Prince established signal stations +between Halifax and Annapolis, the first post being on the hill +behind his residence on Bedford Basin. He levelled the ground +called the Grand Parade, and it is said, built the walls at the +north-east and south-west angles. The Chain Battery at Point +Pleasant was first constructed, it is said, by Lord Colville, in or +about 1761. The present ring bolts were put down the war of +1812-15. The old block house at Fort Needham and that on +the hill above Philip Bayers' farm on the road leading to the Basin, +called the Blue Bell Road, were built during the American Revolution, +and re-constructed during the Prince's time. They were +there in 1820, but soon after fell into decay, being composed of +square timber only. All the other block houses had disappeared +many years previous to that date. The building used as an army +hospital, which stood on the north slope of Citadel Hill, in rear of +the north barracks, since destroyed by fire, was erected as the town +residence of Edward, Duke of Kent, when commander of the forces. +The low range of buildings since used as barrack stores and as a +military library, were his stables and offices. His residence was a +very elegant building with a portico supported by Corinthian pillars +in front, all which remained for many years after it became an +hospital. About the same time he built his villa on the Basin, the +ruins of which were to be seen a few years ago. The Rotunda, or +band room, still remains. The lands where the buildings stood +were the property of Sir John Wentworth, the Governor, to whom +he left it on his removal from the garrison. The old Rockingham +Inn was his guard house, since burned down.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">{213}</a></span> +In the year 1765 there were two hospitals in the north suburbs, +near the beach at the foot of Cornwallis Street, called the Red and +Green Hospitals. They were there in 1785. One stood on the site +of the present North Country or Keating's Market, the other on +property now owned by the heirs of late H. H. Cogswell.</p> + +<p>Until the year 1780 the streets of the town were in a very rough +condition, and some of them least frequented were impassable for +carriages, from stumps of trees and rocks. As early as 1761, there +was a good road to Point Pleasant;—it was a continuation of +Water Street, and said to have passed through or near the present +Lumber Yard grounds, following the shore of the harbor.</p> + +<p>In 1764 the people of the north suburbs applied to the Governor +and Council to call their settlement Gottingen. The name soon fell +into disuse; the main street obtained the name of Brunswick Street, +the rear street only retaining that of Gottingen.</p> + +<p>The first Government House was erected soon after the town was +laid out; the frame and materials were brought from Boston, and +the apartments prepared for the reception of the Governor early in +October. He held a council there on the 14th of that month. It +was a small low building of one story, surrounded by hogsheads of +gravel and sand, on which small pieces of ordnance were mounted +for its defence. It stood in the centre of the square now occupied +by the Province Building. About the year 1757 or '8, this little +cottage was removed to give place to a more spacious and convenient +residence. It was sold and drawn down to the corner of +George Street and Bedford Row, opposite the south-west angle of +the City Court House, and again, about 1775, removed to the beach +and placed at the corner of the street leading to the steam boat +landing, where it remained until 1832, when the present building, +occupied lately by Thomas Laidlaw, was erected on the site. The +new Government House was built during the time of Governor +Lawrence. Lord William Campbell built a ball room at one end, +and several other improvements were made to the building by +subsequent governors. It was surrounded by a terrace neatly +sodded and ornamented. The building was of wood, two stories +high. The office of Capt. Bulkeley, the Secretary, stood at the +north-east angle of the square inside the rails. Prince Edward +resided in this house with Governor Wentworth in 1798. This old<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">{214}</a></span> +house was pulled down about the commencement of the present +century and the materials sold to Mr. John Trider, Sr., who used +them in the construction of the building on the road leading to the +tower at the head of Inglis Street, formerly owned by Colonel +Bazelgette, and afterwards the residence of the late Mr. George +Whidden.</p> + +<p>St. Paul's Church is now, perhaps, the oldest building remaining +in Halifax. It was erected at the expense of government in the +year 1749, and was esteemed one of the best constructed wooden +buildings in America. The oak frame and materials were brought +from Boston, and the building was ready for divine service by the +autumn of 1750. It received an addition to the north end with a +new steeple somewhat similar to the old one in the year 1812. +The first sermon was preached in this building by the Rev. Mr. +Tutty<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> on 2nd September, 1750. It remained in nearly all respects +as at its first erection until certain late alterations have changed its +appearance, particularly an addition to the south end from which +the fine old altar window, with its Doric pillars and small panes has +been removed to make way for a large Gothic window full of +painted glass, altogether incompatible with the architecture of the +building itself. The old escutcheons in the galleries have been +permitted to remain. The walls below are covered with monuments +and tablets recording the deaths of governors, military commanders, +who fell during the old American and French wars, and not a few +of our leading citizens. The most conspicuous are those of +Governors Sir John Wentworth, Wilmot, Lawrence, and Sir +John Harvey, Capt. Evans of the ship Charleston, who was killed +off the coast of Cape Breton in defence of a convoy against a +superior French force, Lord Charles Montague, late Governor of +Georgia, who died of fatigue after a journey in winter from Quebec +to Halifax by land, the Right Rev. Charles Inglis, first Bishop of +Nova Scotia, and his son Dr. John Inglis, third Bishop of the +Diocese, Baron De Seitz, who commanded the Hessian troops in +the old war, General McLean, the Hon. Richard Bulkeley, Attorney +General Uniacke, with a number of others of lesser note. The first +organ was purchased, partly by private subscription, during the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">{215}</a></span> +incumbency of Dr. Breynton, about 1765. It was replaced by a +new one about 1829, but the old case of Spanish walnut was +preserved.<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a></p> + +<p>The old German church of St. George, in Brunswick Street, +bears the date 1760 on its spire. It was originally erected by +private subscription among the German settlers of the north suburbs +in or about the year 1752 or '3. After the removal of the Germans +to Lunenburg there were but fifteen families of Germans remaining +in the north suburbs. This small congregation, not knowing any +English, erected the building on the German burial ground as a +school house and chapel. The present steeple was erected in 1760, +and the following year the building was dedicated as a church by +Dr. Breynton of St. Paul's, after which the congregation followed +the forms of the Church of England. Dr. Breynton on that +occasion preached in German and in French, after which he +addressed the congregation in English. In 1783 Rev. Bernard +Houzeal, a Lutheran minister, came to Halifax among the Loyalists +from New York and, having been ordained a minister of the Church +of England by the Bishop of London, became the minister of St. +George's, receiving a stipend from the Society for the Propagation +of the Gospel in Foreign parts. He died about the close of the last +century, a few years after the present round church, known as St. +George's, was erected, and Mr. Gray was appointed to the charge, +after which service in the old church was discontinued. It was then +appropriated as a school house. About the year 1833 or '4 it +underwent a thorough repair which was superintended by several +persons in the parish who were descendants of the original German +settlers.</p> + +<p>Old St. Matthew's was coeval with the first settlement of Halifax. +Governor Cornwallis assigned a lot at the south-west corner of +Prince and Hollis Streets for a dissenting meeting house in 1749. +It was built soon after at the expense of government, and was +called Mather's Church in compliment to the memory of Dr. Cotton +Mather, the celebrated New England Congregationalist divine, by +the dissenters then in the town, who were principally from New +England and of that denomination. The Rev. Aaron Cleveland, +from New England, was the first minister who officiated in this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">{216}</a></span> +building. The Presbyterians from Scotland and the North of +Ireland, having become numerous in the town, soon amalgamated +with the American dissenters, and gradually obtained exclusive +possession of the building, after which it received the appellation of +St. Matthew's Church. The late Rev. Mr. Russell, father of the late +George N. Russell, of Halifax, officiated there for some time after +it became Presbyterian. Dr. Archibald Gray was the officiating +minister there for about twenty years; he was succeeded by Rev. +Ebenezer Renny, Rev. Mr. Knox, and finally by Rev. John Scott, +the last minister who preached in the old building which was burned +in the great fire which destroyed a considerable portion of Hollis +Street, on New Year's day, 1859. The lot of land on which it +stood was, some years after, sold to Doull & Miller, who erected +there a large stone warehouse, which is one of the neatest and +most substantial buildings in the city.</p> + +<p>The first market house occupied the site of the brick building +lately used for the City Courts and offices. It was built soon +after the settlement. A balcony ran along the lower side which +was used by merchants, etc., as a public promenade. About the +commencement of the present century the remains of this old +building were removed to make way for the brick edifice. The +upper portion of the new building was let as a public coffee house; +the large room now used as a City Council Chamber was appropriated +for public meetings, festivals, etc., and the south end, +above the police office, was occupied for many years as the +Exchange or Merchants' Reading Room.</p> + +<p>The first court house in Halifax, as before mentioned, stood at +the corner of Buckingham and Argyle Streets, where Northup's +store and country market stood later. Chief Justice Belcher held his +court there in 1755, and the first Representative Assembly held +their session there in 1758. It was destroyed by fire about the +year 1783. Chief Justice Belcher resided in the old house in +Argyle Street to the north of the old Methodist meeting house, +formerly owned by the Rev. William Black, Methodist minister. +This building, at the time of its removal, was one of the very few +old buildings then remaining in the town. It was taken down +some years ago and a range of shops and a market house now<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">{217}</a></span> +occupy its site. The old Zoar chapel, the cradle of Methodism +in Halifax, has been lately turned into shops.</p> + +<p>The stone house at the corner of Prince and Argyle Streets, +opposite the south-west angle of St. Paul's Church, was originally +built by the Hon. Richard Bulkeley, the first Provincial Secretary, +and was his residence for many years. It was purchased by the +Hon. H. H. Cogswell about 1818, and since his death has undergone +extensive alterations to render it suitable for a public hotel. +It is known as the Carlton House. There is an old house still +standing on the western side of Grafton Street, in Letter ——, +Forman's Division, which was the residence of William Nesbitt, the +Attorney General of Nova Scotia and Speaker of the Assembly, in +1760. After the death of Mr. Nesbitt, towards the end of the last +century, it fell to his daughter, Mrs. Swann. This old lady died +there nearly 80 years ago and the property was afterwards sold. +The street was cut down about 50 years since and a story or breast +work was erected on the street under this little old cottage which +may yet be seen projecting from the main building, presenting the +appearance of a balcony. The residence of Richard Gibbons, +formerly Attorney General, stood at the corner of Buckingham and +Grafton Streets, formerly known as George Isles' corner; it was +lately taken down and replaced by a range of brick buildings now +owned by Mr. Maloney. This was also one of the remnants of the +first settlement of the town. The building at the corner of +Barrington and Sackville Streets, formerly occupied as the Halifax +Grammar School, is also a very old building. The House of +Assembly held its sittings there in 1765, perhaps earlier. After +the court house was burned down the Supreme Court met there for +several years. It was also used at one time for a guard house. It +was devoted to the purpose of a school on the establishment of the +Halifax Grammar School in 1785.</p> + +<p>Houses of entertainment were numerous and well kept at an early +period. The Great Pontack was a large three-story building, +erected by the Hon. John Butler, uncle to the late John Butler +Dight, previous to 1757, at the corner of Duke and Water Streets, +afterwards known as Michael Bennett's corner, now Cunningham's +corner. It was the principal hotel in 1764. In 1769 it was kept<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">{218}</a></span> +by John Willis. The town assemblies and other public entertainments +were held at the Pontack in 1758.<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a></p> + +<p>The Crown Coffee House, frequented by country people, was +kept by William Fury in 1769 on the beach near the Dockyard. +Jerusalem Coffee House occupied the northern extremity of the +block near the Ordnance Yard, opposite Collins' wharf, between +Hollis Street and Collins' stone stores. It was built by the Hon. +Thomas Saul as a private residence about 1753 and afterwards +occupied by the Hon. Alexander Brymer; some of the rooms were +highly finished and ornamented with carved work, and the whole +establishment was on a scale beyond any other private residence in +the place. It was let out for a coffee house about 1789, or perhaps +earlier. This old building was destroyed by fire in 1837. The +present stone store known as the Jerusalem Warehouse occupies +the site of the old mansion.</p> + +<p>Public Gardens were much in fashion between 1753 and '80. +Adlam's garden was an extensive enclosure south of the Citadel, +near the present Artillery Park and south barracks. It was opened +to the public, contained a pavilion and a great variety of fruit trees +and shrubs. The Artillery Park was then kept on the Grand +Parade; the Artillery Barracks stood in a line with the late engine +house; the Parade was not levelled at that time; a foot path from +George Street passed through the centre, and the descent at the +north-east corner was very abrupt.<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> Spring Garden was another +place of public resort in 1768. At this time there was a Provincial +Gardener, who received an allowance of £32 10s. per annum.<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> +About 1764, Mr. Joseph Gerrish, of His Majesty's Dockyard, laid +out an extensive garden in the north suburbs and imported fruit<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">{219}</a></span> +trees at great expense. This was a private enclosure, extending +from Lockman Street to the beach, south of the Dockyard; his +dwelling house stood in the centre and faced the harbor. Part of +the old wall, a year or two since, was to be seen in Lockman Street. +The old Governor's gardens, west of the English burying ground, +were well kept up for about 30 years. There was a large summer +house in the centre.</p> + +<p>Mr. Grant, the victualling agent, had a large fruit garden south +of Government House, where St. Matthew's Manse now stands, +extending from Hollis to Pleasant Streets. It was surrounded +by a stone wall. Ornamental trees were, at an early period, +very numerous in the suburbs, particularly in the south, and +tended much to the beauty and comfort of the town. The poplar +trees which stood in front of the residence of the late James Kerby +and others, in Brunswick Street, and the willows on the eastern +side of the street, near the round church, are within the recollection +of many of the old inhabitants. The fine old willow trees which +occupied both sides of Argyle Street near the residence of the late +Attorney General Uniacke, those at the south end of Hollis Street, +near the Lumber Yard, and those around St. Paul's Church, are +also still within the recollection of many. These trees were all cut +down by the Commissioners of Streets in 1829 and 1830, because +they grew on the side paths and were therefore deemed an encroachment +on the public highway. Halifax was thus denuded of its +shady walks by the gentlemen of taste who constituted the Commissioners +of Streets at that period. Within the last few years +several attempts have been made to re-produce trees on the sidewalks, +but with partial success, there being no protection afforded +to them by the city authorities.</p> + +<p>Before the year 1760, the houses were generally built of square +and round timber, some with small pickets placed upright between +the stubs of the frame, and the whole covered over with clap +boards; they were usually of one story with a hipped roof, the +shops and half doors with no glass, swinging signs, and wooden +shutters opening downwards, on which goods were exposed for +sale. Several of these old houses were in existence in 1850, +windows and doors being altered.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">{220}</a></span> +In 1768 and '77, there were lamp posts at all the principal +corners, the town being then lighted at the public expense.</p> + +<p>The Dutch in the north suburbs usually built with the ends of +their houses to the street; those of the better sort had ornamental +windows and heavy cornices with weathercocks, One or two of +these old houses were to be seen in Brunswick Street about thirty-five +years ago. Among the old houses which have now disappeared +was one which stood in the field opposite the lower wharf, near +Point Pleasant; it was built about 1770, and occupied by General +Fanning about 1783.</p> + +<p>A year or two after the settlement Mr. Gerrish built several +small stone houses near the tower; the clearance east of the pine +woods is still to be seen; they were occupied for a short time by the +settlers from the north of Ireland who went to Cobequid.</p> + +<p>A large wooden building stood in the centre of the enclosure now +occupied by Government House, built before the American Revolution, +and used as a residence for field officers and other military +purposes. The public hospital stood on part of the land now +occupied by Government House to the north of the present house; +it was afterwards sold; probably the spot on which St. Matthew's +church now stands.</p> + +<p>The first jail stood where the late Mr. Robert Brown's house in +Hollis Street stood, opposite the Halifax Hotel; the jail was kept +there till 1787, or thereabouts. In 1777, the Provost Marshal was +suspended from his office in consequence of the repeated escape of +prisoners from this building.</p> + +<p>In 1752, government purchased a small stone house built by Col. +Horseman for a prison, probably a military one; this was near +where St. Mary's Cathedral now stands.</p> + +<p>One remnant of the first settlement, now forgotten, was an old +hardwood tree which stood on the beach, just above high water +mark, at the corner of the Market Slip; this tree was used as a +public gallows from 1749, and was there within the recollection of +one or two aged persons living in 1825; it was cut down about +1763, but the stump remained until 1784 or '5.</p> + +<p>The progress of crime between 1749 and '54, was perhaps less +rapid than might have been expected among a population of 5,000 +or 6,000, composed of such materials. During the first five years<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">{221}</a></span> +there were fifty criminal trials on record, many convictions for +grand larceny, which was then the subject of capital punishment. +After the appointment of Chief Justice Belcher, convictions were +less frequent; most of the executions, as in the time of the general +court, were for stealing or receiving stolen goods.</p> + +<p>The Dockyard was first established at Halifax in 1758. It was +extended and improved in 1769. The date over the gate is 1770. +The walls have since undergone several renewals.</p> + +<p>The Town Clock was erected early in the present century jointly +by the garrison and the town. The merchants of Halifax raised a +subscription towards the object. It was placed at the head of +George Street for the convenience of the inhabitants. It was +managed by the garrison. The late James Dechman, senior, was +keeper, and resided in the clock for many years; he died about 1829 +or 1830.</p> + +<p>According to the plan of the town made by Col. Desbarres in +1779 or '80, and published in his nautical charts in 1781, there was +a nine-gun battery about where the Ordnance wharf now is, and the +five-gun battery a little to the north, but on an angle with the +other. Gerrish's wharf, since known as Marchington's wharf, was +immediately north of the five-gun battery, and Joshua Mauger's +wharf at the foot of Jacob Street. Proctor's wharf appears to have +been situated near where Cunard's old wharf now is. The old +market wharf, known as Fredericks' wharf, and afterwards as +Beamish's wharf, was as at present. Fillis' wharf appears to +have been that now known as Mitchell's, south of the Queen's +Wharf. Terrance Fitzpatrick's wharf was situated about the spot +now occupied by Esson & Boak's wharf. Crawley's was to the +south of the latter, and Collier's about where Pryor's wharf now is.</p> + +<p>There was a battery at the Commissioners' point at the south end +of the Dockyard, and the storekeeper's wharf ran out to the south +of the Commissioners' point somewhere, apparently, in the vacant +space between the Dockyard and West's property. Joshua Mauger's +Distillery was situated between the Dockyard and the present +hospital grounds. Guns were mounted on the careening wharf. +Three batteries with ditches and enclosures were formed by Col. +Spry, Chief Engineer, on the lower side of Brunswick Street; one +on the corner of Brunswick and North Streets, one on the south<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">{222}</a></span> +corner of Dockyard Lane, and the other down Gerrish Street below +the Dutch burial ground. It was generally understood that these +works were on the opposite or western side of Brunswick Street, +but Desbarres' plan places them on the east side. The works on +Citadel Hill appear to consist of a small enclosure, but no regular +fortifications appear.</p> + +<h3>EARLY PRINTING IN HALIFAX.</h3> + +<p>In 1751 printing was first introduced into Nova Scotia. The +first press was established at Halifax, and there was not a second in +the province until 1766. Bartholomew Green, Jr., was the grandson +of Samuel Green, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, and was of +the firm of Green, Bushell & Allen, of Boston. He removed to +Halifax with a press and type in August, 1751. He died about six +weeks after his arrival, 52 years of age.</p> + +<p>John Bushell, who had been the partner of Green in Boston, +immediately succeeded him in Halifax. He printed for the government, +and in March, 1752,<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> published the first newspaper printed +in Nova Scotia. The work for government was inconsiderable, but +was the chief support of Bushell. He was a good workman but +had not the art of acquiring property, nor did he make the most +economical use of the little which fell into his hands. Bushell +died in February, 1761. The proclamation published by Governor +Lawrence in 1758 for the settlement of the French lands on the +Basin of Minas was printed by John Bushell. Anthony Henry +succeeded Bushell as a printer at Halifax. He was a German, and +had lived some time with a printer, but had left his master and +became a fifer in one of the provincial regiments. With this +regiment he came to Nova Scotia, but some time after obtained his +discharge. There was then no printer in the province, and his +pretensions to skill in this art greatly facilitated his release from +the army. There appears, however, to have been a printing office +at Halifax in March, 1756, conducted by one Isaac Ourry. Henry +began business with the press and type which had been used by +Bushell. He published the Gazette. The government, through +necessity, gave him some work which was badly executed. This +paper was edited for some time by the Hon. Richard Bulkeley, +Secretary of the Province.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">{223}</a></span> +In 1766 a printer with a new and good apparatus came from +London and opened another printing house. He published a newspaper +and was employed by government. Henry, who had been +inattentive to his affairs, did not despond at the prospects of a rival, +but, much to his credit, exerted himself and did better than before. +After a few years' trial, his rival, not finding the business so +profitable, nor place agreeable, sold out his paper, and Henry +was again the only printer in the province. He procured new type +and a workman better skilled than himself. His printing from this +time was executed in a more workmanlike manner. He remained +without another rival until the British army evacuated Boston, in +March, 1776, when the printers in that town who adhered to the +Royal cause were obliged to leave that place, and they, with other +refugees, came to Halifax. Henry continued printing until his +death. He possessed a fund of good nature, and was of a very +cheerful disposition. He died December, 1800, aged 66 years.</p> + +<p>Robert Fletcher arrived at Halifax from London in 1760, with +new printing materials and a valuable collection of books and +stationery. He opened a book store and printing house near the +parade, published a newspaper and printed for the government. +Until this time there had been no book store in the province. +Fletcher executed his printing with neatness, and raised the reputation +of the art in Nova Scotia. He remained in Halifax until +1770, then sent his printing materials to Boston for sale and +went into other business.</p> + +<p>Alexander and James Robertson, who had been printers in New +York, Norwich and Albany, went to Shelburne, in Nova Scotia, in +1783, where they printed a newspaper. John Howe began printing +in Halifax in 1776, and was publisher of the Gazette in 1801. +Howe commenced the Halifax Journal in 1780. In 1790 his office +was at the corner of Sackville and Barrington Streets. This paper +was afterwards purchased and carried on by John Munro; his office +was where Mr. Kenny's new stone building now is, at the corner of +George and Granville Streets. The weekly Chronicle was set on +foot by William Minns, a Loyalist settler, in 1786, and was +continued until 1828. Mr. Minns kept a stationer's shop in +Barrington Street, below the parade. This paper had the Star and +Garter at its heading.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">{224}</a></span> +Henry's printing office was in Grafton Street, in rear of the +residence of the late Attorney General Richard John Uniacke, +where his descendants resided for many years. There was another +printing office in the same street, further north, which is represented +in the engraving of the town in 1776 with a steeple surmounted by +a hand holding a pen.</p> + +<p>After the peace of 1784, printing found its way into the Province +of New Brunswick.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> We have seen that Governor Cornwallis, at the very commencement of the +settlement, selected George's Island as the most eligible position for the fortification. +Prisoners were sent here at a very early period.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> Lately removed.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> Mr. Tutty usually officiated on the parade in the open air until the church was +sufficiently advanced to enable him to hold service in it.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> This organ has been lately removed to Trinity Chapel, in Jacob Street.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> Among the annual festivals of the old times, now lost sight of, was the celebration +of St. Aspinquid's Day, known as the Indian Saint. St. Aspinquid appeared in the +Nova Scotia almanacks from 1774 to 1786. The festival was celebrated on or immediately +after the last quarter of the moon in the month of May. The tide being low at +that time, many of the principal inhabitants of the town, on these occasions, assembled +on the shore of the North West Arm and partook of a dish of clam soup, the clams +being collected on the spot at low water. There is a tradition that during the +American troubles when agents of the revolted colonies were active to gain over the +good people of Halifax, in the year 1786, were celebrating St. Aspinquid, the wine +having been circulated freely, the Union Jack was suddenly hauled down and +replaced by the Stars and Stripes. This was soon reversed, but all those persons who +held public offices immediately left the grounds, and St. Aspinquid was never after +celebrated at Halifax.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> Whether there was a passage for carriages across the Parade does not appear; +probably not, as it was used for a public parade ground in 1749.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> Probably employed at the Governor's gardens.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> See Thomas' History of Printing in America.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">{225}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h2> + +<p>The following short sketch of some of the persons who took a +lead in establishing the Colony, has been compiled chiefly from +public records:</p> + +<p>The Honorable Edward Cornwallis, the first Governor and Commander-in-Chief, +was a younger son of Charles, third Baron +Cornwallis by Lady Charlotte Butler, daughter of Richard, Earl of +Arran and uncle to the celebrated Duke of Ormonde. He was born +in 1713, was member of Parliament for the borough of Eye in 1749, +and was elected member for the city of Westminster in 1753, shortly +after he returned from Halifax. He married the same year, a +daughter of the late Lord Townshend, but left no children. He was +afterwards raised to the rank of Major General and appointed +Governor of Gibraltar. General Cornwallis was twin brother of +Dr. Frederick Cornwallis, Archbishop of Canterbury.</p> + +<p>The gentlemen who composed the first Council were Paul Mascarene, +Edward How, John Gorham, Benjamin Green, John +Salisbury and Hugh Davidson.</p> + +<p>Col. Mascarene was a native of Castras in the south of France, +was born in the year 1684. His parents were Huguenots and were +compelled to fly from their native country on the revocation of the +Edict of Nantes when all Protestants were driven from France. He +made his way to Geneva at the age of 12, where he received his +education. He afterwards went to England, where he received a +commission in the British army in 1708. He was appointed Captain +in 1710 and ordered to America, where he joined the regiment raised +in New England for the taking of Port Royal. He was at the +capture of Annapolis Royal that year, and was for some time commander +of the garrison as senior major of the regiment. On the +death of Colonel Armstrong he became Lieutenant-Colonel of the +regiment under General Phillips, and was third on the list of councillors +in 1720, when the first Council was organized in Nova<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">{226}</a></span> +Scotia. In 1740 he was appointed Lieut.-Governor of the fort, and +administrated the government of the Province until the arrival of +Cornwallis in 1749. He remained in command at Annapolis after +the settlement at Halifax, and was subsequently engaged as agent +of the British Government in arranging treaties with the Indians of +New England and Acadia in 1751. He retired from active duties +and died a Major General in the British army at Boston, on 20th +January 1760. He left a son and daughter. His son was said to +be living in New England in 1835, at a very advanced age. The late +Judge Foster Hutchinson, of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia and +the late Deputy Commissary General William Handfield Snelling, +were his grandsons. His great-grandson, Mr. W. Snelling Stirling, +has his portrait, painted by Smybert of Boston about 1725.</p> + +<p>Benjamin Green was a native of the province of Massachusetts, +born in 1713, youngest son of the Rev. Joseph Green, minister of +Salem, Mass., and graduate of Harvard College. He was brought +up as a merchant under his elder brother Joseph in Boston. In +1737 he married a daughter of the Honorable Joseph Pierce of Portsmouth. +He accompanied General Pepperal to Louisburg in 1745, +as Secretary to the expedition. After the capture of that place by +the Provincial army, he remained there as Government Secretary and +manager of the finances until Cape Breton was restored to the +French, when he removed with his family to Halifax, and was +appointed to the Council by Governor Cornwallis in July 1749. +After the removal of Mr. Davidson he acted as Secretary of the +province. He held several other important public offices, among +which were those of Treasurer and Judge of the Court of Vice-Admiralty. +On the death of Governor Wilmot in 1766, Mr. Green +being then senior councillor, was appointed Administrator of the +Government. He died at Halifax in 1772, in the 59th year of +his age. His eldest son Benjamin succeeded him as Treasurer of +the province. Benjamin Green, Junior, was father of Lieutenant +William Green of the Navy, and Joseph Green and Henry Green of +Lawrencetown, the latter left descendants at Lawrencetown. The +second son of Governor Green was many years sheriff of Halifax, +and having married a Boston lady, afterwards removed to that +place. His daughter was married to Mr. Stephen H. Binney, son +of Jonathan Binney of Halifax, whose descendants are numerous.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">{227}</a></span> +John Salisbury was brother to Dr. Thomas Salisbury, the eminent +civil lawyer in London. Lord Halifax was his friend and patron, +and sent him out with Governor Cornwallis as one of his suite. He +does not appear to have taken any active part in the settlement. +He married a Miss Cotton, who brought him a fortune of £10,000, +which he spent in extravagance and dissipation. He returned to +England in 1753, and died at Offley, the county seat of his relative +Sir Thomas Salisbury in 1762. His only daughter was the celebrated +Mrs. Thrale, the friend of Dr. Johnson, afterwards married +to a Mr. Piozzi.</p> + +<p>Hugh Davidson also came out with Governor Cornwallis. He +was the first Provincial Secretary; he returned to England in 1750 +under charges of trading in the supplies and stores for the settlers. +Governor Cornwallis in his letters to the Board of Trade, thought +him innocent of the main charges made against him.</p> + +<p>Captain Edward How was a member of His Majesty's Council at +Annapolis in 1744. He was with Col. Noble at the affair at Minas +and Grand Pre in 1747, where he was severely wounded and taken +prisoner by the French under DeCorne. He came down from Annapolis +with Governor Mascarene in June 1749, and was sworn in a +member of Cornwallis' first Council. He was well acquainted with +the language of the Indians and their manners, and was sent on a +negotiation to the French and Indians at Beaubasin in 1751, where +he was treacherously murdered by the enemy, though acting under a +flag of truce, having been shot through the back from the bush. +The French officers denied having anything to do with this disgraceful +affair, and charged it on Mr. LeLutre, the Indian missionary, +who it was said was jealous of Mr. How's influence with the Micmacs. +His widow afterwards petitioned the government for +pecuniary aid, in consequence of her husband's services, and for +money advanced by him for public service. The late Richard W. +How, captain in the 81st regiment, formerly of Halifax, was his +grandson.</p> + +<p>Colonel John Goreham was a native of Massachusetts; he was +with General Pepperal at the siege of Louisburg in 1745, as +Lieutenant-Colonel of his father's regiment raised in Massachusetts. +He afterwards had command of a company of Rangers at Annapolis +and came down to Chebucto with his rangers to meet Governor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">{228}</a></span> +Cornwallis in 1749. He took precedence next to Governor +Mascarene at the council board. He is styled Captain Goreham by +Mascarene and by Cornwallis in his commissions and correspondence. +That of Lieutenant-Colonel was probably militia rank only. It is +probable he returned to Boston soon after the settlement was formed +as his name does not appear on the Council books after 1752. He +had a brother, Joseph Goreham, who was also a member of Council +in 1766; he afterwards attained the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in +the British army. He was engaged in the border skirmishes on the +isthmus from 1754 to about 1758, and was afterwards appointed +Commandant at Newfoundland.</p> + +<p>Lieutenant-Colonels Horseman, Ellison and Merser, who were +afterwards appointed to the Council, were the officers in command +of the regiments which came from Louisburg. They all retired soon +after to England.</p> + +<p>Charles Lawrence was a Major in Warburton's Regiment of +Infantry. He came up with the army and was engaged during 1749 +and '50 in the French wars at Cobequid. He acted as Brigadier +General under Amherst at Louisburg; he was a member of the +Council and sworn in Governor of the Province on the death of +Governor Hobson; the first assembly was convened during his +administration, (2nd October, 1758); he died unmarried on 11th +October, 1759, it is said of an inflammation, caused by overheating +himself at a ball at Government House; he was deeply respected by +the whole community, and the Legislative Assembly caused a monument +to be erected to his memory in St. Paul's church "from a +grateful sense of the many important services which the Province +had received from him during a continued course of zealous and +indefatigable endeavors for the public good, and a wise, upright, and +disinterested administration." This monument has now disappeared +from St. Paul's Church. His escutcheon remains in the East +Gallery. Lawrence, though an active and zealous governor, by his +desire to favor the officers of Government with a partiality for his +military friends, brought on himself an organized opposition from +the leading inhabitants of the town, who petitioned the Home +Government for redress of their grievances, which they in a great +measure attributed to the Governor and his Lieutenant Colonel +Monckton. His resistance to the desire to call a Legislative<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">{229}</a></span> +Assembly was among the chief charges against him. His death +shortly after the petition put an end to the difficulties. He was +succeeded by Judge Belcher as Administrator of the Government.</p> + +<p>Charles Morris was a native of England; he was Captain of +Provincials under General Pepperal at the siege of Louisburg in +1745. He had been engaged by Governor Shirley of Boston in a +survey of the interior parts of Nova Scotia with a view to British +colonization, in 1745. He also commanded one of the Provincial +Companies sent to Minas under Colonel Noble in 1747. He was in +Halifax in 1749, and in company with Mr. Bruce the Military +Engineer laid out the town and peninsula. He was appointed to the +Council in 1755. Though Surveyor General of the Province he +acted for some time as Judge of the Supreme Court during the time +of Chief Justice Belcher, which offices were both afterwards filled by +his eldest son Charles. Captain Morris died in 1781, and was +succeeded in the office of Surveyor General by his son Charles, +whose son, the Hon. Charles Morris, also filled the same office and +was a Member of Council in 1808. He was the father of John +Spry Morris, Esq., afterwards Surveyor General, who was the fourth +in succession who had charge of the Surveying Department in Nova +Scotia. There are numerous descendants of Captain Morris in +Halifax.</p> + +<p>Jonathan Belcher, the first Chief Justice, was a native of Massachusetts, +son of the Governor of that province, of an eminent +colonial family; he was appointed Chief Justice of Nova Scotia in +1754, when a young man, and administered the government on the +death of Governor Lawrence; Chief Justice Belcher arranged and +revised the laws as they appear on our first Statute Book, and +rendered good assistance to Governor Lawrence in founding the +settlements at Horton, Cornwallis, Falmouth, &c., in 1758, '9, and +1760. Judge Belcher died poor; the Legislature voted a provision +to his only daughter. His son, the Honorable Andrew Belcher, was +for many years a resident in Halifax and member of Council.</p> + +<p>Captain Wm. Cotterell was the first Provost Marshal or Sheriff, +(there being no county divisions at this time). He was succeeded +in that office in 1750 by Captain Foy, who held that situation many +years, and received a small pension on his retirement. Mr. Cotterel +afterwards acted as assistant Provincial Secretary.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">{230}</a></span> +William Nisbett came out with Cornwallis in 1749 as one of the +Governor's clerks. He practised as an attorney and solicitor. He +was appointed Attorney General on the resignation of Mr. Little, +which office he held for 25 years. He was one of the first representatives +in the General Assembly of 1758, and was elected speaker on +4th December 1759. He continued in the Chair of the House (with +the intermission of one session when sick) until 1783, when he +retired on a small pension and died the following year aged 83. In +1763 he declined a seat in the Council. During the period of his +being Speaker, the House sat for 11 years without being dissolved. +The old house in which Mr. Nisbett resided situated in Grafton +Street, Block letter E, Collins' division, mentioned in a former +chapter, still remains, though much changed by the cutting down of +the street many years ago. He left no male descendants. His +daughter, Mrs. Swann, died in the old Grafton street house about +60 years ago.</p> + +<p>Archibald Hinshelwood was one of Governor Cornwallis' clerks, +and performed the duties of Deputy Secretary with Mr. Cotterell +and others for many years. Most of the drafts of the letters sent +to England by the first three Governors are in his handwriting. He +was elected a member of Assembly for Lunenburg in 1759 and again +in 1765. Lord William Campbell the Governor appointed him to +the Council in 1773, but he died before taking his seat. His +property on Argyle Street after occupied by the City Water office +fell to his nephew, (he having no children), who left two sons in the +navy, both of whom died young. The old property was sold about +60 years since and purchased by Mr. W. A. Black, who resided +there many years.</p> + +<p>Otis Little was Captain of one of the New England Independent +Companies. He was probably a native of England. Being in +England in 1749, he came out with Governor Cornwallis, who +appointed him Commissary of Stores, from which office he was +dismissed on suspicion of having traded in the supplies for the +settlers. He acted as first Attorney General of the Colony, and +was probably a lawyer by profession. He was the author of a well-written +pamphlet on the resources of Nova Scotia, written in 1748,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">{231}</a></span> +with a view to encouraging British emigration to the province. +Capt. Little left a daughter, who died unmarried at Halifax early in +the present century.</p> + +<p>John Baptiste Moreau, designated gentleman and schoolmaster +in the book of the settlers, had been originally a Roman Catholic +priest, and Prior of the Abbey of St. Matthew at Breste. He joined +the expedition under Cornwallis in 1749, and went to Lunenburg +with the settlers in 1752. He received ordination as a clergyman +of the Church of England in 1750, and officiated to his countrymen +and the Germans in the County of Lunenburg, where he died much +esteemed and regretted in the year 1770. He left a son, Cornwallis +Moreau, who was the first male child born in Halifax, and was +called Cornwallis after the Governor. This old man was living at +La Have, in Lunenburg County, in the year 1848, being nearly 100 +years of age. He received pecuniary assistance from the Nova +Scotia Philanthropic Society in that year.</p> + +<p>Doctor John Breynton came up from Louisburg with the army, +where he had been acting Chaplain to the Forces. He succeeded +Mr. Tutty at St. Paul's in 1751 or 1752, in conjunction with Rev. +Thomas Wood. Mr. Breynton was inducted Rector in 1758 or '9, +under the provisions of the Statutes of the Province, and Mr. Wood +acted as Curate or Vicar. After Mr. Wood's removal to Annapolis +in 1763, Mr. Joshua Wingate Weeks, from New England, became +assistant minister at St. Paul's. Dr. Breynton received his degree +of D. D. in 1770. He died in 17—, and was succeeded at St. +Paul's, as rector, by the Rev. Doctor Robert Stanser, afterwards +Lord Bishop of the Diocese. Dr. Breynton was esteemed an +eloquent preacher, and was in the habit of addressing the settlers +in English, French and German.</p> + +<p>John Creighton was an officer in the army. He served in the +Dragoons at the Battle of Fontenoy. Having been discharged at +the peace of Aix la Chappelle, he was placed on half pay as +Lieutenant of Warburton's Regiment of Infantry, and came out with +the expedition in 1749. Mr. Creighton was sent to Maligash with +Col. Lawrence in 1752 to assist in forming the settlement at +Lunenburg, where he continued to reside until his death, which +took place in 1807. He was Colonel of the Militia, Judge of the +Common Pleas, and for some time a member of His Majesty's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">{232}</a></span> +Council, to which he was appointed in 1776. Col. Creighton was a +native of the South of England. He left numerous descendants in +this country. His youngest son, Col. Joseph Creighton, half pay +of 56th Regiment of foot, died at Halifax about 1854. His grandson, +the Hon. John Creighton, of Lunenburg, was a member of the +Legislative Council. Mr. James Creighton, the ancestor of the +family of that name now in Halifax, came out with Col. Creighton. +It does not appear there was any relationship between them. Mr. +James Creighton became one of the most thriving and influential +settlers in the town, and was the ancestor of one of our most +numerous and estimable families. Col. Creighton's daughters +married, one to the late Judge Wilkins and another to Hon. +Hibbert N. Binney, both of whom have left numerous descendants.</p> + +<p>Perigrin Thomas Hopson, the second Governor at Halifax, was +Commander-in-Chief at Louisburg when that place was delivered up +to the French after the Treaty of Aix la Chappelle. He came up +with the army and was sworn in a member of Council in August, +1749. He succeeded to the government on the resignation of +Governor Cornwallis in August, 1753. He did not remain long at +Halifax. In 1757 he was gazetted a Major General, and in the +following year was appointed to the command of the forces destined +for the West Indies. He died before Guadaloupe a short time +before the Island was captured.</p> + +<p>John Collier was a Captain in the army and Member of Council in +1752. He was appointed by Governor Cornwallis one of the +magistrates of the town, and had command of a section of the +militia; one of the divisions of the town being named after him. +He died at Halifax in 1769. It is uncertain whether he left any +descendants.</p> + +<p>Richard Bulkeley accompanied Governor Cornwallis to Nova +Scotia as one of his A. D. C. in 1749. He was appointed Secretary +of the Province in or about 1759, which office he held until 1793 +when, on his retirement, he was succeeded by his son, Michael +Freke Bulkeley, who died a few years after his appointment, 1796. +Capt. Bulkeley was called to His Majesty's Council in 1759, and as +Senior Councillor, he administered the government on the death of +Governor Parr, in 1791. He held, at various times, the offices of +Judge of Admiralty, Brigadier General of Militia, and Grand Master<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">{233}</a></span> +of the Masons. He died December 7th, 1800, at the age of 83, +beloved and respected by all classes throughout the province. He +was justly esteemed the father of the settlement, being the only +person of consideration then living who came in 1749. He had +been twice married. His first wife was a daughter of Capt. Rouse, +R. N.; she died in 1775. He had three sons, all of whom died +before him. His residence was at the corner of Prince and Argyle +Streets, opposite the south-west corner of St. Paul's Church. The +old stone house built by him still remains; it was for many years +the residence of the late Hon. H. H. Cogswell, and is now known +as the Carlton House. Mr. Bulkeley was buried under St. Paul's +Church. His escutcheon, with the bull's head crest, hangs in the +west gallery. The Hon. Richard Bulkeley was the only person who +ever held the rank of General of Militia in this country.</p> + +<p>Capt. <a name="Horatio_Gates" id="Horatio_Gates">Horatio Gates</a> was A. D. C. to Governor Cornwallis with +Capt. Bulkeley. He had been in command of an independent +company of provincials in New York in the year 1737. After his +arrival in Halifax he was employed for a short time in the country +against the Indians and French. In 1762 he was appointed A. D. +C. to General Monckton, with the rank of Major, and accompanied +him in the expedition against Martinique. Gates was afterwards +better known as a General in the American Revolutionary Army. +Sir Robert Walpole, in a letter dated 1778, says Gates was the son of +a housekeeper of the Duke of Leeds. Sir Robert was his God-father.</p> + +<p>Jonathan Binney was a native of Hull, a small village near +Boston. He came to Halifax shortly after the settlement was +formed, and was engaged in business. He was elected a Member +of Assembly for the town in 1761, and in 1764 was elevated to the +Council. In 1768 he was sent to the Island of St. John (now +Prince Edward Island) as Second Judge of the Local Court, and +afterwards held the offices of Collector of the Revenue at Canso and +Collector of Imports and Excise at St. John Island. He was +charged with errors in his accounts by Mr. Legge, the Governor of +the province, under which he went to England in 1776, where he +completely refuted the charges made against him. Mr. Binney +married Hannah, daughter of Mr. Henry Newton, a Member of +Council, and is the ancestor of the whole Binney family now in +Nova Scotia.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">{234}</a></span> +Joseph Fairbanks was from Massachusetts. He was one of the +representatives in the first House of Assembly, summoned in 1758. +Mr. Fairbanks left no children. His nephew, the late Rufus Fairbanks, +became heir to all his property in Halifax, which at the time +of his death was very considerable. Mr. Rufus Fairbanks was for +many years one of the magistrates of Halifax; he married a +daughter of Charles Prescott, sister to the Hon. Charles Prescott, +of the firm of Fairbanks & McNab; of Hon. Charles R. Fairbanks, +many years a Member of Assembly for Halifax and Judge of +Admiralty and Master of the Rolls, and of Samuel P. Fairbanks, +formerly Member for Queens County, with other children.</p> + +<p>Benjamin and Joseph Gerrish were both from New England. +The former was a member of His Majesty's Council, appointed in +1768, and Agent for Indian Affairs in 1760. The latter was many +years Naval Storekeeper at Halifax. He was also a Member of +Council. His appointment to the Board bears date August 16th, +1759, from which he was suspended in 1762 for non-attendance. +He died at Halifax in 1774. Mr. Joseph Gerrish built a residence +in the north suburbs, south of the Dockyard, between Lockman and +Water Streets, and had a fruit garden, the old stone wall of which +remained on the east side of Lockman Street until about 1835. +One of these gentlemen carried on business for some years in +company with Mr. Gray, who was connected with him by marriage. +Mr. Gray was father of the late Rev. Dr. Benjamin Gerrish Gray, +minister of St. George's, and afterwards Rector of Trinity, St. +John, New Brunswick, who was succeeded by his son, the Rev. Dr. +William Gray, lately deceased. He was also ancestor of Mr. +Charles Gray, British Consul at Virginia. The Hon. John Gray, +of St. John, New Brunswick, and Benjamin Gerrish Gray, Esq., +barrister at law, of Halifax, are their descendants; one the son of +Mr. Charles Gray, the other of Dr. William Gray. A Mr. John +Gray came out with Governor Cornwallis in 1749 as a Deputy +Secretary; probably Mr. Gray who was in partnership with Gerrish +was the same person.</p> + +<p>Major Leonard Lochman, (spelt wrongfully Lockman) was a +German doctor and practised his profession in early life. He came +out with the settlers in 1749 and resided in the north suburbs,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">{235}</a></span> +where he built a residence for himself and had a large garden. +This old house was lately pulled down. It stood on the upper side +of Lockman Street and was built with a hipped or gamble roof. He +received the rank of Major in the army for services performed to +the British Government. He died at Halifax, and was buried +under the little old Dutch Church, in Brunswick Street, where his +escutcheon and monument with armorial bearings are still to be +seen. The street between Brunswick Street and the water, which +was laid out between the German lots, was named Lockman Street +in compliment to the Major, who was for many years a leading man +in Dutchtown. It is not known whether he left any descendants in +the province.</p> + +<p>The names of Jonathan Prescott, Malachi Salter, Richard Gibbons, +Lewis Piers and Otto William Schwartz appear among the principal +inhabitants of the town in 1750. Mr. Salter was from New +England, had been extensively engaged in the fishery, and had +visited Chebucto Harbor in 1744, five years before the settlement, +while on a fishing voyage along the coast. Chebucto was the +frequent resort of Cape Cod and Marblehead fishermen previous to +the settlement. He was a Member of Assembly and Justice of the +Peace for the town in 1759. The old house at the corner of Salter +and Hollis Streets, afterwards the residence of the Hon. W. Lawson, +and later of Mr. Esson, was built by Mr. Salter and was his place +of residence for many years. During the American revolt, Mr. +Salter, with several other gentlemen of the town, became suspected +of treasonable correspondence. He was twice under prosecution, +but on a full investigation nothing appeared to have been said or +written by him of sufficient moment to warrant the charges. Mr. +Salter was the ancestor of the family of that name now remaining +in Halifax. He died at Halifax, in January, 1781, aged 65.</p> + +<p>Mr. Gibbons was acting Attorney General for several years, and +a leading practitioner at the Bar of Halifax. His son, Richard +Gibbons, died at Sydney, Cape Breton, at an advanced age, where +his descendants are numerous. The old gamble-roofed house at +the corner of Buckingham and Grafton Streets, known as Isles' +corner, lately pulled down, was the residence of Mr. Gibbons.</p> + +<p>John Duport was the English Attorney. He came out with the +settlers in June, 1749, and in July following was appointed a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">{236}</a></span> +Justice of the Peace. In 1752 he was made Judge of the Inferior +Court of Common Pleas. He performed the duties of Secretary of +Council for many years. He was sent as a Judge to St. John's +Island in 1770, and was afterwards Chief Justice of the Island. +Mr. Duport left a daughter married to Mr. P. Skey, of Falmouth, +and a son who was in the army and was father of Mr. Robert +Duport, later an officer in the Purveyor's department of the British +Army. Judge Duport was much esteemed, and appears to have +been an active public servant during the first twenty years of the +settlement.</p> + +<p>Joshua Mauger was an English trader, who had been connected +with the government contracts at Louisburg, and appears to have +resided in Halifax for the purpose of commerce only. In 1751 he +held the office of Agent Victualler for the navy at Halifax. In +1754 he had shops established at Pisiquid (Windsor), Minas +(Horton), and other places, where he sold goods and spirits to the +French and Indians. He had still houses in Halifax where he made +rum which he supplied to the troops and the navy. Mr. Mauger +had some difficulties with Governor Cornwallis regarding illicit +dealing. He went back to England about 1761, and was appointed +Agent of the Province in London, which he resigned in the following +year, having secured a seat in the British Parliament. He owned +much property in and about Halifax. The beach at the entrance of +the harbor, extending westerly from Cornwallis, now McNab's +Island, was originally granted to Mr. Mauger, and still bears his +name.</p> + +<p>Michael Franklin was a merchant from England who settled in +Halifax about 1752 or 1753. He was elected a Member of +Assembly in 1759, and appointed to His Majesty's Council in 1762. +In 1766 he received the appointment of Lieut.-Governor of the +Province, which he held until 1776, when he again took his seat at +the Council Board. Governor Franklin was a most active and +esteemed public officer. His name appears connected with almost +all the transactions of importance which occurred in the town from +1763 to 1780. During the American Revolt, his exertions in +support of British authority while administering the government, +were in a great measure instrumental in preserving the tranquility of +the province. He married a daughter of Mr. Boteneau, of Boston,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">{237}</a></span> +whose wife was a daughter of Peter Faneuil of that city. He left +several children. The late James Boteneau Franklin, for many +years Clerk of the House of Assembly, was his eldest son. Mrs. +Fitzgerald Uniacke was his grand-daughter.</p> + +<p>Lewis Piers was a grand-son of Sir Henry Piers, 1st Bart. of +Tristernagh Abbey, Ireland.</p> + +<p>The Hon. Thomas Saul was the wealthiest and most enterprising +merchant from 1749 to 1760.</p> + +<p>The names of Benjamin Gerrish, Charles King, Henry Ferguson, +Joseph Fairbanks, William Piggot, William Fury, James Grant, +Jacob Hurd, Daniel Shatford, Samuel Sellon, Charles Mason, Lewis +Piers and Robert Campbell appear on the lists of the Grand Jury +between 1751 and 1754.</p> + +<p>The following names appear on the register of early settlers:—Richard +Wenman, Thomas Keys, John Edes, John Gosbee, Ralph +Coulston, Edward Orpen, John Christopher Laurilliard, Philip +Knaut, Peter Burgman, Otto William Schwartz, John Jacob Preper, +John Woodin, Andrew Wellner, Christopher Preper, Simon +Thoroughgood.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">{238}</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239"><br />{239}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="APPENDICES" id="APPENDICES"></a>APPENDICES.</h2> + +<h3>A.</h3> + +<p>The following is a copy of the advertisement which appeared in +the London Gazette, March, 1749:</p> + +<p class="ralign"><span class="smcap">Whitehall</span>, 7th March, 1749.</p> + +<p>A proposal having been presented unto His Majesty for the +establishing a civil government in the Province of Nova Scotia, in +North America, as also for the better peopling and settling the said +province, and extending and improving the fishery thereof by +granting lands within the same, and giving other encouragement to +such of the officers and private men lately dismissed His Majesty's +land and sea service, as shall be willing to settle in said province. +And His Majesty having signed his royal approbation of the report +of the said proposals, the Right Honorable the Lords Commissioners +for Trade and Plantations do, by His Majesty's command, give +notice that proper encouragement will be given to such of the +officers and private men lately dismissed His Majesty's land and sea +service as are willing to accept of grants of land, and to settle with +or without families, in Nova Scotia. That 50 acres of land will be +granted in fee simple to every private soldier or seaman, free from +the payment of any quit rents or taxes for the term of ten years; +at the expiration whereof no person to pay more than one shilling +per annum for every 50 acres so granted.</p> + +<p>That a grant of ten acres over and above the 50 will be made to +each private soldier or seaman having a family for every person +including women and children of which his family shall consist, and +from the grants made to them on the like conditions as their families +shall increase, or in proportion to their abilities to cultivate the +same.</p> + +<p>That eighty acres on like conditions will be granted to every +officer under the rank of Ensign in the land service, and that of +Lieutenant in the sea service, and to such as have families, fifteen +acres over and above the said eighty acres, for every person of +which their family shall consist.</p> + +<p>That two hundred acres on like conditions will be granted to +every Ensign, three hundred to every Lieutenant, four hundred to +every Captain, and six hundred to every officer above the rank of +Captain. And to such of the above mentioned officers as have +families, a further grant of thirty acres will be made over and above +their respective quotas for every person of which their family shall +consist.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">{240}</a></span> +That the lands will be parcelled out to the settlers as soon as +possible after their arrival, <i>and a civil government established, +whereby they will enjoy all the liberties, privileges and immunities +enjoyed by his Majesty's subjects in any other of the Colonies and +Plantations in America, under His Majesty's Government, and proper +measures will also be taken for their security and protection</i>.</p> + +<p>That all such as are willing to accept of the above proposals shall, +with their families, be subsisted during the passage, also for the +space of twelve months after their arrival.</p> + +<p>That they shall be furnished with arms and ammunition as far as +will be judged necessary for their defence, with a proper quantity of +materials and utensils for husbandry, clearing and cultivating the +lands, erecting habitations, carrying on the fishery, and such other +purposes as shall be deemed necessary for their support.</p> + +<p>That all such persons as are desirous of engaging in the above +settlement do transmit by letter, or personally give in their names +signifying in what regiment or company, or on board what ship they +last served, and if they have families they intend to carry with them, +distinguishing the age and quality of such person to any of the +following officers appointed to receive and enter the same in the +books opened for that purpose, viz.:—John Pownell, Esq., Solicitor +and Clerk of the Repts. of the Lords Comrs. of Trade and Plantations, +at their office at Whitehall; John Ressell, Esq., Comr. of His +Majesty's Navy at Portsmouth; Philip Vanburgh, Esq., Comr. of +His Majesty's Navy at Plymouth.</p> + +<p>And the proper notice will be given of the said books being closed +as soon as the intended number shall be completed, or at least on +the 7th day of April.</p> + +<p>It is proposed that the Transports shall be ready to receive such +persons on board on the 10th April, and be ready to sail on the +20th, and that timely notice will be given of the place or places to +which such persons are to repair in order to embark.</p> + +<p>That for the benefit of the settlement, the same conditions which +are proposed to private soldiers and seamen shall likewise be granted +to Carpenters, Shipwrights, Smiths, Masons, Joiners, Brickmakers, +Bricklayers, and all other artificers necessary in building or husbandry, +not being private soldiers or seamen.</p> + +<p>That the same conditions as are proposed to those who have +served in the capacity of Ensign shall extend to all Surgeons, +whether they have been in His Majesty's service or not, upon their +producing proper certificates of their being duly qualified.</p> + +<p>By order of the Right Hon. the Lords Comrs. of Trade and +Plantations.</p> + +<p class="ralign">(Signed) +<span class="pad-l3"><span class="smcap">Thomas Hill</span>, <i>Secretary</i>.</span></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">{241}</a></span></p> + +<h3>B.</h3> + +<p>The following notices appear in the Gazettes and Magazines of +the day:</p> + +<p class="ralign"><span class="smcap">London</span>, Saturday, July 1, 1749.</p> + +<p>Three vessels came up the river with about 300 German Protestants, +who were ordered to remain at Lambeth and Vauxhall till +they can be conveniently shipped to Nova Scotia.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="ralign">Friday 21st July, 1749.</p> + +<p>A great number of German Protestants from the Palatinate +attended the Baron Munchausen, Chief Secretary for Hanover, with +a petition soliciting a passage to Nova Scotia.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="ralign">Wednesday, 12th April, 1749.</p> + +<p>A great number of disbanded soldiers, discharged sailors, poor +artificers, labourers, etc., who have accepted of His Majesty's grant +of lands in Nova Scotia, attended at the Plantation Office in Whitehall, +and received orders for admission, with their families and +effects, on board the transports.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="ralign"><span class="smcap">Whitehall</span>, April 18, 1749.</p> + +<p>Lieut.-Col. Cornwallis made Colonel and Commander of the +Forces destined for Nova Scotia, with a salary of £1000 per +annum.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="ralign">May 9, 1749.</p> + +<p>Hon. Edward Cornwallis to be Captain General and Governor-in-Chief +in and over the Province of Nova Scotia or Acadia.</p> + +<h3>C.</h3> + +<h4>Extract from a letter in the Gentleman's Magazine for 1749:</h4> + +<p class="ralign"><span class="smcap">Boston</span>, 10th July, 1749.</p> + +<p>We have advice that two French men-of-war of 80 guns, and 20 +transports, with a Governor and troops for a garrison, have +arrived at Louisburg. The French Government offered Governor +Hobson to transport his garrison to Chebucto, which was accepted, +and orders came to discharge the vessels taken up here for that +service. Col. Cornwallis, Governor of Nova Scotia, arrived at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">{242}</a></span> +Chebucto on 21st June<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> in the Sphinx, and Capt. Rouse in a sloop +of war, and fifteen transports with 2000 adventurers on board, +whose first settlement will be at or near Chebucto, where the +Governor intended to keep the transports till next year for the +convenience of the people, especially the women and children, until +houses are built. The same encouragement that has been given to +the British disbanded soldiers is given to Governor Sherley's and +Col. Pepperell's regiments. Rum was sold at Louisburg for 9d. per +gallon, and molasses extremely cheap. The French lost a great +number of men in their passage to Louisburg by the small pox, +yellow fever, etc., but the transports at Chebucto lost only one +child.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> The memorandum on the first page of the register of settlers makes the date of +Cornwallis' arrival the 8th June—the writer of this letter may have been misinformed.</p></div> +</div> + +<h3>D.</h3> + +<p>The following account of the expenditure on the settlement for +the year 1749, was submitted to Parliament by the Lords Commissioners +of Trade and Plantations:</p> + +<table class="no-b2" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="2" summary=""> +<tfoot> +<tr><td align="right" class="pad-r" colspan="4">(Signed) <span class="pad-l3 smcap">Christopher Kilby</span>.</td></tr> +</tfoot> + +<tr><td class="hang">Blankets, Woolens and Shoes for the settlers, and presents for +the Indians</td> +<td align="right">£ 1,325</td> +<td align="right">4</td> +<td align="right">8</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Lines, Nets and Hooks for Fishery, Stationery, Surveyors' +Instruments, Bricks and Garden Seeds</td> +<td align='right'>2,729</td> <td align="right">12</td> <td align="right">9</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Lighterage and Shipping of the settlers, package and charges of +Hospital Stores, a Surgeon with medicines by the Transport +from Liverpool, and the Union Snow</td> +<td align='right'>336</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right">3</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Medicines, Sugar, Live Stock, for the voyage, and Drugs, +Instruments and necessaries for the Hospital</td> +<td align='right'>680</td> <td align="right">14</td><td align='right'>8</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">French Bibles</td> +<td align='right'>102</td> <td align="right">17</td> <td align="right">10</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Cash paid for victualling for settlers</td> +<td align='right'>12,068</td><td align='right'>5</td><td align='right'>6</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Treasurer of the Navy's account for Bedding and Victualling +during voyage</td> +<td align="right">7,354</td> <td align="right">19</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Ditto, on account of the Sarah, Transport, from Liverpool</td> +<td align="right">67</td> <td align="right">18</td> <td align="right">8</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Treasurer of the Ordnance account for field pieces, swivel guns, +small arms and powder</td> +<td align="right">3,592</td> <td align="right">4</td> <td align="right">4</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Printing and incidental expenses by directions of Lords Commissioners +of Trade</td> +<td align="right">445</td> <td align="right">19</td> <td align="right">10</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Ventilators for six Transports</td> +<td align="right">102</td> <td align="right">11</td> <td align="right">6</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">2 Fire Engines</td> +<td align="right">72</td> <td align="right">16</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Pay of Surgeons, Apothecaries, Midwife, exclusive of what they +received at Halifax</td> +<td align="right">860</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Silver and Gold carried out by the Governor</td> +<td align="right">3,922</td> <td align="right">8</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Bills of Exchange drawn by the Governor, the account of the +expenditure not yet received</td> +<td align="right">11,452</td> <td align="right">13</td> <td align="right">4</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Bills to Capt. Ives for a boat</td> +<td align="right">40</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">The Treasurer for Scales and Weights</td> +<td align="right">21</td> <td align="right">7</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Bills drawn by Delancey & Watt, of New York, for Silver sent +to the Province</td> +<td align="right">5,523</td> <td align="right">5</td> <td align="right">9</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">{243}</a></span> +Thomas Handcock, Esq., for Boards, Plank, 2 Schooners, Salt +and Money shipped to purchase materials for mills</td> +<td align="right">1,528</td> <td align="right">15</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Bills drawn by S. Martin, from Boston</td> +<td align="right">576</td> <td align="right">8</td> <td align="right">6</td></tr> + +<tr><td></td> +<td align="right" class="total">£52,804</td> +<td align="right" class="total">2</td> +<td align="right" class="total">7</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">To the Transport Service for conveying the Settlers to Nova +Scotia, etc.</td> +<td align="right">23,672</td> <td align="right">1</td> <td align="right">3</td></tr> + +<tr><td></td> +<td align="right" class="total">£76,476</td> +<td align="right" class="total">3</td> +<td align="right" class="total">10</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">To Governor Cornwallis for personal outfit</td> +<td align="right">500</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr> + +<tr><td></td> +<td align="right" class="total">£76,976</td> +<td align="right" class="total">3</td> +<td align="right" class="total">10</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>Account submitted to Parliament by the Lords Commissioners +the following year:</p> + +<table class="no-b2" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="2" summary=""> + +<tr><td class="hang">Blankets, Woolens and Shoes for settlers, and presents for +Indians</td> +<td align="right">£1,325</td> <td align="right">4</td> <td align="right">8</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Supplies for Fishery, Surveyor's Instruments, Bricks and Garden +Seeds</td> +<td align="right">2,729</td> <td align="right">12</td> <td align="right">9</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Lighterage and Shipping Settlers, package and charges of Hospital +Stores, etc.</td> +<td align="right">336</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right">3</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Medicines, Sugar, Live Stock, Drugs, Instruments, etc., for +Hospital</td> +<td align="right">680</td> <td align="right">14</td> <td align="right">8</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">French Bibles</td> +<td align="right">102</td> <td align="right">17</td> <td align="right">10</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Cash paid for Victualling Settlers</td> +<td align="right">12,068</td> <td align="right">5</td> <td align="right">6</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Treasurer of the Navy's account for Bedding and Victualling +during voyage</td> +<td align="right">7,354</td> <td align="right">19</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Ditto on account of Sarah, Transport, from Liverpool</td> +<td align="right">67</td> <td align="right">18</td> <td align="right">8</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Treasurer of the Ordnance account for field pieces, swivel guns, +small arms and powder</td> +<td align="right">3,592</td> <td align="right">4</td> <td align="right">4</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Printing and incidental expenses by directions of the Lords of +Trade</td> +<td align="right">445</td> <td align="right">19</td> <td align="right">10</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Ventilators for 6 Transports</td> +<td align="right">102</td> <td align="right">11</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Two Fire Engines</td> +<td align="right">72</td> <td align="right">16</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Bill to Capt. Ives for a Boat</td> +<td align="right">40</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">The Treasurer for Weights and Scales</td> +<td align="right">21</td> <td align="right">7</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Thomas Handcock, Esq.</td> +<td align="right">1,528</td> <td align="right">15</td> <td align="right">6</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Pay of Surgeons, Apothecaries and Midwife, exclusive of what +they received at Halifax</td> +<td align="right">860</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">To Transport Service for conveying settlers to Nova Scotia</td> +<td align="right">23,672</td> <td align="right">1</td> <td align="right">3</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Fees thereon</td> +<td align="right">147</td> <td align="right">19</td> <td align="right">9</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Fees on money received from the Exchequer, exclusive of the +sums charged on the foregoing articles</td> +<td align="right">473</td> <td align="right">4</td> <td align="right">6</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">To Freight, Bed, Bedding and Cabins for 514 passengers on +board the Alderney, Nancy, Fair Lady and Two Friends, +Transports, and incidental expenses attending embarkation, +etc., etc.</td> +<td align="right">3,144</td> <td align="right">4</td> <td align="right">4</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">To expenses repairing and fitting Sloop, New Casco</td> +<td align="right">833</td> <td align="right">19</td> <td align="right">6</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Gratuities 322 Foreign Protestants from Holland</td> +<td align="right">338</td> <td align="right">2</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Cash paid on account of Victualling settlers</td> +<td align="right">4,500</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Cash to Treasurer of Ordnance for Bills drawn by Governor</td> +<td align="right">1,000</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">To Governor Cornwallis for the purchase of stores, payment of +officers, package of stores, artificers and laborers, and contingent +expenses, exclusive of £2,500 paid to his regiment +for the four pence stopped for provisions to 11th Sept., 1750</td> +<td align="right">35,268</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right">2</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Lieut. Martin's disbursements at Boston, for materials, vessels +and stores</td> +<td align="right">6,503</td> <td align="right">18</td> <td align="right">2</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">{244}</a></span> +To Apthorp & Handcock, disbursements at Boston, for materials, +vessels and stores</td> +<td align="right">6,924</td> <td align="right">14</td> <td align="right">6</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Thos. Gunter's Bills remitted him at Boston, on account of +Expedition to Chignecto</td> +<td align="right">2,600</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Benj. Green, Treasurer, by his account from Sept. 20, 1750, to +Nov. 30, 1750</td> +<td align="right">3,621</td> <td align="right">14</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Richard Bulkley, Paymaster of Works, from 1st August, 1750, +to Nov. 30</td> +<td align="right">4,073</td> <td align="right">16</td> <td align="right">3</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">To hire of Transports retained in the service and not paid by +the Navy</td> +<td align="right">4,002</td> <td align="right">2</td> <td align="right">4</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">To Foreign Settlers employed in public works at 12d. per day, +till the money advanced is thereby reimbursed</td> +<td align="right">1,005</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">To Col. Phillips' (now Cornwallis') Regt., to return deductions +for provisions to Christmas, 1750</td> +<td align="right">3,919</td> <td align="right">5</td> <td align="right">8</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">To provisions supplied Cols. Warberton's and Lascelles' Regts., +Artillery Company, Independent Companies, seamen in +vessels, laborers and artificers</td> +<td align="right">17,832</td> <td align="right">3</td> <td align="right">8</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Victual and transporting Lascelles' Regt. from Ireland</td> +<td align="right">8,581</td> <td align="right">3</td> <td align="right">9</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">To Office of Ordnance for Timber, Materials and Tools sent from +Annapolis, hire of vessels, magazine of powder and payment +of officers and artificers employed by the Board</td> +<td align="right">10,417</td> <td align="right">15</td> <td align="right">3</td></tr> + +<tr><td></td> +<td align="right" class="total">£173,838</td> +<td align="right" class="total">2</td> +<td align="right" class="total">3</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="center smcap">Cr.</p> + +<table class="no-b2" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="2" summary=""> +<tfoot> +<tr><td align="right" class="pad-r smcap" colspan="4">Christopher Kilby.</td></tr> +</tfoot> +<tr><td class="hang">By account of Money granted by Parliament for Nova Scotia +Colony Regiment, March 23, 1748, granted upon account +towards the charge of transporting to His Majesty's Colony +of Nova Scotia, and supporting and maintaining there such +reduced officers, etc., etc.</td> +<td align="right">£ 40,000</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">1749. Granted upon account for defraying the charges incurred +by transporting to H. M. Colony of Nova Scotia, and supporting +and maintaining settlers not provided for by Parliament</td> +<td align="right">36,476</td> <td align="right">3</td> <td align="right">10</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">1749. Granted on account for supporting, maintaining and +employing the settlers, March 19, 1750</td> +<td align="right">39,778</td><td align="right">17</td><td align="right">2</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hang">Exceedings</td> +<td align="right">57,682</td><td align="right">19</td> <td align="right">3</td></tr> + +<tr><td></td> +<td align="right" class="total bb">£173,938</td> +<td align="right" class="total bb">2</td> +<td align="right" class="total bb">3</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>The charge for contingencies, and the last charge of £10,417 15. 3., probably +embrace the expenditure on Government buildings—the two churches of England, +St. Paul's and St. Matthew's; also the fortifications and other government +works then in progress.</p> + +<table class="no-b" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td></td> +<td align="right" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Whitehall</span>, February 20, 1750.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Estimate for</td><td align="left">1751</td><td align="right">£74,970</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left">1752</td><td align="right">96,639</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left">1753</td><td align="right">58,559</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left">1754</td><td align="right">47,741</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left">1755</td><td align="right">55,799</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left">1756</td><td align="right">61,657</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left">1757</td><td align="right">40,068</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left">1758</td><td align="right">15,753</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left">1759</td><td align="right">13,081</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">{245}</a></span></p> + +<h3>E.</h3> + +<p>The following extracts are from the letters of a French officer +after the siege of Louisburg:</p> + +<p>"The eyes of all Europe are fixed on this formidable armament; +they have assembled an army of 22,000 men, 1600 brought from +Europe, the remainder provincial militia, with a large train of +artillery and munitions of war, 22 line of battle-ships and 200 +transports. Yet Admiral Holburn, who appeared off Louisburg +with 22 sail of men-of-war, took it into his head that our numbers +were equal to his own, and has made his way back to Halifax. They +will ask him there, why did you run away? Oh! says he, a +superior force venit, vedit, fugit. It is vexatious that the first +squadron which France has equipped since 1703 should be shackled +with orders only to keep a look out. If ever there was a certainty +of firing gunpowder to the renown of the white flag, it was on the +19th August, when Holburn appeared off Louisburg."</p> + +<p>In some of his subsequent letters he appears to give a very +accurate account of the siege, and some facts relative to the war +not to be found in any history of that period. In speaking of the +landing of Wolfe at the head of the Highlanders and the American +Light Troops—</p> + +<p>"It is the interest of the conquered not to diminish the glory of +the victor, and besides it is our duty to do justice even to our +mortal enemy, for which reason I confess that the English on this +occasion behaved with such valor as before the event must have +appeased temerity. Yet it must be allowed that at the same time +the difficulty of the enterprise does them infinite honor, it saves +ours; who would have forseen that they would have ventured to +have climbed rocks till then rendered inaccessible, under a heavy +fire from our batteries, notwithstanding their boats were every +moment knocked to pieces in the surf, which drowned great +numbers."</p> + +<p>In speaking of the capitulation he says:</p> + +<p>"Though reduced to the last extremity we demanded far more +advantageous terms than we had reason to expect. After a +consultation between Admiral Boscawen and General Amherst, an +unconditional surrender was demanded. Dracourt, the Governor, +extremely exasperated at those terms, resolved to hold out, but was +compelled to give in on receiving a most peremptory petition on the +part of the inhabitants, presented by M. Prevost. The capitulation +was signed on 15th July, 1758, after a bloody siege of two months. +On the day following, our troops were drawn up, and the colors +and arms surrendered to General Whitmore, who took command of +the town. The evening before the English took possession of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">{246}</a></span> +town, we suffered our soldiers to plunder the magazines, and the +priests spent the whole night in marrying all the girls of the city to +the first who would have them. No one here can perceive, at least +by any personal inconvenience, that we are in a conquered town. +The garrison has embarked with as much tranquility as if it had +been going on a voyage of pleasure. Every soldier has taken away +whatever belongs to him without suffering the least injustice. M. +De Dracourt has received all the honors which a person of his rank +deserved; Admiral Boscawen has shown all the respect to Madam +De Dracourt as were due to her merits. This lady has performed +such exploits during the siege as must entitle her to rank among the +most illustrious of her sex, for she fired three cannon every day in +order to animate the gunners. After the surrender she interested +herself in behalf of all the unfortunates; in this number M. Maillet +de Grandville was a striking instance of the instability of fortune. +He left France at the age of 17, arrived at Quebec in indifferent +circumstances; by his industry and application to business, he +accumulated a vast fortune which enabled him to purchase the +Lordship of St. Louis, which cost him 80,000 livres; but now, by +the taking of Louisburg, he is left quite destitute with a numerous +family."</p> + +<h3>F.</h3> + +<p class="ralign"><span class="smcap">Halifax</span>, July, 1752.</p> + +<p>A list of the families of English, Swiss, etc., which have been +settled in Nova Scotia since the year 1749, and who now are +settlers in the places hereafter mentioned.</p> + +<table frame="hsides" rules="groups" cellpadding="2" summary=""> +<caption>North Suburbs of Halifax.</caption> +<colgroup /><colgroup /> +<colgroup /><colgroup /> +<colgroup /><colgroup /> +<thead> +<tr><th><span class="smcap">Heads of Families.</span></th> +<th>Males<br /> above 16.</th> +<th>Females<br /> above 16.</th> +<th>Males<br /> under 16.</th> +<th>Females<br /> under 16.</th> +<th>Total.</th></tr> +</thead> + +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Scutt</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Edmund Dwight</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Benjamin Brown</td><td>5</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Gindler</td><td>1</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Samuel Shipton</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>....</td><td>9</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Charles Procter</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>5</td><td>....</td><td>9</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jonathan Hoar</td><td>2</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Gerchon Tuffs</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>....</td><td>2</td><td>5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Preserved Cunnable</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>....</td><td>2</td><td>6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Bourn</td><td>9</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>10</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Matthew Barnard</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Rundal</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Anthony Caverly</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Charles Hay</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Nathaniel Henderson</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">{247}</a></span> +Henry Chadwick</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>1</td><td>4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Samuel Lyne</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Fitzpatrick</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>3</td><td>....</td><td>5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Judah Riger</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ezekiel Gilman</td><td>6</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Kinselagh</td><td>3</td><td>2</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Benjamin Ives</td><td>5</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mrs. Decorot</td><td>....</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Josiah Crossby</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Harris</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>2</td><td>6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Benjamin Phippeny</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>2</td><td>4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Gerrish</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>5</td><td>10</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Robert Norman</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Cox</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Edward Bowden</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Tongue</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Samuel Tanner</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>2</td><td>4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Samuel Chandler</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Sanders</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Christian Mulhlhe</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>8</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ernst Preper</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Christopher Harness</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>3</td><td>6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Charles Robins</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ezekiel Wildman</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>1</td><td>5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Walter Motley</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>1</td><td>4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Charles Christ</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Peter Schahlan</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Peter Mozar</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>10</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Hoffens</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>3</td><td>5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Peter Wayte</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Hay</td><td>3</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Cheney</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Jones</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mary Birin</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Charles King</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Porter</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>4</td><td>7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Pratt</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Daniel Brewer</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Hunstable</td><td>6</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>8</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Benjamin Storer</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>3</td><td>7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jasper Battel</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>2</td><td>4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ulrich Dithoe</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Hans. Geo. Kohl</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Chadwick</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Christopher Warner</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Christopher Rodolph</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Burger Erad</td><td>6</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>1</td><td>7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John A. Le Mand</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>4</td><td>8</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ludovick Schnerr</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td></td> +<td class="total">139</td> +<td class="total">75</td> +<td class="total">42</td> +<td class="total">63</td> +<td class="total">309</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">{248}</a></span></p> + +<table frame="hsides" rules="groups" cellpadding="2" summary=""> +<caption>Swiss and Germans in the North Suburbs.</caption> +<colgroup /><colgroup /> +<colgroup /><colgroup /> +<colgroup /><colgroup /> +<thead> +<tr><th><span class="smcap">Heads of Families.</span></th> +<th>Males<br /> above 16.</th> +<th>Females<br /> above 16.</th> +<th>Males<br /> under 16.</th> +<th>Females<br /> under 16.</th> +<th>Total.</th></tr> +</thead> + +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Chs. Ludk. Hagelsieb</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Peter Tahn</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Michael Brier</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Laurenz Busgler</td><td> 4</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> 12</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Leonhard Urich</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Craft</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Wendal Ramjer</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Storch</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Peter Klattenburger</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Michael Clouser</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Michael Morash</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Schmidt</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Ley</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Barthel Hans</td><td> 3</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Moser</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td><td> 8</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Conrad Hall</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Hall</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Bley</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Michael Ley</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Elizabeth Werner</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Magdalen Orell</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Benedict Mayhofer</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Andreas Kalb</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Adam Rundl</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ulrich Seeger</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Daniel Schumaker</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Jacob Schmidt</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Adam Luty</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Conrad Mucher</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Godfried Knotz</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Peter Lawner</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Godfried Torpel</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Tanner</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johannus Buhofer</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Nagel</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Rudolph Pense</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Adam Wambolt</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Peter Wambolt</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ruchart Schup</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Michael Hagg</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Michael Gimber</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Adam Buhler</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Andreas Young</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>—— Beringer</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Casper Hickman</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Henrick Oxner</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jean Mange</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Casper Lehry</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Peter Estmann</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johannus Lonus</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td><td> ....</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Loui Eouton</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">{249}</a></span> +Casper Trillian</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Augustin Wolf</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Anton Halton</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Matthias Nagel</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Franciska Schnider</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ludwig Koenig</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Nicholas Wolf</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johannes Schroeder</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johannes Loesten</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Utrick Klett</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Maria Schlitter</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johannus Miller</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johannes Hoaif</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Vogler</td><td> 6</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td><td> 12</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Paulus</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Conrade Werner</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Matheus Finer</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Andreas Sronnagel</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Heish</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Polleber</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Christian Finis</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Gotleib Schermuller</td><td> 5</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 8</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Adam Schmidt</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Christian Perfek</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Christian Ernst</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Frederick Aurenburg</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 8</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Nicholas Eggly</td><td> 6</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Henrick Kuhn</td><td> 4</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ulrick Schenekill</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 8</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Shaffhouser</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johannes Simon</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Asmus Diel</td><td> 5</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Sperry</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Adam Jung</td><td> 4</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johann Jung</td><td> 4</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 7</td></tr> + +<tr align='right'><td></td> +<td class="total">61</td> +<td class="total">41</td> +<td class="total">13</td> +<td class="total">26</td> +<td class="total">141</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">{250}</a></span></p> + +<table frame="hsides" rules="groups" cellpadding="2" summary=""> +<caption>South Suburbs.</caption> +<colgroup /><colgroup /> +<colgroup /><colgroup /> +<colgroup /><colgroup /> +<thead> +<tr><th><span class="smcap">Heads of Families.</span></th> +<th>Males<br /> above 16.</th> +<th>Females<br /> above 16.</th> +<th>Males<br /> under 16.</th> +<th>Females<br /> under 16.</th> +<th>Total.</th></tr> +</thead> + +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mary Rance</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Latham</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jonathan Prescott<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a></td><td> 11</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 13</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Kent</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Edmund Crawley<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a></td><td> 4</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Winiton</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Trefoy</td><td> 4</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Darby Cavanaugh</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Edward Lush</td><td> 5</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Alice Twyny</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Ridder</td><td> 4</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Crooks</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Hickens</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Pierpont</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Shippey</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Peter, a negro</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Call</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ruth Wheeler</td><td> 5</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Harris</td><td> 8</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 8</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Richard Peirie</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Francis Coburne</td><td> 5</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 8</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Charles Terlaven</td><td> 5</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 8</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Darby Sullivan</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Jackson</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Gregory Ives</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Samuel Sellon</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Isaac Underdunk</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Featherstone</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Maurice Welsh</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Andrew Shepperd</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Mallus</td><td> 4</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td><td> 1</td><td> 10</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Phillip Hammond</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Solomon Reed</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Evans</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Walker</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Nunan</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Knox</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Gullison</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jason Chapman</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Rebecca Baldwin</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Richard Manning</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Cane</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Dennis Hieffernon</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Wickham</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Rider</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Josiah Marshall</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Pierce</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Steel</td><td> 4</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">{251}</a></span> +Malachy Salter</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 8</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Charles Kanier</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jeremiah Rogers</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'><a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> +Peter, Marquis D'Conti and Gravina</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Samuel Cleveland</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 4</td><td> 9</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Richard Graham</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Nesbitt</td><td> 4</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Isaac Knott</td><td> 12</td><td> 16</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 31</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Daniel Tappoon</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Hannah Hutchinson</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Isaac Basset</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Clarke</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Robert Davis</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Lawson</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Eustace</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Miller</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Grimes</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Griffin</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Mehany</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Josiah Cleveland</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Felix McMehan</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Josiah Nottage</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mathew Mullens</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Henry Ferguson</td><td> 5</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> 10</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jean Campbell</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ezekiah Averil</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> 8</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Hardin</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Maggee</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td><td> 1</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Robert Brooks</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Jordan</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Poor</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Lamb</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Collicut</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Barry</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Maurice Driscoll</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John McCuller</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Benjamin Child</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Wallace</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Murphy</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Henry Rigby</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Peters</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>David Carmer</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Patrick Mahoney</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Samuel Fulton</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Dennis Sullivan</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Stephen Wisdoms</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 3</td><td> 8</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Richard ——</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Bartholomew Calahan</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">{252}</a></span> +Cornelius Crowley</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Nathaniel Millett</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Peter Wallace</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Slayter</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Martin Ludovig</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Wisdom</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Cheshire</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Featherstone</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Richard Sparks</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Hurd</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Williams</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jedediah Harris</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Abraham Slayter</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Richard Winter</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Arbuckle</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 3</td><td> 8</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Perfect Miller</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mary Miller</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Samuel Greenfield</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Moses Clarke</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>—— Lewis</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Matthews</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Christopher</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Walker</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Daniel Hills</td><td> 4</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Richard Williams</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Daniel Farrel</td><td> 5</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 8</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Fullerton</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Nathaniel Mason</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Aaron Porter</td><td> 4</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacobus Derkindrekin</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Seward</td><td> 5</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joshua Orne</td><td> 6</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Elias Girott</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Richard Wenman</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Daniel Shatford</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Charles Henderson</td><td> 5</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jonathan Harris</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Patrick Cambell</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Aaron Cleveland</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Monk</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 4</td><td> 8</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Samuel Crafts</td><td> 7</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 8</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Russel</td><td> 65</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 66</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ann Wenmen, in Orphan House</td><td> 4</td><td> 4</td><td> 11</td><td> ....</td><td> 19</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Palmer, in Hospital</td><td> 21</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 22</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Michael Naddow</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Gerrish</td><td> 27</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 28</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Dennis Mehaney</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Conway</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mrs. Taylor</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Michael Lawler</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">{253}</a></span> +Peter Murpil</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Gallant</td><td> 17</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 21</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Nicholas Nagler</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>I Swiss</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Josiah Bracket</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +</table> + +<table frame="hsides" rules="groups" cellpadding="2" summary=""> +<caption>Within the Town of Halifax.</caption> +<colgroup /><colgroup /> +<colgroup /><colgroup /> +<colgroup /><colgroup /> +<thead> +<tr><th><span class="smcap">Heads of Families.</span></th> +<th>Males<br /> above 16.</th> +<th>Females<br /> above 16.</th> +<th>Males<br /> under 16.</th> +<th>Females<br /> under 16.</th> +<th>Total.</th></tr> +</thead> + +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Power</td><td> 11</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 15</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joshua Mauger</td><td> 14</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 20</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Steele, Esq.</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Benjamin Gerrish</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Robert Cowey</td><td> 7</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 11</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Abigail Ward</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Austin</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Matterson</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Frederick Beeker</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Schwartz</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Isaac Deschamps</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Madam D'Pacquet</td><td> 3</td><td> 5</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 9</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Brown</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Fulford</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Lewis Pierce</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Grenoak</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Leonard Lockman<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a></td><td> 5</td><td> 4</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 9</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Ford</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Johnstone</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Luke</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Leonard Cotton</td><td> 5</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 10</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William and Edward Nichols</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Brenock</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Oakes</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mr. Wheyland</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Wellenon (Wellenor?)</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Price</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Vernon Merefield</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">{254}</a></span> +John Brown</td><td> 3</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Allen Usher</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jeremiah Fitzsimons</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Daniel McCylster</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Panier</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Peter Anchote</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Aubony</td><td> 7</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 10</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>David Loyd</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Saul</td><td> 10</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 11</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Alexander Keddy</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jane Knight</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Brew</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Marlow</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Cone</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Twelve's wife</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John William Hoffman</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mr. Surget</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Fitzgerald</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Stewson</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>—— Redman</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Colbeck</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Alexander Abercrombie</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Baxter</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Giles Harris</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Pierce</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Edward Luky</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Patfield</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Widow Clerk</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Davis</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>—— Melony</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Steinford</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Suckling</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Alexander Allen</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Widow Henry</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Frost</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ephraim Cook</td><td> 12</td><td> 4</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 16</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>by Mr. Brown</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td>....</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Colvill</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Moore</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Maseen</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Edward Potter</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>China Brownjohn</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Francis Lock</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Daniel Stewart</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 8</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Robert Grant</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Stockley</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Edward Marguin</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Greenwood</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Smith</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Collier, Esq.</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">{255}</a></span> +William Piggott</td><td> 7</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 4</td><td> 15</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Best</td><td> 6</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 11</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Henderson</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Anne Woodside</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Connor</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Richard Barry</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Heyslup</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Peter De Brace</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Raet</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Mundy</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td><td> ....</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Richard Stritton</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Churchill</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Laurence Collins</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Humphreys</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Coeishton</td><td> 6</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ebenezer Petty</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Robert Bowden</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Newman</td><td> 7</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 11</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Griffin</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Euston</td><td> 4</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Hagan</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Mannen</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Edward Butler</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Grant</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Edward Orpin</td><td> 4</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Vintenon</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Branham</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Henry Wilkinson</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Wright</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Henry Wynn</td><td> 4</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Paul Pritchard</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Alexander Forbes</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William White</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Hall</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Wilder</td><td> 5</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Greensword</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Nelson</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Robert Parfect</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William McCarty</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Ewes</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Fallon</td><td> 5</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 8</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Johnson</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Campbell</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Porter</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Vanfelson</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Ford</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Robert Freeman</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Wooden</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Roacock</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Peter Parkman</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">{256}</a></span> +Matthew Hopkins</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Douglass</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Meeds</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mary Robertson</td><td> 5</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> 9</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mary Williams</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Nathan Nathans</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Taylor</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Patrick Furlong</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Slayter</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Ker</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Clewley</td><td> 8</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 10</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Garret Mead</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Charles Mason</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Matthew McNemara</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Frank</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Webb</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Robert Ewer</td><td> 14</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 15</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Peter Martin</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Michael Mullineaux</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Reeve</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Bohanan</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>—— Ray</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Euste. Butter</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Golden</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Williams</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Edward Lee</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td><td> ....</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Bannerman</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Richard Bulksley</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Franks</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Christopher Cooke</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Robert Dickie</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Wakefield</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Bryant</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Edward L'Cras</td><td> 3</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Lawrence Ren</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Fenly</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Walker</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mr. Bruce</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Rundal</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>—— Wigel</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mark Cullymore</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Nathaniel Gosford</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Naymers</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> 8</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Davis Townsend</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Cleary</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Kent</td><td> 4</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Crafts</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Rosana Scott</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Patrick Britt</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">{257}</a></span> +William Bearsto<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a></td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Ford</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Eaton</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Tate</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Samuel Sprague</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Stephen McKine</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 6</td></tr> +</table> + +<table frame="hsides" rules="groups" cellpadding="2" summary=""> +<caption>Within the Pickets<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> of Halifax.</caption> +<colgroup /><colgroup /> +<colgroup /><colgroup /> +<colgroup /><colgroup /> +<thead> +<tr><th><span class="smcap">Heads of Families.</span></th> +<th>Males<br /> above 16.</th> +<th>Females<br /> above 16.</th> +<th>Males<br /> under 16.</th> +<th>Females<br /> under 16.</th> +<th>Total.</th></tr> +</thead> + +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Vickars</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joel Waterman</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Catherine Austin</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Andrew Maxwell</td><td> 4</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Gaffer</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Luke Shippey</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Henry Sweetland</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jonathan Markham</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Francis Porter</td><td> 4</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Matthew Corker</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Landerkin</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Griffin Jenkins</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mary Hollowell</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Edward Castle</td><td> 6</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mrs. Whitehand</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Crowley</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Philip Knaut</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Storker Nelson</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Lowrey</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Scott</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Israel Abrahams</td><td> 2</td><td> 5</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 10</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Ames</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Dame</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Benjamin Lee</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mary Cooper</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Michael Sexton</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Popplewell</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Beswick</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John South</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Richard Hollis</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">{258}</a></span> +Mr. Reynolds</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Whellon</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Giles</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Frederick Barley</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ezekiel Budd</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Josiah Hardy</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Edmundson</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Thompson</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mary Webb</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Timothy Cane</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Banfield</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Babrig</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Isaac Solomon</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Thorp</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Samuel Blockden</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 4</td><td> 9</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Elizabeth Gunnel</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Eleanor Cannon</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Walker</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Charles Morris</td><td> 5</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 8</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Josiah Millekin</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Codman</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Lewis Hays</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Moore</td><td> 4</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Cannon</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Samuel McClure</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Henry Fielding</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Patrick Kennedy</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Walker</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Benjamin Fogg</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Foye</td><td> 2</td><td> 4</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Otis Little</td><td> 4</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 8</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Hugh Vans</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Lewis Frignet</td><td> 4</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Antrims</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Benjamin Green, Esq.</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 9</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>H. J. O'Brien</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Bartholomew Kneeland</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Fairbanks</td><td> 9</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 10</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Fillis</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Rous</td><td> 2</td><td> 4</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 9</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Rous</td><td> 4</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Greensword</td><td> 17</td><td> 4</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 21</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Fury</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Debtors in Gaol</td><td> 19</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 19</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Criminals</td><td> 8</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 8</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Falkner</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">{259}</a></span></p> + +<table frame="hsides" rules="groups" cellpadding="2" summary=""> +<caption>On Several Islands and Harbors, Employed in Fishery.</caption> +<colgroup /><colgroup /> +<colgroup /><colgroup /> +<colgroup /> +<thead> +<tr><th><span class="smcap">Heads of Families.</span></th> +<th>Males<br /> above 16.</th> +<th>Females<br /> above 16.</th> +<th>Males<br /> under 16.</th> +<th>Females<br /> under 16.</th></tr> +</thead> + +<tr><td align="left" class="smcap">On Cornwallis Island:</td> +<td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left' class='pad-l2'>Capt. Joseph Rouse</td><td> 4</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left' class='pad-l2'><span class="pad-lr">"</span> Mauger</td><td> 7</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left' class='pad-l2'><span class="pad-lr">"</span> Cook</td><td> 5</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left' class='pad-l2'> —— Bradshaw</td><td> 16</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td></td><td class="total"> 32</td> +<td class="total"> 1</td><td class="total"> ....</td> +<td class="total"> ....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left" class="smcap">At Ketch Harbour:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left' class='pad-l2'> John Grace</td><td> 10</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left' class='pad-l2'> Capt. Gill</td><td> 6</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left' class='pad-l2'> —— Brown</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td></td><td class="total"> 19</td><td class="total"> 4</td> +<td class="total"> 2</td><td class="total"> ....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left" class="smcap">At Sambro Island:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left' class='pad-l2'> Capt. Matterson</td><td> 21</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left' class='pad-l2'> Thomas Youngston</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td></td><td class="total"> 22</td><td class="total"> 2</td> +<td class="total"> 1</td><td class="total"> 1</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left" class="smcap">At St. Margaret's Bay:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left' class='pad-l2'> Benjamin Frog</td><td> 10</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left' class='pad-l2'> James Ford</td><td> 13</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left' class='pad-l2'> Adam Clown</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left' class='pad-l2'> —— Allen</td><td> 5</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td></tr> + +<tr align='right'><td></td><td class="total"> 29</td> +<td class="total"> 2</td><td class="total"> 2</td><td class="total"> 1</td></tr> +</table> + +<table frame="hsides" rules="groups" cellpadding="2" summary=""> +<caption>Laborers Employed in His Majesty's Works on George's Island.</caption> +<colgroup /><colgroup /> +<colgroup /><colgroup /> +<colgroup /><colgroup /> +<thead> +<tr><th><span class="smcap">Heads of Families.</span></th> +<th>Males<br /> above 16.</th> +<th>Females<br /> above 16.</th> +<th>Males<br /> under 16.</th> +<th>Females<br /> under 16.</th> +<th>Total.</th></tr> +</thead> + +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Richard Reeve</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Leak</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Patrick Hamilton</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Cornelius Larigan</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Laborers</td><td> 11</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 11</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">{260}</a></span></p> + +<table frame="hsides" rules="groups" cellpadding="2" summary=""> +<caption>At the Block House and the Isthmus.</caption> +<colgroup /><colgroup /> +<colgroup /><colgroup /> +<colgroup /><colgroup /> +<thead> +<tr><th><span class="smcap">Heads of Families.</span></th> +<th>Males<br /> above 16.</th> +<th>Females<br /> above 16.</th> +<th>Males<br /> under 16.</th> +<th>Females<br /> under 16.</th> +<th>Total.</th></tr> +</thead> + +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Adam Schafner</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Soloer</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johannes Frederick</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Peter Moeser</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Richard Voleker</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Adolph Henokel</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Philip Krepof</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Casper Meisner</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johannus Hoars</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Henrick Hiltz</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Henrick Mertz</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johanna M. Girtler</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Margaretta Hoars</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Philip Sponnagel</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Michael Westhoefer</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Wilhelm Wensell</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johannes Forrokner</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ferdinand Schultz</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Christian Schmidt</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johannus Schnok</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Christopher Schafner</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Lorentz Conrat</td><td> 4</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 8</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Brande</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Philip Winter</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johannus Knaut</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Wenel Wust</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Evalt</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Adam Lehnhart</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Conrad Graff</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Berger</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Philip Sigler</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Frederick Heison</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Henrick Lehn</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johannas Barget</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Andrew Walter</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Henrick Minok</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Wilhelm Kuveller</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Adam Fileoh</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Andrew Sauer</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Eva Gibhart</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 7</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Peter Krauner</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Seely</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Adam Boettinger</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Caspar Ditrich</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Christian Gothart</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johannes Schmidt</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Sebastian Nicolas</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ditrich Klauter</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ludovig Feller</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Leonard Anton Freher</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">{261}</a></span> +Laurenz Lahn</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Andreas Velocker</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ludovig Schnoer</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Philip Hirchman</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Anna Luse</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Caspar Qenok</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Philip Rotehauser</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Conrad Teele</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Michael Merokel</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Grant</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Partel Hoarse</td><td> 2</td><td> 5</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 8</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Alon Ostertay</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr> +</table> + +<hr /> + +<table frame="hsides" rules="groups" cellpadding="2" summary=""> +<colgroup /><colgroup /> +<colgroup /><colgroup /> +<colgroup /><colgroup /> +<colgroup /> +<thead> +<tr><th></th> +<th>Families.</th> +<th>Males<br /> above 16.</th> +<th>Females<br /> above 16.</th> +<th>Males<br /> under 16.</th> +<th>Females<br /> under 16.</th> +<th>Total.</th></tr> +</thead> + +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Within the Pickets of Halifax</td><td> 468</td><td> 846</td><td> 622</td><td> 279</td><td> 285</td><td> 2032</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Within the North Suburbs</td><td> 169</td><td> 317</td><td> 205</td><td> 105</td><td> 138</td><td> 765</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Within the South Suburbs</td><td> 151</td><td> 429</td><td> 169</td><td> 115</td><td> 105</td><td> 818</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Within the Town of Dartmouth</td><td> 53</td><td> 81</td><td> 47</td><td> 29</td><td> 38</td><td> 195</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>On several Islands and Harbors employed in + Fishery, etc.</td><td> ....</td><td> 168</td><td> 13</td><td> 18</td><td> 3</td><td> 202</td></tr> +<tr align='right'><td align='left'>On the Isthmus and the + Peninsula of Halifax</td><td> 65</td><td> 73</td><td> 66</td><td> 38</td><td> 39</td><td> 216</td></tr> + +<tr align='right'><td></td><td class="total"> 906</td><td class="total">1914</td> +<td class="total"> 1122</td><td class="total"> 584</td> +<td class="total"> 608</td><td class="total"> 4248</td></tr> +</table> + +<table class="no-b pad-t" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="0" summary=""> +<tr><td></td><td></td><td align="right">906</td> <td align="left">families.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td></td><td align="right">1914</td> <td align="left">males over 16.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td></td><td align="right">1122</td> <td align="left">females over 16.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td></td><td align="right">584</td> <td align="left">boys under 16.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td></td><td align="right">608</td> <td align="left">girls under 16.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="right">1914</td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1122</td><td></td></tr> + +<tr><td align="right" class="total">792</td><td align="left" colspan="4">excess of males over females (over 16).</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>The foregoing is copied from a book in the Crown Land Office, +having been in the Surveyor General's office, apparently, since 17th +May, 1779, as the blank leaves contain memoranda of different +warrants of survey from that date to June, 1781. Copied 4th +December, 1862.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> Father of the late Hon. Charles Prescott.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> Afterwards Member of Council.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> A Sicilian Nobleman, who came with a number of settlers from the West Indies. +He was afterwards a Lieutenant of one of the companies of Rangers.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> Leonard Lockman was a German. In early life he practised medicine. He afterwards +held the rank of Major in the army, which he received for services rendered to +the British Government. He came out with the settlers in 1749, and eventually settled +in the North Suburbs. He died at Halifax, and was buried beneath the old German +Church on Brunswick Street, where his monument still remains. Lockman Street +was named after him.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> Captain in the army.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> Between Buckingham Street and the present Blowers Street.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">{262}</a></span></p> + +<h3>G.</h3> + +<h4><i>From the Gentlemen's Magazine, Vol. 20, 271.</i></h4> + +<p class="ralign"><span class="smcap">Halifax, Nova Scotia</span>, December 7, 1749.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>,—I have at various times given you the last account I +was able of the state of affairs in this Colony. The summer was +beautiful beyond description and even the conception of those who +are always confined within the liquid walls of Britain. As to the +winter, which you know I always dreaded, I do assure you I have +felt severer weather in England. The people acquainted with this +climate say that it began this year sooner than was ever known +in the memory of man, and assure me likewise that it will not be +more severe than it has been already; if so, there is no danger to +be apprehended from it. This you will readily grant when I tell +you, notwithstanding the tenderness of my constitution, to which +you are no stranger, that I have not added a single thing, not so +much as a great coat, to my dress since I have been in this +Province. When I look back upon the 21st June, the day of our +arrival, I am astonished to see the progress made; there are already +about 400 habitable houses within the fortifications and not less than +200 without. So surprising is the growth of this colony, so great the +happiness of being ruled by one who has no other interest at heart +but that of making thousands happy.</p> + +<p>From my soul I wish that all other governors would copy such +an amiable example of imitation; he does not, like most others +gripe and squeeze to accumulate a fortune; on the contrary, he +derives no profit to himself from anything, but, with the most +unexampled generosity, gives all places and commissions gratis to +the most deserving, nor suffers his officers to take any fees at +present. You know what an English rabble is (and the greatest +part of this colony was such.) You know they are generally +tumultuous, refractory, full of discontent and murmuring, capricious +in demanding favors, not long satisfied with present concessions, +and not seldom abusing them by restless importunity for more. +Such generally is the rabble of mankind, and such were many of +the settlers of this province, but by his prudent management and +proper generosity, by his condescension, candor and affability, the +Governor has charmed the tiger's fury and turned a sad tumultuous +rabble into a tractable and quiet people. They now work with ten +times the alacrity they did at first, are patient under disappointments, +and when they meet with a repulse, they conclude their +petitions to have been unreasonable, from a firm persuasion that +His Excellency has their true interest at heart; they cannot ask +with reason, but what he grants with pleasure.</p> + +<p class="ralign"><span class="pad-r10">Yours, etc., etc.,</span><br /> +<span class="wide">* * * * * *</span></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">{263}</a></span></p> + +<h3>H.</h3> + +<h4 class="smcap">Copy of Minutes of Council of 12th June, 1752, Regarding +the Erection of a Light House at Sambro.</h4> + +<p>At a Council holden at the Govrs. House at Halifax, Fryday, +June 12th, 1752.<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a></p> + +<table class="left no-b pad-l3" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="0" summary=""> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Present</span>—His Excellency the Govr.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Benj. Green,</td> <td> Wm. Steele,</td> <td align="right" class="vcenter" rowspan="2">Esqrs.</td></tr> +<tr><td>John Collier,</td> <td>Geo. Fotheringham,</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>Resolved, That, Whereas a Light house at the Entrance of the +Harbor of Halifax, would be greatly beneficial to the Trade, Navigation, +and Fishery of this Colony, and might be the means of +preserving the Lives and properties of many of his Majesty's +Subjects, and whereas altho' many persons might willingly contribute +towards so good a Work without any Expectation of a +Reimbursement, yet probably many may more readily be concerned +therein, when attended with any hopes of promoting their own +Interest at the same time.</p> + +<p>A Lottery, according to the following Scheme, be set on foot for +raising a sum of £450 towards building a Lighthouse at or near +Cape Sambrough, (whereby, besides the advantages before mentioned,) +a considerable number of Settlers will be usefully employed +for some time, and a great & lasting Benefit to the province be +gained, by a voluntary Tax upon those persons (amongst others) +who at present contributed nothing towards the Expence of the +Government whose protection & favour they enjoy.</p> + +<p>Scheme of a Lottery for raising £450 towards building a Lighthouse +at or near Cape Samborough:—</p> + +<p>The number of Tickets to be 1000 at £3 each, £3000.</p> + +<p>The number of Benefit Tickets to be 200, vizt.:</p> + +<table class="no-b" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="right">1</td><td align="left">Prize of £500</td><td align="right">£500</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1</td><td align="left">Ditto of 300</td><td align="right">300</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">2</td><td align="left">Ditto of 100 each</td><td align="right">200</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">5</td><td align="left">Ditto of 50 each</td><td align="right">250</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="left">Ditto of 30 each</td><td align="right">300</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">40</td><td align="left">Ditto of 10 each</td><td align="right">400</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">140</td><td align="left">Ditto of 7 each</td><td align="right">980</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1</td><td align="left">The first drawn</td><td align="right">70</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="right" class="total">200</td><td align="left">prizes.</td> +<td align="right" class="total">£3000</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">{264}</a></span> +Fifteen per cent. to be deducted from the fortunate Tickets, and +the remainder to be paid, without any other Deduction, to ye +possessors of the sd. Tickets, as soon as the drawing shall be over—To +be drawn publickly in the Town House, at Halifax under the +Direction of managers to be appointed by his Excelly. the Govr. as +soon as all the Tickets shall be disposed of, and in case the said +Tickets shall not be all disposed of, before ye 31st Augt. next, the +money recd. for any sold to be repaid to the possessors thereof on +Demand.</p> + +<p class="ralign">ED. CORNWALLIS.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> At a previous meeting of the Council held on the 3rd of February, a public ferry +was established between Halifax and Dartmouth, and John Connor of the latter place +appointed ferryman, with the exclusive privilege for 3 years to keep boats constantly +passing and repassing, between Sunrise and Sunset, every day in the week, except on +Sunday, when the boats should pass only twice—the ferriage to be 3d., and 6d. after +hours, for each Passenger, and a reasonable price to be paid for goods, other than +baggage, etc., carried in the hand, which passed free.</p></div> +</div> + +<h3>I.</h3> + +<h4><i>Governor Cornwallis<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> to Duke of Bedford.</i></h4> + +<p>(<span class="ucsmcap">COPY.</span>)</p> + +<p class="ralign"><span class="smcap">Chebucto</span>, 22nd June, 1749.</p> + +<p class="smcap">My Lord Duke,—</p> + +<p>I arrived here yesterday,—this morning a Sloop arrived from Mr. +Hopson, which I am obliged to send to Boston in case any ship +should be going thence to England. I would not neglect an opportunity +of writing to your Grace. I met the "Fair Lady" storeship +at sea the eleventh, after we had been from England four weeks, +who told me the Transports arrived at Spithead the day before he +sailed, and were to sail in three days after him, we were then off +the island of Sable, and except the first eight days had met with +contrary winds all the passage, besides we had steered our course +for Cape Race but was forced off the banks by a gale of wind from +the North West so that I had reason to think the Transports might +be soon at Chebucto—we had nobody on board that knew anything +of the coasts nor of the Bay of Funday, so were to cruize off the +coasts till we met with a pilot, we made the Coast of Acadie the +14th, but met with no pilot till the 20th, when we met with a sloop +from Boston to Louisburgh with two pilots on board, for the use of +the Governor,—the wind not serving for the Bay of Funday, and the +officers assuring me in case of foggy weather (not unusual upon those +coasts) we might be a fortnight getting to Annapolis. The wind was +fair for Chebucto, so I thought it advisable to go in there rather +than risk the being some weeks, perhaps, after the settlers arrived.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">{265}</a></span> +I could save the garrison of Louisburgh the bad and long navigation +to Annapolis, so I sent to Governor Hopson that I was going for +Chebucto and desired him to transport the garrison thither, imagining +he had transports ready; by his sloop that came in this day I +find him in great perplexity, the French arrived, and he no transports.—The +Council of War it seems were of opinion that the +orders from the Secretary at War did not empower him to hire +transports, but to wait my arrival and that I was to send the +transports that brought the settlers here. As I cannot know when +the transports will arrive, in what condition, nor how many I can +spare, I think it absolutely necessary for the service to send the +sloop to Boston with orders to Apthorp and Hancock, who Mr. +Hopson has recommended as the persons who have been always +employed on the part of the Government, to hire vessels with all +expedition for the transportation of these troops from Louisburgh +to Chebucto. I send a letter by the same sloop to Colonel +Mascarene in case he should meet at sea any vessel going to +Annapolis. I likewise send a Frenchman that knows the country +over land, by Minas to Annapolis. I have ordered Colonel Mascarene +to come here with a quorum of the Council as soon as possible +that I may open my commission, take the oaths and appoint +another Council, according to His Majesty's instructions.</p> + +<p>I can give Your Grace little information as yet as to this country—the +coasts are as rich as ever they have been represented. We +caught fish every day since we came within fifty leagues of the +coast, the harbor itself is full of fish of all kinds; all the officers +agree the harbor is the finest they have ever seen—the country is +one continual wood, no clear spot to be seen or heard of. I have +been ashore in several places—the underwood is only young trees +so that with difficulty one might walk through any of them; +D'Anville's fleet have only cut wood for present use, but cleared no +ground, they encamped their men upon the beach. I have seen but +few brooks nor have as yet found the navigable river that has been +talked of—there are a few French families on each side of the bay +about 3 leagues off; some have been on board. As to the +disposition of the French or Indians I can give Your Grace no +account till I see Colonel Mascarene, when I shall write more fully +and continue from time to time to acquaint Your Grace of our +proceedings. I wish the French may not be uneasy at waiting so +long on board for the evacuation of Louisburgh as it may be some +time before Mr. Hopson will get transports—it will, I fear, retard +the settlement.</p> + +<p class="ralign"><span class="pad-r8">I am &c.,</span><br /> +ED. CORNWALLIS.</p> + +<p>P. S.—I expect the transports daily.<br /> +His Grace the Duke of Bedford.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">{266}</a></span> +(From the Duplicate.)</p> + +<p>We came to anchor in Merliguiche Bay, where I was told there +was a French settlement. I sent ashore to see the houses and +manner of living of the inhabitants—there are but a few families +with tolerable wooden houses covered with bark, a good many cattle +and clear ground more than serves themselves—they seem to be +very peaceable, say they always looked upon themselves as English +subjects, have their grants from Colonel Mascarene, the Governor +of Annapolis, and showed an unfeigned joy to hear of the new +settlement. They assure us the Indians are quite peaceable and +not at all to be feared—there are none hereabouts.</p> + +<p class="ralign"><span class="pad-r8">I have, &c.,</span><br /> +ED. CORNWALLIS.</p> + +<p>(From the Duplicate.)</p> + +<p>This Frenchman will be there in three or four days—'tis 25 +leagues from hence to Minas, and the French have made a path for +driving their cattle over here.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h4><i>Governor Cornwallis to Duke of Bedford.</i><a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a></h4> + +<p class="ralign"><span class="smcap">Chebucto</span>, <span class="smcap">July</span> 23rd, 1749.</p> + +<p class="smcap">My Lord,—</p> + +<p>My last to Your Grace was of June 22nd, a duplicate of which is +enclosed,—the 27th, the transports appeared off the harbor and in +a few days most of them got in. As their passage had been +extremely good and none of them had in the least suffered, I found +they would be ready to sail the moment the settlers should be put +ashore. I despatched a sloop to Boston to countermand the order +I had given, and sent to Mr. Hopson to let him know I would send +in a few days transports to bring away his garrison. Mr. Hopson +had wrote me that he had agreed with Desherbier, the French +Commissary, to make use of the French transports upon condition +that in case the English ships should arrive before they were all on +board he should be at liberty to disembark them. I sent him one +the 1st of July and four more, the largest of the fleet, the 5th. I +own I was much disappointed in finding Mr. Hopson unprovided +with transports as I never had the least intimation that he was to +wait for the ships that should bring the settlers. I have an account +from Boston of July 3rd that my second order got there soon +enough to prevent all but one from sailing, but as they were all +hired this will cause some expense; they write me it will not be +much.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">{267}</a></span> +July 8, I received from Mr. Hopson copies of letters from +Governor Shirley and Colonel Mascarene giving an account of the +French having begun a settlement and a fort at the mouth of the +St. John River. As my instructions direct me to prevent all such +encroachments, and particularly mention that River as of the +greatest consequence, I next day sent Capt. Rous of the Albany +with a small sloop to attend him with orders to the commanding +officers at Annapolis to furnish him with troops if demanded. +Copies of my letter to Capt. Rous and one to the commander of +St. John's, I send You Grace enclosed. I hope what I have done +in this affair will meet with Your Grace's approbation. July 12th +I heard from Governor Shirley, that he had sent the Boston to +Annapolis to receive my instructions about the affair of St. John's. +I sent Capt. Pearse the same directions I had given to Capt. Rous, +and a copy of the declaration asserting His Majesty's rights. As +to Port Mouton which is mentioned in these letters, I believe it was +a mistake occasioned by the French having put in there in their +way to St. John's.</p> + +<p>I shall now lay before Your Grace our proceedings at Chebucto.</p> + +<p>Colonel Mascarene arrived here on the 12th with five of the +Council; next day I opened to them His Majesty's commission, and +took the oaths; the day following I nominated the members of a +new Council:</p> + +<table class="no-b" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">Colonel Mascarene.<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a></td> +<td align="left">Mr. Benj. Green.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Capt. How.</td><td align="left">Mr. Salisbury.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Capt. Gorham.</td><td align="left">Mr. Davidson.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>I have added since, Mr. Steel.</p> + +<p>As, perhaps, no copies were taken of the plans sent me of the +harbor, I send along with this a copy of Durel's plan. Your Grace +will see that the place I have fixed for the town is on the west side +of the harbor—'tis upon the side of a hill which commands the +whole peninsula and shelters the town from the north-west winds. +From the shore to the top of the hill is about half a mile, the ascent +very gentle, the soil is good, there is convenient landing for boats +all along the beach and good anchorage within gunshot of the shore +for the largest ships. In Durel's plan the two points that make +the entrance to Bedford Bay are marked as the places proper to +fortify, which is likewise taken notice of by Mr. Knowles. Their +view must then have been to have the settlement within that bay. +This would have been subject to great inconveniences. In the first +place, it would be too far up for the fishermen, it being about five +leagues from the entrance of the harbor to these points, and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">{268}</a></span> +beach all along as proper for curing their fish as can possibly be +imagined, so that no fisherman would ever have thought of going +within these forts—indeed no ships would choose to go so far, as no +finer harbor can be than that of Chebucto, which reaches from these +points to Sandwich River,<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> so that notwithstanding of any forts +upon these points an enemy's fleet might lie secure and indeed block +up all ships within the bay. The proper places to fortify for the +defence of the harbor seem to be Sandwich Point and the bank +opposite to it. George's Island lies likewise very convenient for a +battery to defend both the harbor and the town. It contains about +ten or twelve acres. It was there I landed the settlers from on +board the ships sent to Louisbourg—I have now a guard there and +stores, and propose to build a magazine upon it for powder.</p> + +<p>As there was not one yard of clear ground, Your Grace will +imagine our difficulty and what work we have to do. However, +they have already cleared above 12 acres and I hope to begin my +own house in two days; I have a small frame and planks ready.</p> + +<p>The Indians are hitherto very peaceable, many of them have been +here with some Chiefs; I made them small presents, told them I +had instructions from His Majesty to offer them friendship and all +protection and likewise presents which I should deliver as soon as +they should assemble their tribes and return with powers to enter +into treaty and exchange their French commissions for others in +His Majesty's name.</p> + +<p>Three of the French Deputies have been here to know what is to +be their condition for the future; I gave them copies of His +Majesty's Declaration and copies of the Oath of Allegiance which I +told them they must take without any condition or reservation, but +in the same manner as His Majesty's English subjects;—they +pretend their only difficulty is from fear of the Indians in case of a +French war. I have ordered all the Deputies to come here and +expect them in a few days. I think 'tis necessary to show them +that 'tis in our power to master them or to protect them, and therefore +I design to send as soon as possible two companies to Minas +with orders to build a barrack and stay there the winter. I shall +also send an armed sloop into the Bay of Minas to prevent all +correspondence with the French by sea; another company I shall +send to the head of the bay where the road to Minas begins. I +propose, likewise, a blockhouse half way for the conveniency of +travellers, and then to employ all the men I can get together, +soldiers and inhabitants, to clear the road from hence to Minas; 'tis +about 30 miles in a direct line—whether this can be executed before +winter I cannot say. Had the garrison of Louisbourg been arrived,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">{269}</a></span> +they would have been of infinite advantage; at present I have only +one company of Hopson's, one of Warburton's and 60 of Gorham's +Rangers.<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a></p> + +<p>A list of the civil officers I shall be able to send Your Grace by +the next ships that sail, with an account of what further progress +we shall have made.</p> + +<p class="ralign"><span class="pad-r8">I am, &c.,</span><br /> +ED. CORNWALLIS.</p> + +<p>To His Grace the Duke of Bedford.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> The Honorable Edward Cornwallis was fifth son of Charles, third Baron Cornwallis, +by Lady Charlotte Butler, daughter of Richard, Earl of Arran, and uncle to the +celebrated Duke of Ormonde. He was born 22nd February, 1712-13. He was Member +of Parliament for the borough of Eye in 1749, and in 1753, shortly after his return from +Halifax, he was elected for the city of Westminster. He married, the same year, a +daughter of the late Lord Townshend, but left no family. In 1759 he was made a Major +General, and was afterwards the Governor of Gibraltar. General Cornwallis was twin +brother of Dr. Frederick Cornwallis, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, and uncle +of the Lord Cornwallis who defeated General Gates at Camden, South Carolina, +in 1780, and afterwards surrendered at Yorktown, to the Revolutionary General +Lincoln.—<i>Collins' and Debrett's Peerages.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford, was appointed Secretary of State in 1747-8 and +resigned the office in 1751. He was afterwards Minister Plenipotentiary to France. +He died 1771.—<i>Collins' Peerage.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> Col. Mascarene was the Lieut. Governor of Annapolis; Capts. How and Gorham +were two of his councillors. Mr. Green was secretary to Governor Hopson at Louisburg. +Messrs. Salisbury and Davidson came out with Governor Cornwallis. Mr. +Steel, afterwards added to the Council, was one of the settlers from England.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> North-west Arm.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> These Rangers came from Annapolis; they had been enlisted in New England +and were chiefly composed of Indians of half blood.</p></div> +</div> + +<h3>J.</h3> + +<h4 class="smcap">Names of the Members of the Sun Fire Company of Halifax +in the Year 1819.</h4> + +<ul> +<li>John W. Pyke.</li> +<li>John Tremain.</li> +<li>Michael Tobin.</li> +<li>Stephen W. DeBlois.</li> +<li>Charles Hill.</li> +<li>John Owen.</li> +<li>Richard Tremain.</li> +<li>Henry Taylor.</li> +<li>J. E. Butler.</li> +<li>David Shaw Clarke.</li> +<li>James Grant.</li> +<li>James Kerby.</li> +<li>William Bowie.</li> +<li>Alexander Creighton.</li> +<li>John Letson.</li> +<li>Alexander Fiddis.</li> +<li>William Lawson.</li> +<li>Adam DeChezeau, Jr.</li> +<li>Andrew Smith.</li> +<li>John Liddell.</li> +<li>Joseph Dolby.</li> +<li>William Milward, Jr.</li> +<li>Azor Stephens.</li> +<li>Joseph Marchington.</li> +<li>Lawrence Hartshorne, Jr.</li> +<li>Robert Lyons, Jr.</li> +<li>John Howe, Jr.</li> +<li>James T. Alport.</li> +<li>Henry Austin.</li> +<li>John Carroll.</li> +<li>Joseph Allison.</li> +<li>Lewis E. Piers.</li> +<li>W. Bremner.</li> +<li>Samuel Story.</li> +<li>George N. Russell.</li> +<li>James Russell.</li> +<li>E. J. Hopson.</li> +<li>Samuel Cunard.</li> +<li>Enos Collins.</li> +<li>James Cogswell.</li> +<li>James Dupuy.</li> +<li>Lewis DeMolitor.</li> +<li>Temple F. Piers.</li> +<li>Edward Alport.</li> +<li>John Salter.</li> +<li>John Moody.</li> +<li>George Mitchell.</li> +<li>S. Morris.</li> +<li>John Ferguson.</li> +<li>W. N. Silver.</li> +<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">{270}</a></span> +James Bain.</li> +<li>William K. Reynolds.</li> +<li>Charles Boggs.</li> +<li>Miles W. White.</li> +<li>A. McDonald.</li> +<li>H. Ford.</li> +<li>D. McColl.</li> +</ul> + +<h4 class="smcap">Absent Members.</h4> + +<ul> +<li>P. Sennerats, London.</li> +<li>Mark Etter, Trinidad.</li> +<li>James Barlow, London.</li> +<li>John Telford, Scotland.</li> +<li>G. W. Anderson, Glasgow.</li> +<li>James Walker, Chester.</li> +</ul> + +<h4 class="smcap">Members Lately Deceased.</h4> + +<ul> +<li>John Henry.</li> +<li>Thomas Leo DeWolf.</li> +<li>James Bell.</li> +<li>Robert Lyon.</li> +<li>Samuel T. Prescott.</li> +<li>Winkworth Allen.</li> +<li>John Buchan.</li> +<li>Thomas Austin, Jr.</li> +<li>Peter Bain.</li> +</ul> + +<h3>K.</h3> + +<h4><i>From the Gentlemen's Magazine, Vol. 20, 1750. (June.)</i></h4> + +<p>The Town of Halifax is entirely built according to the plan given +in our last February number, and many additional buildings are +carrying on. The barracks for the soldiers are completed and the +fort at the mouth of the harbor will soon be in a good posture of +defence.</p> + +<p>The story in the papers of the Indians burning a town of 200 +houses is without foundation.</p> + +<p>Major Lawrence, of Warburton's Regiment at Nova Scotia, +appointed Lieut.-Col. of Governor Cornwallis' Regiment and Lieut. +Governor of Annapolis Royal. (July number of the Magazine, +1750.)</p> + +<p>August, 1750. Halifax, Nova Scotia.—The fishery here is +extremely good, one company only having 1400 or 1500 quintals of +good dry fish ready to ship for a foreign market, and others also +have been very successful. Mr. Brown, gardener to Governor +Cornwallis, with his son and four others, going out two or three +miles from the town, were beset by the Indians, who killed him and +his son; the latter they buried, but the other body was found on the +ground scalped, and brought hither and buried; the four others, it +is feared, are killed or carried off. The Indians have also attacked +and scalped seven men that were at work on the other side of the +harbor. Parties are gone out to repel them.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">{271}</a></span></p> + +<h3>L.</h3> + +<h4 class="smcap">Return of the 1st Company of Halifax Volunteer Artillery, +Under the Command of Captain Richard Tremain, 6th +July, 1812.</h4> + +<table class="left no-b" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="0" summary=""> +<tr><td>Peter Robb, Sergt. Major.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td>John Brown,</td><td class="vcenter" rowspan="4">Sergeants.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wm. Forsyth,</td></tr> +<tr><td>Thos. Fenerty,</td></tr> +<tr><td>John Rogers,</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Charles Dunbrack,</td><td class="vcenter" rowspan="4">Corpls.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Thomas Nelson,</td></tr> +<tr><td>John D. Scott,</td></tr> +<tr><td>William Rudolf,</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td>David Muirhead,</td><td class="vcenter" rowspan="3">Bomb'rs.</td></tr> +<tr><td>William Story, Jr.,</td></tr> +<tr><td>Martin Piazza,</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td>John Tremain.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Frederick Major.</td></tr> +<tr><td>William Gorham.</td></tr> +<tr><td>James McAllen.</td></tr> +<tr><td>John Miller.</td></tr> +<tr><td>William Bond.</td></tr> +<tr><td>John Peeples.</td></tr> +<tr><td>William O'Brien.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Alexander Smith.</td></tr> +<tr><td>George Morin.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Francis Story.</td></tr> +<tr><td>George Nock.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Samuel Lydiard.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Benjamin Marshall.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Benjamin Kingston.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Peter Hay.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Frederick Kringle.</td></tr> +<tr><td>John Henry.</td></tr> +<tr><td>William Smith.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Martin Gay Black.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Leslie Moffatt.</td></tr> +<tr><td>John Phillips.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Frederick Runvell.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Francis Muncey.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Robert Grinton.</td></tr> +<tr><td>George O'Brien.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Morgan Doyle.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Daniel Fraser.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Alexander May.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Thomas Gentles.</td></tr> +<tr><td>John Pendergrass.</td></tr> +<tr><td>William Stairs.</td></tr> +<tr><td>John N. Ford.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Nicholas Wright.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Samuel Black.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Azor Stevens.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Henry Monson.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Dennis Connor.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Paul Cermanatti.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Henry Wright.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Abner Stowell.</td></tr> +<tr><td>William Schwartz.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Peter McNab.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Thomas Muirhead.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Alexander Fiddis.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Herven Cameron.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Thomas Simmons.</td></tr> +<tr><td>William H. Barry.</td></tr> +<tr><td>John Hussey.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Thomas Richey.</td></tr> +<tr><td>John McPherson.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Fred'k John Knight.</td></tr> +<tr><td>John Cobb.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Thomas Smith, Jr.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Daniel Ferguson.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Charles W. Hill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>William Murray.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Thomas Beamish.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Nicholas Vass.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Alexander Clarke.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Joseph Lordley.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Henry Boyer.</td></tr> +<tr><td>John Bonnell.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Henry Warner.</td></tr> +<tr><td>David Hutton.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ralph Turnbull.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Donald Fraser.</td></tr> +<tr><td>James Wilson.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">{272}</a></span> +John Forrest.</td></tr> +<tr><td>John F. Salter.</td></tr> +<tr><td>John Fillis.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Richard Scott.</td></tr> +<tr><td>William Strachan, Jr.</td></tr> +<tr><td>John Simpson.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Robert Fraser.</td></tr> +<tr><td>James Cogswell.</td></tr> +<tr><td>John Buchan.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wyndham Madden.</td></tr> +<tr><td>James Leishman.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hugh Gall.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Alexander Smith.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Joshua Lee.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Robert Field.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>Halifax, July 6th, 1812.</p> + +<p class="ralign"><span class="pad-r">Sgd. <span class="pad-l1">RICHARD TREMAIN,</span></span><br /> +<i>Capt. H. V. A.</i></p> + +<div id="tn"> +<h2>Transcriber's Note:</h2> + +<p>Minor punctuation errors have been corrected without note.</p> + +<p>Inconsistent hyphenation, spelling, and capitalization have been left as +in the original. Except for obvious errors (e.g. missing, extra, or +transposed letters), incorrect and obsolete spellings have also been +retained. Mathematical errors have not been corrected.</p> + +<p>The following changes were made to the text:</p> + +<ul> +<li><a href="#Page_4">p. 4</a>: indispensibly to indispensably (indispensably necessary to the +support)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_8">p. 8</a>: De Anvilles' to D'Anville's, to correspond with the same passage +quoted later in the book (D'Anville's Fleet have only cut wood for +present use)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_15">p. 15</a>: Grande to Grand (quartered at Grand Pre)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_15">p. 15</a>: Footnote marker with no note attached removed (after "hired at +fair wages to assist in the work.")</li> + +<li><a href="#Footnote_16_16">Footnote 16</a> (originally on p. 15): Note. to <span class="smcap">Note.</span></li> + +<li><a href="#Page_26">p. 26</a>: embarassed to embarrassed (was continually embarrassed)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_44">p. 44</a>: Surveyers to Surveyors (Surveyors of Pickled Fish)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_45">p. 45</a>: Exellency to Excellency (his Excellency the Lieutenant Governor)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_51">p. 51</a>: 6. to 6d. (for the Church £350 18s. 6d.)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_56">p. 56</a>: subscripton to subscription (A subscription was set on foot)</li> + +<li><a href="#Footnote_48_48">Footnote 48</a> (originally on p. 86): extra "of" removed (the accommodation +of the people)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_60">p. 60</a>: parochials to parochialis (notitia parochialis)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_82">p. 82</a>: $ to £ (The highest prize was £2000.)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_90">p. 90</a>: extra "in" removed (prisoners, six in number)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_96">p. 96</a> comformity to conformity (in conformity with the Act)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_97">p. 97</a>: "Royal Gazette:" to "Royal Gazette":</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_97">p. 97</a>: Prince William Henry to "Prince William Henry" (The brig "Prince +William Henry,")</li> + +<li><a href="#Footnote_55_55">Footnote 55</a> (originally on p. 98): Crdnance to Ordnance; Oonnors to +Connors</li> + +<li><a href="#Footnote_58_58">Footnote 58</a> (originally on p. 106): Footnote marker was originally +between dash and "Uncertain" instead of before "<span class="smcap">Note.</span>"</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_107">p. 107</a>: genera to general (as a general)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_109">p. 109</a>: Hemmiongton to Hemmington (J. Hemmington, Grocer)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_117">p. 117</a>: conmiseration to commiseration (commiseration of their +countrymen)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_118">p. 118</a>: pproaching to approaching (On his approaching near)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_118">p. 118</a>: dist nguishes to distinguishes (so often distinguishes)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_119">p. 119</a>: Halibur on to Haliburton</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_124">p. 124</a>: fvaourite to favourite (a favourite resort)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_128">p. 128</a>: Beaujoile to Beaujolie (Count Beaujolie)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_132">p. 132</a>: inh is to in his (in his 83rd year)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_139">p. 139</a>: extra "the" removed (appeared in the Gazette)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_150">p. 150</a>: extra "and" removed (and all the other decimal parts)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_153">p. 153</a>: ballotted to billetted (billetted for service)</li> + +<li><a href="#Footnote_74_74">Footnotes 74-80</a> (originally on p. 165): "<span class="smcap">Note.</span>--" removed; these notes were originally +grouped together into one paragraph</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_168">p. 168</a>: suing to using (using these small boats)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_175">p. 175</a>: extra "to" removed (to the Bishopric)</li> + +<li><a href="#Footnote_84_84">Footnote 84</a> (originally on p. 188): Parado to Parade (The Grand Parade)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_190">p. 190</a>: Admirality to Admiralty (Admiralty Records)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_192">p. 192</a>: eollege to college (erecting the college)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_193">p. 193</a>: delapidaated to delapidated (old and delapidated)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_197">p. 197</a>: neucleus to nucleus (nucleus for loungers)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_205">p. 205</a>: aids-de-camp to aides-de-camp ( with his aides-de-camp)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_206">p. 206</a>: asssembled to assembled (assembled under the portico)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_211">p. 211</a>: woooden to wooden (old wooden fortifications)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_214">p. 214</a>: Dorie to Doric (Doric pillars)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_216">p. 216</a>: erecteed to erected (erected there a large stone warehouse)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_218">p. 218</a>: stork to store (present stone store)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_222">p. 222</a>: pretentions to pretensions (his pretensions to skill)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_225">p. 225</a>: were to where (where he received his education)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_229">p. 229</a>: a to as (as Judge of the Supreme Court)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_231">p. 231</a>: Abbe to Abbey (Abbey of St. Matthew)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_234">p. 234</a>: Storkkeeper to Storekeeper (Naval Storekeeper)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_234">p. 234</a>: 1659 to 1759 (bears date August 16th, 1759)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_237">p. 237</a>: Carles to Charles (Charles Mason)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_239">p. 239</a>: seamen to seaman (private soldier or seaman)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_242">p. 242</a>: off to of (Shipping of the settlers)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_245">p. 245</a>: seige to siege (accurate account of the siege)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_246">p. 246-261</a>: all repeated headings in tables removed (e.g. +<span class="smcap">North Suburbs.--(Continued.)</span>)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_247">p. 247</a>: Rodoph to Rodolph (John Christopher Rodolph)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_248">p. 248</a>: La renz to Laurenz (Laurenz Busgler)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_248">p. 248</a>: E izabeth to Elizabeth (Elizabeth Werner)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_248">p. 248</a>: U rich to Ulrich (Ulrich Seeger)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_249">p. 249</a>: Johanues to Johannes (Johannes Hoaif)</li> + +<li><a href="#Page_268">p. 268</a>: soonas to soon as (should deliver as soon as)</li> +</ul> +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's History of Halifax City, by Thomas B. 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