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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of History of Halifax City, by Thomas B. Akins
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: History of Halifax City
+
+Author: Thomas B. Akins
+
+Release Date: January 25, 2012 [EBook #38666]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF HALIFAX CITY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)
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+
+
+
+
+  HISTORY OF HALIFAX
+  CITY.
+
+  by
+  Dr. Thomas B. Akins
+  (1809-1891)
+
+  Halifax, Nova Scotia
+  1895
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF HALIFAX CITY.
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+
+Halifax, the metropolis of Nova Scotia, and the chief City of the
+Acadian or Lower Provinces, was founded in the year 1749, at the expense
+of Government, under the direction of the Lords of Trade and
+Plantations, and was named in compliment to George Montague, Earl of
+Halifax, then at the head of the Board, under whose immediate auspices
+the settlement was undertaken.
+
+From the Treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, when Acadia was ceded to the Crown
+of Great Britain, to the year 1749, no progress had been made by the
+British in colonizing the country. The inhabitants consisted of a few
+thousand Acadian peasants, scattered around the shores of the Basin of
+Minas, Chignecto and the Valley of Annapolis. The Governor resided at
+Annapolis Royal, a small fortified port, with a garrison of two or three
+hundred regular troops, and was, in a great measure, dependent on New
+England for his necessary supplies. This was the only British port
+within the Province, with the exception of that of Canso, where, during
+the fishing season, a number of French, with a few Indians and New
+England fishermen, assembled, and where a captain's guard was usually
+stationed to preserve order and protect the rights of property. The
+French population, though professing to be neutral, had refused to take
+the Oath of Allegiance to the Crown of Great Britain, and were
+continually in a state of hostility to the British authorities in the
+country. Their poverty and ignorance placed them completely under the
+control of a few designing emissaries of the French Governor at Quebec,
+who incited the people to resent British rule, and frequently put all
+law at defiance, by assuming to themselves the sole management of
+municipal affairs in the settlements most remote from the seat of
+Government. The Governors of Canada had undertaken to claim all the
+country from the River St. Lawrence to the Bay of Fundy, as comprehended
+within their jurisdiction, confining the territory of Acadia as ceded
+under the Treaty of Utrecht, to the Peninsula alone, and had actually
+commenced to erect forts on the River St. John and the Isthmus while the
+nations were at peace.
+
+The necessity of a permanent British settlement and Military Station on
+the Atlantic Coast of the Peninsula, had long been considered the only
+effectual means of preserving British authority, as well as for the
+protection of the coast fishing, which, at this time, was deemed of
+paramount importance to British interests. But lately the continual
+breaches of neutrality on the part of the French, together with the loss
+of Louisburg, under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle, in October, 1748,
+rendered such an establishment indispensably necessary to the support of
+the British Crown in Nova Scotia.
+
+The scheme for settlement at Chebucto is said to have originated with
+the people of Massachusetts,[1] who, in calling the attention of
+Government to the claims and encroachments of the French, suggested the
+necessity for, as well as the great commercial advantages to be derived
+from such an undertaking; and it has also been asserted that a committee
+of influential citizens had been formed in Boston for the purpose of
+more effectually advocating the design. No authentic information on the
+subject, however, has been found beyond the suggestions contained in
+Governor Shirley's letters to the Secretary of State, in 1747 and 8, in
+which one extensive plan of British colonization throughout Nova Scotia
+is proposed and details suggested, many of which, however, did not
+receive the approval of Government.[2]
+
+[Footnote 1: One Thomas Coram, whose name appears frequently in the
+history of the state of Maine, is said to have suggested a scheme for
+building a town at Chebucto in 1718, and applied to Government for a
+grant of land, but was prevented by the agents of the Government of
+Massachusetts Bay, who supposed that such project might interfere with
+their fishing privileges, and he was compelled to abandon his
+enterprise. This, however, has not the weight of much authority.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Copies of several of Shirley's letters were furnished
+Governor Cornwallis on leaving England, as part of his instructions.]
+
+A plan for carrying into effect this long-cherished design was, however,
+matured by the Board of Trade and Plantations, in the year 1748, and
+submitted to Government in the autumn of that year, and being warmly
+supported by Lord Halifax, the President of the Board, advertisements
+soon appeared under the sanction of His Majesty's authority, "holding
+out proper encouragement to officers and private men lately discharged
+from the Army and Navy, to settle in Nova Scotia." Among other
+inducements was the offer to convey the settlers to their destination,
+maintain them for twelve months at the public expense, and to supply
+them with arms and ammunition for defence, and with materials and
+articles for clearing the land, erecting dwellings and prosecuting the
+fishery. The encouragements appeared so inviting, that in a short time
+1176 settlers, with their families, were found to volunteer, and the sum
+of £40,000 being appropriated by Parliament for the service, the
+expedition was placed under the command of Col. the Honble. Edward
+Cornwallis, M. P., as Captain General and Governor of Nova Scotia, and
+set sail for Chebucto Bay, the place of destination, in May, 1749.[3]
+
+[Footnote 3: Cornwallis was gazetted 9th May, 1749.]
+
+The fleet consisted of 13 Transports and a Sloop of War. The following
+is a list of the vessels, with the number of settlers.[4]
+
+[Footnote 4: Smollet's History mentions 1,000 settlers with their
+families; this probably was intended to include the Germans and other
+settlers who arrived between 1749 and 1753.]
+
+  ======================================+========+============
+     Sphinx Sloop of War, with Gov.     |        |
+         Cornwallis and Suite.          |Tonnage.| Number of
+  --------------------+-----------------|        |Passengers.
+      TRANSPORTS.     |    Captains.    |        |
+                      |                 |        |
+  --------------------+-----------------+--------+------------
+  Charlton Frigate    |Richard Ladd     |   395  |     213
+  Winchelsea          |Thomas Cornish   |   559  |     303
+  Wilmington          |Thomas Adams     |   631  |     340
+  Merry Jacks         |---- Granger     |   378  |     230
+  Alexander           |Samuel Harris    |   320  |     172
+  Beaufort            |Elias Brennan    |   541  |     287
+  Rochampton          |Samuel Williamson|   232  |      77
+  Cannon Frigate      |Andrew Dewar     |   342  |     190
+  Everly              |S. Dutchman      |   351  |     186
+  London              |John Barker      |   550  |     315
+  Brotherhood         |....             |  ....  |      27
+  Baltimore           |Edward Cook      |   411  |     226
+  Snow Fair Lady      |Isaac Foster     |  ....  |      10
+                      |                 |        |------------
+                      |                 |        |    2576
+  ====================+=================+========+============
+
+The total number of males, exclusive of children, was 1546; of this
+number above 500 were man-of-war sailors.[5]
+
+[Footnote 5: But one death, a child, occurred during the voyage. This
+was attributed to the care of the Board of Trade and Plantations in
+providing ventilators and air pipes for the Transports, a new invention
+then lately introduced.]
+
+The names of the principal settlers, with the rank and calling as they
+appear in the register, are as follows:
+
+Leonard Lockman and Ezekiel Gilman, Majors in the Army; John Lemon,
+Foot Major and Commissary; Otis Little, Edward Amherst, Thomas Lewis,
+Benjamin Ives, Frederick Albert Strasburger, and Francis Bartelo,
+Captains in the Army; David Lewis, George Burners, George Colly, Richard
+Partridge, Thomas Newton, _John Collier_, _Robert Ewer_, _John
+Creighton_, Thomas Voughan, _John Galland_, Richard Reves, William
+Joice, Joseph Wakefield, Augustus Graham, _Alexander Callendar_, David
+Haldame, Robert Campbell, William Bryan, and T. Vaughan, Lieutenants in
+the Army; James Warren, Thos. Reynolds, and Henry Wendell, Ensigns; John
+Hamilton, Adam Cockburn, and Wm. Williams, Lieutenants in the Navy; John
+Steinfort, Dennis Clarke, William Neil, Gustavus Mugden, and John
+Twinehoe, Lieutenants of Privateers; Chas. Mason, Robert Beatie, Charles
+Covy, Samuel Budd, John Ferguson, Nicholas Puxley, William Watson,
+Joseph Tomwell, Henry Chambers, Nicholas Todd, Roger Lowden, Joseph
+Gunn, John Thompson, Robert Young, Thomas Burnside, Timothy Pearce,
+Richard Drake, Newbegin Harris, William Vickers, Richard Cooper, Richard
+Mannering, Thomas Dumster, and Robert Cockburn, Midshipmen in the Royal
+Navy; John Jenkins, Cadet; Rene Gillet, Artificer; John Grant, John
+Henderson, Edward Gibson, William Hamilton, and William Smith,
+Volunteers; Lewis Hayes, Purser; John Bruce, Engineer; William Grant,
+Robert White, Patrick Hay, Mathew Jones, Thomas Wilson, M. Rush, James
+Handeside, H. Pitt, George Philip Bruscowitz, Cochran Dickson, Joshua
+Sacheveral, Thomas Inman, John Wildman, David Carnegie, and John Willis,
+Surgeons; John Steele, Lieutenant and Surgeon; William Lascells,
+Augustus Carsar Harbin, Archibald Campbell, John Wallis, John Grant,
+Daniel Brown, Timothy Griffith, Henry Martin, Robert Grant, and
+Alexander Hay, Surgeon's Mates and Assistants; Robert Thorckmorton,
+Surgeon's Pupil; Mr. Anwell, Clergyman; _John Baptiste Moreau, Gentleman
+and Schoolmaster_; William Jeffery, Commissary; William Steele, Brewer
+and Merchant; Daniel Wood, Attorney; Thomas Cannon, Esquire; John
+Duport, and Lewis Piers, Gentlemen; Archibald Hinshelwood, John Kerr,
+_William Nisbett_, and Thomas Gray, Governor's Clerks; David Floyd,
+Clerk of the Stores.[6]
+
+[Footnote 6: Governor Cornwallis in his letter to the Lords of Trade,
+dated Chebucto, 24th July, 1749, says: "The number of settlers--men,
+women and children--is 1,400, but I beg leave to observe to your
+Lordships that amongst them the number of industrious, active men proper
+to undertake and carry on a new settlement, is very small. Of soldiers
+there are only 100, of tradesmen, sailors and others able and willing to
+work, not above 200." The rest he reports as idle and worthless, persons
+who embraced the opportunity to get provisions for a year without
+labour, or sailors who only wanted a passage to New England, and that
+many were sick and unfit for settlers, and many without sufficient
+clothing. He describes a few Swiss who were among the settlers, as
+"regular, honest and industrious men," and observes that there are
+"indeed, many come over of the best sort, who, though they do not work
+themselves, are useful in managing the rest." "I have," he says,
+"appointed two or three of them as overseers of each ship's company."]
+
+On the 21st June, 1749, old style, the Sloop of War, "Sphinx," arrived
+in the Harbor of Chebucto, having on board, the Honourable Edward
+Cornwallis, Captain General and Governor-in-Chief of the Province of
+Nova Scotia, and his suite. They had a long and boisterous passage, and
+did not make the coast of Acadia until 14th. They had no one on board
+acquainted with the coast, and did not meet with a pilot until the 20th,
+when they fell in with a Sloop from Boston, bound to Louisburg, with two
+pilots for the Government of that place. Governor Cornwallis' intention
+was first to proceed to Annapolis, but the wind not serving for the Bay
+of Fundy, and the officers assuring him that in case of foggy weather
+setting in they might be a long time in getting to Annapolis, he
+concluded on proceeding at once to Chebucto, rather than risk the
+possibility of being separated for any length of time from the fleet. He
+also felt, that by so doing, he would save the Governor of Louisburg the
+bad and long navigation to Annapolis, and accordingly, he dispatched a
+letter to Governor Hopson, by the Sloop, apprising him of his intention
+and desiring him to transport his garrison to Chebucto as soon as
+possible. The "Sphinx," before making Chebucto, first came to anchor in
+Malagash Bay, where they found several French families, comfortably
+settled, who professed themselves British subjects, and had grants of
+land from Governor Mascarine; they had tolerably good wooden houses
+covered with bark, and many cattle, and expressed themselves greatly
+pleased on hearing of the proposed new settlement. It happened that the
+same day on which Cornwallis arrived in the Harbor of Chebucto, a sloop
+came in from Louisburg with a letter from Hopson in expectation of
+meeting him. Hopson was in great perplexity, the French having arrived
+to take possession under the terms of the treaty, and there were no
+vessels to embark his troops. It appeared he was fully under the
+expectation that the ships which were to bring out the settlers would
+arrive in time to be sent down to him for that purpose, and he had made
+no other arrangements. On receiving the letter, Governor Cornwallis
+immediately dispatched the Sloop to Boston, with letters to Apthorp &
+Handerik, whom Hopson recommended for the purpose, to hire vessels with
+all expedition to transport the garrison of Louisburg to Chebucto; also
+a letter directed to Governor Mascarine in case they should meet at sea
+with a vessel bound to Annapolis. At the same time, a Frenchman,
+acquainted with the country, was dispatched overland by Minas to
+Annapolis, with orders to Mascarine to come down with a quorum of his
+Council as soon as possible, that the new commission might be opened and
+another Council appointed in accordance with the Royal Instructions.[7]
+
+[Footnote 7: This messenger arrived on the fourth day, at Annapolis. "It
+is," says the Governor in his letter, "25 leagues over to Minas, (now
+Horton), and the French have made a path for driving their cattle
+over."]
+
+Governor Cornwallis' first dispatch to England, after arriving at
+Chebucto, was sent via Boston, and bears the date 22nd June, the day
+after his arrival. In this letter he says: "The coasts are as rich as
+ever they have been represented; we caught fish every day since we came,
+within 50 leagues of the coast. The harbour itself is full of fish of
+all kinds. All the officers agree the harbour is the finest they have
+ever seen. The country is one continued wood; no clear spot is to be
+seen or heard of. I have been on shore in several places. The underwood
+is only young trees, so that with difficulty one is able to make his way
+anywhere." "D'Anville's Fleet have only cut wood for present use; they
+cleared no ground, but encamped their men on the beach. I have seen but
+few brooks, nor as yet have found the navigable river that has been
+talked of. There are a few French families on the east side of the bay,
+about three leagues off. Some have been on board."
+
+Governor Mascarine having received Cornwallis' letter on the 26th, on
+the following day, ordered Captain Davis to make ready his galley and go
+round to Chebucto with fresh provisions. Mascarine was waiting the
+arrival of the new Governor at Annapolis, as appears by his letters to
+Governor Hopson on the 14th and 26th June, in which he says: "Get ready
+supplies for the new Captain General who will be here, but the fleet
+will be at Chebucto." The "Snow Fair Lady" arrived shortly after the
+Sphinx, and was dispatched to Annapolis to afford Mr. Mascarine the
+means of transporting his council and part of his garrison to Chebucto.
+On the 26th, the "Fair Lady" was in the harbour of Annapolis ready to
+receive Governor Mascarine and suite. On the 27th, the transport began
+to make their appearance off the harbour of Chebucto, and by the 1st
+July, they had all arrived. As their passage had been extremely good,
+and none of them had in the least suffered, the Governor found himself
+in a position to afford vessels to Colonel Hopson the moment the
+settlers should be put on shore.[8] Accordingly having countermanded the
+order to Boston for transports, he dispatched to Louisburg the ship
+"Brotherhood" on the 1st July, and on the 5th, the "London,"
+"Wilmington," "Winchelsea," and "Merry Jacks." On the 8th he received
+from Louisburg, copies of letters from Governor Shirley of Boston, to
+Governor Mascarine, giving an account of the French having commenced a
+fort at the mouth of the River St. John, and on the following day sent
+Captain Rouse in the "Albany" and a small sloop to attend her, with
+orders to the commanding officer at Annapolis to furnish him with troops
+if required, and to proceed immediately to the River St. John, Governor
+Shirley having previously sent the ship "Boston" to Annapolis for the
+same service, there to await orders. It appears that the French had
+fitted out an expedition, under M. Ramey, for this purpose, a short time
+before the arrival of Cornwallis, and the vessel with ammunition, arms
+and provisions, bound to St. John River, had passed Malagash Bay a few
+days before the arrival of the "Sphinx" there; but having put into Port
+Mouton on her way, the information of their designs was communicated to
+the authorities of Annapolis.
+
+[Footnote 8: The settlers who came out in the transport, afterwards sent
+to Louisburg, were first landed on George's Island.]
+
+Governor Mascarine having arrived with several of his Council on the
+12th, the following day Governor Cornwallis opened his commission and
+took the oaths of office in their presence, and on Friday, the 14th
+July, the Civil Government was organized, and Colonel Paul Mascarine,
+Captain Edward How, Captain John Gorham, Benjamin Green, John Salsbury
+and Hugh Davidson were sworn in Councillors[9] on board the "Beaufort"
+Transport, and the Commission and Royal Instructions were then read.
+"The formation of the Board was announced to the people by a general
+salute from the ships in the harbour and the day was devoted to
+festivity and amusement." The four first gentlemen named in the Council
+were officers from Annapolis; Mr. Green was from Massachusetts, and had
+been with General Hopson at Louisburg, and the two latter were of His
+Excellency's suite; Mr. Davidson acted as Secretary.
+
+[Footnote 9: The table around which this Council assembled is now in the
+small Council Chamber in the Province Building.]
+
+Early in the month of July, a spot for the settlement was pitched upon
+near Point Pleasant,[10] then called Sandwich Point, and people were
+employed in cutting down the trees; but the want of sufficient depth of
+water in front, its great exposure to south-east gales and other
+inconveniences being discovered, it was abandoned for a more eligible
+situation to the northward, commanding a prospect of the whole harbour
+and on an easy ascent with bold anchorage close to the shore. Here Mr.
+Bruce the engineer, and Captain Morris the surveyor, were ordered to lay
+out the town, which was surveyed, the plan completed and the lots
+appropriated to their respective owners by the 14th September. The town
+was laid out in squares or blocks of 320 by 120 feet deep, the streets
+being 55 feet[11] in width. Each block contained 16 town lots, forty
+feet front by sixty deep, and the whole was afterwards divided into five
+divisions or wards, called Callendar's, Galland's, Ewer's, Collier's and
+Foreman's divisions, after the names of the persons who were appointed
+Captains of Militia, each ward being large enough to supply one company.
+
+[Footnote 10: "From seeing the place only, one would be apt to choose
+Sandwich Point as the best situation for a town, being very defensible
+and having the advantage of Sandwich River, (now known as the North West
+Arm), navigable a great way. This was the general opinion at first, and
+they began to clear there, the first day they worked, but upon
+examination we found the strongest objections against it."--_Governor
+Cornwallis' letter to Board of Trade._]
+
+[Footnote 11: The streets are supposed to be 60 feet broad, but none of
+them are found to exceed 55 feet in width.]
+
+Buckingham Street was the north and Salter Street the south limit, and
+the whole was surrounded by a strong palisade of pickets with block
+houses or log forts at convenient distances. Foreman's new division was
+afterwards added as far as the present Jacob Street. The north and south
+suburbs were surveyed about the same time, but the German lots in the
+north were not laid off till the year following.
+
+Great difficulty was at first experienced in the erection of dwellings;
+the European settlers being totally unacquainted with the method of
+constructing wooden buildings. Frames and other materials for building
+were, however, soon brought from Massachusetts, and before the cold
+weather set in a number of comfortable dwellings were erected.
+Provisions and other necessary supplies were regularly served out in the
+camp, and every exertion on the part of the Governor made to render the
+settlers comfortable before the approach of winter. Several transports
+were detained and housed over to accommodate those settlers whose houses
+were not complete, and the canvas tent and log hut were soon abandoned
+for more convenient and comfortable accommodations.
+
+I have, says Governor Cornwallis, in his letter of the 20th August,
+contracted for frames and materials for barracks and officers' lodgings
+from Boston. Boards are very high owing to the drought. I have got none
+under £4 per thousand, and shall be obliged to furnish a vast number to
+help the people to get under cover, and have sent an officer on purpose
+to Boston to obtain them at a fair price. Many houses are begun and huts
+and log houses already up for more than half a mile on each side the
+town.
+
+Tradition says that on clearing the ground for settlement a number of
+dead bodies were discovered among the trees, partly covered by the
+underwood, supposed to have been soldiers of the Duke D'Anville's
+expedition which put into Chebucto Harbor in 1746,[12] but the Governor
+in his letter does not mention the facts.
+
+[Footnote 12: The remnant of this formidable fleet which was destined
+for the destruction of the British settlements of Acadia and New
+England, put into Chebucto Harbor in distress in September, 1746. The
+troops it is said were encamped on the western side of the Basin, near
+the small Cove about 4 miles from town, which still bears the name of
+the French Landing. The Duke died of grief at the failure of the
+expedition, and the Vice Admiral Destourville, ran himself through the
+body, and was buried on George's Island. His remains, or what was
+supposed to be have been, were afterwards removed to France by his
+family. Several of the ships of war were sunk on the eastern side of the
+Basin. The hulls of these vessels were visible in calm weather about 50
+years ago, but they have long since disappeared. M. Jonquiare,
+afterwards Governor of Canada, was also in this expedition.]
+
+During the winter months the people were kept actively employed in
+cutting pickets for fences and wood for fuel, and for erecting new
+buildings. Mechanics were placed at the head of working parties to
+direct their labours, and by a judicious division of the people into
+small parties the more laborious portion of the work was executed with
+uncommon dispatch. Mills were also erected at the expense of Government
+for sawing lumber, and a mill master appointed with a salary, and every
+facility held out to enable those settlers, who had not yet been
+accommodated, to complete their dwellings on the approach of spring. The
+Governor in his letter of 27th July, describes the site of the Town as
+very advantageous. He says: "It has all the conveniences I could wish
+except a fresh water river.[13] Nothing is easier than to build wharves;
+one is already finished for ships of 200 tons. I have constantly
+employed all the carpenters I could get from Annapolis and the ships
+here to build log houses for stores. I have likewise offered the French
+at Minas considerable wages to work, and they have promised to send
+fifty men to remain until October. As there was not one yard of clear
+ground you will imagine our difficulty and what we have here to do;
+however, they have already cleared about 12 acres, and I hope to begin
+my house in two days; I have a small frame and pickets ready."
+
+[Footnote 13: At this period when the settlement was confined to such
+narrow limits the brook known to us as Fresh Water River, in the south
+suburbs, was considered to be at a distance too far from the pickets to
+be of much value as a means of supply to the settlers.]
+
+The following extracts from a letter dated 25th July, 1749, written by a
+settler,[14] affords several interesting facts relative to the state of
+the settlement at this time:--"On our arrival we found the Sphinx, of 20
+guns, which had come into harbor a few days before us; as I write the
+transports are entering the harbor with the two regiments of Hopson and
+Warberton on board from Louisburg. The assistance, as well as the
+security we shall receive from them, will greatly forward our
+settlement; the officers have brought all their furniture, a great
+number of milch cows, and other stock, besides military stores. We have
+already cleared about 20 acres, and every one has a hut by his tent. Our
+work goes briskly, and the method of employing the people in ships'
+companies has a good effect, and as the Governor is preparing to lay out
+the lots of land, we shall soon have a very convenient and pleasant town
+built, which is to be called Halifax. There are already several wharves
+built, and one gentleman is erecting a saw mill; public store houses are
+also building, and grain of various sorts have been sown. We have
+received constant supplies of plank and timber for building, and fresh
+stock and rum in great quantities, 20 schooners frequently coming in in
+one day. We have also a hundred cows and some sheep, brought down to us
+by land, by the French at Minas, which is about 30 miles distant from
+the bottom of the bay, and to which we purpose to cut a road. The French
+Deputies who came to make submission have promised to send us 50 men
+for this purpose, and to assist us as far as they are able; we have
+received the like promise, and friendship and assistance from the
+Indians, the chief having been with the Governor for that purpose. In
+short, every thing is in a very prosperous way. But I should be equally
+unjust and ungrateful, were I to conclude without paying the tribute
+which is due to our Governor. He seems to have nothing in view but the
+interest and happiness of all; his zeal and prudent conduct in the
+difficult task assigned him cannot be too much admired."
+
+[Footnote 14: This letter appeared in one of the British periodicals for
+October, 1749.]
+
+The plan of the town having been completed and the building lots marked
+out, in order to prevent dispute and discontent among the settlers, it
+was deemed best that they should draw for the lots. Accordingly, at a
+Council held on the 1st of August, it was resolved that on Tuesday
+following, the 8th of August, all heads of families who were settlers,
+should assemble at seven o'clock with the overseers, and single men
+should form themselves into families, four to each family, and each
+family choose one to draw for them. Mr. Bruce the engineer, being
+present on the occasion, assisted in distributing the lots according to
+the arrangement, and the whole were entered in a book of registry which
+was to be kept for the purpose and to constitute evidence of title and
+possession.[15]
+
+[Footnote 15: This allotment book still remains entire in the office of
+the Provincial Secretary, in Halifax. It was repaired in 1869 by the
+Record Commission, and a fac-simile copy made for use and the original
+placed out of the reach of injury.]
+
+The next object of importance was the erection of proper defences for
+the protection of the settlement. After they had taken possession of the
+lots, and commenced to build, the Governor endeavoured to induce the
+people to work for a few days in throwing up a line of defence around
+their new abode; "but," says he, "there was no persuading them to do
+it." It was not until the 13th August when the Council voted 1s. 6d. per
+day to each man employed, that this necessary work was commenced by the
+settlers. The harbour being broad and easy of access, the difficulty of
+selecting proper positions for fortifications, which would command the
+entrance, was at first seriously felt. This had been the great objection
+on the part of the French to making any settlement at Chebucto, La Have
+having been chosen by them for the principal post on the Atlantic Coast,
+being, from its narrow entrance, more easy of defence. In Admiral
+Darell's plan of Chebucto, the two points that flanked the entrance to
+Bedford Basin were marked as the places proper to fortify. Mr.
+Cornwallis says, their view must have been to have the settlement within
+that Bay (the Basin); this would have been subject to great
+inconvenience. In the first place, it would have been too far up for the
+fishermen, it being about five leagues from the entrance of the Harbour
+to those points, and the beach all along as well adapted for curing
+their fish as can possibly be imagined; no fisherman would ever have
+thought of going within these forts. Indeed no ship would choose to go
+so far, as no finer harbour can be than that of Chebucto, which reaches
+from these points to Sandwich River; so that notwithstanding any forts
+upon these points, an enemy's fleet might be secure and indeed block up
+all ships within the bay. He accordingly fixed upon Sandwich Point and
+the high lands opposite, (now called York Redoubt), and George's Island
+as the most proper positions for the erection of the necessary defences.
+On the latter he immediately placed a guard, landed his stores and
+planned and proposed to build thereon his magazine for powder.
+
+The first act of Government, after the organization of the Council on
+the 14th, was an audience of the three French Deputies, who had come
+down to meet the New Governor. They were Jean Melanson, from Canard
+River; Claude le Blance, from Grand Pre, and Philip Melanson from
+Pisiquid. Colonel Mascarine read to the Council the oath which the
+French inhabitants had before taken. Being asked if they had anything to
+offer from their several departments, they answered that they were sent
+only to pay their respects to His Excellency and to know what was to be
+their condition henceforth, and whether they would be allowed their
+priests. They were assured that their religion should be protected, but
+that, as heretofore, no priest should be permitted to officiate within
+the Province, without having first obtained a license from the Governor.
+They were furnished with copies of the Royal Declaration, a proclamation
+issued by Governor Cornwallis, and the oath which had been customary,
+with directions to return within a fortnight, to report to the Council
+the views of the inhabitants of the respective districts, and also to
+notify the other settlements to send deputies as soon as possible. The
+second meeting of the Council took place on the 17th, when Mr. Wm.
+Steele was sworn in a member of the Board, and on the following day the
+Governor's proclamation was read in the camp, prohibiting all persons
+from leaving the Province without permission, and against the retail of
+spirituous liquors without license.
+
+On the 18th, Mr. Bruce the Engineer, Lieutenants Ewer, Collier and Mr.
+John Duport were appointed Justices of the peace, and all the settlers
+having assembled in separate companies with their respective overseers,
+each company chose its constables.
+
+The Governor designed opening more perfect means of communication with
+Minas by constructing a road, which he described as being 30 miles only,
+in a direct line, and to build a Block House half way, but having only
+two companies of soldiers with him, one of Hopson's and one of
+Warberton's regiment, together with about 60 of Goreham's Indian
+Rangers, and the 50 French, who promised to assist in the work, having
+disappointed him, he was compelled to postpone the object until after
+the arrival of the army from Louisburg. Proper access to the interior,
+by the construction of a good road to Minas, was deemed of paramount
+importance to the settlement of the country. The inhabitants of the
+rural districts were so insulated as to be in a great measure
+independent of all authority. Colonel Mascarine, on returning to
+Annapolis, received directions to send a Captain, 3 Subalterns and 100
+men to Minas, and to erect a Block-house and Battery there, the troops
+to be first quartered at Grand Pre, where the Block-house was to be
+built, and the French people were to be hired at fair wages to assist in
+the work.
+
+Capt. How, who had been sent to St. John River in the Albany with Capt.
+Rouse, having returned overland with thirteen Indians, three deputies
+from the tribes at St. John, the Chief of the Chinecto Indians, and nine
+others of their tribes. They received an audience on the 14th; they
+consisted of Francis de Salle, Chief from Octfragli; the Chief
+Noellobig, from Medochig; the Chief Neptune Albodonallilla from the
+Chignecto tribe, for himself and tribe. The negotiation was carried on
+through Martin, the Indian, and André, the interpreter from Minas. They
+stated to the Council that they had come to confirm the treaty of 1726,
+and that several of them had been present at that treaty. Terms were
+drawn up by Mr. Secretary Davidson, and signed by the Chiefs on the 15th
+August,[16] 1749, and Capt. How was ordered to carry it to St. John to
+be ratified, and to take with him presents to the Chiefs. It was
+accordingly ratified on the 4th day of September following, and signed
+by all the Chiefs and Captains at the River St. John, six in number, in
+the presence of Mr. How and seven other witnesses; Madame De Bellisle
+acting as interpreter by request of the Indians. This document is still
+in existence; also a copy of that of 1726, sent to Governor Cornwallis
+by the Governor of Massachusetts Bay. This treaty appears to have been
+little regarded, for in the beginning of October following, news arrived
+from Annapolis and Canso of further incursions on the part of the
+Indians, and Government was compelled to raise two new independent
+companies of Volunteers for that service, which were placed under the
+command of Major Gilman and Capt. Clapham, on the same footing with the
+Rangers under Gorham.
+
+[Footnote 16: NOTE.--These Indians are described in a letter from one of
+the Settlers, to England, dated 19th August, as quite different from the
+Indians of the peninsula, their faces all rubbed over with vermillion
+and across their nose and forehead are regularly drawn black lines.
+Their ears are bored full of holes and adorned with tobacco pipes and
+ribbons of different colours; their clothes are of the light homespun
+grey but intolerably ragged. The French supply them with those articles.
+Their squaws or women dress equally as gay as the men. They are entire
+drunkards, and never cease drinking spirituous liquors as long as they
+can get it. They came on board to the Governor in great form. After the
+treaty was ratified they received presents and went on board the
+man-of-war, where they solaced themselves with singing and dancing. As
+to the songs it is one continued bellowing and noise. Upon their coming
+off, the man-of-war gave them a salute of 17 guns, as likewise they did
+on going aboard. They expressed a great deal of satisfaction at the
+honors done them; so they were discharged and sent in one of Colonel
+Goreham's sloops to St. John River with presents to the rest of their
+tribe.]
+
+After the evacuation of Louisburg the population received a considerable
+accession; a number of the English inhabitants came with Governor Hobson
+and became settlers, and many from New England were daily arriving, and
+upwards of 1000 more from the old provinces had expressed themselves
+desirous of joining the Settlement before winter. The Governor therefore
+gave orders to all vessels in the Government service to give them a free
+passage. The New England people soon formed the basis of the resident
+population, and are the ancestors of many of the present inhabitants.
+They were better settlers than the old discharged soldiers and sailors
+who came on the fleet; most of whom died or left the country during the
+first three or four years, leaving, however, the most industrious and
+respectable among them as permanent settlers. Many settlers and traders
+came out for the purpose of making money; these people infested the
+Settlement in great numbers, and gave Mr. Cornwallis and his successors
+much trouble and annoyance, in demoralizing the people by the illicit
+sale of bad liquors, and in other ways retarding the progress of the
+country.
+
+A proposition was made about this time by a French merchant from the
+West Indies to Governor Cornwallis to bring to Halifax some Protestant
+families from Martinique with their effects, if he would give them
+protection and grant them lands, and the Governor was furnished with a
+list of their names, with what each of them was worth, which approached
+in all nearly £50,000. This gentleman proceeded to Louisburg to obtain
+for them a passport, and proposed to have his people on before winter;
+but it does not appear as far as any information on the subject can be
+gathered from the public records that any of these French Protestants
+ever arrived.
+
+The Government found it necessary to check the indiscriminate sale of
+spirituous liquors by a license duty. On the 28th August an ordinance
+passed for that purpose, and all such licensed houses were to be closed
+at 9 p. m. under penalty. On the 31st August the Governor and Council
+for the first time sat as a Court of Law. This was named the General
+Court, all authority--legislative, executive and judicial--being vested
+in the Board. They met on this day for the trial of Abram Goodside, the
+Boatswain's mate of the Beaufort, who stabbed and wounded two men. A
+grand jury was summoned who found a bill of indictment; he was tried and
+found guilty by a petit jury, and hanged under the Governor's warrant on
+2nd September, 1749. On 31st August, another Court was held for the
+trial of one Peter Cartal, for murder. The Acadian Deputies having
+returned from the country, they were called before the Governor and
+Council on September 6th, when they presented a letter signed by 1000
+inhabitants claiming to take only a qualified Oath of Allegiance.
+
+On the 30th August, a sloop from Liverpool, Great Britain, with 116
+settlers, arrived after a passage of nine weeks. They were, however, all
+quite healthy, not one person being sick on board at the time of their
+arrival. Two streets were then added to the Town and lots assigned to
+these people. This was Forman's new division. We have no names of these
+settlers or the name of the sloop.
+
+Information having reached the Government that the Indians of Acadia and
+St. John's Island, designed to molest the settlement at Halifax on the
+approach of winter,[17] it was deemed advisable to erect outworks for
+its defence; accordingly the troops and inhabitants were immediately
+employed to construct a line of palisades around the town in connection
+with square log forts which were to be placed at convenient distances. A
+space of thirty feet was cleared without the lines, and the trees thrown
+up by way of a barricade, which constituted a complete defence against
+any attempt on the part of the Indians. Those settlers who had built
+their houses without the town had arms given them, and their dwellings
+being built of logs were musket proof; also the Ordnance Artificers,
+those from New England and such of the settlers as had been in the army,
+and such others as could be trusted with arms within the town, also
+received them, and an order was sent to Boston for a supply of lamps to
+light the streets during the winter nights. Col. Goreham was sent to the
+head of the Basin with his company of Rangers for the winter, with an
+armed sloop to assist him, and every preparation possible was made for
+the protection of the people during the ensuing winter.
+
+[Footnote 17: Governor Cornwallis' letter to Secretary of State.]
+
+The Indians had appeared in the neighbourhood of the town for several
+weeks, but intelligence had been received that they had commenced
+hostilities, by the capture of twenty persons at Canso under frivolous
+pretences, and of two vessels having been attacked by them at Chignecto,
+when three English and seven Indians were killed. In consequence of this
+information it was resolved in Council to send a letter to M.
+Desherbiers, Governor of Louisburg, to recall LeLoutre. On the last day
+of September they made an attack on the sawmill at Dartmouth, then under
+the charge of Major Gilman. Six of his men had been sent out to cut wood
+without arms. The Indians laid in ambush, killed four and carried off
+one, and the other escaped and gave the alarm, and a detachment of
+rangers was sent after the savages, who having overtaken them, cut off
+the heads of two Indians and scalped one.[18]
+
+[Footnote 18: This affair is mentioned in a letter from a gentleman in
+Halifax to Boston, dated October 2nd, as follows: "About seven o'clock
+on Saturday morning before, as several of Major Gilman's workmen with
+one soldier, unarmed, were hewing sticks of timber about 200 yards from
+his house and mills on the east side of the harbour, they were surprised
+by about 40 Indians, who first fired two shots and then a volley upon
+them which filled four, two of whom they scalped, and cut off the heads
+of the others, the fifth is missing and is supposed to have been carried
+off."]
+
+These proceedings compelled the government to take more active measures,
+and orders were given to the commanding officers at the out stations, to
+destroy the Indians wherever they met them, and a premium of ten guineas
+was offered for every Indian killed or taken prisoner, this offer was
+in consequence of the large rewards offered by the French to the Indians
+for English scalps. Orders were given for raising two independent
+companies of rangers, one of one hundred men by Major Gilman, who was
+sent to Piscataqua for that purpose,[19] the other a company of
+volunteers by Captain Wm. Clapham, who with Goreham's Indian Rangers,
+now returned from their stations at the head of the Basin with a company
+of Philips' Regiment, were to scour the whole country around the Bay.
+The St. John Indians having kept the treaty, received from Governor
+Cornwallis a present of 1000 bushels of corn, and an order was also
+given to purchase at Minas 500 bushels of wheat, to be baked into
+biscuit for the same purpose. Captain How was intrusted with these and
+other presents, and was directed to bring back with him, if possible,
+some of the tribe to go against the Mic-Macs. The preparation necessary
+to the protection of the town against French-Indian hostilities tended
+to expedite the progress of the settlement; before the middle of
+October, about three hundred and fifty houses had been completed, two of
+the square forts finished and the barricade carried all around. A number
+of store houses and barrack buildings for the accommodation of the
+troops had been also erected and the Governor's residence completed. The
+Council met there on the 14th October. About 30 of the French
+inhabitants were employed on the Public Works, and in cutting a road
+from the town to the Basin of Minas. A number of influential and
+industrious families from New England and other places had already
+become settlers, and Halifax Harbor was the resort of a large number of
+fishing vessels.
+
+[Footnote 19: These men were supplied with hatchets and snow shoes for
+winter warfare.]
+
+About this time a destructive epidemic made its appearance in the town,
+and it is said nearly 1000 persons fell victims during the autumn and
+the following winter. On the 14th day of October, the Government found
+it necessary to publish an ordinance, commanding all Justices of the
+Peace, upon the death of the settlers, to name so many of the
+neighbourhood or quarter (not exceeding 12) to which the deceased
+belonged, to attend at the burial and carry the corpse to the grave, and
+whoever refused to attend without sufficient reason should have his name
+struck off the Mess Book and Register of Settlers as unworthy of His
+Majesty's bounty; again in December, another order was made commanding
+all householders to report their dead to a clergyman within twenty-four
+hours.
+
+Owing to the frequent alarms of invasion from the Indians and French
+stragglers during the winter, it was resolved in Council to organize a
+militia force for the protection of the settlement, and on the Sunday
+following the 6th day of December, after divine service, all the male
+settlers, between the age of sixteen and sixty, were assembled on the
+parade, and drawn up in the following order:--"Those of Mr. Ewer's and
+Mr. Collier's divisions to face the harbor, those of the quarters of Mr.
+Galland and Mr. Foreman to face the Citadel, and those of Mr.
+Callendar's division at one end of the parade." The proclamation bears
+date the 7th day of December, 1749. On the 16th, information arrived
+that a French force had been dispatched overland from Canada, to attack
+Halifax, and that the Indians were to co-operate with them, also, that
+two vessels with six hundred men were in the Bay Verte under LeCorne,
+and with ammunition and stores of all kinds for a winter expedition. The
+people having been again assembled on the parade after divine service,
+the proclamation was read and the settlers commanded to fell all the
+trees around the town without the forts and barricades. No attempt was,
+however, made upon the town, either by the Indians or French during the
+winter. These hostilities were being carried on by the Government of
+Canada, while the two Crowns were nominally at peace, under pretence
+that the Treaty of Utrecht only ceded to the Crown of Great Britain the
+peninsula of Nova Scotia proper.
+
+The Governor deeming it expedient that some permanent system of judicial
+proceedings to answer the immediate exigencies of the Colony should be
+established, a committee of Council was accordingly appointed to examine
+the various systems in force in the old Colonies. On 13th December, Mr.
+Green reported that after a careful investigation, the laws of Virginia
+were found to be most applicable to the present situation of the
+province. The report was adopted. It referred principally to the
+judicial proceedings in the General Courts, the County Courts, and other
+tribunals.
+
+Before concluding this chapter, which comprehends all that can be
+collected relative to the affairs of the settlement during the first
+year of its existence, it will be proper to observe that in founding
+the City, the spiritual wants of the settlers were not lost sight of by
+the British Government. Preparatory to the embarkation of the settlers,
+a letter was addressed by the Lords of Trade and Plantations to the
+Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, dated
+Whitehall, April 6th, 1749, recommending to the Society to appoint
+ministers and school-masters for the new settlement at Chebucto, and for
+such other townships or settlements as should from time to time be
+formed in Nova Scotia, and requesting the Society to make some
+provisions for them until arrangements should be made for their
+sufficient support, by grants of land, etc.[20] The Society resolved
+immediately to act on this recommendation, and undertook to send six
+clergymen and six school-masters, when the settlements should be formed.
+The first missionaries appointed under this arrangement, were the Rev.
+William Tutty, of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and the Rev. Mr. Anwell,
+who both came out with the settlers in June, 1749. Mr. Tutty officiated
+in the open air until the necessary church accommodation could be
+obtained. On laying out the town, a spot was assigned by Government for
+the church. The site was first selected at the north end of the Grand
+Parade, where Dalhousie College now stands, but it was changed
+immediately after for the present site of St. Paul's Church, which was
+erected at the expense of Government and ready for the reception of the
+missionary, who preached his first sermon there on the 2nd day of
+September, 1750. The pews and inside finish were not completed for
+several years after. The name of Mr. Tutty does not appear among those
+of the settlers who came with Cornwallis. He probably, however,
+accompanied him. Mr. Anwell came with the expedition, but his name does
+not again appear; he died shortly after his arrival. Mr. Tutty spoke
+German and administered the Lord's Supper to the German settlers in
+their own language. The other missionary, J. Baptiste Moreau, who came
+out as school-master, and afterwards went to England for ordination,
+returned to the settlement and went down to Maligash with the Germans,
+1752. Mr. Halstead was the school-master in charge of the Society's
+schools at Halifax during the first two or three years.
+
+[Footnote 20: A copy of this letter will be found in the appendix.]
+
+Governor Cornwallis in 1749, assigned the lot at the south-west corner
+of Prince and Hollis streets for a Protestant Dissenting Meeting house.
+The old building known as Mather's, or as it was afterwards called St.
+Matthew's Church (destroyed by fire in 1859,) was soon after erected on
+this site. It was appropriated originally to the Congregationalists,
+many of whom came from New England to settle in Halifax. It was called
+Mather's Church after the celebrated Cotton Mather, one of the leading
+divines of that denomination at Boston, in early days. The Presbyterians,
+and all who did not belong to the Established Church, attended divine
+service in this building. The Rev. Mr. Cleveland, who came from one of
+the old colonies, was the first minister who officiated in this
+building. It afterwards fell into the hands of the Presbyterians and
+became the property of the Church of Scotland, and the name of Mather's
+was changed to that of St. Matthew. This old Church was destroyed by
+fire, which consumed a large portion of the buildings in Hollis Street,
+in 1859. The lot of ground on which it stood was afterwards sold to Mr.
+Doull, who erected the fine stone store thereon, now known as Doull and
+Miller's building.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+
+The winter of 1749-50, as has been before mentioned, was spent in
+continual apprehension of Indian and French invasion, and in
+preparations to receive the enemy. On the 7th January, 1750, a number of
+the inhabitants petitioned that Martial Law should be declared, but the
+Governor and Council did not consider the danger so great or imminent as
+to make it necessary. However, stringent regulations with regard to the
+militia were enacted, and an ordinance was issued compelling all
+settlers able to bear arms between 16 and 60, to be formed into 10
+companies of 70 men each,[21] and a guard of -- officers and 30 men to
+assemble every evening near the parade to keep guard until sunrise, and
+all militia men called upon to labour at the fortifications, were to be
+allowed 1s. per day. Labourers were constantly employed in raising a
+barricade and continuing it to the water side, and block houses were
+erected between the forts.
+
+[Footnote 21: The Artificers formed one company by themselves, and the
+whole militia amounted to about 840 men. The Officers behaved well, but,
+says the Governor in his dispatch, "I cannot say so of the men."]
+
+During the winter intelligence frequently arrived from Minas, Pisiquid,
+and the eastern shore, of attacks being made by the Indians upon
+stragglers, and several young Acadians were brought from Minas to
+Halifax for trial, having been found in arms with the Indians. A large
+reward was offered for the apprehension of LeLoutre, the Indian
+missionary, and also £10 sterling for every Indian scalp or Indian
+prisoner. Capt. Sylvanus Cobb, an active and bold sea captain from
+Massachusetts, was taken into Government employ, and sent to Chignecto
+with his armed sloop for the purpose of surprising LeLoutre and his
+gang, and afterwards to search the harbors along the coast for Indians,
+and bring with him all he captured as prisoners to Halifax. Troops under
+Capt. Bartilo and others were sent into the interior and other active
+proceedings taken by the Governor and Council during the months of
+January and February for the peace of the province. A courier having
+been stopped at Cobequid, Priest Gourard and the French Deputies, were
+all brought to Halifax, by Capt. Bartilo, for examination before the
+Governor and Council; Gourard was detained at Government House until the
+courier returned, but the deputies were dismissed. He disclosed the
+fact to the Council that the Mic-Mac Indians of Nova Scotia went every
+year to Quebec, to receive clothing from the French Government, and that
+LeCorn had made the French of Acadia take the Oath of Allegiance to the
+French King. Gourard on this occasion took the Oath of Allegiance to the
+Crown of Great Britain, and thereupon received a licence to officiate as
+Priest to the Acadians, and promised not to leave the province without
+special leave from the Governor.
+
+Among the municipal regulations this winter, was an ordinance that all
+persons found breaking the liquor license law, should be put one hour in
+the public stocks, and for the second offence receive twenty lashes.
+These severe regulations were found to be absolutely necessary, in
+consequence of the demoralized state of the settlement from settlers and
+others who infested the town and who were not settlers.
+
+On the 2nd February, 1750, an ordinance was passed in Council,
+prohibiting the recovery of any debt contracted in England or elsewhere
+prior to the establishment of the settlement or to the debtor's arrival
+in Halifax, in any Court of Law within the province, except for goods
+imported into the Colonies. There appears to have been some difference
+of opinion at the Board on the subject; the Council divided, and the
+ordinance was carried by a small majority.
+
+It was proposed in Council about this time, to build a quay along the
+shore in front of the town, but several merchants--Mr. Saul, Mr. Joshua
+Mauger and others, having applied for water lots, and liberty to build
+wharves on the beach, the subject was referred to Mr. Morris the
+surveyor, and Mr. Bruce the engineer. They thought the quay was a work
+of time and required means from England. Licences to build wharves were
+therefore granted, with a reservation of the right of the Crown in case
+the quay should be resolved on or the frontage required for government
+purposes. This scheme was afterwards abandoned by Government, and the
+licences remained unrepealed. At this period the line of the shore was
+so irregular, as in some places to afford only a footpath between the
+base line of the lots, which now form the upper side of Water Street and
+high water mark;[22] at the Market the tide flowed up nearly to where
+the [old] City Court House stood, forming a cove, the outlet of a brook
+which came down north of George Street. Near the Ordnance Yard another
+cove made in, and this part of the shore was low and swampy many years
+after the batteries were built.[23]
+
+[Footnote 22: According to the original plan of the Town published in
+October, 1749, a space appears to have been reserved between the line of
+the lots and the shore, but no Water Street was laid out--the upper side
+of the present Bedford Row being the western limit. There were five
+forts, having each four quadrangular blockhouses, with a barrack in the
+centre; these were connected by wooden palisades or pickets.]
+
+[Footnote 23: A number of licences to erect wharves and buildings along
+the beach had been granted by Government to individuals engaged in trade
+and the fishery, before the idea of a general Government breastwork had
+been abandoned. These titles continued to be held good; a number of
+wharf proprietors, however, obtained conformation grants from time to
+time as they required water extension. Mr. Charles Morris, the
+Surveyor-General, who had the sole management of the land office, in his
+reports to the Government, advised small spaces to be reserved on both
+sides in making these conformation grants as well as in subsequent water
+grants in fee, which have been found of much inconvenience to trade, and
+a drawback on the progress of the City. No reservation of water was
+originally made at the foot of the cross streets or hills. At the close
+of the last and the commencement of the present century, when
+conformation or extension water grants were asked for, he marked on his
+plans narrow strips or reservations on the sides of many of these water
+grants, which for there being in many instances inaccessible, have since
+proved of no value to the public and a great injury to the proprietors
+of water property.]
+
+The winter passed without any attack on the settlement, and the people
+were all quite healthy. The number of settlers was daily augmented by
+almost every vessel which arrived from New England and elsewhere; every
+thing required was provided for them, that they should be tolerably
+comfortable before the cold weather set in. The winter was very fine,
+very few extreme bad days, no heavy snow storms, the navigation never
+stopped in the slightest degree. More fine days and fewer bad ones (says
+the Governor) than I ever saw in winter. Spring opened early with fine
+warm days and thaw, and the fishing schooners began early in March to go
+upon the Bank.[24] The snow lay all the winter, from the middle of
+January; it was, however, only three feet deep in the woods. The healthy
+condition of the settlers may be inferred from there never being more
+than 25 in the hospital ship at any one time.
+
+[Footnote 24: Cornwallis' letter of 19th March.]
+
+By the 19th March, a place had been erected for a public Hospital, and a
+school building commenced for the orphan children. The French from the
+interior engaged freely for money to square timber for the erection of
+the blockhouses, and preparations were in progress for the completion of
+the Church.
+
+A meeting of the Governor and Council took place on 19th April, when the
+French Deputies again appeared with a petition to be permitted to sell
+their lands and leave the country. The names of these deputies were
+Jaques Teriot from Grand Pre, Francois Granger from River de Canard,
+Battiste Galerne and Jean André.
+
+Mr. Cornwallis was continually embarrassed by letters from the Board of
+Trade, finding fault with the expenses incurred in planting the
+settlement. £40,000 had been voted by Parliament, and £36,000 of excess
+had been demanded as a further vote; this could not be considered so
+great an expenditure under all the circumstances, as it included the pay
+and equipment of two regiments of infantry. In his replies, he says,
+"Not a pound shall be expended by me unnecessarily, but without money
+you could have had no town, no settlement, and indeed no settlers. 'Tis
+very certain that the public money cleared the ground, built the town,
+secured it, kept both soldiers and settlers from starving with cold, and
+has brought down above 1000 settlers from the other Colonies. Lots in
+Halifax are now worth 50 guineas. If there was no public money
+circulating, lots would be given for a gallon of rum. The money is laid
+out in building forts, barracks, store houses, hospitals, churches,
+wharves, etc., public works all that seem absolutely necessary.
+According to your Lordship's directions, I have discharged the two
+Government Apothecaries and shall discharge some of the Surgeons' Mates
+that may be spared. As for the saw mill, we never had one board from
+it--it has been a constant plague from the beginning. Thirty men have
+been constantly kept there ever since the affair of the Indians. Gilman
+has behaved so ill I shall have to discharge him from all service. I
+have laid in a quantity of lumber in the King's yard this spring at a
+reasonable price. For want of stock I have been sometimes obliged to pay
+£5 per M. The settlers have paid £6. I have got them lately at £3 10s.,
+£3 and £2 15s. No new boards are given to settlers."
+
+The salaries to the public officers of Cornwallis' Government appear
+exceedingly small in comparison with the arduous duties which devolved
+upon them in organizing the settlement. His Aides-de-Camp, Capt. Bulkely
+and Mr. Gates,[25] had no allowance except some trifling commission on
+the issue of molasses and spirits.
+
+[Footnote 25: This was the well-known Horatio Gates, afterwards a
+Revolutionary General.]
+
+In June, 1750, the Governor and Council assigned as a site the spot on
+which the [old] City Court House stands, for a market for black cattle,
+sheep, etc., and made market regulations. In July, the settlers were
+ordered to clear the streets in front of their respective lots to the
+centre. They had begun to clear George's Island and to erect
+block-houses. Seven 32-pounders had been mounted upon it, and a palisade
+carried all around the works. The frame of the Church, which had been
+brought from Boston, was erected and was being covered in, the estimated
+cost of finishing the edifice being £1000 sterling. The temporary
+barricades were removed, and the palisades carried completely round the
+town. 30,000 bricks had been manufactured in the neighbourhood and found
+very good. The meeting house for Dissenters had not yet been commenced.
+The town was increasing every day in settlers and the number of its
+houses, but no improvement of the lands in the neighbourhood had been
+made beyond a few small gardens. The fishery was prosperous and produced
+25,000 quintals the first year.
+
+In the month of August, 1750, three hundred and fifty-three settlers
+arrived in the ship Alderney; and in September following, three hundred
+German Protestants, from the Palatinate, in the ship Ann. The Governor
+and Council were embarrassed in providing for their support, and found
+it necessary to enter into pecuniary arrangements with the merchants of
+the town, who at this early period had formed themselves into an
+association for the benefit of trade. Those who came in the ship
+Alderney, were sent to the opposite side of the harbour, and commenced
+the town of Dartmouth, which was laid out in the autumn of that year. In
+December following, the first ferry was established, and John Connor
+appointed ferryman by order in Council.
+
+In the spring of the following year the Indians surprised Dartmouth at
+night, scalped a number of settlers and carried off several prisoners.
+The inhabitants, fearing an attack, had cut down the spruce trees around
+their settlement, which, instead of a protection, as was intended,
+served as a cover for the enemy. Captain Clapham and his company of
+Rangers were stationed on Block-house hill, and it is said remained
+within his block-house firing from the loop-holes, during the whole
+affair. The Indians were said to have destroyed several dwellings,
+sparing neither women nor children. The light of the torches and the
+discharge of musketry alarmed the inhabitants of Halifax, some of whom
+put off to their assistance, but did not arrive in any force till after
+the Indians had retired. The night was calm, and the cries of the
+settlers, and whoop of the Indians were distinctly heard on the western
+side of the harbour. On the following morning, several bodies were
+brought over--the Indians having carried off the scalps.[26] Mr. Pyke,
+father of the late John George Pyke, Esq., many years police magistrate
+of Halifax, lost his life on this occasion. Those who fled to the woods
+were all taken prisoners but one. A court martial was called on the 14th
+May, to inquire into the conduct of the different commanding officers,
+both commissioned and non-commissioned, in permitting the village to be
+plundered when there were about 60 men posted there for its protection.
+
+[Footnote 26: The Governor in his letter to England mentions 4 men
+killed, 6 soldiers prisoners who were not upon guard, and our people
+killed 3 Indians, and had they done their duty well, might have killed
+many more.]
+
+There was a guard house and small military post at Dartmouth from the
+first settlement, and a gun mounted on the point near the saw mill (in
+the cove) in 1749. One or two transports, which had been housed over
+during winter and store ships were anchored in the cove, under the cover
+of this gun, and the ice kept broke around them to prevent the approach
+of the Indians. The attempt to plant a settlement at Dartmouth, does not
+appear to have been at first very successful. Governor Hobson in his
+letter to the Board of Trade, dated 1st October, 1753, says, "At
+Dartmouth there is a small town well picketed in, and a detachment of
+troops to protect it, but there are not above five families residing in
+it, as there is no trade or fishing to maintain any inhabitants, and
+they apprehend danger from the Indians in cultivating any land on the
+outer side of the pickets."
+
+There is no record of any concerted attack having been made by the
+Indians or French on the town of Halifax. Many stragglers were cut off
+during the first years of the settlement, particularly along the western
+side of the Basin, where the best firewood was to be obtained. It was at
+length found necessary to send out an armed body when fuel or lumber was
+required. The enemy usually retired before a regular organized force.
+The Ranger companies under Goreham and Bartelo, were most efficient for
+this purpose; they were usually recruited in New England, where men for
+that service were more readily found.
+
+The German settlers who came in the ship Ann, were employed in the
+public works at 2s. per day, besides a supply of beer and other liquors
+to each. It was decided that all settlers who came in the previous year,
+should cease to draw provisions after the 15th September, 1750. This
+order was afterwards repealed on 29th, and it was determined that all
+settlers already in the town or who should come before 1st December,
+should be entitled to one year's provisions from the time of their names
+being entered on the victualling book.[27]
+
+[Footnote 27: See victualling list in the appendix.]
+
+It was the intention of Government that the Germans should be sent into
+the interior of the province; but they having arrived so late in the
+season, and the want of a sufficient supply of provisions then in store
+to sustain them through the winter rendered it impossible, and they were
+retained in the town. They were very sickly, many of them old and unfit
+for settlers, and their passages not being paid, and there being no
+person to purchase them, they were employed on the public works to work
+out their passage money.
+
+About this period a gloom was cast over the settlement by the news of
+the murder of the Hon. Edward How, one of the Council at Chignecto.
+"Captain How was employed on the expedition to Chignecto as knowing the
+country well and being acquainted both with the Indians and the
+inhabitants, and furthermore he knew personally their leaders, LeCorne
+and LeLoutre. His whole aim and study was to obtain a peace with the
+Indians, and get the English prisoners out of their hands, for which
+purpose he often had conferences with the French officers under a flag
+of truce. LeCorne one day sent a flag of truce by a French officer to
+the water side, a small river which parts his people from the British
+troops. Capt. How and the officers held a parley for some time across
+the river. How had no sooner taken leave of the officers than a party
+that lay in ambush fired a volley at him and shot him through the heart,
+an instance of treacherous brutality not to be paralleled in history,
+and a violation of a flag of truce, which had ever been held sacred, and
+without which all faith is at an end, and all transactions with an
+enemy."--[Cornwallis' letter 27th November.]
+
+The spring of 1751 the five acre lots on the Peninsula were laid out;
+the people engaged in clearing the land. The uncertainty from surprise
+by Indians, however, much retarded the work; a large space, however, was
+cleared around the town before winter set in.
+
+Another vessel having arrived on the 10th June, with German Palatine
+settlers, they were directed to be employed at Dartmouth in picketing in
+the back of the town. In July, the arrival of 200 more was reported, and
+they were ordered to be placed at the head of the N. W. Arm and mouth of
+the Basin; and those who owed work for their passage, were directed to
+picket in their stations. Monsieur Dupacquir, who had engaged to bring
+out 300 Swiss, brought but twenty this year, but more were expected in
+the following spring.
+
+Ninth July, a proclamation issued to forfeit all lots of the town
+settlers who only put up slight frames of houses, unless they
+immediately proceeded to board them in and finish them as dwellings.
+
+On the 18th June, Jas. Stephens and Wm. Harris were hanged for
+house-breaking; this was the second public execution which took place in
+the town.
+
+William Piggot had a license granted him to open a coffee house on the
+8th April the same year.
+
+In January of this year the Council passed a series of regulations for
+the General Court and County Courts, and ordered them to be published by
+the Provost Marshal by reading the same after the beat of drum through
+the settlement, and on the first day of the next sitting of the General
+Court and County Courts.
+
+The only matters further recorded worthy of notice during the year 1751,
+was the dismissal of Mr. Otis Little, the Commissary of Stores, for
+remissness in his office, and the resolution of the Governor and Council
+to pay a draft for £882, sent from Quebec, for the ransom of English
+prisoners taken by the Indians and carried to Canada. It appeared that
+Lt. Hamilton and upwards of sixty officers, soldiers and settlers had
+fallen into the hands of the savages, and Priest LeLoutre had agreed to
+ransom them for the sum above mentioned.
+
+It may here be mentioned that several batteries have already been
+erected on George's Island,[28] and expensive earth works had been
+thrown up.
+
+[Footnote 28: This Island is called in the old French maps Isle Racket
+or the Snow Shoe Island, being in the shape of a snow shoe.]
+
+Towards the close of the year Mr. Joshua Mauger, a gentleman from
+England, who came out at the commencement of the settlement to trade and
+distil rum for the soldiers, was charged by government with having
+attempted to make Halifax the repository for Louisburg merchandize,
+brought up secretly and to be carrying on an illicit traffic, he being
+at the time agent victualler to Government. Governor Cornwallis, upon
+information, caused Mr. Mauger's stores to be searched for contraband
+articles brought from Louisburg. Much discussion ensued, and the
+settlement was for some time thrown into commotion, by what Mr. Mauger
+called in his letter to England, the high-handed proceedings of the
+Governor.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+
+In January, 1752, Mr. Collier, who had been acting as Chief Justice, and
+Captain Frotheringham, were called to the Council in place of Mr.
+Salisbury and Col. Horseman, who had returned to England. On 3rd
+February, a public ferry was established between Halifax and Dartmouth
+and John Connors appointed ferryman for three years, with the exclusive
+privilege, and ferry regulations were also established. At the same
+sitting of the Council, an order was passed for the recording of deeds
+and mortgages, making all papers unrecorded void against those which had
+been registered. Col. Horseman's stone building was purchased for a
+prison in place of that before used.
+
+April 29th, Charles Morris, James Monk, John Duport, Robert Ewer, Joseph
+Scott, John Wm. Hoffeman and Leonard Christopher Redolf were appointed
+Justices of the Peace. It was resolved in Council at their sitting on
+12th June, that a lottery should be held for building a Light House near
+Cape Sambro, to raise £450. One thousand tickets at £3 each. Prizes from
+one of £500 to £7 the lowest. Two hundred prizes, in all amounting to
+£3000, 15 per cent. to be deducted from the prizes, to be drawn publicly
+in the Town House at Halifax, under the direction of managers to be
+appointed by Government.
+
+The winter of 1751-2 had been severe, but the harbour had not been
+frozen or at all impeded by ice, and the spring opened early, and
+preparations for prosecuting the fishery were soon in active operation.
+
+The Government mills at Dartmouth, under charge of Captain Clapham, were
+sold at auction in June. They were purchased by Major Gilman for £310.
+
+16th July--An order passed to strike off the victualling lists all the
+German and Swiss settlers, who had arrived in the Speedwell.
+
+In the spring of 1752, a number of settlers arrived in the Nancy, under
+the charge of Lt. Young. About the same time the Marquis DeConte, a
+Sicilian nobleman, and a number of other foreign settlers, came to
+Halifax from the island of Tercera, one of the Azores, and settled in
+the town.
+
+Governor Cornwallis having obtained permission to resign the
+Government, the Hon. Peregrine T. Hopson, was appointed his successor,
+and was sworn into office before the Council on Monday, 3rd August. Mr.
+Cornwallis, however, did not leave the province until after the 10th of
+October, as he appears to have attended the Council held on that
+day.[29]
+
+[Footnote 29: On September 29th, 1752, the first fire regulations were
+published at Halifax, among which are found the following: Two or three
+Magistrates may order a house to be pulled down or blown up to stop a
+fire, the owner to be indemnified by the house owners of the Town. The
+fire wards to be appointed by the Justices of the Peace, each to carry a
+red staff 6 feet long, with a bright brass spear 6 inches long on it;
+and other regulations. This custom is still kept up in the City, or was
+until very lately.]
+
+In September, 1752, John Baptist Cope, commonly called Major Cope, a
+Mic-Mac chief, head of the Shubenacadie Indians, came in with terms of
+peace, which were agreed to. This bears date the 15th September, in that
+year. Immediately after this document was signed, Cope left town in a
+vessel, having requested Capt. W. Piggot should be sent to Indian
+Harbour, to meet the Indians there, to ratify the Treaty. Mr. Piggot was
+accordingly dispatched, and brought up with him two or three Indians,
+who appeared before the Council, after which they were sent back to
+Beaver Harbour, under the conduct of Mr. Piggot, with blankets,
+provisions, etc. The terms of the Treaty were agreed to and confirmed in
+Council, and the whole was engrossed on parchment and ratified on 22nd
+November, 1752. The names of the Indian delegates on this occasion were,
+Andrew Hodley Martin, Gabriel Martin and Francis Jeremiah. Mr. Saul
+received directions to issue provisions, according to the allowance of
+the troops for six months, for 90 Indians, that being the number of the
+tribe under Cope, occupying the eastern part of the province.
+
+This treaty does not appear to have been respected by the Indian Chief,
+who we find, not more that eight months after its ratification, refusing
+to respect the pass of Governor Hopson to one Anthony Cartel, who had
+been captured by the Indians, in one of the harbours eastward of
+Halifax, and carried through the country to Shubenacadie, the
+head-quarters of Major Cope, from whom he was ransomed by a French
+inhabitant. It would appear that the terms of amity, entered into by
+Cope and his men with the Government at Halifax, had been in some manner
+without the sanction of Abbe LeLoutre, who, when Anthony Cartel was
+brought before Count Raymond at Louisburg, was present, and as Cartel
+expresses it, inveighed bitterly against Governor Cornwallis, and said
+if he wanted peace he ought to have written to him, and not to have
+treated with the tribe of Indians. That he, Cartel, might depart, having
+been ransomed, but that the first Englishman he caught should be
+retained until he, LeLoutre, had full satisfaction for himself and his
+Indians.
+
+In April following, two men named John Connor and James Grace, arrived
+at Halifax in an Indian canoe, bringing with them six Indian scalps.
+They informed the Council that they and two others, having put into a
+place between Tor Bay and Country Harbour, in a schooner, were captured
+by the Indians, and carried ten miles into the country, where their two
+companions were murdered; that they had surprised the Indians at night,
+killed several, whose scalps they secured, and having escaped to the
+seaside, seized a canoe, and made their way to Halifax. Along the coast,
+both east and west from Halifax, Indian massacres had been frequent.
+Those persons engaged in the fishery, who were compelled to land for
+wood and water, were chiefly the sufferers.
+
+Much had been said and written in Europe at the time, relative to the
+aggressions of the French, during the suspension of hostilities between
+the two nations. The Indians, from their religion and trading
+intercourse, more favourable to the French in Canada and Acadia, were
+made use of to harass the British settlers, who (though the two nations
+were then at peace) were looked upon with a jealous eye by the resident
+French population. A French writer, (I refer to a little work, now a
+scarce book, published during the second siege of Louisburg), states
+that the English neglected to cultivate an acquaintance with the manners
+and customs of the Indians, and it was therefore not surprising at the
+time, that they should show less affection towards them than towards the
+French, who had great regard to their humours and inclinations.
+
+"So strong is their aversion to despotic power," says the author, "that
+force will never do; they will yield to nothing but persuasion. Though
+they know nothing of precepts or subordination, yet they enjoy almost
+every advantage derived from well-regulated authority. Their laws and
+customs appear impressed on their hearts. In order to gain an ascendancy
+over them, you must gain their esteem, for they never confide in a
+person whom they do not value, and this esteem is very difficult to
+obtain."
+
+The savages were exasperated against the English by a speech delivered
+by Count Raymond, at a meeting of the chiefs, in which, to suit his own
+purposes, he depicted the most frightful cruelties perpetrated by the
+English.
+
+During the Indian hostilities, opposition on the part of the Colonists
+was altogether of a defensive nature. The regular troops, as well as the
+undisciplined militia, proving unfit for such warfare, it was found
+necessary to employ the New England Rangers. These were volunteers from
+the New England provinces, accustomed to Indian warfare, many of them
+Indians and half-bloods. They ascended the rivers, penetrated into the
+heart of the province, and attacked the enemy in their strongholds. The
+Indians finding they were opposed by men equally accustomed to the
+forest with themselves, soon found it their interest to make peace with
+the British.[30]
+
+[Footnote 30: Governor Cornwallis reduced the Rangers. He thought
+Goreham very incompetent to command them.]
+
+In 1758, it was found necessary to procure the services of 250 of these
+Rangers from New England, by promises of high pay and other advantages.
+Long accustomed to the border war with the Indians and French of Canada,
+they had become well disciplined, and accustomed to hardships and
+fatigue, and were perhaps at this time superior to all other provincial
+troops in America. The Provincials were troops raised in the Colonies at
+the expense of the Provincial Government, and were distinct from the
+Rangers, who were independent companies paid by the British Government.
+They served at Havannah, at Louisburg in the first siege under
+Pepperell, and with Wolfe at Louisburg and Quebec, and afterwards served
+to form the groundwork of Washington's army in 1775.
+
+After the fall of Fort William Henry in 1758, it was said that the
+Marquis de Montcalm sent a number of prisoners taken at that place, in a
+vessel to Halifax. They were Provincial soldiers, chiefly from the New
+England provinces. This was said to have been an attempt to introduce
+the small pox into Halifax, many of the men being ill of the disorder on
+their embarkation. Providence, however, frustrated this benevolent
+design. The prisoners being kept on low diet, half starved, and exposed
+to the cold, soon recovered, while the French in charge of the vessel,
+having indulged in the use of wine and strong fare, were thrown down
+with the disease, and nearly all perished. The vessel was brought into
+port by the prisoners.[31]
+
+[Footnote 31: This story was related by the late Titus Smith, who
+received it from his father.]
+
+In the spring of 1751, nine hundred and fifty-eight Protestant German
+settlers arrived, and in the following year 1000 more.[32] The latter
+were from Montbeliard, of the Confession of Augsburgh, and were placed
+under the spiritual charge of the Rev. J. B. Moreau. They had been
+induced to emigrate by promises from King George II, which it is said
+were never realized. Considerable difficulty appears to have been
+experienced by the Government in providing a suitable situation for
+settling so large a number of persons. The original design with regard
+to the foreign Protestants was to place them in the interior of the
+country, on the lands unoccupied by the French Acadians, it being
+supposed that their proximity to and intercourse with the French, would
+be the means of lessening the bad feeling which had been fostered by
+emissaries from Canada. The project was unfavorably received by the
+Acadians. There were, however, other difficulties in the way of its
+accomplishment, of a particular nature, which compelled the Government
+to abandon the object. The want of sufficient provisions to maintain so
+many settlers through the winter, the lateness of the season, and the
+helplessness of a large portion of the Germans, who were unfit for
+labour, induced the Government to place them in the neighbourhood of
+Halifax. It was at first proposed in Council to send them to the
+opposite side of the harbour over against George's Island, and Captain
+Morris was sent to survey the grounds. The mouth of Musquodoboit River
+was also suggested, and a survey of that part of the country ordered,
+but the distance from Halifax and the danger of the Indians, rendered
+the scheme impracticable. "All I could do," says the Governor, "was to
+build boarded barracks for them. They must be sustained by Government
+until they are capable of raising something of their own; most of them
+are poor and wretched, and have scarce a farthing of money among them."
+
+[Footnote 32: The names of the settlers who arrived after June and July,
+1749, are not to be found among the records of the country.]
+
+These people had been collected together by a Mr. Dick, the Government
+agent for that purpose. He had persuaded these who came out this year
+to sell everything they possessed even to their bedding, before going on
+board; and they stated that owing to the want of bedding and other
+conveniences, many of them died on the passage and since their arrival.
+Many of these people are represented as very old, and as objects fitter
+to be kept in almshouses, several of them above 80 years of age. The
+Governor in his letter to the Board of Trade, says, "On the 26th
+September last, when the last of these settlers were landed, there were
+30 of them who could not stir off the beach, and among the children
+there were 8 orphans, who in twelve days increased to 14 by the death of
+their parents. These had to be removed to the public orphan house, and
+had the best care taken of them." Many of these settlers became
+discontented with their condition, and went off to the Island of St.
+John, where they endeavoured to settle themselves. The difficulty of
+procuring provisions was very great. The Government appears to have been
+altogether dependent on the contracts of Althorp and Hancock of Boston,
+and Delaney and Watts of New York, for the necessary supplies for the
+settlement.
+
+In June, 1753, about 1500 of these German settlers embarked for Malagash
+Harbour, west of Mahone Bay, where they afterwards built the town of
+Lunenburg. They were accompanied by a company of Rangers under Major
+Goreham. The expedition was placed under the command of Col. Charles
+Lawrence. There were also some regular troops, under Major Patrick
+Sutherland, who took a very active part in planting the settlement.
+Lieutenant John Creighton, of Warburton's Regiment, also accompanied the
+German settlers, and also the Rev. J. H. Moreau, who officiated as their
+minister.
+
+The Lunenburg settlers were placed under similar regulations with those
+at Halifax, and received Government allowance for several years after
+their arrival at Malagash.
+
+After the removal of the Germans from Halifax to Lunenburg, there were
+but 15 German families left in the north suburbs. Not knowing any
+English, they formed themselves into a separate congregation for
+religious worship, and built themselves a small house upon the German
+burial ground on Brunswick street, in which they had prayers every
+Sunday. In 1760, a steeple was built on this house, and the next year
+the Rev. Dr. Breynton, Rector of St. Paul's, preached there for the
+first time, and it was on that occasion dedicated by the name of St.
+George's Church. The congregation followed the English Church rules of
+doctrine and appointed their Elders and Vestry. This old building still
+remains in its primitive state, the only monument now remaining of the
+old German settlement, called Dutchtown.
+
+In October, 1752, Mr. Cotterall was appointed to the Council, and John
+Duport sworn in Clerk of the Council. An order in Council and
+proclamation appeared on the 14th of November, forbidding persons from
+assembling or carrying about effigies on the anniversary of the holiday,
+called Gunpowder Treason, being the 16th of November, according to the
+alteration of the style.
+
+At the Council held on the 22nd December, 1752, the Justices were
+ordered to look out for a proper place for a bridewell or workhouse, and
+to form a plan for the building of a block-house for that purpose, and
+to obtain an estimate of the probable expense, and to report rules and
+regulations for the government of the same. The Constables were to go
+about the streets on Sundays to prevent disorders, and to make a report
+to the Justices in the evening after divine service, and to apprehend
+disorderly persons during the night. Proprietors of land were obliged to
+fence their quota; on failure, to be liable to an action for the
+recovery of the charges for fencing the same.
+
+All proprietors of land upon the peninsula of Halifax were directed to
+clear half their lots by 1st May, 1753, to clear the remainder and fence
+the whole by 1st May, 1754, otherwise the lots would be forfeited and be
+disposed of to others who would improve them. And an order was made for
+permission to John Connors, to assign the Dartmouth Ferry to Henry Wynne
+and William Manthorne.
+
+Among the local events recorded this year, was a robbery in one of the
+King's storehouses, which was broken open on the night of the 26th
+October. There was also a cartel published by Governor Hopson, for the
+exchange of prisoners with the French Government in Canada.
+
+The most important circumstance of the year, however, was a charge
+against the Justices of the Inferior Court of Common Pleas, sent in to
+the Council by a number of the most influential inhabitants, charging
+them with partiality, and praying for a public hearing. This document
+was presented to the Council in December, and was signed by Joshua
+Mauger, Joseph Rundel, Isaac Knott, John Grant, Francis Martin, Edward
+Crawley, Richard Catherwood, Robert Campbell, William Nesbitt, John
+Webb, William McGee, Sebastian Zouberbuhler, Samuel Sellon and Isaac
+Deschamps. These charges came on for hearing before the Council on 3rd
+January following; they consisted of ten distinct charges against
+Charles Morris, James Monk, John Duport, Robert Ewer and William Bourn,
+Esquires, Justices of the Inferior Court of Common Pleas, for the Town
+and County of Halifax, and were signed by the following inhabitants:
+
+  Joshua Mauger,
+  S. Zouberbuhler,
+  Samuel Sellon,
+  Edward Buckleton,
+  James Porter,
+  Daniel Wood,
+  Jonathan Gifford,
+  William Schwartz,
+  Edward Crawley,
+  William Jeffray,
+  Vere Rous,
+  Francis Martin,
+  John Brooks,
+  Henry Wilkinson,
+  William Nesbitt,
+  John Woodin,
+  James Ford,
+  George Featherstone,
+  Thos. Mattison,
+  Joseph Antony,
+  Alex. Kedy,
+  James Fullon,
+  William Murray,
+  Louis Triquet,
+  William Clapham,
+  John Webb,
+  Robert Catherwood,
+  John Walker,
+  Geo. Peter DeBreg,
+  Richard Hollis,
+  Henry Sibley,
+  Edward O'Brien,
+  Henry O'Brien,
+  Thos. Wynne,
+  John Grant,
+  William Vanselson,
+  Cheyne Brownjohn,
+  Richard Tritton,
+  Edward Lukey,
+  Cyrus Jannin,
+  John Willis,
+  Roger Hill,
+  Js. Deschamps,
+  Robert Grant,
+  William McGee,
+  Joseph Rundel.
+
+This affair arose from a dispute which occurred between the Government
+and Captain Ephraim Cook, who had been discharged from the Commission
+of the Peace by Governor Cornwallis for bad behaviour, and appears to
+have been the result of party feeling.
+
+It resulted in additional numbers being added to the bench of
+Magistrates, and the Governor and Council availed themselves of this
+affair to urge upon the Government the necessity of having a Chief
+Justice.
+
+The necessity of a properly organized Militia force being kept up, had
+become apparent, in consequence of the continual threats of hostility on
+the part of the Indians and native French; it was therefore resolved on
+22 March, 1753, that a Militia should be raised and established for the
+security of the Province, and a proclamation was accordingly issued,
+compelling all persons (except foreigners, who were to be placed
+elsewhere) between the ages of 16 and 60, to serve in the Militia.
+
+On the first day of June, another proclamation was issued for a muster
+of the Militia. Those of the south suburbs to assemble within the
+pickets opposite the end of Barrington Street, near Horseman's Fort.
+Those of the north suburbs, between the Grenadier Fort and Lutteral's
+Fort, and those of the town on the esplanade, near the Citadel Hill.
+
+On the 12th of April, 1753, Glaude Gisigash, an Indian who styled
+himself Governor of LaHave, appeared before the Council, and having
+declared his intention of making peace, terms of amity were drawn up and
+signed by the Governor and the Indian Chief, on the part of himself and
+his people. The terms were the same as those made with Major Cope, and
+it was arranged that some of his tribe should come up and ratify the
+treaty.
+
+Governor Hopson went home on leave in the autumn of 1753, and the
+government was administered by Col. Lawrence. In one of his last letters
+to the Board of Trade, in reference to the disturbed state of the
+country, Governor Hopson says, "Your Lordships may imagine how
+disagreeable it is to me to see His Majesty's rights encroached upon,
+and those encroachments openly avowed and supported by the Governors of
+Canada and Louisburg, when it is not in my power to prevent it. I have
+barely a sufficient force to protect the settlers from the insults of an
+Indian war, under pretence of which the French take all opportunity to
+commit hostilities upon His Majesty's subjects. I am informed that the
+French have often been mixed among them in the expeditions, and am
+convinced past doubt that they are fed and protected from our pursuit,
+and are encouraged to disturb us as openly and in as great a degree as
+in time of war."
+
+There were three still houses in Halifax in 1753. Mr. Best the master
+mason, and Mr. Clewley the master carpenter, having been ordered to
+inspect them. The return was as follows:
+
+  Mr. Richard Bowers, 2 stills in Granville Street.
+  Wm. Murray, 1 still in Grafton Street, reported not safe.
+  Jonathan Gifford, 1 still in Barrington Street.
+
+October 16th, Mr. John Greenwood presented a petition to the Council,
+stating that he had paid passage for 12 men, 1 woman and 2 children,
+foreign settlers, with the Governor's leave. They engaged to serve him
+for a year, but having been removed to Lunenburg by the Governor's
+orders, he lost their services; he was allowed £79 5s., the labour of 12
+men for 96 days.
+
+Governor Hopson took leave of the Council on 26th October, and received
+an address on his departure. He sailed for England on the 2nd November
+following.
+
+On the 16th November, two Indians appeared before the Council, who had
+been sent from Lunenburg by Col. Sutherland. They stated they were of
+the tribe of Cape Sable Indians, which consisted of about 60 people with
+two chiefs; that Baptiste Thomas, one of their priests, was one of their
+chiefs, and the other Francis Jean de Perisse was not a chief, but
+deputed by the other chief. They stated that they had never joined with
+the other Indians to molest the English; that on the contrary they had
+always exhibited a friendly spirit, in consequence of which they had
+never received any assistance from the French. The Council gave them
+2000 pounds of bread, 3 barrels of pork, 20 blankets, 30 pounds powder,
+some shot, tobacco and other articles, also two gold-laced hats for
+their chiefs, and one silver-laced for the deputy.
+
+The close of this year was occupied by the Governor and Council, in
+investigation of the riots which occurred at Lunenburg, known as the
+Hoffman Rebellion. It was found necessary to send Col. Monkton with a
+body of regular troops to suppress the riots. Mr. Hoffman, the supposed
+ringleader, was brought to Halifax and imprisoned on George's Island.
+He was afterwards tried and sentenced to a fine of £100 or two years
+imprisonment.
+
+It may be proper to advert to the religious condition of the settlement
+at this period. The greater portion of the inhabitants were at this time
+of the Church of England. The Protestant Germans had nearly all united
+themselves to that Church, and sought missionaries from the S. P. G.
+Society.
+
+The Rev. John Breynton succeeded Mr. Tutty in St. Paul's. In 1752, he
+reported that half of the population had professed themselves members of
+the Church, and that the actual communicants were between 500 and 600.
+
+Mr. Breynton established an Orphan House, and the Orphan School was
+under his superintendence. In 1753, fifty poor children were diligently
+instructed. Ralph Sharrock was the school-master. In 1753, the Rev.
+Thomas Wood from the Province of New Jersey, was appointed to assist Mr.
+Breynton, and he remained jointly in charge with Mr. Breynton until
+1763, when he was removed to Annapolis.
+
+It may here be observed, that on the establishment of Representative
+Government at Halifax, in 1758, among the first acts of the Assembly,
+was that for the support of Religious Worship, which contained a clause
+for the free toleration of all Protestant dissenters, whether Lutherans,
+Calvinists, etc., completely exempting them from all charges for the
+support of the Established Church. By this act, the right of the
+parishioners of St. Paul's and all future parishes, to present their own
+minister to the ordinary for induction was declared, and immediately
+after its publication, the parishioners of the parish of St. Paul's, in
+the Town of Halifax, presented the Reverend John Breynton and the
+Reverend Thomas Wood as joint Rectors, or "Rector and Vicar," as they
+were called, to the Governor, who immediately went through the form of
+induction, a ceremony thought necessary in order to entitle them to
+privileges of incumbents. The record of this fact will be found in the
+correspondence of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel at that
+period.
+
+During the winter of 1753-4, there had been no disturbance from the
+Indians, and the Government availed themselves of the opportunity of
+sending out proper persons to make a survey of the country around. The
+winter was mild and the frost not so severe as usual or of so long
+continuance. The valley of the Shubenacadie had been examined, but it
+was not found available for settlement, being the principal resort of
+the Indians under Cope. The Township of Lawrencetown including
+Chezzetcook, had also been undertaken, and further grants of land in
+that quarter of the country were sought for in the following spring.
+
+The desertion of many of the lower orders of the German settlers at
+Lunenburg is mentioned; they appear to have gone over to the French.
+Governor Lawrence in his letter to the Board of Trade, August 1st, 1754,
+speaking of the French, says, "They have not for a long time brought
+anything to our markets, but on the other hand have carried everything
+to the French and Indians."
+
+At this time the land was being cleared for the Battery at the east side
+of the harbour, the site probably of the present eastern battery. A fort
+was also in progress of erection at Lawrencetown when the settlement was
+progressing, not having been disturbed by the Indians. This settlement
+had been formed by Governor Lawrence in consequence of the good meadow
+lands at the head of the harbour, and he granted the township to 20
+proprietors and built a blockhouse for their protection. But the
+undertaking was not prosperous, and finally failed to answer the object
+intended, owing to its exposed situation and the distance from Halifax.
+
+The arrival of the Vulture, sloop-of-war, Capt. Kenzey, from the Bay of
+Fundy, produced much excitement in the Town; she brought several
+prisoners charged with murder, who were lodged in jail to take their
+trial before the General Court.[33]
+
+[Footnote 33: Mr. Nisbett was Attorney General at the time. He had been
+acting in that office since the Spring of 1752.]
+
+Benjamin Street, Samuel Thornton and John Pastree, were placed on their
+trial for the murder of one of the midshipmen and a sailor of the
+Vulcan. It appeared on the trial that a schooner, of which the parties
+charged were part of the crew, commanded by one Hovey, belonging to
+Boston or some part of New England, was found trading in the Bay of
+Fundy and supplying the French with provisions, etc. Capt. Kenzey sent a
+boat aboard Hovey's shallop, under the idea that he had contraband goods
+on board. The crew refused to allow the man-of-war boat to come
+alongside, and fired into her, killing Mr. Jolly and wounding several
+others. Hovey, the master, appears to have gone below and hid himself
+during the whole affair. He was discovered in his berth by the officer
+in command of the man-of-war boat, after the sloop had been captured.
+This affair occurred in July, 1754, and the trial took place before the
+Chief Justice in Michaelmas Term of that year. This was the first
+sitting at which Chief Justice Belcher presided. The three prisoners
+were acquitted of the murder, but it would appear they were found guilty
+of the minor offence, as they were sentenced to six months imprisonment,
+and afterwards placed on board a man-of-war (1755). Joseph Hovey, the
+master, was discharged, the grand jury refusing to find a bill of
+indictment against him.
+
+The following appointments were made by the grand jury in Michaelmas
+Term, 1754: Gaugers of Casks, Paul Pritchard and Lewis Piers; Surveyors
+of Pickled Fish, Henry Ferguson and Daniel Hills; Cullers of Dry Fish,
+Charles King and E. Gerrott; Cullers of Hoops and Staves, Dennis
+Heffernan and Benoni Bartlett; Surveyors of Lumber, etc., Joseph Scott
+and Joseph Marshall; Surveyors of Cordwood, Samuel McClure, Josiah
+Milliken and Joseph Wakefield.
+
+On Monday 14th October, 1754, Jonathan Belcher, Esq., was sworn in Chief
+Justice. The Court then adjourned to the Court House, where His
+Majesty's Commission was read, appointing Lt. Governor Lawrence,
+Governor General of the province. Mr. Belcher's appointment bears date
+in July. At the commencement of Michaelmas Term, the following
+ceremonies and procession were observed, the first of the kind ever seen
+in Nova Scotia. On the first day of Michaelmas Term, the Chief Justice
+walked from the Governor's house honoured by the presence of His
+Excellency Charles Lawrence, Esq., Lieutenant Governor, and accompanied
+by the Honourable the Members of H. M. Council, proceeded by the Provost
+Marshal, the Judge's tipstaff, and other civil officers, the gentlemen
+of the Bar attending in their gowns, and walking in procession to the
+long room at Pontach's, where an elegant breakfast was provided, where
+the Chief Justice in his scarlet robes, was received and complimented in
+the politest manner, by a great number of gentlemen and ladies, and
+officers of the Army. Breakfast being over, they proceeded with the
+commission before them, to church, where an excellent sermon was
+preached by the Rev. Mr. Breynton, from these words: "I am one of them
+that are peaceable and faithful in Israel." A suitable anthem was sung,
+after which they proceeded to the Court House, which upon this occasion
+was very handsomely fitted up, where the Chief Justice being seated with
+his Excellency the Lieutenant Governor on his right hand under a canopy,
+the clerk of the Crown presented His Majesty's commission to the Chief
+Justice, appointing him to be Chief Justice within the province, which
+being returned, and proclamation for silence being made, the same was
+read, and directions were given by the Chief Justice for the conduct of
+the practitioners, and the Grand Jury appearing in Court upon the return
+of the precept, were sworn and charged by the Chief Justice, and the
+business of the day being finished, the Court adjourned. His Honor the
+Chief Justice, accompanied and attended as before, returned to the
+Governor's house. A few days after Mr. Chief Justice Belcher, the
+Provost Marshal, the gentlemen of the Bar, and other officers of H. M.
+Supreme Court, and the gentlemen of the grand jury, waited on his
+Excellency the Lieutenant Governor, when the Chief Justice, in his robes
+of office, addressed his Excellency in the name of the whole, as
+follows:
+
+"SIR,--We esteem it our indispensable duty to testify our zeal, as Chief
+Justice, provost marshal, grand jurors, practitioners and officers of H.
+M. Supreme Court of judicature, for the interest of this province, and
+the protection of its laws, our attachment to your person, and our
+respect and gratitude for your eminent services, by expressing our joy
+in His Majesty appointing you to the chief command of this his dominion
+of Nova Scotia. We shall ever consider it as essential to our fidelity
+in the execution of the laws, to exert our most vigilant endeavors for
+the ease and success of your administrations, and not only to suppress
+any measures subversive of your consultations for the public good, but
+at all times affectuate the means prescribed by you for the prosperity
+of the province. Our solicitude for the advancement of justice under the
+laws, cannot be more fervently expressed, than by the tender of our
+ardent wishes for your being and happy continuance in the chief chair of
+this Government."
+
+To which his Excellency the Lieutenant Governor was pleased to make the
+following answer:
+
+"Mr. Chief Justice and gentlemen of the Supreme Court and grand jury:
+
+"I have the highest sense of this testimony of your zeal for the public
+welfare and your esteem for me. I should be much wanting in my duty if I
+did not embrace this opportunity of returning my thanks for the late
+pious, learned and eloquent charge from the Bench, and I doubt not,
+gentlemen, but your vigilance and fidelity in the service of your
+country will have its desired effect.
+
+"While I have the power to sit in the chair, be assured the authority of
+Government shall be ready to support the law, for the law, gentlemen, is
+the firm and solid basis of civil society, the guardian of liberty, the
+protection of the innocent, the terror of the guilty, and the scourge of
+the wicked.
+
+                                              "CHARLES LAWRENCE."
+
+Governor Lawrence in his letter of 12th January, 1755, says, "I am now
+preparing to build three batteries of 10 guns each in front of the town,
+and contemplate finishing them in good time. These batteries were
+erected along the line of the shore. The middle or King's battery stood
+where the Queen's wharf now is, there was another at the present
+Ordnance Yard, another near the site of Fairbanks wharf, and a fourth at
+the present Lumber Yard, which latter still remains."
+
+The batteries along the front of the town were completed during the
+summer of 1755, and a plan of them sent to England in June of that year.
+They were twelve feet in height above high water mark, two hundred and
+forty feet in length, and sixty-five in breadth. The parapet raised on
+these was seven feet high, and the materials consisted of logs and
+timber framed and filled up with gravel, stones, earth and sand. The
+material consisted of 9500 logs of 25 feet, 1280 tons of square timber
+and 25,000 tons weight of gravel and earth, the whole expense about
+£5,300. The work was commenced in January, 1755, and completed late in
+the summer. 20 guns were mounted on these three batteries in July of
+that year--the other batteries were afterwards added.
+
+An attempt was made this year to involve the Government in a dispute
+with the Indian tribes. Paul Laurant, an Indian Chief of the Mic-Mac
+tribe, appeared before the Council on 12th February, 1755, and informed
+them that he and another Indian Chief named Algamud, had set out from
+Beausejour for Halifax in order to treat of peace, but that the Chief
+had fallen sick at Cobequid and had intrusted him with the proposals.
+They demanded the whole eastern section of the Province, from Cobequid
+to Canso, to be set apart for them as feeding and hunting grounds. Being
+asked what security he could give that the Indians would keep the peace,
+he said he could say nothing to that, being only desired to bring in the
+terms. The Council dismissed him with a promise of an answer in writing.
+An answer in writing was drawn up and signed by the Governor on 13th
+February, 1755, which expressed a willingness on the part of the
+Governor and Council to allow them such lands as would be sufficient for
+their purposes. It mentioned the perfidious breaches of all former
+treaties on the part of the Indians, and where their conduct was
+complained of that the Tribes themselves had disallowed all authority on
+the part of their Chiefs to make such treaties, and that the Governor
+and Council demanded a full attendance of Chiefs before them, with full
+power to treat, before any further proceedings could be taken.
+
+On the 3rd and 4th July, the Council was engaged with the French
+Deputies, again on 14th, 15th and 28th same month.
+
+The defence of the settlement was the next subject of deliberation and
+the protection from the incursions of the French along the Bay of Fundy
+and from Louisburg, both nations being at the time arrayed against each
+other in open warfare.
+
+On the 18th February, 1755, Mrs. Green, wife of Hon. Benj. Green, and
+her family, Captain Horatio Gates and Mrs. Gates, with Captain Hale and
+their servants and baggage, were received on board Captain Rogers' sloop
+for Boston. Captain Gates had been one of the Aides-de-Camp of Governor
+Cornwallis, he was afterwards a General in the American Revolutionary
+Army.[34]
+
+[Footnote 34: See Biographical note in the last Chapter.]
+
+The loss of the Mars, a 70 gun ship, occurred off the harbour in May,
+1755. It was in an easterly gale and supposed to be the fault of the
+pilot. Guns and crew were all saved. The Mars rock at the western
+entrance of the bay marks the spot. The guns and stores were brought to
+Halifax. Admiral Holborn's letter announcing the loss of the ship bears
+date the 28th May, off Halifax Harbour.
+
+30th December, 1755, Montague Wilmot and Charles Morris, having been
+appointed to the Council, were sworn in. The other members were John
+Collier, Mr. Cotterell, Robert Monkton and Captain Rous.
+
+A number of French prizes, taken by the fleet under Admiral Boscawen,
+were this summer brought into Halifax. There were in these 19,998
+gallons of rum and brandy.
+
+A Mr. Ellis had for several years held the office of Governor of Nova
+Scotia, and received the emoluments, but never came out. Lt. Governor
+Lawrence received the appointment of Governor-in-Chief on the
+resignation of Mr. Ellis, and Colonel Monkton became Lt. Governor; their
+commissions were read and they sworn into office on 23rd July, this
+year.
+
+The following census of the town appears to have been taken about 1755
+or 1756:--
+
+  Masters of families paying poor tax               256
+  Male children between 12 and 21 years of age      182
+  Male children under 12                            291
+  Transient persons who pay no taxes                108
+                                                    ---
+                                                        837
+
+  Married women                                     241
+  Girls unmarried above 12 years old                261
+  Girls under 12 years of age                       345
+  Women servants                                     71
+                                                    ---
+                                                        918
+                                                       ----
+                                                       1755
+
+The only other event of this year worthy of notice was the following
+melancholy affair detailed in Col. Sutherland's letter from Lunenburg,
+dated 12th September. "Yesterday," he says, "I received the melancholy
+account of Mr. Payzant's house being burned in Mahone Bay, and that he
+himself and other people who were with him, were killed by the Indians.
+I immediately sent out an officer and party, which returned this
+morning, by whom I am informed that on Payzant's Island the house is
+burned, he with another young man killed and scalped, a woman servant
+and child also killed and scalped near the water side. His wife and four
+children missing. The young man was son to a family which lived on
+Captain Rous's Island. As his hands were tied the gentlemen immediately
+conjectured some further mischief was done there, and on their arrival
+they found the man thereto belonging, likewise scalped. It appears that
+Captain Rous's is the most advanced settlement, that they first came
+there and took the boy to conduct them to Payzant's." Mr. Payzant came
+to this country with a strong recommendation from Mr. Pownall, secretary
+to the Board of Trade. The death of James Payzant, Esquire, a clerk in
+the office of the Secretary of State, of the age of 100 years is
+announced in the London Gazette for 1757. This was probably the father
+of the gentleman who came out to Halifax, to whom Mr. Secretary
+Pownall's recommendation referred.
+
+1756. January 26th, the term of Henry Wynne and William Manthorn's
+licences of the Dartmouth and Halifax ferry having expired, John Rock
+petitioned and obtained the same on the terms of his predecessors.
+
+On the 30th June, 1757, Lord Loudon arrived at Halifax with the troops
+from New York, destined for the invasion of Cape Breton.
+
+Saturday, 16th July, 1757, His Excellency acquainted the Council that
+the Earl of Loudon had this day represented to him that a fever had
+broken out among the troops, under His Lordship's command, occasioned by
+the great quantities of rum that were sold to the soldiers by unlicensed
+retailers, and if continued must prove of fatal consequences to the
+service; and unless steps were immediately taken to effectually stop the
+same, he would feel himself justified in ordering all liquors found in
+the possession of such unlicensed retailers to be destroyed. The Council
+empowered the Provost Marshal and his deputies to enter such houses,
+seize the liquors and place them in the King's store until the army and
+navy departed.
+
+On the 1st November, 1757, the grand jury of the County of Halifax
+petitioned the Governor and Council on behalf of the inhabitants of the
+town, that the town should be put into some state of defence "for the
+preservation of the place, the inhabitants, their families and effects."
+They stated that the property, etc., was insecure from the want of
+proper defences; that the people were willing to assist in the work, and
+intimated that if their prayer could not be heard, humbly beg that they
+"may immediately know it in order to take the first opportunity of
+convoying themselves, their families and effects, to a place of safety
+in some of the neighbouring Colonies." A previous petition had been
+presented to the Governor, to which no answer had been returned. The
+names attached to the petition were, Robert Saunderson, Joseph Rundell,
+John Anderson, Paul Pritchard, Hugh McCoy, Joseph Fairbanks, William
+Schwartz, Robert Campbell, William Pantree, John Killick, John Brooks,
+Henry Wilkinson, Walter Manning, John Slayter, Richard Catherwood,
+Joseph Pierce, Alexander Cunningham, Richard Tritson, Jonathan Gifford
+and Benjamin Leigh.
+
+The boundaries of the Township of Halifax were settled by order in
+Council 20th May, 1758, as follows: That until said township can be more
+particularly described, the limit thereof shall be deemed to be as
+follows:
+
+To comprehend all the lands lying southerly of a line extending from the
+westernmost head of Bedford Basin, across the northerly head of St.
+Margaret's Bay, with all the Islands near to said land, together with
+the Islands called Cornwallis Island,[35] Webb's and Rous' Island.[36]
+
+[Footnote 35: Now McNab's.]
+
+[Footnote 36: Now known as Lawlor's and Devil's Islands.]
+
+Minutes of Council 21st June, 1758: Mr. Josiah Marshall proposed to
+build a workhouse, 50 feet long, 20 feet wide and 8 feet high, in the
+town. The timber to be laid close, with a roof double boarded and
+shingled; to have 4 windows on each side, each window to have nine panes
+of glass and three iron grates; to have a staircase in the entry and a
+whipping post. The building to be placed on a good dry wall. Mr.
+Marshall's tender for £200 sterling, finding materials and labour, was
+accepted.
+
+To Charles Morris, Joshua Mauger and Charles Proctor, Esquires.
+"Whereas, it has been thought proper to convert to the use of the
+public, a piece of land called Goreham's Point and the lands next
+ajacent, lying in the north suburbs of Halifax, formerly allotted to
+sundry persons, who have cleared and improved the same and erected some
+buildings upon them; they were directed to value the lands and
+proportion each owner's extent therein, and report to His Excellency.
+Dec. 9th, 1758."
+
+This is the site of the Commissioners' House in the present Dockyard.
+
+December 9th, 1758. Peter Marquis de Conte and Gravina, convicted for
+intent to commit rape on a child under the age of ten years, was
+sentenced by the Court to walk between the hours of 11 and 12 this day
+from the north to the south side of the Parade, and from thence to the
+jail with a paper placed on his breast with his crime inscribed thereon,
+and to be confined for three months and fined thirty pounds; to remain
+in jail till the same be paid. Governor Lawrence remitted the first part
+of this sentence. The Marquis de Conte was a Sicilian nobleman; he had
+been an officer in Goreham's Rangers.
+
+December 29th, 1758. It appears by an advertisement of this date, that
+Governor Lawrence had wells sunk and pumps erected as reservoirs against
+fires, and that they had been damaged by some unknown person. His
+Excellency caused them to be put in repair.
+
+Governor Lawrence, in his letter to the Board of Trade, 3rd November,
+1759, mentions that the masonry of Sambro Light House had been some time
+finished, and that the lantern was then in progress of erection. That a
+chart of the harbour was also in progress, as also proper directions for
+piloting in ships with safety. Copies of these directions were enclosed
+in his letter.
+
+It appears that in the year 1758, the Governor appropriated out of the
+old crown duty money for the Light House £1,000, for the Work House
+£500, for the Church £400, and for the Meeting House £100.
+
+  Again in 1760, for the Light House £987   5s.   5d.
+                              "       452  10    10
+                              "       635   6     8
+                                     ----  --    --
+                                    £2075   2s.  11d.
+
+For the Work House £5,456, for the Church £350 18s. 6d., Meeting House
+£174 0s. 4d., Jail £208 11s. 9d.
+
+Captain Rous was placed in charge of the Light House, a post which he
+occupied for many years. This was not Captain John Rous, the member of
+Council, but a relative of his from New England.
+
+21st December, 1758. The Governor and Council appropriated the sum of
+£400, raised by duties on liquors, towards the church in Halifax, under
+the direction of Benjamin Green, John Collier, Charles Morris, Robert
+Saunderson and Henry Newton, commissioners for that purpose.
+
+[Extract of letter from Louisburg, June 9th.]
+
+"Admiral Saunders, with the squadron under his command, arrived in good
+condition on the 21st April off Louisburg, but on account of ice
+blockading the harbour, was obliged to bear away on the 26th for
+Halifax, whence he arrived on the first of May."
+
+June 16th, 1759. Peter Marquis de Conte and Gravini, was released from
+his imprisonment, he having paid his fine. This gentleman died at
+Halifax. His will is recorded in the probate office.
+
+Thursday 16th August, 1759, William Cotteral, Robert Grant and Montague
+Wilmot, Esquires, Councillors, being absent from the Province, the
+Governor appointed Richard Bulkeley, Thomas Saul and Joseph Gerrish, who
+were this day sworn in and took their seats.
+
+February, 1760, two Indian Chiefs attended the Council, and were
+presented with laced blankets, laced hats, etc. They were informed that
+the same would be sent to the Chief of the St. John's Indians, and that
+the treaty of peace would be ready to be signed to-morrow, and if the
+wind was favourable they should embark on Sunday.
+
+In Council 11th March, 1760, the Governor appointed the Hon. Jonathan
+Belcher, Benjamin Green, John Collier, Charles Morris, Richard Bulkeley,
+Thomas Saul and Joseph Gerrish, Esquires, and William Nesbitt, John
+Duport, Joseph Scott, John Creighton, Sebastian Zouberbuhler, Edward
+Crawley, Charles Proctor and Benjamin Gerrish, Esquires, to be justices
+of the peace for the town and county of Halifax. Charles Morris, John
+Duport, Joseph Scott, Joseph Gerrish and Edward Crawley, Esquires, to be
+justices of the Inferior Court of Common Pleas for the county of
+Halifax, to the several of whom His Excellency then administered the
+oath requisite.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+
+Notwithstanding the advantages held out by Government to the settlers at
+Halifax, and the repeated large grants of money by Parliament, the
+people were rapidly removing to the old Colonies. Little progress had
+been made in clearing the country. The fishery, one of the main
+inducements of the settlement, was almost altogether neglected, and the
+population was reduced to much less than half its original number. They
+subsisted chiefly on the money expended by the Army and Navy, and were
+dependent on Boston for their provisions and many other necessary
+supplies.
+
+In 1755, Dr. Breynton, the minister at St. Paul's, estimated the
+inhabitants of Halifax at 1,300, eight hundred of whom professed
+themselves members of the Church of England; and again in 1763, eight
+years later, according to the Doctor's returns to the Propagation
+Society, the number was still found not to exceed one thousand and three
+hundred souls; nine hundred and fifty of them being of the Church of
+England, and three hundred and fifty Protestant Dissenters and Roman
+Catholics.
+
+Up to the year 1757, the enormous sum of £560,000 sterling had been
+expended on the settlements, and though in some respects the Colony had
+been considered a failure, yet in a military point of view it was of
+incalculable importance to Great Britain, and to its position as a naval
+and military depot may be ascribed in a great measure the downfall of
+the French power in America.
+
+On 30th June, 1757, Lord Loudon with his transports and 12,000 regulars
+and provincials arrived at Halifax, and on July following, Admiral
+Holborn arrived with his fleet. This armament, which was destined for an
+attack on Louisburg, left Halifax early in August, but having proved a
+failure the fleet returned to England in September, but Loudon returned
+with his army to New York; they both left Halifax on the same day, 16th
+August. Holborn arrived at Louisburg on 20th, where finding the French
+fleet superior to his own, he continued to cruise off Louisburg harbour
+until 24th September, when he encountered a severe gale of wind which
+scattered his fleet, several ships were lost, eight sail got safe to
+Portsmouth, and the rest got to New York. This powerful armament
+consisted of 13 sail of the line--the Newark 80 guns, Invincible 74,
+Grafton 68, Terrible 74, Northumberland 68, Captain 68, Bedford 64,
+Orford 68, Nassau 64, Sunderland 64, Defiance 64, Tilbury 64, Kingston
+60, Windsor 54, and the Sutherland 50, with several others which
+afterwards joined them, and 16 smaller vessels of war. The naval forces
+amounted 10,000 men, and the land forces to 12,000, six thousand of whom
+were provincial troops. Loudon left three regiments at Halifax, and
+several of the vessels remained to winter here.
+
+In May of this year the Governor and Council offered a bounty for sowing
+land with grass on the peninsula of Halifax, also for the erection of
+stone fences around the lots, and for raising grain and potatoes.
+
+Loudon was succeeded in the supreme command by Abercrombie, another
+incompetent--a debilitated old man who remained in command for a short
+time. He was succeeded by Sir Jeffrey Amherst.
+
+In the following spring about 12,000 troops arrived at Halifax, under
+the command of General Amherst. They were soon followed by Admiral
+Boscawen from England with a large fleet consisting of 23 ships of the
+line and 18 frigates. This great fleet arrived in Halifax harbour in
+May, 1758, accompanied by 120 transports. The land forces amounted to
+12,260 men. On Sunday, 28th May, they set sail from Halifax, 157 vessels
+in all. They were met by General Amherst, with part of the force, as
+they went out of the harbour. Governor Lawrence accompanied the army and
+took command of one of the Brigades, Colonel Monkton being left in
+command during his absence.
+
+After the siege, which was protracted for two months, part of the fleet
+and army returned to Halifax, and some of the vessels remained to refit.
+The colony was sacked for provisions and the town turned into a camp for
+the troops. A number of the provincial soldiers and others, having
+enriched themselves with the spoils at Louisburg, became settlers in the
+town. All the ammunition and stores, with a quantity of private
+property, were removed to Halifax, and the town once again began to
+assume a prosperous appearance.
+
+This year was also memorable as the one in which Representative
+Government was established in Nova Scotia. The subject of calling a
+Legislative Assembly had undergone much discussion. It had been
+represented by the Governor and Council, to the authorities in England,
+that such a step at that particular time would be fraught with much
+danger to the peace of the colony. Chief Justice Belcher, however,
+having given his opinion that the Governor and Council possessed no
+authority to levy taxes, and their opinion being confirmed in England,
+it was resolved in Council on 3rd January, 1757, that a representative
+system should be established and that twelve members should be elected
+by the province at large, until it could be conveniently divided into
+counties, and that the township of Halifax should send four members,
+Lunenburg two, Dartmouth one, Lawrencetown one, Annapolis Royal one, and
+Cumberland one, making in all twenty two members, and the necessary
+regulations were also made for carrying into effect the object intended.
+
+Much discontent prevailed in the town, and also in other parts of the
+province, in consequence of the opposition of Governor Lawrence to the
+calling of a Representative Assembly. Hitherto the Government had been
+carried on solely by the Governor and Council, who possessed both
+Legislative and Executive authority. Under the Royal instructions the
+Governor was directed to call a Representative Assembly as soon as the
+circumstances of the country would permit, but the Governor was of
+opinion that it would be injudicious to proceed to a popular election
+until the country was better prepared for it. After repeated
+remonstrances from the people of Halifax and some pressure from his
+Council, it was on the 7th January resolved in Council that an assembly
+should be called, and a plan was drawn up and submitted to the Board of
+Trade for the sanction of the home government. We find, however, that in
+February following it was resolved by the inhabitants of Halifax to
+petition the Crown against the conduct of Governor Lawrence, not only as
+regards his unwillingness to establish a representative government, but
+his oppressive and overbearing conduct in other respects to many of the
+leading inhabitants. This petition was entrusted to one Ferdinando
+Paris, a gentleman in London, accompanied by affidavits and a power of
+attorney, conferring on him authority to represent the subscribers
+before the Privy Council and the Board of Trade and Plantations. A
+subscription was set on foot, and about £120 sterling subscribed, to
+meet the expenses of the application to Government. These documents were
+certified by Chief Justice Belcher as authentic, on 14th March. As these
+proceedings bear date in February, 1757, it is probable that the
+resolution of the Council of the 7th January had not been made known.
+The petition and power were signed by the following residents of the
+town who reputed themselves as a committee appointed by the people for
+the purpose of forwarding their views: Robert Saunderson, William
+Pantree, Malachi Salter, Jonathan Binney, Otto Wm. Schwartz, Robert
+Campbell, Henry Ferguson and John Grant. These papers were also
+accompanied by a copy of an address from the people of Halifax to Lt.
+Governor Robert Monkton, praying that certain sums of money, collected
+as rum duties, etc., might be expended on the fortifications of the town
+as a protection to the inhabitants, and offering to contribute both
+labour and money for the purpose. It also complains of the "miserable
+management of those who have had the direction of the defences." This
+petition bears date 19th October, in the same year. The language of one
+of the letters addressed to Mr. Paris, the request on the subject of the
+Halifax grievances and the overbearing military rule of Governor
+Lawrence, bespeak much excitement to have existed in the town on the
+subject. The feeling appears to have prevailed principally among the
+leading inhabitants. We find that the list above referred to was signed
+by Mr. Binney, Mr. Salter, Mr. Pantree, Mr. Schwartz, Dr. Grant, Mr.
+Saunderson, Mr. Fairbanks, Mr. Robt. Campbell, Mr. Butler, Mr. Suckling,
+Mr. Vanput, Mr. G. Gerrish, Mr. Gibbon, Mr. Wiswell, Mr. Mason, and many
+others.
+
+On the first of November following, the Grand Jury of Halifax petitioned
+Governor Lawrence that some immediate steps may be taken to fortify the
+town so that the inhabitants might be placed in a more secure position
+in case of invasion. They refer to a petition presented to Lt. Governor
+Monkton on the same subject, to which no reply had been made, and
+concluded by asking that they might know without further delay what they
+were to expect; that if no further security is to be provided for the
+settlement they may have an opportunity of conveying themselves, their
+families and effects to a place of greater safety in some of the
+neighbouring Colonies. The names of the Grand Jury were Robert
+Saunderson, Joseph Rundell, John Anderson, Paul Pritchard, Hugh McKay,
+Joseph Fairbanks, William Schwartz, Robert Campbell, William Pantree,
+John Killick, John Brooks, Henry Wilkinson, Walter Manning, John
+Slayter, Richard Catherwood, Joseph Pierce, Alexander Cunningham,
+Richard Tritton, Jonathan Gifford and Benjamin Leigh.
+
+On Monday, the 2nd of October, 1758, the newly elected members met in
+the Court House in Halifax, pursuant to summons from the Provost
+Marshall; their names were as follows:
+
+  Joseph Gerrish,   }
+  Robert Saunderson,}
+  Henry Newton,     } Esquires.
+  William Foy,      }
+  William Nesbitt,  }
+  Joseph Rundell.   }
+
+  William Best,     }
+  Alexr. Kedie,     }
+  Jonathan Binney,  }
+  Henry Ferguson,   }
+  George Suckling,  }
+  Robert Campbell,  } Gentlemen.
+  Willm. Pantree,   }
+  Joseph Fairbanks, }
+  Philip Hammond,   }
+  John Fillis,      }
+  Lambert Folkers,  }
+  Philip Knout.     }
+
+They sent Messrs. Nesbitt, Newton and Rundell, to wait on the Governor,
+who sent Messrs. Morris and Green from the Council to swear them in.
+They then chose Robert Saunderson their speaker, which was confirmed by
+the Governor, who addressed them as follows: "Gentlemen of the Council
+and House of Representatives: His Majesty having been most graciously
+pleased by his royal instructions to his Governors of this Province to
+direct the calling an assembly of the freeholders to act in conjunction
+with his Governor and Council as the Legislative Authority, when such a
+measure should be found essential to his service; I am to assure you
+that it is with particular pleasure I now meet you convened in that
+capacity, in consequence of a plan some time since formed here for that
+purpose, with the advice and assistance of His Majesty's Council, and
+by me transmitted to the Lord Commissioner for Trade and Plantations to
+be laid before His Majesty for his approbation.
+
+"Gentlemen of the House of Representatives:
+
+"I entertain the most sanguine hopes that you are come together
+unanimously disposed to promote the service of the Crown, or in other
+words, the real welfare and prosperity of the people whom you have the
+honour to represent, in every point to the utmost of your authority and
+capacity.
+
+"This, I presume, you will conceive is justly to be expected, not only
+from the immediate regard due to the Civil Rights and Interests of your
+constituents, but likewise from the unspeakable obligations you are
+under to demonstrate in their behalf your dutiful sense of His Majesty's
+paternal concern for the prosperity and security of those his subjects
+in those distinguishing marks of his royal favour and protection which
+we have from time to time so happily experienced in the fleets and
+armies sent out for our immediate preservation when we were under the
+most imminent danger of being swallowed up by a merciless enemy; also in
+the ample supplies of money for so many years annually granted for the
+support and encouragement of this infant colony; and moreover still, in
+the continuance of His Majesty's royal bounty for that purpose, when
+from the seeming inclination of the inhabitants to have an assembly
+convened some time ago, it might have been presumed, and indeed by an
+article of His Majesty's Instructions, which I shall order to be laid
+before you, it has been judged that the Colony has become capable of
+providing for the necessary support of government here, as has been
+usual in all His Majesty's other American Dominions.
+
+"Gentlemen of both Houses:
+
+"As my Military occupation requires my attendance as early as possible
+upon the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces to the Westward, and as the
+Lieutenant Governor is now necessarily employed, and will be for some
+time to come, upon an enterprise of importance in a distant part of the
+province, there is not at present an opportunity of entering upon such
+particulars as might otherwise call for your attention; I am therefore
+earnestly to recommend to your serious consideration the expediency, or
+rather the necessity of unanimity and dispatch in the confirmation of
+such Acts or resolutions of a legislative nature, as the Governor and
+Council under His Majesty's Royal Instructions have found expedient,
+before the forming of an assembly and indispensably necessary for
+promoting the welfare and peaceable Government of this people.
+
+"You may depend upon it, Gentlemen, on my return to the Government you
+will find me perfectly disposed to concur with you in enacting such
+further laws, making such amendments to the present ones, and
+establishing such other regulations as shall appear upon more mature
+deliberations to be consistent with the honour and dignity of the Crown
+and conducive to the lasting happiness of His Majesty's subjects where I
+have the honour to preside.
+
+                                              "CHARLES LAWRENCE."
+
+The House then resolved that the members should all serve without pay
+for the session. The calling of the Legislature had been delayed till
+the autumn in consequence of both the Governor and Lt. Governor being
+absent with the Army at Louisburg. Governor Lawrence came up to Halifax
+from Louisburg specially to meet the Legislature.
+
+The Governor in his letter to the Board of Trade about this time noticed
+particularly the serious effects on the settlement of the enormous
+importation and retail of spirituous liquors, and expressed a hope that
+the Legislature would check it.
+
+On 2nd July, 1761 (second session) the House voted £50 for a public
+clock in the Town.
+
+The following year (1759) Halifax was again the rendezvous for part of
+the fleet and army both before and after the siege of Quebec; not a few
+of the more enterprising settlers followed the camp and enriched
+themselves during the war, Admiral Darell with 4 ships of the line
+arrived in Halifax Harbor in April and left for the St. Lawrence on 5th
+May.
+
+At the news of the victory, the town was illuminated, and fire works,
+bonfires and other public entertainments lasted several days.
+
+Between the years 1759 and 1763 the harbor had been the constant resort
+of the squadrons under Lord Colville and others; the place was
+enlivened by the presence of a large army and navy, and at the close of
+the war several gentlemen of condition were induced to become settlers.
+
+Peace having been proclaimed in 1763, the 28th day of December of that
+year was solemnized at Halifax as a day of thanksgiving on account of
+the termination of the war. Though the town possessed all the advantages
+to be derived from the presence of the naval and military forces, the
+resident population did not increase. From the notitia parochialis of
+the Rev. Dr. Breynton, the Rector of St. Paul's, the number of
+inhabitants in the town did not exceed 1300 souls. However, in 1769, six
+years after, the Doctor makes the following return: Inhabitants in and
+about Halifax including Garrison, Acadian French and fishermen, by the
+late public survey 5000 souls, of which 200 are Acadians and 55
+protestant dissenters. The number of births that year was 200 and the
+deaths 190.
+
+Among the local occurrences of the year 1759, was the trial of Thomas
+Lathum, baker, for the murder of Lieutenant Collins of the Royal Navy.
+It appeared that Mr. Collins, Captain Sweeney, Doctor Johns, Mr. Fulton
+and others of the Navy, had been sipping at the house of one John Field,
+and late in the evening proposed to go out in search of some women with
+whom one of them had made an engagement. They knocked at the door of one
+Hewitt, and inquired for Polly. On being refused admission, it appeared
+that Thomas Lathum, the brother-in-law of Hewitt, who lived in the
+neighbourhood, hearing the noise, came to his own door and demanded of
+the gentlemen in the street whether they intended to rob Mr. Hewitt.
+They replied that they were gentlemen and not robbers. Some further
+words provoked a scuffle, in which Fulton was dragged by Lathum into his
+house. The affair terminated in Lathum discharging a gun after the
+party, and mortally wounding Collins. Captain Sweeny had previously
+called the guard, who shortly after the affair arrived and took Lathum
+into custody. Lathum was tried on the 24th April, 1759.
+
+The names of the grand jury, who found the bill of indictment, were
+Michael Francklin, foreman, Charles Proctor, Abraham Bowyer, Walter
+Manning, James Quinn, Nathan Nathans, J. Pernette, John Craig, Terrence
+Fitzpatrick, John Kerby, Jonathan Pierce, James Porter, Henry Sibley,
+J. Flanagan, Michael Moloney, Robert Cowie, Charles Terlaven, Jonathan
+Gifford and James Browne.
+
+On the 11th March, 1760, the following gentlemen were appointed Justices
+of the Peace for the county of Halifax, viz.: The Hon. Jonathan Belcher,
+Hon. Benjamin Green, Hon. John Collier, Hon. Charles Morris, Hon.
+Richard Bulkeley, Hon. Thomas Saul, Hon. Joseph Gerrish, William
+Nesbitt, John Duport, Joseph Scott, John Creighton, Sebastine
+Zouberbuhler, Edward Crawley, Charles Proctor and Benjamin Gerrish, and
+on 30th December following, Malachi Salter, Alexander Grant, Johnathan
+Binney and John Burbidge were added to the number. Messrs. Morris,
+Duport, Scott, Gerrish and Crawley were appointed Justices of the
+Inferior Court of Common Pleas.
+
+Governor Lawrence, who had been for 7 days ill, died of inflammation of
+the lungs on the morning of the 19th October, 1760. The Council were
+immediately summoned, and Chief Justice Belcher sworn in to administer
+the Government. A question had arisen on a previous occasion, between
+Mr. Belcher and Mr. Green, as to the eligibility of the Chief Justice to
+the office of administrator of the Government, which was decided in
+favour of the Chief Justice, but some years after, the question was
+determined by the British Government declaring that the two offices of
+administrator of the Government and Chief Justice, should never be held
+by the same person.
+
+It was resolved in Council, that the funeral of the late Governor should
+be at the public expense, and a monument to his memory was afterwards
+voted by the Assembly to be placed in St. Paul's Church.[37]
+
+[Footnote 37: The inscription to be placed on this monument is given at
+full length in the Gazette of that day, but it was not to be found among
+those which cover the walls of old St. Paul's. There is, however, an
+escutcheon with the arms of Lawrence on the east gallery.]
+
+The funeral of Governor Lawrence took place on the Thursday following,
+24th October, at 4 p. m. The procession began from Government House as
+follows:--
+
+The Troops in Garrison, the Military Officers, two field pieces 6
+pounders, the Physicians, the ministers, the corpse in a coffin covered
+with black velvet, and the pall, to which were affixed escutcheons of
+His Excellency's arms, supported by the President and the rest of His
+Majesty's Council.
+
+The Mourners, the Provost Marshall, the House of Assembly, the
+Magistrates, the Civil Officers, the Freemasons and a number of the
+inhabitants. The Bearers, Clergy, Physicians and all Officers, Civil and
+Military had linen and cambric hat-bands.
+
+The corpse was preceded near the church by the orphans singing an
+anthem. The pulpit, reading desk and the Governor's pew, were covered
+with black and escutcheons, and a most pathetic Funeral Sermon was
+preached by the Reverend Mr. Breynton, Rector of the Parish, after which
+the corpse was interred on the right side of the Communion Table.
+
+Minute guns were fired from one of the batteries, from the time the
+procession began, until the interment, when the whole was concluded with
+three volleys from the troops under arms.
+
+The Supreme Court, which began on Tuesday following, was hung in
+mourning and escutcheons.
+
+The following fulsome eulogium, to the late lamented Governor, appeared
+in the newspapers of the day: "The Lieutenant Governor was possessed of
+every natural endowment and acquired, accomplishment necessary to adorn
+the most exalted station, and every amiable quality that could promote
+the sweets of friendship and social intercourse of human life.
+
+"As Governor, he exerted his uncommon abilities with unwearied
+application, and the most disinterested zeal in projecting and executing
+every useful design that might render this Province and its rising
+settlements flourishing and happy. He encouraged the industrious,
+rewarded the deserving, excited the indolent, protected the oppressed
+and relieved the needy. His affability and masterly address endeared him
+to all ranks of people, and a peculiar greatness of soul made him
+superior to vanity, envy, avarice or revenge.
+
+"In him we have lost the guide and guardian of our interests, the
+reflection on the good he has done, the anticipation of great things
+still expected from such merits, and circumstances which, while they
+redound to his honour, aggravate the sense of our irreparable
+misfortune."
+
+About the end of October, Commodore Lord Colville arrived in the harbor
+with the Northumberland and three other ships of the line and several
+frigates from Quebec. The Sloop-of-War England also arrived from England
+with dispatches and next day sailed for Louisburg and Quebec. Several
+transports also came in about the same time with Col. Montgomery's
+Highlanders to relieve the two battalions of the 60th Royal Americans.
+
+Among the advertisements in the Halifax Gazette of 1st November, 1760,
+is the following:
+
+"To be sold at public auction, on Monday the 3rd of November, at the
+house of Mr. John Rider, two Slaves, viz.: a boy and girl, about eleven
+years old; likewise, a puncheon of choice old cherry brandy, with sundry
+other articles."
+
+1759. Among the town officers nominated by the Grand Jury this year
+were, John Fillis, Richd. Wenman, Richd. Gibbon and Wm. Schwartz as
+Commissioners of the poor for the town.
+
+Surveyors of Highways, Chas. Morris, Esq., Chas. Proctor, Esq., Mr. Wm.
+Prescott and Mr. John Rider.
+
+This year an Act of the Legislature was passed to regulate the Sambro
+Light House at the entrance of Halifax Harbor, which had been erected
+the previous year at the expense of £1000. The Work House was also
+erected this year. Firing guns within the town and peninsula was
+forbidden in 1758 under a penalty.
+
+The accession of King George the Third was proclaimed at Halifax on the
+11th February, 1761, with great ceremony. The proclamation was first
+read at the Court House door,[38] then at the north gate of the
+town,[39] at Government House, at the south gate,[40] and lastly on the
+Parade, where the troops were drawn up and a salute fired by the
+artillery. Lord Colville's fleet being in the harbour at the time, "each
+ship fired a Royal Salute, beginning with his Lordship's flagship the
+Northumberland."
+
+[Footnote 38: Now Northup's corner, Buckingham and Argyle Streets.]
+
+[Footnote 39: At this period there was a fence on the north side of what
+is now called Jacob St. and a gate near the opening of Brunswick St., in
+front of the North Barrack old parade, some say further north.]
+
+[Footnote 40: The situation of the south gate is uncertain: there were
+several south gates. It was along Salter Street, probably in a line with
+the old forts known as Luttrell's and Horseman's Forts.]
+
+The order of the procession on this occasion was as follows:--1st, A
+Company of Grenadiers; 2nd, Constables of the Town; 3rd, Magistrates;
+4th, Civil Officers of Government; 5th, Constables; 6th, The Provost
+Marshall with two deputies on horseback; 7th, a Band of Music; 8th,
+Constables; 9th, The Commander-in-Chief of the Province, the Honorable
+Jonathan Belcher, with Admiral Lord Colville and Colonel Foster,
+commandant of the Garrison, and the members of His Majesty's Council;
+10th, the Speaker and the members of the House of Assembly, followed by
+the principal inhabitants. At three o'clock the company waited on the
+Commander-in-Chief at Governor Lawrence's head tavern, where a very
+elegant entertainment was provided for them, and after dinner His
+Majesty's health was drunk under Royal Salute from the Batteries, also
+other toasts, and the evening concluded with great rejoicings and
+illuminations, bon-fires and artificial fire works, played off by the
+Royal Artillery. A sermon was afterwards ordered to be preached (13th
+February, 1761) in St. Paul's Church, on account of the decease of the
+late King, and all public amusements were ordered to cease for one month
+from that day. The 17th was accordingly set apart and the sermon
+preached by the Rev. T. Wood, the Curate. Part of St. Paul's church was
+hung in black, and minute guns were fired for an hour and a half, and
+the flags on the Citadel and George's Island were half-mast during the
+day.
+
+On the 11th day of February, 1760, two Indian Chiefs of the
+Passamaquoddy and St. John River tribes, came to Halifax with Colonel
+Arbuthnot and appeared before the Council, and by their interpreter,
+settled with the Governor terms of peace, renewing the Treaty of 1725
+and giving hostages for their good behaviour. At their request truck
+houses were established at Fort Frederick. Benjamin Gerrish, John
+Collier and Thomas Saul were appointed a Committee to prepare the Treaty
+in French and English, which was to be taken back with them to be
+ratified by their tribes. It was arranged that Colonel Arbuthnot should
+accompany them, and that they should be sent back at the public expense,
+after which His Majesty's health was drunk and the Chiefs returned to
+the quarters assigned them by the Governor. On the 13th the Treaty was
+ratified in Council and the Indians and the Governor and Council settled
+the table of the prices to be established at the truck houses. The
+Indians stated that the number of their tribes, men, women and children,
+was about 500. During the sitting of the Council on the 13th, Roger
+Morris, one of the Mic-Mac Indians, appeared and brought with him three
+Frenchmen who were lately arrived from Pictou, and another Indian called
+Claude Renie, who said he was Chief of the Tribe of Cheboudie Indians.
+He stated that he had left 70 of his people at Jeddore; the men were out
+killing moose and their families were in want of provisions. It was
+arranged that provisions should be sent to them and that the men should
+forthwith come up and conclude a peace.
+
+Treaties of peace were afterwards concluded on 10th March following with
+three Mic-Mac Chiefs, viz., Paul Laurent, chief of the Tribe of LaHave,
+Michael Augustine, chief of the Tribe of Richibucto, and the
+before-mentioned Claude Renie, chief of the Cheboudie and Musquodoboit
+Indians; the treaty was signed in Council on that day and they received
+their annual presents. Another treaty of peace was signed in Council on
+15th October, 1761, with Jannesvil Peitougawash, Chief of the Indians of
+the Tribe of Pictock and Malogomish, and the merchants and traders were
+notified that the Indian trade to the eastward would be thrown open
+under regulations in the following spring. The following summer Joseph
+Argunault, Chief of the Mongwash Indians, with a number of followers,
+appeared before the Council and executed a final Treaty of peace. The
+members of Council and Legislature, with the Magistrates and public
+officers, attended on the occasion.
+
+The Abbe Mallaird being introduced, interpreted the treaty to the Chief,
+who was then addressed by the Hon. Mr. Belcher, the Commander-in-Chief.
+The treaty was respectively signed by the Commander-in-Chief and the
+Indian Chief, and witnessed by the members of the Council present, the
+Speaker of the Assembly and Mr. Mallaird.[41] The Chief then addressed
+Mr. Belcher in the following manner: That he had formerly paid obedience
+to another King, but that he now acknowledged King George 3rd for his
+only lawful Sovereign, and vowed eternal fidelity and submission to him;
+that his submission was not by compulsion, but that it was free and
+voluntary with his whole heart, and that he should always esteem King
+George 3rd as his good father and protector. That he now buried the
+hatchet in behalf of himself and his whole tribe, in token of their
+submission, and of their having made a peace which should never be
+broken upon any consideration whatever. The Chief then laid the hatchet
+on the earth, and the same being buried the Indians went through the
+ceremony of washing the paint from their bodies, in token of hostilities
+being ended, and then partook of a repast set out for them on the
+ground, and the whole ceremony was concluded by all present drinking the
+King's health and their Haggas. This ceremony is said to have been
+performed in the Governor's garden, westward of the old English burial
+ground, where the Court House now stands. Benjamin Gerrish, Esquire, was
+appointed Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and additional truck houses
+were built and other arrangements made throughout the Province for more
+effectually carrying on the Indian trade.
+
+[Footnote 41: NOTE.--This document is not to be found among the papers
+preserved in the Secretary's office at Halifax.]
+
+On the 30th December, 1760, Malachi Salter, Alexander Grant, Jonathan
+Binney and John Burbidge were appointed Justices of the Peace for the
+Town of Halifax. Mr. Burbidge was a member of Assembly; he afterwards
+removed to the country and settled in Cornwallis township, where his
+descendants now remain.
+
+The French having invaded the British settlements in Newfoundland, and
+captured the fort of St. John, a council-of-war was called at Halifax,
+for the purpose of consulting on means of the defence of the town in
+case of an attack. This Council was composed of Lt. Governor Belcher,
+Col. Richard Bulkely, Halifax Militia, Major General Bastead of the
+Engineers, Col. William Foster, Lt. Col. Hamilton, Lt. Col. Job Winslow,
+and the Right Honorable Lord Colville, commander-in-chief of the
+squadron. They met on the 10th July, 1762, and continued their sittings
+until 17th August. They recommended to Government the embodying a
+portion of the militia force, and that the Batteries on George's Island,
+Fort George, Point Pleasant and East Battery should be put in repair and
+guns mounted, and the erection of such works around the town and at the
+Dockyard as might be considered necessary for the protection of the
+place. The whole to be placed under the superintendence of General
+Bastead of the Engineers. Some of the old works were put in repair and
+others added on this occasion, but the cause of alarm having subsided,
+further expense was deemed unnecessary.
+
+At the first settlement it had been found necessary to occupy not only
+every elevated position in the vicinity, but also large spaces around
+the town as at first laid out, for the purposes of defence and other
+military objects. After the necessity for those defences had ceased, it
+frequently occurred that the military commanders would lay claim to the
+grounds as military property, and in this way obstacles had continually
+arisen to the extension of the town, a grievance which has continued to
+be felt until the present time. Those whose duty it was to plan and lay
+out the town appear to have been guided more with a view to the
+construction of a military encampment than that of a town for the
+accommodation of an increasing population. The narrow blocks and small
+dimensions of the building lots have been found to be a continual
+drawback on the comfort, the health and the convenience of the
+inhabitants, and of late years these inconveniences have been severely
+felt in the business parts of the city. This, however, was not the case
+in laying out the north and south suburbs; here the lots were of ample
+dimensions, and though the streets were not of the width frequently met
+with in modern cities, yet of sufficient dimensions to ensure comfort.
+It is to be regretted that the town and city authorities, during the
+last 35 years, have not, as in other places, exerted their authority in
+the arrangement and laying off of building lots, and by wholesome
+regulations, prevented the crowding of buildings on pieces of land not
+sufficiently deep to admit of proper ventilation. It is also a matter of
+the utmost importance to the future welfare of the city that those lands
+now in the hands of the military and naval boards in various directions
+around the city which are not immediately required for military works
+should be handed over to the Civil Government for public promenades and
+other useful purposes.
+
+July 18th, 1768. The Chiefs of the tribes of Indians of St. John's
+River, named Pierre Thomas and Ambroise St. Aubon, appeared before the
+Council with the following requests: They said the use of rum and
+spirituous liquors was too common among them, and requested that a
+remedy might be thought of to prevent it. They also required lands for
+cultivation, and that they should not be required to bear arms in case
+of war with any of the European powers. That some further regulations of
+prices in their traffic should be made, and several other matters, all
+of which appear to have been granted them. They desired to return home
+as soon as possible, that their people might not be debauched with
+liquor in the town.
+
+This year (1768) Mr. Joshua Mauger retired from the office of Agent of
+the Province in London. Mr. Mauger came up from Louisburg with the army
+and resided in the town as a distiller of rum, and followed the camp for
+several years. He received grants of land from the government in various
+parts of the province. The bench at the south-west extremity of
+Cornwallis Island, now known as McNab's Island, was named after him. Mr.
+Mauger was afterwards elected a member of the British Parliament.
+
+In the month of May of this year was presented to the Legislature the
+celebrated revolutionary document known as the Massachusetts or Boston
+Letter. This was a letter addressed by Speaker Cushin of the House of
+Representatives at Boston, to the Speaker of the Assembly in Nova
+Scotia. It bears the date February 11, 1768, and was on the subject of
+the differences existing between the British Government and the American
+Colonies, then on the eve of revolt. This letter is couched in very
+moderate but firm language; it appears to have been received, however,
+with great indignation by the House, who declined to have it read. A
+memorial was presented to the Governor and Council in March, 1767, by
+Colonel Dalrymple, then commander of His Majesty's troops at Halifax,
+complaining of the undue occupation of grounds about the town, on which
+there had been palisaded forts and lines of defence. It appeared that
+Governor Lawrence had granted certain small tracts of land on which a
+palisaded line of defence had formerly been, and that such tracts of
+land could not be supposed to come into use on any future occasion for
+fortifications. That Colonel McKellan of the Engineers had advised the
+situation of the Work House with an enclosure, in the front of said
+line, and that a whole bastion of two curtains of Lutterell's fort were
+covered by it, and that Governor Lawrence had further laid out more of
+such grounds on which part of the palisading of Horseman's Fort formerly
+stood, all of which it appeared he did by an undoubted right of the
+power given him by the King's Commission, to erect and demolish
+fortifications, and therefore to convert the ground to other uses, it
+being no more serviceable for the former purposes. But it also appeared
+that none of the Barracks were ever granted or admitted into private
+occupation. That Governor Lawrence had admitted the occupation of some
+of the ground reserved for fortification, on condition it should be
+surrendered when the King's service should again require it, by which it
+was evident that the King's rights in their lands had been sufficiently
+secured. Horseman's fort occupied the ground in the vicinity of the
+present Roman Catholic Cathedral. Lutterell's fort stood where the old
+Poor House and County Jail formerly stood. In June, 1763, the Council
+recommended the Governor to make a grant of the Common for the Town of
+Halifax to trustees for the benefit of the inhabitants. The Trustees
+were John Collier, Charles Morris, Richard Bulkeley, William Nesbitt,
+Charles Proctor and Richard Best. Some question having arisen as to the
+limits of the common, the Council were unanimously of the opinion that
+the lands which had been granted without the town were not within the
+limits of the Common as appeared by the plan thereof laid before the
+Lords of Trade, and which had not been disapproved of by their
+Lordships. No copy of this plan is now to be found.
+
+The number of families residing in and around the town in 1763 was
+estimated at 500, which would make the population about 2500 souls.
+There was also supposed to be, at this time, about one thousand Acadian
+French in and about the town.
+
+In June, 1763, the Hon. Montague Wilmot was sworn in Lieut. Governor in
+place of Mr. Belcher. In the following year he received the appointment
+of Governor-in-Chief.
+
+On the 29th day of September, 1766, the Germans, who had been located to
+the west of the peninsula, the settlement now known as the Dutch
+Village, petitioned the Government that a convenient road should be laid
+out for them to their settlement. The Surveyor was ordered to report on
+the petition. He reported that he found the road from the north German
+lots to the southward of George Bayers' stone wall, now laid out, in the
+most convenient place, and that the road should be at least four rods
+wide. That from George Bayers' stone wall the road should be on the
+south side of said wall and thence to run until it meets the public road
+leading to the town.
+
+About this time, at the request of the Magistrates, the Hospital was
+granted for an alms house. This hospital was established very early for
+the use of the settlers, and stood on part of the land now occupied by
+the Government House, to the north of that building.
+
+The church of St. Paul's had now been for some years finished, and the
+Town and vicinity had been, by an Act of Legislature, constituted into
+a parish with corporate powers in the church wardens and vestry. After
+the death of Mr. Tutty, the Reverend Thomas Wood, from the Province of
+New Jersey, was appointed to assist Dr. Breynton, and he and the doctor
+were jointly inducted into the parish in 1758; Dr. Breynton as rector,
+and Mr. Wood as vicar or curate, to assist. Mr. W. continued at St.
+Paul's until 1763, when he was removed to Annapolis Royal with the
+consent of the Governor and the church wardens and vestry, when the
+whole duties of the Mission at Halifax devolved upon Mr. Breynton. Mr.
+B. was in the habit of officiating to the Germans in their own language.
+In 1761, he preached in German and English to the small congregation in
+the old Dutch church in Brunswick Street, on occasion of its being
+dedicated as the church of St. George. In 1770, at the solicitation of
+the Governor and Council, the Chief Justice and the congregation of St.
+Paul's, he received from the University of Cambridge the degree of D.
+D., to which he was entitled from his standing in the University. Early
+in his ministry the Doctor established in the Town an orphan school, and
+provided for the tuition of 50 poor children, through the assistance
+afforded him by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. Mr. Ralph
+Sharrock, a discharged soldier, was his first schoolmaster. In 1776, Dr.
+Breynton mentions in his report to the Society, having administered the
+Lord's Supper to 500 men of the Baron de Seiltz's German regiment in
+their own language "whose exemplary and regular behaviour" he says, "did
+them great honour." The following extract from a document, in reference
+to Dr. Breynton, said to have been written by a Dissenter, is given by
+Mr. Hawkins, from the records of the Propagation Society: "As a person
+who, during a residence of upwards of twenty years in this Province, has
+deservedly gained the good will and esteem of men of all ranks and
+persuasions. He preaches the Gospel of peace and purity, with an
+eloquence of language and delivery, far beyond anything I ever heard in
+America." He lived to a good old age, preserving the esteem of his
+fellow townsmen to the last. He appears to have lived on terms of
+Christian fellowship with the clergy of other denominations, as we find
+that at the annual meeting of the Church Society, which took place in
+St. Paul's in 1770, the dissenting ministers all attended at the Church
+to hear the doctor preach his Visitation Sermon. One of the last acts
+of his ministry was the establishment of a Sunday School in the city.
+This was about 1783, perhaps a little later, and was the first Sunday
+School instituted in Nova Scotia.
+
+In the month of July, 1769, a large number of Indians, many of whom at
+this time appear to have been Protestants, attended divine service in
+St. Paul's Church, when prayers were read by the Reverend Thomas Wood,
+in the Mic-Mac language, the Governor and many of the principal
+inhabitants being present. The Indians sang an anthem both before and
+after the service. Before the service began a Chief came forward, and
+kneeling down, prayed for the prosperity of the Province and the
+blessing of Almighty God on King George, the Royal family and the
+Governor of the Province. He then rose up, and Mr. Wood, who understood
+the language, at his desire explained the prayer in English to the whole
+congregation. When service was ended the Indians returned thanksgivings
+for the opportunity they had of hearing prayers in their own language.
+In the following year Mr. Wood again performed divine service at Halifax
+in the Mic-Mac language at the residence of Colonel Joseph Gorham, where
+a number of Indians were assembled. He had obtained great influence with
+the Indians through his friendship with the Abbe Maillard, and
+particularly from his behaviour to him a little before his death. He was
+in consequence frequently called on both by the Indians and French to
+baptize their children and visit the sick in the absence of a priest of
+their own church. In one of his letters to the Society for the
+Propagation of the Gospel, in 1762, he mentions having attended the Abbe
+Maillard during his illness of several weeks, and at his request, the
+day before his death read to him the office of visitation of the sick in
+presence of many of the French, and having performed the funeral service
+of the Church of England, in French, on his remains in the presence of
+the principal inhabitants of Halifax and a number of French and Indians.
+The Governor and all the public functionaries attended the funeral of M.
+Maillard, who was highly esteemed and beloved in the community, and the
+members of His Majesty's Council were the pall bearers.[42]
+
+[Footnote 42: It must be understood that M. Maillard did not leave the
+Roman Catholic Church, but there being no priest of his own persuasion
+in Halifax at the time, he availed himself of the pious offices of his
+friend, Mr. Wood, whom he no doubt esteemed as a good Christian.]
+
+Mr. Wood was shortly after removed to Annapolis Royal, where he died in
+the year 1778. While there he applied himself to a closer study of the
+Mic-Mac language, and by assistance of papers left him by M. Maillard
+was enabled to prepare a Mic-Mac grammar and dictionary. He sent the
+first volume of his grammar, and a Mic-Mac translation of the Creed and
+Lord's Prayer to England in 1776. He continued occasionally to minister
+to the Indians in their own language until his death.
+
+February 26th, 1769. Halifax harbour was so full of ice that vessels
+could not come in, which had not been the case for (says the Gazette for
+that day) ten years. The cold was intense, snow between four and five
+feet deep in the woods and on the peninsula, an instance of which had
+not been known for several years.
+
+May 9th, 1769. Major Leonard Lockman died after a lingering illness in
+the 73rd year of his age; he was interred under the old German church in
+Brunswick Street, and a monument to his memory, with coat of arms, is
+yet to be seen in that church. Major Lockman was one of the leading
+settlers among the Germans. The street running between the German lots
+and Water Street in the north suburbs bears his name.
+
+In the fall of this year the town was visited by a severe gale of wind
+from the S. W., which caused the destruction of much property and some
+loss of life.
+
+Among the principal merchants in Halifax in 1769, the Hon. John Butler,
+uncle to the late Hon. J. Butler Dight, Robert Campbell on the Beach,
+John Grant, Alexander Brymer, Gerrish and Gray appear most prominent.
+Among the shopkeepers and tradesmen who advertized during the year were,
+Robert Fletcher on the Parade, Bookseller and Stationer, Andrew Cunod,
+Grocer, Hammond and Brown, Auctioneers, Robert Millwood, Blockmaker, who
+advertized best Spanish River Coal at 30s. per chaldron.
+
+The period between 1770 and 1776 was one of great public excitement,
+emissaries from the revolted colonies were numerous, and the Governor
+and Council deemed it expedient as early as 1770, to prohibit all public
+meetings of a political nature.[43] The same spring the general
+election took place, after which the House sat for fourteen years
+without being dissolved.
+
+[Footnote 43: Among the various exhibitions of public feeling at this
+period was the erection of a gallows, on the Common, with a boot
+suspended from it as a token of disapprobation of Lord Bute's
+Government.]
+
+In 1771, Governor Lord William Campbell issued a proclamation forbidding
+horse races as tending to gambling and idleness.
+
+October 8th, 1773. Governor Legge was sworn into office.
+
+The subject of fortifying the town came under the consideration of the
+Council in the following year. It was considered that the ground being
+rocky in many places around the town, it would not admit of
+entrenchments being made, and that the only practical fortifications
+would be temporary blockhouses and palisades, and it was resolved that
+the Engineers under Col. Spry do immediately proceed to fortify the Navy
+Yard in that manner, which may be defended by the people of the town,
+and afford a retreat for them. Any attempt at fortifying the Citadel
+Hill this season was thought to be out of the question, the season being
+too late, the scarcity of workmen very great, and there being no troops
+for its defence.
+
+The Governor proposed and it was agreed in Council to collect a force of
+1000 men with pay and provisions, and that four companies of light
+infantry now forming at Lunenburg be ordered up, and that 100 Acadians
+from Clare and Yarmouth, and two light companies from Kings County do
+march immediately to Halifax. The public authorities appear to have been
+kept in a constant state of apprehension of invasion, while a continued
+suspicion of many of the leading inhabitants being favourable to the
+revolt, seemed to have taken possession of the mind of Governor Legge,
+who, having differences of opinion with some of his officials,
+attributed their disagreement with him on subjects of finance, etc., as
+marks of disloyalty. He at length became so obnoxious to those in
+authority, that it was deemed advisable to remove him from the
+Government. His quarrels with Jonathan Binney, Governor Francklin and
+other leading men of the town, are disclosed in the official letters and
+minutes of Council of that day.
+
+It was found necessary to remove the Military Stores to George's Island
+for safety, and additional batteries were erected there. The officers of
+the Town Regiment of Militia were called on to subscribe the Oath of
+Allegiance before going on duty. Those who subscribed were Col. Butler,
+Major Smith, Captains Vanput, Brown, Finney and Millet, Lieutenants
+Pyke, Piers, Solomon, Clarke and Fletcher, Second Lieutenants Tritton,
+Jacobs, Schwartz and Kerby, and Adjutant Peters. Among them we recognize
+several family names, the grandsires of some of our present citizens.
+
+Among the magistrates appointed in 1771 were Joseph Gray, John Amiel and
+Captain Thompson of His Majesty's Ship Mermaid.
+
+The bureau of Governor Legge, at the Government House, was broken open
+in 1744, and a reward of £100 was offered for the detection of the
+thief.
+
+The condition of the Orphan House, and the children therein, was
+considered bad, and an order was issued for immediate steps to be taken
+for its being put on a better footing.
+
+During the winter of 1774, Sambro Light House was without light for five
+successive nights in consequence of Mr. Woodmass, the contractor, not
+having sent down a supply of oil, for which he was dismissed by Order of
+Council.
+
+The following year William Nesbitt, speaker of the House of Assembly,
+was appointed Custos of Halifax County, and the names of Thomas Bridge
+and Thomas Proctor added to the Commission of the Peace.
+
+Col. Butler, commanding the militia force, reported that the sickness in
+the town, together with the daily labour of the inhabitants, rendered it
+difficult to make up the number of men ordered for the town guard, which
+duty the people considered a hardship. The guard was accordingly ordered
+by the Council to be discontinued.
+
+The scarcity of provisions in the town was at this time so great that
+the government found it necessary to dispatch the Snow Elizabeth to
+Quebec for flour for the inhabitants.
+
+The impressment of men for the Navy had been a great grievance; the
+trade of the country was not only injured, but the town was becoming
+deprived of fish and fuel in consequence of the scarcity of fishermen
+and labourers. The merchants petitioned the Governor and Council on the
+subject. The memorial was sent to the naval commander of the station; it
+does not appear, however, that any further attention was paid to the
+remonstrance.
+
+In September, 1775, it was proposed to throw up some temporary works in
+addition to the old works on Citadel Hill, and to entrench about the
+naval yard. On consideration, it was thought too late in this season to
+do any earth work on Citadel Hill. Col. Spry, however, proposed the
+erection of Blockhouses in the neighbourhood of the town. It is probable
+the old Blockhouses at Fort Needham and Three Mile House, the remains of
+which are within the recollection of many of our citizens, may have been
+originally constructed about this time. They were in full repair during
+the war of 1812.
+
+A continual influx of strangers from the old colonies caused Martial Law
+to be proclaimed on the 30th of November of this year, and it was deemed
+necessary by the Council that a proclamation should be issued requiring
+all persons not being settled inhabitants of the town, who had arrived
+since September, to give notice of their arrival and names to two
+Magistrates, and all inn and tavern keepers were required to report
+arrivals at their houses, and vessels were forbidden entering the North
+West Arm without license. One thousand militiamen were ordered for the
+defence of the town. The constant arrival of loyalist refugees from the
+revolted colonies, during this and subsequent years, rendered provisions
+scarce, and in addition to these troubles, the small-pox broke out in
+the town about the middle of July. The King's troops had all been
+removed from Nova Scotia to the revolted provinces, and the Governor was
+informed by the home authorities that no troops could be spared, and
+that the inhabitants themselves must defend the town. The town guard was
+accordingly again composed of militia.
+
+1775. The fifth General Assembly held this year its seventh session from
+12th June to 20th July. Mr. Nesbitt was Speaker. Chief Justice Belcher
+presided at the quarter sessions this summer, and gave a very loyal
+address to the Magistrates and public functionaries present; all
+Magistrates and town officers took the Oath of Allegiance. The general
+feeling throughout the town appeared to have been eminently loyal; some
+of the leading citizens, however, though firm in their allegiance to the
+British Crown, yet thought that self government in the Colonies in
+fiscal matters was the correct policy. This threw several under
+suspicion; Mr. John Fillis, Mr. Malachi Salter and Mr. Smith, who were
+natives of Boston, were among the number.
+
+Mr. Legge, the Governor, proposed to raise a regiment in Halifax, to be
+commanded by himself, but was unsuccessful owing to his unpopularity.
+
+In the autumn of the previous year, a difficulty had arisen regarding
+the importation of some tea, in which Mr. Smith and Mr. Fillis were
+concerned; and it having been understood that Fillis had said the
+measures of Government were oppressive, these two gentlemen were ordered
+to be removed from all offices under Government. The year previous a
+quantity of hay belonging to Joseph Fairbanks, intended for the King's
+service, had been burned. Some one in Halifax sent to Boston a statement
+charging Fillis and Smith as being privy to the act. They complained to
+the House of Assembly, then in session, when the following resolution
+was passed: That this House do esteem Mr. Fillis and Mr. Smith to be
+dutiful and lawful subjects to the King, etc., and that the "House is
+unanimously of opinion that the said reports are base, infamous and
+false, and that the authors thereof merit punishment." The garrison
+having been reinforced by King's troops, the Governor concluded on
+bringing no further drafts of militia to the town.
+
+1776. This was a memorable year for Halifax. The British forces under
+General Howe having evacuated Boston, a fleet of three men-of-war and 47
+transports arrived in the harbour on 30th March, with troops and a
+number of inhabitants of Boston. These were followed on 1st April by
+many more transports, nearly 100 in number, with the remainder of Howe's
+army and a number of Loyalist refugees. Howe demanded accommodation for
+200 officers and 3000 men, and about 1500 loyalists with their families,
+with supplies of fresh provisions, etc. Rents of houses in the town were
+consequently doubled and the town soon presented the appearance of a
+military camp.[44] Many complaints appear against the soldiers for
+pulling down the fences and demolishing the stone walls on the
+peninsula. One Christopher Schlegall had been killed in one of the
+numerous affrays with the soldiers. Three soldiers were arrested and
+tried for murder, but no convictions occurred. Several persons were
+called on to give security for their good behaviour in the town.
+
+[Footnote 44: The engravings of the town published in 1777 show the
+Common, west of the Citadel, and Camp Hill covered with tents, where a
+large part of the troops appear to have been encamped.]
+
+Among the events of this year was the appearance in one of the Halifax
+newspapers of copies of treasonable articles from the Rhode Island and
+Boston papers. The printer was brought before the Council and
+reprimanded and cautioned against permitting any such publications again
+to appear in his paper.
+
+The names of the Members of Assembly for Halifax County and Town in 1776
+were Wm. Nesbitt and Henry Smith, and Thomas Bridge and Joseph
+Fairbanks. Mr. Fenton was still Provost Marshall with jurisdiction
+throughout the province, there being then no County Sheriffs at this
+time. Henry Newton was Collector of Customs at Halifax, James Burrows,
+Comptroller, Lewis Piers, Gauger of Liquors, etc.
+
+The Magistrates of the town were John Creighton, John Burbidge, Malachi
+Salter, Benjamin Green, John Cunningham, George Cotnam, John Newton,
+Winkworth Tonge, Jos. Desbarres, Charles Morris, Junior, George Smith,
+J. Gray, Giles Tidmarsh, George Deschamps, Dan. Cunningham, Thomas
+Proctor and Thomas Bridge.
+
+The death of Chief Justice Belcher occurred this year. Mr. Morris, one
+of the assistant judges, was appointed to fill the office of Chief
+Justice until another should be appointed.
+
+1777. The jail at Halifax was at this time in a very insecure condition.
+Criminals were continually escaping from it, several of whom had been
+found guilty of being in arms against the King. The jailor was infirm
+and his wife took charge. There were no regulations enforced for
+visiting the prisoners at night, and the shackles on the prisoners were
+found not to be sufficient. The Provost Marshall was suspended and Mr.
+Bridge appointed to act in his place.
+
+Malcolm McIntyre, Thomas Crow, John Chalk, John Sewlock, Samuel Miller,
+Robert McMullen, Tulley McKilley, Cornelius O'Brien, Thomas Whitteny,
+John Cribben and John McIntyre, all fishermen of Herring Cove, were this
+year rewarded for attacking and taking a shallop and apprehending seven
+persons, being part of the crew of an American privateer which had been
+driven on shore and destroyed by the armed brig Hope, off Canso, from
+which they had made their escape in the shallop.
+
+1778. The names of John Hosterman, Thomas Stevens and Edmund Phelan
+appear as Commissioners of the Poor, John Woodin, Keeper of the Poor
+House, and Thomas Brown, Schoolmaster at Halifax.
+
+On the 13th July, 1779, the Revenge, privateer, Capt. Sheppard of
+Halifax, was taken and destroyed by two American armed vessels. In
+December following, H. M. Sloop-of-War North and the armed sloop St.
+Helena, in coming into the harbour from Spanish River, Cape Breton, the
+night being very dark and a south-east storm, were driven on shore about
+a league from the light house; both were lost and 170 persons perished.
+
+1780. This year the following gentlemen were in the Commission of the
+Peace at Halifax: William Nesbitt, Winkworth Tonge, John Burbidge,
+Benjamin Green, John Cunningham, John Newton, Isaac Deschamps, William
+Russell, W. Phipps, J. F. W. Desbarres, Charles Morris, junior, George
+Smith, Enoch Rust, Joseph Gray, Giles Tidmarsh, John Fillis, George
+Deschamps, Daniel Cunningham, Thomas Proctor, Thomas Bridge, George
+Sherlock and John George Pyke.
+
+A public slaughter house was erected this year in the town and John
+Woodin, senior, made keeper.
+
+March 12, 1780. John O'Brien advertizes as keeper of the tavern known as
+the Golden Ball, formerly kept by Edward Phelan. The Golden Ball was
+situate at the corner of Hollis and Sackville Streets, opposite the
+building now called Variety Hall, occupied by W. Harrington. The hotel
+called the Pontac, at the corner of Duke and Water Streets (now Roger
+Cunningham's corner) was at this time kept by one Willis. It was here
+the Town Assemblies, Public Balls and Entertainments were held.
+
+The Court House stood at the north-east corner of Buckingham and Argyle
+Streets, where the store of Messrs. Northup & Sons now is. Chief Justice
+Belcher presided here when first appointed. This building was, some
+years after, burned down and the lot on which it stood, sold.
+
+On the 15th January, this year, the town was illuminated and there were
+great rejoicings throughout the day for the success of the British
+troops in Georgia.
+
+The Governor being informed from England that a large armament was
+fitting out at Brest, it was resolved in Council that the town militia
+should be called out for duty and a portion of the country militia got
+ready to march to Halifax if required. General McLean, then in command
+of the Garrison, was directed to put the fortifications in working
+order. The Halifax militia was employed in the erection of bomb
+batteries. Drafts of militia from the country came down and were
+employed for three weeks on the works.
+
+At this period the means of communication between this country and
+England had been very uncertain. The intercourse of Halifax with the old
+colonies having been cut off, Governor Sir Richard Hughes urged on the
+British Government the necessity of a line of packets being established
+between Halifax and England. Several privateers, during this and the
+following years, were fitted out at Halifax to cruise in American
+waters. The Revenge, Capt. James Gandy, and the Liverpool, Capt. Young,
+the former mounting 30 and the latter 8 guns, sailed for Halifax early
+this spring. They were accompanied by the Halifax, Robert E. Foster,
+master, owned and fitted out by Alexander Brymer, one of the principal
+merchants of the town.
+
+The 18th of January being the Queen's birthday the citizens and militia
+had a Ball at Willis' rooms in the Pontac.
+
+In May, the Revenge brought in a richly laden Snow, bound from Cadiz to
+Chesapeake Bay, the Blond Frigate and an armed sloop both brought in
+American prizes.
+
+For several years two large ships, the Adamant and St. Lawrence, were
+regular traders between Halifax and Great Britain. They were regular in
+their trips, spring and fall, and the merchants of Halifax depended
+chiefly on them for their supplies of British merchandize.
+
+A government armed vessel called the Loyal Nova Scotian, and several
+other small vessels, were kept to cruise off the mouth of the harbour to
+prevent surprise from the pirates and privateer cruisers which infested
+the coast. Several were captured and brought into Halifax during this
+and the two following years.
+
+In May, 1779, an election for the County took place in Halifax. John
+George Pyke and Francis Boyd were the candidates. Pyke was returned.
+
+General McLean left Halifax in June with a force for the reduction of
+Penobscot. In August, a squadron, consisting of several men-of-war and
+some merchant vessels, among which were the Adamant and St. Lawrence,
+sailed from Halifax for his relief. The town continued to be infested
+with Press Gangs for the ships of war. The inhabitants complained to the
+Governor and Council. Several riots on the wharves having occurred in
+consequence of the press, proclamation was issued demolishing all
+impressments except under the sanction of the Governor and Council.
+
+October 26th, 1780. The committee of the House of Assembly, at this
+date, reported the sum of £1500 to be granted for the erection of a
+"proper and convenient building in the town for a public school, and a
+sum not exceeding £100 per annum for a master, and £50 for an usher when
+the number of scholars shall exceed forty." The trustees were to be five
+in number, to be appointed annually by the government, and the £1500 was
+to be raised by lottery. This lottery was carried into effect, but the
+building does not appear to have been erected. How the proceeds of the
+lottery were disposed of is not mentioned. The Halifax Grammar School
+had its origin from this proceeding. It was established in the old
+building at the corner of Barrington and Sackville Streets, from which
+it has only lately been removed to the private residence of the Rev.
+Doctor Gilpin, the Head Master. This building was originally occupied as
+a place for the meeting of the Legislature, and was previously at one
+time used as a Guard House. It appears to have undergone very little
+alteration since 1780, until sold a year or two ago. It is one of, if
+not the oldest building in the city, except St. Paul's Church, and the
+old Dutch Church on Brunswick Street. The Rev. William Cochran,
+afterwards Vice-President of King's College, was the first head master.
+He was succeeded by the Rev. George Wright, who was Garrison Chaplain
+and minister of St. George's. On his death, in 1819, the Rev. John
+Thomas Twining received the appointment. He retired from the school in
+1848, when the Rev. Edwin Gilpin, succeeded him.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+
+At the commencement of the year 1781 many of the Loyalist refugees who
+came to Halifax after the evacuation of Boston by the British Army, had
+left the town, and the price of provisions was beginning to come down.
+The constant influx of strangers, however, from the revolted colonies,
+with the prisoners taken in the prizes brought into the port by the
+privateers and ships of war, tended again to augment the population.
+Captains of men-of-war, when vessels were in port, in order to fill up
+their complements of men, undertook to impress in the streets of the
+town without authority from the civil magistrate. On the 6th January an
+armed party of sailors and marines assisted by soldiers and commanded by
+naval officers, seized in the streets of the town, some of the
+inhabitants and several coasters belonging to Lunenburg, who had come up
+in their vessels to sell their produce; bound their hands behind their
+backs, carried them through the streets and lodged them in the guard
+houses, from which they were conveyed on board the ships of war in the
+harbour. The Grand Jury were in session at the time and presented the
+outrage to the Sessions, who requested the Governor, Sir Richard Hughes,
+to interfere. The Governor issued his proclamation declaring all such
+impressments, without the sanction of the civil authority, to be illegal
+and an outrageous breach of the civil law, and calling upon all
+magistrates, etc., to resist such proceedings and to bring the offenders
+to justice. It does not appear, however, that the proclamation was
+sufficient to procure the release of the unfortunate coasters. The names
+of the Grand Jury on this occasion were William Meaney, William Graham,
+Robert Kitts, Peter McNab, John Boyd, William Mott, William Millett,
+junior, John Moore, William Carter, James Creighton, John Cleary,
+Richard Jacobs and Charles Hill.
+
+On the 13th January, this year, died Malachi Salter, Esq., aged 65
+years. He was one of the first members of Assembly for the town. His
+colleague in the representation was Joseph Fairbanks. Mr. Salter came
+from Boston to Halifax, very soon after the town was commenced, and
+carried on business as merchant. He is said to have visited Chebucto
+Harbour while engaged in the fishery, several years before the arrival
+of Cornwallis in 1749. The old building at the corner of Salter and
+Barrington Streets, formerly the residence of the late Hon. William
+Lawson, afterwards owned by John Esson, was originally built by Mr.
+Salter, and was his residence for many years. This is one of the oldest
+houses now remaining in Halifax. It received improvements, and was
+enlarged by Mr. Lawson, about 60 years ago.
+
+The School Lottery, before mentioned, was carried on this year. It was
+divided into two classes. The first to consist of 5000 tickets, at 20s.
+each, was advertised on the 25th September. The highest prize was £2000.
+The prizes in all came to £4,250, leaving a balance of £750 for the
+purposes of the school.
+
+The most exciting occurence of the year was the arrival of the
+Charleston Frigate, the sloop Vulture, and the armed ship Vulcan, in
+July, after a sharp conflict with a French Squadron. The Charleston had
+left the harbour a short time before in convoy of some transports, and
+while out had taken several prizes, which had been sent in a few days
+previously. On the 10th July, the Charleston discovered near Spanish
+River, Cape Breton, two French Frigates, of 40 guns each. Captain
+Francis Evans, of the Charleston, having thrown out signals for the
+transports to make for a port, bore down upon the enemy. The Little
+Jack, convoy to the Quebec fleet, being in company, supported the
+Charleston and the Vulture. Some time after the action began, Capt.
+Evans being killed by a cannon shot, Lt. McKay, the succeeding officer
+of the Charleston, under the direction of Capt. Dennis George,[45] of
+the Vulture, continued the action with the greatest coolness and
+bravery. Nor was the Vulcan, armed ship, in the least deficient in
+giving signal proof of the resolute determination of the troops on
+board, under command of Capt. Ewatt, of the 70th Regiment. But
+notwithstanding the superiority of the French, after an obstinate
+resistance they were enabled to sheer off and bear away, and Capt.
+George conducted his much-shattered little squadron into Halifax
+Harbour. The Little Jack stuck to one of the French Frigates of 42
+guns, but was afterwards recaptured. On the 31st, the remains of Captain
+Evans, were interred with military honors, under St. Paul's Church,
+where his monument is still to be seen on the east side of the chancel.
+He was a young man of great promise, and his premature death was a loss
+to the service, and shed a gloom over the town, in which he had made
+many friends.
+
+[Footnote 45: Afterwards Sir Dennis George, Baronet. He was father of
+the late Sir Rupert D. George, Secretary of the Province for many years,
+and of Sir Samuel Hood George, who was for a short time member of
+Assembly for the County of Halifax. Capt. George married Miss Cochran,
+of Halifax.]
+
+This year (1781), Lord Charles Montague, who had been Governor of one of
+the West India Islands, arrived at Halifax, with 200 of his disbanded
+corps from Jamaica. This nobleman died at Halifax, from the effects of
+fatigue, in travelling over land from Quebec to Halifax, in winter. He
+was buried under St. Paul's Church, where a monument to his memory is to
+be seen near that of Capt. Evans. He was a younger son of Robert, Duke
+of Manchester.
+
+1782. The continual intercourse at this time carried on with the
+revolted colonies, rendered it necessary that a more strict system of
+inspection should be adopted with respect to vessels and passengers
+entering and leaving the port; accordingly Capt. Thomas Beamish was
+appointed Port Warden. His duty was to grant passes to all vessels and
+boats leaving, and to visit all those entering the harbour. No vessel or
+boat was allowed to pass George's Island, in the night time, or leave
+the harbour without sending a boat to the island, and also producing a
+pass from the Port Warden; and all vessels coming in were to be hailed
+from the island, and ordered to send their boat on shore to the Market
+Slip, or public landing, to be examined by the Port Warden before
+landing in any other part of the town. The Port Warden's office was in
+the old building which formerly stood at the corner now known as
+Laidlaw's Corner on Water Street, just above the Steamboat Wharf. At
+this time the water came up as far as the spot on the wharf, where Bauld
+and Gibson's store or shop now stands.
+
+The Governor, Sir Andrew Snape Hammond, went to England this year, and
+was succeeded by Governor Parr. He received a very flattering address
+from the inhabitants of the town. Hammond was esteemed a good Governor,
+and had gained the good will of the people by his courteous manners and
+desire to meet, as far as possible, the wishes of the inhabitants in all
+municipal matters.
+
+This summer 57 transports with troops, and the Renown, a fifty gun
+ship, put into Halifax on their way to New York and Canada. In October
+the Renown sent in a prize, laden with a rich cargo of silks, etc. The
+naval ships Adamant and St. Lawrence made their trips this season in 35
+days.
+
+Among the occurences this year was the conviction and sentence of a man
+named William McLean, for street robbery, and the murder of a Mrs. Ann
+Dunbrack in July, by persons unknown. The grand Jury recommended McLean
+to mercy, but the Governor and Council saw no reason to grant a
+reprieve, and he was executed. Street robberies were at the time of
+frequent occurence in the town.
+
+Articles of peace between Great Britain and the United States of America
+were signed in November of this year, and with France in January
+following.
+
+The principal public amusements in the town during the year were
+subscription assemblies, held at the Pontac, and at Mrs. Sutherland's
+Coffee House, every fortnight. The latter establishment was in Bedford
+Row, opposite the Commissary offices. The national societies dined
+together, and levees were held and parties given at Government House on
+all public holidays. The Garrison consisted of the 70th, 82nd and 84th
+Regiments, with Baron de Seitz's[46] Germans. Night riots were frequent,
+and continual complaints appear to have been made before the Sessions,
+of signs being removed from shops, and windows broken.
+
+[Footnote 46: Baron de Seitz died at Halifax in the following year. He
+was buried under St. Paul's Church with military honors, with his full
+uniform, sword and spurs, according to the ancient custom in Germany
+when the last Baron of the race dies. His monument, a quaint old German
+performance, may be seen in the east gallery of St. Paul's, with his
+armorial bearings, etc. Among his effects advertized for sale was his
+diamond ring and coach with 3 horses.]
+
+The views of the town and suburbs at this time show the fortifications
+at Citadel Hill, Fort Needham and Point Pleasant. They were supposed to
+have been taken by one Colonel Hicks, and were engraved and published in
+London. These views were mere outlines. Copies of them are to be seen at
+the Provincial Museum, where there are also a series of views, very
+neatly executed in copper plate, of the Government House, St. Paul's
+Church and other parts of the town. These latter were published about
+1776, some six or seven years before those of Colonel Hicks.
+
+Governor Parr and family came out in the ship St. Lawrence, and assumed
+the government in October.
+
+Benjamin Green, Esq., son of the Hon. B. Green, one of the first members
+of Council, was elected member of Assembly for the town in February,
+without opposition. Mr. William Shaw was at the time Sheriff of the
+County.
+
+In December, 1782, a large quantity of heavy ordnance was brought to
+Halifax from Charleston, South Carolina; also 500 refugees, men, women
+and children, arrived about the same date.
+
+In August, 1783, a number of Negro refugees arrived from New York. It
+was resolved that they should be settled in different parts of the
+Province; however, not a few remained in Halifax, and became servants
+and labourers.
+
+The Loyalists continued to come from the old Colonies, many of them in a
+destitute and helpless condition, until the population of the town was
+increased to three times its former number, and much temporary suffering
+in consequence prevailed. Yet many intelligent and enterprising settlers
+were at this period added to our population, giving new life and spirit
+to the town. Many spacious and commodious buildings began to be erected,
+taking the place of the low gamble-roofed and picketed buildings of an
+early day. It is very remarkable, however, that in the year 1791, only
+seven years after this great influx, the population had again so
+decreased as scarcely to exceed 5,000. In 1783, Governor Parr estimated
+the population at only 1,200. This was before the Loyalist emigration
+from New York. In 1784, one hundred and ninety-four Negro men, women and
+children arrived in Halifax from St. Augustin's, in a destitute
+condition; they did not remain in the town, but were distributed by the
+Government throughout the interior parts of the Province.
+
+Governor Parr in his letter to England of November 20th, 1783, says,
+"upwards of 25,000 Loyalists have already arrived in the Province, most
+of whom, with the exception of those who went to Shelburne, came to
+Halifax before they became distributed throughout the Province."
+
+Again in his letter of 15th January, 1784, he says, "In consequence of
+the final evacuation of New York,[47] a considerable number of refugee
+families have come to Halifax, who must be provided for at the public
+expense. They are in a most wretched condition, destitute of almost
+everything--chiefly women and children, all still on board the vessels,
+and I have not been able to find as yet any place for them, and the cold
+is setting in very severe."[48]
+
+[Footnote 47: New York was finally evacuated by the British Troops on
+the 25th November, 1783.]
+
+[Footnote 48: NOTE.--Tradition says that the town was then so crowded by
+refugees and soldiers, that the cabooses from the transports were
+removed from the vessels, and ranged along Granville Street in rear of
+Government House, for the accommodation of the people.]
+
+On the 20th October, 1784, an advertizement appeared in a Halifax paper,
+for sale, "All that land near the entrance of the harbour and opposite
+to Cornwallis' Island, called Mauger's Beach, containing by particular
+grant 5 acres according to the plan attached to the grant." This beach
+had been formerly occupied for curing fish, and had buildings erected
+thereon for that purpose.[49]
+
+[Footnote 49: The tower now on Mauger's Beach was not built until about
+the commencement of the present century.]
+
+The Penal Statutes had been repealed in 1783. The Roman Catholics in the
+town, chiefly emigrants from Ireland, having become numerous, purchased
+a piece of ground in Barrington Street, where they built a Chapel, which
+was dedicated to St. Peter. The frame was erected on 19th July, 1784,
+and many of the inhabitants, both Protestants and Roman Catholics,
+attended the ceremony. This building stood in from the street, directly
+opposite the head of Salter Street. It was painted red, with a steeple
+at the western end. It was removed in or shortly after Bishop Burke's
+time, on the completion of the new stone church, now St. Mary's. The
+Rev. Mr. Jones was the first officiating priest. The Rev. Edmund Burke,
+who came from Canada, officiated at St. Peter's for many years before he
+was appointed Bishop.
+
+A number of emigrants arrived in Halifax this year from England. Three
+hundred passengers came in the Sally transport, in a great measure
+destitute of clothing and provisions. Fresh provisions became very dear,
+and the merchants of Halifax had flour up to £3 10s. per cwt. The
+Governor and Council, in consequence, ordered the admission of
+provisions from the United States to afford relief to the inhabitants.
+
+The House of Assembly was dissolved this year; it had sat fourteen
+years without being dissolved, in consequence of the American troubles.
+The only alteration in the Halifax representation was the return of
+Capt. William Abbott for the County. Mr. Francis Green, second son of
+old Councillor Green, was again chosen Sheriff of Halifax in 1784.
+
+1785. January 3rd, Mr. Sampson Salter Blowers, a barrister from Boston
+who came among the Loyalists, was appointed Attorney General in the
+place of Mr. Gibbons, who had received the appointment of Chief Justice
+for the Island of Cape Breton, then a separate province.
+
+The Orphan house being no longer in use, was ordered to be let on a
+lease for one year.[50]
+
+[Footnote 50: The locality of this orphan house is uncertain.]
+
+In September, 1785, a number of whalers from Nantucket came to Halifax;
+three brigantines and one schooner, with crews and everything necessary
+for prosecuting the whale fishery, which they proposed to do under the
+British flag. Their families were to follow. A short time after they
+were joined by three brigantines and a sloop from the same place.
+
+On the twentieth of October following, the Chief Land Surveyor was
+directed to make return of such lands as were vacant at Dartmouth to be
+granted to Samuel Starbuck, Timothy Folger, and others, from Nantucket,
+to make settlement for the whalers. The Town of Dartmouth had been many
+years previously laid out in lots which had been granted or appropriated
+to individuals, some of whom had built houses, and others though then
+vacant, had been held and sold from time to time by their respective
+owners. Most of these lots were reported vacant by Mr. Morris, the
+surveyor, and seized upon by the Government, as it is said, without any
+proceeding of escheat, and re-granted to the Quakers from Nantucket,
+which caused much discontent, and questions of title arose and remained
+open for many years after.
+
+At a Court of Admiralty held on Friday, the 27th August, 1785, for the
+trial of piracies committed upon the high seas, M. Buckley and Belitham
+Taylor were tried, committed and sentenced to death for running away
+with the schooner John Miller of Chedabucto and her cargo. Two men were
+also hanged this year for robbery committed to the eastward of Halifax.
+
+The death of the Chief Justice, Bryan Finucane, having occurred this
+year, Judge Isaac Deschamps filled the office until the appointment of
+Chief Justice Pemberton. Judge Finucane was buried under St. Paul's
+Church. His escutcheon is in the gallery.
+
+A general election occurred in 1785, when Mr. S. S. Blowers, John George
+Pyke, Richard John Uniacke and Michael Wallace were returned for the
+County, and John Fillis and William Cochran for the town.
+
+The whale fishery was the chief subject which engaged the attention of
+the public during the year. Much advantage was expected to accrue to the
+commerce of the place from the Quakers from Nantucket having undertaken
+to settle in Dartmouth. They went on prosperously for a short time,
+until they found the commercial regulations established in England for
+the Colonies were hostile to their interests, and they eventually
+removed, some of them, it is said, to Wales and other parts of Great
+Britain, where they carried on their fishery to more advantage.
+
+A petition was presented this autumn to the Governor and Council from a
+number of merchants, tradesmen and other inhabitants, praying for a
+Charter of Incorporation for the Town. This was the first occasion on
+which the subject was brought prominently before the public. It was,
+however, not deemed by the government "expedient or necessary" to comply
+with the prayer of the petition. The reasons are not given in the Minute
+of Council, which bears date 17th November, 1785. The names of the
+Councillors present were Richard Bulkeley, Henry Newton, Jonathan
+Binney, Arthur Goold, Alexander Brymer, Thomas Cochran and Charles
+Morris. The functions of His Majesty's Council at this period of our
+history embraced all departments of executive authority in the Colony.
+They were equally supreme in the control of town affairs as those of the
+province at large. The magistrates, though nominally the executive of
+the town, never acted in any matter of moment without consulting the
+Governor and Council. The existence of a corporate body having the sole
+control of town affairs would in a great measure deprive them of that
+supervision which they no doubt deemed, for the interest of the
+community, should remain in the Governor and Council.
+
+1786. It was customary at this period to celebrate the Royal birthdays
+and almost all public holidays by a levee at Government House, a review
+of the troops in garrison on the Common, and occasionally a public ball,
+either by the Governor at Government House or by the inhabitants of the
+town at the public assembly room. This custom continued in Halifax until
+about the year 1844 or 1845, when it was broken through by Governor
+Falkland. On the 18th June, 1786, Queen Charlotte's birthday was
+celebrated in the town by a levee and review, and in the evening by a
+ball in the old Pontac building. The confectionery on this occasion was
+very superb. It was prepared by one Signor Lenzi. The ball commenced at
+half-past eight, supper was announced by the elevation of a curtain that
+separated the two rooms. In the middle of the table there arose an
+artificial fountain, with the temples of Health and Venus at the top and
+bottom, all constructed of sugar. The Gazette of the time says, they
+"did not go home till morning."
+
+A regular post communication was opened this summer with Annapolis; a
+courier was engaged, who went through once a fortnight with the mail
+between Halifax and Annapolis. John Howe, who had lately come to Halifax
+from Boston and had established a newspaper, was at this time
+postmaster; he succeeded Mr. Stevens. The following spring (1786) the
+town was so enveloped in smoke for many days as almost to impede
+business, caused by a great fire which raged in the woods in the
+neighbourhood.
+
+On 10th October, 1786, arrived His Majesty's Ship Pegasus, commanded by
+His Royal Highness Prince William Henry. He was received at the King's
+Slip by Governor Parr and Major General Campbell, then in command of the
+Garrison, and conducted to the Government House, which stood in the
+square now occupied by the Province Building, where he was waited upon
+by the military and the principal inhabitants. The Prince expressed a
+desire that all display should be laid aside, but the people illuminated
+their dwellings, and by 8 o'clock the whole town was lighted and the
+streets crowded with people.
+
+In the Gazette of the 9th February, 1786, appears a resolution and
+engagement entered into by the merchants and others at a public meeting
+lately held in Halifax, wherein they pledged themselves neither to buy
+nor sell articles imported from the United States, prohibited by the
+Governor's proclamation. The document is signed by 75 persons.
+
+On 28th February, a German Society was formed in Halifax, when John W.
+Schwartz was chosen President, Doctor F. Gschwint, (pronounced Swint)
+Vice-President, Godfrey Schwartz Treasurer, Henry Uthoff Secretary. In
+1790 Adolphus Veith was secretary of this Society.
+
+On 4th March, the jail was broken open and the prisoners, six in number,
+all escaped, of whom five were re-taken. Mr. Green was then Sheriff.
+Inquiries were instituted, but no information obtained. The delapidated
+and insecure state of the jail at the time was the subject of public
+comment.
+
+The money collected for Liquor Licences in the town, between 31st May,
+1784, and 31st May, 1785, amounted to £531. Mr. Francis Shipton was
+Clerk of Licences.
+
+Three vessels were fitted out during the summer of 1786 for the whale
+fishery,--the schooners Parr and Lively, and the ship Romulus.
+
+This year the merchants and shipowners formed themselves into a society
+called the Halifax Marine Association, for the benefit of trade. The
+following year Nova Scotia was erected into a Bishop's See. The Right
+Reverend Charles Inglis was appointed Bishop. He arrived from England on
+16th October, and made Halifax his residence.
+
+On the 3rd July, 1787, the Pegasus, frigate, commanded by Prince William
+Henry, arrived again at Halifax, 15 days from Jamaica. On Friday, at
+half-past two o'clock, the troops were drawn up in double line from the
+wharf to Government House. The Prince landed at the slip under a salute
+from the artillery on the King's Wharf. He was accompanied to Government
+House by the Governor and Council, where he received an address from the
+inhabitants. There was a dinner and ball at Government House in the
+evening, and a brilliant illumination of the town.
+
+This month two whalers returned bringing 1,060 barrels oil and 72 cwt.
+whalebone. It is not mentioned whether these vessels belonged to the
+Quakers or to some of the merchants of the town.
+
+On the 24th June, the Freemasons had a grand procession. They walked to
+St. Paul's Church, where they heard a sermon from the Rev. Mr. Weeks.
+The Prince reviewed the troops in garrison on 30th July, consisting of
+the 57th and 37th Regiments, and the first Battalion of the 60th
+Regiment.
+
+On the 7th July the fleet, consisting of the Leander, Commodore
+Sawyer--Pegasus, Prince William Henry--Ariadne, Capt. Osborne, the
+Resource, and the Brig Weazel, Commander Hood, fell down to the beach,
+intending to proceed to Quebec the first fair wind. They sailed on the
+14th. The Pegasus, with the Prince, returned to Halifax early in
+November. He received an address on the 6th, from the House of Assembly
+then in Session. At two o'clock on that day, the barge of the Pegasus
+with the Royal Standard flying, preceded by the Commodore in his barge,
+with his pendant, and the Captains of the other ships of war in their
+barges, proceeded slowly in procession from their ships to the King's
+Wharf, where the party landed under a salute of 21 guns. They were
+received at the stairs by the Governor, Council and Assembly, and the
+troops, under General Ogilvie, being ordered up, they proceeded to
+Government House, where a number of members of the Legislature were
+presented to him. They then proceeded through the lines of troops to the
+Golden Ball,[51] where a handsome dinner was prepared, and where the
+Prince dined with the members of [52]Assembly and the principal officers
+of Government. He retired at 6 o'clock, after which a ball was given in
+the evening at Marchington's new building in Water Street, adjoining the
+Ordnance Yard, called the British Coffee House. The Prince entered the
+ball room a little after 8 o'clock, and at 12 the company were conducted
+into the supper room. The table was handsomely decorated and contained
+places for 200 people. The Prince is said to have displayed great
+affability in conversation on the occasion.
+
+[Footnote 51: S. W. corner of Sackville and Hollis Streets.]
+
+[Footnote 52: The House afterwards voted £700 for the cost of the day's
+entertainments.]
+
+An Act was passed this Session authorizing the sale of the Orphan House,
+the Court House, the Public Slaughter House, and the Old Jail, and to
+erect a Jail, and also to erect on the Lower Parade a Public Hall, a
+Province House of Brick or Stone for the setting of the Legislature and
+Public Offices. The Commissioners appointed for this purpose were John
+Newton, Richard John Uniacke, John George Pyke and Mr. Taylor. Such
+parts of this Act as have been executed were afterwards repealed by Act
+of 1797.
+
+1788. An Election for Members for the Town took place this winter, which
+was attended with extraordinary excitement. On the 20th February the
+poll opened, at the Court House, in Halifax; the candidates were Mr.
+Charles Morris and Jonathan Sterns. It closed on the Friday following,
+when it stood: Morris, 415; Sterns, 274. Majority for Morris, 141. Mr.
+Morris was carried through the Town and then taken home to his father's
+house. Hand-bills had been posted up reflecting on the government.
+Serious riots at the election occurred and many persons were hurt, some
+of whom received fractures of the skull and other severe injuries. Armed
+persons paraded the Town assaulting individuals. As this was a very
+remarkable election, and resulted in more turbulence and riot than had
+ever before occurred in the town on such occasions, we here copy the
+following extract from Anthony Henry's _Gazette_ of 25th February:--"The
+unwearied and spirited exertions of a number of respectable gentlemen in
+a great measure calmed the minds of the people, and prevented their
+violence being carried to any very great length; nevertheless it was
+utterly impossible, in such confusion, to prevent many persons from
+being wounded and hurt, two of whom, we are sorry to inform the public,
+remain in a dangerous state; one having his skull fractured by some
+persons who rushed out of Laycock's house on the beach, and the other
+having been dangerously wounded by a shot from a window in the same
+house. We are likewise sorry to inform the public, that Mr. Benjamin
+Mulberry Holmes and his son, have been much beaten and abused by the
+populace on Friday night, and were it not for the very fortunate and
+timely interposition of Mr. Tobin's man and some others, it is probable
+they would have fallen a sacrifice to an enraged multitude."
+
+The excitement had been caused partly by certain proceedings on the part
+of the judges of the Supreme Court against Mr. Sterns and Mr. Taylor,
+two practising lawyers in the town, whose names had been struck off the
+roll by Chief Justice Deschamps. One of the gentlemen, Mr. Sterns, was
+the defeated candidate at the election.
+
+On the 3rd June, Bishop Inglis held his primary visitation of his
+Clergy, when he delivered a charge, received an address, and held a
+confirmation in the afternoon at St. Paul's, when one hundred and twenty
+young persons went through the ceremony of confirmation.
+
+A heavy rain-storm occurred on Saturday, 5th July, when the streets of
+the town were very much injured by the torrents of water which poured
+down the hills. It was estimated that the rainfall was upwards of 186
+tons of water to an acre, which, allowing the rain to have fallen
+equally on the whole peninsula, would make the fall of water on that
+small space equal to 345,000 tons, in four hours.
+
+July 30. Arrived five sail of whalers, having on board the following
+valuable cargoes:
+
+   Sloop "Watson," Danl. Ray, Master, 150 bbls. sperm, 50 do.
+       headmatter.
+
+   Brigt. "Lucretia," J. Coffin, Master, 250 bbls. sperm, 300
+       bbls. black oil, and 3000 cut bone.
+
+   Brigt. "Somerset," S. Gardner, Master, 230 bbls. sperm.
+
+   Brigt. "Sally," P. Worth, Master, 200 bbls. do.
+
+   Brigt. "Industry," W. Chadwick, Master, 84 bbls. do. 26 bbls.
+       headmatter, and 300 do. black oil, also 3000 cut bone.
+
+The "Andromeda," frigate, commanded by Prince William Henry, from
+England, arrived on 17th August, 1788; he was again received with the
+usual honours and the town was illuminated. The Prince attended a
+sham-fight on the Common, on 10th September, in which, the 4th, 37th,
+and 57th Regiments took part. Three soldiers were wounded by bursting of
+their muskets during the performance.
+
+On 21st October, the new Chief Justice Jeremiah Pemberton, took the
+oaths and his seat on the bench, and his patent was then read in open
+Court.
+
+Wednesday, Oct. 22nd, was launched at the south end of the town, a
+handsome brig, the property of Messrs. Gouge & Pryor; she was the first
+vessel of the size ever built in the town.
+
+The following gentlemen composed the Magistracy of the town this year,
+viz:--Benj. Green, John Cunningham, John Newton, Charles Morris, George
+Smith, William Sherlock, John George Pyke, Thos. Cochran, Anthony
+Stewart,[53] W. Taylor, Stephen N. Binney, J. M. F. Bulkeley, Revd.
+Michael Houseal, James Gautier, William Morris, Charles Morris, junior,
+Daniel Wood, junior; Matthew Cahill was High Sheriff.
+
+[Footnote 53: Anthony Stewart was a gentleman from the province of
+Maryland; he was the father of the late Judge James Stewart, who married
+a sister of the late Chief Justice Sir B. Haliburton and who died in
+1830, and was succeeded on the Supreme Court Bench by R. J. Uniacke,
+junior.]
+
+It appears that the rank of Esquire was not applied to any person, at
+this or any previous period, except Magistrates and high public
+functionaries, and persons to whom it was accorded in consequence of
+their personal wealth and rank in society. Being a member of the House
+of Assembly did not confer the title.
+
+There was then no regular police establishment in the town, the
+Magistrates, by turns, attended to police duties with the aid of the
+town constables, who were annually appointed. All special matters were
+discussed and settled at the special sessions, which was generally a
+private meeting of Magistrates in the back office in conjunction with
+the Clerk of the Peace. Criminal charges of a delicate nature, or when
+private character was likely to be affected, were usually investigated
+with closed doors, and no information made public until found to be
+necessary for the ends of justice. This system continued until Mr. John
+George Pyke received the appointment of Police Magistrate, about 60
+years since. His duties were merely to relieve the Magistrates from the
+more onerous duties of attending daily at the Police office. Colonel
+Pyke became incapacitated by age about the year 1825 or 6, when Mr. John
+Liddell was appointed, who had to his aid three or four Police
+Constables, two of whom had attended his predecessor, and the valuable
+assistance of David Shaw Clarke, the clerk of the peace. Such was the
+arrangement until the Act of Incorporation in 1848.
+
+The "Royal Gazette" was published by Anthony Henry, until about 1801,
+when it fell into the hands of Mr. John Howe, from Boston.
+
+The "Weekly Chronicle," another paper, was at this time established by
+Mr. William Minns, stationer, in Barrington Street, opposite the
+north-end of the Grand Parade. It was commenced in 1787, and continued
+to exist until about 1828 or 9.
+
+Among the merchants who advertized in these papers we find the names of
+James Vetch, opposite the woodyard; David Hall & Co., in Hollis Street,
+opposite Government House, (Crown Prince Building); and George Bell,
+Granville St. The shops appear to have contained both groceries and
+dry-goods, like the country stores of the present day. A. & R. Leslie
+were at the corner of Duke and Water Streets, near the Pontac. Lawrence
+Hartshorne, Hardware, corner of Granville and George streets, between
+the market house and the parade. This old corner, so many years known as
+Hartshorne & Boggs' corner, had a gun at the corner of the platform
+which extended down the hill to the lower corner, occupied by one Hart,
+a Jew, afterwards known as Martin Gay Black's, and now occupied by the
+new building of the Merchant's Bank; this walk was the resort of the
+merchants in the morning, and the fashionable and idle in the
+afternoons.
+
+1789. On the night of Friday, the 23rd January, Cochran's buildings, a
+range of three-storey buildings in the market square, were totally
+consumed by fire. Firewards were John Fillis, J. G. Pyke, R. J. Uniacke,
+Michael Wallace, Geo. Bell, Lawrence Hartshorne, William Lawlor, Charles
+Hill.
+
+On 9th February, an advertisement appeared in the "Gazette," as follows:
+"I am directed by His Excellency the Governor, to acquaint the several
+gentlemen called upon on Friday last to form a Fire Company, that he
+desires their attendance at the 'Golden Ball' on Thursday next, at
+twelve o'clock, to agree to rules and regulations. (Signed) Jas.
+Gautier."
+
+On 15th August, the jail was broken open, and a prisoner for debt, one
+Livesay, who had been imprisoned at the suit of William Stairs, escaped,
+for which Sheriff Green was prosecuted; Green stated that he had
+repeatedly represented to the Council the insecure state of the jail.
+Mr. James Clarke succeeded Mr. Green as Sheriff of Halifax, this year.
+
+The Dockyard at this period was in full operation. The Commissioner in
+charge was the Honorable Henry Duncan, who was also a member of His
+Majesty's Council. Doctor John Haliburton, father of the late Chief
+Justice Sir Brenton Haliburton, was Surgeon of the Naval Hospital, Mr.
+Provo Wallis was Master Superintendent, Elias Marshall, foreman of
+shipwrights, William Lee foreman of carpenters, Alexander Anderson and
+Provo F. Wallis, Chief Clerks.
+
+A great scarcity of bread was felt in the town this summer. Vessels sent
+to Canada for wheat, returned empty. On the 9th July, the Governor
+received a letter from the Governor of Canada, stating the great
+scarcity of provisions in the Province of Lower Canada or Quebec, that a
+famine was dreaded, and requesting him not to obstruct the exportation
+of corn and flour from Halifax to Quebec. But the Justices of the
+Quarter Sessions presented a memorial which had been laid before them by
+the bakers of Halifax, setting forth that there is not more of flour in
+the town than sufficient to provide bread for three or four days,
+whereupon it was ordered by the Council that no vessel be permitted to
+clear out with bread or flour to Quebec, except the brigantine "Ceres,"
+until further consideration.
+
+There were amateur theatrical performances this winter at the Pontac. It
+would appear that the old theatre in Argyle Street, in the recollection
+possibly of some of the oldest inhabitants, was in operation this year.
+We find plays advertized to take place there in February and March. This
+building stood on the spot on which the present Acadian School was
+afterwards erected. It was the only theatre in the town during the time
+of the Duke of Kent. It was afterwards occupied by Walter Bromley as a
+public school upon the Lancaster plan, until removed to make way for the
+present building, in the year 1816.
+
+The first Agricultural Society was formed in Halifax in the year 1789;
+the Hon. Richard Bulkeley was the first president, and Mr. James
+Clarke,[54] (afterwards Sheriff Clarke,) was the first secretary.
+
+[Footnote 54: Sheriff Clarke was father of the late David Shaw Clarke,
+for many years Clerk of the Peace, and one of the police Magistrates of
+the town.]
+
+The old Block House on the Citadel Hill being in a ruinous condition,
+was taken down this year, but the flag and signal staffs which were on
+it, were preserved.
+
+June 1, 1789. The old gaol and garden were offered for sale at auction.
+This old building was in Hollis Street, nearly opposite the present
+Halifax Hotel, and was formerly the property of the late Mr. Robert M.
+Brown.
+
+On the 16th June, in conformity with the Act of the Legislature formerly
+passed, the Governor was pleased to nominate Hon. Henry Newton, Hon.
+Thos. Cochran, James Brenton, John Newton and R. J. Uniacke, Trustees of
+a Grammar School forthwith to be erected in the town. "These gentlemen
+chose Mr. William Cochran, of Trinity College, Dublin, and lately
+Professor of the Greek and Latin languages in Columbia College, New
+York, to be master. Mr. George Glennie, who was regularly educated in
+the University of Aberdeen, to be usher, and Mr. Thomas Brown, already
+well known in this town, to be teacher of writing, arithmetic and
+mathematics. It is thought proper to give this early notification to the
+public, but until a suitable building can be provided, the school will
+be opened without delay in the room where the Assembly of the Province
+meets."
+
+The Legislature after this met in the building known as Cochran's
+building, which was erected at the Market Square after the fire before
+mentioned, and the old building appropriated permanently for the Grammar
+school, which remained so until lately, when the school was removed to
+the private residence of Mr. Gilpin, the head master, and the old
+building sold.
+
+The following advertizement appeared in the "Royal Gazette":
+"Information for Masters of Vessels. The Block House on Citadel Hill,
+which was a conspicuous object, is removed, having been in a ruinous
+condition. The flag and signal staffs remain." "The hulk of the large
+ship, sometime since stranded at the back of Thrum Cap, was beaten to
+pieces in the last gale."
+
+On the 15th October, Charles Hill advertized for sale at auction, the
+ground where the Court House stood, now known as Northup's Corner;
+measuring on Buckingham Street, 94 feet, and on Argyle Street 43 feet.
+On the 17th July previous, the old Court House, and the building
+adjoining, known as Kirby's soap-house, and other buildings, were
+destroyed by fire.
+
+1790. In the month of July, this year, the whaling fleet arrived, after
+a successful voyage. The brig "Prince William Henry," Capt. Pinkham,
+with 110 barrels of sperm oil; brig "Hibernian," Capt. Worth, 100
+barrels sperm and 32 black oil; ship "Parr," Capt. Chase, 480 sperm and
+100 black oil, and brig "Harvest," Capt. Kelly, with 200 sperm. In
+August following arrived the "Romulus," with 170 bbls. sperm oil.
+
+Among the chief merchants of the town at this time were William Forsyth,
+Philip Marchington,[55] Brymer & Belcher, Hardware merchants,
+successors to Thomas Robie; Michael Wallace, retail store-keeper; James
+Moody, Hollis Street; Sabatier, Stewart & Co., Chas. Geddes, dry goods,
+lower side of the Parade; Richard Kidston, general merchandize; George
+Deblois, William Millet, Charles Hill, Hugh Kelley, all auctioneers.
+John W. Schwartz kept store at the corner of Granville and Buckingham
+Streets; Lawrence Hartshorne, at his corner, had a general assortment of
+cutlery, etc., D. Hall & Co., in Hollis Street, opposite Government
+House; Ann Bremner kept a dry goods shop at the north-west corner of the
+parade; Peter Lynch kept a hat store at the sign of the "King's Arms;"
+C. C. Hall & Co. was the chief dry goods store in the town; Benjamin
+Salter, Ship Chandlery, Water St.; John Fillis & Son and G. & J.
+Thirlock were among the wholesale dealers; Linnard & Young were the
+fashionable tailors; Richard Courtney had a shop at the lower side of
+the parade, William Sellon in Granville Street, King & Story in
+Marchington's buildings, John Butler Dight, wholesale store in
+Marchington's buildings; C. C. Hall & Co. had this year removed to
+Marchington building; Winkworth Allen, general dealer, in Cochran's new
+building. Mr. Wm. Millet the auctioneer, on the 9th Sept. advertized for
+sale, "a negro man and sundry other articles." In the following year,
+James Forman & Co. occupied a store on Copeland's wharf, also Benjamin
+Salter. The British Coffee house was kept by John Gallagher at the head
+of Marchington's wharf. Mrs. Sutherland's coffee house, was at this
+time, one of the chief places of resort for Public Committees and
+Societies, as well as for Public entertainments; concerts were held here
+throughout the winter, commencing in September. The Halifax Marine
+Society, which had been established in Halifax for several years, held
+their quarterly meetings at this house. There was a house of
+entertainment then kept on McNab's Island by one Mary Roubalet, for tea
+parties in the summer. It was called the Mansion House.
+
+[Footnote 55: Mr. Marchington was a Loyalist from New York. He commenced
+business in Halifax soon after his arrival, and accumulated a large
+landed property in the town. He owned all the land on the north side of
+the lane known by his name, leading from the ordnance into Argyle
+Street, since called Bell's Lane, also the wharf adjoining the Ordnance
+yard, long known as Marchington's wharf, afterwards the property of Tim
+Connors. He died at Halifax; he was the grandfather of Major Welsford,
+killed in the Crimean War, whose monument is to be seen in the old
+English burial ground.]
+
+On the 12th day of January, 1790, James Clarke and George Geddes, Church
+Wardens of St. Paul's, advertized that in consequence of the inclemency
+of the weather on Sunday there was so small an attendance in church,
+that the contributions towards the clothing of the children in the
+Sunday Schools in the town, were so small, that they desired to invite
+contributions from the inhabitants for the relief of the orphans and
+others attending the schools. In February following, the church wardens
+again advertized the distribution of clothing to the poor children of
+the Sunday Schools: 15 great coats, 64 shirts and shifts, 70 pairs
+stockings and 35 pairs strong shoes, which cost £30 7s. 2d. The St.
+Paul's school had nineteen boys and sixteen girls in attendance.
+
+On the same day, there was a visitation of the Halifax Grammar School by
+the Governor, the Bishop, the Trustees and others. The attendance during
+the winter was usually about 60. The school was addressed on this
+occasion, by one of the elder boys, and after the examinations in the
+Latin classes, writing and arithmetic, several scholars repeated pieces
+and dialogues. Mr. Cochran was the headmaster; he shortly afterwards
+accepted the charge of the Academy at Windsor; and the Rev. George
+Wright was appointed in his place. His salary was £150 per annum from
+the Legislature, with what he could get from the pupils. The number of
+scholars was 68. He states his loss in the shape of discount on his
+Treasury warrants amounted to from 15 to 20 per cent., in consequence of
+the delay in payment.
+
+The winter was very severe; The harbour was frozen over, and the
+destitute condition of the poor very great. The gentlemen amateurs of
+the theatre, sent £25 to the Rev. Mr. Weeks, of St. Paul's, Dr. Andrew
+Brown, of the Presbyterian meeting house, and Mr. Houseal of St.
+George's in Dutchtown, for the poor of their respective parishes. The
+overseers of the poor, Jonathan Tremain, James Gautier, James Kerby and
+Andrew Belcher, met at the "Golden Ball," to assess the inhabitants of
+the town for the poor rates.
+
+The Court House having been destroyed by fire, the Quarter Sessions held
+their sittings on the 19th February, in the long room of the "Golden
+Ball," for the trial of offenders. The "Golden Ball" was kept by Edward
+Phelan this winter, who occupied the north end of the building as a
+store for general merchandise.
+
+An Act of the Legislature had been passed this year, and was published
+early in May, reciting that the destruction of the Court House by fire,
+and the inconvenient situation of the present Assembly House, made it
+necessary that a more suitable place should be provided, and the state
+of the Province finances not being such as to admit of the expense of
+erecting a proper and suitable building, it was therefore enacted, that
+Commissioners be appointed to treat with Thomas James and William
+Cochran, for their building opposite Government House, for £200 per
+annum, and to expend £100 in furniture for the purposes of the meeting
+of this Legislature and the Courts of Law. This building lately erected
+after the fire, stood on the spot now occupied by the new Dominion
+Public building, and continued to be the place of holding the General
+Assembly, the Courts of Law, etc., until the Province Building was
+completed for their reception in 1820. The building in which the
+Legislature formerly held its sittings, and which was now appropriated
+for the Grammar School, was this year repaired at the public expense.
+
+In June, the Grand Jury addressed Chief Justice Strange on his arrival
+from England. The names of the Jury were:--Richard Kidston, foreman,
+William Millet, Lawrence Hartshorne, Godfrey Schwartz, Winkworth Allen,
+John Davis, J. Forbes, James Lewis, Benjamin Salter, James Strachan,
+William Lawlor, Martin Shier, John Boyd and Alexander Copeland.
+
+In the autumn, the Secretary of the Province announced to the people of
+the town, that in the event of a war with Spain, and the withdrawal of
+the troops from the Province, it would be necessary to call out the
+Militia for the defence of the town, and the Colonels of regiments were
+called upon to hold themselves in readiness, and to make returns of the
+state and condition of their respective regiments.
+
+About this time, Captain Stack was a regular trader between this port
+and Ireland, and sold his cargoes of beef, salt pork, lard, etc., at
+auction, at Charles Hill & Co.'s rooms.
+
+The Halifax Bar addressed Chief Justice Strange, on his leaving for
+England on a visit, this autumn. The address was signed by S. S.
+Blowers, R. J. Uniacke, James Sterns, E. B. Brenton, James Stewart,
+Daniel Wood, Foster Hutchinson, J. Prout and W. H. O. Haliburton.
+
+At a Court of Quarter Sessions, held at Halifax, in June term of this
+year, the Sheriff, pursuant to law and by virtue of a warrant directed
+to him by the Justices of the Sessions, to lay out a road in the north
+suburbs of the town, reported that he had laid out the road by a jury,
+in the manner following, viz:--Beginning at the north-east corner or
+angle of Lot No. 2, on the road leading from the Dockyard to the Naval
+Hospital; thence to run north 28 west, 40 feet; thence north, 59 east,
+238 feet, which leaves a road of 40 feet wide, between Allbright's
+ground and the Hospital fence; thence north, 28 west, 660 feet; thence
+north 20 west, 664 feet to the road leading to Fort Needham, leaving the
+road 50 feet wide between the shore at the Narrows at high-water mark,
+and the Lots Nos. 3 and 4. This notice was published, that all persons
+who might think themselves aggrieved by the laying out of the road might
+have an opportunity of being heard before the sessions, on Tuesday, the
+5th September, 1790. It was signed by Thomas Wood, Clerk of the Peace.
+
+This road was intended as a continuation of Water Street northward, to
+meet the road which leads up from the water to Fort Needham, but it does
+not appear to have been on the line of the present road, but to have
+gone through the northern end of the Hospital grounds, along the water
+side, below the site of the old magazines.
+
+At the session of the House of Assembly in 1790, several articles of
+impeachment against the Judges of the Supreme Court, as before
+mentioned, passed the House, which were laid before the Executive
+Council by the Governor, on 7th April. It was proposed to suspend Chief
+Justice Deschamps and Judge James Brenton, in conformity with the
+request of the Assembly.
+
+1791. Governor Parr died on 25th November this year, in the 66th year of
+his age, and the ninth of his government. He was buried with military
+honours, under St. Paul's Church, on the 29th of the month. The
+procession moved from Government House to St. Paul's Church, in the
+following order:--All the Lodges of the Freemasons, (His Excellency
+having been the Grand Master,) the 20th regiment as the firing party,
+the Church Wardens, the Physicians of deceased, the Clergy, the Bishop,
+the body covered by a pall adorned by eight escutcheons, Pall-bearers,
+Hon. A. Brymer, Major Boyd, the Commissioner of the Dockyard, the
+Admiral, the Hon. S. S. Blowers, Hon. Thomas Cochran, Major Rawlinson,
+the General, the relatives and servants of deceased, particular friends,
+the Sheriff of the county, members of Council, viz., Morris, Bulkeley
+and Newton, Judges Brenton and Hutchinson, the treasurer of the
+province, the Speaker of the House of Assembly, Custos of the county and
+Justice Binney, Magistrates of the town, the bar, staff of the army,
+officers of the navy and army, officers of militia, gentlemen of the
+town, and the whole garrison all under arms, lining the streets. Minute
+guns were fired by the men-of-war in the harbor and by the Royal
+Artillery, during the procession. The service was performed by the
+bishop, Dr. Charles Inglis, and the body was buried under the middle
+aisle.
+
+During the autumn and winter, a number of black people from different
+parts of the province were brought to Halifax, to be removed to Sierra
+Leone. Michael Wallace was agent, who on 5th December, advertised for
+1000 tons of shipping, for the purpose. Ships "Venus," "Parr,"
+"Eleanor;" Brigs "Betsy," "Beaver," "Mary," "Morning Star," "Catherine,"
+"P. W. Henry;" Schrs. "Liberty," and "Two Brothers," the whole commanded
+by Lieutenant Clarkson, having on board the colored people, all sailed
+for Sierra Leone on 15th January, 1792. The hire and damages amounted to
+£3965 8s. 0d. sterling. This expense was borne by the Sierra Leone
+Company. These colored people were chiefly those who came from the old
+provinces with the Loyalists. They formed a colony in Africa, called the
+"Nova Scotia colony,"[56] which still exists, and about 15 years since
+several old negroes were living who recollected the removal from
+Halifax, when children. The fleet arrived at their destination after a
+passage of 40 days. The number embarked was 1139. The day of arrival was
+28th March, and the 28th March in every year is still kept up by the
+adherents of the Lady Huntingdon Congregation at Sierra Leone, as the
+anniversary of the arrival of their fathers in the colony.
+
+[Footnote 56: Among these negroes was a coloured preacher, the Rev. John
+Marrant, who had been ordained in London in 1785, as a minister of Lady
+Huntingdon's connection. He laboured among the people of his own colour
+while in Nova Scotia, and having accompanied them to Sierra Leone,
+officiated among them there for several years. He returned to England,
+and died in 1791.]
+
+Until these Nova Scotian adherents of Lady Huntingdon's connection could
+erect a chapel for themselves in their new home, they united with the
+other coloured congregations of Methodists and Baptists. Mr. Zachary
+Macaulay, who was at one time Governor of this colony, says: "There were
+five or six black preachers among the Nova Scotians raised up from
+their own body, who are not without a considerable influence." Among
+these, was John Ellis, who was Superintendent of the churches; he was
+succeeded by Anthony Elliot, a young Nova Scotia negro; he acquired
+several of the native dialects and became an active Christian missionary
+in Africa. He died in 1854 at the advanced age of 80. Elliot followed
+the avocations of a fisherman and pilot as the means of livelihood, and
+on the Sundays he preached to the people the word of Life.
+
+The population of the city and suburbs, in 1791, had fallen to 4,897.
+
+The returns on the census this year, are as follows;--
+
+  1301 males over 16 years of age.
+   935   "   under  "      "
+  2209 females.
+   422 black people.
+
+The Agricultural Society of Halifax, offered premiums this year, and
+published a volume on husbandry.
+
+A gold medal and 10 guineas was offered for the best essay on the
+natural history of the Hessian fly, and the method of stopping its
+progress in the wheat crop. A volume of the Society's proceedings, was
+this year published at Halifax by John Howe.
+
+1792. On the 17th April news arrived of the appointment of Mr. John
+Wentworth as Governor. He had resided in Halifax for seven or eight
+years, having held the office of Ranger of woods and forests, and had
+been Governor of New Hampshire. On 12th May, the "Hussar," frigate,
+Capt. Rupert Denis George, arrived, having on board Governor Wentworth,
+etc. He landed at the King's wharf under a salute fired from the parade
+and a guard of honour from 21st regiment. On the 14th he was sworn into
+office. In the evening the town was brilliantly illuminated.
+
+On 17th August a fire broke out in the property of John Welner,
+soap-maker in Granville Street. Six tenements and the Ordnance
+laboratory were consumed; Welner and his wife, two aged persons, were
+burnt to death. The sum of £140 was raised by subscription for the
+sufferers at the fire. The principal sufferers, however, declined to
+receive any aid, and a committee was appointed to examine the claims and
+distribute the fund.
+
+Folger and Starbuck, the Quaker whalers, who settled at Dartmouth a
+year or two since, left Halifax this year, for Milford Haven, in Great
+Britain, where they expected to carry on their whale fishery with
+greater facilities than at Dartmouth.
+
+Died at Halifax, on 27th September, 1792, Mrs. Hester Godfrey, aged 101
+years.
+
+The Grand Jury at Halifax, for 1792, were as follows, viz:--George
+Smith, foreman, Andrew Liddell, John Masters, Philip Marchington,
+Benjamin Mulberry Holmes, Rufus Fairbanks, Peter Smith, Michael Wallace,
+John Steeling, Richard Jacobs, John Kirby, Thomas Filles, Charles Hill,
+J. W. Schwartz, William Cochran, John Butler Dight,[57] Thomas Russell,
+Alexander Brymer, George Grant, William Williams and George Deblois.
+
+[Footnote 57: John Butler Dight was the nephew and heir of the Hon. John
+Butler, one of the early councillors. Under the will of his uncle, he
+assumed the name of Butler only and was afterwards know as John Butler
+Butler. He first was engaged in keeping a shop in the town; having
+acquired a fortune by the death of his uncle, he became a member of
+council and obtained a situation in the Commissariat department, after
+which he was removed to the seat of war with the army under Lord
+Wellington and others. Being owner of a large property near Windsor, he
+came back to Halifax in about 1833, and died at Windsor. He was the
+father of Colonel Edward S. K. Butler of 35th regiment, who afterwards
+settled and died at Windsor.]
+
+Several petitions were presented this year to the Governor and Council,
+from the merchants and others of Halifax, on the subject of trade
+regulations and the collection of debts. Among the signatures to these
+petitions, we find the names of James Forman & Co., James Moody, William
+Veitch, George Grant, Winkworth Allen, William Kidston, Samuel Rudolph,
+Benjamin M. Holmes, James and Alexander Kidston, Chas. Geddes, Wm.
+Forsyth & Co., Thomas Russell, Hall, Bremner & Bottomry, William Taylor,
+Burnes, Liddell & Co., P. Smith, Jonathan Masters, Williams & Lyons,
+Geo. Deblois, John Moody, and S. Hall & Co.
+
+Again 1793: Brymer & Belcher, Forman & Grassie, John Steeling, Jonathan
+Tremain, P. Marchington, Andrew Liddell, George Sherlocke, Francis
+Stevens, Geo. Bell, Geo. Moren, Edward Butler, Nathan Hatfield, Thomas
+Watson, Peter McNab, Benjamin Salter, Frederick Major and John Brown.
+
+The town Assemblies were held this winter in Mrs. Sutherland's rooms in
+Bedford Row, opposite the Commissary offices.
+
+On Thursday evening, Dec. 20th, 1792, Governor and Mrs. Wentworth gave a
+grand ball. The decorations in the supper room were very elegant. The
+ladies sat down and the gentlemen waited on them. Among the decorations
+were the exact representations of Mr. Jonathan Tremain's new flour mill
+at Dartmouth, of the windmill on Halifax Common. A model of the red
+light house at Shelburne, and the tract of new road from Pictou, was
+delineated in the most ingenious and surprising manner, as was also the
+representation of our fisheries.
+
+To all these inimitable ornaments, corresponding mottoes were attached,
+so that not only taste and elegance were conspicuous, but encouragement
+and genius were displayed. Such was the description of this affair as it
+appeared in the newspapers of the day.
+
+Cochran's buildings were again on fire, 30th January, 1793, but the fire
+was extinguished without much damage.
+
+War with France was announced by letters from the Secretary of State to
+the Governor, dated 9th February, 1793. Orders were also received to
+raise a provincial regiment. This regiment was to be called the Nova
+Scotia Fensibles; they were to be raised in Halifax, but were not to
+have half pay, and the Commissions were to be given to half pay
+officers. Young Haligonians were thus excluded. It was about the same
+time decided on embodying a part of the Militia force for the defence of
+the town. 1050 effective men were accordingly marched into the town from
+the country, who were to receive pay from the British Government while
+on duty. The Governor published his thanks to the militia on 2nd
+November, for the alacrity with which they obeyed his orders in marching
+to Halifax. By the month of May the number of men enlisted for the Nova
+Scotia regiment, amounted to 100, the enlistments were afterwards
+increased to 600 men.
+
+Apprehensions appear to have been entertained of an attack on the town
+by the French fleet. Every precaution appears to have been taken by
+Governor Wentworth for the protection of the Capital. In his letter to
+the Secretary of State of 23rd July, the Governor says, "In twenty
+minutes I could put under the command of General Ogilvie, 900 militia
+men, and in a few hours a second battalion of 600, who reside in the
+neighbourhood of the town."
+
+The Halifax Militia Artillery, commanded by Capt. J. Tremain was a most
+effective body of men. It had been this year formed and consisted of
+sixty freeholders of the town. The Town Regiment of Infantry was
+commanded by Col. John George Pyke. 550 men of the Town Militia assisted
+the Garrison in repairing and mounting the batteries on Citadel Hill
+and elsewhere. On the 2nd April, two French Prizes were brought into the
+harbour by H. M. Ship Alligator, with cargoes valued at £40,000.
+
+Among the events of the War was an expedition fitted out at Halifax to
+attack the Island of St. Pierre, in Newfoundland. It consisted of the
+Alligator and Hussar, men-of-war, with a body of troops under General
+Ogilvie. Before leaving, the two ships of war received permissions from
+the Governor and Council to press through the town and complete their
+crews. The place surrendered without fighting, and the Governor, M.
+Danseville, with several hundred prisoners and stores were brought to
+Halifax. They landed on the 20th of June. Governor Danseville was placed
+on parole, and resided at Dartmouth for many years in the house known as
+Brook House, now or lately the residence of the Hon. Michael Tobin,
+junr., about a couple of miles or more from Dartmouth town. The old
+gentleman displayed some taste in beautifying the grounds at Brook
+House. He built a fish pond and laid out walks among the beech and white
+birch groves near the house. The pond still remains, but the walks and
+most of the trees have long since disappeared. He remained a prisoner
+with an allowance from Government until the peace of 1814, when he
+returned to his own country a zealous royalist. Mr. Mizanseau was his
+aide-de-camp; he married a farmer's daughter in the South East Passage,
+and left a family who bear his name in that neighbourhood.
+
+Governor Wentworth proposed to place the French prisoners who had been
+brought to Halifax from time to time, on an Island in the North West
+Arm, afterwards known as Melville Island, but the General preferred the
+Cornwallis [58]Barracks. The Island was not the property of the
+Government at this time, but hired by Governor Wentworth for this
+purpose of a prison. It afterwards became Admiralty property.
+
+[Footnote 58: NOTE.--Uncertain as to where the Cornwallis Barracks were
+situated.]
+
+A poll tax existed at this time. It had been imposed by Act of the
+Legislature in 1791. One shilling per head was imposed on all males
+above 21 years of age. The law also contained a tax on cattle, with an
+extra tax on certain trades and occupations. It was ostensibly for the
+purpose of reducing the provincial debt. It does not appear, however, to
+have been regularly collected in the town.
+
+1794. On the 10th May, His Royal Highness Prince Edward arrived at
+Halifax in the Blanche Frigate, twelve days from St. Kitts. He landed
+immediately under a salute of 21 guns.
+
+A levee took place on the 14th and an address was presented to him
+couched in the most fulsome and ridiculous language. On the 24th there
+was a garrison review under the command of General Ogilvie.
+
+On the 22nd January, the following year, he set out by land for Quebec.
+He was at Boston on 5th February, where he remained 10 days and then
+embarked for the West Indies. It appears, however, that he was in
+Halifax on 25th February.
+
+1794. This year a number of merchants of the town agreed to underwrite
+policies of insurance on vessels and goods, and appointed Benjamin
+Salter the broker, who, on the 10th May, advertised attendance every day
+during "change" hours at the "Coffee Rooms."
+
+The town was again harassed by press gangs from Admiral Murray's ship.
+The Admiral had persuaded the Governor and Council to allow him
+twenty-four hours power over the inhabitants to man his fleet--though
+Capt. Home had been previously refused the privilege in January.
+
+In December the Marine Society, which had been established by the
+merchants of Halifax several years previously, was re-modeled and
+extended in its operations. About this time a project had been formed by
+Governor Wentworth for uniting the waters of Halifax Harbor with the Bay
+of Fundy by a canal from the River Shubenacadie, and rendering the river
+navigable. Suggestions on the subject had been made to Governor
+Wentworth by persons whom he supposed competent to judge of the
+feasibility of the project, and was very sanguine of success in the work
+if not interrupted by hostilities. It does not appear, however, that any
+attempt was made this year towards effecting the object, but three years
+after (1797) the sum of £250 was voted for a survey of the projected
+canal.
+
+All public lands in the town were this year granted to trustees. A grant
+of part of the King's Stores for a fishmarket was made, also the
+Province Building ground and the Grand Parade. The old English burial
+ground opposite the present Government House on Pleasant Street had been
+originally set apart, in 1749, as a general burial place for the
+inhabitants of the town. It consisted of two acres and a quarter, but
+the title had not passed out of the Crown. It was this year granted to
+the Church Wardens and Vestry of St. Paul's Parish. They have been
+considered to hold it in trust for the original purpose for which it was
+dedicated. The old poor house burial ground was also included in this
+grant.
+
+The French prisoners brought from St. Pierre and Miquelon, who had been
+lodged in the town with others who had been taken in prizes, were sent,
+in the month of July, to the Island of Guernsey.
+
+We find Captain George of the Hussar receiving permission from the
+Council to fill up the complement of his men by impressment. In July
+following a similar application from Capt. Knowles of the ship Daedalus
+was refused. Admiral Murray, it appears, obtained another license in
+September to press through the town for seven days.
+
+Commodore George informed the Governor that intelligence of the state of
+the defences of the town had been, or was likely to be, communicated by
+the French prisoners, through persons from the United States, to the
+French ambassador at Washington, and suggested an embargo on all vessels
+going to the United States for the present until he should receive
+intelligence from Admiral Murray. The Collector of the Customs at
+Halifax was accordingly ordered not to clear any vessels to the United
+States until further orders.
+
+The following gentlemen were added to the Magistracy of the town:
+Michael Head, M. D., George Sherlock, Francis Green, J. M. F. Bulkeley,
+J. B. Dight, John Phillips, M. D., Johnathan Tremaine. James Clarke was
+Sheriff. Among the advertisements which appeared in the newspaper this
+and the previous year was a notice that sedan chairs would stand for
+hire in Barrington Street, also at the Court House, for the convenience
+of the public. The principal merchants and ship owners in the town
+between 1787 and 1795 were Geo. Bell, Hardware and Glass Store in
+Granville Street, near the town guard, then kept in the old house behind
+Masons' Hall; Peter Smith, Wines & Groceries; James Veitch, Groceries
+and General Store, shop opposite the wood yard; David Hall & Co. Dry
+Goods Store in Hollis Street, opposite old Government House; Charles
+Handesayde, Boot & Shoe Maker in Granville Street; Alex. and Robert
+Leslie, Dry Goods Store at the corner of Duke & Hollis Streets, near the
+Pontac; Lawrence Hartshorne, Hardware Store at corner of Granville
+Street, between the Market House and the Parade; Wm. Forsyth & Co.,
+Importing Merchants; Linnard & Young, Tailors, in Marchington's
+Buildings, Upper Water Street; George DeBloise, General Dealer; John
+Butler Dight, Importing Merchant, and Winkworth Allen and the Messrs.
+Cochran. William Minns, Stationer, Benj. Salter, Importing Merchant,
+Chas. Geddis, Watch Maker & Jeweller, lower side the Parade; John Hill,
+Cutter, Hollis Street; Edmond Phelan, "Golden Ball" tavern, Hollis
+Street; Wm. Brindley, Wines, etc., Forman, Grassie & Co., Importing
+Merchants, store on the Long Wharf (late Copeland's); Hall, Bremner &
+Bottomley, Dry Goods, etc.
+
+Between '95 and '99. James Romans, Boot & Shoe Maker, corner of Duke &
+Granville Streets; Wm. Dickie, Dry Goods, Phebe Moody, Dry Goods,
+Matthew Richardson, General Store, Robert Chrisley, Dry Goods, John
+McMasters, Dry Goods, Edward King, Livery Stable, John Kidston, General
+Dealer.
+
+In 1798 the firm of L. Hartshorne & Co. was changed to Hartshorne &
+Boggs.
+
+Moody & Tidmarsh, Dry Goods, Thos. Wallace, Dry Goods, etc., opposite
+wood yard; J. Hemmington, Grocer, near the Navy Yard; Lyon & Butler,
+General Dealers, Saml. Leddiet, Soap Boiler from Liverpool, kept the
+London Porter House above the Grand Parade; Philip Garrell, Tailor,
+Fraser, Thom & Co., Importing Merchants, Marchington's Wharf; Robert
+Scaiff, successor to Wm. & Thos. Williams, Hardware, Jewellery, etc.,
+Forsyth, Smith & Co., Importing Merchants, James Leaver, Lower Water
+Street, Dry Goods, David Seabury, Auctioneer, Joseph Davis, Dry Goods,
+Michael Head, Apothecary, Saml. Hart, Dry Goods, D. Marshall and D.
+Fraser, both Importing Merchants, Wm. Annand, Groceries, etc., Saml.
+Greenwood, Mast Maker, Ed. Bartlett, Dry Goods, Marchington's Wharf;
+Jacob Miller & Son and Philis, Boyd & Philis, Importing Merchants,
+Tremain & Boggs, opposite the fuel yard, Hardware, etc., Thomas Roby,
+Merchant, Granville Street, Brymer & Belcher, John Grant, Wm. Forsyth &
+Co., Jonathan Tremain, Merchants, James Moody, Grocery & General Store
+keeper, Hollis Street, Michael Wallace, Wines, Groceries, etc. C. C.
+Hall & Co. appear to have been the leading dry goods shop keepers;
+their store was in Marchington's buildings near the Ordnance. Charles
+Hill, Auctioneer, James Forbes, Wine, Groceries, etc., Water Street,
+near Fairbanks' Wharf. Andrew Gallagher kept the British Tavern opposite
+Marchington's Wharf. Sabatier, Stewart & Co., General Merchants; their
+firm was dissolved in 1790. William Millett, Auctioneer, King & Stoe,
+Shop-keeper, No. 6 Marchington's buildings, near the British Tavern;
+Thomas Russel, shop-keeper, store near the Coffee House; Alex. Morrison,
+Bookseller, Thos. Donaldson, Confectioner, Etter & Tidmarsh, corner of
+the Parade, British Merchandise, D. Curry & Co., Dry Goods, James Frame,
+Cabinet Maker, Jonathan & John Tremain, Hardware, etc., David Rudolph,
+near the Golden Ball, Dry Goods & Groceries, Richd. Woodroffe, Furrier,
+near the South Barracks.
+
+1795. At the request of Prince Edward, the men of the Militia were
+employed on the fortifications in the neighborhood of the town during
+the summer. At this time the French prisoners in the town became very
+riotous; they were ordered to be removed to a place of confinement and
+none to be permitted at large. Several French prizes were brought in
+during the summer by Capts. Cochran and Beresford, of the Hussar and the
+Thetis, Sloops-of-War. An armed Snow named the Earl of Moira was kept by
+the Provincial Government for the protection of the coast. The most
+stirring event of the year was the arrival of the Hussar and Thetis
+after a long cruise bringing with them two French ships-of-war which
+they had captured; part of the enemy's squadron bound from the West
+Indies to Virginia.
+
+Several Halifax ship masters lost their vessels and were made prisoners
+by French privateers in 1795. The names of Capts. Jacobs, Lloyd, Ewing
+and John Pryor appear among them. They suffered much hard usage at
+Guadaloupe where they were detained. A project for building a bridge
+across the Narrows was contemplated about this time. A petition was
+presented to the House of Assembly dated 11th March, 1796, from a number
+of persons praying for an Act to authorize the building of a bridge
+across the Narrows.
+
+Between January, 1795, and January, 1796, the Halifax markets appear to
+have been well supplied. The newspapers of the day mention that 786 head
+of fat cattle, 30 cows and calves, besides sheep and swine had been
+brought into the town.
+
+1796. St. George's day was celebrated with much festivity by the
+English Society. They had a dinner in the evening at which Governor
+Wentworth and Prince Edward were present. Among the decorations were
+sixty variegated lamps. Genl. Ogilvie and Chief Justice Strange were
+among the guests. The Prince arrived and departed under a royal salute
+and, during the dinner, sat under a canopy of white satin and gold lace.
+
+During the spring of 1796 Halifax suffered from a scarcity of
+provisions. The inhabitants were indebted to Messrs. Hartshorne and
+Tremain, whose mills at Dartmouth enabled them, through the summer, to
+obtain flour at a reduced price and to afford a sufficient supply for
+the fishery.
+
+The 4th June, old King George's birthday, was celebrated this year with
+the usual ceremonies. There was a levee and a review of the troops, and
+Sir John Wentworth entertained the Prince and a number of the principal
+inhabitants at a Ball, when the old Government House was brilliantly
+illuminated. There was a dinner the same afternoon among the merchants
+at the British Tavern, Marchington's buildings.
+
+St. Patrick's day, this year, was also celebrated by a levee at the
+Government House and a dinner at Gallagher's hotel. The society sat down
+to dinner at five o'clock. His Royal Highness Prince Edward, Governor
+Sir John Wentworth, several members of Council, the Speaker and a number
+of members of the House of Assembly attended. The Prince and the
+Governor retired early, but the society kept up their festivities to a
+late hour.
+
+On July 21st, vessels arrived in the harbor with five hundred Maroon
+negroes from Jamaica. The Maroons were the descendants of a number of
+African slaves, who, when Jamaica was conquered from the Spaniards, took
+refuge in the Island. They continued in a state of insubordination, but
+occasionally made treaties with the English. At this time they were in
+open hostility, but had been conquered, and it was arranged that a
+number of them should be sent as settlers to Canada. They put into
+Halifax on their way. They were under the superintendence of Colonel
+Quarrell of Jamaica, who had letters from the Governor of Jamaica to Sir
+John Wentworth. Prince Edward was commander of the garrison at the time,
+and on inspecting the people was so much pleased with the athletic
+proportions of the young mulatto men that he proposed to detain them to
+work on the fortifications of the town, which were then in progress
+under his direction. The French squadron under Admiral Richery was then
+off the coast, and it was expected that he would visit Halifax. The
+fortifications at the mouth of the harbor having fallen into decay were
+under repair, but, not sufficiently forward to afford protection in case
+of an attack. The proposal was accepted by the Maroons; some were
+accordingly accommodated with sheds, and others placed in barns and such
+places of shelter as could be found in the town for their temporary
+accommodation. A number were sent to work on Citadel Hill, and one of
+the bastions there was called the Maroon Battery. The assent of the
+Secretary of State having been obtained for their settlement in Nova
+Scotia, land was assigned them in the Township of Preston. Col. Quarrell
+did not like the treatment they received. Many of the Maroons were
+permitted to come to town and seek work among the inhabitants. It was
+about this time that Sir John Wentworth proposed, as has been before
+mentioned, to open communication between Halifax and the River
+Shubenacadie which was to be performed by Maroon labor. This was the
+first proposal to be met with in reference to the Shubenacadie Canal
+which, in after years caused so much loss and suffering by its failure.
+Differences arose between Col. Quarrell and the Governor, the Maroons
+refused to work, and discontent increased. Sir John and Prince Edward
+had a project of forming them into a corps of militia, and bestowed
+militia commissions on several of the young men among the Maroons, and
+two of their leading men, Montagu and Johnson, were appointed Colonels.
+Jarret, Bailey, Mayers and others were made Majors and Captains, which
+gratified their vanity.
+
+The winter of 1796-7 was very severe, the want of provisions was felt,
+and the scarcity of flour threatened a famine in the town. The expenses
+of supplying these people had hitherto been borne by the Jamaica
+Government. Land had been purchased at Preston and the large building
+known as Maroon Hall, afterwards the property of Lieut. Katzmann, was
+erected as a residence for the superintendent. Some difficulties arose
+with the Jamaica Legislature. Quarrell left Halifax in the spring of
+1797, leaving the Maroons discontented and refractory. It was finally
+arranged that they should be sent to Sierra Leone. Eight years
+previously a number of negroes had been sent there from Halifax. The
+Maroons were to be united with them in the hope that the union would be
+a check on the turbulent conduct of the Nova Scotia colony, which at
+that time had been the source of some trouble to the Sierra Leone
+Company. They were accordingly embarked in the autumn of 1800, and
+arrived on the coast of Africa in October.
+
+Sir John Wentworth had received intelligence in September which led him
+to apprehend some attempt on Halifax by the French forces now in
+Newfoundland. At the close of the year the harbor defences were brought
+into good condition, and capable of affording a tolerable defence in
+case of invasion. Two press warrants were issued this year by the
+Council; one on 31st January to Admiral Murray for twenty-four hours in
+the town, and another in October to Admiral Vandiput for two months
+through the province.
+
+On the night of the 21st March a fire broke out in the range of houses
+opposite St. Paul's Church, in Barrington Street, which consumed the
+property of Dr. Greaves. The trees around the Church escaped uninjured.
+
+The sudden death of James Michael Freke Bulkeley, the Secretary of the
+province, on the 12th November, threw a gloom over the community. He was
+a young man of pleasing address and highly esteemed. He had been for
+some time member for the county, which he held in conjunction with that
+of Provincial Secretary. He had succeeded his father, Richard Bulkeley,
+in the office but a short time before his death.
+
+In November, the fleet, under Vice Admiral Vandiput, sailed from Halifax
+on a cruise. It consisted of the Resolution, 74, bearing the Admiral's
+flag, Capt. Ledmore; Assistance, 50 guns, Capt. Mowatt; Andromeda, 32
+guns, Capt. Taylor; Ceres, 32, Capt. Otway; Lynx, 18, Capt. Hall, and
+the Hunter, 18, Capt. Tucker.
+
+1797. During this summer the town was enlivened by the presence of four
+or five hundred embodied militia who did garrison duty. Several
+battalions were enrolled in the country with the intention of their
+being removed to Halifax for the protection of the town in the absence
+of the regular troops. They were, however, not required, and were
+discharged in the latter part of October by order of the Governor.
+
+At this time Dr. Robert Stanser was rector of St. Paul's, Dr. Archibald
+Gray, minister of St. Matthew's, at the corner, Mr. Michael Bernard
+Houseal, missionary to the Germans and minister of St. George's, north
+suburbs. Chief Justice Strange resigned this year and was succeeded in
+the office by Mr. Sampson Salter Blowers, who remained Chief Justice
+until 1835, when he was succeeded by Sir Brenton Halliburton. Chief
+Justice Blowers died in 1842, at the age of 100 years. His monument is
+in the south-east corner of the east aisle of St. Paul's. He built the
+house at the corner of Barrington and Blowers Streets, lately occupied
+by Mr. Romans as a hotel, and known as the Waverley House, where he
+resided for about thirty-five years.
+
+Mr. Shaw was Sheriff of Halifax this year; he was succeeded by Lewis M.
+Wilkins, afterwards a Judge of the Supreme Court, and father of the late
+Judge Wilkins of that Court.
+
+Prince Edward, who was Commandant of the garrison, appears to have
+patronized almost all the public entertainments in the town. He dined
+with the national societies, and honored the balls given by Governor
+Wentworth with his presence. His manners were affable, and he was, in
+consequence, quite popular with all classes in the town. He was very
+much affected by the sudden death of Lieutenant Charles Thomas of his
+own regiment, the 7th Fusiliers, who was accidentally shot by a brother
+officer while on a hunting expedition in August of this year. Lieut.
+Thomas was the son of Nathaniel Ray Thomas, a magistrate and collector
+of the customs of Windsor, and a cousin of Governor Wentworth. He was a
+favourite and protegé of Prince Edward, who attended his funeral and
+erected a monument at his own expense over his grave.
+
+On the 23rd November, this year, H. M. Ship La Tribune, Capt. Baker, was
+lost in coming into the harbor. The following authentic account of this
+disaster is from the newspaper of the day:
+
+   "La Tribune was one of the finest frigates in His Majesty's
+   service, mounted 44 guns and had been lately captured by
+   Captain Williams in the Unicorn frigate. She was commanded by
+   Captain S. Barker, and sailed from Torbay the 22nd September,
+   as convoy to the Quebec and Newfoundland fleets. In Lat. 49°
+   14´ Long. 17° 29´ she fell in with and spoke His Majesty's
+   ship Experiment from this place, out 12 days. She lost sight
+   of all her convoy October 19th, in Lat. 46° 16´ Long. 32° 11´.
+   On Thursday morning last, they discovered this Harbour about 8
+   o'clock. The wind being E. S. E. they approached it very fast,
+   when Captain Barker proposed to the master that they should
+   lay the ship to till they could obtain a pilot; the master
+   replied, 'he had beat a 44 gun ship into the harbour--that he
+   had been frequently here and that there was no occasion for a
+   pilot, as the wind was fair.' Confiding in these assurances
+   Captain Barker went below and was for a time employed in
+   arranging some papers he wished to take on shore with him. The
+   master in the meantime taking upon himself the pilotage of the
+   ship, and placing great dependence upon the judgment of a
+   negro man by the name of John Casey, (who had formerly
+   belonged here) whom he had placed forward to con the ship.
+   About 12 o'clock the ship had approached so near the Thrum Cap
+   Shoals, that the master became alarmed and sent for Mr. Galvin
+   the master's mate, who was sick below. On his coming on deck
+   he heard the man in the chains sing out 'by the mark five,'
+   the black man forward at the same time singing out 'steady.'
+   Galvin got on one of the carronades to observe the situation
+   of the ship, the master in much agitation at the same time
+   taking the wheel from the man who was steering with an intent
+   to wear ship, but before this could be effected or Galvin able
+   to give an opinion, she struck. Captain Barker instantly came
+   on deck and reproached the master with having lost the ship.
+   Seeing Galvin also on deck, he addressed him and said (as he
+   knew he had formerly sailed out of this harbour) that he was
+   much surprised that he could stand by and see the master run
+   the ship on shore. Galvin informed the Captain he had not been
+   on deck long enough to give an opinion. Signals of distress
+   were instantly made and answered by the military posts and the
+   ships in the harbour. Boats from all the military posts, from
+   His Majesty's ships and from the Dockyard, proceeded to the
+   relief of La Tribune. The military boats and one of the boats
+   from the Dockyard, with Mr. Rackum, boatswain of the Ordinary,
+   reached the ship; but the other boats, though making the
+   greatest exertions, were not able, the wind being so much
+   against them, to get on board. The ship was immediately
+   lightened by throwing all her guns, except one retained for
+   signals, overboard, and every other heavy article, so that at
+   about half-past eight o'clock in the evening the ship began to
+   heave and about nine she got off from the shoals. She had
+   before at about five or six o'clock lost her rudder, and on
+   examination it was now found that she had seven feet of water
+   in the hold. The chain pumps were immediately manned and such
+   exertions made that they seemed to gain on the leaks, and by
+   advice of Mr. Rackum the Captain ordered to let go the best
+   bower anchor. This was done but it did not bring her up. The
+   Captain then ordered them to cut the cable, and the jib and
+   fore topmast stay sail were hoisted to steer by. All this time
+   the violent gale, which had come on from the south east, kept
+   increasing and carrying them to the western shore. In a short
+   time the small bower anchor was let go, at which time they
+   found themselves in about thirteen fathoms water. The mizzen
+   mast was then cut away. It was now about ten o'clock, the
+   water gaining fast on the ship, little hope remained of saving
+   the ship or their lives. At this critical period Lieut.
+   Campbell quitted the ship. Lieut. Nooth was taken into the
+   boat out of one of the ports. Lieut. James of the Royal Nova
+   Scotia Regiment, not being to be found was so unfortunate as
+   to remain, and to the great distress of his worthy parents and
+   friends shared the general fate. From the period when Lieut.
+   Campbell quitted the ship all hopes of safety had vanished,
+   the ship was sinking fast, the storm was increasing with
+   redoubled violence, the rocky shore to which they were
+   approaching resounding with the tremendous noise of the
+   billows which rolled toward it, presented nothing to those who
+   might survive the sinking of the ship, but the expectation of
+   a more painful death from being dashed against those
+   tremendous precipices, which even in the calmest day it is
+   almost impossible to ascend.
+
+   Dunlap, one of the survivors, informs us that at about
+   half-past ten, as nearly as he could conjecture, one of the
+   men who had been below came to him on the forecastle and told
+   him the ship was sinking; in a few minutes after, the ship
+   took a lurch as a boat will do when nearly filled with water
+   and going down; immediately on which Dunlap began to ascend
+   the fore shroud, and at the same moment casting his eyes
+   towards the quarter deck saw Capt. Barker standing by the
+   gangway and looking into the water, and directly after heard
+   him call for the jolly-boat. At the same time he saw the
+   Lieutenant of Marines running towards the taffrail, he
+   supposed to look for the jolly-boat, as she had previously
+   been let down with four men in her--but instantly the ship
+   took a second lurch and sank to the bottom; after which
+   neither the captain nor any other of the officers was seen.
+   The scene, sufficiently distressing before, became now
+   peculiarly awful--more than 240 men, besides several women and
+   children were floating on the waves making their last efforts
+   to preserve their existence. Dunlap, whom we have before
+   mentioned, gained the fore top. Mr. Galvin, the master's mate,
+   after incredible difficulty, got into the main top--he was
+   below when the ship sank, directing the men at the chain pump.
+   He was washed up the hatchway, thrown into the waist and from
+   thence into the water, and his feet as he plunged, struck a
+   rock. On ascending, he swam to gain the main shrouds when he
+   was suddenly seized hold of by three men--he was now afraid he
+   was lost. To disengage himself from them he made a dive into
+   the water which induced them to quit their hold. On rising
+   again he swam to the shrouds and arrived at the main top and
+   seated himself on an arm-chest which was lashed to the mast.
+
+   From the observations of Mr. Galvin from the main-top and Mr.
+   Dunlap in the fore-top, it appears that near one hundred
+   persons were for a considerable time hanging to the shrouds,
+   the tops and other parts of the wreck; but from the extreme
+   length of the night and the ferocity of the storm nature
+   became exhausted, and they kept at all periods of the night
+   dropping off and disappearing. The cries and groans of the
+   unhappy sufferers, from the bruises many of them had received
+   and as their hopes of deliverance began to fail them, were
+   continued through the night; though as morning appeared from
+   the few that then survived they became feeble indeed. The
+   whole number saved from the wreck amounted to eight persons
+   and several of them so exhausted as to be indifferent whether
+   they were taken off or not. Mr. Galvin mentions that about
+   twelve o'clock the mainmast gave way; at that time he supposes
+   there were on the main-top and on the shrouds upwards of forty
+   persons. By the fall of the mast the whole were again plunged
+   into the water, and of that number only nine besides himself
+   regained the top. The top rested upon the main yard, and the
+   whole remained fast to the ship by some of the rigging. Of the
+   ten persons who regained the main-top four only were alive
+   when morning appeared. Ten were at that time alive on the
+   fore-top, but three of them had got so exhausted and had
+   become so unable to help themselves that before any relief
+   came they were finally washed away; three others perished, and
+   four only were also finally left alive in the fore-top. The
+   place where the ship went down was only about three times her
+   length to the southward of the entrance into Herring Cove. The
+   people came down in the night to the point opposite to which
+   the ship sunk and kept large fires, and were so near as to
+   converse with the people in the wreck.
+
+   The first exertion that was made for their relief was by a
+   boy, thirteen years old, from Herring Cove, who ventured off
+   in a small skiff by himself about eleven o'clock the next day;
+   and this truly deserving young lad with great exertions and at
+   extreme risk to himself ventured to approach the wreck and
+   backed in his little boat so near to the fore-top as to take
+   off two of the men, for the boat could not with safely hold
+   any more; and here a trait of generous magnanimity occurred
+   which deserves to be noticed. Dunlap and Munroe had,
+   throughout this disastrous night providentially preserved
+   their strength and spirits beyond their unfortunate
+   companions, and had endeavoured to cheer and encourage them as
+   they found their spirits sinking; they were now both of them
+   able to have stepped into the boat and put an end to their own
+   sufferings, but their other two companions, though alive, were
+   unable to help themselves. They lay exhausted on the top,
+   wished not to be disturbed, and seemed desirous to perish as
+   they lay. These generous fellows hesitated not a moment to
+   remain themselves on the wreck and to save, though against
+   their will, their unfortunate companions. They lifted them up
+   and by the greatest exertions got them into the little skiff,
+   and the manly boy rowed them triumphantly to the Cove and
+   instantly had them conveyed to a comfortable habitation. After
+   shaming, by his example, older persons who had larger boats,
+   he put off again in his little skiff, but with all his efforts
+   he could not then approach the wreck. His example, however,
+   was soon followed by the men in the Tribune's jolly-boat and
+   by some of the boats of the Cove, and by their joint exertions
+   the eight men were preserved, who, with four that escaped in
+   the jolly-boat make the whole number of survivors of this fine
+   ship's company.
+
+   Some have been disposed to blame Capt. Barker as exhibiting
+   too much obstinacy in not abandoning the ship and preserving
+   his crew, as a violent storm was evidently approaching, but on
+   examining the men who have survived we find (though other
+   officers in the same situation might have formed a different
+   judgment) that the conduct of Capt. Barker was throughout the
+   trying scene completely cool and collected. Though from the
+   manner in which the ship had been run ashore, no blame could
+   attach to him, yet he could not reconcile it to himself to
+   lose so fine a ship without making every exertion to save her.
+   Having by the greatest efforts considerably lightened her, he
+   had reason to suppose she might get off before high water. She
+   made no water while she lay aground, there was therefore great
+   hopes, if she could not that night have been got up the
+   harbour that she might with safety have been brought to anchor
+   and have rode out the gale. When she finally got off,
+   universal joy was diffused throughout the ship--every man
+   thought the object of their joint efforts was attained--but
+   the rapid manner in which the water poured into her, soon
+   damped their joy and plunged them into despair. Had the ship
+   been finally saved by the great exertions which were made to
+   effect it, every man would have praised Capt. Barker, and,
+   notwithstanding those exertions failed, we think we may justly
+   say, in the language of Mr. Addison,
+
+    "'Tis not in mortals to command success
+      Barker did more; he did deserve it"
+
+   To his memory therefore and that of his brave
+   fellow-sufferers, the commiseration of their countrymen is
+   justly due. From every generous heart they will receive that
+   commiseration; and while the mind runs over the whole trying
+   scene the tears which must involuntarily flow will embalm
+   their memory.
+
+   Having closed the general scene, we think it will not be
+   unacceptable to our readers if we notice the conduct of some
+   individuals. A quartermaster belonging to the ship, by the
+   name of McGregor, had his wife on board; they were a
+   respectable couple and greatly attached to each other.
+   McGregor from his affectionate solicitations for her safety,
+   endeavoured to persuade her, while the ship lay on the shoals,
+   to go ashore in one of the boats which came off from the
+   Island, as his mind would be more at ease, could he put her in
+   a place of safety. To his solicitations she replied, 'that she
+   never would abandon him; if it was his lot to perish, she
+   wished not to survive him.' Finding it in vain to urge her
+   further, he desisted from the attempt and she afterwards
+   shared the common fate. A considerable time after the ship had
+   foundered a man was discovered swimming towards the wreck. On
+   his approaching near it was found to be McGregor; he informed
+   his comrades who were hanging by the wreck, that he had swam
+   towards the shore; that he had ventured as far as he could
+   with safety into the surf, and found if he went further he
+   should be dashed to pieces, and he cautioned them all to avoid
+   making a like attempt, but if possible to hold by the wreck.
+   He himself gained the main shrouds and remained there till the
+   mast gave way, and then met the same fate as his unfortunate
+   consort, whose death he was continually deploring while on the
+   shrouds.
+
+   Dunlap relates another instance which occurred, which though
+   it may appear ludicrous after the distressing scenes we have
+   noticed, is so descriptive of that cool thoughtlessness of
+   danger which so often distinguishes our British tars that it
+   would be inexcusable to omit it. Daniel Munroe, one of the
+   survivors had as well as Dunlap got into the fore-top. After a
+   while he disappeared and it was concluded that he had been
+   washed away with many others; after an absence from the top of
+   about two hours, he suddenly popped his head up through the
+   lubber hole to the surprise of Dunlap, who enquired where he
+   had been; he said he had been cruising about for a better
+   berth; and it appeared that, after swimming about the wreck
+   for a considerable time, he had returned to the fore shrouds,
+   and crawled in on the cat-harpins and had actually been to
+   sleep there more than an hour, and he said he was and really
+   appeared to be greatly refreshed.
+
+   Mr. Brennan of the Dockyard, who had gone aboard with Mr.
+   Rackum, after the sinking of the ship, had got on the maintop
+   and remained there till the mainmast gave way and was never
+   after seen.
+
+   While noticing the immediate disasters of the ship, we
+   forebore to mention the fate of one of the boats which had
+   gone from George's Island. About nine o'clock as the ship went
+   off, the boat got under the ship's bow and was upset; by this
+   circumstance a part of the men, consisting of two sergeants
+   and four privates of the Royal Nova Scotia Regiment were
+   unfortunately drowned; the remainder were taken up by the boat
+   belonging to the Eastern Battery. Too much praise cannot be
+   given to the men who manned these boats, and particularly to
+   Sergt. Bourke, and the boat's crew who persevered in following
+   the ship, and finally brought off Lieuts. Campbell and Nooth
+   of the Royal Fusiliers.
+
+   Great praise is also due to the dock-yard boat which carried
+   Mr. Rackum on board. They followed the ship at a short
+   distance till she foundered, and with extreme difficulty at
+   length reached Herring Cove. We are sorry to mention that Mr.
+   Rackum, whose exertions on board La Tribune to preserve the
+   ship were gratefully acknowledged, perished with the unhappy
+   ship's company.
+
+   Having mentioned all the disastrous circumstances which have
+   attended this distressing scene, it is with pleasure we now
+   notice the attention which has been paid to the widows and
+   children of the unfortunate sufferers. His Royal Highness
+   Prince Edward with that uniform generosity which has
+   distinguished his Royal Highness during his residence in this
+   province, directed immediate provision to be made for the
+   bereaved families, and there is reason to hope through his
+   Royal Highness' representations, that provision will be made
+   as permanent as their sufferings. Actions like these dignify
+   even kings and add splendour to the highest rank.
+
+   Besides the attention shown by his Royal Highness a liberal
+   subscription has been made by the garrison and gentlemen of
+   the town for the widows of the soldiers who were drowned and
+   for the men who manned the boats.
+
+   There is another instance of generosity, which the occasion
+   seems to require, and it seems to be the earnest wish of the
+   men who were saved from the wreck; it is that some reward may
+   be bestowed on the boy who first came off to them. They
+   attribute in a great measure their deliverance to him, and
+   they mention with the warmest gratitude, not only his
+   exertions to save them from the wreck, but his kind and
+   hospitable attention to relieve them after they had reached
+   the Cove. Surely if a subscription were set on foot there is
+   not a man in the country who would not give something to
+   reward and encourage so young an instance of humane and heroic
+   magnanimity.
+
+   Mr. Club, the master of La Tribune, was master of the Active,
+   frigate when she was run ashore on the Island of Anticosti.
+
+   Mr. Fennel, first lieutenant, and Mr. Galvin, the master's
+   mate, were both formerly prisoners at Guadeloupe with Colonel
+   Wetherall, and were all for a considerable time chained by the
+   legs together. Lieut. Fennell declared to Lieut. Campbell that
+   his only motive in coming out in La Tribune was to have the
+   pleasure of seeing Colonel Wetherall; and such appears to have
+   been the attachment of Galvin to Lieut. Fennel that, though he
+   speaks with becoming feeling of the fate of the ship's
+   company, the loss of Lieut. Fennell seems peculiarly to affect
+   him. On enquiring of him if he saw Lieut. Fennell after the
+   ship sunk, he replied, he did not, for if he had, though he
+   was himself in a place of apparent security, he would again
+   have risked his life to preserve him, and would have effected
+   it or perished with him. A similar attachment to each other
+   appears among the men who have survived the wreck, and these
+   circumstances unite to prove that the virtues which render
+   human beings the most pleasing are those they are taught in
+   the trying school of adversity.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+   List of the officers lost in La Tribune:--Captain, Scory
+   Barker; First Lieutenant, Thomas Fennel; Second do., Thomas
+   Clarke; Third do., Thomas Sheirp; Master, James Clubb;
+   Lieutenant Marines, James Cregg; Surgeon, ---- Jones; Purser,
+   ---- Stanford; Carpenter, James Jurd; Boatswain, John
+   Franklin; Master's Mate, William Stacey; Midshipmen, John
+   Dennington, Charles Belcher, John Clowdsley, William Crofton,
+   ---- Nops; Captain's Clerk, William Foley; Surgeon's Mate,
+   James Mulquinney; Gunner, William Thomas.
+
+   List of officers and men saved from La Tribune:--John Galvin,
+   Master's Mate; Seamen, Abraham Wanhill, James Crawford, Robert
+   Parker, Daniel Monroe, E. Knowles, Richard Best, James Green,
+   Henry Husley, Chris. Dowling, Robert Dunlap and John White.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+   We have been favored with the following extract of General
+   Orders dated Halifax, November 26, 1797:
+
+   Lieutenant General, His Royal Highness Prince Edward thinks it
+   his duty to return his particular thanks to Lieutenants
+   Haliburton, Campbell and Nooth of the Royal Fusiliers, also to
+   the several non-commissioned officers and privates of the
+   Royal Nova Scotia Regiment, who manned the boats sent to give
+   assistance on Thursday last to His Majesty's frigate Tribune,
+   unfortunately wrecked by getting on shore at the mouth of this
+   harbour.
+
+   His Royal Highness most sincerely laments the loss of Lieut.
+   James and two non-commissioned officers with four privates of
+   the Royal N. S. Regiment, who were unfortunately drowned in
+   executing the first of all duties, that of giving succor to
+   brother officers and men in distress.
+
+   His Royal Highness directs that the Commissary-General will
+   serve free rations to the widows of the non-commissioned
+   officers and privates lost, as follows:--
+
+   To the wife of Sergt. Baker, and two children, two rations.
+
+   To Sergt. Mullen's wife, one ration.
+
+   To the wife of John Bush and two children, two rations.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+   Tuesday last the body of Lieut. James was found and brought up
+   to town to his disconsolate parents--and Wednesday was
+   interred with military honors."
+
+Michael Wallace was appointed Treasurer of the Province in October of
+this year on the resignation of Benning Wentworth. Mr. Wallace remained
+treasurer until 1827 or 1828, when he was succeeded by his son. Mr.
+Wallace administered the government as senior councillor several times
+during the absence of the Governor, Sir James Kempt.
+
+The old playhouse lot in Argyle Street was granted, about this time, to
+James Putnam, from whom it came into possession of the trustees of the
+Acadian School. The grant from the Crown of part of the King's Stores
+for a fishmarket, before referred to, was, on 29th August, signed by the
+Governor and the Prince as commander in chief of the troops. This is
+what was called the new fishmarket. The old market had formerly been
+private property, and the rents of stalls at this time were received by
+Mr. Cochran, but it was subject to town regulations. Commissioners were
+about the same time appointed to purchase land and to erect buildings
+for the accommodation of the Legislature and Courts of Justice as soon
+as peace should occur and the price of labor should be lower. The Act
+formerly passed for erecting buildings for this purpose on the "lower
+parade" was repealed, and that of 1797 was amended in 1799 and the
+Commissioners were directed to purchase land in the south suburbs, and
+build a Government House.
+
+The winter of 1797-8 was again very severe. The heavy falls of snow
+rendered the road from Halifax to Windsor impassable. The Prince ordered
+the troops to clear the road between the town and his residence on the
+Basin. The supply of fat cattle from the country for the troops was
+retarded for a long time by the state of the roads.
+
+It was proposed to raise a fund in the town to be at the disposal of
+Government for the purposes of war. The inhabitants subscribed a sum
+approaching £4000 towards this fund; the officers of the Royal Nova
+Scotia Fencible Regiment, £200. The boys of the Grammar School
+contributed about £24, and the regiment in garrison and the officers in
+the public departments, including the contributions of the Nova Scotia
+Regiment, amounted to £2097. Much enthusiasm on the subject prevailed,
+and great loyalty was displayed by the people.
+
+A general fast was proclaimed on 21st May, which was kept at Halifax
+with much solemnity.
+
+A commission was issued in July to William Forsyth, Andrew Belcher,
+William Cochran, Lawrence Hartshorne, Charles Hill, Richard Kidston,
+John Bremner, William Sabatier and Michael Wallace, as directors for the
+Shubenacadie Canal. A survey and report was made by this committee which
+was printed and published.
+
+There were several regular traders at this time between Halifax and
+Boston. The principal and most regular one was the Schooner Nancy,
+Captain Tufton.
+
+In the month of January, 1798, a boat arrived in the harbor with Capt.
+Wyatt and several passengers of the Brig Princess Amelia, bound to
+Halifax, which had been wrecked on the south side of Sable Island on 9th
+November. The wreck had been reported by an American schooner, who saw
+signals of distress on the Island. Sir John Wentworth immediately sent a
+vessel to the Island with clothing and provisions for the relief of the
+sufferers. Capt. Wyatt equipped his long boat and, having got over to
+the north side of the Island, embarked with four of his crew and Lieut.
+Cochran of the Fusiliers, one of the passengers, intending to seek
+relief. He arrived safe in one of the harbors to the eastward of
+Halifax, where he obtained a pilot who brought him to Halifax. Capt.
+Parker, who had charge of the vessel sent to the Island, brought off the
+remainder of the crew and passengers in safety.
+
+1798. On the 8th August, this year, Prince Edward received an injury by
+a fall from his horse while riding on one of the streets in the town.
+The horse broke through a defective wooden bridge over one of the street
+gutters. The horse rolled over him hurting one of his legs; it did not,
+however, prevent him from attending to his military duties. He was
+recommended by the physicians to go to England for further advice. An
+address subscribed by about four hundred of the inhabitants was
+presented to him on his departure, which took place on the 21st October,
+when he embarked in H. M. Ship Topaz, Captain Church. The House of
+Assembly had previously voted five hundred guineas to purchase a star of
+the order of the Garter to be presented to His Royal Highness.
+
+Among the events of the year was the arrival in the harbor, in November,
+of the United States Squadron, consisting of the Sloop-of-War Herald,
+Capt. Stevens, and the Pickering, Capt. Chapman, with the Brig Commerce,
+Capt. Childs. Salutes were exchanged, and the captains landed and paid
+their respects to the Governor, Admiral and General, and were hospitably
+entertained. The United States was at this time at war with France.
+
+On the 25th November news of Nelson's victory at the Nile arrived in
+Halifax. The town was illuminated in the evening. Salutes were fired and
+other demonstrations of joy occurred throughout the day. A number of
+prizes were brought into the port during this autumn.
+
+Mr. James Stewart, afterwards Solicitor-General, was this year elected
+without opposition for the county.
+
+On the 25th September a tremendous hurricane visited Halifax and
+continued through part of the night. Nearly all the wharves in the town
+were swept away, and most of the shipping in the harbor damaged. The
+tide rose to an unprecedented height, overflowed Water Street and did
+much damage to property. The water came up to the old market house where
+the city brick building now stands. The market wharf and King's wharf
+were partially destroyed, and the market slip or public landing swept
+away. The loss of property in the town, including the shipping, was
+estimated at above £100,000.
+
+Among the names of persons engaged in business in the town this year we
+find, James Kidston, Wholesale and Retail Dealer, Matthew Richardson, at
+the foot of Prince Street, James Moody and James Tidmarsh just entered
+into co-partnership; Forman & Grassie, Fraser, Thom & Co., Shipping
+Merchants, Lyon & Butler, Shopkeepers, near the market house; Thomas
+Moody, Dry Goods, etc., corner of Marchington's wharf; James Leaver,
+opposite the Dartmouth Mill Flour Store, in Water Street; John
+McMasters, Benjamin Etter, Watchmaker and Hardware Store at the corner
+of George and Barrington Streets, lower side of Grand Parade
+(Crosskill's corner); Phoebe Moody, Dry Goods, opposite the Parade, in
+Barrington Street. In the following year the names of Jonathan and John
+Tremain, Samuel Hart, Tremain & Boggs and William Annand appear.
+
+The members of Assembly for the county were: Michael Wallace, Jonathan
+Sterns, Lawrence Hartshorne and Charles Morris. Mr. Sterns was replaced
+by James Stewart.[59] William Cochran and J. G. Pyke were still members
+for the town. Mr. Benning Wentworth was Provincial Secretary. The Hon.
+Richard Bulkeley, the senior councillor, was Grand Master of the Masons.
+
+[Footnote 59: NOTE.--Mr. Stewart was the son of Anthony Stewart, before
+mentioned, a Loyalist gentleman from Maryland. He was Solicitor General
+and afterwards a Judge of the Supreme Court. He married a sister of the
+late Chief Justice, Sir B. Haliburton. Judge Stewart's residence was the
+yellow brick house at the corner of Pleasant Street and Morris Street,
+afterwards the residence of Mr. Alexander Stewart, Master of the Rolls,
+but not related to Judge James Stewart. The late Reverend James Stewart,
+of Dartmouth, was his grandson.]
+
+The papers of the day are filled with long advertisements about the
+Government Lottery.
+
+1799. The chief event which occupied the attention of the good people of
+Halifax during the autumn of this year was the arrival and movements of
+His Royal Highness Prince Edward, who had now been created Duke of Kent.
+Having received the appointment of commander-in-chief of the troops in
+British North America on 6th September, he arrived in H. M. Ship
+Arethusa, Capt. Wooley, forty-three days from England. The Prince landed
+in state. A procession of boats was formed from the frigate to the
+King's Wharf under a royal salute from the ships, and on reaching the
+wharf, by a salute from the Citadel. A double line of soldiers,
+including the militia, lined the street from the King's Wharf to
+Government House, through which the procession passed. The Governor and
+Council, Admiral Vandiput, General Ogilvie, the officers of the staff
+and public departments and a number of the principal citizens, attended.
+On his arrival at Government House the bells of St. Paul's and the old
+Mather Meeting House rang out a merry peal, and a large number of the
+inhabitants crowded around to bid him welcome again to Halifax. In the
+evening, bonfires were lit on the Grand Parade in honor of his arrival.
+The Duke soon after removed to his villa on the Basin, six miles from
+town. This beautiful little retreat had been erected by Prince Edward on
+the land of the Governor, Sir John Wentworth. The grounds were laid out
+and improved at considerable expense under his direction. The Rotunda,
+or music room, on the opposite side of the road, next the water,
+surrounded by the rich foliage of the beech groves, and surmounted by a
+large gilded ball, flashing in the sunlight, presented a beautiful and
+picturesque appearance on the approach to the Lodge. The villa was built
+altogether of wood, consisting of a centre of two stories containing the
+hall and staircase, with a flat roof. There were two wings containing
+the Duke's apartments. In the rear was a narrow wooden building with
+pointed gothic windows, resembling a chapel, containing the kitchen and
+offices, which extended some distance southward beyond the main
+building. The grouping of the beech and birch trees in the lawn and
+around the house was well arranged. They were the original forest trees,
+selected and permitted to stand in clearing away the space for the
+buildings. The rooms were not spacious, and the ceilings low, which
+appears to have been the fashion of building in Halifax at the time. The
+woods around were very beautiful. They were traversed by walks, and in
+several places by a carriage road with vistas and resting places where
+little wooden seats and several imitation Chinese temples were erected.
+Several of these small summer houses were in existence in 1828, and
+probably later, and portions of them could be seen through the openings
+in the trees on passing the main road. The Duke erected a range of low
+buildings on the edge of the Basin, a little to the north of the
+Rotunda, which were occupied by two companies of his regiment, and
+contained the guard room and a mess room for the officers. This building
+was afterwards known as the Rockingham Inn, a favourite resort in
+summer, when tea and ginger beer were to be had under the piazza which
+ran along the edge of the water. This hotel acquired the name of the
+"Rockingham," having been for a long time after the Prince's departure
+the place of meeting of the Rockingham Club. This club was established
+either while the Duke was resident here, or very soon after his leaving
+for Canada. It was composed of Governor Wentworth, the members of His
+Majesty's Council, the Admiral of the station, several of the principal
+military officers, and a number of the leading citizens of Halifax. Dr.
+Stanser, rector of St. Paul's, was one of its members; also the Hon.
+Andrew Belcher, both of whom had villas on the Basin, the former at
+Sherwood, afterwards the property of the late Mr. Thos. Kenny, and the
+latter at Birch Cove, now in the occupation of the family of the late
+Peter Donaldson.
+
+The Rockingham Club was partly literary and partly social. The members
+dined together at the hotel, which was styled the Rockingham House, in
+compliment to Sir John Wentworth, the head of whose family, the Marquis
+of Rockingham, was about that time in, or at the head of the British
+Ministry. The large room which extended along the south wing of the
+building, east and west, with the end to the water, was hung with the
+portraits of many of the members of the club painted by Field, a
+portrait painter of considerable talent who, at that time and for
+several years after, resided in Halifax, and from whose brush the
+portraits of many of the then principal citizens and their ladies still
+remain.[60]
+
+[Footnote 60: Among Field's portraits remaining in Halifax, are those of
+the Hon. Michael Wallace, Hon. Wm. Lawson, Hon. Andrew Belcher and Mrs.
+Belcher, Bishop Charles Inglis, Rev. Dr. Archibald Gray and Mrs. Gray,
+the late Andrew Wright, of the firm of Belcher & Wright, and his sister
+Mary, the Dr. W. J. Almon, and others. That of Sir John Wentworth, a
+full half length, the best performance of Field in this country, was
+removed from the Rockingham to Government House by Sir John after the
+club had been dissolved, and became Government property. It was
+afterwards removed to the Province Building, whence it was taken some
+years ago, and is said to have fallen into private hands, having been
+either lent or given away by order of one of the gentlemen who, some
+years ago, occupied the office of Provincial Secretary. It is to be
+hoped that ere long it will find its way back to its place in the
+Building.
+
+That of Commissioner Inglefield, also a member of the club, hung for
+many years over the mantle piece of the committee room of the
+Legislative Council Chamber, but was afterwards presented to the late
+Admiral Inglefield, father of Sir Edward Inglefield, lately Admiral on
+this station.]
+
+In 1799 the prices of provisions in Halifax markets were as follows:
+Beef, by the quarter, from 4d. to 5d. per pound, pork, 6d., mutton, 7d.
+to 8d., veal, 8d. to 9d., fowls, from 3s. to 4s., oats, 2s. 6d. and 3s.,
+butter, 1s. 3d. and 1s. 6d.
+
+In 1798 the number of illegitimate children in the Halifax Poor House
+was fourteen, in 1799, seventeen, and in 1800, fifteen. The total cost
+of the establishment during the three years was £570 16s. 1d. Fines
+received at Halifax, 1798, £60; 1799 and 1800, £82 10s. Fresh Water
+Bridge was renewed and completed in 1798.
+
+In 1799 the Legislature made some amendments to the Act for the erection
+of public buildings. The Commissioners appointed by the Governor and
+Council were authorized to purchase land for the site of a new
+Government House. The old House to be appropriated to the House of
+Assembly and Courts of Law. The Commissioners were Messrs. Wallace,
+Cochran, Hartshorne, and John Beckwith. The House of Assembly voted
+£10,500 for the building, etc. The old Government House having been
+found unfit for the accommodation of the Legislature, was sold and the
+block of buildings known as Cochran's, before mentioned, was leased this
+year for £300 per annum for the accommodation of the Law Courts, the
+Legislature, and the public offices connected with the Provincial
+Government. Commissioners were also appointed to build a new market
+house for the butchers and for a vegetable market. This was the wooden
+building which was removed during the administration of Governor
+LeMarchant, to make way for the present brick structure. A clerk of the
+market was appointed. There being then no convenient accommodation for
+the vegetable market, the country people were permitted to sell in the
+streets and the square in front of the market house.
+
+This has once more become the custom; the portion of the new market
+appropriated to the country people having been lately taken for city
+offices. The want of sufficient space in the central parts of the town
+for the convenience of markets and the erection of public buildings, has
+been always an impediment to the improvement and embellishment of the
+city. The small dimensions of the lots as originally laid out, being
+only forty feet by sixty, and the short space between the streets, the
+narrow spaces allowed for the public landings, and the small size of the
+water grants for the erection of wharves in the old town, have been a
+continual drawback to the convenience of trade and the progress of
+improvement in front of the town. And it is a subject of regret that at
+the present day so little attention is paid by the public authorities to
+the future welfare of the city in respect to laying off building lots
+and streets by private owners and speculators.
+
+The regular packet between Halifax and Boston, the Schooner Nancy,
+usually occupied three days in her trips. She was commanded by Capt. J.
+Huxford. He was afterwards known in Halifax as Crazy Huxford. He was on
+board the Shannon, frigate, in the engagement with the American ship
+Chesapeake, and had been wounded in the head, from which he never fully
+recovered. He was one of the best pilots on the coast and was, until his
+death, a naval branch pilot attached to the Dockyard. When under the
+influence of liquor he became frantic and was continually shouting
+through the streets of the town without hat or coat. This poor old man
+died about twenty-five or thirty years ago at a very advanced age.
+
+In May the small pox made its appearance in the town and strict
+quarantine regulations were enforced. Dr. Gschwint (pronounced Swint)
+was appointed health officer.
+
+The elections took place this autumn. Messrs. William Cochran and John
+George Pyke were again returned. The former polled 104 votes and the
+latter 346. At this time the electors were confined to freeholders only.
+The franchise was not altered till about the year 1836. Mr. Cotnam
+Tonge, Edward Mortimer, Messrs. Fulton and Morris were elected for the
+county. Only two resident in the town succeeded, Tonge and Morris;
+Wallace, Stewart and Hartshorne were rejected by the Pictou votes.
+
+On Saturday, the 11th August, attempts were made by persons unknown to
+set fire to the Dockyard, Government house and the engine house. The
+Governor and Council offered a large reward for discovery. A night
+patrol of militia and inhabitants was ordered out under the
+superintendence of the magistrates.
+
+The Rev. Bernard Michael Houseal, minister of St. George's, in the north
+suburbs, died on the 9th March, this year, in the seventy-second year of
+his age. He was a native of the Duchy of Wurtemberg, was educated at one
+of the German universities, and was esteemed a good scholar and a pious
+minister of religion. He had been chosen by the learned consistory of
+Stuttgart for the ministry of the Lutheran Church, and embarked for
+America in 1752. After being several years in the ministry he took
+charge of a congregation of Germans in New York, and came with the
+Loyalists to Halifax in 1783. He was buried in the old German burial
+ground attached to his church in Brunswick Street, and his tombstone
+remains there. Mr. Houseal was succeeded in the Church of St. George by
+the Rev. George Wright, who was also principal of the Halifax Grammar
+School and chaplain to the garrison. The Round Church, in Brunswick
+Street, was at this time only in process of erection and was not
+finished until the year 1811, or thereabouts.
+
+On the 30th October, H. M. Ship Porcupine, Capt. Evans, arrived from New
+Providence, having on board the Duke of Orleans and his two brothers,
+the Duke of Montpensier and Count Beaujolie, attended by Count Montjoye.
+They had been waiting for a passage to England and had proceeded here in
+the Porcupine in hope of meeting with an opportunity of going to Europe.
+Finding no immediate opportunity to England, they both took their
+passage in a merchant ship for New York. Though considered as prisoners
+on parole, they dined with the Governor, and paid a visit to the Duke of
+Kent at the Lodge. They also attended a public ball at Government House
+on the 17th November. The Duke of Orleans was afterwards elected to the
+French throne as Louis Philippe, King of the French, and eventually died
+in exile in England. After he became king, on meeting with several
+persons from Nova Scotia, he very kindly enquired after several
+gentlemen of Halifax by name and spoke with much feeling of the kindness
+he experienced while in Halifax. On arrival he was found to be in very
+straitened circumstances and the Duke of Kent was believed to have given
+him pecuniary assistance to enable the party to proceed on their voyage.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+
+1800. At the commencement of the century Halifax presented a prosperous
+condition. The population now approached 9,000. Trade was brisk, and the
+place was enlivened by a large garrison and the presence of a Prince of
+the Blood Royal. The harbor was the resort of the fleet and was the
+principal station of the naval commander. The war was at its height and
+the Prize Court in full operation. Several privateers had been fitted
+out by the merchants of the town and captures of French vessels were
+frequent, though the trade of the port occasionally suffered from the
+French cruisers on the coast. Among the captures from the enemy at the
+time, the most remarkable was that of two prizes, one French and one
+Danish, brought in by Captain William Pryor, commander of the Privateer
+Nymph, of Halifax.
+
+Several public buildings were commenced this spring. On the 5th June the
+Prince laid the corner stone of the Masonic Hall. His Royal Highness was
+Grand Master of the Masons of Lower Canada, and acted for the Hon.
+Richard Bulkeley, Grand Master of Nova Scotia, when age and infirmities
+prevented him from attending. A masonic procession was formed and the
+ceremony is said to have been one of the finest which Halifax ever
+witnessed. The band of the Prince's own regiment, the 7th Fusiliers,
+performed under the direction of Mr. Selby, organist of St. Paul's, one
+of the craft.
+
+On the 10th April, Sir John Wentworth laid the corner stone of the Round
+Church (St. George's) in Brunswick Street. The Legislature this session
+voted £500 towards its completion. The land on which the church was
+erected had been purchased some time previously by the Committee of
+Superintendence. The design is said to have been the work of the late
+John Merrick and Mr. J. Fliegar of the Surveyor General's department,
+and for some years surveyor to Governor Wentworth while Surveyor General
+of Woods and Forests in Nova Scotia. St. George's old church, then known
+as the Dutch Church, was at this time occupied by the congregation of
+the north suburbs, many of whom were the descendants of the first German
+settlers. Though always an independent congregation, it had been
+considered part of the parish of St. Paul's, the whole Township of
+Halifax having been originally included in that parish, and it continued
+so until legally erected into a separate parish by the name of St.
+George's parish, under the Act of the Legislature passed for that
+purpose in 1827. The Rev. George Wright was at this time minister of St.
+George's congregation. He had lately succeeded Mr. Houseal, who was
+styled Missionary to the Germans.
+
+A sum of money, as we have seen, had been voted by the Legislature for
+the erection of a Government House. Much discussion had arisen in the
+House of Assembly and with the Executive authorities, the funds to be
+appropriated for this purpose, and some difference of opinion existed
+regarding the site for the building. It was finally arranged that it
+should be placed in the field between Hollis and Pleasant Streets, to
+include the site of the old hospital. The corner stone of this edifice
+was laid by the Duke of Kent on the 11th of September. A procession was
+formed which proceeded from the old Government House, accompanied by a
+band of music, and the ceremony was concluded by a prayer by the Rev.
+Doctor Robert Stanser, Rector of St. Paul's. Isaac Hildrith was the
+architect, and John Henderson chief mason. No building since erected in
+Halifax exceeds Government House in neatness of design and solidity of
+workmanship. Some of the old brick buildings now remaining in the city
+were erected by Mr. Henderson.
+
+The old market house was taken down this year and the new one commenced.
+This old market occupied the site of the recent City Court House. The
+new one was erected in the open space opposite the King's wharf, where
+the new brick market house now stands. It was a flat-roofed wooden
+building intended to accommodate the butchers only. A pitched roof was
+afterwards put on this building. There was a small green market built at
+the same time next the north line of the fuel yard, which was afterwards
+removed. These buildings were erected at the expense of Government, the
+sum of £2,252 having been granted by the House of Assembly to be
+appropriated to the erection of this new meat market, also to the repair
+and extension of the market slip or public landing, and for the
+fish-market, and, at the same time, £250 was voted to the heirs of the
+late Joseph Gerrish who claimed some interest in a portion of the old
+market house lot. A small piece of ground at the corner of the military
+fuel yard, next to the new market house, was about the same time
+purchased from Mr. Kidston who then occupied it for weigh scales and
+other purposes. The Grand Jury refused to accept the grant from the
+Crown of the old market house lot in the way it had been drawn by the
+Secretary of the province. The Council declined to make the alterations
+in the grant required, and concluded that the old building and the lot
+should remain under the control of the Commissioners of Public Markets,
+and ordered the old buildings to be taken down and the ground leased.
+
+In March the House of Assembly was in session. The elections of Mr.
+Tonge for the County and Mr. Pyke for the Town were declared void by the
+House in consequence of some defect in their qualifications. On the 9th
+April following, the new election for the town took place, and on the
+14th, Andrew Belcher was returned by a majority of 65 votes. Mr. Michael
+Wallace was returned for the County. Mr. Tonge, having been also chosen
+by a country constituency, fell back on the double return and retained
+his seat. On the 12th March, the House attended at St. Paul's church in
+a body, when the Rev. Dr. Stanser, then chaplain, preached before them.
+
+This summer His Royal Highness the Duke of Kent took his final departure
+from Halifax. The usual addresses were presented by the House of
+Assembly, His Majesty's Council and the people of the Town. He embarked
+in H. M. Ship Assistance on the 3rd August, and sailed on the 4th. His
+embarkation was attended with full military ceremony, the troops lining
+the streets. His Royal Highness, accompanied by the Governor and Council
+and the principal Naval and Military Officers, proceeded on foot through
+the avenue formed by the troops to the King's Wharf, whence he reached
+the ship under salutes from the batteries, the artillery corps and the
+ships of war. Several of the old inhabitants not many years since
+recollected the scene, and could describe the feelings evinced by the
+townspeople on the occasion. His tall commanding figure in full military
+uniform, his hat surmounted by the lofty white plume, then worn by the
+fusiliers, could be seen above the heads of the surrounding crowd as he
+walked down the line with a smile of recognition for his friends, on
+passing them, amidst the plaudits of the crowd.[61] Though the Duke
+exhibited on all occasions the most kind temper in civil life, and his
+manner and conversation with those he liked almost amounted to
+familiarity, yet his sternness in military affairs never forsook him.
+Eleven soldiers had been sentenced to death for mutiny and desertion,
+and had been left by the Duke for execution, which was carried into
+effect under his orders a few days after he left our shores. On the 7th
+August, those unfortunates were brought out on the Common, dressed in
+white, with their coffins, accompanied by the Revd. George Wright, the
+Garrison Chaplain, and Doctor Burke, the Roman Catholic clergyman, in
+the presence of the whole garrison. Eight of them were reprieved under
+the gallows, and the three who belonged to the Newfoundland Regiment
+were hanged. Public feeling was against the Duke in this affair. It was
+thought that on the eve of his departure he should have granted a
+remission of the death sentence, which, as General Commanding, he had
+power to do, until the King's pleasure should be known. Three executions
+only a day or two after his departure, produced a disagreeable
+impression of His Royal Highness in the minds of the people of Halifax,
+who had just taken leave of him with so much kind feeling.
+
+[Footnote 61: NOTE.--After the Prince's departure Governor Wentworth
+occupied the Lodge on the Basin, which had been built on his land. He
+resided there for some time after retiring from the Government.]
+
+The Quarter Sessions having authorized the establishment of a military
+exercising ground on the north end of the Common, an act for which they
+had no authority, laid the groundwork of much dispute and controversy
+with subsequent military commanders, who on several occasions later
+undertook to interfere with the City authorities in beautifying and
+improving the Common.
+
+The death of the Hon. Richard Bulkeley, late Secretary of the Province,
+occurred this year; he was in his 83rd year. Mr. Bulkeley came to
+Halifax as Aide-de-Camp to Governor Cornwallis in 1749, and had twice
+administered the Government as Senior Councillor. Also that of Anthony
+Henry, the King's printer. He published the Royal Gazette at Halifax for
+about 40 years. John Howe was his successor in the office of King's
+printer.
+
+1801. Early this year it was proposed to establish a bank in Halifax by
+means of a joint stock company whose capital was to be £50,000 in shares
+of £100 each. A committee of management was named consisting of Edward
+B. Brenton, William Forsyth, Foster Hutchinson, Lawrence Hartshorne,
+James Forman, James Fraser and Captain John Beckwith. They required a
+monopoly, which was refused them by the House of Assembly, and the
+project fell through.
+
+The winter of 1800-1801 had been very sickly. Smallpox had made its
+appearance in town early in the autumn, and 182 persons had died of it
+between September, 1800, and the month of February following.
+
+Several fires occurred during the winter. Sir John Wentworth's stables
+at the lodge were burned down. The most disastrous fire which had
+occurred in the town for many years took place on the 5th February, when
+the block fronting the old Government House on Hollis Street was
+partially destroyed.
+
+On the 13th February this year, the society known as the Sun Fire
+Company was established at Halifax. It was, perhaps, the first Fire
+Company ever instituted in the town. Those known as the Phoenix Fire
+Company, the Hand and Hand and the Heart and Hand were of a subsequent
+date. The Sun Fire Company in the year 1810, included most of the
+principal inhabitants of the town. Their names will be found in the
+Appendix.
+
+1802. A considerable outlay of money appears to have been made on the
+streets of the town about this time. The commissioners appointed for
+this purpose were Charles Morris, J. G. Pyke, Lawrence Hartshorne,
+Michael Wallace and William Lyons. The expenditure this year on the
+streets amounted to £930, and in the two succeeding years to £696 and
+£808. The sum of £500 had been granted in 1801 towards the expense of
+paving some of the streets; the remainder probably was raised by
+assessment.
+
+The names of the town magistrates in 1802, were John Newton, Custos,
+Jonathan Binney, Geo. W. Sherlock, J. G. Pyke, Dr. Michael Head, W.
+Taylor, Stephen H. Binney, Jas. Gautier, Wm. Cochran, Charles Morris,
+Junior, Daniel Wood, William Thompson, Michael Wallace, Charles Hill,
+Richard Kidston, P. Marchington, Jonathan Tremain, James Clarke, William
+Schwartz, Hibbert N. Binney and John Bremner. These are the Magistrates
+for the County of Halifax. They all appear to have been residents in
+the town. Lewis M. Wilkins was Sheriff; John Newton and H. N. Binney
+were joint Collectors of the Customs; Daniel Wood, Inspector; John
+Cleveland, Collector of light duties; and John H. Fliegar, Gauger. The
+Firewards of the town were Mr. Pyke, Mr. Wallace, Mr. Hill, Mr.
+Cleveland, Mr. Clarke, William Millet, Elias Marshall, Thomas Fillis,
+Andrew Liddell, John Fillis, Wm. Lyons, Thomas Boggs, John Howe and
+Garret Miller.
+
+The Royal Nova Scotia Regiment on being disbanded this year, presented
+an address to Sir John Wentworth, their Colonel, in August. The names of
+the officers of this Regiment were Lt. Cols. Francis Kearney and Samuel
+V. Bayard,[62] Major Geo. Thesiger, Capts. John Solomon, Jones Fawson,
+Alexander Howe,[63] John Allen, William Cox and Joshua W. Weeks, Capt.
+Lieutenant John G. Degreben; Lieutenants Thomas Morris, Otto W.
+Schwartz, Phillip Kearney, Eric Sutherland, George H. Monk, Michael
+Pernette, Charles Rudolf, John C. Ritchie, John Emerson, Timothy
+Ruggles, Richard Green, Isaac Glennie, Hebbert Newton, Thomas A. C.
+Winslow, Alexander Hamilton, Charles W. Solomon and John Fraser; Ensigns
+James Moore, Robert Bayard, Henry Green, Thomas Wright, Richard Gibbons;
+Paymaster Benning Wentworth, Surgeon John Fraser.
+
+[Footnote 62: Col. Bayard retired from active service and settled in
+Annapolis County. He was the father of the late Dr. Bayard of St. John,
+and grandfather of the present Doctor William Bayard of that city.]
+
+[Footnote 63: Capt. Howe was a descendant of the Hon. Ed. Howe, one of
+Cornwallis' first councillors.]
+
+Governor Wentworth directed his reply to this address from "the Lodge."
+
+The population of Halifax had again decreased towards the end of the
+year 1802. The returns of the number of inhabitants in the town and on
+the peninsula were as follows:--
+
+                 Men.  Women. Boys.  Girls. Total.
+
+  Whites        1924    2489  1790    1669   7872
+  Blacks          96     166    81     108    451
+  In Naval Yard   25      36    27      27    115
+  Dutch Village   15      16    30      33     94
+                                             ----
+                  Total                      8532
+
+There were 1000 dwelling houses in the town and peninsula. In taking
+the census, the wards of the town were distinguished as follows: North
+Barracks Ward, Pontac Ward, Market House Ward, Governor's Ward, Meeting
+House Ward, South Barracks Ward, South Suburbs and North Suburbs.
+
+The sum of £8,900 had been expended by the Commissioners on the building
+of Government House, and but the first story had been completed. Much
+dissatisfaction was expressed in the House of Assembly with the course
+pursued by the Commissioners. Belcher, Hutchinson, Cochran and Beckwith
+had kept no minutes of their proceedings. Wallace appears to have had
+the principal supervision. He was censured by the House for having acted
+without the concurrence of those associated with him, and for exceeding
+the limits prescribed him by law. But his zeal and ability were
+commended and no corrupt motives were attributed to him. In 1804 an
+additional sum of £2,500 was voted to complete the building, a
+considerable sum having been voted and expended the previous year.[64]
+
+[Footnote 64: The building cost about £18,000.]
+
+Several fires occurred in June which were supposed to be the work of
+incendiaries. It had been proved beyond all doubt that buildings in
+several parts of the town had been set on fire. A patrol of militia
+under Colonel Pyke was ordered to patrol the streets from sunset to
+sunrise, and all suspected persons who could not give a good account of
+themselves at night were ordered to be arrested. A reward of £100 was
+offered for discovery, and several arrests were made. A boy who
+confessed to having attempted to set fire to the Dockyard was sent out
+of the province.
+
+On the 2nd September the 97th regiment arrived in the harbor and landed
+immediately at the King's Wharf. On the 14th the fleet arrived from
+Jamaica under the command of Commodore Baynton, consisting of the
+Cumberland, 74, Bellerophon, 74, Ganges, 74, Vanguard, 74, Goliah, 74,
+Thesis, 74, Elephant, 74 and the Pelican, Brig. The 7th regiment
+embarked shortly after, and the town people presented a farewell address
+to Col. Layard and Lieut.-Col. Edwards. In April the Governor and
+Council were prevailed on to grant a press warrant to Capt. Bradley of
+the Cambrian for ten days in the town to enable him to fill up the
+number of his crew, it being 50 short of its complement.
+
+The Rev. Dr. Burke was at this time Roman Catholic Vicar General of Nova
+Scotia under the Bishop of Quebec; he afterwards administered the
+Episcopal office in Halifax as Bishop of Zion. Dr. Burke was a gentleman
+of education and highly esteemed in the community.
+
+The death of a very aged inhabitant, John Murphy, occurred this year. He
+was 90 years of age, and had been one of the first settlers of the town.
+He had acquired a large property in fields in the south suburbs, where
+he kept a large number of cows, and for a great many years supplied the
+principal inhabitants with milk and butter. The fields extending
+northward from Smith's tan yard to the corner house formerly occupied by
+the late Sheriff Sawyer, were known formerly as Murphy's fields.
+
+1803. The following is an account of the butchers' meat sold in the
+Halifax market for six months commencing July 1st and ending December
+31st, 1802.
+
+               Sheep.  Calves.  Oxen.   Pigs.
+  July          785      264    157      --
+  Aug           964      147    186      --
+  Sept         1409       91    273      21
+  Oct          1017       85    224      76
+  Nov           928       78    465     407
+  Dec           883       --    614     692
+               ----     ----   ----    ----
+  Total        5986      665   1919    1196
+
+The above is exclusive of the meat issued under contract for the Navy,
+but it is to be assumed it included the Army contract.
+
+1804. This spring the House of Assembly recommended that the old market
+house should be taken down and a new building erected on the ground for
+the purpose of a County Court House and police office. This was the
+brick building lately used for city purposes. An Act was passed in 1804
+with that object.
+
+The trade of the port was much depressed this season by the number of
+captures made by the enemy, and from the low prices obtained for fish in
+the West India market, where the merchants of Halifax were undersold by
+U. S. fishermen.
+
+Among the events of the year was the arrival of several distinguished
+prisoners, among whom was General Brunet and suite, who put into Halifax
+on their way to England, having been made prisoners at St. Domingo.
+Governor Wentworth assigned them the old Rockingham Inn, near the
+Prince's Lodge on the Basin, as a place of abode while here. They were
+shortly after removed to England.
+
+In the autumn General Boyer, commandant of the garrison, undertook to
+try the metal of the Haligonians by causing a false alarm of invasion.
+The report was spread early in the morning that the French were off the
+harbor. Before 10 o'clock, A.M., about 1,000 militia men were embodied
+and at their respective posts. Two hundred of them were artillery men.
+The dress companies were all in uniform and fully equipped. Among the
+first who appeared on the parade ground with their guns were Parson
+Wright, head master of the grammar school, and the Solicitor General,
+James Stewart, better known as Judge Stewart.
+
+1805. Press warrants were granted by the Council on the 6th May to Vice
+Admiral Sir Andrew Mitchell, then in command of the station, for
+fourteen days. He afterwards demanded an extension of his warrant for
+six months, which was refused by the Council at their meeting on the
+18th. In their reply to the Admiral they mention that the number of
+seamen engaged in the West India trade, etc., had been so reduced by
+captures, imprisonment and other causes that there were not sufficient
+in the port to man the vessels, and that all the seamen to be found in
+the town would not now be enough to meet half the demand for one
+sloop-of-war in the fleet. Moreover, that there were many at the time in
+French prisons whose families were supported by charity in the town.
+This, together with the high rate of wages in the United States, had
+reduced the commerce of the port to the greatest necessity. Finally,
+that the execution of impress warrants on shore were attended with much
+disturbance and annoyance to the laboring poor and others not fit for
+service, and the Council were of opinion that it should only be resorted
+to on the most urgent occasions and when advantage from it was to be
+reasonably looked for.
+
+Mitchell, finding he could not prevail on the Council, undertook, in the
+following October, to send press gangs through the town without
+warrant. An armed party of sailors and marines from the Cleopatra,
+frigate, under the command of one or more officers, were sent out. The
+citizens resisted and a riot ensued, which resulted in the death of one
+person and the wounding of several others. One of these encounters
+occurred in the store of Messrs. Forsyth & Co., where a number of
+merchant sailors had secreted themselves. General Wentworth called a
+meeting of the Council on 23rd November, and it was ordered that the
+Solicitor-General should proceed to prosecute all persons belonging to
+the ships war who had been engaged in impressments. The Attorney
+General, R. J. Uniacke, Mitchell's father-in-law, was in England at the
+time, on leave of absence. The Admiral's gang had broken open the store
+of Forsyth & Co. under the pretense of looking for deserters, and Sir
+Andrew defended his conduct under the authority of a warrant from the
+Admiralty, but he was condemned in heavy damages for his illegal
+proceedings.
+
+The town artillery at this time consisted of three companies commanded
+by Captains Charles Morris, Bremner and Fillis, and there was another
+under Capt. McIntosh of Spryfield, which did duty at York Redoubt,
+composed principally of market fisherman who were regularly trained to
+battery exercises. Governor Wentworth appears to have been assiduous in
+his efforts to keep up the local defences of the town, and to have
+placed much reliance on the volunteer companies for that purpose.
+
+There was a plentiful harvest this year throughout the whole province.
+Provisions of all sorts were plentiful in the town, so much so that the
+arrival of the fleet and a large export to Bermuda and Newfoundland did
+not augment the prices. The importations of flour from the United
+States, both this and the following year, were very extensive.
+
+In October an unfortunate French prisoner named Pierre Paulin was
+executed on the common for the murder of a fellow prisoner. The Governor
+and Council refused to reprieve him.
+
+In December the town was illuminated and other joyful demonstrations
+made by the inhabitants on the news of the Battle of Trafalgar.
+
+1806. In the month of February, Lieut.-General Gardner, the commandant
+of the garrison, died at Halifax; his funeral was attended with much
+military pomp and ceremony. He was buried under old St. Paul's Church.
+
+A general election occurred in 1806, when Edward Mortimer of Pictou,
+Simon B. Robie, S. G. W. Archibald and William Lawson were returned for
+the county, and John George Pyke and Foster Hutchinson for the town.
+Cochran, the old member, petitioned against Lawson on the ground of
+qualification.
+
+The Government House remained still unfinished. The sum of £4,292 had
+been expended on the building since the last session, which was £2,000
+more than had been voted.
+
+On the 29th April Halifax was thrown into alarm by the appearance of a
+number of large vessels in the offing. Signal guns were fired from the
+alarm posts in the harbor, and the military and militia were under arms.
+There was another alarm of French invasion on or about the 20th May,
+when several large vessels were again reported off the harbor. The
+militia of the town were again assembled, but the greater part of them
+were without arms. Governor Wentworth had previously made several
+applications to the Imperial Government for arms for the Halifax
+Militia, but it does not appear that much attention was paid to his
+solicitations.
+
+Among the advertisements which appeared in the Gazette this year was
+notice of a periodical publication to be called the "Nova Scotia and New
+Brunswick Magazine or Historical Library," which was offered for sale at
+the book stores of Messrs. Morrison, Bennet, Edmund Ward and William
+Minns. Morrison kept his book and stationer's shop at the corner of Duke
+and Granville Streets, afterwards known as Joseph Robinson's hat store,
+now owned by Mr. Kiezer. He was succeeded in his business by George
+Eaton, who was the principal book seller and stationer in the town for
+several years. This old building, with others along the upper side of
+Granville Street was destroyed by fire about 1827. At this time there
+was a law in existence to prevent persons building wooden houses in the
+town above a certain height. The present wooden building at the corner
+was then erected under this law and did not exceed what by measurement
+was deemed one story and a half. Several stone and brick buildings were
+erected in consequence of this law. That to the south of Kiezer's corner
+occupied by Mr. Simonds and others, another in the same block built by
+the late William Macara, druggist, and the large double three story
+stone building in Barrington Street, nearly opposite St. Paul's, were
+all erected about this time by Mr. Matthew Richardson on the site of the
+late Andrew Belcher's garden. Several old gamble roofed houses, the
+remnant of the first settlement, were destroyed by the above-mentioned
+fire.
+
+On 22nd December, the American Government laid an embargo on all vessels
+within American ports bound to any foreign places, and the officers of
+the Customs throughout the States were directed to refuse clearances to
+all such vessels. This was a great check to trade, and Halifax felt the
+result in the scarcity of provisions and particularly of flour, which
+went up immediately to £5 per bbl., the inhabitants having been in a
+great measure dependent on the States for that article.
+
+A sailor named John Wilson had been taken from the American Frigate
+Chesapeake on charges of mutiny and desertion. He was tried in Halifax
+by Court Martial on board the Flag Ship Belleisle on 26th August,
+condemned and executed 31st. Two other seamen were in October following
+executed on board the Jason, Capt. Cochran, for mutiny.
+
+The following list of town officers appointed by the Grand Jury for the
+Town in 1806, will be found interesting:
+
+  Halifax, Nova Scotia, }
+  March Term.           } COURT OF QUARTER SESSIONS.
+
+The Grand Jury present to the Worshipful Court the following as proper
+persons to serve as Town Officers for the ensuing year, in the different
+offices to which they are named, viz:
+
+William Lyon, County Treasurer; Henry Yeomans, Town Clerk; Samuel
+Muirhead, Stephen Oxley, Clerks of the Market; Richard Woodin, Michael
+Denny, William Hogg, Enoch Wiswell, Surveyors of Lumber and Fence
+Viewers; Joseph Hamilton, James Romans, Sealers of Leather; Nicholas
+Vass, Thomas Adams, Patrick Ryan, William Ford, John Knowdie, Frederick
+Stormy, Surveyors of Pickled Fish; Thomas Adams, William Ford, Cullers
+of Dry Fish; Nicholas Vass, William Ford, Frederick Stormy, Gaugers of
+Oil; John Fleigher, Gauger: Henry Shiers, Richard Woodin, William
+Graham, Measurers of Wood; Francis Le'Guire, Measurer of Wood and Coals
+for the Fuel Yard; Richard Woodin, Henry Shiers, William Graham,
+Measurers of Grain; Richard Woodin, Henry Shiers, William Graham,
+William Hogg, Measurers of Salt and Coal; John Brown, William Ford,
+Cullers of Hoops and Staves; James King, Edward King, Weighers of Hay;
+John Metchler, Surveyor of Bricks and Lime; W. G. Forsyth, Lawrence
+Hartshorne, John Sullivan, John William Morris, Hogreaves; John Phelan,
+Pound Keeper; Thomas Stone, John Atkins, John Mansfield, David Fletcher,
+William Shea, George Isles, Peter Laffen, Edward Herbert, John Clarke,
+Richard Munday, Henry Wright, Hugh Chisholm, Andrew Bowers, Francis
+Wade, Alexander Cummings, Patrick Tobin, Constables; Jacob Michael,
+Constable for Dutch Town; Peter Shaffro, Constable for Dutch Village;
+John Mc'Alpin, Overseer of Highways for Dutch Village and Pen.; Jacob
+Bower, George M'Intosh, Overseers for Harriot and Spryfields; William
+Adams, Constable for Harriot and Spryfields; Peter Vambolt, John
+Duffeney, Constables for Margaret's Bay; Christopher Boutteleer,
+Overseer of Highways for Margaret's Bay; Frederick Boutteleer, Measurer
+of Cordwood for Margaret's Bay; George Duffeney, Fence Viewer for
+Margaret's Bay; George Mc'Intosh, Overseer of Highways from Spryfield to
+Catch Harbour; William Keys, Overseer of Highways from Windsor Road to
+Gay's River; Robert Fletcher, Terence Canty, Constables for the
+Shubenacadie Fisheries; Edmund Bambrick, Jonathan Shelling, George
+Hiltz, Overseers of Roads from Sackville Bridge to the extremity of the
+County; Jacob Haverstock, Overseer of Roads from Nine Mile River to
+Hammond's Plain; George Dunn, George Hiltz, Surveyors of Lumber for Nine
+Mile River to Hammond's Plain and Windsor Road; Colin Grant, Christopher
+Shultz, Robert Anderson, Fence Viewers; Christopher Haverstock, Joseph
+Fielding, Jacob Pentz, Constables for Windsor Road and Hammond Plains;
+Henry Bambrick, George Fultz, Hogreaves; John Shultz, George Hershman,
+Hugh Bambrick, Assessors of the County Rates; Henry Miller, Pound
+Keeper; Edward Foster, Surveyor of Highways from Dartmouth Town Plot to
+the Basin; Samuel Hamilton, Constable from Dartmouth Town Plot to the
+Basin; Jon. Tremain, Sr., William Penny, Surveyors of Highways,
+Dartmouth Town Plot; David Larnard, Constable, Dartmouth Town Plot;
+James Munn, Pound Keeper, Dartmouth Town Plot; Henry Wisdom, Surveyor of
+Highways from the Ferry up the Preston Road to Tanyard; Mark Jones,
+Constable; John Wisdom, Hogreave; Mark Jones, Pound Keeper; George
+Simpson, Surveyor of Highways and Fence Viewer from Tanyard to
+Simpson's; Hugh Ross, Constable; Thomas Settle, Surveyor of Highways and
+Fence Viewer from Simpson's eastward to the new bridge; Philip Molyneux,
+Constable; Timothy Crane, Surveyor of Highways for all Preston, and
+Fence Viewer; John Richardson, Constable; Thomas Settle, Surveyor of
+Lumber and Bark; George Horn, Hogreave; John Stewart, Surveyor of
+Highways from Cole Harbour to Turner's; Robert Collins, Surveyor of
+Highways from Turner's to Jones'; Robert Turner, Constable; Peter
+Mc'Nabb, Surveyor of Highways, Eastern Passage; Benjamin Horn,
+Constable; Adam Archibald, Musquodoboit, Surveyor of Roads; William
+Gould, Constable; George M'Leod, Robert Nelson, Fence Viewers; Hugh
+Archibald, Pound Keeper; Archibald Crawford, Overseer of Roads for
+Meagher's Grant; Alex. Grant, Constable for Meagher's Grant; Peter
+Ogilvie, Overseer of Roads from Meagher's Grant to George Anderson's;
+Peter Gordon, Constable for Meagher's Grant to George Anderson's; Jacob
+Bayer, Overseer of Roads from Musquodoboit Harbour; John Turple,
+Constable for Musquodoboit Harbour; George Bayer, Overseer of Roads for
+Pitpiswick; George Baker, Constable for Pitpiswick.
+
+  March 5, 1806.                        WILLIAM LYON, _Foreman_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On 11th May, 1807, it having been reported to His Majesty's Council that
+the Grand Jury and Sessions had refused to accept a grant of the piece
+of land on which the old Market House stood, upon the conditions which
+had been inserted in the grant, (probably on it being vested in
+Commissioners) the Governor and Council refused to alter the grant, and
+if not accepted by the Session it was ordered that the old building be
+taken down and the ground cleared and remain under the control of the
+Commissioners of Public Markets. This was the site on which the late
+City Court House was afterwards erected.
+
+1808. In the month of April, 1808, the new Governor, Sir George Provost,
+arrived to take the place of Sir John Wentworth, who was allowed a
+retiring pension of £500 per annum. He brought with him the 7th, the
+8th and the 23rd Regiments, consisting of about 3000 men, with Brigadier
+General Houghton. The Governor came in H. M. Ship Penelope. At six
+o'clock on the same evening of his arrival, he landed at the King's
+Wharf under a salute from the Batteries. Sir John Wentworth was at his
+villa on the Basin--the Prince's Lodge as it was called--when his
+successor arrived, and did not receive the official letter announcing
+his appointment until 18 days after the arrival of Sir George Provost.
+On the 13th April, Sir John came to town and the new Governor was sworn
+into office.
+
+It was deemed advisable that some trusty person should be sent to the
+United States to obtain information as to warlike preparations then
+progressing in that country. Mr. John Howe, the postmaster at Halifax,
+was chosen. He proceeded to Boston and afterwards visited other parts of
+the Union. Mr. Howe was again dispatched on a second mission late in the
+fall, and on his return made a report to the Lieutenant Governor.
+
+Mr. Samuel Hood George, afterwards Sir Samuel, came out with Sir George
+Provost. He was appointed Provincial Secretary, and afterwards
+represented the County of Halifax in General Assembly. He was the eldest
+son of Commodore Sir Denis George, who married Miss Cochran of Halifax,
+and succeeded his father in the Baronetcy. This young man died early of
+consumption, and was succeeded both in the Baronetcy and the office of
+Secretary by his youngest brother Sir Rupert D. George, who remained in
+office until responsible government was established in the province.
+
+The ships Milan, Observateur and Centurian were stationed at Halifax
+during the winter. The Centurian was the ship in which Lord Anson
+circumnavigated the globe. She remained in the harbour as a receiving
+and store ship for many years, and was broken up at the Dockyard
+somewhere between the years 1820 and 1823.
+
+Among the visitors to Halifax this year was the notorious Aaron Burr,
+late Vice President of the United States. He passed under an assumed
+name.
+
+1809. The winter of 1808-9 was remarkably severe. During the month of
+February the cold continued so long that the great expenditure of fuel
+was felt by all classes of the community. Much distress prevailed among
+the poor, and large sums of money were raised by subscription for their
+relief.
+
+An expedition had been fitted out at Halifax, under the command of Sir
+George Provost, for the capture of the French Island of Martinique. It
+was composed of the 7th, 8th and 23rd Regiments with a Brigade of
+Artillery. Having succeeded in this enterprise they returned to Halifax
+on the 15th April. The gentlemen of the town gave a ball at Mason Hall
+in honor of their return. Three soldiers of the 7th Fusiliers were the
+only men killed in the expedition, the place having surrendered
+immediately on the attack being made. A tablet to the memory of these
+three soldiers may be seen in the gallery of the Round Church in
+Brunswick Street.
+
+The Harbour was again this year the scene of another of those Naval
+executions, which were performed with so much severity during the time
+of war. A mutiny had occurred, or was supposed to have occurred, on
+board the Columbine on the 1st August, off St. Andrews. Four seamen and
+two marines were found guilty and executed on the 18th September. They
+were afterwards hung in chains on Meagher's Beach.
+
+One of the most atrocious cases of piracy and murder on record occurred
+this autumn on the coast to the eastward of Halifax. The vessel was the
+Three Sisters, of Halifax, owned by Jonathan and John Tremain, merchants
+of the town, commanded by Captain John Stairs, brother of the late
+Honorable William Stairs, formerly president of the Union Bank. She was
+on her way from Gaspé Bay to Halifax with a cargo of fish. Edward
+Jordan, who had been formerly owner of this vessel or in some way
+concerned with her, took passage for himself and wife and four children
+with Capt. Stairs for Halifax. The following account is taken from a
+Halifax newspaper of 16th October, 1809:
+
+   "MONDAY, OCTOBER 16, 1809.--The following are the particulars
+   received from Capt. Stairs, of the piracy and murder that took
+   place on board the schooner Three Sisters, belonging to this
+   place, some account of which we gave in our last.
+
+   "This most atrocious act of piracy and murder, of which none
+   could be guilty but the most diabolical incendiaries in human
+   shape, took place, as has been stated, on the 13th ult. off
+   Cape Canso, on the coast of this province, on board the
+   schooner Three Sisters, bound and belonging to this place from
+   the Bay Cheleaur. Edward Jordan, who has been represented as a
+   passenger, and who had some interest in the vessel, appears to
+   have been the exciter of this act of barbarity. Jordan having
+   corrupted the mate, Kelly, who joined him in effecting his
+   wicked intention, they secured the arms, and availing
+   themselves of that moment most likely to assist their horrid
+   design, which was when Capt. Stairs was below with one of his
+   men,[65] shot the other man who was on deck, and taking aim at
+   Capt. Stairs through the sky-light with a pistol, wounded him
+   in the face and shot the man who was near him in the breast.
+   Capt. Stairs immediately ran on deck, where he met Jordan with
+   a pistol in one hand and an ax in the other. Capt. Stairs then
+   retreated into cabin and searched for his pistols but found
+   them taken from his chest with a sword; finding himself
+   destitute of arms he again ascended the deck and saw Jordan
+   giving the fatal blow to the man who was on the deck, when he
+   turned from him and presented another pistol at Capt. Stairs,
+   which flashed when they closed and the pistol in the struggle
+   was thrown overboard. The man who had received the wound below
+   having reached the deck, made an effort to assist his captain,
+   but in his attempt, from weakness, fell on his face, where he
+   was shortly after dispatched with an ax by Jordan. In the
+   scuffle Capt. Stairs called upon his mate (Kelly) for
+   assistance, whom he perceived was in the act of loading
+   another pistol, but who made him no answer. At which time
+   Jordan's wife, a fit companion for so base a monster, attacked
+   him with a boat hook which he parried with his arm, and after
+   much exertion disengaged himself, and seizing one of the
+   hatches, jumped into the sea. The wind blowing a strong
+   breeze, the vessel soon left him to his precarious fate, where
+   he remained about three hours, when he was taken up by the
+   schooner Eliza Stoddard, of Hingham, in an almost lifeless
+   condition from wet and cold."
+
+[Footnote 65: Thomas Heath, who left a wife and two children in this
+town.]
+
+The vessel was captured and brought into Halifax, and Jordan and his
+wife placed on their trial before a special commission for the trial of
+piracies on the high seas on 15th November. The Commission of Judges who
+sat on this occasion were Lieut.-Gen'l Sir Geo. Provost, Vice Admiral
+Sir John Borlase Warren, Chief Justice Blowers; Councillors, Butler,
+Wallace, Brenton, Hill, Uniacke and Morris; Capt. Lloyd, R. N., Capt.
+Lord James Townshend, R. N. and Capt. Simpson, R. N., Sir Samuel Hood
+George, Provincial Secretary, T. N. Jeffery, the Collector of Customs.
+Doctor Cooke, the Admiralty Judge, refused to attend because the
+Commissioners would not allow him precedence of the Governor with a veto
+on the proceedings of the Court. No jury was called under this
+commission. Jordan was found guilty and sentenced to be hanged, which
+sentence was carried into execution on the beach some distance below
+Fresh Water Bridge, and the body was afterwards gibbeted on the shore
+some distance further down. The wife was acquitted, and a subscription
+was raised in the town to send her to Ireland. Dr. Burke, the Roman
+Catholic clergyman, Dr. Archd. Gray, minister of St. Matthew's, and Dr.
+Stanser, Rector of St. Paul's, acted as a committee for the purpose.
+The court assembled again a short time after, for the trial of the mate,
+Kelly, who was convicted, but afterwards pardoned.[66]
+
+[Footnote 66: A report of these trials was published in 1810 by Mr.
+Bagnall at the office of the newspaper called the "Novator," taken from
+the notes of two students at law, Charles R. Fairbanks, afterwards
+Master of the Rolls, and Andrew W. Cochran, who for many years was
+Secretary of the Province of Lower Canada and member of Council.]
+
+This being the 50th year of the reign of King George III, a jubilee was
+celebrated at Halifax on the 23rd October, with great ceremony.
+
+The market slip, the new fish market and meat market were all repaired
+and improved this year at the cost of £571, £500 of which had been voted
+by the Assembly for the purpose. The taxes gathered in the town for
+liquor licenses in 1809 amounted to £1400.
+
+The Fire Insurance Association of Halifax was established on 24th April,
+1809. The first directors were Andrew Belcher, Charles Hill, Lawrence
+Hartshorne, Foster Hutchinson, James Fraser, George Grassie and H. H.
+Cogswell. Mr. J. H. Fliegar was secretary and the office was kept in his
+house in Hollis Street, where it continued to be kept for a great many
+years. He was succeeded by Mr. William Newton, at whose death Mr.
+Tremain was appointed.
+
+Meetings of the Committee on Trade were held during the autumn. The
+Halifax Marine Insurance Company first opened their office for business
+in Water Street, opposite the fuel yard, this year. The committee of
+management were George Grassie, Jesse Woodward, Garret Miller, James
+Kerby, Lawrence Doyle, Lewis E. Piers, John Osborne, Thomas Deblois and
+John Albro'.
+
+Among the merchants of Halifax at this time we find, in addition to the
+above, the names of Wm. Stairs, Wm. Bremner, Hartshorne & Boggs, at the
+old corner of George and Granville Streets, Kidston, Dobson & Co.,
+Richard Kenefick, who had lately brought out Irish linen goods, Forman &
+Grassie, Shipping Merchants; William Bowie, afterwards a partner of
+Stephen W. Deblois, and who lost his life in a duel with the late Judge
+Richard Uniacke, Alexander Izat, Dry Goods, at corner opposite two
+pumps, corner of Hollis and Duke Streets, now occupied by the People's
+Bank; Martin Gay Black, Dry Goods; Geo. N. Russell, afterwards Wallace &
+Russell, Hardware Merchant, corner of Hollis and Prince Streets, now
+occupied by the Union Bank building; Temple and Lewis E. Piers, Ship
+Chandlery. This firm several years later purchased the irregular shaped
+lot adjoining the City Court House lately occupied by Stairs, Son &
+Morrow, removed a range of one story buildings or sheds known as the
+Ratstail, and erected a building in which they carried on the ship
+chandlery business until the establishment was purchased by Mr. William
+Stairs. Henry Austin, afterwards a partner with William Stairs in ship
+chandlery, Water Street, south of the fuel yard, and John Owen, shop
+keeper and shipping merchant.
+
+There was a small newspaper, quarto size, called the "Novator"
+established or published at Halifax in 1809 by one James Bagnall in
+Sackville Street. It was not of long continuance.
+
+Jones Fawson was Sheriff of Halifax this year.
+
+From the commencement of the year 1810 until the month of April, 1812,
+there was a constant apprehension of a rupture with the United States.
+The garrison and navy enlivened the town by their frequent balls and
+festivities. The Rockingham Club, before mentioned, continued to have
+their weekly dining on Saturday at the old Rockingham Hotel on the
+Basin. It was then customary for the merchants and other principal
+inhabitants, occasionally to give public dinners to the generals,
+admirals and principal officers of both army and navy. These dinners, as
+well as those of the National Societies, were held at the old Mason
+Hall, that building then containing the most spacious and convenient
+room in the city.
+
+In January, 1811, the merchants of Halifax petitioned the King, through
+the Lieutenant-Governor, to permit the coal mines in Nova Scotia to be
+opened and worked under regulations. A proposal was made this year for
+the formation of a Joint Stock Bank. The books for subscription were
+opened at the office of Henry Yeomans, insurance broker, and were first
+signed on 13th February by the Committee of Trade, consisting of William
+Sabatier, Andrew Belcher, John Black, James Fraser, George Grassie,
+Charles R. Prescott and John Pryor. No further proceeding appears to
+have been taken towards this object.
+
+Much suffering as usual among the poor prevailed this winter. A society
+for the relief of the poor had been formed, which distributed during the
+year ending 9th February, 1811:
+
+  285 cords wood which cost              £994
+  860 lbs. sugar                           49 15 6
+  111   "   tea
+  702   "   rice
+  236   "   flour
+  1560 loaves bread to 255 persons         36
+                                        ----------
+                                        £1079 15 6
+
+Eighty-four persons in distress, with their families, and others, in
+Halifax, Preston, Dartmouth, Chezzetcook, Windsor Road and Lawrencetown,
+with several families in Digby and Shelburne, were relieved at the time
+from the same funds.
+
+  Subscriptions raised for the above purposes       £255
+  Donations from individuals, &c.                    384
+                                                    ----
+                                                    £639
+
+The committee in charge of this fund and its distribution were Edwd. B.
+Brenton, Revd. Robert Stanser, Revd. Archibald Gray, W. J. Almon, M. D.,
+Hibbert N. Binney, John Lawson, Treasurer.
+
+On Wednesday the 19th February, a public fast was proclaimed throughout
+the Province, which was observed at Halifax, with due solemnity.
+
+Two fires occurred this year, one at Commissary Buildings on Hollis
+Street, the spot on which the Bank of Nova Scotia stands, on 18th April,
+and the other at Bellemont, Mr. John Howe's residence at the North West
+Arm, on 6th May. Both buildings were saved.
+
+The office of the Nova Scotia Marine Insurance Company was kept by Henry
+Yeomans, broker, of the Company. A new Marine Insurance Office had been
+started in February; George Grassie was Chairman of the Committee of
+Management, and John Bonnett was Secretary.
+
+
+THE PROVINCE BUILDING.
+
+Decisive measures were adopted this session by the Legislature for the
+erection of a building for the accommodation of the legislative bodies,
+the courts of law and the public offices, on the site of the old
+Government House on Hollis Street. Commissioners were appointed and
+plans and elevations prepared or procured by Mr. John Merrick. Chief
+Justice Blowers, Mr. Speaker Wilkins and Judge Hutchinson has the
+planning of the interior arrangements, and George Grassie, Winkworth
+Allen and John Merrick were the commissioners to erect the building. Mr.
+Richard Scott was the builder employed to conduct the work. The building
+was fully completed and finished, ready for the sittings of the Courts
+and Legislature, in 1820, at the cost of £52,000.
+
+A new steeple and an addition of 16 feet to the northern end was added
+to old St. Paul's Church this year, at the cost of £1000, granted by
+Government, £500 from a fund known as the Militia Arms Fund, and the
+remainder from funds arising out of the forfeited estate of one Jonathan
+Clarke. Hibbert N. Binney and H. H. Cogswell were the churchwardens.
+Their advertizement for tenders for the work appears in the Gazette. The
+sum of £500 from the Arms Fund was at the same time granted to St.
+George's Church towards finishing the interior of that building. These
+works were commenced this year, but were not finished until late in
+1812. But one capital criminal conviction is recorded in 1811, that of
+one Sarah Wilson for burglary. She was sentenced to death, but
+afterwards reprieved.
+
+On the 27th May the sloop of war, Little Belt, Capt. Bingham, arrived
+from a cruise. She reported having fallen in with the United States
+frigate, President, by whom she was fired into, and had sixteen men
+killed and twenty-one wounded, and the rigging of the ship much cut up.
+The two nations being at peace at the time, the affair caused much
+excitement in Halifax. Explanations were offered on the part of the
+Captain and Officers of the U. S. frigate, which only tended to show the
+bitterness of feeling which shortly afterwards manifested itself in open
+hostilities. Early this season non-intercourse was established between
+the United States and Great Britain.
+
+Sir George Provost was now appointed to the chief command in Canada. The
+inhabitants of Halifax presented a congratulatory address on his
+promotion on the 19th August. He sailed for Quebec on the 25th, and Sir
+John Cope Sherbroke, his successor, arrived with his family from England
+on 16th October following in the ship Manilla.
+
+On 26th September a poll was opened by Capt. Jones Fawson, then Sheriff,
+for the election of two members for the town and four for the county.
+John Pryor, John Geo. Pyke and William H. Taylor were nominated; the
+latter retired and the two first were declared elected. The four old
+members for the county were returned. Mr. William Sabatier was nominated
+but afterwards retired from the contest.
+
+The merchants of Halifax, on 20th July, petitioned the Governor
+respecting the state of trade, etc., stating that they were agreed to
+take gold and silver coins at the following values, viz: A Guinea, £1 3
+4, Halifax currency; a Johannes, at £4; a Doubloon, at £3 17 6; an
+Eagle, at £2 10; the old French Guinea, at £1 2, and all the other
+decimal parts of the same coins at a proportional value; English and old
+French Crowns, at 5s. 6d; Spanish Dollars, (including those which
+heretofore passed current at 4s.) at the rate of 5s. At this time
+British silver was unknown at Halifax--Spanish silver was the current
+coin. It came up from the West Indies and Spanish America in the course
+of trade, and the British Government found it more convenient for
+various reasons to pay their troops stationed here in Spanish silver
+than to import British coin for that purpose.
+
+The names attached to this petition were William Bowie, Garret Miller,
+Starr & Shannon, Charles Loveland, Moody & Sinclair, Alexander McDonald,
+William A. Black, Martin Gay Black, John Albro, Charles Boggs, Henry
+Ford & Co., Henry Austin, Michael Forrestall, Jonathan and John
+Tremaine, John W. Pyke, Matthew Richardson, Richard Tremain, Samuel
+Head, M. D., Kidston, Dobson & Telford, H. Taylor, John Liddell & Co.,
+Capel Hines, Jas. Ewing, George W. Mitchell, Prescott Lawson & Co.,
+James Fraser, Winkworth Allen, Smith & Thom, Scaiffe & Baine, R. Lyon,
+Sr., Andrew Belcher, Forsyth, Black & Co., Lawrence Hartshorne, Charles
+Hill, Forman Grassie & Co., John Lawson, James Leaver, William Minns,
+John Osborne and John Owen.
+
+A proposition concerning some alteration in Water Street, near the
+Ordnance Yard, was made by Captain Gustavos Nichols of the Royal
+Engineers. It was understood that the town would not agree to the
+proposal unless the Military authorities surrendered a road in
+continuation of Hollis Street, southward. The subject had been mooted
+for a long period previous to this time, but no arrangement could be
+agreed on between the military and the town authorities. Captain
+Nichols' letter makes an offer according to the plans therein enclosed.
+This letter and plans are not now forthcoming among the City or
+Provincial Records, and therefore the particulars of the proposition
+made by the Engineer Department cannot now be understood. Copies of
+these plans may possibly exist at the Lumber Yard and Engineers' office.
+
+On the 17th March, the Irish Society celebrated the anniversary of St.
+Patrick this year by a dinner at Mason Hall, which was attended by the
+Governor, General Balfour, Commissioner Inglefield, Judge Croke, the
+Captains of the Navy in port and the Staff of the Garrison, etc. The
+Hon. Charles Morris was President, and Samuel Hood George, afterwards
+Sir Samuel, was Vice. The dinner was at five o'clock, the fashionable
+hour in those days. The Governor and principal guests retired at nine.
+The rest of the company sat late, but the utmost harmony and good
+feeling prevailed. These national festivals were better attended in
+those days, when no political animosities existed to disturb the harmony
+of the good people of Halifax.
+
+On the 11th May, there was a public examination of the Halifax Grammar
+School under old parson Wright--a ceremony in which the inhabitants at
+this period took much interest. On this occasion Mr. Edward Monk, son of
+Judge Monk, took the first prize; Lewis M. Wilkins, the late Judge, won
+the second, and the third was given to James Bailey, and the fourth to
+Edward Fairbanks, a brother of S. P. Fairbanks, Esq., and of the late
+Judge Charles R. Fairbanks, Master of the Rolls.
+
+A Company was formed this year, in Halifax, for prosecuting the
+codfishery. The managers were John Lawson, Henry H. Cogswell, William
+Pryor, Garret Miller, John Brown, John William Morris and Charles
+Loveland. A large capital was raised in shares of £50 each.
+
+On the 20th November, the fleet sailed for Bermuda, consisting of the
+Flag Ship of Admiral Sawyer, the Spartan and Melampus, Frigates; the
+Atalanta, Ratler and Indian, Sloops-of-War.
+
+At the commencement of the year the following Ships of War, under the
+command of Sir John Borlase Warren, were on this station, viz.:
+Swiftsure, 74; Guerriere, 40; Melampus, 36; Æolus, 39; Cleopatra, 32;
+Euridice, 24; Little Belt, 22; Halifax, 18[67]; Indian, 18; Emulous, 18;
+Atalanta, 18; Colibre, 18; La Fantome, 18; Plumper, 12 and the
+schooners Vesta, Juniper, Holly, Barbare, Bream, Cuttle and Chub. The
+old Centurian was the receiving ship; she remained for many years off
+the dockyard. The Pyramus was afterwards used as a receiving ship for
+the fleet lately sold and broken up; she was an old-class 50 taken from
+the Danes at the capture of Copenhagen.
+
+[Footnote 67: This brig was the only vessel of war ever built at the
+Halifax Dockyard.]
+
+The Eighth and Ninety-eighth British regiments, the Nova Scotia Fencible
+Infantry, with a battery of Artillery and a company of Engineers
+composed the Garrison of Halifax. Captain Philip Van Cortlandt was Town
+Major, and Stephen Hall Binney, Barrack-master. The former was succeeded
+by Lieutenant John McColla as Town Major, who resided in Halifax for a
+number of years, and was Adjutant General of the Provincial Militia.
+Major-General Balfour[68] commanded the Garrison. Captain J. N.
+Inglefield, R. N.,[69] was Commissioner of the Dockyard, and Mr. P. F.
+Wallis, first clerk. Mr. W. was father of Admiral Sir Provo Wallis, who
+distinguished himself in the action of the Shannon and Chesapeake.
+
+[Footnote 68: General Balfour was this year removed to New Brunswick,
+where he died Lieutenant Governor of that Province.]
+
+[Footnote 69: Commissioner Inglefield was grandfather of Vice Admiral
+Sir Edward A. Inglefield, lately in command of the Squadron at Halifax.]
+
+A Marine Humane Society existed at Halifax in 1811. Their drags, for the
+recovery of drowned persons, were advertised as being lodged in the
+respective stores of Hon. And. Belcher, John Pryor, John Brown, Samuel
+Muirhead and John Starr.
+
+The 30th September was marked by a severe gale of wind from the S. E.,
+by which many of the wharves in the town were ripped up and much damage
+done to the shipping in the harbour and along the coast.
+
+The year terminated by a proclamation opening the Port of Halifax to
+vessels of neutrals. The proclamation bears date the 24th December.
+
+Among the deaths recorded this year was that of James Gautier, Esq., for
+many years clerk of His Majesty's Council and keeper of the public
+records in the Secretary's office. He died poor. The Legislature voted
+£30 to defray the expenses of his funeral. He left no family.
+
+The principal retail merchants in the town at this time were Martin Gay
+Black, Smith & Thom, Carret & Alfort at the corner lately occupied by
+Messrs. Duffus; John Liddell & Co., H. Ford, McDonald & Co., Robert
+Lyon, W. Bremner, John Lawson, Kidston, Dobson & Telford, Scaiffe &
+Bain, Thomas Heaviside, James Fraser, Arthur Brymer, all Dry
+Goods--Moody & Sinclair, C. & R. Hill & Co., Red store, road leading to
+Dockyard, Thomas Leaver and William Remmington, all Auctioneers, William
+Minns and Geo. Eaton, Stationers. Mr. Minns occupied the old building in
+Barrington Street below the Parade, opposite Dalhousie College, where he
+died about 1825. He conducted a paper called the Weekly Chronicle for
+above 20 years. Windham Madden and William Conroy kept Livery Stables.
+
+1812. Orders had been issued early this season to put the Forts in
+repair; the works on the Citadel Hill having again fallen into a
+dilapidated condition. Captain Nichols, commanding the Royal Engineers,
+made an elaborate report, and operations were commenced forthwith under
+his superintendence. The United States had now declared war. Commodore
+Rogers, in command of an American Squadron, had fallen in with the
+British Frigate Belvidere, 36 guns. She sustained the attack for two or
+three hours and at length got off with the loss of several of her crew
+killed, the Captain and 22 wounded. The Belvidere came into the harbor
+on the 27th June, and on the following evening a special dispatch
+arrived from the Governor of New Brunswick with intelligence of the
+Declaration of War. Sir John immediately made the necessary arrangements
+for calling out the militia. All able-bodied men between 18 and 50 were
+to be billetted for service and a portion of them to be immediately
+embodied. This was arranged by Order in Council dated 28th June. The
+Belvidere, after she had escaped from the American Squadron, captured
+three American merchant vessels which she brought in with her. Halifax
+being the headquarters of the Naval force under Admiral Warren, who had
+upwards of 60 pendants under his command, prizes now began to be brought
+into port. The Court of Admiralty under Judge Croke was in active
+operation, and the newspapers of the day appear filled with
+advertizements of sales of prizes and prize goods. Cartels frequently
+came and went between Halifax and the American ports for the exchange of
+prisoners. With all this bustle of business money became plenty, and the
+foundations of small fortunes began to be laid by the Crown lawyers and
+the prize agents. The presence of a large army and navy caused much
+dissipation in the town. Festivities of all kinds prevailed.
+Subscription assemblies at Mason Hall were kept up during the winter
+under the management of Mr. Jeffery, Collector of the Customs, Capt.
+Brenton, of the navy, and Lieut.-Col. Robertson, of the garrison. Dinner
+parties at Government House, and balls and levies on state days, with
+the frequent rejoicings on the news from time to time of the success of
+the British Armies, both in Europe and America, completed the round of
+Halifax festivities.
+
+The capture of the British ship Guerriere, a first class frigate
+commanded by Capt. Dacres, belonging to the Halifax squadron, by the
+Americans, in August, caused much talk and excitement throughout the
+community. Capt. Dacres, a young and inexperienced officer, it was
+thought had surrendered too early to the enemy. He had only left the
+harbor a short time when he lost his ship.
+
+In July, a press warrant was granted to Rear Admiral Sawyer for 48
+hours. Desertions from the navy were frequent and large offers were
+reported to have been made by the enemy for such able seamen as would
+come over to the American navy. The Commander-in-Chief, in consequence,
+found it necessary to publish a proclamation at Halifax offering the
+King's pardon to all who had deserted, on their returning to their duty.
+Letters of Marque against the Americans were ordered in Council on 31st
+July, and all vessels were prohibited from leaving the port without
+special license, for the space of one month.
+
+The old Halifax Artillery Company was at this time a very popular corps,
+and included many of the young merchants as well as tradesmen of the
+town. It was at one time supposed that the property owned by those whose
+names were on its roll comprised no small part of the wealth of our
+town.
+
+An Act of the Legislature was passed this year regarding that part of
+the public road or highway which leads from Fort Massey to the
+exercising ground on the Commons. His Majesty's service required that
+this piece of road should be enclosed for the purpose of enlarging the
+Artillery Park. It was therefore enacted that when the officers of His
+Majesty's Ordnance should have laid out a new road agreeable to the plan
+submitted to His Excellency Sir John Cope Sherbrooke, and filed in the
+Surveyor General's office, measuring fifty feet in breadth, through the
+field of John George Pyke, and shall have procured a release from Mr.
+Pyke, and shall have completed said new road, that the Engineer should
+take in 310 feet in length of that part of said road which now leads
+from Fort Massey to the exercising ground on the Common, forever for the
+Ordnance Department at Halifax. The new road to be substituted therefor.
+
+1813. The arrival of DeWatteville's regiment of Germans in May on their
+way to reinforce the army at Quebec, and of the American ship Volante
+with a valuable cargo and mounting 21 guns taken by H. M. Brig Curlew,
+Capt. Michael Head,[70] and the accession of the 64th Regiment to the
+strength of the garrison were the chief events during the spring of
+1813.
+
+[Footnote 70: Brother of the late Dr. Samuel Head of Halifax.]
+
+On Sunday morning, the 6th, June, the inhabitants of Halifax were
+surprised by the arrival of His Majesty's Ship Shannon, Capt. Broke,
+with her prize the United States Frigate Chesapeak, Capt. Lawrence. The
+engagement which was said to be the result of a challenge on the part of
+Capt. Broke, took place off Boston Harbor a very short time after the
+Shannon left Halifax. The enemy surrendered after about 20 minutes
+fighting. Capt. Broke ran his ship in upon the Chesapeak, and captured
+her with his boarding party who, "rushing upon the enemy's deck, carried
+away everything before them with irresistible fury." Capt. Lawrence, and
+his First Lieutenant, Ludlow, were killed; the latter died at Halifax on
+the 13th June. The engagement was one of the most bloody on record. The
+Shannon had 30 men killed and 57 wounded, and the Chesapeak 74 killed
+and above 100 wounded, all within the short space of little more than
+fifteen minutes. When the ships came up the harbor the decks were being
+swabbed and the scuppers ran quite red. Numbers of the inhabitants of
+the town put off in boats and visited the ships. Though the bodies of
+the slain had been nearly all removed from sight, yet the marks of the
+slaughter were terribly conspicuous. Mr. Provo Wallis, a Halifax man,
+one of the Lieutenants of the Shannon, brought in the prize. He received
+his promotion as Commander soon after, and later became a full Admiral
+and Knight Grand Cross of the Bath. On the 8th, the funeral of Capt.
+Lawrence took place. The body was landed under minute guns from the
+ships and the procession proceeded from the King's Wharf to the old
+English Burial Ground attended by an immense concourse of people. The
+coffin was covered by the U. S. colours and six British Post Captains
+bore the pall. The 34th Regiment formed the firing party. The officers
+of the garrison, His Majesty's Council, the principal civil officers and
+heads of departments, and all the officers of the navy in port followed
+in procession, the American officers walking next the coffin.
+
+On the 10th August, following, an American Brig with a flag of truce
+arrived for the bodies of Capt. Lawrence and Lieutenant Ludlow, which
+were taken up and carried to their native country. That of Capt.
+Lawrence lies in the yard of Trinity Church, Broadway, New York, where
+his tomb is to be seen on the left of the entrance.
+
+A memorial of the merchants of Halifax, numerously signed, was presented
+to the Colonial Secretary through the Governor, complaining of the
+permission of American vessels to resort to the British West Indies, and
+of the right of fishery conceded to the Americans by the Treaty of 1783,
+and praying that the interests of Nova Scotia might be considered in any
+future negotiations. Among the principal signers were William Sabatier,
+John Black, John Pryor, Geo. Grassie and Enos Collins. At this time the
+English Government was very jealous of British Colonial rights, and was
+ready to fight in their defence.
+
+The town and its vicinity had for the last two years abounded with
+French prisoners of war. Those taken from American prizes now increased
+the throng. A prison had been erected at Melville Island, at the head of
+the North West Arm, for their accommodation, and soon became crowded.
+Many of the French sailors were ingenious workers in wood and bone, and
+made articles of use as well as ornament, which they sold to the
+numerous visitors who were freely permitted access to Melville Island.
+It was the favorite resort of the young people on Sundays and holidays,
+where a pleasant hour could be passed in conversing with the French
+prisoners and examining their toys. The French naval officers were on
+parole of honor, and resided in Dartmouth and Preston. They spent their
+time chiefly in field sports, occasionally visiting Halifax, where they
+mixed freely in society. M. Danseville, the Governor of St. Pierre and
+Miquelon, resided in the house near Preston lately owned by the Hon.
+Michael Tobin, known as the Brook House, where he entertained his
+friends with great politeness and hospitality. Many of the French
+prisoners were permitted to come to town and work for the inhabitants. A
+number of our own Halifax people were at this time languishing in French
+prisons. The sum of £130 sterling was subscribed in Halifax for their
+relief, and remitted to England in the month of July of this year.
+
+Great quantities of prize goods were sold at auction this year, taken
+principally from American vessels. The American trade was terribly cut
+up by the British cruisers. On one occasion we find advertised for sale
+at public auction by order of the Court of Vice-Admiralty, dated 19th
+March, twelve full-rigged ships, eight brigs, seven schooners and ten or
+twelve small vessels, with their cargoes.
+
+On 7th September, the merchants of Halifax petitioned the Governor and
+Council for permission to export to the States portions of the prize
+goods as being particularly adapted to the American market. The
+following names, among others, appear attached to this petition: John
+Lawson, Temple F. & Lewis E. Piers,[71] Jas. Forman, Samuel Head, M. D.,
+Hartshorne, Boggs & Co., James and Michael Tobin, James Hamilton, Roy
+Leslie & Co., Carrett & Alport, Scaiffe & Bain, G. Grassie, James Ewing,
+William Annand, Matthew Richardson, William Phillips, James Russell,
+Miles W. White, Smith & Thom, John Brown, W. H. Reynolds & Co., Harding
+& Hill, A. McDonald, Henry Ford, Stephen W. DeBlois & Co., Wm. Bremner,
+John Moody & Co., Collins & Allison,[72] Henry Austin, William Stairs,
+Richard Tremain & Co., G. N. Russell, Jonathan & John Tremain.
+
+[Footnote 71: Messrs. Piers were the grandsons of Mr. L. Piers, who came
+with Cornwallis in 1749. Descendants of Temple F. Piers still reside in
+Halifax.]
+
+[Footnote 72: This firm was Hon. Enos Collins and Joseph Allison, both
+of whom became members of His Majesty's Council. They succeeded to the
+business of Prescott & Lawson on the wharf afterwards known as Collins'
+wharf, where Mr. Collins, in 1823, built the range of stone stores, a
+part of which is occupied by the Halifax Banking Company.]
+
+On the 7th September, Sir Borlase Warren with his fleet arrived in
+Halifax Harbor in eight days from the Chesapeake. The fleet consisted of
+the St. Domingo, 74 guns, Diadem, 64, Diomede, 50, Junon, 38, Romulus,
+36, Success, 32, Fox, 32, Nemesis, 28, Loupcervier, 18, Mariner, 15,
+Highflyer, 10, and several transports.
+
+The following passage from Murdoch's history affords a lively picture
+of the condition and aspect of Halifax at this period, drawn no doubt,
+in some measure from his personal recollection:
+
+   "The effects of the war upon the people of Halifax were very
+   marked. Our harbor had become the temporary home of the ships
+   of war, and the place where their prizes were brought and
+   disposed of. Our youths were eager to participate in the path
+   that seemed to lead by a few steps to honor, glory, and
+   fortune; and indeed when it is borne in mind that several
+   Halifax lads rose to be admirals, we can hardly wonder at the
+   school-boys' desire to wear the white stripe on his collar,
+   and the ivory-handled dirk that indicated his authority to
+   command men. The little capital, then occupying a restricted
+   space, became crowded. Trade was active, prices rose. The
+   fleet increasing, provisions were in great demand, and this
+   acted as a large bounty in favor of the agriculturist and the
+   fisherman. Rents of houses and buildings in the town were
+   doubled and trebled. A constant bustle existed in our chief
+   streets, cannon were forever noisy; it was a salute of a
+   man-of-war entering or leaving, practising with guns or
+   celebrating something or somebody. There is another side to
+   this picture which must not be omitted. The moral condition of
+   the town had become dreadful in the extreme. Eight or ten
+   thousand soldiers, sailors, and prisoners of war let loose in
+   a little town of less than 10,000 inhabitants can well be
+   imagined."
+
+The upper streets were full of brothels; grog shops and dancing houses
+were to be seen in almost every part of the town. A portion of Grafton
+Street was known under the appellation of Hogg Street from a house of
+ill-fame kept by a person of that name. The upper street along the base
+of Citadel Hill between the north and south barracks was known as "Knock
+him Down" Street in consequence of the number of affrays and even
+murders committed there. No person of any character ventured to reside
+there, nearly all the buildings being occupied as brothels for the
+soldiers and sailors. The streets of this part of the town presented
+continually the disgusting sight of abandoned females of the lowest
+class in a state of drunkenness, bare headed, without shoes, and in the
+most filthy and abominable condition.
+
+The Acadian School was this year established by Walter Bromley, Esq., on
+the Lancaster system. It was intended chiefly for the instruction of the
+poor. Mr. Bromley had been paymaster of the 23rd Fusiliers, and having
+retired from the army while that regiment was in garrison at Halifax,
+devoted all the energy of his philanthropic mind to the amelioration of
+the condition of the poor. He first opened his school on 13th January,
+1814 in the old building in Argyle Street, then lately used as a theatre
+for amateur performers, where he held Sunday school for poor children of
+all denominations and had a large class of blacks, both children and
+adults, to whom he devoted particular attention. Many colored men and
+women who afterwards became valuable servants, and some of whom entered
+into business in Halifax, owed their success and subsequent christian
+life to the exertions of Mr. Bromley. His labors to improve the
+condition of the Mic-mac Indians will be remembered by not a few
+individuals now living. His house was open to them at all times, where
+those who were not addicted to the habitual use of spirits were
+hospitably treated, clothed and furnished with means of following their
+hunting and other occupations. This continued until he left the country.
+The old play house having fallen into decay, the present stone building
+was erected on its site in 1816 and apartments for Mr. Bromley were
+therein provided. A printing press which had been established by him at
+the Acadian School became the means of disseminating his views regarding
+education throughout the province, and his little pamphlets, entitled
+Appeals to the People of Great Britain on behalf of the Indians of Nova
+Scotia, were very forcible and touching. The first edition of T. C.
+Halliburton's history of Nova Scotia was issued from Bromley's press in
+1824. When Bromley left Halifax in 1828, the poor lost a true friend and
+the Indians their chief patron.
+
+Halifax was visited by a great gale of wind in the autumn of 1813. The
+Gazette of the 19th November says:
+
+   "On Friday evening last, a most tremendous gale, or rather
+   hurricane from the south-east, rushed up the harbor with such
+   destructive violence as has not been witnessed since the
+   tornado which happened in September, 1798. The lapse of little
+   more than one short hour left but few vessels at their anchors
+   and of those scarcely one that had not sustained material
+   injury. Its utmost fury being felt about dead low water, less
+   damage was sustained by the wharves and stores than might
+   otherwise have been expected, but several shallops and small
+   craft were sunk, and many others wrecked and torn by the sea.
+   H. M. Ships St. Domingo, Hogue, Maidstone, two brigs and a
+   schooner were driven on shore. Fourteen other men of war,
+   including small ones, suffered by vessels being driven against
+   them. The Barossa, Diadem and the old Centurian suffered
+   least. There were forty-six merchant vessels, transports and
+   prizes, all large vessels except about seventeen, stranded;
+   most of them having been got off again. Twenty-four, including
+   store ships and transports, suffered more or less injury, and
+   a brig, a transport and one or two sloops sank and were
+   totally lost. Several schooners were sunk at Prospect, and two
+   large vessels were reported overset off the harbor. A number
+   of lives were lost during the gale, and many seamen badly hurt
+   on board the ships of war."
+
+Among the deaths recorded this year was that of James Creighton,
+Esq.,[73] in his 81st year. He was the son of one of the settlers who
+came with Governor Cornwallis in 1749, and had acquired a large property
+in the neighborhood of the town which was inherited by his son who was
+the ancestor of the family of that name now in the city. The fields in
+the north suburbs adjoining the common were for many years known as
+Creighton's fields; long since laid off into building lots, including
+the streets known as Maynard Street, Creighton Street and Bauer Street,
+etc.
+
+[Footnote 73: Mr. Creighton was not related to Lieutenant Creighton, who
+afterwards settled in Lunenburg and was known as Col. Creighton. He came
+out, however, in company with him in the same vessel, being friends;
+they were both from the same part of England.]
+
+The death of Sir Samuel Hood George, Provincial Secretary of the
+Province, took place this year in England, where he went for the benefit
+of his health. He died of consumption in the 24th year of his age.
+
+In the month of January, 1813, a murder was committed on the Market
+Wharf, which caused considerable excitement in the town. About 7 o'clock
+on Monday evening, January 25th, five soldiers, having had some dispute
+with the shallop men on the wharf, attacked them with their bayonets and
+badly wounded four men, Frederick and Henry Publicover, Cornelius Uhlman
+and George Teele. The main guard from the King's Wharf being called out,
+three of the soldiers were secured. Henry Publicover died of his wounds
+and the Coroner's Jury brought in a verdict of wilful murder against
+some persons unknown. One of those who had been apprehended, a young
+soldier named Oliver Hart, was tried and convicted of the murder at the
+Easter term of the Supreme Court, but was afterwards pardoned by the
+Governor. Much dissatisfaction existed in the community in consequence
+of the termination of this affair.
+
+In the month of March the crew of a Spanish schooner, the Serifina, was
+brought into Halifax. They had killed six of their fellow-sufferers upon
+the alleged necessity of saving their own lives by subsisting on the
+flesh of those they killed. Investigations were entered into, the result
+of which does not appear.
+
+The Commissioners of Streets for the town were appointed on the 12th
+May. They consisted of James Forman, John Albro, Michael Tobin,
+Frederick Major, James Fraser and John Allen. The three former remained
+in office until about 1829 or 1830, when a new system was inaugurated
+under the management of H. H. Cogswell and others. Matthew Forrester was
+the Overseer and Superintendent of Streets under the Commissioners for
+many years. The old Commissioners, a short time before their retirement,
+undertook to remove all obstructions to side paths; many old houses
+stood on banks with cellar doors projecting into what was supposed to be
+part of the street. Others again were approached by flights of steps,
+all of which were removed to the detriment of many buildings in the
+suburbs. At this time the town was adorned in many places by ranges of
+trees in the sides of the streets. St. Paul's Church was surrounded by
+large old willow trees; a range of fine old willows extended from
+William Pryor's corner down the eastern side of Hollis Street past the
+Lumber Yard Gate. A fine range of willows of less dimensions also ran
+along that part of Argyle Street between the late H. H. Cogswell's stone
+house and the residence of the late R. J. Uniacke, since sold for a
+country market. Again in Poplar Grove, and the old Grenadier fort house
+which stood on the site of the present Trinity Chapel in Jacob Street,
+on both sides of Brunswick Street, particularly on the east side, there
+were several fine clusters of Lombardy poplar trees of gigantic size,
+several being in front of the residence of James Kirby. There were also
+some fine trees in other parts of the town. These were all cut down
+without mercy by Mr. Forrester, under the directions of the
+Commissioners before the year 1830, and the lower stairs of a number of
+buildings were buried in levelling the streets. Albermarle and Grafton
+Streets were at this time in a very rough condition, particularly the
+former, where banks of earth and stones were to be seen in the centre of
+the street, sufficient in some places to obstruct carriages. These were
+removed by the new Commissioners.
+
+The town was at this time supplied with water by public wells and pumps
+in various parts of the town. A pump stood at the north end of the
+Province Building Square, in George Street, known as Black's pump;
+another at the south end of the square; another, known as the White
+pump, stood in the centre of Prince Street, where it is crossed by
+Albermarle Street; this was one of the last to be removed. There were
+two known as the Sisters at the corner of Duke and Hollis Streets, near
+the site of the building occupied by the People's Bank. There were four
+or five along the east side of Brunswick Street, one at the foot of
+Cornwallis Street, and a number in the south suburbs and other parts of
+the town; also two in Barrington Street in front of the Parade.
+
+1814. During the winter of 1813-14 some distress existed among the poor
+in the upper streets. This part of the town was chiefly occupied by
+people of the lower order, and in consequence of the war had become a
+resort for soldiers and sailors. Barrack Street, before mentioned, was
+known as "The Hill" and was as well known through His Majesty's
+dominions for its evil reputation as the worst haunts of Plymouth or
+Portsmouth in England.
+
+On the 25th February a public fast was proclaimed by the Governor, after
+which we do not find any further proclamations of this kind for many
+years.
+
+A press warrant was granted to Rear Admiral Griffiths on 28th February,
+when many of the idle and worthless vagabonds of the town were happily
+secured for His Majesty's service, where they would be brought under
+wholesome restraint.
+
+It had been arranged this spring that a residence for the Admiral of the
+station should be erected. The British Parliament had granted the sum of
+£3000 for this purpose, which being found insufficient, the House of
+Assembly of this province voted £1500 towards its completion. A site was
+selected in the field between the Naval Hospital grounds and Gottingen
+Street, and the present building known as Admiralty House was commenced
+this year, but not finished until some time after. Why the local funds
+of the province should have been devoted to this purpose does not
+clearly appear.
+
+The arrival of the English packet on 21st May furnished news of the fall
+of Napoleon Bonaparte and the entry of the allied armies into Paris. It
+being Sunday, the event was celebrated all Monday by a military review
+with salutes, and the whole town was illuminated in the evening. A
+military band performed during the evening on the flat roof of the old
+market house, long since removed to make way for the present brick
+structure, and the streets were crowded to a very late hour. The
+merchants and many of the principal inhabitants met at the Exchange
+Coffee House and other places, where hot suppers were consumed in honor
+of the occasion.
+
+Among the captures this year was that of the American privateer, Snap
+Dragon, six guns and 70 men, brought in by H. M. Sloop, Martin on 5th
+July, taken off Sambro Light, and on the 13th, the United States Sloop
+Rattlesnake, 18 guns, by the Leander frigate, taken near Shelburne
+Harbor. About the same time 340 British prisoners were brought to
+Halifax in Cartels from Salem in Massachusetts. The Rattlesnake was
+afterwards sold and fitted out as a privateer by merchants in Liverpool,
+Queens County.
+
+The British forces having captured Washington in August, 1814, a large
+number of black slaves, of both sexes, from the plantations along the
+Potomac and Chesapeake Rivers, who had deserted their masters, took
+refuge on board the British men-of-war while they laid in Chesapeake
+Bay. Sir George Cochran, the naval commander, sent them on to Halifax,
+where many of them arrived in September, following in a transport ship
+and the Brig Jasper. They were afterwards located at Preston and
+Hammond's Plains. Many of the domestic slaves remained in the town as
+servants, attaching themselves to the inhabitants. Those who went to the
+country, being unused to cold and hard labor, were unable even with the
+assistance of the Government allowance to make their living; soon became
+paupers and a burden to the community, a condition in which their
+children and grand-children largely remain. At the close of the war a
+quantity of American soldiers' uniforms, taken at Castine, in Maine,
+were served out to the Chesapeake negroes. Their grotesque appearance in
+the blue and yellow coats, occasionally intermixed with the green and
+red facings of the corps called the York Rangers, (at the peace
+disbanded in Halifax,) must be within the recollection of many of our
+old inhabitants.
+
+The grand event of this year for Halifax was the fitting out of the
+expedition for the invasion of the State of Maine. This expedition
+consisted of the 29th, 60th, 62nd and 98th British Regiments, with
+artillery and some militia. The two brigades were commanded by Major
+Goslin and Colonel Douglas; the whole being under the command of
+Lieutenant-General Sir John Cope Sherbrooke. Rear Admiral Griffiths
+commanded the squadron, which was composed of 3 seventy-four gun ships,
+the Bulwark, Dragon and the Spencer, with two brigs, a schooner and ten
+transports. Castine was taken on 1st September, and the town of Michias
+by Lieut.-Col. Pilkington, on the 11th. Thus all the State or District
+of Maine fell into the hands of the British as far west as the old
+bounds of Acadia. This territory was originally part of Nova Scotia, and
+at the peace of 1783 had been conceded to the Americans through the
+ignorance and imbecility of Lord Gambier, who had been intrusted by the
+British Ministry with the settlement of our lines. The British
+Government was erroneously induced to relinquish this conquest at the
+close of the war, a policy which has deprived this Dominion of the
+fairest timber lands of New Brunswick, and caused the loss of the most
+direct line of communication between the Canadian provinces through
+British territory, a loss which the whole expense incurred by the
+British Government during the war could not now repay. Sir John, having
+left a garrison to take care of his conquest, soon returned with his
+little army to Halifax. Several Halifax merchants availed themselves of
+the opening afforded to make money, sent agents with supplies of goods
+to establish shops at Castine, etc. The British authorities collected
+the Revenue of Maine while in occupation, which amounted to a
+considerable sum of money. This fund was placed by the colonial minister
+in the hands of the Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia, who appropriated
+it in various ways as he thought most for the benefit of the country. It
+was from this fund that Dalhousie College was afterwards built and
+endowed by the Earl of Dalhousie, who succeeded Sir John Cope Sherbrooke
+in the government, the Legislature of the Province having been induced
+to vote the sum of £5,000 currency towards the same object.
+
+In the autumn the small pox made its appearance in Dartmouth and Preston
+and was very fatal among the Chesapeake negroes.
+
+The old Rockingham Club, which in the days of Prince Edward and Sir John
+Wentworth dined periodically at the Rockingham Hotel on the Basin, had
+ceased to exist, but it appears to have revived about this time under
+the name of the Wellington Club. A dinner at the Rockingham by the
+Wellington Club was announced in the papers of 26th August to take place
+on the 30th instant at half past four o'clock. Five o'clock was the
+fashionable dinner hour. The Governor's dinner cards of this date were
+all for that hour.
+
+The old Rockingham was destroyed by fire nearly half a century ago. It
+stood on the shore of the Basin, a short distance north of the Rotunda.
+After the departure of the Prince it became a house of entertainment,
+kept successively by Graves, Paine and others. It was a favorite resort
+being a convenient distance from town. The approach from the post road
+was by a carriage drive next to the Rotunda, between two beech trees,
+from which hung suspended a sign with the Wentworth Arms. When destroyed
+it was the property of the estate of David Muirhead.
+
+In September the body of General Ross, who had been killed before
+Baltimore, was brought to Halifax for interment. He was buried in the
+old English burial ground with all military honors. No monument to his
+memory appears in St. Paul's Church.
+
+On the 24th November, the Man-of-War Brig Fantome, 18 guns, went on
+shore at Prospect. She soon went to pieces, as also a schooner which
+accompanied her. No lives were lost.
+
+The merchants presented several petitions to the Governor this year
+relative to the trade of the port. The following names appear appended
+to these petitions, among which we will find those of many of our
+principal citizens whose faces were once familiar to many now living:
+
+James Forman,[74] Belcher & Wright,[75] John Clarke, William Rudolf,
+John Stayner, Rufus G. Taylor, William Strachan, William Young, Jr.,
+Austin & Stairs,[76] Jessie Woodward, Richard Kidston, Lawrence Doyle,
+John Carrol, Henry Yeomans, Francis Stevens, Benjamin Etter, John
+Merrick, W. C. Wilkie, Charles Boggs, And. Smith, William Duffus, James
+Kerby, Charles Tropolet. Again, Thomas Wallace, Bowie & DeBlois,[77]
+Hosterman & Etter, John & David Howe,[78] W. A. & S. Black,[79] James
+Baine, Martin Gay Black, Duncan McColl, Thomas Cleary, Robert Phelon,
+Levi Moses & Co., and John A. Barry.[80]
+
+[Footnote 74: For many years Custos of the County.]
+
+[Footnote 75: Hon. Andrew Belcher, son of the first Chief Justice and
+member of Council. His partner, William Wright, was son of old Parson
+Wright of the Grammar School. Neither left male descendants in Nova
+Scotia.]
+
+[Footnote 76: Hon. Wm. Stairs, Sr., afterwards in Council.]
+
+[Footnote 77: William Bowie, killed in a duel with R. J. Uniacke.]
+
+[Footnote 78: Both brothers of the late Hon. Joseph Howe, Provincial
+Secretary, etc.]
+
+[Footnote 79: Hon. William A. Black of the Legislative Council.]
+
+[Footnote 80: Mr. Barry was afterwards in the House of Assembly for
+Shelburne; died at LaHave aged 80 years.]
+
+The Province Building and the Admiralty House were both slowly
+progressing during the summer and autumn.
+
+Halifax did a brisk trade during the period of the American War. The
+following list of exports for the year 1813 is given by Murdoch in one
+of his notes: Vessels, 412; Tons, 54,457; men, 2,868; Boards and Plank,
+1,881,722 feet; Staves, 232,562; Dry Fish, 82,059 quintals; Pickled Fish
+in tierces, 408; Barrels, 29,829; Smoked Herring in barrels, 142; Boxes,
+6,425; Fish Oil, 49,668 gallons.
+
+1815. The winter of 1814-15 was more severe than the previous one. The
+small pox had broken out in the town and many persons died of it. A
+number of the black refugee negroes had been, about the month of May,
+after the removal of the prisoners, placed on Melville Island. They were
+all vaccinated to prevent the spread of the disease among them. They
+remained here for a short time until they could be located in the
+country.
+
+The treaty of peace between Great Britain and the United States was
+ratified in February 1815, and executed at Ghent on the 24th December
+following. An immediate exchange of prisoners took place after the
+ratification, and many seafaring men belonging to Halifax, who had been
+confined in American prisons, were restored to their homes. Peace was
+proclaimed at Halifax on 3rd March. This spring an Act of the
+Legislature passed for establishing a Bridewell or House of Correction
+in Halifax. It was placed under the control of the sessions, and the old
+gamble-roofed building formerly used as a poor house, then situated at
+the western end of the space known as the old poor house grounds, was
+taken for the purpose and fitted up with cells, etc., for the prisoners.
+This building was taken down, having ceased to be used after the
+erection of Rock Head Prison and the Provincial Penitentiary on the
+North West Arm. It was one of the oldest buildings in the town
+afterwards, and was in early days the residence of Mr. Wenman, the
+keeper of the Asylum. When it was first built is uncertain, but being
+situate within the lines of the old forts, was probably a military
+residence of some sort during the first five or six years of the
+settlement.
+
+A regular police court was this summer established in the brick Court
+House. John George Pyke, John Howe and John Liddell were appointed
+police magistrates. Mr. Pyke had long been custos of the county, and he
+and subsequently Mr. Liddell gave regular attendance at the office. Mr.
+Pyke was allowed eleven shillings and eight pence per day, and had three
+police constables at his command, with the additional assistance of
+Hawkins, a colored gentleman, who dressed in an old military uniform
+with cap and feathers, usually escorted the criminals to and from the
+workhouse, and when occasion required inflicted his 39 lashes on
+juvenile offenders at the old whipping post, which stood at the
+south-west corner of the building opposite Messrs. Stairs' office--a
+system of punishment less expensive than paying their board and lodging
+for eight or ten weeks from the taxes of the citizens.
+
+The Spring of 1815 was very backward. The Basin had been frozen up all
+winter, and was not free from ice until the month of June. On the first
+of June the harbor was full of ice so as for an hour or two to impede
+the progress of the ferry boats. It was partially collected from loose
+ice which came down the Narrows from the Basin, and some drift ice which
+was brought in in the night previously from the sea by the tide and
+southerly wind.
+
+There were two ferries at this time. The upper ferry was conducted by
+John Skerry, whose memory is still cherished by many, both in Dartmouth
+and Halifax, as one of the most obliging and civil men of his day.
+Skerry's wharf in Dartmouth was a short distance south of the steam boat
+wharf. The other ferry was the property of Mr. James Creighton, known as
+the Lower Ferry, situate to the south of Mott's Factory. It was
+conducted for Mr. Creighton by deputy and was afterwards held under
+lease by Joseph Findlay, the last man who ran a ferry boat with sails
+and oars in Halifax Harbor. These ferry boats were furnished with a lug
+sail and two and sometimes four oars. They were large clumsy boats, and
+occupied some thirty or forty minutes in making the passage across the
+harbor. There were no regular trips at appointed hours. When the boat
+arrived at either side the ferryman blew his horn (a conch shell) and
+would not start again until he had a full freight of passengers. The
+sound of the conch and the cry of "Over! Over!" was the signal to go on
+board. The boats for both ferries landed at the Market Slip at Halifax.
+An act of the Legislature had been obtained this session to incorporate
+a Steamboat Company with an exclusive privilege of the ferry between
+Halifax and Dartmouth for 25 years. They could not succeed in getting up
+a company, steam navigation being then in its infancy, and in the
+following year had the act amended to permit them to run a boat by
+horses to be called the Teamboat. This boat consisted of two boats or
+hulls united by a platform with a paddle between the boats. The deck was
+surmounted by a round house which contained a large cogwheel, arranged
+horizontally inside the round house, to which were attached 8 or 9
+horses harnessed to iron stanchions coming down from the wheel. As the
+horses moved round, the wheel turned a crank which moved the paddle. It
+required about twenty minutes for this boat to reach Dartmouth from
+Halifax. It was considered an immense improvement on the old ferry boat
+arrangement, and the additional accommodation for cattle, carriages and
+horses was a great boon to the country people as well as to the citizens
+of Halifax, who heretofore had been compelled to employ Skerry's scow
+when it was found necessary to carry cattle or carriages from one side
+of the harbor to the other. The first trip of the Teamboat was made on
+the 8th November, 1816. The following year an outrage was committed
+which caused much excitement and feeling in the town. All the eight
+horses in the boat were stabbed by a young man named Hurst. No motive
+for this cruel act could be assigned, drunkenness alone appearing to be
+the cause. The culprit was tried for the offence and suffered a lengthy
+imprisonment. Mr. Skerry kept up a contract with the Company for several
+years, until all differences were arranged by his becoming united with
+the Company, and after a short time old age and a small fortune,
+accumulated by honest industry, removed him from the scene of his
+labors. The teamboat after a year or two received an addition to her
+speed by the erection of a mast in the centre of the round house, on
+which was hoisted a square sail when the wind was fair, and afterwards a
+topsail above, which gave her a most picturesque appearance on the
+water. This addition considerably facilitated her motion and relieved
+the horses from their hard labor. As traffic increased several small
+paddle boats were added by the Company, which received the appellation
+of Grinders. They had paddles at the sides like a steamboat, which were
+moved by a crank turned by two men. In 1818 the proprietors of the old
+ferries petitioned the House of Assembly against the Teamboat Company
+using these small boats as contrary to the privilege given them by the
+Act of Incorporation. It afterwards became a subject of litigation until
+the question was put an end to by Mr. Skerry becoming connected with the
+Company. Jos. Findlay continued to run his old boats from the south or
+lower ferry until about the year 1835.
+
+On the 3rd August, the Man-of War Brig Vesta arrived from England with
+the news of the Battle of Waterloo. The town was illuminated in honor of
+the victory, and the inhabitants kept up their rejoicings till a late
+hour in the evening. Preparations were made for a public dinner on the
+occasion, which took place at Mason Hall on the 15th. The Attorney
+General, R. J. Uniacke, took the chair and James Forman was
+Vice-President. The committee of management were Doctor William B.
+Almon, John Pyke, eldest son of old John Geo. Pyke, the custos. David
+Shaw Clarke, G. Lewis and John Howe, junior, John Albro, Thomas
+Heaviside, Edward Alport, Joseph Allison and William Bowie were the
+Stewards. Subscriptions had been opened throughout Great Britain and the
+Colonies for the families of those soldiers who were killed and wounded
+in the action. The Town of Halifax including the garrison and public
+officers contributed the large sum of £3,800.
+
+This year an Act of the Legislature passed for regulating the
+appointment of Trustees and Master for the Grammar School of Halifax.
+The first Act establishing this school bears date 1780.
+
+The refugee Negroes brought to Halifax by Admiral Cockburn had been in a
+great measure a burden upon the community. A proposition was made this
+year by the British Government to remove them to a warmer climate, but
+no steps appear to have been taken to effect the object. Had this
+suggestion been carried out at the time much suffering would have been
+spared to these poor people, and the inhabitants of Halifax relieved
+from a burden.
+
+On 26th February a resolution passed the House of Assembly directing the
+commissioners of the poor to cause an account to be taken of the number
+of black persons in the Town and the environs, who were brought to this
+country from the United States of America. The following return, dated
+March 6th, was signed by Richard Tremaine, Chairman of the Committee:
+
+                           Men.  Women.  Children.  Total.
+  In the Town of Halifax   179    56       101       336
+  Windsor Road              11    14        26        51
+  Dartmouth and Preston    ...    ..       ...       270
+  Mr. Fairbanks' Estate
+    at Lake Porter         ...    ..       ...        27
+                                                     ---
+                                                     684
+
+The men and women with families were generally in need; none appear to
+have been located at Hammonds Plains at this time.
+
+James Archibald was tried for the murder of Captain Benjamin Ellenwood
+of Liverpool, N. S., before Chief Justice Blowers, in Easter term of the
+Supreme Court at Halifax this year. He was convicted and executed soon
+after on the Common.
+
+Another attempt to incorporate Halifax was now made. It will be seen
+that in 1785 the merchants of the town suggested the subject for the
+consideration of the Governor and Council, but they disapproved of the
+measure; again in 1790, the Speaker of the House of Assembly, in
+consequence of complaints regarding the settlement of the poor and the
+necessity of a police force, etc., drew up the following resolution,
+which was passed: "Resolved, that it be recommended to this House to
+present a humble address to His Excellency the Lieutenant Governor, to
+request that he will be pleased to grant a charter to the Town of
+Halifax for incorporating the same, and enabling the inhabitants thereof
+to make such by-laws as shall be sufficient to regulate the police of
+said town." No step, however, was taken by the Governor and Council
+relative to this resolution.
+
+The merchants of the town had a meeting on the subject in 1816, which
+resulted in a definite proposition being made, in which all the details
+of the proposed charter were fully set out in a pamphlet of some length.
+
+The following preface or introduction to this pamphlet affords a sketch
+of the plan proposed:
+
+   INTRODUCTION.
+
+   The following plan for regulating the municipal affairs of
+   this town has been drawn up in the form of a charter, as the
+   clearest and best method to express the extent of the proposed
+   improvements. The objects have been pointed out by a thorough
+   investigation into the various modes of conducting the public
+   business; which was entered into in consequence of a
+   presentment made by the Grand Jury to the Court of Quarter
+   Sessions in the December Term of 1812. The Court having
+   appointed six different investigating committees of the
+   Magistrates to meet the various objects contemplated by the
+   grand Jury, their several reports combined clearly prove the
+   necessity of some reform; but as it would now become an
+   invidious as well as a useless task, to point out the
+   _prevailing errors_ of the present practice, which are but too
+   evident to admit of a doubt, the gentlemen who have undertaken
+   the task of sketching out the _means of improvement_, have
+   left it to the Public to compare the one with the other.
+
+   It will be perceived by a perusal of the following sheets,
+   that the Charter has but two leading objects--to establish
+   regularity in business, and to define and extend the powers of
+   the Magistrates and Grand Jury (acting as a Common Council) to
+   the same limits as (and not a step beyond) the powers granted
+   to all corporations within the King's Dominions.
+
+   The only novelty introduced is that of preserving a gradual
+   change of the ruling members of the corporation, without
+   incurring the unpleasant duty of the electing system. This is
+   done by the appointment of ten magistrates to act as trustees,
+   two of whom will go out and two others come in annually, and
+   the appointment of the Grand Jury of the existing year, (or if
+   it is preferred that of the last year, or a draft from the
+   whole list until it is gone through), to act as a Common
+   Council.
+
+   By these means the whole of the leading members of the
+   community (likely to take an active part in the affairs of the
+   town) will, in turn, partake of the duties of a respectable
+   office, and become intimate, and thereby feel interested in
+   its affairs. The various articles of consumption and of
+   commerce will be better inspected than they are at present;
+   the revenues will be regularly attended to, and every
+   desirable improvement in possession of other similar
+   communities in His Majesty's Dominions will in time, no doubt
+   be adopted.
+
+   The provisions of the Charter have been selected and drawn up
+   with the utmost care to avoid objections by an attentive
+   reference to the London, Philadelphia, New York and New
+   Brunswick Charters, and the East Company's by-laws; and the
+   whole is arranged and worded agreeably to the most approved
+   forms, in order to obviate any difficulties on the part of
+   Government, or from local partialities.
+
+   In debating the merits of the following pages, these three
+   queries will naturally occur to and guide every reflecting
+   mind:
+
+   1st. Whether the present management requires any improvement?
+
+   2nd. If so--is this an effectual plan?
+
+   3rd. If not--what is better?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+   N. B. When the terms of the Charter are agreed on and assented
+   to by His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor, it is proposed
+   to apply to His Excellency to grant it for a term of three or
+   five years by way of trial; during which period such
+   amendments may be made to it as experience shall point out to
+   be necessary;--after which, if it proves acceptable to the
+   inhabitants, application may be made to renew it for another
+   term of a few years, for the purpose of improving it still
+   further, as its deficiencies may appear; then the Charter may
+   be made perpetual if the inhabitants approve of it. It will be
+   necessary to have an Act of the General Assembly to confirm
+   the Charter when first granted, and on every renewal of it.
+
+Mr. Sabatier and a few others were principally concerned in endeavoring
+to forward the object, but the Governor and Council appear to have been
+still influenced the belief that their own supervision of local affairs
+was preferable and better suited to the circumstances of the town at
+that time.
+
+It will be seen that in the plan proposed the idea of a popular election
+of members of the corporation was not even thought of either by the
+Government or the people of the town.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+
+1816. Soon after the peace the prosperity of Halifax began to wane. The
+price of provisions and all the necessaries of life, the value of real
+estate and the high rents of houses in the town all became more or less
+affected by the scarcity of money arising from the withdrawal of the
+troops and navy and the sudden alterations in trade. The reaction was
+not fully realized until about two years after peace was proclaimed,
+when the rapid fall off in the value of real estate and the sudden check
+given to commercial pursuits was found to have reduced many speculators
+to poverty.
+
+Sir John Cope Sherbrooke having been appointed Governor General of
+Canada, the principal inhabitants of the town gave him a farewell dinner
+on 25th June. It was presided over by Chief Justice Blowers and the vice
+chair was occupied by Michael Wallace, the treasurer of the province. An
+address, largely signed by the inhabitants, was presented to the
+Governor on his departure. Sir John had rendered himself very popular in
+Halifax by his affable manners and his prompt and decisive way of
+treating all matters brought to his notice by the citizens. He embarked
+at the King's wharf on Thursday, 27th June, under a salute from the
+batteries and the cheers of the inhabitants.
+
+The rough condition of the streets of the town at this period rendered
+immediate and extensive improvements necessary. Those in the least
+frequented parts of the town had been so much neglected that in many
+places they were impassable from the accumulation of rubbish and the
+broken condition of the wooden platforms or bridges at the gutters and
+crossings. In many places the streets were overgrown at each side with
+grass except in the centre. Brunswick Street, though one of the
+principal highways of the town, was overgrown at each side with grass.
+Many of the old Dutch houses then still remaining in this street stood
+on banks a few feet above the sidewalk and where there were no buildings
+rough stone walls or fences marked the line of the street. Water
+Street, from the continual traffic and wear during the period of the
+war, had been worn into holes and was in wet weather almost impassable
+from the accumulation of mud, particularly between the Ordnance Yard and
+the foot of Prince Street. The market square at this time, as also that
+portion of Water Street between Collins' Wharf and the King's Wharf, was
+much lower than at present. It was found necessary to pave this portion
+of Water Street, which was accordingly accomplished during the years
+1816 and 1817. The pavement, which was with round stones, extended from
+the Ordnance to Black and Forsyth's Wharf, (later Mitchell's) at the
+foot of Prince Street. The Provincial Legislature contributed the sum of
+£1,200 towards the work, and the expense of flagging the sidewalks was
+charged to the owners of property fronting on the street. About the year
+1835 this pavement had so sunk down as to be no protection from the
+accumulation of mud. The lower part of the market square bordering on
+Water Street and the way leading to the market slip or public landing
+were raised about five feet. Between 1820 and 1824 new Street
+Commissioners were appointed. The Macadamizing system begun to be
+introduced and extensive improvements in the way of levelling the
+streets and filling up hollow places were proceeded with.
+
+The Acadian School, conducted by Walter Bromley, had now been under way
+for about three years. It was inspected on 31st July. There were 400
+children in attendance. On this occasion Mr. Bromley stated that since
+the opening of the school in 1813, eight hundred and ninety-three
+children had received instruction there, and about one hundred
+apprentices and colored children in the Sunday schools. The latter were
+under the special superintendence of Mr. Bromley himself, who devoted
+all his leisure to the instruction of the black children and others who
+could not attend school throughout the week. The small sum of £200 was
+voted annually by the Legislature in aid of this school. Subsequently a
+grant of money was made by the Assembly to the National School, which
+was about this time set on foot on the Madras system, under the auspices
+of the Bishop and members of the Church of England in Halifax, who had
+lately erected the large three-story building in Argyle Street, opposite
+the parade, for the purpose. In 1818 this school had 117 children in
+attendance. The daily attendance at these two schools exceeded 500,
+which was a large number considering the extent of the population at
+this period.
+
+The appointment of Dr. Robert Stanser, Rector of St. Paul's, to the
+Bishopric of Nova Scotia, vacant by the death of Bishop Charles Inglis,
+took place in 1817. Interest had been made with Lord Bathurst, the
+Colonial Secretary, and the Archbishop of Canterbury to have Dr. John
+Inglis, son of the late Bishop, appointed to the See. The appointment
+was said to have been arranged in favor of Dr. Inglis, but a
+recommendation from both branches of the Legislature then in session in
+favor of Dr. Stanser, their Chaplain, prevailed, and Dr. Inglis was
+appointed Rector of St. Paul's, vacant by the elevation of Stanser to
+the Bishopric. Dr. John Inglis proved a highly popular Rector; his bland
+manners and kind disposition rendered him a favorite with all classes
+and denominations, and when he afterwards, in 1825, obtained the
+Bishopric he carried with him to England addresses in his favor not only
+from his own parishioners, but largely signed by his friends among other
+denominations.
+
+The remains of the old Bishop were brought to town from Aylesford, where
+he died, and buried under St. Paul's Church on the 29th February. The
+funeral was attended by the Governor, Sir J. C. Sherbroke, Sir John
+Wentworth, the retired Governor, His Majesty's Council and a large
+assemblage of the citizens. A monument to his memory is on the west side
+of the chancel of the church.
+
+On the morning of the 18th April great excitement prevailed throughout
+the town in consequence of a murder which had been committed in one of
+the streets during the previous night. Capt. Westmacott of the Royal
+Engineers who, as officer of the night, was going his rounds on
+horseback to visit the guards, met two men in Sackville Street whom he
+challenged in consequence of their suspicious appearance. They
+immediately attacked him and by a sudden effort threw him from his
+horse, having first wounded him fatally with a bayonet. He lingered
+until the 4th day of May, when he died. The murderers were soon after
+discovered and proved to be two soldiers, deserters from one of the
+regiments in garrison. They had been stealing fish through the night
+from a store on one of the wharves. They were identified by the Captain
+and, being tried and convicted of the murder, were executed on the
+Common.
+
+The Nova Scotia Fensible Regiment, after the close of the war, remained
+in Canada for some time. Early in June of this year they embarked at
+Quebec for Halifax. The transport in approaching Halifax ran upon a reef
+of rocks known as Jeddore ledges, which lies off the harbour of that
+name eastward from Halifax. The weather was calm and the troops were
+landed in safety, with the exception of four private soldiers, two women
+and several children, but with the loss of considerable part of the
+baggage. It was found on landing the men that the tide was rising, and
+that in all probability the greater part of the ledge would be covered
+at high water. It was proposed that the women and children should be
+first landed and placed on the higher part of the rock. But on the
+soldiers perceiving that Colonel Darling, who commanded the Regiment,
+and several of the officers were intending to avail themselves of the
+higher parts of the ledge, immediately declared that all officers should
+be compelled to remain with their respective companies and share the
+fate of their men. One officer, a captain, is said to have shown
+symptoms of impatience or something worse on the occasion, and abandoned
+his wife and family and his men, seeking shelter for himself on the
+rocks amidst the reproaches and jeers of his comrades. The Regiment was,
+however, successfully landed on the ledges, chiefly through the heroic
+exertions of the Adjutant-Lieutenant Stewart, who volunteered to carry a
+cable from the bowsprit of the ship to the rock, when having there made
+it fast the sailors were enabled to construct means for landing men in
+safety. Part of the Regiment was brought to Halifax in coasting vessels
+about the first July, and others found their way by land, having been
+brought on shore from the rocks by the fishermen of the neighbourhood.
+Col. Darling and some others being displeased at all the credit of the
+exploit being attached to Lt. Stewart, who was probably not a favorite
+of the Colonel, brought him to a Court-Martial for some trifling offence
+supposed to have been a breach of orders, and it is said he was
+compelled to leave the Regiment.
+
+Two very extensive fires occurred at Halifax this year. One on the 8th
+October, remembered as the "Haliburton" fire in consequence of the
+brick building at the corner of Hollis and Sackville Streets owned by
+Mr. George Haliburton, having been the first house consumed. The fire
+destroyed nearly the whole block from Haliburton's corner to where Mrs.
+Howard's new stone building stands, on the east or lower side of Hollis
+street. All the buildings on Sackville Street down to the corner known
+as Reynolds' corner, and the whole of the buildings on the upper or
+Western side of Bedford Row were consumed. The fire commenced at ten
+o'clock in the evening and continued to rage until six o'clock next
+morning. It was considered the most disastrous fire that had ever
+occurred in Halifax. The old buildings were all of wood except
+Haliburton's corner house. The block was soon rebuilt with a better
+description of buildings. Mr. W. K. Reynolds erected a fine stone store
+at the corner of Sackville Street and Bedford Row, which still remains;
+this was far the finest store in Halifax at the time. A range of brick
+buildings along Bedford Row were at the same time erected by the late
+Nicholas Vass. Haliburton's corner was also rebuilt of brick, and the
+buildings on Hollis street, the property of Mr. LeNoir and others, were
+built about the same time by the late Judge William Hill and his brother
+T. T. Hill, then both at the Halifax Bar. Several old wooden houses were
+pulled down during the fire by order of the firewards to prevent the
+spread of the fire. The town was assessed to pay the damage. The other
+fire was on Water Street at Creighton and Grassie's wharf. It occurred
+in the night of 17th December, during very cold weather. All the stores
+at and near the head of the wharf were consumed, and the fire extended
+to buildings on the opposite side of the street. Mr. Grassie rebuilt
+with brick and stone, and afterwards lined the shutters of his new store
+with sheet iron.
+
+The Earl of Dalhousie, a Scotch nobleman, who had distinguished himself
+in the Spanish campaign as a general of Division under Lord Wellington,
+had been appointed to succeed Sir J. Cope Sherbrooke in the Government.
+He arrived in Halifax on 24th October, 1816, in the Frigate Forthe. Lord
+and Lady Dalhousie, immediately after their arrival, landed in state and
+proceeded to the Council Chamber under a salute from the Citadel
+attended by the heads of Departments, civil and military, when the Earl
+was sworn into office in presence of His Majesty's Council. The troops
+lined the way from the King's wharf to Cochran's building where the
+Council Chamber was then situated.
+
+There had been no theatrical performances worthy of mention in the town
+since the Duke of Kent's old theatre in Argyle Street had been
+appropriated to the school under Mr. Bromley. In the autumn of this year
+a company of players, Messrs. Price, Chamock, Placide, etc., fitted up
+an old store on Fairbank's wharf as a theatre. Placide, Price and Mrs.
+Young were considered good performers and attracted large audiences. At
+the close of their career the manager got into jail for debt, when
+Placide, the best comic actor of the company, distinguished himself by
+escaping from prison and passing the sentry at the jail gate in the
+night, who supposed it was a Newfoundland dog, Mr. Placide being famous
+for imitating the bark and whine of the canine species.
+
+1817. The winter of 1816-17 was much more severe than that of the
+preceding year. The south-east passage was closed with ice all winter,
+and the ice remained until late in April. Great distress prevailed in
+the town as usual among the laboring classes during this winter, which
+was also the case throughout the whole Province. The sum of £600 was
+contributed this winter by the inhabitants of Halifax for the support of
+destitute emigrants who had been brought up from Newfoundland.
+
+An attempt was made by the Legislature in their session of 1817 to
+relieve the pressing necessities of the county by an Act authorizing the
+Governor and Council to procure copper coin to the value of £2,000 to be
+issued from the provincial treasury. The Act was disallowed by the
+Colonial Secretary in England. No good reason appears to have been
+assigned for its rejection. The circulating medium at this time in the
+town and throughout the country was Spanish doubloons, old Spanish
+dollars, pistareens and other small Spanish coins, with a mixed
+collection of copper coinage, English and Spanish, with all kinds of
+half-penny tokens issued by private individuals in the town. No British
+coinage ever reached Halifax except the old English Guinea. The troops
+were paid in old Spanish money, which was brought from South America and
+the West Indies by the merchants in exchange for their cargoes of fish
+with occasional importations of Spanish silver by the British
+Government for the troops, etc. An issue of paper money was at this time
+made under an Act of the province.
+
+It was in the year 1817 that the project was first broached for the
+establishment and erection of a college on the Grand Parade.
+
+The sum of £9,750 was then remaining in the hands of the Governor from
+the revenues collected at Castine while the State of Maine was in the
+hands of the British troops. This sum Lord Dalhousie obtained the
+permission of the Colonial Secretary to appropriate towards the erection
+of a college in Halifax on the model of the Scotch Universities. The
+professors were to receive moderate salaries. The students were not to
+reside in the college building, but only to attend courses of lectures
+which were to be open to all students and all else who might feel
+disposed to purchase tickets for the courses.
+
+This winter the theatre on Fairbanks' wharf was again in operation and
+as attractive as ever. Miss Powell was at this time giving lessons in
+dancing. She gave her spring ball at Mason Hall on 21st May. This lady,
+who was patronized by the fashionable part of the community, was the
+daughter of Mr. Powell who conducted the theatre in Argyle Street when
+under the patronage of the Duke of Kent. She lived many years in Halifax
+and died at an advanced age, having been dependent on the charity of her
+friends for several years before her death.
+
+The naval force on the station had now been reduced to a few ships under
+the command of Rear Admiral Sir David Milne, father of Vice-Admiral Sir
+Alexander Milne, who some time since commanded on the North American
+Station. Sir David's flagship was the Leopard, Frigate.
+
+It may here be noticed that the British and Foreign Bible Society had
+lately organized a branch in Halifax. The second annual meeting of the
+branch society took place on the 5th May. It was attended by the Earl of
+Dalhousie, who occupied the chair, and a number of officials. The chief
+speakers on the occasion were Judge James Stewart, the Rev. Dr.
+Archibald Gray, of St. Matthew's, and Judge Wilkins. Martin Gay Black
+was treasurer and Walter Bromley, secretary. Mr. Black continued to act
+as treasurer of this society to the year of his death. The Speaker of
+the House of Assembly and a number of the members of the House were
+also present on this occasion.
+
+The great destitution of the laboring part of the population during the
+winter, as usual, rendered it necessary on behalf of the Commissioners
+of the Poor for the town to call on the inhabitants for contributions in
+addition to the annual poor rate assessed. The poor house at Halifax was
+then, as has been the case frequently since, the receptacle for
+transient paupers from the country, and the sum of £300 was voted this
+year by the House of Assembly towards the expenses of the establishment.
+
+The charitable societies of St. Patrick and St. Andrew dined together on
+the respective anniversaries of their patron saints. Richard J. Uniacke,
+the Attorney General, occupied the chair at the St. Patrick's dinner,
+and Dr. Samuel Head the Vice. The Governor, Mr. Philip Woodhouse, the
+Commissioner of the Dockyard, the Bishop of Nova Scotia, the Commanding
+Officers of the Garrison and other distinguished guests were present at
+both dinners.
+
+A fire occurred in the southern part of Granville Street this winter,
+which destroyed the chocolate manufactory of Mr. John Ferguson and his
+dwelling house. The fire companies of Halifax at this time were,
+perhaps, the most useful institutions in the community. These companies
+consisted of several hundred gentlemen each, who formed themselves into
+a company for the purpose of rendering assistance at fires. Each member
+provided himself with a leather cap, two or three buckets, canvas bags,
+etc., on which were painted the name of the owner and device of the
+company. The members were elected by ballot. They held quarterly
+meetings and occasionally dined together, and gave annual balls at Mason
+Hall. The Heart and Hand and the Hand in Hand Companies were the oldest,
+but the Sunfire Company was the most exclusive. The Phoenix Company
+was also very efficient, being composed chiefly of young tradesmen of
+the town. The Engine Company was a very ancient institution, and
+tolerably efficient, considering the kind of machinery they had to work
+with. The Axe Company, as now, was composed of carpenters and others
+suitable for such work at fires. It was customary for the soldiers in
+garrison to turn out at fires and form lines with the inhabitants for
+the conveyance of water by buckets, handed through the lines from the
+harbor or the wells and tanks of the town. One feature which is now
+never seen at fires was the guard which was furnished by the military to
+take charge of the property removed to the streets from the burning
+houses. Scarcely a pile of furniture or goods could be observed without
+a sentry over it with fixed bayonet pacing up and down. The supply of
+water was principally drawn from the wells and pumps which were kept in
+order by the Magistrates of the town. These pumps have been before
+noticed. The inhabitants of the suburbs, however, depended for good
+water on their private wells. Almost every house in Brunswick and
+Lockman Streets had a good well in the garden or near the house. The
+north suburb lots were of very large dimensions; fruit gardens were
+numerous; the plum, the Dutch cherry and red and black currants were
+raised in abundance. The caterpillar and other vermin which now infest
+the fruit gardens had then not been imported.
+
+Among the names of merchants who were carrying on business this year in
+Halifax we notice those of John Pryor, father of the late City Judge,
+Henry Pryor, William Strachan, White, Creighton & Co., Ironware
+Merchants, Wallace & Russell, Hardware and Wines, at the corner of
+Hollis and Prince Streets, now occupied by the Union Bank; Prescott &
+Calkin, Fruits, etc., in Granville Street; James Leishman & Co., Woolen
+Ware, lately from Glasgow; Hartshorne, Boggs & Co., Hardware, etc., at
+the old stand, corner of Granville and George Streets, and S. & W.
+DeBlois at the opposite corner. The firm of Hartshorne & Boggs existed
+for many years. The head of the firm, the Hon. Lawrence Hartshorne,
+retiring from business, the name was altered to Boggs & Hartshorne; the
+late Thomas Boggs became head of the business and Lawrence Hartshorne,
+Jr., afterwards County Treasurer, was junior partner. The business
+continued until the old corner building was taken down, about the year
+184-, and replaced by the fine stone edifice erected by Mr. George E.
+Morton on the site.
+
+Scarff & Bain, afterwards James Bain[81] & Co., carried on an extensive
+importing business at the corner now occupied by W. & C. Silver. James
+Romans, Boots and Shoes, who succeeded Mr. McNab at the old corner of
+Granville and Prince Streets, lately owned by Mr. Robert Romans, who
+succeeded his father in the business; John Witham and Thomas Donaldson,
+the former Groceries and Wines, the latter Confectionery, were
+fashionable resorts on the lower side of Granville Street. Mrs. Jane
+Donaldson carried on the business after the death of her husband and
+finally retired to her residence at Birch Cove on the Basin, which had
+been purchased from the late Andrew Belcher on his leaving the province
+for England. Sherwood, which was built by Bishop Stanser, was also the
+property of Mrs. Donaldson. The late William Donaldson afterwards sold
+it to Thomas Kenny, Esq. James Donaldson, the brother of Donaldson of
+Granville Street, was also a Confectioner and carried on business at the
+corner of George and Barrington Streets, now occupied by Cragg Bros.,
+opposite the Parade, and was afterwards succeeded by the late Adam
+Esson. The principal auctioneers were Bowie & DeBlois, Moody & Boyle,
+Fillis & Perkins, and Charles Hill & Co. The latter carried on business
+in Bedford Row near the corner of Sackville Street. Among the dry goods
+stores were Israel Allison & Co., Carnot & Alport, where Mr. Duffus
+afterwards erected his stone building; Thomas Cleary, M. G. Black,
+Winkworth Allen & Co., in Cochran's Buildings near the market. Among the
+importing and West India merchants, Abram Cunard & Co., Lawrence Doyle,
+Collins & Allison, Collins' Wharf; James Forman, Sr., James and Michael
+Tobin, Tobin's Wharf; Thom, Salter & Co., Ship Chandlery.
+
+[Footnote 81: Mr. Bain married a daughter of the late Benjamin Salter
+and grand daughter of Malachi Salter, one of the first Members of
+Assembly for Halifax, the ancestor of Mr. Benjamin Salter of this city.]
+
+A court for the summary trial of actions in the town was established
+this year. The Commissioners named by the Governor and Council were
+James Forman, Richard Tremain, William Minns, Charles Boggs and James
+Tobin. The Commission bears date in April of this year.
+
+In addition to the public schools before mentioned, Mr. Thomas Crosskill
+kept a good school for young men in rear of the Acadian School, entrance
+from Barrington Street; his classes were more advanced than those of Mr.
+Bromley. Mr. Addison kept his classical academy in Marchington's Lane.
+There were several schools for young girls. Miss Wenman kept a school
+for small children in Granville Street; she was one of those who were
+burned out in the great fire before mentioned. Mrs. Henry in Barrington
+Street and Mrs. McCage, for young ladies, also in Barrington Street, in
+the brick house lately the property of Mrs. Doctor Slayter.
+
+On the 25th April, 1818, a public meeting was called to petition the
+British Government to make Halifax a free port so that foreigners might
+have access and take cargoes of the produce of the country or
+merchandise imported into it; accordingly, on the 27th May, an order of
+the Prince Regent in Council was obtained making Halifax and St. John,
+New Brunswick, free ports. Halifax was declared by proclamation of the
+Governor bearing date August 13th.
+
+At the request of the inhabitants of the town an Act of the Legislature
+was obtained this year authorizing the leasing of 25 acres of the Common
+for a period of 999 years at a small ground rent. The lots were each 60
+feet in front by 330 feet deep. These lots were gradually disposed of
+and the broad street known as Spring Garden Road was laid out with the
+lots fronting on it. Very few of these lots were built on at first, and
+not until many years after was there any appearance of improvement in
+this part of the town. The only residence westward of the General's
+quarters was the house of old Colonel Pyke, the Police Magistrate, which
+stood in the field next his brewery.
+
+About this time the late John Stayner, of Water Street, commenced to
+erect the building known Brookside, afterwards the residence of the late
+Hon. Joseph Allison. Many years afterwards John Spry Morris, the
+Surveyor General, erected the building, and planted the trees, lately
+occupied by D. Cronan. The fields on the west side of Queen Street,
+opposite the General's quarters, known as Pedley's Fields, or
+Smidtville, were not then built upon and the whole space from the
+present line of Queen Street to the Tower Road was occupied as pasture
+for cattle. Queen Street led up to Fort Massey military burial ground;
+it was covered with grass and seldom used except for military funerals.
+
+Owing to the frequent alarms of fire and other disturbances in the town
+this winter, the Magistrates made application to the Legislature for an
+Act to establish a night watch, and accordingly, on the 5th May, a
+nightly watch was established by order of the Governor and Council for
+three months.
+
+During the spring of 1818 and the previous autumn, several vessels
+arrived in this port with emigrants from Europe, many of whom were found
+to be in a most destitute condition. They could not be permitted to
+remain a burden on the town and the Governor and Council advanced funds
+to assist their removal to the country, and Mr. Samuel Cunard and Mr.
+Michael Tobin were intrusted with the funds for the purpose.
+
+"On the 9th February there remained of these emigrants in town only 20
+families and 30 single men. Their distress and that of the humbler
+classes in the town this winter induced the Governor to place £100 more
+in the hands of Messrs. Tobin and Cunard to be used by them to mitigate
+the suffering of the poor in general. They, in consequence, established
+for a time a public soup house, beginning with 50 gallons of soup a day;
+but in three days they were obliged to double the quantity, finding that
+50 pounds beef and vegetables, producing 100 gallons a day, did not more
+than answer the demand. The fitting up of the place and eight days'
+issue cost over £50, and they supposed the money would be all gone in a
+fortnight more. They attended constantly in person at the daily issues
+and say that 500 daily partook of the gift. They estimated that £200
+more would be required to keep up the establishment until the pressure
+of want should be alleviated in some other way. The first £50 was paid
+out of the Arms Fund, £100 from the Treasury, and the House voted £200
+on 10th February for temporary relief of the poor at
+Halifax."--[Murdoch.]
+
+Eight armed fishing vessels were seized this summer by the ships of war
+on the station, and brought into the Harbor of Halifax. Five were
+released and three condemned in the Court of Vice-Admiralty.
+
+A general election occurred this year. The poll for the County and Town
+of Halifax was opened at the County Court House on Monday, 15th June,
+and continued until Wednesday, when one of the candidates, Mr. Richard
+Kidston, having withdrawn, the other two, Mr. John Albro' and Mr. H. H.
+Cogswell were returned. Capt. Thomas Maynard, R. N., was Sheriff this
+year. He resided in the old house in Jacob Street formerly known as the
+Grenadier Fort, which stood on the spot where the Trinity Church has
+since been erected.
+
+Among the events of the year worthy of notice was the appearance of
+Anthony H. Holland, proprietor of the Acadian Recorder newspaper, (which
+had been established in 1813) at the Bar of the Assembly to answer
+charges of having published severe animadversions on public affairs,
+particularly from some remarks relative to Edward Mortimer, one of the
+County members, for which Mr. Holland suffered a short imprisonment.
+This affair, with the letters of Agricola, which now began to appear in
+the same paper brought that paper into public notice.
+
+A Bill was introduced into the House of Assembly this session by Mr.
+Shaw, who resided near the Three Mile House, for lighting Water Street,
+but it does not appear that the object was effected.
+
+Paper money, issued from the Provincial Treasury, had been for some time
+in circulation and had to some extent taken the place of the Spanish
+Silver, which had been, heretofore, the only circulating medium in the
+town.
+
+During the month of February this year, the harbor was blocked up with
+float ice as far down as George's Island. Between 13th and 20th, persons
+crossed from Dartmouth on the ice at the Narrows.
+
+In the "good old days when George the Third was king," his birthday, the
+4th June, was celebrated with great enthusiasm at Halifax. A levy at
+Government House, a review of the troops, and sometimes the militia on
+the common, and a royal salute from the Battery and shipping in harbor,
+terminating with a ball in the evening.
+
+This year the officers of the 3rd Halifax militia regiment gave a dinner
+at the Exchange Coffee House in the large room lately occupied by the
+Corporation as a Council Chamber. The North British Society also dined
+together on St. Andrew's day at Mason's hall. Lord Dalhousie, and all
+the heads of departments, civil and military, and Bishop Burke attended.
+Judge Brenton Halliburton was President, and Geo. Mitchell
+Vice-president.
+
+Dr. Burke had been officiating priest at St. Peter's, the old Roman
+Catholic church which stood on the present St. Mary's grounds at the
+head of Salter Street. He was this year appointed Bishop for this
+province under the title of Bishop of Zion. He was consecrated at
+Quebec on the 5th July. Dr. Burke was a very popular clergyman, was
+highly thought of in the town and was very remarkable for his
+hospitality, great benevolence, and Christian self-denial and care for
+the poor. Though on several occasions engaged in theological
+controversies with Dr. McCulloch of Pictou and others, he never
+permitted those differences of opinion to interfere with that kindly and
+gentlemanly intercourse with his friends for which he was so remarkable.
+
+On the 15th December this year the Agricultural Society of Nova Scotia
+was inaugurated at a public meeting held at Masons' Hall. The Earl of
+Dalhousie presided, the Hon. S. B. Robie, Judge Brenton Halliburton,
+Rev. Dr. Inglis, afterwards Bishop, and S. G. W. Archibald addressed the
+meeting. Resolutions were passed for the organization of the society,
+Lord Dalhousie appointed President, and John Young, the author of the
+letters of Agricola, was appointed Secretary with a good salary. Chief
+Justice Blowers was named as Vice-president, and a Committee of twenty
+named to manage the business.
+
+Mr. Placide's theatre at Fairbanks' wharf was again in full operation
+this winter; Mrs. Young was the favorite actress, and young Mr. William
+Blake, a native of the town who joined the Company, acquired much
+popularity. Mr. Blake afterwards visited Halifax as manager of a company
+of play actors, about 1830 or '31.
+
+Mr. John Black[82] and James Fraser, two wealthy Halifax merchants, were
+this year appointed to His Majesty's Council. Mr. Black was senior
+member of the firm of Black, Forsythe & Co., afterwards known as Fiddis,
+May & Robinson. This business was carried on for many years on the wharf
+at the foot of Prince Street, lately the property of George Mitchell.
+Mr. Fraser[83] carried on business near Commercial wharf. His residence
+was on the upper side of Water Street nearly opposite his place of
+business. His garden extended into Argyle Street, and occupied the
+space on which the Salem Chapel stood.
+
+[Footnote 82: Mr. Black's daughter was the wife of the late Hon. Jas. B.
+Uniacke. Mr. B. built the handsome stone mansion near Government House
+in Hollis Street, afterwards the residence of Bishop Binney. The granite
+with which this house was built was brought from Aberdeenshire. Mr.
+William Black, his son, removed to Scotland.]
+
+[Footnote 83: The Hon. James Fraser married a daughter of Mr. DeWolf of
+Windsor, his eldest son James D. Fraser, was for many years member of
+Assembly for Windsor, and his second son was Dr. Benjamin D. Fraser, of
+Windsor. His eldest daughter married Hon. Chas. Gore, afterwards Gen.
+Sir Chas. Gore. G. C. B., and her daughter married the Earl of Errol, a
+Scotch peer. Another daughter became the wife of the Right Rev. Dr.
+Suther, Bishop of Aberdeen.]
+
+  CENSUS OF THE TOWN OF HALIFAX, TAKEN 1816-17.
+
+  Men, 3114, males under 16 years of age, 2120, Total males       5234
+  Females, total                                                  5177
+                                                                 -----
+                                                                 10411
+  Colored population, males 391, females 324                       745
+                                                                 -----
+  Total population of the town                                   11156
+
+  MEMO:--Population in 1752,--4249.
+             "      "  1791,--4897.
+
+In the spring of 1819 the excavations at the north end of the Grand
+Parade were commenced for the erection of Dalhousie College. A grant
+under the great seal of the province, of a part of the parade ground had
+been made to Trustees as a site for the college in August 1818. The
+Legislature at their sitting in February, voted £2000 towards the
+erection of the building and a sum of £3000, part of the Castine fund
+before mentioned, was also appropriated to the building, the balance
+together with an additional vote of £2000 from the province being
+invested for the support of the college.
+
+The space known as the Grand Parade had been reserved for military and
+other necessary purposes on laying out the town in 1749. It had never
+been military property or claimed by the military authorities, but was
+originally reserved as a place of muster for the militia of the town,
+though used also by the King's troops for mounting guard. An old
+building originally erected on the upper side of the space next Argyle
+Street for an Artillery barrack, was remaining there as late as 1777,
+and ranges of cannon appear in front of it in the old pictures of the
+town about that date. Prince Edward when General Commanding at Halifax
+had the parade ground walled up and a new rail or fence erected. The
+surface was levelled and the wall built at the north end bringing the
+surface high above Duke and Barrington streets; ice houses were built
+under this wall which were occupied by Mrs. Jane Donaldson, Confectioner
+of Granville street. This wall was removed to make way for the
+foundation of the college building. It had always been asserted as a
+right on the part of the inhabitants of the town, that a free,
+unobstructed way for foot passengers should be kept open across the
+centre of the old parade from one part of George street to the other,
+and wooden steps had been provided soon after the wall along the upper
+side had been erected and a gate and turn stile at the town side for the
+accommodation of the public.[84] There was a high wooden rail around the
+parade painted red.
+
+[Footnote 84: The Grand Parade as it is called, like other spaces
+reserved in 1749 for public purpose, such as the old burial ground,
+public landing, the common, etc., had been used for the purpose to which
+it was originally appropriated but the title had been supposed not to
+have passed out of the Crown. Towards the close of the last century it
+was thought advisable to vest all the public property in Trustees under
+several grants from the Crown for that purpose; accordingly a grant was
+made of the parade ground to certain public officials and their
+successors in office, to be held by them for the public purposes for
+which it had been originally reserved. This grant with all the others
+had been constructed under the supervision of old Attorney General
+Uniacke and of Chief Justice Blowers, but it having been afterwards
+discovered that none of the public officials to whom it was granted
+possessed the corporate powers and therefore had no succession in law,
+and the original incumbents at the time of the grant being all dead, it
+was concluded that the title had lapsed to the Crown. Lord Dalhousie,
+Mr. Wallace and a few others in their exuberant zeal for the erection of
+a college on the Scotch model, undertook to have another grant from the
+Crown passed of the whole or part of the parade ground to the Governors
+of the College, reserving, it is understood, certain privileges over a
+portion of the ground to the public.
+
+The Governors of Dalhousie College claimed under this grant. The City
+contends that the old grant was not forfeited and that this space among
+other public property appertaining to the town was under the Act of
+Incorporation turned over to the city. That in order to create a legal
+forfeiture there must be process of Escheat gone through, and further,
+that though the public functionaries to whom it was granted were not
+possessed of corporate rights or had any succession of their offices in
+law, yet the fact of their having been by Royal patent constituted
+trustees of the property, by inference of law the Crown intended to make
+them a corporation for that particular purpose, and that their
+successors in the various offices they held, or the successor of any one
+of them, would possess the power of supporting the grant. Otherwise the
+object of the Crown in making the grant would be defeated, and as Crown
+grants are always constituted in law most favorably for the Crown, it
+might be inferred that the Crown intended to support its grant by
+constituting those public officers and their successors in office a
+corporation with succession for that special purpose. Later the dispute
+was settled by private arrangement.]
+
+The Province Building being now finished, the Courts of Justice and the
+Public Offices were removed from Cochran's building, and the
+Legislature, which met on the 11th February, took possession of the
+chambers appropriated to the Council and Assembly with all due ceremony.
+
+The reduction of the Dockyard establishment this year was a great loss
+to the town. A large force of workmen were discharged, many of whom were
+thrown out of employ without any provision from government.
+
+The project for the removal of the Dockyard to Bermuda was found in many
+respects not to have realized the advantages contemplated by the change.
+It was removed at the time that one of the Admirals on the Station had
+taken offence at some occurrences in the town and had used his influence
+to effect the change.
+
+A few years afterwards the Shears, a gigantic apparatus at the Dockyard,
+for throwing down vessels, was demolished. The Shears was a very
+conspicuous object, and stood so high that it could be seen from most
+parts of the town. It is still in the recollection of many of our older
+citizens. The Royal Standard floated from the staff which surmounted the
+Shears on the King's and Queen's birthdays and other public holidays.
+The Dockyard of Halifax, as mentioned in a previous chapter, was first
+established in the year 1758. The present wall was first erected in 1769
+and bears the date of 1770 over the gate, but it has been improved and
+some portions rebuilt since that time.
+
+Anthony H. Holland built a paper mill at the head of the Basin this
+year, on the stream near the opening of the Hammonds Plains Road. The
+paper made here was used for his newspaper, and the various pamphlets
+which issued from Holland's press and occasionally by other newspapers.
+It was of a very inferior quality. The brown paper, however, used for
+shop purposes, was of a tolerably good description. It was the first
+paper manufactory set on foot in Nova Scotia. It was kept up for many
+years after the death of Holland.
+
+On the night of the 11th of November a fire broke out in the Naval
+Hospital adjoining the Dockyard, which destroyed several buildings. In
+consequence of the removal of the Naval Station the space remained
+unbuilt on for many years.
+
+The Magistrates of the town, in session in December, voted a portrait of
+Chief Justice Blowers. It was painted by a Mr. Drake in full dress, wig,
+and scarlet gown. This picture occupies a place in the Legislative
+Chamber, with that of Chief Justice Sir Thomas Strange, by Benjamin
+West, late President of the Royal Academy.
+
+Among the promotions which appeared in the Royal Gazette this year we
+find the appointment of Mr. Hibbert N. Binney[85] to His Majesty's
+Council.
+
+[Footnote 85: Mr. Binney was a native of the town. He was the father of
+the late Edward Binney and Grandfather of the late Bishop of Nova
+Scotia. His residence was at the corner of Hollis and Salter Streets,
+opposite that of the late Honorable William Lawson. The old house was
+removed some years since to make way for a range of wooden three-story
+buildings, erected by Henry G. Hill, along the east side of Hollis
+Street. Mr. Binney was many years Collector of Imports and Excise at
+Halifax.]
+
+An event occurred in the month of July which cast a gloom over the whole
+community. Mr. Richard J. Uniacke, junior son of the Attorney-General of
+that name, a member of the Bar, in his address to the jury at a trial
+before the Supreme Court, made some observations offensive to Mr.
+William Bowie, of the firm of Bowie and DeBlois; a challenge from Mr.
+Bowie was the consequence, and on the morning of Wednesday, following
+the 21st July, the community was startled by the announcement that Mr.
+Bowie had been mortally wounded. The duel was fought in the grove at the
+Governor's north farm, near the Lady Hammond Road. Mr. Bowie was carried
+to the house at the corner, then or afterwards occupied by Mrs. McNeil
+as a tea house, where he died in a few hours, the bullet having entered
+his right side below the rib. Mr. Uniacke and the two seconds, Stephen
+W. DeBlois and Edward McSweeny, were indicted for murder and tried the
+same term, and were acquitted by the jury of the capital offence. This
+was the first criminal trial of importance which took place in the
+Province Building. The Court Room at the time, now the Legislative
+Library, comprised the three rooms overhead, lately used by the keeper
+of the building. A large gallery then surrounded the Court Room on three
+sides. This gallery was removed in 1827 or 1828, the height of the Court
+Room reduced, and the upper space made into three rooms, which were
+appropriated to the Law Library, Admiralty Records, etc. This
+unfortunate duel excited much feeling in the town, and some blame was
+attached to the seconds who promoted or advised the parties to fire a
+second time, when a reconciliation might have been effected. The
+combatants were both gentlemen highly esteemed for their amiable
+qualities. Bowie was a handsome young man and very popular for his
+social qualities. He was buried from his lodgings in town, and his
+funeral was said to have been more numerously attended than any within
+the recollection of the oldest inhabitants. Mr. Uniacke afterwards
+became a Judge of the Supreme Court. The recollection of the sad event
+is supposed to have shortened his life. He died at the early age of 45.
+Judge Uniacke was one of the handsomest men Halifax ever produced, was
+more popular than any other of his family, several of whom were in
+public positions.
+
+1820. On 7th April, King George IV. was proclaimed at Halifax. The
+ceremony was performed by the Governor, Council, and such Members of the
+House of Assembly as remained in town, together with the Magistrates,
+the Grand Jury, and a number of private citizens, proceeding to the
+Council Chamber, where the proclamation was signed by the Governor,
+Councillors, and others. David Shaw Clarke, the Clerk of the Peace,
+acted as Herald, accompanied by the High Sheriff in a carriage, escorted
+by a body of troops. The proclamation was read by the Herald in the
+Market Square, at St. Paul's Church, and on the Military Parade in
+Brunswick Street in front of the officers' old barracks. A royal salute
+was fired and the procession then returned to the Province Building,
+where the proclamation was again read. The Royal Standard, which had
+been flying on the citadel, was then lowered to half-mast and minute
+guns fired from George's Island, there being none mounted on the hill at
+the time on account of the decease of the late King George III. Sermons
+were preached in all the places of worship and the inhabitants of the
+town went into mourning.
+
+The House of Assembly being dissolved by the death of the Sovereign, a
+public meeting of the freeholders of the Township was held at the
+Exchange[86] Coffee House on the 3rd May for the nomination of the
+candidates to represent the town. Richard Tremaine, Esq., was called to
+the chair. Mr. Stephen W. DeBlois nominated John Pryor and George
+Grassie. Mr. Cogswell, the former member, retired, also Mr. James Forman
+and Mr. John Young, both of whom had been suggested. John Albro', one of
+the former members, led the poll at the close of the election, Pryor and
+Grassie stood even. Captain Maynard, the Sheriff, made a special return
+of the facts. It was said that the last vote polled was that of the
+Sheriff, who first declared the poll closed and then voted for Mr.
+Grassie, which placed the candidates even. On the validity of his vote
+rested the question of the majority. The election lasted three days and
+closed on Saturday evening. At the close the poll stood, Albro, 453;
+Grassie and Pryor, each 395. Freeholders or owners of real estate only
+had the privilege of voting at this period. The new House met on 12th
+November following, and Mr. Pryor having died in the interim the House
+ordered the return of Mr. Grassie.
+
+[Footnote 86: The building afterwards used as the City Hall was then
+called the Exchange.]
+
+William Lawson, Simon B. Robie, Samuel G. W. Archibald, and George Smith
+were returned for the County. Mr. Robie was elected Speaker of the new
+House. Mr. Smith resided in Pictou, the other three in Halifax. Pictou
+and Colchester then formed part of the County of Halifax.
+
+The walls of the new College had now been built up even with the
+surface of the parade ground, and it was arranged that the corner stone
+should be laid with proper ceremony by Lord Dalhousie, the patron and
+originator of the scheme. Accordingly, on the 22nd May, 1820, the troops
+in the garrison were turned out and formed a double line from the
+Province Building to the Grand Parade. The Freemasons, under the Grand
+Master, John George Pyke, proceeded from Mason Hall along Barrington
+Street and formed a square on the Parade. About 2 o'clock, Governor
+Dalhousie, the Admiral, the officers of the Governor's Staff, with the
+Members of His Majesty's Council, the Magistrates of the town, and a
+number of leading inhabitants, proceeded through the line of troops to
+the south-east corner of the building. Dr. J. T. Twining, the Grand
+Chaplain, offered a prayer, after which a brass plate containing the
+necessary inscriptions and a quantity of coins, were placed under the
+stone, after which the Earl addressed the meeting and explained the
+objects contemplated in erecting the college. The stone was then laid
+with all due Masonic ceremony. A royal salute was fired from the forts
+and the whole was concluded by a ball and supper at Government House.
+
+On the 24th May, the corner stone of St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church
+was laid with full religious ceremonies by Bishop Burke. The old church
+of St. Peter, usually known as "the chapel" was a small wooden building
+painted red. It stood opposite the head of Salter Street, inside a rail,
+and was approached by a gate and turn stile. This old building was the
+first Roman Catholic place of worship in Halifax. It was built some time
+between 1785 and 1790. It was removed soon after the new building was
+ready for occupation.
+
+On the 29th November, Bishop Burke died in the 78th year of his age. He
+was laid out in state in his Episcopal robes and mitre for several days.
+Bishop Burke was succeeded by Dr. Fraser, Bishop of Tanen in partibus.
+He resided at Antigonish. Mr. Miniot was parish priest at this time; he
+was succeeded by Mr. O'Brien and afterwards by Mr. Lochnan, etc., until
+the appointment of Bishop Walsh. The St. Mary's Cathedral crept on
+slowly for many years for want of funds, but was finished according to
+the original plan about the time of the appointment of Bishop Walsh.
+
+The Earl of Dalhousie having been appointed Governor General of Canada
+on the death of the Duke of Richmond, a farewell ball was given to him
+and his Countess by the officers of the garrison on 28th May, and on
+31st the inhabitants presented him with an address. On the first of
+June, his successor in the Government, Sir James Kempt, arrived at
+Halifax in the Phæton, frigate, Capt. Montague, 42 days from England. He
+landed at the King's Wharf, and was driven to Government House. At 3
+o'clock the same day he went to the Council Chamber, where he was sworn
+into office.
+
+On the 5th, Lord Dalhousie embarked for Canada. The flank companies of
+the First Halifax Regiment of Militia, under the command of Capts. John
+Liddell and John Pyke, attended on the wharf as a guard of honor. Sir
+James Kempt brought with him as A. D. C., Major Charles Gore, afterwards
+General Sir C. Gore, G. C. B., Lord Frederick Lenox, a younger son of
+the Duke of Richmond, who lately died in Canada, and Major Couper,
+afterwards Sir George Couper, Comptroller of the Household of the
+Duchess of Kent, the Queen's mother. Sir James Kempt was one of Lord
+Wellington's Officers in the peninsular war. He commanded a brigade at
+the Battle of Waterloo, and after the death of Sir Thomas Picton, the
+General of Division, who was killed early in the action, the command of
+the division fell to him.
+
+The only other occurrences worthy of notice during this year were the
+dinner given to Governor Dalhousie by the inhabitants of the town, which
+took place at Masons' Hall on 17th June, the Hon. Michael Wallace in the
+chair, and John George Pyke, Vice. Sir John Wentworth, Baronet, the
+former Governor, died this year at his residence, Mrs. Flieger's, Hollis
+Street. His death took place on 8th April. He was in his 84th year. He
+was succeeded in his Baronetcy by his son, Charles Mary Wentworth, a
+native of Halifax, who had retired to England, where he held some
+subordinate office under Government. At his death, unmarried, the title
+became extinct. By his will, he gave the old villa and grounds on the
+Basin, built by the Duke of Kent, to Mrs. Gore, the novelist, who was a
+distant relative of his family.
+
+A Fair and Cattle show was held by the Agricultural Society on 6th
+September on Camp Hill. The Governor distributed the prizes. John
+Young, John Albro', William Young, John Starr, Peter McNab and Frederick
+Major, Esquires, were Judges of the cattle.
+
+1820-21. This winter was, if anything, more severe than the three
+preceding. Early in January the harbor became frozen over, and by the
+20th the ice extended to Meagher's Beach and was sufficiently strong to
+bear sleighs. By the 27th the ice formed a firm bridge between Halifax
+and Dartmouth, over which a continuous line of sleighs, teams and foot
+passengers might be seen on market days. Skating and sleighing parties
+were numerous. The Governor, Sir James Kempt, drove tandem almost to
+McNab's Island, and the double sleigh of Judge Brenton Halliburton, in
+passing over a weak spot in the ice, fell through but was rescued
+without damage to the horses or the ladies in the sleigh. The navigation
+was completely stopped for several weeks. A passage was, however, cut
+from Cunard's wharf to the mouth of the harbor with much labor and
+expense, to permit the Government Brig Chebucto to proceed on her
+cruise. This little brig was owned by A. Cunard & Sons, and was employed
+by the Imperial Government in cruising along the shores of the province
+to protect the fishery, and at the same time to enable the officers of
+Government to visit the outposts, and was occasionally employed on
+special service to proceed to Quebec and other places with despatches,
+etc. The channel through the ice by which this vessel was taken out, and
+which ran along close to the wharves, was afterwards kept open while the
+ice remained, and a boat and two rafts were used to convey over
+passengers and sleighs.
+
+On the 17th September, a fire occurred in the town, which destroyed
+nearly all the buildings on the eastern side of Barrington Street,
+between Sackville Street and Blowers Street and extended back into
+Granville Street, where several houses were consumed. Most of the
+buildings destroyed were old and delapidated except those at the corner
+of Granville and Sackville Streets occupied by Mr. Liswell's Bakery,
+etc. There were in all about 24 houses consumed. A large portion of the
+burned district remained for many years after unbuilt upon.
+
+It was customary at this time for the dress companies of the militia to
+give balls. On 23rd January the Grenadier and Light Companies of the 1st
+Halifax Regiment gave a ball at Mason Hall at which 300 persons were
+present. The regiment was commanded by Hon. T. N. Jeffery, the Collector
+of the Customs, who had only lately succeeded old Col. J. G. Pyke in the
+command. John Liddell commanded the Grenadiers and Brevet Major John
+Pyke, the Light Company. Lieut.-Col. Richard Tremain commanded the Town
+Artillery.
+
+The condition of the transient poor of the town was very sad this
+winter. An organized system of relief known as the Poor Man's Friend
+Society, was instituted. The town was divided into wards, and three or
+four gentlemen volunteered in each ward to visit the poor throughout the
+winter months. A soup house was established, and other arrangements made
+to meet the objects intended. This society continued for about six or
+seven years. In 1824 Beamish Murdoch was its secretary. The following
+year William Young (the late Chief Justice) was acting secretary.
+
+A large issue of paper money by the province took place in 1820. Silver
+change was almost driven out of circulation by the issue of small notes,
+many at one dollar, at 2s. 6d., and even at 1s. 3d. These notes were
+issued by private individuals upon their own credit and responsibility.
+Those of William Lawson and Adam Esson were the most numerous. The
+doubloon was at this time established at £4 currency, and the Spanish
+dollar at five shillings. The price of flour had fallen to twenty-seven
+shillings and six pence per barrel.
+
+An anonymous pamphlet was published from the press of A. H. Holland,
+charging the magistrates of the town with malpractices, which caused
+much excitement. It was discovered to have been written by Mr. William
+Wilkie, of Halifax. He was indicted for libel, tried at the Easter term
+of the Supreme Court, found guilty and sentenced to two years
+imprisonment with hard labor in the House of Correction. This was
+esteemed a most tyrannical and cruel proceeding on the part of the
+government. The pamphlet was a very paltry offence, such as at the
+present day would be passed over with contempt. Wilkie, though not a
+person of much esteem, yet being a member of a respectable family in the
+community, should have been spared the indignities thrown upon him by
+Chief Justice Blowers and the other Judges of the Supreme Court. After
+the sentence was known, the sympathy in his favor was very general
+throughout the town.
+
+The reaction after the peace had reduced the price of agricultural
+produce, not only in Halifax but throughout the province. The West India
+trade, then the chief branch of commerce, had begun again to be
+prosperous, and the merchants were looking forward to profitable
+voyages. But the value of real estate had so fallen that sales were made
+in the body of the town for much less than half the cost of the
+buildings. This state of things continued for several years, and very
+few new buildings were erected between 1819 and 1823. The population was
+about 15,000, but the number of houses did not exceed 1,600.
+
+The market square at this period presented a very different appearance
+from what it does at present. A low wooden building stood on the site of
+the present brick market house. The roof was originally flat and
+afterwards a pitched roof was added. The butchers' stalls in this old
+building were very convenient, perhaps more so than those in the new
+market house. The cellars of this building fronting on Water Street were
+let for the benefit of the town, and the south end was, some time after
+this, occupied by Mr. Alexander McLeod as a liquor store and grocery for
+many years. The ground in front of the market wharf and market slip was
+much lower than at present, and also that part of Water Street between
+the old City Court House and Stayner's Wharf, all which was filled up
+about 1830 or, perhaps, a year or two later. A range of shops under the
+Court House before this alteration in the streets afforded a large
+revenue to the town, but their value as places of business was destroyed
+when the street was raised, and though partially occupied afterwards,
+they proved damp and unfit for storage of goods. The truckmen, who were
+then very numerous, ranged their trucks and carts in lines in the square
+fronting the meat market (there being no other stand allowed) and in
+cold weather they might be seen, in the afternoons, when not engaged in
+trucking, amusing themselves with the game of football. Two liquor
+stores, one at the head of the market, on Beamish's Wharf, and the other
+at the opposite corner, now known as Laidlaw's corner, kept by Samuel
+and David Muirhead, were the chief places where spirits and beer were
+retailed to the truckmen and fishermen. In front of these shops were
+ranges of apple and cake stalls kept by old women, where also gull eggs
+and lobsters boiled hard could be had by the fishermen and shallop men
+from the wharves. The red woollen night cap was generally worn in those
+days by the market fishermen and the people from the coasting vessels.
+
+The sidewalks throughout the town with the exception of part of Water
+Street, were all of wood. The old platform on George Street, between
+Granville and Hollis Streets, was known as Hartshorne's platform.
+Messrs. Hartshorne & Boggs occupied a range of wooden buildings at the
+corner of Granville Street, since replaced by the stone building erected
+by George E. Morton and now occupied by Knowles' Bookstore. On the lower
+corner, known as Martin Gay Black's corner, there stood an old
+gamble-roofed house on a high green bank occupied by Mrs. Hart as a dry
+goods store, and afterwards by T. & S. Greenwood, watchmakers. This old
+building was about this time replaced by another which afterwards made
+way for the handsome free stone building erected by the late Martin Gay
+Black.[87] This platform was the resort of merchants and others who
+congregated there in the mornings for a short walk and to talk over the
+news. A large ship gun did duty as a post at Hartshorne & Boggs' corner,
+and another at Black's, and formed a nucleus for loungers--not smokers,
+for smoking was strictly prohibited in the streets of Halifax at this
+time by the Magistrates of the town. Opposite, near the Province
+Building rail, was the old town pump mentioned above, known as Black's
+pump, remarkable for its good water, where dozens of boys and girls
+might be seen towards evening getting water for tea. The old wooden
+range known as Cochran's building, which occupied the site of the
+present Dominion building, had been only lately evacuated by the
+Legislative Assemblies and the Courts of Law, and was now being fitted
+up for shops. Among those who first occupied shops in this building were
+Winkworth Allen, who afterwards went to England, Mr. David Hare, who
+afterwards became the purchaser of the property; W. A. Mackinlay, on the
+north side, and Clement H. Belcher, at the north-west corner, both well
+known stationers and booksellers, occupied their respective shops a
+long time, the latter for more than twenty years. At the opposite
+corner, to the south, on Hollis Street, stood a large three story
+building erected by the late James Hamilton, who carried on an extensive
+dry goods business. It was afterwards sold to Burns & Murray, who
+erected the present handsome freestone edifice on the corner. Mr.
+William A. Black kept his watchmaker's establishment at the corner
+below, now occupied by the P. Walsh Hardware Co. The old Halifax Journal
+office occupied a wooden building at the corner of George and Granville
+Streets, where the stone store of T. & E. Kenny now is. Mr. Benjamin
+Etter had his watchmaker's shop at the corner of George and Barrington
+Streets, now known as Crosskill's corner, in the same old wooden
+building which has since undergone extensive alterations. Mrs. Donaldson
+carried on the confectionery business at the corner opposite and was
+succeeded by Adam Esson. There were two Donaldsons, both confectioners,
+whose wives carried on the business after the death of their husbands
+and accumulated large properties, usually known as upper and lower
+Donaldson's; the latter was in Granville Street and was the most
+fashionable, being patronized by the military and navy officers during
+the war. The parade ground was surrounded by a high wooden rail painted
+red and had a gate and two turn stiles opposite George Street; the
+latter for foot passengers who claimed the right to pass across the
+ground to the steps which led up into Argyle Street, and which still
+remain. John Howe kept the Post Office in the old building opposite the
+parade later occupied by Mr. Brander, Cabinet Maker. The late Matthew
+Richardson a year or two later erected the three story stone building
+next to Mrs. Donaldson on the site of the Hon. Andrew Belcher's garden,
+which occupied an open space south of Donaldson's or Esson's corner. Mr.
+Belcher had, a few years before this, left Halifax to reside in England.
+His residence was in Granville Street, the same building formerly owned
+and occupied by the late Doctor Hoffman a short distance south of
+Kenny's buildings and his garden extended in rear fronting on Barrington
+Street. No part of the city has undergone greater changes since this
+time than Granville Street. From George Street northward all the old
+houses on both sides have been replaced by lofty buildings with some
+rare exceptions. Between Romans' corner and the Ordnance Square, the
+street at this time was elevated about 20 or 25 feet above the present
+level. It was cut down about the year 1830 or 31, (perhaps a little
+earlier) and the old shabby buildings on the upper side removed, and
+those on the lower side had an additional story added to them below in
+consequence of the street being lowered. The whole of this part of
+Granville Street has been since twice destroyed by fire and replaced by
+the present buildings, at a cost and in a style far beyond the
+requirements of the city. Proceeding southward along Hollis Street from
+the Province Building, both sides as far as Sackville Street were
+occupied by a range of small low buildings. At the corner now occupied
+by the Queen stone building, there stood an old gamble roofed house of
+one story with a little shop at the corner occupied by a worthy old man,
+James Smith, who held the office of Deacon of St. Matthew's Presbyterian
+Church, opposite. The other deacon was James Dechman, senior, who was
+for many years keeper of the town clock, and resided in the clock
+building. These two old worthies have long since gone to their rest. The
+latter was father of the late James Dechman, of Halifax, master
+carpenter, who died at an advanced age some years ago at his residence
+in Bishop Street. The Rev. Dr. Archibald Gray[88] was minister of St.
+Matthew's at this time. His place of residence was the old house in
+Granville Street, opposite the Province Building, now known as the
+Acadian Hotel. Several buildings both in Hollis and Granville Streets,
+remnants of the first settlement, stood on high grassy banks with
+porches and steps outside and cellar doors on the side of the bank with
+plank platforms over the gutters; the porches and steps frequently
+projecting out on the side path.
+
+[Footnote 87: This fine stone building has been since pulled down and a
+new building for the accommodation of the Merchants' Bank now occupies
+the corner.]
+
+[Footnote 88: Dr. Gray married a daughter of Dr. Michael Head and was
+father of the late James F. Gray, of the Halifax Bar, many years Clerk
+of the House of Assembly.]
+
+The Hon. John Black, a short time previous to the year 1821, built the
+fine granite building in Hollis Street north of Government House,
+afterwards the property of his son-in-law, Hon. James B. Uniacke, since
+the residence of the Bishop of Nova Scotia. The old house within the
+railing at the upper corner of Hollis & Salter Streets, lately owned by
+Mr. Esson, was then the residence of Hon. William Lawson. It was
+originally built by Malachi Salter about 1760, perhaps before. At the
+opposite corner stood the residence of the Hon. Hibbert N. Binney,
+since removed. At the other corner Mr. Charles R. Fairbanks, some time
+Solicitor-General, afterwards Master of the Rolls in Chancery,
+son-in-law of Mr. Lawson, had just erected the fine brick building since
+occupied as a boarding school for young ladies. The late Samuel Lydiard
+Brewer built the iron stone house of three stories south of Mr. Binney's
+residence about the same time. The residence of the Hon. Michael
+Wallace, Treasurer of the Province, was in Hollis Street immediately
+opposite the Government House. It was a wooden building and considered a
+first class residence in its time; now altered into two separate
+dwelling houses. Trees were common in the streets of Halifax at this
+period as has been before mentioned. The stone building in Morris
+Street, the residence of Chief Justice Sir Brenton Halliburton, then
+Judge Halliburton, had been erected some years before this. Judge
+Stewart, his brother-in-law, built the yellow brick building at the
+north-west corner of Hollis & Morris Streets, now the residence of a
+gentleman of the same name, son of Hon. Alexander Stewart, late Master
+of the Rolls and Judge of Admiralty. The Hon. Thos. N. Jeffery,
+Collector of the Customs, built and resided in the building later
+occupied by Mrs. James Donaldson. The late Bishop Inglis, then Rector of
+St. Paul's, owned and occupied the low wooden building nearly opposite
+Mr. Jeffery's, since the residence of Mr. Hagarty. At the corner,
+opposite Judge Stewart's, was the old gamble roofed house, the residence
+of James B. Franklin, son of Governor Franklin. This old fashioned house
+still remains as one of the few relics of the early town. The Hon.
+Charles Morris built a handsome wooden dwelling house on the south side
+of Morris Street, between Hollis and Water Streets, afterwards the
+property of Hon. S. G. W. Archibald, Attorney-General and Speaker of the
+House of Assembly; since his death occupied as a boarding house. The
+late John Trider about the same time built his rough stone house at
+Freshwater Bridge. The late John Tremain had a Ropewalk adjoining his
+residence on the south side of the road leading up from Freshwater
+Bridge, now known as Inglis Street. This property was afterwards
+purchased by James Forman, Junior, and the old ropewalk building
+removed. The residence of Major Bazelgette at the head of this street
+had been originally constructed by John Trider from the materials of the
+old Government House which had been removed and the materials sold to
+make way for the foundation of the Province Building. It afterwards
+became the property of the late John Moody, a merchant in the town, who
+sold it to Major Bazelgette about the year 1817 or 1818, who added to
+the building and improved the grounds. Mr. Moody purchased the adjoining
+grounds and erected a new house; after his failure his residence was
+purchased by Hon. Enos Collins, who improved the property and beautified
+the surrounding grounds.
+
+Old Fresh Water Bridge, so well known in former times, crossed the
+stream from Smith's Tanyard nearly in the same place as the present
+abutment. It was a rickety old wooden structure with a rough curb or
+rail. It was a favorite resort of the young of both sexes on Sundays and
+summer evenings, and the old wooden rail was covered with names and
+initial letters carved with the pen knife by visitors. The walk down
+Pleasant Street and up the road now known as Inglis Street and round the
+new road, as the Tower Road was then called to Pyke's Bridge, and thence
+down Spring Garden Road to Government House, was the fashionable
+promenade for all classes on Sundays and holidays. The old English
+Burial ground was then surrounded by a high, rough stone wall, built
+without mortar, which was removed some years after the new cemetery on
+Camp Hill was consecrated. The Governor's garden up Spring Garden Road
+adjoining the burial ground extended as far as the General's quarters. A
+portion of this field was taken for the site of the new Court House and
+County Jail. The new Poor House in the opposite space, then lately
+erected, was a rough stone building whitewashed on the outside, but the
+Work House or House of Correction was the old gamble roof building
+probably originally erected as a soldiers' barracks in the days of the
+forts, and afterwards used as a Poor House. All these buildings have
+been since removed and the ground sold to private speculators, a step
+much to be regretted, as the space was very extensive and the most
+eligible situation for a public building in the whole city.
+
+The Poor House Burial Ground, at the corner opposite the present new
+Court House, was at this time a standing nuisance in consequence of the
+want of drainage and the careless manner in which bodies of paupers were
+interred. After the law for closing all places of burial in the city had
+been carried into operation, this open space was planted with trees and
+ground carted in to fill up hollow places, and a substantial wall built
+around it. The old tan Yard of Andrew and John Smith was then one of the
+most picturesque and secluded spots in the neighborhood of the town. The
+stream which turned their mill passed down from the south common through
+Smith's Fields, where it formed a pond near the town road, known as the
+mill dam, for many years the resort of skaters in winter, continuing
+south-eastward to Freshwater Bridge and passing through a range of
+willow trees, some of which may still be seen above the present bridge.
+Southward from old bridge the road was at this time but a footpath
+winding along the shore to Steele's Pond, beyond which it was passable
+for carriages. At a very early period, however, there had been a broad
+carriage road all along the shore to Point Pleasant, but the earth had
+fallen in or been washed away by the tide. Black Rock, a point running
+out south from Trider's old lime kiln, was then, and for many years
+after, the resort of bathers. There was a fine gravel beach outside the
+old Freshwater Bridge leaving a large expanse of gravel when the tide
+was out. It was customary for gentlemen's servants, truckmen and others
+who came morning and evening to water their horses in the stream above
+the bridge to ride their horses in the surf at low water.
+
+That part of the city known as Schmidtville, or Pedley's Fields, west
+from Queen Street and the General's quarters, was not laid out into
+building lots until many years after the period we are now describing.
+
+The stone house at the corner of Prince and Argyle Streets, opposite the
+south-west angle of St. Paul's Church, was originally the mansion of the
+Hon. Richard Bulkeley, and is, perhaps, now the oldest stone building in
+Halifax; it was purchased about 1818 by H. H. Cogswell, who improved the
+old house and resided there until his death in 1854. The stone house at
+the opposite corner was built after the close of the war by Dr. William
+J. Almon. It afterwards became the residence of his son, Matthew Byles
+Almon, who sold it to Dr. Daniel McN. Parker. Proceeding southward along
+Argyle Street at the next corner was the handsome residence of Hon.
+Richard John Uniacke, who held the office of Attorney General for a
+great number of years. This was a wooden building of three stories
+originally with a flat roof and a parapet all around with ornaments in
+the shape of urns at the corners and in the centre. A roof was put on
+this building about the time of the death of old Mr. Uniacke, and the
+parapet removed. At the south termination of Argyle Street stood the
+residence of Mr. Alexander Creighton, a small low house, and along
+Blowers Street, to the west, was a low range of wooden buildings which
+had been a soldiers' barracks or guard house. The late Chief Justice
+Blowers, about the commencement of the present century, erected the
+large wooden building at the corner of Barrington Street, adjoining the
+Roman Catholic property, as a residence. After his death it was sold and
+became a hotel under the name of the Waverley House. It has since been
+purchased and attached to the Roman Catholic church property.
+
+In the year 1821 there were no houses in Gottingen Street, north
+suburbs, except the stone house at the corner of the lane leading
+westward, some years before built by Major McCola, Town Major of
+Halifax, since owned by Mr. R. Duport. A wooden house, a short distance
+north of it, built by Peter Hay, Mason, and the old hipped roofed
+building at the corner of Gerrish Street, known as the North Pole, still
+standing. Mr. Lewis Demolitor had then lately built a large house at the
+northern extremity of Brunswick Street, which at that time was
+considered a very wild speculation. This is the same house lately the
+residence of the Hon. Senator Northup. The late Benjamin Etter also,
+about this time, built himself a residence at the corner of North
+Street, afterwards the mansion of the late Hon. William A. Black.
+Captain Michael Head, R. N., occupied the two story house to the
+westward of W. A. Black's property, which a few years before had been
+built by the late William Rudolf, of Halifax, and was afterwards the
+residence of Commissary General, W. H. Snelling, and afterwards by John
+Northup; now or lately known as Belle-Air. Lockman Street then could
+boast of very few buildings and was so grown up with grass as in some
+places only to afford a narrow path in the centre for pedestrians and
+occasionally a stray carriage. The original Lockman Street extended only
+from North Street to Gerrish Street, in the rear of what was called the
+Dutch Lots; it was afterwards continued southward by consent of the
+north suburb lots, as far as Cornwallis Street. The old house, formerly
+the residence of Major Leonard Lockman, a German officer, one of the
+original settlers, for whom the street was called, stood on the western
+side near the northern extremity of the street. It became very
+delapidated and was removed some years ago.
+
+In the 1818, or perhaps as late as 1820, that part of the north common
+known as Camp Hill, since appropriated as a public cemetery, as also all
+the swampy space westward of the drill ground, was in a state of nature,
+covered with cradle hills, laurel bushes and ground juniper. The
+butchers' boys kept their sheep there, and in autumn the swampy portions
+afforded to the sportsmen good ground for snipe, plover and curlew. An
+old building, known as the St. Andrew's Cross, stood on the hill at the
+corner where Quinpool Road, so-called, now meets the common. On the
+opposite side an old two story house called Quinpool, which had been the
+residence of a Mr. O'Brien, stood in a field to the north of the road.
+This old house became uninhabited and was afterward taken down by Dr.
+Cogswell, the proprietor of the property, when he divided the fields
+into building lots. There were two main roads leading from town to the
+Basin, both meeting at what was called the Three Mile House, a building
+erected by Mr. Shaw, a member of Assembly, as a hotel, afterwards known
+as Increase Ward's country house. The Wistermont Road was known as the
+Blue Bell Road from a very old house with a swinging sign which stood at
+the corner before you arrive at the Willow Park property. Mr. John
+Young, known as the author of the letters of Agricola, had then lately
+purchased this latter place, had improved the house and gardens, and was
+commencing to work it as a model farm. Further north were the old Dutch
+farms of Philip Bayer and Jacob Shefforth on either side of the road,
+surrounded by groups of old willow trees. The Bayer's house has
+disappeared, but that of the Shefforth family fell to the late Mr. Henry
+Vieth, who repaired the old buildings. The other road, known as the Fort
+Needham or Lady Hammond Road, was a prolongation of Gottingen Street.
+After passing the farms of the late John and James Merkel, it turned to
+the westward down the hill to the shore of the Basin at the Three Mile
+House. The Kempt Road had not yet been opened though for some time in
+contemplation. Two block houses, the remnant of the old fortifications
+of Halifax, overlooked these roads. The first or nearest blockhouse, was
+at Fort Needham on the hill south of the Governor's north farm. The
+other surmounted the hill just above the cottage of the late John Steel,
+called Three Mile Cottage, at the termination of the Blue Bell Road,
+near the present Three Mile Church. The old house at the Governor's
+north farm known as Lady Hammond's house was then in good repair, since
+fallen down. This house was erected by Lieut. Governor Hammond as a
+country residence for his family. The north farm, as it was called,
+extended eastward to the shores of the narrows and included the beech
+grove near the old railway station. This beautiful grove has been lately
+cut up by one of the Government Railway Superintendents who caused
+building lots to be laid off and sold in the grove. This fine collection
+of trees has been carefully preserved for nearly a century, and had been
+the scene of many festivities, and was associated with very many
+pleasing events in the minds of the older citizens.
+
+The common was the usual resort of a large portion of the inhabitants on
+a Sunday afternoon during the summer months. It had been the custom for
+many years, and had continued to be so until discontinued by Governor
+Maitland, for the whole garrison, which usually consisted of service
+companies of three regiments, a part of artillery, and a company of
+sappers and marines, to parade on the common every Sunday afternoon at
+three o'clock during the summer season. The Governor and his staff
+attended and the whole brigade, with their regimental colors, and the
+artillery, with their field pieces, formed a line and were inspected by
+the Governor or Commander-in-chief, after which they marched around the
+drill ground, passing before him at slow time, saluting him in open
+column of companies. No booths, however, were allowed on the common for
+the sale of refreshments except on the King's and Queen's birthdays,
+when grand reviews came off.
+
+Sunday presented a gay scene at Halifax in those days. There being then
+no garrison chapel for the troops, the regiments in garrison, preceded
+by their brass bands playing, marched in full dress to St. Paul's and
+St. George's churches amid the ringing of bells and the sound of martial
+music. The carriage of the Governor (who was then always a general
+officer) in full military costume, with his aides-de-camp, drove up to
+the south door of St. Paul's, the whole staff having first assembled
+under the portico which then ran along the southern end of the church.
+His Excellency, followed by a brilliant display of gold lace and
+feathers, the clank of sabres and spurs, and the shaking of plumed hats
+of so many officers, many of whom were accompanied by their ladies, on
+entering the church, presented a most brilliant spectacle. All this was
+followed by the old Chief Justice Blowers in his coach and livery, the
+carriage of the Admiral, and those of several members of Council. All
+being seated and the body of the church full of fashion and dress, the
+peal of the organ began to be heard and the clergy in surplice and hood
+(he who was about to preach, however, always in the black gown)
+proceeded from the vestry up the east side aisle to the pulpit, preceded
+by a beadle in drab and gold lace, carrying a large silver headed mace,
+who, after the clergy had taken their seats, deliberately walked down
+the aisle again to the vestry with his mace over his shoulder. The
+Rector, Dr. John Inglis, usually preached in the morning, and the
+Curate, Mr. J. T. Twining, performed the service. They were frequently
+accompanied by other church clergymen on a visit to town, and in Lord
+Dalhousie's time, his Chaplin, the Rev. Isaac Temple, always took part
+in the service, frequently preaching in the afternoon at 3 o'clock. On
+the sermon in the morning being concluded, the troops marched back to
+barracks and the general and staff returned to Government House, where
+they partook of luncheon, and were again in requisition by 3 o'clock for
+the grand review of the troops on the common. There were no evening
+services in the churches and meeting houses in those days, except with
+the Methodists, who were quietly doing their work in the old Argyle
+Street meeting house, under the Rev. Wm. Black.
+
+The police of the town were conducted by one paid magistrate and one
+unpaid assistant, together with the clerk of the peace and three police
+constables, afterwards increased to four. Old Colonel Pyke presided as
+Chief Magistrate for many years, and was usually to be seen sitting in
+the little police office in drab knee breeches with gray yarn stockings
+and snuff colored coat. Age and infirmity having at last compelled him
+to retire, Mr. John Liddell, the second in command, was appointed Chief
+Police Magistrate by Sir James Kempt.[89] David Shaw Clarke had been
+for some years Clerk of the Peace. He was a member of the Bar and
+particularly well qualified for the office he held, the duties of which
+he performed with much satisfaction to the public. He was very
+remarkable as being the most corpulent man in town. The late Samuel
+Muirhead, who kept a liquor shop at the head of the Market Wharf, was
+next in size to Mr. Clarke. Muirhead died in 1820, and Clarke, from that
+time to the day of his death, had no competitor. No man was better known
+or more popular for about thirty years in Halifax than David Shaw
+Clarke. He was succeeded in his office by his son James Stewart Clarke.
+
+[Footnote 89: Governors had a voice in all appointments at this time.]
+
+Drunken people were frequently to be seen in the streets in those days,
+yet the peace of the town was tolerably well preserved by the three or
+four police constables. Old Jock Henderson was very corpulent, but his
+great knowledge of his profession rendered him an exceedingly useful
+officer. Jack Mahar was celebrated as a detective, but king alcohol at
+last put an end to his usefulness. The practice of publicly whipping
+thieves had almost altogether gone out of fashion by this time, though
+occasionally resorted to at the work house. Among the town oddities was
+Constable Hawkins. He was a negro, one of those who were brought from
+the Chesapeake by Admiral Cockburn. He had been for some years employed
+at the work house to do the whipping. He was usually dressed in an old
+military green uniform, epaulets, plumed cap, with red sash, and on
+state occasions, a sword. With constable's staff in hand, this worthy
+might be seen in the morning at the opening of the police office,
+escorting prisoners down George Street to the office for examination,
+accompanied by a mob of boys. Among the other curiosities of the town
+was old Ben Myers, usually known as Major Ben. This old fellow, an
+idiot, was dressed in a long tailed red coat of a fashion then long
+obsolete, a cocked hat and long white feathers hanging over his
+shoulder, and on particular occasions, a star on his breast and a sword
+and sash. He was the messenger of the poor house and Bridewell and came
+down to the market every morning with his wheelbarrow in which he
+brought back supplies for the establishments.
+
+The troops mounted guard every morning on the Grand Parade and went
+through the salute and troop before relieving guard. This formed a great
+attraction to strangers and people from the country. The band usually
+played for half an hour before the ceremony of inspecting the guards
+commenced. At sunset and at gun fire, at eight o'clock in the evening,
+the drum and fife proceeded from the town clock, in Barrack Street, to
+Government House or the General's quarters, and back again to the
+barracks. This had been an ancient custom in the Halifax garrison and
+was partly kept up until about the year 1845. Guard mounting on the
+parade at 10 o'clock in the morning during summer continued until
+Governor Le Marchant left Halifax in 1856.
+
+One feature of the town which frequently afforded amusement to visitors
+must not be omitted. The negro population of Hammonds Plains and
+Preston, the latter particularly, had been, after the peace, supplied
+with the American uniform coats taken at Castine or somewhere in Maine
+in the year 1813. The sky blue coats with red and sometimes yellow
+facings, in conjunction with old torn and patched trousers of every
+description, presented the most grotesque appearance. A short time
+before this a fensible regiment known as the York Rangers, having been
+disbanded in the town, their old green uniforms, faced red, and the
+sugar loaf shaped caps, were given to the negroes, who presented the
+most ridiculous appearance on market days.
+
+M. Geneni kept dancing school at Mason Hall and gave many pleasant
+school balls in the winter season to the great delight of the young
+people. M. Perro, a polite old French naval officer, was most popular as
+a teacher of French and was much esteemed in the community. M.
+Chenalette was the most famous confectioner ever known in Halifax. In
+his latter days he kept his establishment in Sackville Street, opposite
+Bedford Row, and was celebrated for his French cordials and fancy
+confectionery. Such was Halifax in 1821 and thereabouts.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+FORTIFICATIONS AND DEFENCES OF THE TOWN--PUBLIC BUILDINGS, ETC.
+
+
+From the year 1749 to '54 or '5, the defences of the town consisted of
+palisades or pickets placed upright, with block houses built of logs at
+convenient distances. This fence extended from where the Roman Catholic
+Cathedral now stands to the beach south of Fairbanks' wharf, and on the
+north along the line of Jacob Street to the harbor. These palisades were
+in existence in 1753, but were removed at a very early period, not being
+within the recollection of the oldest natives of the town living in the
+year 1825.
+
+A large portion of the front of the present Citadel Hill was originally
+private property; a small redoubt stood near the summit with a flag
+staff and guard house, but no traces of any regular or permanent
+fortification appear until the commencement of the American Revolution.
+There were several block houses south of the town--at Point Pleasant,
+Fort Massey and other places. A line of block houses was built at a very
+early period of the settlement, extending from the head of the North
+West Arm to the Basin, as a defence against the Indians. The foundation
+of the centre block house was still to be seen in 1848 in the hollow
+below Philip Bayers' pasture. During Governor Lawrence's time, the
+Indians made an attack upon the saw mills at the head of the North West
+Arm, which stood near the site of the present mills, and murdered three
+men; their bodies were buried by the soldiers near one of the block
+houses, and were three times dug up by the Indians in defiance of the
+guard, for the purpose of securing the scalps. These block houses were
+built of square timber, with loop-holes for musketry,--they were of
+great thickness, and had parapets around the top and a platform at the
+base, with a well for the use of the guard.
+
+In 1755, four batteries were erected along the beach--the centre one,
+called the middle or Governor's Battery, stood where the Queen's Wharf
+now is, being then directly in front of Government House; another where
+the Ordnance Yard was afterwards built, called the Five or Nine-gun
+Battery; the third was situated north of the present Fairbanks' wharf;
+and the fourth called the South or Grand Battery, still in existence at
+the Lumber Yard. They were composed of stone and gravel, supported by
+cross logs, covered with earth and planted with grass, having
+battlements in front and the two ends, elevated about twenty or
+twenty-five feet above the water. These fortifications were removed
+about the year 1783, and the grounds appropriated to their present
+purposes. The Ordnance Yard, then a swamp around the battery, and the
+King's Wharf, were both filled up and levelled by stone and rubbish
+removed from the five-acre lots of the peninsula which were beginning to
+be cleared about this time.
+
+There were block houses along the beach, near the Dock Yard wall, built
+by Col. Spry about 1775. The drawings of the town, published about the
+year 1774 or '6, show a strong fortification on George's Island.[90] It
+was not until the commencement of the revolutionary war that regular
+works appear to have been constructed for the defence of the town and
+harbor. About the year 1778, the Citadel Hill appears to have been, for
+the first time, regularly fortified; the summit was then about eighty
+feet higher than at present; the works consisted of an octangular tower
+of wood of the block-house kind, having a parapet and small tower on top
+with port holes for cannon--the whole encompassed by a ditch and
+ramparts of earth and wood, with pickets placed close together, slanting
+outwards. Below this there were several outworks of the same description
+extending down the sides of the hill a considerable distance.
+
+[Footnote 90: We have seen that Governor Cornwallis, at the very
+commencement of the settlement, selected George's Island as the most
+eligible position for the fortification. Prisoners were sent here at a
+very early period.]
+
+Fort Massey, George's Island and the East Battery exhibit the same kind
+of fortifications in the pictures of the town made about 1780. At the
+latter place there was a barrack, afterwards rebuilt by the Duke of Kent
+about 1800.
+
+During the American Revolutionary War, Colonel Spry, the chief
+engineer, erected a battery and several small block houses near the old
+Dutch Church in Brunswick Street. Several fields on the north and east
+sides of the Citadel were then taken by government and equivalents given
+to the owners. There was another block house at the extremity of
+Brunswick Street, in the field adjoining the present Admiralty grounds;
+the first were demolished about 1783, and part of the land granted by
+the Crown as a parsonage lot for the minister of the Germans, but the
+latter remained many years after till it fell into decay.
+
+The Lumber Yard, Ordnance Yard and King's Wharf were all commenced about
+the same time, (1784 or '5) but the present buildings were put up at a
+much later date. The north barracks were built soon after the
+settlement. The buildings known as the south barracks were erected under
+the directions of the Duke of Kent, as also the north barracks,
+destroyed by fire some years ago.
+
+During the revolutionary war the main guard house stood on the spot now
+occupied by the Mason Hall. It was used as a military post at a very
+early period, as the French prisoners from Annapolis, etc., were lodged
+there. The guard house was removed over ninety years ago, and the
+present building afterwards erected.
+
+A building called the Military Office stood at the south corner of the
+market wharf, near where the main guard house now is. It was used as a
+military office until 1790, or perhaps later. At this time a guard was
+kept at the Prince's old playhouse, where the Acadian School now stands.
+
+The house lately owned by Capt. Maynard, where the Trinity Chapel now
+stands, in Jacob Street, was a barrack as early as 1769. It was the site
+of one of the old block-house forts erected at the first settlement. It
+continued to bear the name of the Grenadier Fort until removed to make
+room for the present brick edifice known as Trinity Church.
+
+The old wooden fortifications were removed from Citadel Hill about the
+time Prince Edward was Commander-in-Chief.
+
+The hill had been cut down and ramparts of earth constructed mounting
+five or six guns at each angle, with a deep ditch. There were also
+covered ways and passages leading into the fort; willow trees were
+planted round the ramparts, and the whole was surrounded by a picket
+fence. The remains of this work were removed at the commencement of the
+present fortifications. Much of the old work was performed by the
+militia drafts from the country, embodied at Halifax at the close of the
+last century, particularly in 1793, during Sir John Wentworth's
+administration, and at subsequent periods. The Maroon negroes from
+Jamaica were for a short time engaged on these works.
+
+The towers on George's Island,[91] Point Pleasant, the East Battery,
+Meager's Beach and York Redoubt were built at the commencement of the
+present century. The Prince established signal stations between Halifax
+and Annapolis, the first post being on the hill behind his residence on
+Bedford Basin. He levelled the ground called the Grand Parade, and it is
+said, built the walls at the north-east and south-west angles. The Chain
+Battery at Point Pleasant was first constructed, it is said, by Lord
+Colville, in or about 1761. The present ring bolts were put down the war
+of 1812-15. The old block house at Fort Needham and that on the hill
+above Philip Bayers' farm on the road leading to the Basin, called the
+Blue Bell Road, were built during the American Revolution, and
+re-constructed during the Prince's time. They were there in 1820, but
+soon after fell into decay, being composed of square timber only. All
+the other block houses had disappeared many years previous to that date.
+The building used as an army hospital, which stood on the north slope of
+Citadel Hill, in rear of the north barracks, since destroyed by fire,
+was erected as the town residence of Edward, Duke of Kent, when
+commander of the forces. The low range of buildings since used as
+barrack stores and as a military library, were his stables and offices.
+His residence was a very elegant building with a portico supported by
+Corinthian pillars in front, all which remained for many years after it
+became an hospital. About the same time he built his villa on the Basin,
+the ruins of which were to be seen a few years ago. The Rotunda, or band
+room, still remains. The lands where the buildings stood were the
+property of Sir John Wentworth, the Governor, to whom he left it on his
+removal from the garrison. The old Rockingham Inn was his guard house,
+since burned down.
+
+[Footnote 91: Lately removed.]
+
+In the year 1765 there were two hospitals in the north suburbs, near
+the beach at the foot of Cornwallis Street, called the Red and Green
+Hospitals. They were there in 1785. One stood on the site of the present
+North Country or Keating's Market, the other on property now owned by
+the heirs of late H. H. Cogswell.
+
+Until the year 1780 the streets of the town were in a very rough
+condition, and some of them least frequented were impassable for
+carriages, from stumps of trees and rocks. As early as 1761, there was a
+good road to Point Pleasant;--it was a continuation of Water Street, and
+said to have passed through or near the present Lumber Yard grounds,
+following the shore of the harbor.
+
+In 1764 the people of the north suburbs applied to the Governor and
+Council to call their settlement Gottingen. The name soon fell into
+disuse; the main street obtained the name of Brunswick Street, the rear
+street only retaining that of Gottingen.
+
+The first Government House was erected soon after the town was laid out;
+the frame and materials were brought from Boston, and the apartments
+prepared for the reception of the Governor early in October. He held a
+council there on the 14th of that month. It was a small low building of
+one story, surrounded by hogsheads of gravel and sand, on which small
+pieces of ordnance were mounted for its defence. It stood in the centre
+of the square now occupied by the Province Building. About the year 1757
+or '8, this little cottage was removed to give place to a more spacious
+and convenient residence. It was sold and drawn down to the corner of
+George Street and Bedford Row, opposite the south-west angle of the City
+Court House, and again, about 1775, removed to the beach and placed at
+the corner of the street leading to the steam boat landing, where it
+remained until 1832, when the present building, occupied lately by
+Thomas Laidlaw, was erected on the site. The new Government House was
+built during the time of Governor Lawrence. Lord William Campbell built
+a ball room at one end, and several other improvements were made to the
+building by subsequent governors. It was surrounded by a terrace neatly
+sodded and ornamented. The building was of wood, two stories high. The
+office of Capt. Bulkeley, the Secretary, stood at the north-east angle
+of the square inside the rails. Prince Edward resided in this house with
+Governor Wentworth in 1798. This old house was pulled down about the
+commencement of the present century and the materials sold to Mr. John
+Trider, Sr., who used them in the construction of the building on the
+road leading to the tower at the head of Inglis Street, formerly owned
+by Colonel Bazelgette, and afterwards the residence of the late Mr.
+George Whidden.
+
+St. Paul's Church is now, perhaps, the oldest building remaining in
+Halifax. It was erected at the expense of government in the year 1749,
+and was esteemed one of the best constructed wooden buildings in
+America. The oak frame and materials were brought from Boston, and the
+building was ready for divine service by the autumn of 1750. It received
+an addition to the north end with a new steeple somewhat similar to the
+old one in the year 1812. The first sermon was preached in this building
+by the Rev. Mr. Tutty[92] on 2nd September, 1750. It remained in nearly
+all respects as at its first erection until certain late alterations
+have changed its appearance, particularly an addition to the south end
+from which the fine old altar window, with its Doric pillars and small
+panes has been removed to make way for a large Gothic window full of
+painted glass, altogether incompatible with the architecture of the
+building itself. The old escutcheons in the galleries have been
+permitted to remain. The walls below are covered with monuments and
+tablets recording the deaths of governors, military commanders, who fell
+during the old American and French wars, and not a few of our leading
+citizens. The most conspicuous are those of Governors Sir John
+Wentworth, Wilmot, Lawrence, and Sir John Harvey, Capt. Evans of the
+ship Charleston, who was killed off the coast of Cape Breton in defence
+of a convoy against a superior French force, Lord Charles Montague, late
+Governor of Georgia, who died of fatigue after a journey in winter from
+Quebec to Halifax by land, the Right Rev. Charles Inglis, first Bishop
+of Nova Scotia, and his son Dr. John Inglis, third Bishop of the
+Diocese, Baron De Seitz, who commanded the Hessian troops in the old
+war, General McLean, the Hon. Richard Bulkeley, Attorney General
+Uniacke, with a number of others of lesser note. The first organ was
+purchased, partly by private subscription, during the incumbency of Dr.
+Breynton, about 1765. It was replaced by a new one about 1829, but the
+old case of Spanish walnut was preserved.[93]
+
+[Footnote 92: Mr. Tutty usually officiated on the parade in the open air
+until the church was sufficiently advanced to enable him to hold service
+in it.]
+
+[Footnote 93: This organ has been lately removed to Trinity Chapel, in
+Jacob Street.]
+
+The old German church of St. George, in Brunswick Street, bears the date
+1760 on its spire. It was originally erected by private subscription
+among the German settlers of the north suburbs in or about the year 1752
+or '3. After the removal of the Germans to Lunenburg there were but
+fifteen families of Germans remaining in the north suburbs. This small
+congregation, not knowing any English, erected the building on the
+German burial ground as a school house and chapel. The present steeple
+was erected in 1760, and the following year the building was dedicated
+as a church by Dr. Breynton of St. Paul's, after which the congregation
+followed the forms of the Church of England. Dr. Breynton on that
+occasion preached in German and in French, after which he addressed the
+congregation in English. In 1783 Rev. Bernard Houzeal, a Lutheran
+minister, came to Halifax among the Loyalists from New York and, having
+been ordained a minister of the Church of England by the Bishop of
+London, became the minister of St. George's, receiving a stipend from
+the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign parts. He died
+about the close of the last century, a few years after the present round
+church, known as St. George's, was erected, and Mr. Gray was appointed
+to the charge, after which service in the old church was discontinued.
+It was then appropriated as a school house. About the year 1833 or '4 it
+underwent a thorough repair which was superintended by several persons
+in the parish who were descendants of the original German settlers.
+
+Old St. Matthew's was coeval with the first settlement of Halifax.
+Governor Cornwallis assigned a lot at the south-west corner of Prince
+and Hollis Streets for a dissenting meeting house in 1749. It was built
+soon after at the expense of government, and was called Mather's Church
+in compliment to the memory of Dr. Cotton Mather, the celebrated New
+England Congregationalist divine, by the dissenters then in the town,
+who were principally from New England and of that denomination. The Rev.
+Aaron Cleveland, from New England, was the first minister who officiated
+in this building. The Presbyterians from Scotland and the North of
+Ireland, having become numerous in the town, soon amalgamated with the
+American dissenters, and gradually obtained exclusive possession of the
+building, after which it received the appellation of St. Matthew's
+Church. The late Rev. Mr. Russell, father of the late George N. Russell,
+of Halifax, officiated there for some time after it became Presbyterian.
+Dr. Archibald Gray was the officiating minister there for about twenty
+years; he was succeeded by Rev. Ebenezer Renny, Rev. Mr. Knox, and
+finally by Rev. John Scott, the last minister who preached in the old
+building which was burned in the great fire which destroyed a
+considerable portion of Hollis Street, on New Year's day, 1859. The lot
+of land on which it stood was, some years after, sold to Doull & Miller,
+who erected there a large stone warehouse, which is one of the neatest
+and most substantial buildings in the city.
+
+The first market house occupied the site of the brick building lately
+used for the City Courts and offices. It was built soon after the
+settlement. A balcony ran along the lower side which was used by
+merchants, etc., as a public promenade. About the commencement of the
+present century the remains of this old building were removed to make
+way for the brick edifice. The upper portion of the new building was let
+as a public coffee house; the large room now used as a City Council
+Chamber was appropriated for public meetings, festivals, etc., and the
+south end, above the police office, was occupied for many years as the
+Exchange or Merchants' Reading Room.
+
+The first court house in Halifax, as before mentioned, stood at the
+corner of Buckingham and Argyle Streets, where Northup's store and
+country market stood later. Chief Justice Belcher held his court there
+in 1755, and the first Representative Assembly held their session there
+in 1758. It was destroyed by fire about the year 1783. Chief Justice
+Belcher resided in the old house in Argyle Street to the north of the
+old Methodist meeting house, formerly owned by the Rev. William Black,
+Methodist minister. This building, at the time of its removal, was one
+of the very few old buildings then remaining in the town. It was taken
+down some years ago and a range of shops and a market house now occupy
+its site. The old Zoar chapel, the cradle of Methodism in Halifax, has
+been lately turned into shops.
+
+The stone house at the corner of Prince and Argyle Streets, opposite the
+south-west angle of St. Paul's Church, was originally built by the Hon.
+Richard Bulkeley, the first Provincial Secretary, and was his residence
+for many years. It was purchased by the Hon. H. H. Cogswell about 1818,
+and since his death has undergone extensive alterations to render it
+suitable for a public hotel. It is known as the Carlton House. There is
+an old house still standing on the western side of Grafton Street, in
+Letter ----, Forman's Division, which was the residence of William
+Nesbitt, the Attorney General of Nova Scotia and Speaker of the
+Assembly, in 1760. After the death of Mr. Nesbitt, towards the end of
+the last century, it fell to his daughter, Mrs. Swann. This old lady
+died there nearly 80 years ago and the property was afterwards sold. The
+street was cut down about 50 years since and a story or breast work was
+erected on the street under this little old cottage which may yet be
+seen projecting from the main building, presenting the appearance of a
+balcony. The residence of Richard Gibbons, formerly Attorney General,
+stood at the corner of Buckingham and Grafton Streets, formerly known as
+George Isles' corner; it was lately taken down and replaced by a range
+of brick buildings now owned by Mr. Maloney. This was also one of the
+remnants of the first settlement of the town. The building at the corner
+of Barrington and Sackville Streets, formerly occupied as the Halifax
+Grammar School, is also a very old building. The House of Assembly held
+its sittings there in 1765, perhaps earlier. After the court house was
+burned down the Supreme Court met there for several years. It was also
+used at one time for a guard house. It was devoted to the purpose of a
+school on the establishment of the Halifax Grammar School in 1785.
+
+Houses of entertainment were numerous and well kept at an early period.
+The Great Pontack was a large three-story building, erected by the Hon.
+John Butler, uncle to the late John Butler Dight, previous to 1757, at
+the corner of Duke and Water Streets, afterwards known as Michael
+Bennett's corner, now Cunningham's corner. It was the principal hotel in
+1764. In 1769 it was kept by John Willis. The town assemblies and other
+public entertainments were held at the Pontack in 1758.[94]
+
+[Footnote 94: Among the annual festivals of the old times, now lost
+sight of, was the celebration of St. Aspinquid's Day, known as the
+Indian Saint. St. Aspinquid appeared in the Nova Scotia almanacks from
+1774 to 1786. The festival was celebrated on or immediately after the
+last quarter of the moon in the month of May. The tide being low at that
+time, many of the principal inhabitants of the town, on these occasions,
+assembled on the shore of the North West Arm and partook of a dish of
+clam soup, the clams being collected on the spot at low water. There is
+a tradition that during the American troubles when agents of the
+revolted colonies were active to gain over the good people of Halifax,
+in the year 1786, were celebrating St. Aspinquid, the wine having been
+circulated freely, the Union Jack was suddenly hauled down and replaced
+by the Stars and Stripes. This was soon reversed, but all those persons
+who held public offices immediately left the grounds, and St. Aspinquid
+was never after celebrated at Halifax.]
+
+The Crown Coffee House, frequented by country people, was kept by
+William Fury in 1769 on the beach near the Dockyard. Jerusalem Coffee
+House occupied the northern extremity of the block near the Ordnance
+Yard, opposite Collins' wharf, between Hollis Street and Collins' stone
+stores. It was built by the Hon. Thomas Saul as a private residence
+about 1753 and afterwards occupied by the Hon. Alexander Brymer; some of
+the rooms were highly finished and ornamented with carved work, and the
+whole establishment was on a scale beyond any other private residence in
+the place. It was let out for a coffee house about 1789, or perhaps
+earlier. This old building was destroyed by fire in 1837. The present
+stone store known as the Jerusalem Warehouse occupies the site of the
+old mansion.
+
+Public Gardens were much in fashion between 1753 and '80. Adlam's garden
+was an extensive enclosure south of the Citadel, near the present
+Artillery Park and south barracks. It was opened to the public,
+contained a pavilion and a great variety of fruit trees and shrubs. The
+Artillery Park was then kept on the Grand Parade; the Artillery Barracks
+stood in a line with the late engine house; the Parade was not levelled
+at that time; a foot path from George Street passed through the centre,
+and the descent at the north-east corner was very abrupt.[95] Spring
+Garden was another place of public resort in 1768. At this time there
+was a Provincial Gardener, who received an allowance of £32 10s. per
+annum.[96] About 1764, Mr. Joseph Gerrish, of His Majesty's Dockyard,
+laid out an extensive garden in the north suburbs and imported fruit
+trees at great expense. This was a private enclosure, extending from
+Lockman Street to the beach, south of the Dockyard; his dwelling house
+stood in the centre and faced the harbor. Part of the old wall, a year
+or two since, was to be seen in Lockman Street. The old Governor's
+gardens, west of the English burying ground, were well kept up for about
+30 years. There was a large summer house in the centre.
+
+[Footnote 95: Whether there was a passage for carriages across the
+Parade does not appear; probably not, as it was used for a public parade
+ground in 1749.]
+
+[Footnote 96: Probably employed at the Governor's gardens.]
+
+Mr. Grant, the victualling agent, had a large fruit garden south of
+Government House, where St. Matthew's Manse now stands, extending from
+Hollis to Pleasant Streets. It was surrounded by a stone wall.
+Ornamental trees were, at an early period, very numerous in the suburbs,
+particularly in the south, and tended much to the beauty and comfort of
+the town. The poplar trees which stood in front of the residence of the
+late James Kerby and others, in Brunswick Street, and the willows on the
+eastern side of the street, near the round church, are within the
+recollection of many of the old inhabitants. The fine old willow trees
+which occupied both sides of Argyle Street near the residence of the
+late Attorney General Uniacke, those at the south end of Hollis Street,
+near the Lumber Yard, and those around St. Paul's Church, are also still
+within the recollection of many. These trees were all cut down by the
+Commissioners of Streets in 1829 and 1830, because they grew on the side
+paths and were therefore deemed an encroachment on the public highway.
+Halifax was thus denuded of its shady walks by the gentlemen of taste
+who constituted the Commissioners of Streets at that period. Within the
+last few years several attempts have been made to re-produce trees on
+the sidewalks, but with partial success, there being no protection
+afforded to them by the city authorities.
+
+Before the year 1760, the houses were generally built of square and
+round timber, some with small pickets placed upright between the stubs
+of the frame, and the whole covered over with clap boards; they were
+usually of one story with a hipped roof, the shops and half doors with
+no glass, swinging signs, and wooden shutters opening downwards, on
+which goods were exposed for sale. Several of these old houses were in
+existence in 1850, windows and doors being altered.
+
+In 1768 and '77, there were lamp posts at all the principal corners,
+the town being then lighted at the public expense.
+
+The Dutch in the north suburbs usually built with the ends of their
+houses to the street; those of the better sort had ornamental windows
+and heavy cornices with weathercocks, One or two of these old houses
+were to be seen in Brunswick Street about thirty-five years ago. Among
+the old houses which have now disappeared was one which stood in the
+field opposite the lower wharf, near Point Pleasant; it was built about
+1770, and occupied by General Fanning about 1783.
+
+A year or two after the settlement Mr. Gerrish built several small stone
+houses near the tower; the clearance east of the pine woods is still to
+be seen; they were occupied for a short time by the settlers from the
+north of Ireland who went to Cobequid.
+
+A large wooden building stood in the centre of the enclosure now
+occupied by Government House, built before the American Revolution, and
+used as a residence for field officers and other military purposes. The
+public hospital stood on part of the land now occupied by Government
+House to the north of the present house; it was afterwards sold;
+probably the spot on which St. Matthew's church now stands.
+
+The first jail stood where the late Mr. Robert Brown's house in Hollis
+Street stood, opposite the Halifax Hotel; the jail was kept there till
+1787, or thereabouts. In 1777, the Provost Marshal was suspended from
+his office in consequence of the repeated escape of prisoners from this
+building.
+
+In 1752, government purchased a small stone house built by Col. Horseman
+for a prison, probably a military one; this was near where St. Mary's
+Cathedral now stands.
+
+One remnant of the first settlement, now forgotten, was an old hardwood
+tree which stood on the beach, just above high water mark, at the corner
+of the Market Slip; this tree was used as a public gallows from 1749,
+and was there within the recollection of one or two aged persons living
+in 1825; it was cut down about 1763, but the stump remained until 1784
+or '5.
+
+The progress of crime between 1749 and '54, was perhaps less rapid than
+might have been expected among a population of 5,000 or 6,000, composed
+of such materials. During the first five years there were fifty
+criminal trials on record, many convictions for grand larceny, which was
+then the subject of capital punishment. After the appointment of Chief
+Justice Belcher, convictions were less frequent; most of the executions,
+as in the time of the general court, were for stealing or receiving
+stolen goods.
+
+The Dockyard was first established at Halifax in 1758. It was extended
+and improved in 1769. The date over the gate is 1770. The walls have
+since undergone several renewals.
+
+The Town Clock was erected early in the present century jointly by the
+garrison and the town. The merchants of Halifax raised a subscription
+towards the object. It was placed at the head of George Street for the
+convenience of the inhabitants. It was managed by the garrison. The late
+James Dechman, senior, was keeper, and resided in the clock for many
+years; he died about 1829 or 1830.
+
+According to the plan of the town made by Col. Desbarres in 1779 or '80,
+and published in his nautical charts in 1781, there was a nine-gun
+battery about where the Ordnance wharf now is, and the five-gun battery
+a little to the north, but on an angle with the other. Gerrish's wharf,
+since known as Marchington's wharf, was immediately north of the
+five-gun battery, and Joshua Mauger's wharf at the foot of Jacob Street.
+Proctor's wharf appears to have been situated near where Cunard's old
+wharf now is. The old market wharf, known as Fredericks' wharf, and
+afterwards as Beamish's wharf, was as at present. Fillis' wharf appears
+to have been that now known as Mitchell's, south of the Queen's Wharf.
+Terrance Fitzpatrick's wharf was situated about the spot now occupied by
+Esson & Boak's wharf. Crawley's was to the south of the latter, and
+Collier's about where Pryor's wharf now is.
+
+There was a battery at the Commissioners' point at the south end of the
+Dockyard, and the storekeeper's wharf ran out to the south of the
+Commissioners' point somewhere, apparently, in the vacant space between
+the Dockyard and West's property. Joshua Mauger's Distillery was
+situated between the Dockyard and the present hospital grounds. Guns
+were mounted on the careening wharf. Three batteries with ditches and
+enclosures were formed by Col. Spry, Chief Engineer, on the lower side
+of Brunswick Street; one on the corner of Brunswick and North Streets,
+one on the south corner of Dockyard Lane, and the other down Gerrish
+Street below the Dutch burial ground. It was generally understood that
+these works were on the opposite or western side of Brunswick Street,
+but Desbarres' plan places them on the east side. The works on Citadel
+Hill appear to consist of a small enclosure, but no regular
+fortifications appear.
+
+
+EARLY PRINTING IN HALIFAX.
+
+In 1751 printing was first introduced into Nova Scotia. The first press
+was established at Halifax, and there was not a second in the province
+until 1766. Bartholomew Green, Jr., was the grandson of Samuel Green, of
+Cambridge, Massachusetts, and was of the firm of Green, Bushell & Allen,
+of Boston. He removed to Halifax with a press and type in August, 1751.
+He died about six weeks after his arrival, 52 years of age.
+
+John Bushell, who had been the partner of Green in Boston, immediately
+succeeded him in Halifax. He printed for the government, and in March,
+1752,[97] published the first newspaper printed in Nova Scotia. The work
+for government was inconsiderable, but was the chief support of Bushell.
+He was a good workman but had not the art of acquiring property, nor did
+he make the most economical use of the little which fell into his hands.
+Bushell died in February, 1761. The proclamation published by Governor
+Lawrence in 1758 for the settlement of the French lands on the Basin of
+Minas was printed by John Bushell. Anthony Henry succeeded Bushell as a
+printer at Halifax. He was a German, and had lived some time with a
+printer, but had left his master and became a fifer in one of the
+provincial regiments. With this regiment he came to Nova Scotia, but
+some time after obtained his discharge. There was then no printer in the
+province, and his pretensions to skill in this art greatly facilitated
+his release from the army. There appears, however, to have been a
+printing office at Halifax in March, 1756, conducted by one Isaac Ourry.
+Henry began business with the press and type which had been used by
+Bushell. He published the Gazette. The government, through necessity,
+gave him some work which was badly executed. This paper was edited for
+some time by the Hon. Richard Bulkeley, Secretary of the Province.
+
+[Footnote 97: See Thomas' History of Printing in America.]
+
+In 1766 a printer with a new and good apparatus came from London and
+opened another printing house. He published a newspaper and was employed
+by government. Henry, who had been inattentive to his affairs, did not
+despond at the prospects of a rival, but, much to his credit, exerted
+himself and did better than before. After a few years' trial, his rival,
+not finding the business so profitable, nor place agreeable, sold out
+his paper, and Henry was again the only printer in the province. He
+procured new type and a workman better skilled than himself. His
+printing from this time was executed in a more workmanlike manner. He
+remained without another rival until the British army evacuated Boston,
+in March, 1776, when the printers in that town who adhered to the Royal
+cause were obliged to leave that place, and they, with other refugees,
+came to Halifax. Henry continued printing until his death. He possessed
+a fund of good nature, and was of a very cheerful disposition. He died
+December, 1800, aged 66 years.
+
+Robert Fletcher arrived at Halifax from London in 1760, with new
+printing materials and a valuable collection of books and stationery. He
+opened a book store and printing house near the parade, published a
+newspaper and printed for the government. Until this time there had been
+no book store in the province. Fletcher executed his printing with
+neatness, and raised the reputation of the art in Nova Scotia. He
+remained in Halifax until 1770, then sent his printing materials to
+Boston for sale and went into other business.
+
+Alexander and James Robertson, who had been printers in New York,
+Norwich and Albany, went to Shelburne, in Nova Scotia, in 1783, where
+they printed a newspaper. John Howe began printing in Halifax in 1776,
+and was publisher of the Gazette in 1801. Howe commenced the Halifax
+Journal in 1780. In 1790 his office was at the corner of Sackville and
+Barrington Streets. This paper was afterwards purchased and carried on
+by John Munro; his office was where Mr. Kenny's new stone building now
+is, at the corner of George and Granville Streets. The weekly Chronicle
+was set on foot by William Minns, a Loyalist settler, in 1786, and was
+continued until 1828. Mr. Minns kept a stationer's shop in Barrington
+Street, below the parade. This paper had the Star and Garter at its
+heading.
+
+Henry's printing office was in Grafton Street, in rear of the residence
+of the late Attorney General Richard John Uniacke, where his descendants
+resided for many years. There was another printing office in the same
+street, further north, which is represented in the engraving of the town
+in 1776 with a steeple surmounted by a hand holding a pen.
+
+After the peace of 1784, printing found its way into the Province of New
+Brunswick.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+
+The following short sketch of some of the persons who took a lead in
+establishing the Colony, has been compiled chiefly from public records:
+
+The Honorable Edward Cornwallis, the first Governor and
+Commander-in-Chief, was a younger son of Charles, third Baron Cornwallis
+by Lady Charlotte Butler, daughter of Richard, Earl of Arran and uncle
+to the celebrated Duke of Ormonde. He was born in 1713, was member of
+Parliament for the borough of Eye in 1749, and was elected member for
+the city of Westminster in 1753, shortly after he returned from Halifax.
+He married the same year, a daughter of the late Lord Townshend, but
+left no children. He was afterwards raised to the rank of Major General
+and appointed Governor of Gibraltar. General Cornwallis was twin brother
+of Dr. Frederick Cornwallis, Archbishop of Canterbury.
+
+The gentlemen who composed the first Council were Paul Mascarene, Edward
+How, John Gorham, Benjamin Green, John Salisbury and Hugh Davidson.
+
+Col. Mascarene was a native of Castras in the south of France, was born
+in the year 1684. His parents were Huguenots and were compelled to fly
+from their native country on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes when
+all Protestants were driven from France. He made his way to Geneva at
+the age of 12, where he received his education. He afterwards went to
+England, where he received a commission in the British army in 1708. He
+was appointed Captain in 1710 and ordered to America, where he joined
+the regiment raised in New England for the taking of Port Royal. He was
+at the capture of Annapolis Royal that year, and was for some time
+commander of the garrison as senior major of the regiment. On the death
+of Colonel Armstrong he became Lieutenant-Colonel of the regiment under
+General Phillips, and was third on the list of councillors in 1720, when
+the first Council was organized in Nova Scotia. In 1740 he was
+appointed Lieut.-Governor of the fort, and administrated the government
+of the Province until the arrival of Cornwallis in 1749. He remained in
+command at Annapolis after the settlement at Halifax, and was
+subsequently engaged as agent of the British Government in arranging
+treaties with the Indians of New England and Acadia in 1751. He retired
+from active duties and died a Major General in the British army at
+Boston, on 20th January 1760. He left a son and daughter. His son was
+said to be living in New England in 1835, at a very advanced age. The
+late Judge Foster Hutchinson, of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia and
+the late Deputy Commissary General William Handfield Snelling, were his
+grandsons. His great-grandson, Mr. W. Snelling Stirling, has his
+portrait, painted by Smybert of Boston about 1725.
+
+Benjamin Green was a native of the province of Massachusetts, born in
+1713, youngest son of the Rev. Joseph Green, minister of Salem, Mass.,
+and graduate of Harvard College. He was brought up as a merchant under
+his elder brother Joseph in Boston. In 1737 he married a daughter of the
+Honorable Joseph Pierce of Portsmouth. He accompanied General Pepperal
+to Louisburg in 1745, as Secretary to the expedition. After the capture
+of that place by the Provincial army, he remained there as Government
+Secretary and manager of the finances until Cape Breton was restored to
+the French, when he removed with his family to Halifax, and was
+appointed to the Council by Governor Cornwallis in July 1749. After the
+removal of Mr. Davidson he acted as Secretary of the province. He held
+several other important public offices, among which were those of
+Treasurer and Judge of the Court of Vice-Admiralty. On the death of
+Governor Wilmot in 1766, Mr. Green being then senior councillor, was
+appointed Administrator of the Government. He died at Halifax in 1772,
+in the 59th year of his age. His eldest son Benjamin succeeded him as
+Treasurer of the province. Benjamin Green, Junior, was father of
+Lieutenant William Green of the Navy, and Joseph Green and Henry Green
+of Lawrencetown, the latter left descendants at Lawrencetown. The second
+son of Governor Green was many years sheriff of Halifax, and having
+married a Boston lady, afterwards removed to that place. His daughter
+was married to Mr. Stephen H. Binney, son of Jonathan Binney of Halifax,
+whose descendants are numerous.
+
+John Salisbury was brother to Dr. Thomas Salisbury, the eminent civil
+lawyer in London. Lord Halifax was his friend and patron, and sent him
+out with Governor Cornwallis as one of his suite. He does not appear to
+have taken any active part in the settlement. He married a Miss Cotton,
+who brought him a fortune of £10,000, which he spent in extravagance and
+dissipation. He returned to England in 1753, and died at Offley, the
+county seat of his relative Sir Thomas Salisbury in 1762. His only
+daughter was the celebrated Mrs. Thrale, the friend of Dr. Johnson,
+afterwards married to a Mr. Piozzi.
+
+Hugh Davidson also came out with Governor Cornwallis. He was the first
+Provincial Secretary; he returned to England in 1750 under charges of
+trading in the supplies and stores for the settlers. Governor Cornwallis
+in his letters to the Board of Trade, thought him innocent of the main
+charges made against him.
+
+Captain Edward How was a member of His Majesty's Council at Annapolis in
+1744. He was with Col. Noble at the affair at Minas and Grand Pre in
+1747, where he was severely wounded and taken prisoner by the French
+under DeCorne. He came down from Annapolis with Governor Mascarene in
+June 1749, and was sworn in a member of Cornwallis' first Council. He
+was well acquainted with the language of the Indians and their manners,
+and was sent on a negotiation to the French and Indians at Beaubasin in
+1751, where he was treacherously murdered by the enemy, though acting
+under a flag of truce, having been shot through the back from the bush.
+The French officers denied having anything to do with this disgraceful
+affair, and charged it on Mr. LeLutre, the Indian missionary, who it was
+said was jealous of Mr. How's influence with the Micmacs. His widow
+afterwards petitioned the government for pecuniary aid, in consequence
+of her husband's services, and for money advanced by him for public
+service. The late Richard W. How, captain in the 81st regiment, formerly
+of Halifax, was his grandson.
+
+Colonel John Goreham was a native of Massachusetts; he was with General
+Pepperal at the siege of Louisburg in 1745, as Lieutenant-Colonel of his
+father's regiment raised in Massachusetts. He afterwards had command of
+a company of Rangers at Annapolis and came down to Chebucto with his
+rangers to meet Governor Cornwallis in 1749. He took precedence next to
+Governor Mascarene at the council board. He is styled Captain Goreham by
+Mascarene and by Cornwallis in his commissions and correspondence. That
+of Lieutenant-Colonel was probably militia rank only. It is probable he
+returned to Boston soon after the settlement was formed as his name does
+not appear on the Council books after 1752. He had a brother, Joseph
+Goreham, who was also a member of Council in 1766; he afterwards
+attained the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in the British army. He was
+engaged in the border skirmishes on the isthmus from 1754 to about 1758,
+and was afterwards appointed Commandant at Newfoundland.
+
+Lieutenant-Colonels Horseman, Ellison and Merser, who were afterwards
+appointed to the Council, were the officers in command of the regiments
+which came from Louisburg. They all retired soon after to England.
+
+Charles Lawrence was a Major in Warburton's Regiment of Infantry. He
+came up with the army and was engaged during 1749 and '50 in the French
+wars at Cobequid. He acted as Brigadier General under Amherst at
+Louisburg; he was a member of the Council and sworn in Governor of the
+Province on the death of Governor Hobson; the first assembly was
+convened during his administration, (2nd October, 1758); he died
+unmarried on 11th October, 1759, it is said of an inflammation, caused
+by overheating himself at a ball at Government House; he was deeply
+respected by the whole community, and the Legislative Assembly caused a
+monument to be erected to his memory in St. Paul's church "from a
+grateful sense of the many important services which the Province had
+received from him during a continued course of zealous and indefatigable
+endeavors for the public good, and a wise, upright, and disinterested
+administration." This monument has now disappeared from St. Paul's
+Church. His escutcheon remains in the East Gallery. Lawrence, though an
+active and zealous governor, by his desire to favor the officers of
+Government with a partiality for his military friends, brought on
+himself an organized opposition from the leading inhabitants of the
+town, who petitioned the Home Government for redress of their
+grievances, which they in a great measure attributed to the Governor and
+his Lieutenant Colonel Monckton. His resistance to the desire to call a
+Legislative Assembly was among the chief charges against him. His death
+shortly after the petition put an end to the difficulties. He was
+succeeded by Judge Belcher as Administrator of the Government.
+
+Charles Morris was a native of England; he was Captain of Provincials
+under General Pepperal at the siege of Louisburg in 1745. He had been
+engaged by Governor Shirley of Boston in a survey of the interior parts
+of Nova Scotia with a view to British colonization, in 1745. He also
+commanded one of the Provincial Companies sent to Minas under Colonel
+Noble in 1747. He was in Halifax in 1749, and in company with Mr. Bruce
+the Military Engineer laid out the town and peninsula. He was appointed
+to the Council in 1755. Though Surveyor General of the Province he acted
+for some time as Judge of the Supreme Court during the time of Chief
+Justice Belcher, which offices were both afterwards filled by his eldest
+son Charles. Captain Morris died in 1781, and was succeeded in the
+office of Surveyor General by his son Charles, whose son, the Hon.
+Charles Morris, also filled the same office and was a Member of Council
+in 1808. He was the father of John Spry Morris, Esq., afterwards
+Surveyor General, who was the fourth in succession who had charge of the
+Surveying Department in Nova Scotia. There are numerous descendants of
+Captain Morris in Halifax.
+
+Jonathan Belcher, the first Chief Justice, was a native of
+Massachusetts, son of the Governor of that province, of an eminent
+colonial family; he was appointed Chief Justice of Nova Scotia in 1754,
+when a young man, and administered the government on the death of
+Governor Lawrence; Chief Justice Belcher arranged and revised the laws
+as they appear on our first Statute Book, and rendered good assistance
+to Governor Lawrence in founding the settlements at Horton, Cornwallis,
+Falmouth, &c., in 1758, '9, and 1760. Judge Belcher died poor; the
+Legislature voted a provision to his only daughter. His son, the
+Honorable Andrew Belcher, was for many years a resident in Halifax and
+member of Council.
+
+Captain Wm. Cotterell was the first Provost Marshal or Sheriff, (there
+being no county divisions at this time). He was succeeded in that office
+in 1750 by Captain Foy, who held that situation many years, and received
+a small pension on his retirement. Mr. Cotterel afterwards acted as
+assistant Provincial Secretary.
+
+William Nisbett came out with Cornwallis in 1749 as one of the
+Governor's clerks. He practised as an attorney and solicitor. He was
+appointed Attorney General on the resignation of Mr. Little, which
+office he held for 25 years. He was one of the first representatives in
+the General Assembly of 1758, and was elected speaker on 4th December
+1759. He continued in the Chair of the House (with the intermission of
+one session when sick) until 1783, when he retired on a small pension
+and died the following year aged 83. In 1763 he declined a seat in the
+Council. During the period of his being Speaker, the House sat for 11
+years without being dissolved. The old house in which Mr. Nisbett
+resided situated in Grafton Street, Block letter E, Collins' division,
+mentioned in a former chapter, still remains, though much changed by the
+cutting down of the street many years ago. He left no male descendants.
+His daughter, Mrs. Swann, died in the old Grafton street house about 60
+years ago.
+
+Archibald Hinshelwood was one of Governor Cornwallis' clerks, and
+performed the duties of Deputy Secretary with Mr. Cotterell and others
+for many years. Most of the drafts of the letters sent to England by the
+first three Governors are in his handwriting. He was elected a member of
+Assembly for Lunenburg in 1759 and again in 1765. Lord William Campbell
+the Governor appointed him to the Council in 1773, but he died before
+taking his seat. His property on Argyle Street after occupied by the
+City Water office fell to his nephew, (he having no children), who left
+two sons in the navy, both of whom died young. The old property was sold
+about 60 years since and purchased by Mr. W. A. Black, who resided there
+many years.
+
+Otis Little was Captain of one of the New England Independent Companies.
+He was probably a native of England. Being in England in 1749, he came
+out with Governor Cornwallis, who appointed him Commissary of Stores,
+from which office he was dismissed on suspicion of having traded in the
+supplies for the settlers. He acted as first Attorney General of the
+Colony, and was probably a lawyer by profession. He was the author of a
+well-written pamphlet on the resources of Nova Scotia, written in 1748,
+with a view to encouraging British emigration to the province. Capt.
+Little left a daughter, who died unmarried at Halifax early in the
+present century.
+
+John Baptiste Moreau, designated gentleman and schoolmaster in the book
+of the settlers, had been originally a Roman Catholic priest, and Prior
+of the Abbey of St. Matthew at Breste. He joined the expedition under
+Cornwallis in 1749, and went to Lunenburg with the settlers in 1752. He
+received ordination as a clergyman of the Church of England in 1750, and
+officiated to his countrymen and the Germans in the County of Lunenburg,
+where he died much esteemed and regretted in the year 1770. He left a
+son, Cornwallis Moreau, who was the first male child born in Halifax,
+and was called Cornwallis after the Governor. This old man was living at
+La Have, in Lunenburg County, in the year 1848, being nearly 100 years
+of age. He received pecuniary assistance from the Nova Scotia
+Philanthropic Society in that year.
+
+Doctor John Breynton came up from Louisburg with the army, where he had
+been acting Chaplain to the Forces. He succeeded Mr. Tutty at St. Paul's
+in 1751 or 1752, in conjunction with Rev. Thomas Wood. Mr. Breynton was
+inducted Rector in 1758 or '9, under the provisions of the Statutes of
+the Province, and Mr. Wood acted as Curate or Vicar. After Mr. Wood's
+removal to Annapolis in 1763, Mr. Joshua Wingate Weeks, from New
+England, became assistant minister at St. Paul's. Dr. Breynton received
+his degree of D. D. in 1770. He died in 17--, and was succeeded at St.
+Paul's, as rector, by the Rev. Doctor Robert Stanser, afterwards Lord
+Bishop of the Diocese. Dr. Breynton was esteemed an eloquent preacher,
+and was in the habit of addressing the settlers in English, French and
+German.
+
+John Creighton was an officer in the army. He served in the Dragoons at
+the Battle of Fontenoy. Having been discharged at the peace of Aix la
+Chappelle, he was placed on half pay as Lieutenant of Warburton's
+Regiment of Infantry, and came out with the expedition in 1749. Mr.
+Creighton was sent to Maligash with Col. Lawrence in 1752 to assist in
+forming the settlement at Lunenburg, where he continued to reside until
+his death, which took place in 1807. He was Colonel of the Militia,
+Judge of the Common Pleas, and for some time a member of His Majesty's
+Council, to which he was appointed in 1776. Col. Creighton was a native
+of the South of England. He left numerous descendants in this country.
+His youngest son, Col. Joseph Creighton, half pay of 56th Regiment of
+foot, died at Halifax about 1854. His grandson, the Hon. John Creighton,
+of Lunenburg, was a member of the Legislative Council. Mr. James
+Creighton, the ancestor of the family of that name now in Halifax, came
+out with Col. Creighton. It does not appear there was any relationship
+between them. Mr. James Creighton became one of the most thriving and
+influential settlers in the town, and was the ancestor of one of our
+most numerous and estimable families. Col. Creighton's daughters
+married, one to the late Judge Wilkins and another to Hon. Hibbert N.
+Binney, both of whom have left numerous descendants.
+
+Perigrin Thomas Hopson, the second Governor at Halifax, was
+Commander-in-Chief at Louisburg when that place was delivered up to the
+French after the Treaty of Aix la Chappelle. He came up with the army
+and was sworn in a member of Council in August, 1749. He succeeded to
+the government on the resignation of Governor Cornwallis in August,
+1753. He did not remain long at Halifax. In 1757 he was gazetted a Major
+General, and in the following year was appointed to the command of the
+forces destined for the West Indies. He died before Guadaloupe a short
+time before the Island was captured.
+
+John Collier was a Captain in the army and Member of Council in 1752. He
+was appointed by Governor Cornwallis one of the magistrates of the town,
+and had command of a section of the militia; one of the divisions of the
+town being named after him. He died at Halifax in 1769. It is uncertain
+whether he left any descendants.
+
+Richard Bulkeley accompanied Governor Cornwallis to Nova Scotia as one
+of his A. D. C. in 1749. He was appointed Secretary of the Province in
+or about 1759, which office he held until 1793 when, on his retirement,
+he was succeeded by his son, Michael Freke Bulkeley, who died a few
+years after his appointment, 1796. Capt. Bulkeley was called to His
+Majesty's Council in 1759, and as Senior Councillor, he administered the
+government on the death of Governor Parr, in 1791. He held, at various
+times, the offices of Judge of Admiralty, Brigadier General of Militia,
+and Grand Master of the Masons. He died December 7th, 1800, at the age
+of 83, beloved and respected by all classes throughout the province. He
+was justly esteemed the father of the settlement, being the only person
+of consideration then living who came in 1749. He had been twice
+married. His first wife was a daughter of Capt. Rouse, R. N.; she died
+in 1775. He had three sons, all of whom died before him. His residence
+was at the corner of Prince and Argyle Streets, opposite the south-west
+corner of St. Paul's Church. The old stone house built by him still
+remains; it was for many years the residence of the late Hon. H. H.
+Cogswell, and is now known as the Carlton House. Mr. Bulkeley was buried
+under St. Paul's Church. His escutcheon, with the bull's head crest,
+hangs in the west gallery. The Hon. Richard Bulkeley was the only person
+who ever held the rank of General of Militia in this country.
+
+Capt. Horatio Gates was A. D. C. to Governor Cornwallis with Capt.
+Bulkeley. He had been in command of an independent company of
+provincials in New York in the year 1737. After his arrival in Halifax
+he was employed for a short time in the country against the Indians and
+French. In 1762 he was appointed A. D. C. to General Monckton, with the
+rank of Major, and accompanied him in the expedition against Martinique.
+Gates was afterwards better known as a General in the American
+Revolutionary Army. Sir Robert Walpole, in a letter dated 1778, says
+Gates was the son of a housekeeper of the Duke of Leeds. Sir Robert was
+his God-father.
+
+Jonathan Binney was a native of Hull, a small village near Boston. He
+came to Halifax shortly after the settlement was formed, and was engaged
+in business. He was elected a Member of Assembly for the town in 1761,
+and in 1764 was elevated to the Council. In 1768 he was sent to the
+Island of St. John (now Prince Edward Island) as Second Judge of the
+Local Court, and afterwards held the offices of Collector of the Revenue
+at Canso and Collector of Imports and Excise at St. John Island. He was
+charged with errors in his accounts by Mr. Legge, the Governor of the
+province, under which he went to England in 1776, where he completely
+refuted the charges made against him. Mr. Binney married Hannah,
+daughter of Mr. Henry Newton, a Member of Council, and is the ancestor
+of the whole Binney family now in Nova Scotia.
+
+Joseph Fairbanks was from Massachusetts. He was one of the
+representatives in the first House of Assembly, summoned in 1758. Mr.
+Fairbanks left no children. His nephew, the late Rufus Fairbanks, became
+heir to all his property in Halifax, which at the time of his death was
+very considerable. Mr. Rufus Fairbanks was for many years one of the
+magistrates of Halifax; he married a daughter of Charles Prescott,
+sister to the Hon. Charles Prescott, of the firm of Fairbanks & McNab;
+of Hon. Charles R. Fairbanks, many years a Member of Assembly for
+Halifax and Judge of Admiralty and Master of the Rolls, and of Samuel P.
+Fairbanks, formerly Member for Queens County, with other children.
+
+Benjamin and Joseph Gerrish were both from New England. The former was a
+member of His Majesty's Council, appointed in 1768, and Agent for Indian
+Affairs in 1760. The latter was many years Naval Storekeeper at Halifax.
+He was also a Member of Council. His appointment to the Board bears date
+August 16th, 1759, from which he was suspended in 1762 for
+non-attendance. He died at Halifax in 1774. Mr. Joseph Gerrish built a
+residence in the north suburbs, south of the Dockyard, between Lockman
+and Water Streets, and had a fruit garden, the old stone wall of which
+remained on the east side of Lockman Street until about 1835. One of
+these gentlemen carried on business for some years in company with Mr.
+Gray, who was connected with him by marriage. Mr. Gray was father of the
+late Rev. Dr. Benjamin Gerrish Gray, minister of St. George's, and
+afterwards Rector of Trinity, St. John, New Brunswick, who was succeeded
+by his son, the Rev. Dr. William Gray, lately deceased. He was also
+ancestor of Mr. Charles Gray, British Consul at Virginia. The Hon. John
+Gray, of St. John, New Brunswick, and Benjamin Gerrish Gray, Esq.,
+barrister at law, of Halifax, are their descendants; one the son of Mr.
+Charles Gray, the other of Dr. William Gray. A Mr. John Gray came out
+with Governor Cornwallis in 1749 as a Deputy Secretary; probably Mr.
+Gray who was in partnership with Gerrish was the same person.
+
+Major Leonard Lochman, (spelt wrongfully Lockman) was a German doctor
+and practised his profession in early life. He came out with the
+settlers in 1749 and resided in the north suburbs, where he built a
+residence for himself and had a large garden. This old house was lately
+pulled down. It stood on the upper side of Lockman Street and was built
+with a hipped or gamble roof. He received the rank of Major in the army
+for services performed to the British Government. He died at Halifax,
+and was buried under the little old Dutch Church, in Brunswick Street,
+where his escutcheon and monument with armorial bearings are still to be
+seen. The street between Brunswick Street and the water, which was laid
+out between the German lots, was named Lockman Street in compliment to
+the Major, who was for many years a leading man in Dutchtown. It is not
+known whether he left any descendants in the province.
+
+The names of Jonathan Prescott, Malachi Salter, Richard Gibbons, Lewis
+Piers and Otto William Schwartz appear among the principal inhabitants
+of the town in 1750. Mr. Salter was from New England, had been
+extensively engaged in the fishery, and had visited Chebucto Harbor in
+1744, five years before the settlement, while on a fishing voyage along
+the coast. Chebucto was the frequent resort of Cape Cod and Marblehead
+fishermen previous to the settlement. He was a Member of Assembly and
+Justice of the Peace for the town in 1759. The old house at the corner
+of Salter and Hollis Streets, afterwards the residence of the Hon. W.
+Lawson, and later of Mr. Esson, was built by Mr. Salter and was his
+place of residence for many years. During the American revolt, Mr.
+Salter, with several other gentlemen of the town, became suspected of
+treasonable correspondence. He was twice under prosecution, but on a
+full investigation nothing appeared to have been said or written by him
+of sufficient moment to warrant the charges. Mr. Salter was the ancestor
+of the family of that name now remaining in Halifax. He died at Halifax,
+in January, 1781, aged 65.
+
+Mr. Gibbons was acting Attorney General for several years, and a leading
+practitioner at the Bar of Halifax. His son, Richard Gibbons, died at
+Sydney, Cape Breton, at an advanced age, where his descendants are
+numerous. The old gamble-roofed house at the corner of Buckingham and
+Grafton Streets, known as Isles' corner, lately pulled down, was the
+residence of Mr. Gibbons.
+
+John Duport was the English Attorney. He came out with the settlers in
+June, 1749, and in July following was appointed a Justice of the Peace.
+In 1752 he was made Judge of the Inferior Court of Common Pleas. He
+performed the duties of Secretary of Council for many years. He was sent
+as a Judge to St. John's Island in 1770, and was afterwards Chief
+Justice of the Island. Mr. Duport left a daughter married to Mr. P.
+Skey, of Falmouth, and a son who was in the army and was father of Mr.
+Robert Duport, later an officer in the Purveyor's department of the
+British Army. Judge Duport was much esteemed, and appears to have been
+an active public servant during the first twenty years of the
+settlement.
+
+Joshua Mauger was an English trader, who had been connected with the
+government contracts at Louisburg, and appears to have resided in
+Halifax for the purpose of commerce only. In 1751 he held the office of
+Agent Victualler for the navy at Halifax. In 1754 he had shops
+established at Pisiquid (Windsor), Minas (Horton), and other places,
+where he sold goods and spirits to the French and Indians. He had still
+houses in Halifax where he made rum which he supplied to the troops and
+the navy. Mr. Mauger had some difficulties with Governor Cornwallis
+regarding illicit dealing. He went back to England about 1761, and was
+appointed Agent of the Province in London, which he resigned in the
+following year, having secured a seat in the British Parliament. He
+owned much property in and about Halifax. The beach at the entrance of
+the harbor, extending westerly from Cornwallis, now McNab's Island, was
+originally granted to Mr. Mauger, and still bears his name.
+
+Michael Franklin was a merchant from England who settled in Halifax
+about 1752 or 1753. He was elected a Member of Assembly in 1759, and
+appointed to His Majesty's Council in 1762. In 1766 he received the
+appointment of Lieut.-Governor of the Province, which he held until
+1776, when he again took his seat at the Council Board. Governor
+Franklin was a most active and esteemed public officer. His name appears
+connected with almost all the transactions of importance which occurred
+in the town from 1763 to 1780. During the American Revolt, his exertions
+in support of British authority while administering the government, were
+in a great measure instrumental in preserving the tranquility of the
+province. He married a daughter of Mr. Boteneau, of Boston, whose wife
+was a daughter of Peter Faneuil of that city. He left several children.
+The late James Boteneau Franklin, for many years Clerk of the House of
+Assembly, was his eldest son. Mrs. Fitzgerald Uniacke was his
+grand-daughter.
+
+Lewis Piers was a grand-son of Sir Henry Piers, 1st Bart. of Tristernagh
+Abbey, Ireland.
+
+The Hon. Thomas Saul was the wealthiest and most enterprising merchant
+from 1749 to 1760.
+
+The names of Benjamin Gerrish, Charles King, Henry Ferguson, Joseph
+Fairbanks, William Piggot, William Fury, James Grant, Jacob Hurd, Daniel
+Shatford, Samuel Sellon, Charles Mason, Lewis Piers and Robert Campbell
+appear on the lists of the Grand Jury between 1751 and 1754.
+
+The following names appear on the register of early settlers:--Richard
+Wenman, Thomas Keys, John Edes, John Gosbee, Ralph Coulston, Edward
+Orpen, John Christopher Laurilliard, Philip Knaut, Peter Burgman, Otto
+William Schwartz, John Jacob Preper, John Woodin, Andrew Wellner,
+Christopher Preper, Simon Thoroughgood.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDICES.
+
+
+
+
+A.
+
+
+The following is a copy of the advertisement which appeared in the
+London Gazette, March, 1749:
+
+                                      WHITEHALL, 7th March, 1749.
+
+A proposal having been presented unto His Majesty for the establishing a
+civil government in the Province of Nova Scotia, in North America, as
+also for the better peopling and settling the said province, and
+extending and improving the fishery thereof by granting lands within the
+same, and giving other encouragement to such of the officers and private
+men lately dismissed His Majesty's land and sea service, as shall be
+willing to settle in said province. And His Majesty having signed his
+royal approbation of the report of the said proposals, the Right
+Honorable the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations do, by His
+Majesty's command, give notice that proper encouragement will be given
+to such of the officers and private men lately dismissed His Majesty's
+land and sea service as are willing to accept of grants of land, and to
+settle with or without families, in Nova Scotia. That 50 acres of land
+will be granted in fee simple to every private soldier or seaman, free
+from the payment of any quit rents or taxes for the term of ten years;
+at the expiration whereof no person to pay more than one shilling per
+annum for every 50 acres so granted.
+
+That a grant of ten acres over and above the 50 will be made to each
+private soldier or seaman having a family for every person including
+women and children of which his family shall consist, and from the
+grants made to them on the like conditions as their families shall
+increase, or in proportion to their abilities to cultivate the same.
+
+That eighty acres on like conditions will be granted to every officer
+under the rank of Ensign in the land service, and that of Lieutenant in
+the sea service, and to such as have families, fifteen acres over and
+above the said eighty acres, for every person of which their family
+shall consist.
+
+That two hundred acres on like conditions will be granted to every
+Ensign, three hundred to every Lieutenant, four hundred to every
+Captain, and six hundred to every officer above the rank of Captain. And
+to such of the above mentioned officers as have families, a further
+grant of thirty acres will be made over and above their respective
+quotas for every person of which their family shall consist.
+
+That the lands will be parcelled out to the settlers as soon as
+possible after their arrival, _and a civil government established,
+whereby they will enjoy all the liberties, privileges and immunities
+enjoyed by his Majesty's subjects in any other of the Colonies and
+Plantations in America, under His Majesty's Government, and proper
+measures will also be taken for their security and protection_.
+
+That all such as are willing to accept of the above proposals shall,
+with their families, be subsisted during the passage, also for the space
+of twelve months after their arrival.
+
+That they shall be furnished with arms and ammunition as far as will be
+judged necessary for their defence, with a proper quantity of materials
+and utensils for husbandry, clearing and cultivating the lands, erecting
+habitations, carrying on the fishery, and such other purposes as shall
+be deemed necessary for their support.
+
+That all such persons as are desirous of engaging in the above
+settlement do transmit by letter, or personally give in their names
+signifying in what regiment or company, or on board what ship they last
+served, and if they have families they intend to carry with them,
+distinguishing the age and quality of such person to any of the
+following officers appointed to receive and enter the same in the books
+opened for that purpose, viz.:--John Pownell, Esq., Solicitor and Clerk
+of the Repts. of the Lords Comrs. of Trade and Plantations, at their
+office at Whitehall; John Ressell, Esq., Comr. of His Majesty's Navy at
+Portsmouth; Philip Vanburgh, Esq., Comr. of His Majesty's Navy at
+Plymouth.
+
+And the proper notice will be given of the said books being closed as
+soon as the intended number shall be completed, or at least on the 7th
+day of April.
+
+It is proposed that the Transports shall be ready to receive such
+persons on board on the 10th April, and be ready to sail on the 20th,
+and that timely notice will be given of the place or places to which
+such persons are to repair in order to embark.
+
+That for the benefit of the settlement, the same conditions which are
+proposed to private soldiers and seamen shall likewise be granted to
+Carpenters, Shipwrights, Smiths, Masons, Joiners, Brickmakers,
+Bricklayers, and all other artificers necessary in building or
+husbandry, not being private soldiers or seamen.
+
+That the same conditions as are proposed to those who have served in the
+capacity of Ensign shall extend to all Surgeons, whether they have been
+in His Majesty's service or not, upon their producing proper
+certificates of their being duly qualified.
+
+By order of the Right Hon. the Lords Comrs. of Trade and Plantations.
+
+                          (Signed)      THOMAS HILL, _Secretary_.
+
+
+
+
+B.
+
+
+The following notices appear in the Gazettes and Magazines of the day:
+
+                                  LONDON, Saturday, July 1, 1749.
+
+Three vessels came up the river with about 300 German Protestants, who
+were ordered to remain at Lambeth and Vauxhall till they can be
+conveniently shipped to Nova Scotia.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                                          Friday 21st July, 1749.
+
+A great number of German Protestants from the Palatinate attended the
+Baron Munchausen, Chief Secretary for Hanover, with a petition
+soliciting a passage to Nova Scotia.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                                     Wednesday, 12th April, 1749.
+
+A great number of disbanded soldiers, discharged sailors, poor
+artificers, labourers, etc., who have accepted of His Majesty's grant of
+lands in Nova Scotia, attended at the Plantation Office in Whitehall,
+and received orders for admission, with their families and effects, on
+board the transports.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                                       WHITEHALL, April 18, 1749.
+
+Lieut.-Col. Cornwallis made Colonel and Commander of the Forces destined
+for Nova Scotia, with a salary of £1000 per annum.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                                                     May 9, 1749.
+
+Hon. Edward Cornwallis to be Captain General and Governor-in-Chief in
+and over the Province of Nova Scotia or Acadia.
+
+
+
+
+C.
+
+
+Extract from a letter in the Gentleman's Magazine for 1749:
+
+                                         BOSTON, 10th July, 1749.
+
+We have advice that two French men-of-war of 80 guns, and 20 transports,
+with a Governor and troops for a garrison, have arrived at Louisburg.
+The French Government offered Governor Hobson to transport his garrison
+to Chebucto, which was accepted, and orders came to discharge the
+vessels taken up here for that service. Col. Cornwallis, Governor of
+Nova Scotia, arrived at Chebucto on 21st June[98] in the Sphinx, and
+Capt. Rouse in a sloop of war, and fifteen transports with 2000
+adventurers on board, whose first settlement will be at or near
+Chebucto, where the Governor intended to keep the transports till next
+year for the convenience of the people, especially the women and
+children, until houses are built. The same encouragement that has been
+given to the British disbanded soldiers is given to Governor Sherley's
+and Col. Pepperell's regiments. Rum was sold at Louisburg for 9d. per
+gallon, and molasses extremely cheap. The French lost a great number of
+men in their passage to Louisburg by the small pox, yellow fever, etc.,
+but the transports at Chebucto lost only one child.
+
+[Footnote 98: The memorandum on the first page of the register of
+settlers makes the date of Cornwallis' arrival the 8th June--the writer
+of this letter may have been misinformed.]
+
+
+
+
+D.
+
+
+The following account of the expenditure on the settlement for the year
+1749, was submitted to Parliament by the Lords Commissioners of Trade
+and Plantations:
+
+  Blankets, Woolens and Shoes for the settlers,
+      and presents for the Indians                   £ 1,325  4  8
+
+  Lines, Nets and Hooks for Fishery, Stationery,
+      Surveyors' Instruments, Bricks and Garden
+      Seeds                                            2,729 12  9
+
+  Lighterage and Shipping of the settlers, package
+      and charges of Hospital Stores, a Surgeon
+      with medicines by the Transport from
+      Liverpool, and the Union Snow                      336  0  3
+
+  Medicines, Sugar, Live Stock, for the voyage,
+      and Drugs, Instruments and necessaries for
+      the Hospital                                       680 14  8
+
+  French Bibles                                          102 17 10
+
+  Cash paid for victualling for settlers              12,068  5  6
+
+  Treasurer of the Navy's account for Bedding and
+      Victualling during voyage                        7,354 19  0
+
+  Ditto, on account of the Sarah, Transport, from
+      Liverpool                                           67 18  8
+
+  Treasurer of the Ordnance account for field
+      pieces, swivel guns, small arms and powder       3,592  4  4
+
+  Printing and incidental expenses by directions
+      of Lords Commissioners of Trade                    445 19 10
+
+  Ventilators for six Transports                         102 11  6
+
+  2 Fire Engines                                          72 16  0
+
+  Pay of Surgeons, Apothecaries, Midwife,
+      exclusive of what they received at Halifax         860  0  0
+
+  Silver and Gold carried out by the Governor          3,922  8  0
+
+  Bills of Exchange drawn by the Governor, the
+      account of the expenditure not yet received     11,452 13  4
+
+  Bills to Capt. Ives for a boat                          40  0  0
+
+  The Treasurer for Scales and Weights                    21  7  0
+
+  Bills drawn by Delancey & Watt, of New York, for
+      Silver sent to the Province                      5,523  5  9
+
+  Thomas Handcock, Esq., for Boards, Plank, 2
+      Schooners, Salt and Money shipped to
+      purchase materials for mills                     1,528 15  0
+
+  Bills drawn by S. Martin, from Boston                  576  8  6
+                                                      ------------
+                                                     £52,804  2  7
+
+  To the Transport Service for conveying the
+      Settlers to Nova Scotia, etc.                   23,672  1  3
+                                                      ------------
+                                                     £76,476  3 10
+
+  To Governor Cornwallis for personal outfit             500  0  0
+                                                      ------------
+                                                     £76,976  3 10
+
+                                 (Signed)      CHRISTOPHER KILBY.
+
+Account submitted to Parliament by the Lords Commissioners the following
+year:
+
+  Blankets, Woolens and Shoes for settlers, and
+      presents for Indians                          £  1,325  4  8
+
+  Supplies for Fishery, Surveyor's Instruments,
+      Bricks and Garden Seeds                          2,729 12  9
+
+  Lighterage and Shipping Settlers, package and
+      charges of Hospital Stores, etc.                   336  0  3
+
+  Medicines, Sugar, Live Stock, Drugs,
+      Instruments, etc., for Hospital                    680 14  8
+
+  French Bibles                                          102 17 10
+
+  Cash paid for Victualling Settlers                  12,068  5  6
+
+  Treasurer of the Navy's account for Bedding and
+      Victualling during voyage                        7,354 19  0
+
+  Ditto on account of Sarah, Transport, from
+      Liverpool                                           67 18  8
+
+  Treasurer of the Ordnance account for field
+      pieces, swivel guns, small arms and powder       3,592  4  4
+
+  Printing and incidental expenses by directions
+      of the Lords of Trade                              445 19 10
+
+  Ventilators for 6 Transports                           102 11  0
+
+  Two Fire Engines                                        72 16  0
+
+  Bill to Capt. Ives for a Boat                           40  0  0
+
+  The Treasurer for Weights and Scales                    21  7  0
+
+  Thomas Handcock, Esq.                                1,528 15  6
+
+  Pay of Surgeons, Apothecaries and Midwife,
+      exclusive of what they received at Halifax         860  0  0
+
+  To Transport Service for conveying settlers to
+      Nova Scotia                                     23,672  1  3
+
+  Fees thereon                                           147 19  9
+
+  Fees on money received from the Exchequer,
+      exclusive of the sums charged on the
+      foregoing articles                                 473  4  6
+
+  To Freight, Bed, Bedding and Cabins for 514
+      passengers on board the Alderney, Nancy,
+      Fair Lady and Two Friends, Transports, and
+      incidental expenses attending embarkation,
+      etc., etc.                                       3,144  4  4
+
+  To expenses repairing and fitting Sloop, New
+      Casco                                              833 19  6
+
+  Gratuities 322 Foreign Protestants from Holland        338  2  0
+
+  Cash paid on account of Victualling settlers         4,500  0  0
+
+  Cash to Treasurer of Ordnance for Bills drawn by
+      Governor                                         1,000  0  0
+
+  To Governor Cornwallis for the purchase of
+      stores, payment of officers, package of
+      stores, artificers and laborers, and
+      contingent expenses, exclusive of £2,500
+      paid to his regiment for the four pence
+      stopped for provisions to 11th Sept., 1750      35,268  0  2
+
+  Lieut. Martin's disbursements at Boston, for
+      materials, vessels and stores                    6,503 18  2
+
+  To Apthorp & Handcock, disbursements at Boston,
+      for materials, vessels and stores                6,924 14  6
+
+  Thos. Gunter's Bills remitted him at Boston, on
+      account of Expedition to Chignecto               2,600  0  0
+
+  Benj. Green, Treasurer, by his account from
+      Sept. 20, 1750, to Nov. 30, 1750                 3,621 14  0
+
+  Richard Bulkley, Paymaster of Works, from 1st
+      August, 1750, to Nov. 30                         4,073 16  3
+
+  To hire of Transports retained in the service
+      and not paid by the Navy                         4,002  2  4
+
+  To Foreign Settlers employed in public works at
+      12d. per day, till the money advanced is
+      thereby reimbursed                               1,005  0  0
+
+  To Col. Phillips' (now Cornwallis') Regt., to
+      return deductions for provisions to
+      Christmas, 1750                                  3,919  5  8
+
+  To provisions supplied Cols. Warberton's and
+      Lascelles' Regts., Artillery Company,
+      Independent Companies, seamen in vessels,
+      laborers and artificers                         17,832  3  8
+
+  Victual and transporting Lascelles' Regt. from
+      Ireland                                          8,581  3  9
+
+  To Office of Ordnance for Timber, Materials and
+      Tools sent from Annapolis, hire of vessels,
+      magazine of powder and payment of officers
+      and artificers employed by the Board            10,417 15  3
+                                                    --------------
+                                                    £173,838  2  3
+
+CR.
+
+  By account of Money granted by Parliament for
+      Nova Scotia Colony Regiment, March 23, 1748,
+      granted upon account towards the charge of
+      transporting to His Majesty's Colony of Nova
+      Scotia, and supporting and maintaining there
+      such reduced officers, etc., etc.             £ 40,000  0  0
+
+  1749. Granted upon account for defraying the
+      charges incurred by transporting to H. M.
+      Colony of Nova Scotia, and supporting and
+      maintaining settlers not provided for by
+      Parliament                                      36,476  3 10
+
+  1749. Granted on account for supporting,
+      maintaining and employing the settlers,
+      March 19, 1750                                  39,778 17  2
+
+  Exceedings                                          57,682 19  3
+                                                    --------------
+                                                    £173,938  2  3
+                                                    --------------
+
+                                               CHRISTOPHER KILBY.
+
+The charge for contingencies, and the last charge of £10,417 15. 3.,
+probably embrace the expenditure on Government buildings--the two
+churches of England, St. Paul's and St. Matthew's; also the
+fortifications and other government works then in progress.
+
+                                    WHITEHALL, February 20, 1750.
+
+  Estimate for 1751      £74,970
+               1752       96,639
+               1753       58,559
+               1754       47,741
+               1755       55,799
+               1756       61,657
+               1757       40,068
+               1758       15,753
+               1759       13,081
+
+
+
+
+E.
+
+
+The following extracts are from the letters of a French officer after
+the siege of Louisburg:
+
+"The eyes of all Europe are fixed on this formidable armament; they have
+assembled an army of 22,000 men, 1600 brought from Europe, the remainder
+provincial militia, with a large train of artillery and munitions of
+war, 22 line of battle-ships and 200 transports. Yet Admiral Holburn,
+who appeared off Louisburg with 22 sail of men-of-war, took it into his
+head that our numbers were equal to his own, and has made his way back
+to Halifax. They will ask him there, why did you run away? Oh! says he,
+a superior force venit, vedit, fugit. It is vexatious that the first
+squadron which France has equipped since 1703 should be shackled with
+orders only to keep a look out. If ever there was a certainty of firing
+gunpowder to the renown of the white flag, it was on the 19th August,
+when Holburn appeared off Louisburg."
+
+In some of his subsequent letters he appears to give a very accurate
+account of the siege, and some facts relative to the war not to be found
+in any history of that period. In speaking of the landing of Wolfe at
+the head of the Highlanders and the American Light Troops--
+
+"It is the interest of the conquered not to diminish the glory of the
+victor, and besides it is our duty to do justice even to our mortal
+enemy, for which reason I confess that the English on this occasion
+behaved with such valor as before the event must have appeased temerity.
+Yet it must be allowed that at the same time the difficulty of the
+enterprise does them infinite honor, it saves ours; who would have
+forseen that they would have ventured to have climbed rocks till then
+rendered inaccessible, under a heavy fire from our batteries,
+notwithstanding their boats were every moment knocked to pieces in the
+surf, which drowned great numbers."
+
+In speaking of the capitulation he says:
+
+"Though reduced to the last extremity we demanded far more advantageous
+terms than we had reason to expect. After a consultation between Admiral
+Boscawen and General Amherst, an unconditional surrender was demanded.
+Dracourt, the Governor, extremely exasperated at those terms, resolved
+to hold out, but was compelled to give in on receiving a most peremptory
+petition on the part of the inhabitants, presented by M. Prevost. The
+capitulation was signed on 15th July, 1758, after a bloody siege of two
+months. On the day following, our troops were drawn up, and the colors
+and arms surrendered to General Whitmore, who took command of the town.
+The evening before the English took possession of the town, we suffered
+our soldiers to plunder the magazines, and the priests spent the whole
+night in marrying all the girls of the city to the first who would have
+them. No one here can perceive, at least by any personal inconvenience,
+that we are in a conquered town. The garrison has embarked with as much
+tranquility as if it had been going on a voyage of pleasure. Every
+soldier has taken away whatever belongs to him without suffering the
+least injustice. M. De Dracourt has received all the honors which a
+person of his rank deserved; Admiral Boscawen has shown all the respect
+to Madam De Dracourt as were due to her merits. This lady has performed
+such exploits during the siege as must entitle her to rank among the
+most illustrious of her sex, for she fired three cannon every day in
+order to animate the gunners. After the surrender she interested herself
+in behalf of all the unfortunates; in this number M. Maillet de
+Grandville was a striking instance of the instability of fortune. He
+left France at the age of 17, arrived at Quebec in indifferent
+circumstances; by his industry and application to business, he
+accumulated a vast fortune which enabled him to purchase the Lordship of
+St. Louis, which cost him 80,000 livres; but now, by the taking of
+Louisburg, he is left quite destitute with a numerous family."
+
+
+
+
+F.
+
+
+                                             HALIFAX, July, 1752.
+
+A list of the families of English, Swiss, etc., which have been settled
+in Nova Scotia since the year 1749, and who now are settlers in the
+places hereafter mentioned.
+
+
+  NORTH SUBURBS OF HALIFAX.
+
+  ========================+=========+=========+=========+=========+=======
+     HEADS OF FAMILIES.   |  Males  | Females |  Males  | Females |
+                          |above 16.|above 16.|under 16.|under 16.| Total.
+  ------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------
+  John Scutt              |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Edmund Dwight           |      1  |      2  |      1  |      2  |     6
+  Benjamin Brown          |      5  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  William Gindler         |      1  |      3  |      1  |      1  |     6
+  Samuel Shipton          |      3  |      3  |      3  |   ....  |     9
+  Charles Procter         |      2  |      2  |      5  |   ....  |     9
+  Jonathan Hoar           |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Gerchon Tuffs           |      1  |      2  |   ....  |      2  |     5
+  Preserved Cunnable      |      2  |      2  |   ....  |      2  |     6
+  William Bourn           |      9  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |    10
+  Matthew Barnard         |      2  |      3  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  William Rundal          |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Anthony Caverly         |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Charles Hay             |      2  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  Nathaniel Henderson     |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Henry Chadwick          |      2  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     4
+  Samuel Lyne             |      1  |      1  |      2  |      2  |     6
+  Thomas Fitzpatrick      |      1  |      1  |      3  |   ....  |     5
+  Judah Riger             |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Ezekiel Gilman          |      6  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     7
+  John Kinselagh          |      3  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  Benjamin Ives           |      5  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  Mrs. Decorot            |   ....  |      2  |      1  |      2  |     5
+  Josiah Crossby          |      1  |      1  |      1  |      2  |     5
+  William Harris          |      3  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     6
+  Benjamin Phippeny       |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     4
+  George Gerrish          |      3  |      1  |      1  |      5  |    10
+  Robert Norman           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  John Cox                |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Edward Bowden           |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  John Tongue             |      2  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     4
+  Samuel Tanner           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     4
+  Samuel Chandler         |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  George Sanders          |      2  |      1  |      2  |      1  |     6
+  John Christian Mulhlhe  |      2  |      3  |      2  |      1  |     8
+  Ernst Preper            |      2  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     4
+  Christopher Harness     |      1  |      1  |      1  |      3  |     6
+  Charles Robins          |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Ezekiel Wildman         |      3  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     5
+  Walter Motley           |      2  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     4
+  Charles Christ          |      2  |      2  |      1  |      2  |     7
+  Peter Schahlan          |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Peter Mozar             |      2  |      3  |      2  |      3  |    10
+  John Hoffens            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      3  |     5
+  Peter Wayte             |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Thomas Hay              |      3  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Jacob Cheney            |      2  |      1  |      1  |      2  |     6
+  John Jones              |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Mary Birin              |      1  |      1  |      2  |      1  |     5
+  Charles King            |      1  |      1  |      1  |      2  |     5
+  John Porter             |      1  |      1  |      1  |      4  |     7
+  Joseph Pratt            |      1  |   ....  |      1  |      1  |     3
+  Daniel Brewer           |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  William Hunstable       |      6  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     8
+  Benjamin Storer         |      3  |      1  |   ....  |      3  |     7
+  Jasper Battel           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     4
+  Ulrich Dithoe           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Hans. Geo. Kohl         |      2  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  Joseph Chadwick         |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Christopher Warner      |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  John Christopher Rodolph|      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  John Burger Erad        |      6  |   ....  |   ....  |      1  |     7
+  John A. Le Mand         |      3  |      1  |   ....  |      4  |     8
+  Ludovick Schnerr        |      1  |      2  |      2  |      1  |     6
+                          +---------+---------+---------+---------+-------
+                          |    139  |     75  |     42  |     63  |   309
+  ========================+=========+=========+=========+=========+=======
+
+
+  SWISS AND GERMANS IN THE NORTH SUBURBS.
+
+  ========================+=========+=========+=========+=========+=======
+     HEADS OF FAMILIES.   |  Males  | Females |  Males  | Females |
+                          |above 16.|above 16.|under 16.|under 16.| Total.
+  ------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------
+  Chs. Ludk. Hagelsieb    |      2  |   ....  |      1  |      2  |     5
+  John Peter Tahn         |      2  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     4
+  Michael Brier           |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Laurenz Busgler         |      4  |      3  |      2  |      3  |    12
+  Leonhard Urich          |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Jacob Craft             |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Wendal Ramjer           |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  George Storch           |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Peter Klattenburger     |      2  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     5
+  Michael Clouser         |      3  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Michael Morash          |      2  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     5
+  Jacob Schmidt           |      1  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Joseph Ley              |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Barthel Hans            |      3  |      3  |      1  |   ....  |     7
+  Jacob Moser             |      2  |      1  |      1  |      4  |     8
+  Conrad Hall             |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Jacob Hall              |      2  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     5
+  Joseph Bley             |      3  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     5
+  Michael Ley             |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Elizabeth Werner        |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     3
+  Magdalen Orell          |   ....  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Benedict Mayhofer       |      1  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Andreas Kalb            |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Adam Rundl              |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Ulrich Seeger           |      3  |   ....  |   ....  |      4  |     7
+  Daniel Schumaker        |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  John Jacob Schmidt      |      1  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Adam Luty               |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Conrad Mucher           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Godfried Knotz          |      3  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     6
+  Peter Lawner            |      2  |      2  |      1  |   ....  |     5
+  Godfried Torpel         |      2  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     5
+  Jacob Tanner            |      1  |      1  |      2  |      2  |     6
+  Johannus Buhofer        |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  George Nagel            |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Rudolph Pense           |      1  |      1  |      2  |      2  |     6
+  Adam Wambolt            |      2  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  Peter Wambolt           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Ruchart Schup           |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Michael Hagg            |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Michael Gimber          |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Adam Buhler             |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Andreas Young           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  ---- Beringer           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Casper Hickman          |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Henrick Oxner           |      2  |      1  |      1  |      3  |     7
+  Jean Mange              |      1  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     4
+  Casper Lehry            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Peter Estmann           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Johannus Lonus          |      1  |      1  |      4  |   ....  |     6
+  Loui Eouton             |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Casper Trillian         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Augustin Wolf           |      1  |      1  |      2  |      1  |     5
+  Anton Halton            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      3  |     5
+  Matthias Nagel          |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Franciska Schnider      |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |      1  |     2
+  Ludwig Koenig           |      2  |      1  |   ....  |      3  |     6
+  Nicholas Wolf           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Johannes Schroeder      |   ....  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Johannes Loesten        |   ....  |      3  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Utrick Klett            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Maria Schlitter         |   ....  |      2  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Johannus Miller         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      3  |     5
+  Johannes Hoaif          |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |      1  |     2
+  George Vogler           |      6  |      2  |   ....  |      4  |    12
+  Jacob Paulus            |      2  |      2  |      1  |      1  |     6
+  Conrade Werner          |      2  |      2  |      1  |      2  |     7
+  Matheus Finer           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Andreas Sronnagel       |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     4
+  Jacob Heish             |      2  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     4
+  George Polleber         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Christian Finis         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      3  |     5
+  Gotleib Schermuller     |      5  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     8
+  Adam Schmidt            |      3  |      1  |      1  |      2  |     7
+  Christian Perfek        |      1  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     4
+  Christian Ernst         |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Frederick Aurenburg     |      2  |      2  |      2  |      2  |     8
+  Nicholas Eggly          |      6  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     7
+  Henrick Kuhn            |      4  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     6
+  Ulrick Schenekill       |      2  |      3  |      2  |      1  |     8
+  Jacob Shaffhouser       |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Johannes Simon          |      1  |      2  |      1  |      1  |     5
+  Asmus Diel              |      5  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     7
+  Jacob Sperry            |      2  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  Adam Jung               |      4  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     7
+  Johann Jung             |      4  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     7
+                          +---------+---------+---------+---------+-------
+                          |     61  |     41  |     13  |     26  |   141
+  ========================+=========+=========+=========+=========+=======
+
+
+  SOUTH SUBURBS.
+
+  ========================+=========+=========+=========+=========+=======
+     HEADS OF FAMILIES.   |  Males  | Females |  Males  | Females |
+                          |above 16.|above 16.|under 16.|under 16.| Total.
+  ------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------
+  Mary Rance              |   ....  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     3
+  Thomas Latham           |      3  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  Jonathan Prescott[99]   |     11  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |    13
+  Joseph Kent             |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Edmund Crawley[100]     |      4  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     7
+  John Winiton            |      3  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     5
+  William Trefoy          |      4  |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |     5
+  Darby Cavanaugh         |      1  |      3  |      1  |      2  |     7
+  Edward Lush             |      5  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     7
+  Alice Twyny             |   ....  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  James Ridder            |      4  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  John Crooks             |      2  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     5
+  James Hickens           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  James Pierpont          |      1  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     4
+  John Shippey            |      2  |      3  |      2  |   ....  |     7
+  Peter, a negro          |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  John Call               |      2  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     5
+  Ruth Wheeler            |      5  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     7
+  Joseph Harris           |      8  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     8
+  Richard Peirie          |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Francis Coburne         |      5  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     8
+  Charles Terlaven        |      5  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     8
+  Darby Sullivan          |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  John Jackson            |      3  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     6
+  Gregory Ives            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Samuel Sellon           |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Isaac Underdunk         |      1  |      1  |      2  |      2  |     6
+  George Featherstone     |      1  |      1  |      1  |      2  |     5
+  Maurice Welsh           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Andrew Shepperd         |      2  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     4
+  William Mallus          |      4  |      1  |      4  |      1  |    10
+  Phillip Hammond         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     4
+  Solomon Reed            |      1  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     4
+  Joseph Evans            |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  John Walker             |      1  |      1  |      2  |      2  |     6
+  Thomas Nunan            |      3  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  George Knox             |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Joseph Gullison         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     4
+  Jason Chapman           |      3  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     6
+  Rebecca Baldwin         |      1  |      1  |      2  |      1  |     5
+  Richard Manning         |      3  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  James Cane              |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Dennis Hieffernon       |      2  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     5
+  William Wickham         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  John Rider              |      2  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     5
+  Josiah Marshall         |      2  |      2  |      2  |   ....  |     6
+  Joseph Pierce           |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  John Steel              |      4  |      3  |   ....  |   ....  |     7
+  Malachy Salter          |      3  |      2  |      1  |      2  |     8
+  Charles Kanier          |      3  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Jeremiah Rogers         |      3  |      1  |   ....  |      3  |     7
+  [101]Peter, Marquis     |         |         |         |         |
+      D'Conti and Gravina |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Samuel Cleveland        |      2  |      1  |      2  |      4  |     9
+  Richard Graham          |      2  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  William Nesbitt         |      4  |      3  |   ....  |   ....  |     7
+  Isaac Knott             |     12  |     16  |      2  |      1  |    31
+  Daniel Tappoon          |      3  |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |     4
+  Hannah Hutchinson       |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     2
+  Isaac Basset            |   ....  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     2
+  Thomas Clarke           |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Robert Davis            |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  William Lawson          |      1  |      1  |      2  |      1  |     5
+  John Eustace            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  John Miller             |      1  |      1  |      1  |      2  |     5
+  James Grimes            |      2  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     4
+  John Griffin            |      1  |      1  |      3  |      1  |     6
+  Joseph Mehany           |      2  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     5
+  Josiah Cleveland        |      1  |   ....  |      3  |      1  |     5
+  Felix McMehan           |      2  |   ....  |      2  |   ....  |     4
+  Josiah Nottage          |      3  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     6
+  Mathew Mullens          |      2  |      1  |      2  |      1  |     6
+  Henry Ferguson          |      5  |      2  |      3  |   ....  |    10
+  Jean Campbell           |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |      3  |     4
+  Ezekiah Averil          |      1  |      2  |      2  |      3  |     8
+  Thomas Hardin           |      1  |      1  |      2  |      1  |     5
+  Thomas Maggee           |      1  |      1  |      4  |      1  |     7
+  Robert Brooks           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  James Jordan            |      1  |      2  |      1  |   ....  |     4
+  John Poor               |      2  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     5
+  Thomas Lamb             |      1  |      1  |      2  |      2  |     6
+  Thomas Collicut         |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  John Barry              |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Maurice Driscoll        |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  John McCuller           |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Benjamin Child          |      2  |      1  |      2  |      2  |     7
+  William Wallace         |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  John Murphy             |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Henry Rigby             |      1  |      1  |      1  |      2  |     5
+  William Peters          |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  David Carmer            |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Patrick Mahoney         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Samuel Fulton           |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Dennis Sullivan         |      1  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Stephen Wisdoms         |      1  |      1  |      3  |      3  |     8
+  Richard ----            |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Bartholomew Calahan     |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Cornelius Crowley       |      3  |   ....  |      1  |      2  |     6
+  Nathaniel Millett       |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Peter Wallace           |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  John Slayter            |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Martin Ludovig          |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  John Wisdom             |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  George Cheshire         |      3  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  George Featherstone     |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Richard Sparks          |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Jacob Hurd              |      3  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  William Williams        |      3  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     5
+  Jedediah Harris         |      2  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     5
+  Abraham Slayter         |      3  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     5
+  Richard Winter          |      1  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  John Arbuckle           |      1  |      1  |      3  |      3  |     8
+  Perfect Miller          |      3  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  Mary Miller             |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     2
+  Samuel Greenfield       |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Moses Clarke            |      1  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  ---- Lewis              |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  William Matthews        |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  William Christopher     |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Thomas Walker           |      1  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     4
+  Daniel Hills            |      4  |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |     5
+  Richard Williams        |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Daniel Farrel           |      5  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     8
+  James Fullerton         |      1  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     4
+  Nathaniel Mason         |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Aaron Porter            |      4  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  Jacobus Derkindrekin    |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  William Seward          |      5  |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |     6
+  Joshua Orne             |      6  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     6
+  Elias Girott            |      3  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     5
+  Richard Wenman          |      3  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Daniel Shatford         |      1  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     4
+  Charles Henderson       |      5  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     6
+  Jonathan Harris         |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Patrick Cambell         |      3  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  Aaron Cleveland         |      1  |      1  |      1  |      2  |     5
+  James Monk              |      1  |      1  |      2  |      4  |     8
+  Samuel Crafts           |      7  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     8
+  William Russel          |     65  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |    66
+  Ann Wenmen, in Orphan   |         |         |         |         |
+      House               |      4  |      4  |     11  |   ....  |    19
+  Joseph Palmer, in       |         |         |         |         |
+      Hospital            |     21  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |    22
+  Michael Naddow          |      1  |    .... |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Joseph Gerrish          |     27  |    .... |      1  |   ....  |    28
+  Dennis Mehaney          |      1  |       1 |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  John Conway             |      1  |       1 |      3  |      1  |     6
+  Mrs. Taylor             |      1  |    .... |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Michael Lawler          |      1  |       1 |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Peter Murpil            |      1  |       1 |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  John Gallant            |     17  |       2 |      1  |      1  |    21
+  Nicholas Nagler         |      1  |       1 |      3  |   ....  |     5
+  I Swiss                 |      1  |       1 |      2  |   ....  |     4
+  Josiah Bracket          |      3  |       1 |      1  |   ....  |     5
+  ========================+=========+=========+=========+=========+=======
+
+[Footnote 99: Father of the late Hon. Charles Prescott.]
+
+[Footnote 100: Afterwards Member of Council.]
+
+[Footnote 101: A Sicilian Nobleman, who came with a number of settlers
+from the West Indies. He was afterwards a Lieutenant of one of the
+companies of Rangers.]
+
+
+  WITHIN THE TOWN OF HALIFAX.
+
+  ========================+=========+=========+=========+=========+=======
+     HEADS OF FAMILIES.   |  Males  | Females |  Males  | Females |
+                          |above 16.|above 16.|under 16.|under 16.| Total.
+  ------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------
+  Thomas Power            |     11  |      2  |      1  |      1  |    15
+  Joshua Mauger           |     14  |      3  |      2  |      1  |    20
+  William Steele, Esq.    |      2  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  Benjamin Gerrish        |      2  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  Robert Cowey            |      7  |      2  |      1  |      1  |    11
+  Abigail Ward            |   ....  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     2
+  William Austin          |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Thomas Matterson        |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Frederick Beeker        |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  William Schwartz        |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Isaac Deschamps         |      1  |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |     2
+  Madam D'Pacquet         |      3  |      5  |   ....  |      1  |     9
+  John Brown              |      2  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     5
+  Thomas Fulford          |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Lewis Pierce            |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Thomas Grenoak          |      1  |      2  |      2  |      2  |     7
+  Leonard Lockman[102]    |      5  |      4  |   ....  |   ....  |     9
+  William Ford            |      1  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  John Johnstone          |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Thomas Luke             |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Leonard Cotton          |      5  |      1  |      1  |      3  |    10
+  William and Edward      |         |         |         |         |
+      Nichols             |      3  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  James Brenock           |      1  |      2  |      1  |      1  |     5
+  Thomas Oakes            |      2  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     4
+  Mr. Wheyland            |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     3
+  John Wellenon           |         |         |         |         |
+      (Wellenor?)         |      1  |      1  |      3  |   ....  |     5
+  Thomas Price            |      1  |   ....  |      2  |   ....  |     3
+  Vernon Merefield        |      1  |      1  |      3  |   ....  |     5
+  John Brown              |      3  |      3  |      1  |   ....  |     7
+  Allen Usher             |      1  |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |     2
+  Jeremiah Fitzsimons     |      3  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     6
+  Daniel McCylster        |      2  |      1  |      3  |      1  |     7
+  John Panier             |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Peter Anchote           |      2  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  John Aubony             |      7  |      2  |      1  |   ....  |    10
+  David Loyd              |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Thomas Saul             |     10  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |    11
+  Alexander Keddy         |      1  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Jane Knight             |   ....  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     2
+  William Brew            |      1  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  John Marlow             |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Jacob Cone              |      2  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     5
+  George Twelve's wife    |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     3
+  John William Hoffman    |      2  |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Mr. Surget              |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  James Fitzgerald        |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  James Stewson           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  ---- Redman             |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  James Colbeck           |      1  |      2  |      2  |   ....  |     5
+  Alexander Abercrombie   |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  John Baxter             |      1  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     4
+  Giles Harris            |      3  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     6
+  William Pierce          |      1  |      2  |      2  |   ....  |     5
+  Edward Luky             |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  James Patfield          |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Widow Clerk             |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  William Davis           |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  ---- Melony             |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  John Steinford          |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  George Suckling         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Alexander Allen         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Widow Henry             |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     2
+  Thomas Frost            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Ephraim Cook            |     12  |      4  |   ....  |   ....  |    16
+  by Mr. Brown            |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |  ....
+  James Colvill           |      3  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     6
+  Thomas Moore            |      1  |      1  |      1  |      2  |     5
+  Joseph Maseen           |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Edward Potter           |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  China Brownjohn         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Francis Lock            |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Daniel Stewart          |      2  |      3  |      1  |      2  |     8
+  Robert Grant            |      3  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     6
+  John Stockley           |      1  |      3  |      1  |   ....  |     5
+  Edward Marguin          |      3  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  George Greenwood        |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  James Smith             |      1  |      1  |      2  |      1  |     5
+  John Collier, Esq.      |      2  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  William Piggott         |      7  |      1  |      3  |      4  |    15
+  William Best            |      6  |      2  |      2  |      1  |    11
+  William Henderson       |      3  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  Anne Woodside           |      2  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     5
+  John Connor             |      3  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  Richard Barry           |      2  |      3  |      1  |   ....  |     6
+  William Heyslup         |      1  |      2  |      2  |      2  |     7
+  John Peter De Brace     |      3  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  John Raet               |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  John Mundy              |      1  |      1  |      4  |   ....  |     6
+  Richard Stritton        |      1  |      2  |      1  |   ....  |     4
+  Joseph Churchill        |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Laurence Collins        |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  John Humphreys          |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Joseph Coeishton        |      6  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     7
+  Ebenezer Petty          |      1  |      2  |      1  |      2  |     6
+  Robert Bowden           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Thomas Newman           |      7  |      2  |   ....  |      2  |    11
+  William Griffin         |      3  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  James Euston            |      4  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  Thomas Hagan            |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Thomas Mannen           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Edward Butler           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  John Grant              |      3  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  Edward Orpin            |      4  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  John Vintenon           |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Thomas Branham          |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Henry Wilkinson         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     4
+  William Wright          |      1  |      1  |      1  |      2  |     5
+  Henry Wynn              |      4  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     6
+  Paul Pritchard          |      1  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     4
+  Alexander Forbes        |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  William White           |      3  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     6
+  John Hall               |      1  |      1  |      2  |      1  |     6
+  Thomas Wilder           |      5  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  Thomas Greensword       |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  George Nelson           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Robert Parfect          |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  William McCarty         |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  John Ewes               |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  James Fallon            |      5  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     8
+  William Johnson         |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Thomas Campbell         |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  James Porter            |      3  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     6
+  William Vanfelson       |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  James Ford              |      1  |      1  |      2  |      3  |     7
+  Robert Freeman          |      1  |      1  |      3  |      2  |     7
+  John Wooden             |      2  |      1  |      2  |      2  |     7
+  William Roacock         |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Peter Parkman           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Matthew Hopkins         |      1  |      2  |      2  |      1  |     6
+  James Douglass          |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  John Meeds              |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Mary Robertson          |      5  |      1  |      3  |   ....  |     9
+  Mary Williams           |   ....  |      3  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Nathan Nathans          |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  George Taylor           |      3  |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |     4
+  Patrick Furlong         |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  John Slayter            |      1  |      1  |      3  |   ....  |     5
+  John Ker                |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  John Clewley            |      8  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |    10
+  Garret Mead             |      2  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  Charles Mason           |      3  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     5
+  Matthew McNemara        |      3  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  George Frank            |      1  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     4
+  John Webb               |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Robert Ewer             |     14  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |    15
+  Peter Martin            |      1  |      4  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  Michael Mullineaux      |      1  |      2  |      1  |      2  |     6
+  Thomas Reeve            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  John Bohanan            |      1  |      1  |      2  |      1  |     5
+  ---- Ray                |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     3
+  Euste. Butter           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Thomas Golden           |      2  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  William Williams        |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Edward Lee              |      1  |      1  |      5  |   ....  |     7
+  James Bannerman         |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Richard Bulksley        |      3  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  John Franks             |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Christopher Cooke       |      1  |      1  |      1  |      3  |     6
+  Robert Dickie           |      2  |      2  |      2  |   ....  |     6
+  Joseph Wakefield        |      1  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     4
+  Thomas Bryant           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Edward L'Cras           |      3  |      3  |      1  |   ....  |     7
+  Lawrence Ren            |      1  |      2  |      2  |   ....  |     5
+  John Fenly              |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  William Walker          |      1  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Mr. Bruce               |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Thomas Rundal           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  ---- Wigel              |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Mark Cullymore          |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Nathaniel Gosford       |      2  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  John Naymers            |      1  |      2  |      3  |      2  |     8
+  Davis Townsend          |      1  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     4
+  John Cleary             |      2  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  John Kent               |      4  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  William Crafts          |      1  |      3  |      2  |      1  |     7
+  Rosana Scott            |   ....  |      3  |      2  |   ....  |     5
+  Patrick Britt           |      2  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     5
+  William Bearsto[103]    |      1  |      1  |      3  |      1  |     6
+  Joseph Ford             |      3  |      2  |      1  |      1  |     7
+  William Eaton           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  James Tate              |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Samuel Sprague          |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Stephen McKine          |      1  |      1  |      3  |      1  |     6
+  ========================+=========+=========+=========+=========+=======
+
+[Footnote 102: Leonard Lockman was a German. In early life he practised
+medicine. He afterwards held the rank of Major in the army, which he
+received for services rendered to the British Government. He came out
+with the settlers in 1749, and eventually settled in the North Suburbs.
+He died at Halifax, and was buried beneath the old German Church on
+Brunswick Street, where his monument still remains. Lockman Street was
+named after him.]
+
+[Footnote 103: Captain in the army.]
+
+
+  WITHIN THE PICKETS[104] OF HALIFAX.
+
+  ========================+=========+=========+=========+=========+=======
+     HEADS OF FAMILIES.   |  Males  | Females |  Males  | Females |
+                          |above 16.|above 16.|under 16.|under 16.| Total.
+  ------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------
+  James Vickars           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Joel Waterman           |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Catherine Austin        |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Andrew Maxwell          |      4  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     6
+  John Gaffer             |      2  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  Luke Shippey            |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Henry Sweetland         |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Jonathan Markham        |      3  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  Francis Porter          |      4  |      3  |   ....  |   ....  |     7
+  Matthew Corker          |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Thomas Landerkin        |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Griffin Jenkins         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Mary Hollowell          |   ....  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Edward Castle           |      6  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     7
+  Mrs. Whitehand          |      2  |      2  |      1  |   ....  |     5
+  John Crowley            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Philip Knaut            |      1  |      2  |      1  |   ....  |     4
+  Storker Nelson          |      3  |      2  |      1  |   ....  |     6
+  John Lowrey             |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Joseph Scott            |      2  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     4
+  Israel Abrahams         |      2  |      5  |      1  |      2  |    10
+  Thomas Ames             |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Thomas Dame             |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Benjamin Lee            |      1  |      2  |      1  |   ....  |     4
+  Mary Cooper             |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Michael Sexton          |      3  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  George Popplewell       |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  John Beswick            |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  John South              |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Richard Hollis          |      1  |      2  |      1  |   ....  |     4
+  Mr. Reynolds            |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  James Whellon           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      3  |     5
+  William Giles           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Frederick Barley        |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Ezekiel Budd            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Josiah Hardy            |      1  |      1  |      3  |      1  |     6
+  John Edmundson          |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  James Thompson          |      1  |      2  |      1  |   ....  |     4
+  Mary Webb               |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Timothy Cane            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  James Banfield          |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  James Babrig            |      3  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  Isaac Solomon           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  James Thorp             |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Samuel Blockden         |      1  |      2  |      2  |      4  |     9
+  Elizabeth Gunnel        |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |      2  |     3
+  Eleanor Cannon          |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |      1  |     2
+  Thomas Walker           |      3  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     5
+  Charles Morris          |      5  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     8
+  Josiah Millekin         |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  John Codman             |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Lewis Hays              |      2  |      2  |      1  |   ....  |     5
+  William Moore           |      4  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  William Cannon          |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Samuel McClure          |      1  |      2  |      1  |      1  |     5
+  Henry Fielding          |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Patrick Kennedy         |      2  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     5
+  John Walker             |      3  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     5
+  Benjamin Fogg           |      2  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     5
+  William Foye            |      2  |      4  |   ....  |   ....  |     6
+  Otis Little             |      4  |      2  |      1  |      1  |     8
+  Hugh Vans               |      3  |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |     4
+  Lewis Frignet           |      4  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  Joseph Antrims          |      2  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     5
+  Benjamin Green, Esq.    |      3  |      2  |      3  |      1  |     9
+  H. J. O'Brien           |      2  |      2  |      1  |      2  |     7
+  Bartholomew Kneeland    |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Joseph Fairbanks        |      9  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |    10
+  James Fillis            |      1  |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |     2
+  John Rous               |      2  |      4  |      1  |      2  |     9
+  Joseph Rous             |      4  |      2  |      1  |   ....  |     7
+  John Greensword         |     17  |      4  |   ....  |   ....  |    21
+  William Fury            |      3  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     6
+  Debtors in Gaol         |     19  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |    19
+  Criminals               |      8  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     8
+  William Falkner         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  ========================+=========+=========+=========+=========+=======
+
+[Footnote 104: Between Buckingham Street and the present Blowers
+Street.]
+
+
+  ON SEVERAL ISLANDS AND HARBORS, EMPLOYED IN FISHERY.
+
+  =======================+=========+=========+=========+==========
+    HEADS OF FAMILIES.   |  Males  | Females |  Males  |  Females
+                         |above 16.|above 16.|under 16.| under 16.
+  -----------------------+---------+---------+---------+----------
+  ON CORNWALLIS ISLAND:  |         |         |         |
+    Capt. Joseph Rouse   |      4  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....
+     "    Mauger         |      7  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....
+     "    Cook           |      5  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....
+     ----  Bradshaw      |     16  |      1  |   ....  |   ....
+                         |---------|---------|---------|----------
+                         |     32  |      1  |   ....  |   ....
+  AT KETCH HARBOUR:      |         |         |         |
+    John Grace           |     10  |      2  |      1  |   ....
+    Capt. Gill           |      6  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....
+    ---- Brown           |      3  |      2  |      1  |   ....
+                         |---------|---------|---------|----------
+                         |     19  |      4  |      2  |   ....
+  AT SAMBRO ISLAND:      |         |         |         |
+    Capt. Matterson      |     21  |      1  |   ....  |   ....
+    Thomas Youngston     |      1  |      1  |      1  |     1
+                         |---------|---------|---------|----------
+                         |     22  |      2  |      1  |     1
+  AT ST. MARGARET'S BAY: |         |         |         |
+    Benjamin Frog        |     10  |      1  |      2  |   ....
+    James Ford           |     13  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....
+    Adam Clown           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     1
+    ---- Allen           |      5  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....
+                         |---------|---------|---------|----------
+                         |     29  |      2  |      2  |     1
+  =======================+=========+=========+=========+==========
+
+
+  LABORERS EMPLOYED IN HIS MAJESTY'S WORKS ON GEORGE'S ISLAND.
+
+  ========================+=========+=========+=========+=========+=======
+     HEADS OF FAMILIES.   |  Males  | Females |  Males  | Females |
+                          |above 16.|above 16.|under 16.|under 16.| Total.
+  ------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------
+  Richard Reeve           |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Thomas Leak             |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Patrick Hamilton        |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Cornelius Larigan       |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Laborers                |     11  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |    11
+  ========================+=========+=========+=========+=========+=======
+
+
+  AT THE BLOCK HOUSE AND THE ISTHMUS.
+
+  ========================+=========+=========+=========+=========+=======
+     HEADS OF FAMILIES.   |  Males  | Females |  Males  | Females |
+                          |above 16.|above 16.|under 16.|under 16.| Total.
+  ------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------
+  Adam Schafner           |      1  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Jacob Soloer            |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Johannes Frederick      |      1  |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |     2
+  Peter Moeser            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Richard Voleker         |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Adolph Henokel          |      1  |      1  |      2  |      2  |     6
+  Philip Krepof           |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Casper Meisner          |      1  |      3  |      2  |   ....  |     6
+  Johannus Hoars          |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Henrick Hiltz           |      2  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     4
+  Henrick Mertz           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Johanna M. Girtler      |   ....  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Margaretta Hoars        |   ....  |      1  |      2  |      2  |     5
+  Philip Sponnagel        |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Michael Westhoefer      |      1  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Wilhelm Wensell         |      1  |      2  |      2  |   ....  |     5
+  Johannes Forrokner      |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Ferdinand Schultz       |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Christian Schmidt       |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Johannus Schnok         |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Christopher Schafner    |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Lorentz Conrat          |      4  |      1  |      2  |      1  |     8
+  Jacob Brande            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Philip Winter           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Johannus Knaut          |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Wenel Wust              |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  George Evalt            |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Adam Lehnhart           |      1  |      1  |      2  |      1  |     5
+  Conrad Graff            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Jacob Berger            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Philip Sigler           |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Frederick Heison        |      2  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     5
+  Henrick Lehn            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Johannas Barget         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     4
+  Andrew Walter           |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Henrick Minok           |      2  |      1  |      1  |      2  |     6
+  Wilhelm Kuveller        |      1  |      2  |   ....  |      3  |     6
+  Adam Fileoh             |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Andrew Sauer            |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Eva Gibhart             |      1  |      4  |   ....  |      2  |     7
+  Peter Krauner           |      1  |      1  |      2  |      1  |     5
+  Jacob Seely             |      1  |      1  |      1  |      2  |     5
+  Adam Boettinger         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Caspar Ditrich          |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Christian Gothart       |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Johannes Schmidt        |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  John Sebastian Nicolas  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Ditrich Klauter         |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Ludovig Feller          |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Leonard Anton Freher    |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Laurenz Lahn            |      2  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     5
+  Andreas Velocker        |      1  |      2  |   ....  |      2  |     5
+  Ludovig Schnoer         |      2  |      1  |      1  |      2  |     6
+  Philip Hirchman         |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Anna Luse               |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |      1  |     2
+  Caspar Qenok            |      1  |      1  |      2  |      1  |     5
+  Philip Rotehauser       |      1  |      2  |      1  |      2  |     6
+  Conrad Teele            |      1  |      1  |      1  |      2  |     5
+  Michael Merokel         |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  George Grant            |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Partel Hoarse           |      2  |      5  |      1  |   ....  |     8
+  Alon Ostertay           |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  ========================+=========+=========+=========+=========+=======
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  =============================+=========+=====+=======+=====+=======+======
+                               |Families.|Males|Females|Males|Females|Total.
+                               |         |above| above |under| under |
+                               |         | 16. |  16.  | 16. |  16.  |
+  -----------------------------+---------+-----+-------+-----+-------+-----
+  Within the Pickets of Halifax|     468 | 846 |   622 | 279 |   285 | 2032
+  Within the North Suburbs     |     169 | 317 |   205 | 105 |   138 |  765
+  Within the South Suburbs     |     151 | 429 |   169 | 115 |   105 |  818
+  Within the Town of Dartmouth |      53 |  81 |    47 |  29 |    38 |  195
+  On several Islands and }     |         |     |       |     |       |
+    Harbors employed in  }     |         |     |       |     |       |
+    Fishery, etc.        }     |    .... | 168 |    13 |  18 |     3 |  202
+  On the Isthmus and the }     |         |     |       |     |       |
+    Peninsula of Halifax }     |      65 |  73 |    66 |  38 |    39 |  216
+                               +---------+-----+-------+-----+-------+------
+                               |     906 |1914 |  1122 | 584 |   608 | 4248
+  =============================+=========+=====+=======+=====+=======+======
+
+   906 families.
+  1914 males over 16.
+  1122 females over 16.
+   584 boys under 16.
+   608 girls under 16.
+
+  1914
+  1122
+  ----
+   792 excess of males over females (over 16).
+
+The foregoing is copied from a book in the Crown Land Office, having
+been in the Surveyor General's office, apparently, since 17th May, 1779,
+as the blank leaves contain memoranda of different warrants of survey
+from that date to June, 1781. Copied 4th December, 1862.
+
+
+
+
+G.
+
+
+_From the Gentlemen's Magazine, Vol. 20, 271._
+
+                          HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA, December 7, 1749.
+
+DEAR SIR,--I have at various times given you the last account I was able
+of the state of affairs in this Colony. The summer was beautiful beyond
+description and even the conception of those who are always confined
+within the liquid walls of Britain. As to the winter, which you know I
+always dreaded, I do assure you I have felt severer weather in England.
+The people acquainted with this climate say that it began this year
+sooner than was ever known in the memory of man, and assure me likewise
+that it will not be more severe than it has been already; if so, there
+is no danger to be apprehended from it. This you will readily grant when
+I tell you, notwithstanding the tenderness of my constitution, to which
+you are no stranger, that I have not added a single thing, not so much
+as a great coat, to my dress since I have been in this Province. When I
+look back upon the 21st June, the day of our arrival, I am astonished to
+see the progress made; there are already about 400 habitable houses
+within the fortifications and not less than 200 without. So surprising
+is the growth of this colony, so great the happiness of being ruled by
+one who has no other interest at heart but that of making thousands
+happy.
+
+From my soul I wish that all other governors would copy such an amiable
+example of imitation; he does not, like most others gripe and squeeze to
+accumulate a fortune; on the contrary, he derives no profit to himself
+from anything, but, with the most unexampled generosity, gives all
+places and commissions gratis to the most deserving, nor suffers his
+officers to take any fees at present. You know what an English rabble is
+(and the greatest part of this colony was such.) You know they are
+generally tumultuous, refractory, full of discontent and murmuring,
+capricious in demanding favors, not long satisfied with present
+concessions, and not seldom abusing them by restless importunity for
+more. Such generally is the rabble of mankind, and such were many of the
+settlers of this province, but by his prudent management and proper
+generosity, by his condescension, candor and affability, the Governor
+has charmed the tiger's fury and turned a sad tumultuous rabble into a
+tractable and quiet people. They now work with ten times the alacrity
+they did at first, are patient under disappointments, and when they meet
+with a repulse, they conclude their petitions to have been unreasonable,
+from a firm persuasion that His Excellency has their true interest at
+heart; they cannot ask with reason, but what he grants with pleasure.
+
+                                 Yours, etc., etc.,
+                                                 *  *  *  *  *  *
+
+
+
+
+H.
+
+
+COPY OF MINUTES OF COUNCIL OF 12TH JUNE, 1752, REGARDING THE ERECTION OF
+A LIGHT HOUSE AT SAMBRO.
+
+At a Council holden at the Govrs. House at Halifax, Fryday, June 12th,
+1752.[105]
+
+  PRESENT--His Excellency the Govr.
+  Benj. Green,   Wm. Steele,        } Esqrs.
+  John Collier,  Geo. Fotheringham, }
+
+Resolved, That, Whereas a Light house at the Entrance of the Harbor of
+Halifax, would be greatly beneficial to the Trade, Navigation, and
+Fishery of this Colony, and might be the means of preserving the Lives
+and properties of many of his Majesty's Subjects, and whereas altho'
+many persons might willingly contribute towards so good a Work without
+any Expectation of a Reimbursement, yet probably many may more readily
+be concerned therein, when attended with any hopes of promoting their
+own Interest at the same time.
+
+A Lottery, according to the following Scheme, be set on foot for raising
+a sum of £450 towards building a Lighthouse at or near Cape Sambrough,
+(whereby, besides the advantages before mentioned,) a considerable
+number of Settlers will be usefully employed for some time, and a great
+& lasting Benefit to the province be gained, by a voluntary Tax upon
+those persons (amongst others) who at present contributed nothing
+towards the Expence of the Government whose protection & favour they
+enjoy.
+
+Scheme of a Lottery for raising £450 towards building a Lighthouse at or
+near Cape Samborough:--
+
+The number of Tickets to be 1000 at £3 each, £3000.
+
+The number of Benefit Tickets to be 200, vizt.:
+
+    1 Prize of £500        £500
+    1 Ditto of  300         300
+    2 Ditto of  100 each    200
+    5 Ditto of   50 each    250
+   10 Ditto of   30 each    300
+   40 Ditto of   10 each    400
+  140 Ditto of    7 each    980
+    1 The first drawn        70
+  ---                     -----
+  200 prizes.             £3000
+
+[Footnote 105: At a previous meeting of the Council held on the 3rd of
+February, a public ferry was established between Halifax and Dartmouth,
+and John Connor of the latter place appointed ferryman, with the
+exclusive privilege for 3 years to keep boats constantly passing and
+repassing, between Sunrise and Sunset, every day in the week, except on
+Sunday, when the boats should pass only twice--the ferriage to be 3d.,
+and 6d. after hours, for each Passenger, and a reasonable price to be
+paid for goods, other than baggage, etc., carried in the hand, which
+passed free.]
+
+Fifteen per cent. to be deducted from the fortunate Tickets, and the
+remainder to be paid, without any other Deduction, to ye possessors of
+the sd. Tickets, as soon as the drawing shall be over--To be drawn
+publickly in the Town House, at Halifax under the Direction of managers
+to be appointed by his Excelly. the Govr. as soon as all the Tickets
+shall be disposed of, and in case the said Tickets shall not be all
+disposed of, before ye 31st Augt. next, the money recd. for any sold to
+be repaid to the possessors thereof on Demand.
+
+                                                  ED. CORNWALLIS.
+
+
+
+
+I.
+
+
+_Governor Cornwallis[106] to Duke of Bedford._
+
+(COPY.)
+
+                                       CHEBUCTO, 22nd June, 1749.
+
+MY LORD DUKE,--
+
+I arrived here yesterday,--this morning a Sloop arrived from Mr. Hopson,
+which I am obliged to send to Boston in case any ship should be going
+thence to England. I would not neglect an opportunity of writing to your
+Grace. I met the "Fair Lady" storeship at sea the eleventh, after we had
+been from England four weeks, who told me the Transports arrived at
+Spithead the day before he sailed, and were to sail in three days after
+him, we were then off the island of Sable, and except the first eight
+days had met with contrary winds all the passage, besides we had steered
+our course for Cape Race but was forced off the banks by a gale of wind
+from the North West so that I had reason to think the Transports might
+be soon at Chebucto--we had nobody on board that knew anything of the
+coasts nor of the Bay of Funday, so were to cruize off the coasts till
+we met with a pilot, we made the Coast of Acadie the 14th, but met with
+no pilot till the 20th, when we met with a sloop from Boston to
+Louisburgh with two pilots on board, for the use of the Governor,--the
+wind not serving for the Bay of Funday, and the officers assuring me in
+case of foggy weather (not unusual upon those coasts) we might be a
+fortnight getting to Annapolis. The wind was fair for Chebucto, so I
+thought it advisable to go in there rather than risk the being some
+weeks, perhaps, after the settlers arrived. I could save the garrison
+of Louisburgh the bad and long navigation to Annapolis, so I sent to
+Governor Hopson that I was going for Chebucto and desired him to
+transport the garrison thither, imagining he had transports ready; by
+his sloop that came in this day I find him in great perplexity, the
+French arrived, and he no transports.--The Council of War it seems were
+of opinion that the orders from the Secretary at War did not empower him
+to hire transports, but to wait my arrival and that I was to send the
+transports that brought the settlers here. As I cannot know when the
+transports will arrive, in what condition, nor how many I can spare, I
+think it absolutely necessary for the service to send the sloop to
+Boston with orders to Apthorp and Hancock, who Mr. Hopson has
+recommended as the persons who have been always employed on the part of
+the Government, to hire vessels with all expedition for the
+transportation of these troops from Louisburgh to Chebucto. I send a
+letter by the same sloop to Colonel Mascarene in case he should meet at
+sea any vessel going to Annapolis. I likewise send a Frenchman that
+knows the country over land, by Minas to Annapolis. I have ordered
+Colonel Mascarene to come here with a quorum of the Council as soon as
+possible that I may open my commission, take the oaths and appoint
+another Council, according to His Majesty's instructions.
+
+[Footnote 106: The Honorable Edward Cornwallis was fifth son of Charles,
+third Baron Cornwallis, by Lady Charlotte Butler, daughter of Richard,
+Earl of Arran, and uncle to the celebrated Duke of Ormonde. He was born
+22nd February, 1712-13. He was Member of Parliament for the borough of
+Eye in 1749, and in 1753, shortly after his return from Halifax, he was
+elected for the city of Westminster. He married, the same year, a
+daughter of the late Lord Townshend, but left no family. In 1759 he was
+made a Major General, and was afterwards the Governor of Gibraltar.
+General Cornwallis was twin brother of Dr. Frederick Cornwallis,
+afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, and uncle of the Lord Cornwallis
+who defeated General Gates at Camden, South Carolina, in 1780, and
+afterwards surrendered at Yorktown, to the Revolutionary General
+Lincoln.--_Collins' and Debrett's Peerages._]
+
+I can give Your Grace little information as yet as to this country--the
+coasts are as rich as ever they have been represented. We caught fish
+every day since we came within fifty leagues of the coast, the harbor
+itself is full of fish of all kinds; all the officers agree the harbor
+is the finest they have ever seen--the country is one continual wood, no
+clear spot to be seen or heard of. I have been ashore in several
+places--the underwood is only young trees so that with difficulty one
+might walk through any of them; D'Anville's fleet have only cut wood for
+present use, but cleared no ground, they encamped their men upon the
+beach. I have seen but few brooks nor have as yet found the navigable
+river that has been talked of--there are a few French families on each
+side of the bay about 3 leagues off; some have been on board. As to the
+disposition of the French or Indians I can give Your Grace no account
+till I see Colonel Mascarene, when I shall write more fully and continue
+from time to time to acquaint Your Grace of our proceedings. I wish the
+French may not be uneasy at waiting so long on board for the evacuation
+of Louisburgh as it may be some time before Mr. Hopson will get
+transports--it will, I fear, retard the settlement.
+
+                                        I am &c.,
+                                                  ED. CORNWALLIS.
+
+  P. S.--I expect the transports daily.
+  His Grace the Duke of Bedford.
+
+(From the Duplicate.)
+
+We came to anchor in Merliguiche Bay, where I was told there was a
+French settlement. I sent ashore to see the houses and manner of living
+of the inhabitants--there are but a few families with tolerable wooden
+houses covered with bark, a good many cattle and clear ground more than
+serves themselves--they seem to be very peaceable, say they always
+looked upon themselves as English subjects, have their grants from
+Colonel Mascarene, the Governor of Annapolis, and showed an unfeigned
+joy to hear of the new settlement. They assure us the Indians are quite
+peaceable and not at all to be feared--there are none hereabouts.
+
+                                     I have, &c.,
+                                                  ED. CORNWALLIS.
+
+(From the Duplicate.)
+
+This Frenchman will be there in three or four days--'tis 25 leagues from
+hence to Minas, and the French have made a path for driving their cattle
+over here.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Governor Cornwallis to Duke of Bedford._[107]
+
+                                       CHEBUCTO, JULY 23rd, 1749.
+
+MY LORD,--
+
+My last to Your Grace was of June 22nd, a duplicate of which is
+enclosed,--the 27th, the transports appeared off the harbor and in a few
+days most of them got in. As their passage had been extremely good and
+none of them had in the least suffered, I found they would be ready to
+sail the moment the settlers should be put ashore. I despatched a sloop
+to Boston to countermand the order I had given, and sent to Mr. Hopson
+to let him know I would send in a few days transports to bring away his
+garrison. Mr. Hopson had wrote me that he had agreed with Desherbier,
+the French Commissary, to make use of the French transports upon
+condition that in case the English ships should arrive before they were
+all on board he should be at liberty to disembark them. I sent him one
+the 1st of July and four more, the largest of the fleet, the 5th. I own
+I was much disappointed in finding Mr. Hopson unprovided with transports
+as I never had the least intimation that he was to wait for the ships
+that should bring the settlers. I have an account from Boston of July
+3rd that my second order got there soon enough to prevent all but one
+from sailing, but as they were all hired this will cause some expense;
+they write me it will not be much.
+
+[Footnote 107: John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford, was appointed
+Secretary of State in 1747-8 and resigned the office in 1751. He was
+afterwards Minister Plenipotentiary to France. He died 1771.--_Collins'
+Peerage._]
+
+July 8, I received from Mr. Hopson copies of letters from Governor
+Shirley and Colonel Mascarene giving an account of the French having
+begun a settlement and a fort at the mouth of the St. John River. As my
+instructions direct me to prevent all such encroachments, and
+particularly mention that River as of the greatest consequence, I next
+day sent Capt. Rous of the Albany with a small sloop to attend him with
+orders to the commanding officers at Annapolis to furnish him with
+troops if demanded. Copies of my letter to Capt. Rous and one to the
+commander of St. John's, I send You Grace enclosed. I hope what I have
+done in this affair will meet with Your Grace's approbation. July 12th I
+heard from Governor Shirley, that he had sent the Boston to Annapolis to
+receive my instructions about the affair of St. John's. I sent Capt.
+Pearse the same directions I had given to Capt. Rous, and a copy of the
+declaration asserting His Majesty's rights. As to Port Mouton which is
+mentioned in these letters, I believe it was a mistake occasioned by the
+French having put in there in their way to St. John's.
+
+I shall now lay before Your Grace our proceedings at Chebucto.
+
+Colonel Mascarene arrived here on the 12th with five of the Council;
+next day I opened to them His Majesty's commission, and took the oaths;
+the day following I nominated the members of a new Council:
+
+  Colonel Mascarene.[108]  Mr. Benj. Green.
+  Capt. How.               Mr. Salisbury.
+  Capt. Gorham.            Mr. Davidson.
+
+[Footnote 108: Col. Mascarene was the Lieut. Governor of Annapolis;
+Capts. How and Gorham were two of his councillors. Mr. Green was
+secretary to Governor Hopson at Louisburg. Messrs. Salisbury and
+Davidson came out with Governor Cornwallis. Mr. Steel, afterwards added
+to the Council, was one of the settlers from England.]
+
+I have added since, Mr. Steel.
+
+As, perhaps, no copies were taken of the plans sent me of the harbor, I
+send along with this a copy of Durel's plan. Your Grace will see that
+the place I have fixed for the town is on the west side of the
+harbor--'tis upon the side of a hill which commands the whole peninsula
+and shelters the town from the north-west winds. From the shore to the
+top of the hill is about half a mile, the ascent very gentle, the soil
+is good, there is convenient landing for boats all along the beach and
+good anchorage within gunshot of the shore for the largest ships. In
+Durel's plan the two points that make the entrance to Bedford Bay are
+marked as the places proper to fortify, which is likewise taken notice
+of by Mr. Knowles. Their view must then have been to have the settlement
+within that bay. This would have been subject to great inconveniences.
+In the first place, it would be too far up for the fishermen, it being
+about five leagues from the entrance of the harbor to these points, and
+the beach all along as proper for curing their fish as can possibly be
+imagined, so that no fisherman would ever have thought of going within
+these forts--indeed no ships would choose to go so far, as no finer
+harbor can be than that of Chebucto, which reaches from these points to
+Sandwich River,[109] so that notwithstanding of any forts upon these
+points an enemy's fleet might lie secure and indeed block up all ships
+within the bay. The proper places to fortify for the defence of the
+harbor seem to be Sandwich Point and the bank opposite to it. George's
+Island lies likewise very convenient for a battery to defend both the
+harbor and the town. It contains about ten or twelve acres. It was there
+I landed the settlers from on board the ships sent to Louisbourg--I have
+now a guard there and stores, and propose to build a magazine upon it
+for powder.
+
+[Footnote 109: North-west Arm.]
+
+As there was not one yard of clear ground, Your Grace will imagine our
+difficulty and what work we have to do. However, they have already
+cleared above 12 acres and I hope to begin my own house in two days; I
+have a small frame and planks ready.
+
+The Indians are hitherto very peaceable, many of them have been here
+with some Chiefs; I made them small presents, told them I had
+instructions from His Majesty to offer them friendship and all
+protection and likewise presents which I should deliver as soon as they
+should assemble their tribes and return with powers to enter into treaty
+and exchange their French commissions for others in His Majesty's name.
+
+Three of the French Deputies have been here to know what is to be their
+condition for the future; I gave them copies of His Majesty's
+Declaration and copies of the Oath of Allegiance which I told them they
+must take without any condition or reservation, but in the same manner
+as His Majesty's English subjects;--they pretend their only difficulty
+is from fear of the Indians in case of a French war. I have ordered all
+the Deputies to come here and expect them in a few days. I think 'tis
+necessary to show them that 'tis in our power to master them or to
+protect them, and therefore I design to send as soon as possible two
+companies to Minas with orders to build a barrack and stay there the
+winter. I shall also send an armed sloop into the Bay of Minas to
+prevent all correspondence with the French by sea; another company I
+shall send to the head of the bay where the road to Minas begins. I
+propose, likewise, a blockhouse half way for the conveniency of
+travellers, and then to employ all the men I can get together, soldiers
+and inhabitants, to clear the road from hence to Minas; 'tis about 30
+miles in a direct line--whether this can be executed before winter I
+cannot say. Had the garrison of Louisbourg been arrived, they would
+have been of infinite advantage; at present I have only one company of
+Hopson's, one of Warburton's and 60 of Gorham's Rangers.[110]
+
+[Footnote 110: These Rangers came from Annapolis; they had been enlisted
+in New England and were chiefly composed of Indians of half blood.]
+
+A list of the civil officers I shall be able to send Your Grace by the
+next ships that sail, with an account of what further progress we shall
+have made.
+
+                                       I am, &c.,
+                                                  ED. CORNWALLIS.
+
+To His Grace the Duke of Bedford.
+
+
+
+
+J.
+
+
+NAMES OF THE MEMBERS OF THE SUN FIRE COMPANY OF HALIFAX IN THE YEAR
+1819.
+
+  John W. Pyke.
+  John Tremain.
+  Michael Tobin.
+  Stephen W. DeBlois.
+  Charles Hill.
+  John Owen.
+  Richard Tremain.
+  Henry Taylor.
+  J. E. Butler.
+  David Shaw Clarke.
+  James Grant.
+  James Kerby.
+  William Bowie.
+  Alexander Creighton.
+  John Letson.
+  Alexander Fiddis.
+  William Lawson.
+  Adam DeChezeau, Jr.
+  Andrew Smith.
+  John Liddell.
+  Joseph Dolby.
+  William Milward, Jr.
+  Azor Stephens.
+  Joseph Marchington.
+  Lawrence Hartshorne, Jr.
+  Robert Lyons, Jr.
+  John Howe, Jr.
+  James T. Alport.
+  Henry Austin.
+  John Carroll.
+  Joseph Allison.
+  Lewis E. Piers.
+  W. Bremner.
+  Samuel Story.
+  George N. Russell.
+  James Russell.
+  E. J. Hopson.
+  Samuel Cunard.
+  Enos Collins.
+  James Cogswell.
+  James Dupuy.
+  Lewis DeMolitor.
+  Temple F. Piers.
+  Edward Alport.
+  John Salter.
+  John Moody.
+  George Mitchell.
+  S. Morris.
+  John Ferguson.
+  W. N. Silver.
+  James Bain.
+  William K. Reynolds.
+  Charles Boggs.
+  Miles W. White.
+  A. McDonald.
+  H. Ford.
+  D. McColl.
+
+ABSENT MEMBERS.
+
+  P. Sennerats, London.
+  Mark Etter, Trinidad.
+  James Barlow, London.
+  John Telford, Scotland.
+  G. W. Anderson, Glasgow.
+  James Walker, Chester.
+
+MEMBERS LATELY DECEASED.
+
+  John Henry.
+  Thomas Leo DeWolf.
+  James Bell.
+  Robert Lyon.
+  Samuel T. Prescott.
+  Winkworth Allen.
+  John Buchan.
+  Thomas Austin, Jr.
+  Peter Bain.
+
+
+
+
+K.
+
+
+_From the Gentlemen's Magazine, Vol. 20, 1750. (June.)_
+
+The Town of Halifax is entirely built according to the plan given in our
+last February number, and many additional buildings are carrying on. The
+barracks for the soldiers are completed and the fort at the mouth of the
+harbor will soon be in a good posture of defence.
+
+The story in the papers of the Indians burning a town of 200 houses is
+without foundation.
+
+Major Lawrence, of Warburton's Regiment at Nova Scotia, appointed
+Lieut.-Col. of Governor Cornwallis' Regiment and Lieut. Governor of
+Annapolis Royal. (July number of the Magazine, 1750.)
+
+August, 1750. Halifax, Nova Scotia.--The fishery here is extremely good,
+one company only having 1400 or 1500 quintals of good dry fish ready to
+ship for a foreign market, and others also have been very successful.
+Mr. Brown, gardener to Governor Cornwallis, with his son and four
+others, going out two or three miles from the town, were beset by the
+Indians, who killed him and his son; the latter they buried, but the
+other body was found on the ground scalped, and brought hither and
+buried; the four others, it is feared, are killed or carried off. The
+Indians have also attacked and scalped seven men that were at work on
+the other side of the harbor. Parties are gone out to repel them.
+
+
+
+
+L.
+
+
+RETURN OF THE 1ST COMPANY OF HALIFAX VOLUNTEER ARTILLERY, UNDER THE
+COMMAND OF CAPTAIN RICHARD TREMAIN, 6TH JULY, 1812.
+
+  Peter Robb, Sergt. Major.
+  John Brown,   }
+  Wm. Forsyth,  }   Sergeants.
+  Thos. Fenerty,}
+  John Rogers,  }
+  Charles Dunbrack, }
+  Thomas Nelson,    } Corpls.
+  John D. Scott,    }
+  William Rudolf,   }
+  David Muirhead,     }
+  William Story, Jr., }   Bomb'rs.
+  Martin Piazza,      }
+  John Tremain.
+  Frederick Major.
+  William Gorham.
+  James McAllen.
+  John Miller.
+  William Bond.
+  John Peeples.
+  William O'Brien.
+  Alexander Smith.
+  George Morin.
+  Francis Story.
+  George Nock.
+  Samuel Lydiard.
+  Benjamin Marshall.
+  Benjamin Kingston.
+  Peter Hay.
+  Frederick Kringle.
+  John Henry.
+  William Smith.
+  Martin Gay Black.
+  Leslie Moffatt.
+  John Phillips.
+  Frederick Runvell.
+  Francis Muncey.
+  Robert Grinton.
+  George O'Brien.
+  Morgan Doyle.
+  Daniel Fraser.
+  Alexander May.
+  Thomas Gentles.
+  John Pendergrass.
+  William Stairs.
+  John N. Ford.
+  Nicholas Wright.
+  Samuel Black.
+  Azor Stevens.
+  Henry Monson.
+  Dennis Connor.
+  Paul Cermanatti.
+  Henry Wright.
+  Abner Stowell.
+  William Schwartz.
+  Peter McNab.
+  Thomas Muirhead.
+  Alexander Fiddis.
+  Herven Cameron.
+  Thomas Simmons.
+  William H. Barry.
+  John Hussey.
+  Thomas Richey.
+  John McPherson.
+  Fred'k John Knight.
+  John Cobb.
+  Thomas Smith, Jr.
+  Daniel Ferguson.
+  Charles W. Hill.
+  William Murray.
+  Thomas Beamish.
+  Nicholas Vass.
+  Alexander Clarke.
+  Joseph Lordley.
+  Henry Boyer.
+  John Bonnell.
+  Henry Warner.
+  David Hutton.
+  Ralph Turnbull.
+  Donald Fraser.
+  James Wilson.
+  John Forrest.
+  John F. Salter.
+  John Fillis.
+  Richard Scott.
+  William Strachan, Jr.
+  John Simpson.
+  Robert Fraser.
+  James Cogswell.
+  John Buchan.
+  Wyndham Madden.
+  James Leishman.
+  Hugh Gall.
+  Alexander Smith.
+  Joshua Lee.
+  Robert Field.
+
+  Halifax, July 6th, 1812.
+
+                                  Sgd.      RICHARD TREMAIN,
+                                                 _Capt. H. V. A._
+
+
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+
+Minor punctuation errors have been corrected without note.
+
+Inconsistent hyphenation, spelling, and capitalization have been left as
+in the original. Except for obvious errors (e.g. missing, extra, or
+transposed letters), incorrect and obsolete spellings have also been
+retained. Mathematical errors have not been corrected.
+
+In the plain-text versions, two oe-ligatures were changed to oe.
+
+The following changes were made to the text:
+
+p. 4: indispensibly to indispensably (indispensably necessary to the
+support)
+
+p. 8: De Anvilles' to D'Anville's, to correspond with the same passage
+quoted later in the book (D'Anville's Fleet have only cut wood for
+present use)
+
+p. 15: Grande to Grand (quartered at Grand Pre)
+
+p. 15: Footnote marker with no note attached removed (after "hired at
+fair wages to assist in the work.")
+
+Footnote 16 (originally on p. 15): Note. to NOTE.
+
+p. 26: embarassed to embarrassed (was continually embarrassed)
+
+p. 44: Surveyers to Surveyors (Surveyors of Pickled Fish)
+
+p. 45: Exellency to Excellency (his Excellency the Lieutenant Governor)
+
+p. 51: 6. to 6d. (for the Church £350 18s. 6d.)
+
+p. 56: subscripton to subscription (A subscription was set on foot)
+
+Footnote 48 (originally on p. 86): extra "of" removed (the accommodation
+of the people)
+
+p. 60: parochials to parochialis (notitia parochialis)
+
+p. 82: $ to £ (The highest prize was £2000.)
+
+p. 90: extra "in" removed (prisoners, six in number)
+
+p. 96: comformity to conformity (in conformity with the Act)
+
+p. 97: "Royal Gazette:" to "Royal Gazette":
+
+p. 97: Prince William Henry to "Prince William Henry" (The brig "Prince
+William Henry,")
+
+Footnote 55 (originally on p. 98): Crdnance to Ordnance; Oonnors to
+Connors
+
+Footnote 58 (originally on p. 106): Footnote marker was originally
+between dash and "Uncertain" instead of before "NOTE."
+
+p. 107: genera to general (as a general)
+
+p. 109: Hemmiongton to Hemmington (J. Hemmington, Grocer)
+
+p. 117: conmiseration to commiseration (commiseration of their
+countrymen)
+
+p. 118: pproaching to approaching (On his approaching near)
+
+p. 118: dist nguishes to distinguishes (so often distinguishes)
+
+p. 119: Halibur on to Haliburton
+
+p. 124: fvaourite to favourite (a favourite resort)
+
+p. 128: Beaujoile to Beaujolie (Count Beaujolie)
+
+p. 132: inh is to in his (in his 83rd year)
+
+p. 139: extra "the" removed (appeared in the Gazette)
+
+p. 150: extra "and" removed (and all the other decimal parts)
+
+p. 153: ballotted to billetted (billetted for service)
+
+Footnotes 74-80 (originally on p. 165): "NOTE.--" removed; these notes
+were originally grouped together into one paragraph
+
+p. 168: suing to using (using these small boats)
+
+p. 175: extra "to" removed (to the Bishopric)
+
+Footnote 84 (originally on p. 188): Parado to Parade (The Grand Parade)
+
+p. 190: Admirality to Admiralty (Admiralty Records)
+
+p. 192: eollege to college (erecting the college)
+
+p. 193: delapidaated to delapidated (old and delapidated)
+
+p. 197: neucleus to nucleus (nucleus for loungers)
+
+p. 205: aids-de-camp to aides-de-camp ( with his aides-de-camp)
+
+p. 206: asssembled to assembled (assembled under the portico)
+
+p. 211: woooden to wooden (old wooden fortifications)
+
+p. 214: Dorie to Doric (Doric pillars)
+
+p. 216: erecteed to erected (erected there a large stone warehouse)
+
+p. 218: stork to store (present stone store)
+
+p. 222: pretentions to pretensions (his pretensions to skill)
+
+p. 225: were to where (where he received his education)
+
+p. 229: a to as (as Judge of the Supreme Court)
+
+p. 231: Abbe to Abbey (Abbey of St. Matthew)
+
+p. 234: Storkkeeper to Storekeeper (Naval Storekeeper)
+
+p. 234: 1659 to 1759 (bears date August 16th, 1759)
+
+p. 237: Carles to Charles (Charles Mason)
+
+p. 239: seamen to seaman (private soldier or seaman)
+
+p. 242: off to of (Shipping of the settlers)
+
+p. 245: seige to siege (accurate account of the siege)
+
+p. 246-261: all repeated headings in tables removed (e.g. NORTH
+SUBURBS.--(CONTINUED.))
+
+p. 247: Rodoph to Rodolph (John Christopher Rodolph)
+
+p. 248: La renz to Laurenz (Laurenz Busgler)
+
+p. 248: E izabeth to Elizabeth (Elizabeth Werner)
+
+p. 248: U rich to Ulrich (Ulrich Seeger)
+
+p. 249: Johanues to Johannes (Johannes Hoaif)
+
+p. 268: soonas to soon as (should deliver as soon as)
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's History of Halifax City, by Thomas B. Akins
+
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of History of Halifax City, by Thomas B. Akins
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: History of Halifax City
+
+Author: Thomas B. Akins
+
+Release Date: January 25, 2012 [EBook #38666]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF HALIFAX CITY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)
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+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div id="tp">
+<h1>HISTORY OF HALIFAX<br />
+CITY.</h1>
+
+<p>by<br />
+Dr. Thomas B. Akins<br />
+(1809-1891)</p>
+
+<p class="no-p">Halifax, Nova Scotia<br />
+1895</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<table class="no-b" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="1" summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr align="center"><td><a href="#CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I.</a></td>
+<td><a href="#CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II.</a></td>
+<td><a href="#CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III.</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr align="center"><td><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV.</a></td>
+<td><a href="#CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V.</a></td>
+<td><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI.</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr align="center"><td><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII.</a></td>
+<td><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII.</a></td>
+<td><a href="#CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX.</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr align="center"><td colspan="3"><a href="#APPENDICES">APPENDICES.</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">{3}</a></span></p>
+
+<p id="begin">HISTORY OF HALIFAX CITY.</p>
+
+<h2 id="chap-one"><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+<p>Halifax, the metropolis of Nova Scotia, and the chief City of the
+Acadian or Lower Provinces, was founded in the year 1749, at the
+expense of Government, under the direction of the Lords of Trade
+and Plantations, and was named in compliment to George Montague,
+Earl of Halifax, then at the head of the Board, under whose immediate
+auspices the settlement was undertaken.</p>
+
+<p>From the Treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, when Acadia was ceded to
+the Crown of Great Britain, to the year 1749, no progress had been
+made by the British in colonizing the country. The inhabitants
+consisted of a few thousand Acadian peasants, scattered around
+the shores of the Basin of Minas, Chignecto and the Valley of
+Annapolis. The Governor resided at Annapolis Royal, a small fortified
+port, with a garrison of two or three hundred regular troops, and
+was, in a great measure, dependent on New England for his necessary
+supplies. This was the only British port within the Province,
+with the exception of that of Canso, where, during the fishing season,
+a number of French, with a few Indians and New England fishermen,
+assembled, and where a captain's guard was usually stationed
+to preserve order and protect the rights of property. The French
+population, though professing to be neutral, had refused to take the
+Oath of Allegiance to the Crown of Great Britain, and were continually
+in a state of hostility to the British authorities in the country.
+Their poverty and ignorance placed them completely under the
+control of a few designing emissaries of the French Governor at
+Quebec, who incited the people to resent British rule, and frequently
+put all law at defiance, by assuming to themselves the sole management
+of municipal affairs in the settlements most remote from the
+seat of Government. The Governors of Canada had undertaken to
+claim all the country from the River St. Lawrence to the Bay of
+Fundy, as comprehended within their jurisdiction, confining the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">{4}</a></span>
+territory of Acadia as ceded under the Treaty of Utrecht, to the
+Peninsula alone, and had actually commenced to erect forts on the
+River St. John and the Isthmus while the nations were at peace.</p>
+
+<p>The necessity of a permanent British settlement and Military
+Station on the Atlantic Coast of the Peninsula, had long been considered
+the only effectual means of preserving British authority, as
+well as for the protection of the coast fishing, which, at this time,
+was deemed of paramount importance to British interests. But
+lately the continual breaches of neutrality on the part of the French,
+together with the loss of Louisburg, under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle,
+in October, 1748, rendered such an establishment indispensably
+necessary to the support of the British Crown in Nova
+Scotia.</p>
+
+<p>The scheme for settlement at Chebucto is said to have originated
+with the people of Massachusetts,<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> who, in calling the attention of
+Government to the claims and encroachments of the French, suggested
+the necessity for, as well as the great commercial advantages to
+be derived from such an undertaking; and it has also been asserted
+that a committee of influential citizens had been formed in Boston
+for the purpose of more effectually advocating the design. No
+authentic information on the subject, however, has been found
+beyond the suggestions contained in Governor Shirley's letters to
+the Secretary of State, in 1747 and 8, in which one extensive plan
+of British colonization throughout Nova Scotia is proposed and
+details suggested, many of which, however, did not receive the
+approval of Government.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p>A plan for carrying into effect this long-cherished design was,
+however, matured by the Board of Trade and Plantations, in the
+year 1748, and submitted to Government in the autumn of that
+year, and being warmly supported by Lord Halifax, the President of
+the Board, advertisements soon appeared under the sanction of His
+Majesty's authority, "holding out proper encouragement to officers
+and private men lately discharged from the Army and Navy, to
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">{5}</a></span>
+settle in Nova Scotia." Among other inducements was the offer to
+convey the settlers to their destination, maintain them for twelve
+months at the public expense, and to supply them with arms and
+ammunition for defence, and with materials and articles for clearing
+the land, erecting dwellings and prosecuting the fishery. The encouragements
+appeared so inviting, that in a short time 1176 settlers,
+with their families, were found to volunteer, and the sum of £40,000
+being appropriated by Parliament for the service, the expedition
+was placed under the command of Col. the Honble. Edward Cornwallis,
+M. P., as Captain General and Governor of Nova Scotia,
+and set sail for Chebucto Bay, the place of destination, in May,
+1749.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<p>The fleet consisted of 13 Transports and a Sloop of War. The
+following is a list of the vessels, with the number of settlers.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<table frame="hsides" rules="groups" cellpadding="2" summary="">
+<colgroup />
+<colgroup />
+<colgroup />
+<colgroup />
+<thead>
+<tr><th colspan="2" class="bb">Sphinx Sloop of War, with Gov. Cornwallis and Suite.</th>
+<th rowspan="2">Tonnage.</th><th rowspan="2">Number of<br /> Passengers.</th></tr>
+<tr><th><span class="smcap">Transports.</span></th><th>Captains.</th></tr>
+</thead>
+<tr><td>Charlton Frigate</td><td>Richard Ladd</td><td align='right'> 395</td><td align='right'> 213</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Winchelsea</td><td>Thomas Cornish</td><td align='right'> 559</td><td align='right'> 303</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Wilmington</td><td>Thomas Adams</td><td align='right'> 631</td><td align='right'> 340</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Merry Jacks</td><td>&mdash;&mdash; Granger</td><td align='right'> 378</td><td align='right'> 230</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Alexander</td><td>Samuel Harris</td><td align='right'> 320</td><td align='right'> 172</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Beaufort</td><td>Elias Brennan</td><td align='right'> 541</td><td align='right'> 287</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rochampton</td><td>Samuel Williamson</td><td align='right'> 232</td><td align='right'> 77</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cannon Frigate</td><td>Andrew Dewar</td><td align='right'> 342</td><td align='right'> 190</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Everly</td><td>S. Dutchman</td><td align='right'> 351</td><td align='right'> 186</td></tr>
+<tr><td>London</td><td>John Barker</td><td align='right'> 550</td><td align='right'> 315</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Brotherhood</td><td>....</td><td align='right'> ....</td><td align='right'> 27</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Baltimore</td><td>Edward Cook</td><td align='right'> 411</td><td align='right'> 226</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Snow Fair Lady</td><td>Isaac Foster</td><td align='right'> ....</td><td align='right'> 10</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td align="right" class="total">2576</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The total number of males, exclusive of children, was 1546; of
+this number above 500 were man-of-war sailors.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<p>The names of the principal settlers, with the rank and calling as
+they appear in the register, are as follows:</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">{6}</a></span>
+Leonard Lockman and Ezekiel Gilman, Majors in the Army;
+John Lemon, Foot Major and Commissary; Otis Little, Edward
+Amherst, Thomas Lewis, Benjamin Ives, Frederick Albert Strasburger,
+and Francis Bartelo, Captains in the Army; David Lewis,
+George Burners, George Colly, Richard Partridge, Thomas Newton,
+<i>John Collier</i>, <i>Robert Ewer</i>, <i>John Creighton</i>, Thomas Voughan, <i>John
+Galland</i>, Richard Reves, William Joice, Joseph Wakefield, Augustus
+Graham, <i>Alexander Callendar</i>, David Haldame, Robert Campbell,
+William Bryan, and T. Vaughan, Lieutenants in the Army; James
+Warren, Thos. Reynolds, and Henry Wendell, Ensigns; John Hamilton,
+Adam Cockburn, and Wm. Williams, Lieutenants in the Navy;
+John Steinfort, Dennis Clarke, William Neil, Gustavus Mugden, and
+John Twinehoe, Lieutenants of Privateers; Chas. Mason, Robert
+Beatie, Charles Covy, Samuel Budd, John Ferguson, Nicholas Puxley,
+William Watson, Joseph Tomwell, Henry Chambers, Nicholas
+Todd, Roger Lowden, Joseph Gunn, John Thompson, Robert Young,
+Thomas Burnside, Timothy Pearce, Richard Drake, Newbegin
+Harris, William Vickers, Richard Cooper, Richard Mannering,
+Thomas Dumster, and Robert Cockburn, Midshipmen in the Royal
+Navy; John Jenkins, Cadet; Rene Gillet, Artificer; John Grant,
+John Henderson, Edward Gibson, William Hamilton, and William
+Smith, Volunteers; Lewis Hayes, Purser; John Bruce, Engineer;
+William Grant, Robert White, Patrick Hay, Mathew Jones, Thomas
+Wilson, M. Rush, James Handeside, H. Pitt, George Philip Bruscowitz,
+Cochran Dickson, Joshua Sacheveral, Thomas Inman, John
+Wildman, David Carnegie, and John Willis, Surgeons; John Steele,
+Lieutenant and Surgeon; William Lascells, Augustus Carsar Harbin,
+Archibald Campbell, John Wallis, John Grant, Daniel Brown,
+Timothy Griffith, Henry Martin, Robert Grant, and Alexander Hay,
+Surgeon's Mates and Assistants; Robert Thorckmorton, Surgeon's
+Pupil; Mr. Anwell, Clergyman; <i>John Baptiste Moreau, Gentleman
+and Schoolmaster</i>; William Jeffery, Commissary; William Steele,
+Brewer and Merchant; Daniel Wood, Attorney; Thomas Cannon,
+Esquire; John Duport, and Lewis Piers, Gentlemen; Archibald
+Hinshelwood, John Kerr, <i>William Nisbett</i>, and Thomas Gray, Governor's
+Clerks; David Floyd, Clerk of the Stores.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">{7}</a></span>
+On the 21st June, 1749, old style, the Sloop of War, "Sphinx,"
+arrived in the Harbor of Chebucto, having on board, the Honourable
+Edward Cornwallis, Captain General and Governor-in-Chief of
+the Province of Nova Scotia, and his suite. They had a long and
+boisterous passage, and did not make the coast of Acadia until 14th.
+They had no one on board acquainted with the coast, and did not
+meet with a pilot until the 20th, when they fell in with a Sloop
+from Boston, bound to Louisburg, with two pilots for the Government
+of that place. Governor Cornwallis' intention was first to proceed
+to Annapolis, but the wind not serving for the Bay of Fundy,
+and the officers assuring him that in case of foggy weather setting in
+they might be a long time in getting to Annapolis, he concluded on
+proceeding at once to Chebucto, rather than risk the possibility of
+being separated for any length of time from the fleet. He also felt,
+that by so doing, he would save the Governor of Louisburg the bad
+and long navigation to Annapolis, and accordingly, he dispatched a
+letter to Governor Hopson, by the Sloop, apprising him of his intention
+and desiring him to transport his garrison to Chebucto as soon
+as possible. The "Sphinx," before making Chebucto, first came to
+anchor in Malagash Bay, where they found several French families,
+comfortably settled, who professed themselves British subjects, and
+had grants of land from Governor Mascarine; they had tolerably
+good wooden houses covered with bark, and many cattle, and expressed
+themselves greatly pleased on hearing of the proposed new
+settlement. It happened that the same day on which Cornwallis
+arrived in the Harbor of Chebucto, a sloop came in from Louisburg
+with a letter from Hopson in expectation of meeting him. Hopson
+was in great perplexity, the French having arrived to take possession
+under the terms of the treaty, and there were no vessels to embark
+his troops. It appeared he was fully under the expectation that the
+ships which were to bring out the settlers would arrive in time to be
+sent down to him for that purpose, and he had made no other
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">{8}</a></span>
+arrangements. On receiving the letter, Governor Cornwallis immediately
+dispatched the Sloop to Boston, with letters to Apthorp
+&amp; Handerik, whom Hopson recommended for the purpose, to hire
+vessels with all expedition to transport the garrison of Louisburg
+to Chebucto; also a letter directed to Governor Mascarine in case
+they should meet at sea with a vessel bound to Annapolis. At the
+same time, a Frenchman, acquainted with the country, was dispatched
+overland by Minas to Annapolis, with orders to Mascarine to come
+down with a quorum of his Council as soon as possible, that the
+new commission might be opened and another Council appointed in
+accordance with the Royal Instructions.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p>
+
+<p>Governor Cornwallis' first dispatch to England, after arriving
+at Chebucto, was sent via Boston, and bears the date 22nd June, the
+day after his arrival. In this letter he says: "The coasts are as
+rich as ever they have been represented; we caught fish every day
+since we came, within 50 leagues of the coast. The harbour itself
+is full of fish of all kinds. All the officers agree the harbour is the
+finest they have ever seen. The country is one continued wood; no
+clear spot is to be seen or heard of. I have been on shore in several
+places. The underwood is only young trees, so that with difficulty
+one is able to make his way anywhere." "D'Anville's Fleet have
+only cut wood for present use; they cleared no ground, but encamped
+their men on the beach. I have seen but few brooks, nor as
+yet have found the navigable river that has been talked of. There
+are a few French families on the east side of the bay, about three
+leagues off. Some have been on board."</p>
+
+<p>Governor Mascarine having received Cornwallis' letter on the 26th,
+on the following day, ordered Captain Davis to make ready his
+galley and go round to Chebucto with fresh provisions. Mascarine
+was waiting the arrival of the new Governor at Annapolis, as
+appears by his letters to Governor Hopson on the 14th and 26th
+June, in which he says: "Get ready supplies for the new Captain
+General who will be here, but the fleet will be at Chebucto." The
+"Snow Fair Lady" arrived shortly after the Sphinx, and was
+dispatched to Annapolis to afford Mr. Mascarine the means of
+transporting his council and part of his garrison to Chebucto. On
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">{9}</a></span>
+the 26th, the "Fair Lady" was in the harbour of Annapolis ready to
+receive Governor Mascarine and suite. On the 27th, the transport
+began to make their appearance off the harbour of Chebucto, and
+by the 1st July, they had all arrived. As their passage had been
+extremely good, and none of them had in the least suffered, the
+Governor found himself in a position to afford vessels to Colonel
+Hopson the moment the settlers should be put on shore.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> Accordingly
+having countermanded the order to Boston for transports, he
+dispatched to Louisburg the ship "Brotherhood" on the 1st July,
+and on the 5th, the "London," "Wilmington," "Winchelsea," and
+"Merry Jacks." On the 8th he received from Louisburg, copies
+of letters from Governor Shirley of Boston, to Governor Mascarine,
+giving an account of the French having commenced a fort at the
+mouth of the River St. John, and on the following day sent Captain
+Rouse in the "Albany" and a small sloop to attend her, with
+orders to the commanding officer at Annapolis to furnish him with
+troops if required, and to proceed immediately to the River St.
+John, Governor Shirley having previously sent the ship "Boston"
+to Annapolis for the same service, there to await orders. It appears
+that the French had fitted out an expedition, under M. Ramey, for
+this purpose, a short time before the arrival of Cornwallis, and the
+vessel with ammunition, arms and provisions, bound to St. John
+River, had passed Malagash Bay a few days before the arrival of the
+"Sphinx" there; but having put into Port Mouton on her way, the
+information of their designs was communicated to the authorities of
+Annapolis.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Mascarine having arrived with several of his Council on
+the 12th, the following day Governor Cornwallis opened his commission
+and took the oaths of office in their presence, and on Friday,
+the 14th July, the Civil Government was organized, and Colonel
+Paul Mascarine, Captain Edward How, Captain John Gorham,
+Benjamin Green, John Salsbury and Hugh Davidson were sworn in
+Councillors<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> on board the "Beaufort" Transport, and the Commission
+and Royal Instructions were then read. "The formation of the
+Board was announced to the people by a general salute from the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">{10}</a></span>
+ships in the harbour and the day was devoted to festivity and amusement."
+The four first gentlemen named in the Council were officers
+from Annapolis; Mr. Green was from Massachusetts, and had been
+with General Hopson at Louisburg, and the two latter were of His
+Excellency's suite; Mr. Davidson acted as Secretary.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the month of July, a spot for the settlement was pitched
+upon near Point Pleasant,<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> then called Sandwich Point, and people
+were employed in cutting down the trees; but the want of sufficient
+depth of water in front, its great exposure to south-east gales and
+other inconveniences being discovered, it was abandoned for a more
+eligible situation to the northward, commanding a prospect of the
+whole harbour and on an easy ascent with bold anchorage close
+to the shore. Here Mr. Bruce the engineer, and Captain Morris the
+surveyor, were ordered to lay out the town, which was surveyed, the
+plan completed and the lots appropriated to their respective owners
+by the 14th September. The town was laid out in squares or blocks
+of 320 by 120 feet deep, the streets being 55 feet<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> in width. Each
+block contained 16 town lots, forty feet front by sixty deep, and the
+whole was afterwards divided into five divisions or wards, called
+Callendar's, Galland's, Ewer's, Collier's and Foreman's divisions,
+after the names of the persons who were appointed Captains of
+Militia, each ward being large enough to supply one company.</p>
+
+<p>Buckingham Street was the north and Salter Street the south limit,
+and the whole was surrounded by a strong palisade of pickets with
+block houses or log forts at convenient distances. Foreman's new
+division was afterwards added as far as the present Jacob Street.
+The north and south suburbs were surveyed about the same time, but
+the German lots in the north were not laid off till the year following.</p>
+
+<p>Great difficulty was at first experienced in the erection of dwellings;
+the European settlers being totally unacquainted with the
+method of constructing wooden buildings. Frames and other materials
+for building were, however, soon brought from Massachusetts,
+and before the cold weather set in a number of comfortable dwellings
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">{11}</a></span>
+were erected. Provisions and other necessary supplies were
+regularly served out in the camp, and every exertion on the part of
+the Governor made to render the settlers comfortable before the
+approach of winter. Several transports were detained and housed
+over to accommodate those settlers whose houses were not complete,
+and the canvas tent and log hut were soon abandoned for more
+convenient and comfortable accommodations.</p>
+
+<p>I have, says Governor Cornwallis, in his letter of the 20th August,
+contracted for frames and materials for barracks and officers' lodgings
+from Boston. Boards are very high owing to the drought. I
+have got none under £4 per thousand, and shall be obliged to
+furnish a vast number to help the people to get under cover, and
+have sent an officer on purpose to Boston to obtain them at a fair
+price. Many houses are begun and huts and log houses already up
+for more than half a mile on each side the town.</p>
+
+<p>Tradition says that on clearing the ground for settlement a
+number of dead bodies were discovered among the trees, partly
+covered by the underwood, supposed to have been soldiers of the
+Duke D'Anville's expedition which put into Chebucto Harbor in
+1746,<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> but the Governor in his letter does not mention the facts.</p>
+
+<p>During the winter months the people were kept actively employed
+in cutting pickets for fences and wood for fuel, and for erecting new
+buildings. Mechanics were placed at the head of working parties to
+direct their labours, and by a judicious division of the people into
+small parties the more laborious portion of the work was executed
+with uncommon dispatch. Mills were also erected at the expense of
+Government for sawing lumber, and a mill master appointed with a
+salary, and every facility held out to enable those settlers, who had
+not yet been accommodated, to complete their dwellings on the
+approach of spring. The Governor in his letter of 27th July,
+describes the site of the Town as very advantageous. He says: "It
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">{12}</a></span>
+has all the conveniences I could wish except a fresh water river.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>
+Nothing is easier than to build wharves; one is already finished
+for ships of 200 tons. I have constantly employed all the carpenters
+I could get from Annapolis and the ships here to build log
+houses for stores. I have likewise offered the French at Minas
+considerable wages to work, and they have promised to send fifty
+men to remain until October. As there was not one yard of clear
+ground you will imagine our difficulty and what we have here to do;
+however, they have already cleared about 12 acres, and I hope to
+begin my house in two days; I have a small frame and pickets
+ready."</p>
+
+<p>The following extracts from a letter dated 25th July, 1749,
+written by a settler,<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> affords several interesting facts relative to the
+state of the settlement at this time:&mdash;"On our arrival we found the
+Sphinx, of 20 guns, which had come into harbor a few days before
+us; as I write the transports are entering the harbor with the two
+regiments of Hopson and Warberton on board from Louisburg.
+The assistance, as well as the security we shall receive from them,
+will greatly forward our settlement; the officers have brought all
+their furniture, a great number of milch cows, and other stock,
+besides military stores. We have already cleared about 20 acres,
+and every one has a hut by his tent. Our work goes briskly,
+and the method of employing the people in ships' companies has a
+good effect, and as the Governor is preparing to lay out the lots of
+land, we shall soon have a very convenient and pleasant town built,
+which is to be called Halifax. There are already several wharves
+built, and one gentleman is erecting a saw mill; public store houses
+are also building, and grain of various sorts have been sown. We
+have received constant supplies of plank and timber for building,
+and fresh stock and rum in great quantities, 20 schooners frequently
+coming in in one day. We have also a hundred cows and some
+sheep, brought down to us by land, by the French at Minas, which
+is about 30 miles distant from the bottom of the bay, and to which
+we purpose to cut a road. The French Deputies who came to make
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">{13}</a></span>
+submission have promised to send us 50 men for this purpose, and
+to assist us as far as they are able; we have received the like
+promise, and friendship and assistance from the Indians, the chief
+having been with the Governor for that purpose. In short, every
+thing is in a very prosperous way. But I should be equally unjust
+and ungrateful, were I to conclude without paying the tribute which
+is due to our Governor. He seems to have nothing in view but the
+interest and happiness of all; his zeal and prudent conduct in the
+difficult task assigned him cannot be too much admired."</p>
+
+<p>The plan of the town having been completed and the building lots
+marked out, in order to prevent dispute and discontent among the
+settlers, it was deemed best that they should draw for the lots.
+Accordingly, at a Council held on the 1st of August, it was resolved
+that on Tuesday following, the 8th of August, all heads of families who
+were settlers, should assemble at seven o'clock with the overseers,
+and single men should form themselves into families, four to each
+family, and each family choose one to draw for them. Mr. Bruce
+the engineer, being present on the occasion, assisted in distributing
+the lots according to the arrangement, and the whole were entered in
+a book of registry which was to be kept for the purpose and to constitute
+evidence of title and possession.<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p>
+
+<p>The next object of importance was the erection of proper defences
+for the protection of the settlement. After they had taken possession
+of the lots, and commenced to build, the Governor endeavoured
+to induce the people to work for a few days in throwing up a line of
+defence around their new abode; "but," says he, "there was no
+persuading them to do it." It was not until the 13th August when
+the Council voted 1s. 6d. per day to each man employed, that this
+necessary work was commenced by the settlers. The harbour being
+broad and easy of access, the difficulty of selecting proper positions
+for fortifications, which would command the entrance, was at first
+seriously felt. This had been the great objection on the part of the
+French to making any settlement at Chebucto, La Have having
+been chosen by them for the principal post on the Atlantic Coast,
+being, from its narrow entrance, more easy of defence. In Admiral
+Darell's plan of Chebucto, the two points that flanked the entrance
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">{14}</a></span>
+to Bedford Basin were marked as the places proper to fortify. Mr.
+Cornwallis says, their view must have been to have the settlement
+within that Bay (the Basin); this would have been subject to great
+inconvenience. In the first place, it would have been too far up for
+the fishermen, it being about five leagues from the entrance of the
+Harbour to those points, and the beach all along as well adapted
+for curing their fish as can possibly be imagined; no fisherman
+would ever have thought of going within these forts. Indeed no
+ship would choose to go so far, as no finer harbour can be than that
+of Chebucto, which reaches from these points to Sandwich River; so
+that notwithstanding any forts upon these points, an enemy's fleet
+might be secure and indeed block up all ships within the bay. He
+accordingly fixed upon Sandwich Point and the high lands opposite,
+(now called York Redoubt), and George's Island as the most proper
+positions for the erection of the necessary defences. On the latter
+he immediately placed a guard, landed his stores and planned and
+proposed to build thereon his magazine for powder.</p>
+
+<p>The first act of Government, after the organization of the Council
+on the 14th, was an audience of the three French Deputies, who had
+come down to meet the New Governor. They were Jean Melanson,
+from Canard River; Claude le Blance, from Grand Pre, and Philip
+Melanson from Pisiquid. Colonel Mascarine read to the Council
+the oath which the French inhabitants had before taken. Being
+asked if they had anything to offer from their several departments,
+they answered that they were sent only to pay their respects to His
+Excellency and to know what was to be their condition henceforth,
+and whether they would be allowed their priests. They were assured
+that their religion should be protected, but that, as heretofore, no
+priest should be permitted to officiate within the Province, without
+having first obtained a license from the Governor. They were
+furnished with copies of the Royal Declaration, a proclamation
+issued by Governor Cornwallis, and the oath which had been customary,
+with directions to return within a fortnight, to report to the
+Council the views of the inhabitants of the respective districts, and
+also to notify the other settlements to send deputies as soon as
+possible. The second meeting of the Council took place on the 17th,
+when Mr. Wm. Steele was sworn in a member of the Board, and on
+the following day the Governor's proclamation was read in the camp,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">{15}</a></span>
+prohibiting all persons from leaving the Province without permission,
+and against the retail of spirituous liquors without license.</p>
+
+<p>On the 18th, Mr. Bruce the Engineer, Lieutenants Ewer, Collier
+and Mr. John Duport were appointed Justices of the peace, and all
+the settlers having assembled in separate companies with their
+respective overseers, each company chose its constables.</p>
+
+<p>The Governor designed opening more perfect means of communication
+with Minas by constructing a road, which he described as
+being 30 miles only, in a direct line, and to build a Block House
+half way, but having only two companies of soldiers with him, one
+of Hopson's and one of Warberton's regiment, together with about
+60 of Goreham's Indian Rangers, and the 50 French, who promised
+to assist in the work, having disappointed him, he was compelled to
+postpone the object until after the arrival of the army from Louisburg.
+Proper access to the interior, by the construction of a good
+road to Minas, was deemed of paramount importance to the settlement
+of the country. The inhabitants of the rural districts were so
+insulated as to be in a great measure independent of all authority.
+Colonel Mascarine, on returning to Annapolis, received directions to
+send a Captain, 3 Subalterns and 100 men to Minas, and to erect a
+Block-house and Battery there, the troops to be first quartered at
+Grand Pre, where the Block-house was to be built, and the French
+people were to be hired at fair wages to assist in the work.</p>
+
+<p>Capt. How, who had been sent to St. John River in the Albany
+with Capt. Rouse, having returned overland with thirteen Indians,
+three deputies from the tribes at St. John, the Chief of the Chinecto
+Indians, and nine others of their tribes. They received an audience
+on the 14th; they consisted of Francis de Salle, Chief from
+Octfragli; the Chief Noellobig, from Medochig; the Chief Neptune
+Albodonallilla from the Chignecto tribe, for himself and tribe. The
+negotiation was carried on through Martin, the Indian, and André,
+the interpreter from Minas. They stated to the Council that they
+had come to confirm the treaty of 1726, and that several of them
+had been present at that treaty. Terms were drawn up by Mr.
+Secretary Davidson, and signed by the Chiefs on the 15th August,<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">{16}</a></span>
+1749, and Capt. How was ordered to carry it to St. John to be ratified,
+and to take with him presents to the Chiefs. It was accordingly
+ratified on the 4th day of September following, and signed by
+all the Chiefs and Captains at the River St. John, six in number, in
+the presence of Mr. How and seven other witnesses; Madame De
+Bellisle acting as interpreter by request of the Indians. This document
+is still in existence; also a copy of that of 1726, sent to
+Governor Cornwallis by the Governor of Massachusetts Bay. This
+treaty appears to have been little regarded, for in the beginning of
+October following, news arrived from Annapolis and Canso of
+further incursions on the part of the Indians, and Government was
+compelled to raise two new independent companies of Volunteers for
+that service, which were placed under the command of Major Gilman
+and Capt. Clapham, on the same footing with the Rangers under
+Gorham.</p>
+
+<p>After the evacuation of Louisburg the population received a
+considerable accession; a number of the English inhabitants came
+with Governor Hobson and became settlers, and many from New
+England were daily arriving, and upwards of 1000 more from the
+old provinces had expressed themselves desirous of joining the
+Settlement before winter. The Governor therefore gave orders to
+all vessels in the Government service to give them a free passage.
+The New England people soon formed the basis of the resident
+population, and are the ancestors of many of the present inhabitants.
+They were better settlers than the old discharged soldiers
+and sailors who came on the fleet; most of whom died or left the
+country during the first three or four years, leaving, however, the
+most industrious and respectable among them as permanent settlers.
+Many settlers and traders came out for the purpose of making
+money; these people infested the Settlement in great numbers, and
+gave Mr. Cornwallis and his successors much trouble and annoyance,
+in demoralizing the people by the illicit sale of bad liquors, and
+in other ways retarding the progress of the country.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">{17}</a></span>
+A proposition was made about this time by a French merchant
+from the West Indies to Governor Cornwallis to bring to Halifax
+some Protestant families from Martinique with their effects, if he
+would give them protection and grant them lands, and the Governor
+was furnished with a list of their names, with what each of them
+was worth, which approached in all nearly £50,000. This gentleman
+proceeded to Louisburg to obtain for them a passport, and
+proposed to have his people on before winter; but it does not
+appear as far as any information on the subject can be gathered
+from the public records that any of these French Protestants ever
+arrived.</p>
+
+<p>The Government found it necessary to check the indiscriminate
+sale of spirituous liquors by a license duty. On the 28th August
+an ordinance passed for that purpose, and all such licensed houses
+were to be closed at 9 p. m. under penalty. On the 31st August
+the Governor and Council for the first time sat as a Court of Law.
+This was named the General Court, all authority&mdash;legislative,
+executive and judicial&mdash;being vested in the Board. They met on this
+day for the trial of Abram Goodside, the Boatswain's mate of the
+Beaufort, who stabbed and wounded two men. A grand jury was
+summoned who found a bill of indictment; he was tried and found
+guilty by a petit jury, and hanged under the Governor's warrant on
+2nd September, 1749. On 31st August, another Court was held for
+the trial of one Peter Cartal, for murder. The Acadian Deputies
+having returned from the country, they were called before the
+Governor and Council on September 6th, when they presented a
+letter signed by 1000 inhabitants claiming to take only a qualified
+Oath of Allegiance.</p>
+
+<p>On the 30th August, a sloop from Liverpool, Great Britain, with
+116 settlers, arrived after a passage of nine weeks. They were, however,
+all quite healthy, not one person being sick on board at the time
+of their arrival. Two streets were then added to the Town and lots
+assigned to these people. This was Forman's new division. We
+have no names of these settlers or the name of the sloop.</p>
+
+<p>Information having reached the Government that the Indians of
+Acadia and St. John's Island, designed to molest the settlement at
+Halifax on the approach of winter,<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> it was deemed advisable to erect
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">{18}</a></span>
+outworks for its defence; accordingly the troops and inhabitants
+were immediately employed to construct a line of palisades around
+the town in connection with square log forts which were to be placed
+at convenient distances. A space of thirty feet was cleared without
+the lines, and the trees thrown up by way of a barricade, which
+constituted a complete defence against any attempt on the part of
+the Indians. Those settlers who had built their houses without the
+town had arms given them, and their dwellings being built of logs
+were musket proof; also the Ordnance Artificers, those from New
+England and such of the settlers as had been in the army, and such
+others as could be trusted with arms within the town, also received
+them, and an order was sent to Boston for a supply of lamps to
+light the streets during the winter nights. Col. Goreham was sent
+to the head of the Basin with his company of Rangers for the winter,
+with an armed sloop to assist him, and every preparation possible
+was made for the protection of the people during the ensuing winter.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians had appeared in the neighbourhood of the town for
+several weeks, but intelligence had been received that they had commenced
+hostilities, by the capture of twenty persons at Canso under
+frivolous pretences, and of two vessels having been attacked by them
+at Chignecto, when three English and seven Indians were killed.
+In consequence of this information it was resolved in Council to
+send a letter to M. Desherbiers, Governor of Louisburg, to recall
+LeLoutre. On the last day of September they made an attack on the
+sawmill at Dartmouth, then under the charge of Major Gilman.
+Six of his men had been sent out to cut wood without arms. The
+Indians laid in ambush, killed four and carried off one, and the
+other escaped and gave the alarm, and a detachment of rangers was
+sent after the savages, who having overtaken them, cut off the heads
+of two Indians and scalped one.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p>
+
+<p>These proceedings compelled the government to take more active
+measures, and orders were given to the commanding officers at the
+out stations, to destroy the Indians wherever they met them, and
+a premium of ten guineas was offered for every Indian killed or
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">{19}</a></span>
+taken prisoner, this offer was in consequence of the large rewards
+offered by the French to the Indians for English scalps. Orders
+were given for raising two independent companies of rangers, one of
+one hundred men by Major Gilman, who was sent to Piscataqua for
+that purpose,<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> the other a company of volunteers by Captain Wm.
+Clapham, who with Goreham's Indian Rangers, now returned from
+their stations at the head of the Basin with a company of Philips'
+Regiment, were to scour the whole country around the Bay. The
+St. John Indians having kept the treaty, received from Governor
+Cornwallis a present of 1000 bushels of corn, and an order was also
+given to purchase at Minas 500 bushels of wheat, to be baked into
+biscuit for the same purpose. Captain How was intrusted with
+these and other presents, and was directed to bring back with him, if
+possible, some of the tribe to go against the Mic-Macs. The
+preparation necessary to the protection of the town against
+French-Indian hostilities tended to expedite the progress of the
+settlement; before the middle of October, about three hundred and
+fifty houses had been completed, two of the square forts finished
+and the barricade carried all around. A number of store houses
+and barrack buildings for the accommodation of the troops had been
+also erected and the Governor's residence completed. The Council
+met there on the 14th October. About 30 of the French inhabitants
+were employed on the Public Works, and in cutting a road from the
+town to the Basin of Minas. A number of influential and
+industrious families from New England and other places had
+already become settlers, and Halifax Harbor was the resort of a
+large number of fishing vessels.</p>
+
+<p>About this time a destructive epidemic made its appearance in the
+town, and it is said nearly 1000 persons fell victims during the
+autumn and the following winter. On the 14th day of October, the
+Government found it necessary to publish an ordinance, commanding
+all Justices of the Peace, upon the death of the settlers, to name
+so many of the neighbourhood or quarter (not exceeding 12) to
+which the deceased belonged, to attend at the burial and carry the
+corpse to the grave, and whoever refused to attend without sufficient
+reason should have his name struck off the Mess Book and Register
+of Settlers as unworthy of His Majesty's bounty; again in
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">{20}</a></span>
+December, another order was made commanding all householders to
+report their dead to a clergyman within twenty-four hours.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the frequent alarms of invasion from the Indians and
+French stragglers during the winter, it was resolved in Council to
+organize a militia force for the protection of the settlement, and on
+the Sunday following the 6th day of December, after divine service,
+all the male settlers, between the age of sixteen and sixty, were
+assembled on the parade, and drawn up in the following order:&mdash;"Those
+of Mr. Ewer's and Mr. Collier's divisions to face the harbor,
+those of the quarters of Mr. Galland and Mr. Foreman to face the
+Citadel, and those of Mr. Callendar's division at one end of the
+parade." The proclamation bears date the 7th day of December,
+1749. On the 16th, information arrived that a French force had
+been dispatched overland from Canada, to attack Halifax, and that
+the Indians were to co-operate with them, also, that two vessels
+with six hundred men were in the Bay Verte under LeCorne, and
+with ammunition and stores of all kinds for a winter expedition.
+The people having been again assembled on the parade after divine
+service, the proclamation was read and the settlers commanded to
+fell all the trees around the town without the forts and barricades.
+No attempt was, however, made upon the town, either by the Indians
+or French during the winter. These hostilities were being carried
+on by the Government of Canada, while the two Crowns were
+nominally at peace, under pretence that the Treaty of Utrecht only
+ceded to the Crown of Great Britain the peninsula of Nova Scotia
+proper.</p>
+
+<p>The Governor deeming it expedient that some permanent system of
+judicial proceedings to answer the immediate exigencies of the
+Colony should be established, a committee of Council was accordingly
+appointed to examine the various systems in force in the old
+Colonies. On 13th December, Mr. Green reported that after a
+careful investigation, the laws of Virginia were found to be most
+applicable to the present situation of the province. The report was
+adopted. It referred principally to the judicial proceedings in the
+General Courts, the County Courts, and other tribunals.</p>
+
+<p>Before concluding this chapter, which comprehends all that can
+be collected relative to the affairs of the settlement during the first
+year of its existence, it will be proper to observe that in founding
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">{21}</a></span>
+the City, the spiritual wants of the settlers were not lost sight of by
+the British Government. Preparatory to the embarkation of the
+settlers, a letter was addressed by the Lords of Trade and Plantations
+to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign
+Parts, dated Whitehall, April 6th, 1749, recommending to the
+Society to appoint ministers and school-masters for the new
+settlement at Chebucto, and for such other townships or settlements
+as should from time to time be formed in Nova Scotia, and requesting
+the Society to make some provisions for them until arrangements
+should be made for their sufficient support, by grants of land, etc.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a>
+The Society resolved immediately to act on this recommendation,
+and undertook to send six clergymen and six school-masters, when the
+settlements should be formed. The first missionaries appointed
+under this arrangement, were the Rev. William Tutty, of Emmanuel
+College, Cambridge, and the Rev. Mr. Anwell, who both came out
+with the settlers in June, 1749. Mr. Tutty officiated in the open
+air until the necessary church accommodation could be obtained. On
+laying out the town, a spot was assigned by Government for the
+church. The site was first selected at the north end of the Grand
+Parade, where Dalhousie College now stands, but it was changed
+immediately after for the present site of St. Paul's Church, which
+was erected at the expense of Government and ready for the reception
+of the missionary, who preached his first sermon there on the
+2nd day of September, 1750. The pews and inside finish were not
+completed for several years after. The name of Mr. Tutty does not
+appear among those of the settlers who came with Cornwallis. He
+probably, however, accompanied him. Mr. Anwell came with the
+expedition, but his name does not again appear; he died shortly
+after his arrival. Mr. Tutty spoke German and administered the
+Lord's Supper to the German settlers in their own language. The
+other missionary, J. Baptiste Moreau, who came out as school-master,
+and afterwards went to England for ordination, returned to the settlement
+and went down to Maligash with the Germans, 1752. Mr.
+Halstead was the school-master in charge of the Society's schools at
+Halifax during the first two or three years.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Cornwallis in 1749, assigned the lot at the south-west
+corner of Prince and Hollis streets for a Protestant Dissenting
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">{22}</a></span>
+Meeting house. The old building known as Mather's, or as it was
+afterwards called St. Matthew's Church (destroyed by fire in 1859,)
+was soon after erected on this site. It was appropriated originally
+to the Congregationalists, many of whom came from New England to
+settle in Halifax. It was called Mather's Church after the celebrated
+Cotton Mather, one of the leading divines of that denomination
+at Boston, in early days. The Presbyterians, and all who did
+not belong to the Established Church, attended divine service in this
+building. The Rev. Mr. Cleveland, who came from one of the old
+colonies, was the first minister who officiated in this building. It
+afterwards fell into the hands of the Presbyterians and became the
+property of the Church of Scotland, and the name of Mather's was
+changed to that of St. Matthew. This old Church was destroyed
+by fire, which consumed a large portion of the buildings in Hollis
+Street, in 1859. The lot of ground on which it stood was afterwards
+sold to Mr. Doull, who erected the fine stone store thereon,
+now known as Doull and Miller's building.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> One Thomas Coram, whose name appears frequently in the history of the state of
+Maine, is said to have suggested a scheme for building a town at Chebucto in 1718, and
+applied to Government for a grant of land, but was prevented by the agents of the
+Government of Massachusetts Bay, who supposed that such project might interfere
+with their fishing privileges, and he was compelled to abandon his enterprise. This,
+however, has not the weight of much authority.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Copies of several of Shirley's letters were furnished Governor Cornwallis on
+leaving England, as part of his instructions.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Cornwallis was gazetted 9th May, 1749.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Smollet's History mentions 1,000 settlers with their families; this probably was
+intended to include the Germans and other settlers who arrived between 1749 and 1753.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> But one death, a child, occurred during the voyage. This was attributed to the
+care of the Board of Trade and Plantations in providing ventilators and air pipes for
+the Transports, a new invention then lately introduced.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Governor Cornwallis in his letter to the Lords of Trade, dated Chebucto, 24th
+July, 1749, says: "The number of settlers&mdash;men, women and children&mdash;is 1,400, but I beg
+leave to observe to your Lordships that amongst them the number of industrious,
+active men proper to undertake and carry on a new settlement, is very small. Of
+soldiers there are only 100, of tradesmen, sailors and others able and willing to work,
+not above 200." The rest he reports as idle and worthless, persons who embraced the
+opportunity to get provisions for a year without labour, or sailors who only wanted a
+passage to New England, and that many were sick and unfit for settlers, and many
+without sufficient clothing. He describes a few Swiss who were among the settlers,
+as "regular, honest and industrious men," and observes that there are "indeed, many
+come over of the best sort, who, though they do not work themselves, are useful in
+managing the rest." "I have," he says, "appointed two or three of them as overseers
+of each ship's company."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> This messenger arrived on the fourth day, at Annapolis. "It is," says the Governor
+in his letter, "25 leagues over to Minas, (now Horton), and the French have made a
+path for driving their cattle over."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> The settlers who came out in the transport, afterwards sent to Louisburg, were
+first landed on George's Island.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> The table around which this Council assembled is now in the small Council
+Chamber in the Province Building.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> "From seeing the place only, one would be apt to choose Sandwich Point as the
+best situation for a town, being very defensible and having the advantage of Sandwich
+River, (now known as the North West Arm), navigable a great way. This was the
+general opinion at first, and they began to clear there, the first day they worked, but
+upon examination we found the strongest objections against it."&mdash;<i>Governor Cornwallis'
+letter to Board of Trade.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> The streets are supposed to be 60 feet broad, but none of them are found to exceed
+55 feet in width.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> The remnant of this formidable fleet which was destined for the destruction of the
+British settlements of Acadia and New England, put into Chebucto Harbor in distress
+in September, 1746. The troops it is said were encamped on the western side of the
+Basin, near the small Cove about 4 miles from town, which still bears the name of the
+French Landing. The Duke died of grief at the failure of the expedition, and the Vice
+Admiral Destourville, ran himself through the body, and was buried on George's
+Island. His remains, or what was supposed to be have been, were afterwards removed
+to France by his family. Several of the ships of war were sunk on the eastern side of
+the Basin. The hulls of these vessels were visible in calm weather about 50 years
+ago, but they have long since disappeared. M. Jonquiare, afterwards Governor of
+Canada, was also in this expedition.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> At this period when the settlement was confined to such narrow limits the brook
+known to us as Fresh Water River, in the south suburbs, was considered to be at a
+distance too far from the pickets to be of much value as a means of supply to the
+settlers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> This letter appeared in one of the British periodicals for October, 1749.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> This allotment book still remains entire in the office of the Provincial Secretary,
+in Halifax. It was repaired in 1869 by the Record Commission, and a fac-simile copy
+made for use and the original placed out of the reach of injury.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Note.</span>&mdash;These Indians are described in a letter from one of the Settlers, to
+England, dated 19th August, as quite different from the Indians of the peninsula, their
+faces all rubbed over with vermillion and across their nose and forehead are regularly
+drawn black lines. Their ears are bored full of holes and adorned with tobacco pipes
+and ribbons of different colours; their clothes are of the light homespun grey but intolerably
+ragged. The French supply them with those articles. Their squaws or women
+dress equally as gay as the men. They are entire drunkards, and never cease drinking
+spirituous liquors as long as they can get it. They came on board to the Governor in
+great form. After the treaty was ratified they received presents and went on board the
+man-of-war, where they solaced themselves with singing and dancing. As to the songs
+it is one continued bellowing and noise. Upon their coming off, the man-of-war gave
+them a salute of 17 guns, as likewise they did on going aboard. They expressed a great
+deal of satisfaction at the honors done them; so they were discharged and sent in one
+of Colonel Goreham's sloops to St. John River with presents to the rest of their tribe.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Governor Cornwallis' letter to Secretary of State.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> This affair is mentioned in a letter from a gentleman in Halifax to Boston, dated
+October 2nd, as follows: "About seven o'clock on Saturday morning before, as several
+of Major Gilman's workmen with one soldier, unarmed, were hewing sticks of timber
+about 200 yards from his house and mills on the east side of the harbour, they were surprised
+by about 40 Indians, who first fired two shots and then a volley upon them
+which filled four, two of whom they scalped, and cut off the heads of the others, the
+fifth is missing and is supposed to have been carried off."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> These men were supplied with hatchets and snow shoes for winter warfare.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> A copy of this letter will be found in the <a href="#APPENDICES">appendix</a>.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">{23}</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+<p>The winter of 1749-50, as has been before mentioned, was spent
+in continual apprehension of Indian and French invasion, and in
+preparations to receive the enemy. On the 7th January, 1750, a
+number of the inhabitants petitioned that Martial Law should be
+declared, but the Governor and Council did not consider the danger
+so great or imminent as to make it necessary. However, stringent
+regulations with regard to the militia were enacted, and an ordinance
+was issued compelling all settlers able to bear arms between 16 and
+60, to be formed into 10 companies of 70 men each,<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> and a guard
+of &mdash; officers and 30 men to assemble every evening near the parade
+to keep guard until sunrise, and all militia men called upon to labour
+at the fortifications, were to be allowed 1s. per day. Labourers
+were constantly employed in raising a barricade and continuing it to
+the water side, and block houses were erected between the forts.</p>
+
+<p>During the winter intelligence frequently arrived from Minas,
+Pisiquid, and the eastern shore, of attacks being made by the Indians
+upon stragglers, and several young Acadians were brought from
+Minas to Halifax for trial, having been found in arms with the
+Indians. A large reward was offered for the apprehension of
+LeLoutre, the Indian missionary, and also £10 sterling for every
+Indian scalp or Indian prisoner. Capt. Sylvanus Cobb, an active
+and bold sea captain from Massachusetts, was taken into Government
+employ, and sent to Chignecto with his armed sloop for the
+purpose of surprising LeLoutre and his gang, and afterwards to
+search the harbors along the coast for Indians, and bring with him
+all he captured as prisoners to Halifax. Troops under Capt. Bartilo
+and others were sent into the interior and other active proceedings
+taken by the Governor and Council during the months of January
+and February for the peace of the province. A courier having been
+stopped at Cobequid, Priest Gourard and the French Deputies,
+were all brought to Halifax, by Capt. Bartilo, for examination
+before the Governor and Council; Gourard was detained at Government
+House until the courier returned, but the deputies were
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">{24}</a></span>
+dismissed. He disclosed the fact to the Council that the Mic-Mac
+Indians of Nova Scotia went every year to Quebec, to receive
+clothing from the French Government, and that LeCorn had made
+the French of Acadia take the Oath of Allegiance to the French
+King. Gourard on this occasion took the Oath of Allegiance to the
+Crown of Great Britain, and thereupon received a licence to officiate
+as Priest to the Acadians, and promised not to leave the province
+without special leave from the Governor.</p>
+
+<p>Among the municipal regulations this winter, was an ordinance
+that all persons found breaking the liquor license law, should be
+put one hour in the public stocks, and for the second offence receive
+twenty lashes. These severe regulations were found to be absolutely
+necessary, in consequence of the demoralized state of the settlement
+from settlers and others who infested the town and who were not
+settlers.</p>
+
+<p>On the 2nd February, 1750, an ordinance was passed in Council,
+prohibiting the recovery of any debt contracted in England or elsewhere
+prior to the establishment of the settlement or to the debtor's
+arrival in Halifax, in any Court of Law within the province, except
+for goods imported into the Colonies. There appears to have been
+some difference of opinion at the Board on the subject; the Council
+divided, and the ordinance was carried by a small majority.</p>
+
+<p>It was proposed in Council about this time, to build a quay along
+the shore in front of the town, but several merchants&mdash;Mr. Saul,
+Mr. Joshua Mauger and others, having applied for water lots, and
+liberty to build wharves on the beach, the subject was referred to
+Mr. Morris the surveyor, and Mr. Bruce the engineer. They
+thought the quay was a work of time and required means from
+England. Licences to build wharves were therefore granted, with a
+reservation of the right of the Crown in case the quay should be
+resolved on or the frontage required for government purposes. This
+scheme was afterwards abandoned by Government, and the licences
+remained unrepealed. At this period the line of the shore was so
+irregular, as in some places to afford only a footpath between the
+base line of the lots, which now form the upper side of Water Street
+and high water mark;<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> at the Market the tide flowed up nearly to
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">{25}</a></span>
+where the [old] City Court House stood, forming a cove, the outlet
+of a brook which came down north of George Street. Near the
+Ordnance Yard another cove made in, and this part of the shore
+was low and swampy many years after the batteries were built.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p>
+
+<p>The winter passed without any attack on the settlement, and the
+people were all quite healthy. The number of settlers was daily
+augmented by almost every vessel which arrived from New England
+and elsewhere; every thing required was provided for them, that
+they should be tolerably comfortable before the cold weather set in.
+The winter was very fine, very few extreme bad days, no heavy
+snow storms, the navigation never stopped in the slightest degree.
+More fine days and fewer bad ones (says the Governor) than I ever
+saw in winter. Spring opened early with fine warm days and thaw,
+and the fishing schooners began early in March to go upon the
+Bank.<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> The snow lay all the winter, from the middle of January;
+it was, however, only three feet deep in the woods. The healthy
+condition of the settlers may be inferred from there never being
+more than 25 in the hospital ship at any one time.</p>
+
+<p>By the 19th March, a place had been erected for a public
+Hospital, and a school building commenced for the orphan children.
+The French from the interior engaged freely for money to square
+timber for the erection of the blockhouses, and preparations were in
+progress for the completion of the Church.</p>
+
+<p>A meeting of the Governor and Council took place on 19th April,
+when the French Deputies again appeared with a petition to be
+permitted to sell their lands and leave the country. The names of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">{26}</a></span>
+these deputies were Jaques Teriot from Grand Pre, Francois
+Granger from River de Canard, Battiste Galerne and Jean André.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Cornwallis was continually embarrassed by letters from the
+Board of Trade, finding fault with the expenses incurred in planting
+the settlement. £40,000 had been voted by Parliament, and £36,000
+of excess had been demanded as a further vote; this could
+not be considered so great an expenditure under all the circumstances,
+as it included the pay and equipment of two regiments of
+infantry. In his replies, he says, "Not a pound shall be expended
+by me unnecessarily, but without money you could have had no
+town, no settlement, and indeed no settlers. 'Tis very certain that
+the public money cleared the ground, built the town, secured it,
+kept both soldiers and settlers from starving with cold, and has
+brought down above 1000 settlers from the other Colonies. Lots
+in Halifax are now worth 50 guineas. If there was no public
+money circulating, lots would be given for a gallon of rum. The
+money is laid out in building forts, barracks, store houses,
+hospitals, churches, wharves, etc., public works all that seem
+absolutely necessary. According to your Lordship's directions, I
+have discharged the two Government Apothecaries and shall discharge
+some of the Surgeons' Mates that may be spared. As for
+the saw mill, we never had one board from it&mdash;it has been a constant
+plague from the beginning. Thirty men have been constantly kept
+there ever since the affair of the Indians. Gilman has behaved so
+ill I shall have to discharge him from all service. I have laid in a
+quantity of lumber in the King's yard this spring at a reasonable
+price. For want of stock I have been sometimes obliged to pay
+£5 per M. The settlers have paid £6. I have got them lately at
+£3 10s., £3 and £2 15s. No new boards are given to settlers."</p>
+
+<p>The salaries to the public officers of Cornwallis' Government
+appear exceedingly small in comparison with the arduous duties
+which devolved upon them in organizing the settlement. His Aides-de-Camp,
+Capt. Bulkely and Mr. Gates,<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> had no allowance except
+some trifling commission on the issue of molasses and spirits.</p>
+
+<p>In June, 1750, the Governor and Council assigned as a site the
+spot on which the [old] City Court House stands, for a market
+for black cattle, sheep, etc., and made market regulations. In
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">{27}</a></span>
+July, the settlers were ordered to clear the streets in front of their
+respective lots to the centre. They had begun to clear George's
+Island and to erect block-houses. Seven 32-pounders had been
+mounted upon it, and a palisade carried all around the works. The
+frame of the Church, which had been brought from Boston, was
+erected and was being covered in, the estimated cost of finishing
+the edifice being £1000 sterling. The temporary barricades were
+removed, and the palisades carried completely round the town.
+30,000 bricks had been manufactured in the neighbourhood and
+found very good. The meeting house for Dissenters had not yet
+been commenced. The town was increasing every day in settlers
+and the number of its houses, but no improvement of the lands in
+the neighbourhood had been made beyond a few small gardens.
+The fishery was prosperous and produced 25,000 quintals the first
+year.</p>
+
+<p>In the month of August, 1750, three hundred and fifty-three
+settlers arrived in the ship Alderney; and in September following,
+three hundred German Protestants, from the Palatinate, in the ship
+Ann. The Governor and Council were embarrassed in providing
+for their support, and found it necessary to enter into pecuniary
+arrangements with the merchants of the town, who at this early
+period had formed themselves into an association for the benefit of
+trade. Those who came in the ship Alderney, were sent to the
+opposite side of the harbour, and commenced the town of Dartmouth,
+which was laid out in the autumn of that year. In December
+following, the first ferry was established, and John Connor
+appointed ferryman by order in Council.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring of the following year the Indians surprised Dartmouth
+at night, scalped a number of settlers and carried off
+several prisoners. The inhabitants, fearing an attack, had cut
+down the spruce trees around their settlement, which, instead of a
+protection, as was intended, served as a cover for the enemy.
+Captain Clapham and his company of Rangers were stationed on
+Block-house hill, and it is said remained within his block-house
+firing from the loop-holes, during the whole affair. The Indians
+were said to have destroyed several dwellings, sparing neither
+women nor children. The light of the torches and the discharge of
+musketry alarmed the inhabitants of Halifax, some of whom put off<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">{28}</a></span>
+to their assistance, but did not arrive in any force till after the
+Indians had retired. The night was calm, and the cries of the
+settlers, and whoop of the Indians were distinctly heard on the
+western side of the harbour. On the following morning, several
+bodies were brought over&mdash;the Indians having carried off the
+scalps.<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> Mr. Pyke, father of the late John George Pyke, Esq.,
+many years police magistrate of Halifax, lost his life on this
+occasion. Those who fled to the woods were all taken prisoners but
+one. A court martial was called on the 14th May, to inquire into
+the conduct of the different commanding officers, both commissioned
+and non-commissioned, in permitting the village to be plundered
+when there were about 60 men posted there for its protection.</p>
+
+<p>There was a guard house and small military post at Dartmouth
+from the first settlement, and a gun mounted on the point near the
+saw mill (in the cove) in 1749. One or two transports, which had
+been housed over during winter and store ships were anchored in the
+cove, under the cover of this gun, and the ice kept broke around them
+to prevent the approach of the Indians. The attempt to plant a
+settlement at Dartmouth, does not appear to have been at first very
+successful. Governor Hobson in his letter to the Board of Trade,
+dated 1st October, 1753, says, "At Dartmouth there is a small town
+well picketed in, and a detachment of troops to protect it, but there are
+not above five families residing in it, as there is no trade or fishing
+to maintain any inhabitants, and they apprehend danger from the
+Indians in cultivating any land on the outer side of the pickets."</p>
+
+<p>There is no record of any concerted attack having been made by
+the Indians or French on the town of Halifax. Many stragglers
+were cut off during the first years of the settlement, particularly
+along the western side of the Basin, where the best firewood was to
+be obtained. It was at length found necessary to send out an
+armed body when fuel or lumber was required. The enemy usually
+retired before a regular organized force. The Ranger companies
+under Goreham and Bartelo, were most efficient for this purpose;
+they were usually recruited in New England, where men for that
+service were more readily found.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">{29}</a></span>
+The German settlers who came in the ship Ann, were employed
+in the public works at 2s. per day, besides a supply of beer and
+other liquors to each. It was decided that all settlers who came in
+the previous year, should cease to draw provisions after the 15th
+September, 1750. This order was afterwards repealed on 29th, and it
+was determined that all settlers already in the town or who should
+come before 1st December, should be entitled to one year's provisions
+from the time of their names being entered on the victualling
+book.<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p>
+
+<p>It was the intention of Government that the Germans should be
+sent into the interior of the province; but they having arrived so late
+in the season, and the want of a sufficient supply of provisions then
+in store to sustain them through the winter rendered it impossible,
+and they were retained in the town. They were very sickly, many
+of them old and unfit for settlers, and their passages not being paid,
+and there being no person to purchase them, they were employed on
+the public works to work out their passage money.</p>
+
+<p>About this period a gloom was cast over the settlement by the
+news of the murder of the Hon. Edward How, one of the Council at
+Chignecto. "Captain How was employed on the expedition to
+Chignecto as knowing the country well and being acquainted both
+with the Indians and the inhabitants, and furthermore he knew
+personally their leaders, LeCorne and LeLoutre. His whole
+aim and study was to obtain a peace with the Indians, and
+get the English prisoners out of their hands, for which purpose he
+often had conferences with the French officers under a flag of
+truce. LeCorne one day sent a flag of truce by a French officer
+to the water side, a small river which parts his people from the
+British troops. Capt. How and the officers held a parley for some
+time across the river. How had no sooner taken leave of the
+officers than a party that lay in ambush fired a volley at him and
+shot him through the heart, an instance of treacherous brutality
+not to be paralleled in history, and a violation of a flag of truce,
+which had ever been held sacred, and without which all faith is at
+an end, and all transactions with an enemy."&mdash;[Cornwallis' letter
+27th November.]</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">{30}</a></span>
+The spring of 1751 the five acre lots on the Peninsula were laid
+out; the people engaged in clearing the land. The uncertainty from
+surprise by Indians, however, much retarded the work; a large space,
+however, was cleared around the town before winter set in.</p>
+
+<p>Another vessel having arrived on the 10th June, with German
+Palatine settlers, they were directed to be employed at Dartmouth in
+picketing in the back of the town. In July, the arrival of 200 more
+was reported, and they were ordered to be placed at the head of the
+N. W. Arm and mouth of the Basin; and those who owed work for
+their passage, were directed to picket in their stations. Monsieur
+Dupacquir, who had engaged to bring out 300 Swiss, brought but
+twenty this year, but more were expected in the following spring.</p>
+
+<p>Ninth July, a proclamation issued to forfeit all lots of the town
+settlers who only put up slight frames of houses, unless they
+immediately proceeded to board them in and finish them as
+dwellings.</p>
+
+<p>On the 18th June, Jas. Stephens and Wm. Harris were hanged for
+house-breaking; this was the second public execution which took
+place in the town.</p>
+
+<p>William Piggot had a license granted him to open a coffee house
+on the 8th April the same year.</p>
+
+<p>In January of this year the Council passed a series of regulations
+for the General Court and County Courts, and ordered them to be
+published by the Provost Marshal by reading the same after the
+beat of drum through the settlement, and on the first day of the
+next sitting of the General Court and County Courts.</p>
+
+<p>The only matters further recorded worthy of notice during the
+year 1751, was the dismissal of Mr. Otis Little, the Commissary of
+Stores, for remissness in his office, and the resolution of the
+Governor and Council to pay a draft for £882, sent from Quebec,
+for the ransom of English prisoners taken by the Indians and
+carried to Canada. It appeared that Lt. Hamilton and upwards of
+sixty officers, soldiers and settlers had fallen into the hands of the
+savages, and Priest LeLoutre had agreed to ransom them for the sum
+above mentioned.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">{31}</a></span>
+It may here be mentioned that several batteries have already been
+erected on George's Island,<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> and expensive earth works had been
+thrown up.</p>
+
+<p>Towards the close of the year Mr. Joshua Mauger, a gentleman
+from England, who came out at the commencement of the settlement
+to trade and distil rum for the soldiers, was charged by government
+with having attempted to make Halifax the repository for Louisburg
+merchandize, brought up secretly and to be carrying on an illicit
+traffic, he being at the time agent victualler to Government.
+Governor Cornwallis, upon information, caused Mr. Mauger's stores
+to be searched for contraband articles brought from Louisburg.
+Much discussion ensued, and the settlement was for some time
+thrown into commotion, by what Mr. Mauger called in his letter to
+England, the high-handed proceedings of the Governor.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> The Artificers formed one company by themselves, and the whole militia amounted
+to about 840 men. The Officers behaved well, but, says the Governor in his dispatch, "I
+cannot say so of the men."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> According to the original plan of the Town published in October, 1749, a space
+appears to have been reserved between the line of the lots and the shore, but no Water
+Street was laid out&mdash;the upper side of the present Bedford Row being the western limit.
+There were five forts, having each four quadrangular blockhouses, with a barrack in
+the centre; these were connected by wooden palisades or pickets.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> A number of licences to erect wharves and buildings along the beach had been
+granted by Government to individuals engaged in trade and the fishery, before the idea
+of a general Government breastwork had been abandoned. These titles continued to be
+held good; a number of wharf proprietors, however, obtained conformation grants from
+time to time as they required water extension. Mr. Charles Morris, the Surveyor-General,
+who had the sole management of the land office, in his reports to the Government,
+advised small spaces to be reserved on both sides in making these conformation
+grants as well as in subsequent water grants in fee, which have been found of much
+inconvenience to trade, and a drawback on the progress of the City. No reservation of
+water was originally made at the foot of the cross streets or hills. At the close of the
+last and the commencement of the present century, when conformation or extension
+water grants were asked for, he marked on his plans narrow strips or reservations on
+the sides of many of these water grants, which for there being in many instances
+inaccessible, have since proved of no value to the public and a great injury to the
+proprietors of water property.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Cornwallis' letter of 19th March.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> This was the well-known Horatio Gates, afterwards a Revolutionary General.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> The Governor in his letter to England mentions 4 men killed, 6 soldiers prisoners
+who were not upon guard, and our people killed 3 Indians, and had they done their duty
+well, might have killed many more.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> See victualling list in the <a href="#APPENDICES">appendix</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> This Island is called in the old French maps Isle Racket or the Snow Shoe Island,
+being in the shape of a snow shoe.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">{32}</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+<p>In January, 1752, Mr. Collier, who had been acting as Chief
+Justice, and Captain Frotheringham, were called to the Council in
+place of Mr. Salisbury and Col. Horseman, who had returned to
+England. On 3rd February, a public ferry was established between
+Halifax and Dartmouth and John Connors appointed ferryman for
+three years, with the exclusive privilege, and ferry regulations were
+also established. At the same sitting of the Council, an order was
+passed for the recording of deeds and mortgages, making all papers
+unrecorded void against those which had been registered. Col.
+Horseman's stone building was purchased for a prison in place of
+that before used.</p>
+
+<p>April 29th, Charles Morris, James Monk, John Duport, Robert
+Ewer, Joseph Scott, John Wm. Hoffeman and Leonard Christopher
+Redolf were appointed Justices of the Peace. It was resolved in
+Council at their sitting on 12th June, that a lottery should be held
+for building a Light House near Cape Sambro, to raise £450.
+One thousand tickets at £3 each. Prizes from one of £500 to £7
+the lowest. Two hundred prizes, in all amounting to £3000, 15 per
+cent. to be deducted from the prizes, to be drawn publicly in the
+Town House at Halifax, under the direction of managers to be
+appointed by Government.</p>
+
+<p>The winter of 1751-2 had been severe, but the harbour had not
+been frozen or at all impeded by ice, and the spring opened early,
+and preparations for prosecuting the fishery were soon in active
+operation.</p>
+
+<p>The Government mills at Dartmouth, under charge of Captain
+Clapham, were sold at auction in June. They were purchased by
+Major Gilman for £310.</p>
+
+<p>16th July&mdash;An order passed to strike off the victualling lists all
+the German and Swiss settlers, who had arrived in the Speedwell.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1752, a number of settlers arrived in the Nancy,
+under the charge of Lt. Young. About the same time the Marquis
+DeConte, a Sicilian nobleman, and a number of other foreign
+settlers, came to Halifax from the island of Tercera, one of the
+Azores, and settled in the town.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">{33}</a></span>
+Governor Cornwallis having obtained permission to resign the
+Government, the Hon. Peregrine T. Hopson, was appointed his
+successor, and was sworn into office before the Council on Monday,
+3rd August. Mr. Cornwallis, however, did not leave the province
+until after the 10th of October, as he appears to have attended the
+Council held on that day.<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p>
+
+<p>In September, 1752, John Baptist Cope, commonly called Major
+Cope, a Mic-Mac chief, head of the Shubenacadie Indians, came in
+with terms of peace, which were agreed to. This bears date the 15th
+September, in that year. Immediately after this document was
+signed, Cope left town in a vessel, having requested Capt. W.
+Piggot should be sent to Indian Harbour, to meet the Indians there,
+to ratify the Treaty. Mr. Piggot was accordingly dispatched, and
+brought up with him two or three Indians, who appeared before the
+Council, after which they were sent back to Beaver Harbour, under
+the conduct of Mr. Piggot, with blankets, provisions, etc. The
+terms of the Treaty were agreed to and confirmed in Council, and
+the whole was engrossed on parchment and ratified on 22nd
+November, 1752. The names of the Indian delegates on this
+occasion were, Andrew Hodley Martin, Gabriel Martin and Francis
+Jeremiah. Mr. Saul received directions to issue provisions, according
+to the allowance of the troops for six months, for 90 Indians,
+that being the number of the tribe under Cope, occupying the
+eastern part of the province.</p>
+
+<p>This treaty does not appear to have been respected by the Indian
+Chief, who we find, not more that eight months after its ratification,
+refusing to respect the pass of Governor Hopson to one Anthony
+Cartel, who had been captured by the Indians, in one of the harbours
+eastward of Halifax, and carried through the country to Shubenacadie,
+the head-quarters of Major Cope, from whom he was
+ransomed by a French inhabitant. It would appear that the terms
+of amity, entered into by Cope and his men with the Government at
+Halifax, had been in some manner without the sanction of Abbe
+LeLoutre, who, when Anthony Cartel was brought before Count<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">{34}</a></span>
+Raymond at Louisburg, was present, and as Cartel expresses it,
+inveighed bitterly against Governor Cornwallis, and said if he
+wanted peace he ought to have written to him, and not to have
+treated with the tribe of Indians. That he, Cartel, might depart,
+having been ransomed, but that the first Englishman he caught
+should be retained until he, LeLoutre, had full satisfaction for himself
+and his Indians.</p>
+
+<p>In April following, two men named John Connor and James
+Grace, arrived at Halifax in an Indian canoe, bringing with them
+six Indian scalps. They informed the Council that they and two
+others, having put into a place between Tor Bay and Country
+Harbour, in a schooner, were captured by the Indians, and carried
+ten miles into the country, where their two companions were
+murdered; that they had surprised the Indians at night, killed
+several, whose scalps they secured, and having escaped to the
+seaside, seized a canoe, and made their way to Halifax. Along the
+coast, both east and west from Halifax, Indian massacres had been
+frequent. Those persons engaged in the fishery, who were compelled
+to land for wood and water, were chiefly the sufferers.</p>
+
+<p>Much had been said and written in Europe at the time, relative to
+the aggressions of the French, during the suspension of hostilities
+between the two nations. The Indians, from their religion and
+trading intercourse, more favourable to the French in Canada and
+Acadia, were made use of to harass the British settlers, who
+(though the two nations were then at peace) were looked upon with
+a jealous eye by the resident French population. A French writer,
+(I refer to a little work, now a scarce book, published during the
+second siege of Louisburg), states that the English neglected to
+cultivate an acquaintance with the manners and customs of the
+Indians, and it was therefore not surprising at the time, that they
+should show less affection towards them than towards the French,
+who had great regard to their humours and inclinations.</p>
+
+<p>"So strong is their aversion to despotic power," says the author,
+"that force will never do; they will yield to nothing but persuasion.
+Though they know nothing of precepts or subordination, yet they
+enjoy almost every advantage derived from well-regulated authority.
+Their laws and customs appear impressed on their hearts. In order
+to gain an ascendancy over them, you must gain their esteem, for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">{35}</a></span>
+they never confide in a person whom they do not value, and this
+esteem is very difficult to obtain."</p>
+
+<p>The savages were exasperated against the English by a speech
+delivered by Count Raymond, at a meeting of the chiefs, in which, to
+suit his own purposes, he depicted the most frightful cruelties perpetrated
+by the English.</p>
+
+<p>During the Indian hostilities, opposition on the part of the
+Colonists was altogether of a defensive nature. The regular troops,
+as well as the undisciplined militia, proving unfit for such warfare,
+it was found necessary to employ the New England Rangers. These
+were volunteers from the New England provinces, accustomed to
+Indian warfare, many of them Indians and half-bloods. They
+ascended the rivers, penetrated into the heart of the province, and
+attacked the enemy in their strongholds. The Indians finding they
+were opposed by men equally accustomed to the forest with themselves,
+soon found it their interest to make peace with the British.<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></p>
+
+<p>In 1758, it was found necessary to procure the services of 250 of
+these Rangers from New England, by promises of high pay and
+other advantages. Long accustomed to the border war with the
+Indians and French of Canada, they had become well disciplined,
+and accustomed to hardships and fatigue, and were perhaps at this
+time superior to all other provincial troops in America. The
+Provincials were troops raised in the Colonies at the expense of the
+Provincial Government, and were distinct from the Rangers, who
+were independent companies paid by the British Government. They
+served at Havannah, at Louisburg in the first siege under Pepperell,
+and with Wolfe at Louisburg and Quebec, and afterwards served to
+form the groundwork of Washington's army in 1775.</p>
+
+<p>After the fall of Fort William Henry in 1758, it was said that the
+Marquis de Montcalm sent a number of prisoners taken at that
+place, in a vessel to Halifax. They were Provincial soldiers,
+chiefly from the New England provinces. This was said to have
+been an attempt to introduce the small pox into Halifax, many of the
+men being ill of the disorder on their embarkation. Providence,
+however, frustrated this benevolent design. The prisoners being
+kept on low diet, half starved, and exposed to the cold, soon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">{36}</a></span>
+recovered, while the French in charge of the vessel, having indulged
+in the use of wine and strong fare, were thrown down with the
+disease, and nearly all perished. The vessel was brought into port
+by the prisoners.<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1751, nine hundred and fifty-eight Protestant
+German settlers arrived, and in the following year 1000 more.<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a>
+The latter were from Montbeliard, of the Confession of Augsburgh,
+and were placed under the spiritual charge of the Rev. J. B.
+Moreau. They had been induced to emigrate by promises from
+King George II, which it is said were never realized. Considerable
+difficulty appears to have been experienced by the Government in
+providing a suitable situation for settling so large a number of
+persons. The original design with regard to the foreign Protestants
+was to place them in the interior of the country, on the lands
+unoccupied by the French Acadians, it being supposed that their
+proximity to and intercourse with the French, would be the means
+of lessening the bad feeling which had been fostered by emissaries
+from Canada. The project was unfavorably received by the
+Acadians. There were, however, other difficulties in the way of its
+accomplishment, of a particular nature, which compelled the Government
+to abandon the object. The want of sufficient provisions to
+maintain so many settlers through the winter, the lateness of the
+season, and the helplessness of a large portion of the Germans, who
+were unfit for labour, induced the Government to place them in the
+neighbourhood of Halifax. It was at first proposed in Council to
+send them to the opposite side of the harbour over against George's
+Island, and Captain Morris was sent to survey the grounds. The
+mouth of Musquodoboit River was also suggested, and a survey of
+that part of the country ordered, but the distance from Halifax and
+the danger of the Indians, rendered the scheme impracticable. "All
+I could do," says the Governor, "was to build boarded barracks
+for them. They must be sustained by Government until they are
+capable of raising something of their own; most of them are poor
+and wretched, and have scarce a farthing of money among them."</p>
+
+<p>These people had been collected together by a Mr. Dick, the
+Government agent for that purpose. He had persuaded these who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">{37}</a></span>
+came out this year to sell everything they possessed even to their
+bedding, before going on board; and they stated that owing to the
+want of bedding and other conveniences, many of them died on the
+passage and since their arrival. Many of these people are represented
+as very old, and as objects fitter to be kept in almshouses,
+several of them above 80 years of age. The Governor in his letter
+to the Board of Trade, says, "On the 26th September last, when
+the last of these settlers were landed, there were 30 of them who
+could not stir off the beach, and among the children there were 8
+orphans, who in twelve days increased to 14 by the death of their
+parents. These had to be removed to the public orphan house, and
+had the best care taken of them." Many of these settlers became
+discontented with their condition, and went off to the Island of St.
+John, where they endeavoured to settle themselves. The difficulty
+of procuring provisions was very great. The Government appears
+to have been altogether dependent on the contracts of Althorp and
+Hancock of Boston, and Delaney and Watts of New York, for the
+necessary supplies for the settlement.</p>
+
+<p>In June, 1753, about 1500 of these German settlers embarked
+for Malagash Harbour, west of Mahone Bay, where they afterwards
+built the town of Lunenburg. They were accompanied by a
+company of Rangers under Major Goreham. The expedition was
+placed under the command of Col. Charles Lawrence. There were
+also some regular troops, under Major Patrick Sutherland, who took
+a very active part in planting the settlement. Lieutenant John
+Creighton, of Warburton's Regiment, also accompanied the German
+settlers, and also the Rev. J. H. Moreau, who officiated as their
+minister.</p>
+
+<p>The Lunenburg settlers were placed under similar regulations
+with those at Halifax, and received Government allowance for
+several years after their arrival at Malagash.</p>
+
+<p>After the removal of the Germans from Halifax to Lunenburg,
+there were but 15 German families left in the north suburbs. Not
+knowing any English, they formed themselves into a separate
+congregation for religious worship, and built themselves a small
+house upon the German burial ground on Brunswick street, in which
+they had prayers every Sunday. In 1760, a steeple was built on
+this house, and the next year the Rev. Dr. Breynton, Rector of St.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">{38}</a></span>
+Paul's, preached there for the first time, and it was on that occasion
+dedicated by the name of St. George's Church. The congregation
+followed the English Church rules of doctrine and appointed their
+Elders and Vestry. This old building still remains in its primitive
+state, the only monument now remaining of the old German settlement,
+called Dutchtown.</p>
+
+<p>In October, 1752, Mr. Cotterall was appointed to the Council,
+and John Duport sworn in Clerk of the Council. An order in
+Council and proclamation appeared on the 14th of November,
+forbidding persons from assembling or carrying about effigies on the
+anniversary of the holiday, called Gunpowder Treason, being the
+16th of November, according to the alteration of the style.</p>
+
+<p>At the Council held on the 22nd December, 1752, the Justices
+were ordered to look out for a proper place for a bridewell or workhouse,
+and to form a plan for the building of a block-house for that
+purpose, and to obtain an estimate of the probable expense, and to
+report rules and regulations for the government of the same. The
+Constables were to go about the streets on Sundays to prevent
+disorders, and to make a report to the Justices in the evening after
+divine service, and to apprehend disorderly persons during the
+night. Proprietors of land were obliged to fence their quota; on
+failure, to be liable to an action for the recovery of the charges for
+fencing the same.</p>
+
+<p>All proprietors of land upon the peninsula of Halifax were
+directed to clear half their lots by 1st May, 1753, to clear the
+remainder and fence the whole by 1st May, 1754, otherwise the lots
+would be forfeited and be disposed of to others who would improve
+them. And an order was made for permission to John Connors, to
+assign the Dartmouth Ferry to Henry Wynne and William
+Manthorne.</p>
+
+<p>Among the local events recorded this year, was a robbery in one
+of the King's storehouses, which was broken open on the night of
+the 26th October. There was also a cartel published by Governor
+Hopson, for the exchange of prisoners with the French Government
+in Canada.</p>
+
+<p>The most important circumstance of the year, however, was a
+charge against the Justices of the Inferior Court of Common Pleas,
+sent in to the Council by a number of the most influential inhabitants,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">{39}</a></span>
+charging them with partiality, and praying for a public
+hearing. This document was presented to the Council in December,
+and was signed by Joshua Mauger, Joseph Rundel, Isaac Knott, John
+Grant, Francis Martin, Edward Crawley, Richard Catherwood,
+Robert Campbell, William Nesbitt, John Webb, William McGee,
+Sebastian Zouberbuhler, Samuel Sellon and Isaac Deschamps.
+These charges came on for hearing before the Council on 3rd
+January following; they consisted of ten distinct charges against
+Charles Morris, James Monk, John Duport, Robert Ewer and
+William Bourn, Esquires, Justices of the Inferior Court of Common
+Pleas, for the Town and County of Halifax, and were signed by the
+following inhabitants:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Joshua Mauger,</li>
+<li>S. Zouberbuhler,</li>
+<li>Samuel Sellon,</li>
+<li>Edward Buckleton,</li>
+<li>James Porter,</li>
+<li>Daniel Wood,</li>
+<li>Jonathan Gifford,</li>
+<li>William Schwartz,</li>
+<li>Edward Crawley,</li>
+<li>William Jeffray,</li>
+<li>Vere Rous,</li>
+<li>Francis Martin,</li>
+<li>John Brooks,</li>
+<li>Henry Wilkinson,</li>
+<li>William Nesbitt,</li>
+<li>John Woodin,</li>
+<li>James Ford,</li>
+<li>George Featherstone,</li>
+<li>Thos. Mattison,</li>
+<li>Joseph Antony,</li>
+<li>Alex. Kedy,</li>
+<li>James Fullon,</li>
+<li>William Murray,</li>
+<li>Louis Triquet,</li>
+<li>William Clapham,</li>
+<li>John Webb,</li>
+<li>Robert Catherwood,</li>
+<li>John Walker,</li>
+<li>Geo. Peter DeBreg,</li>
+<li>Richard Hollis,</li>
+<li>Henry Sibley,</li>
+<li>Edward O'Brien,</li>
+<li>Henry O'Brien,</li>
+<li>Thos. Wynne,</li>
+<li>John Grant,</li>
+<li>William Vanselson,</li>
+<li>Cheyne Brownjohn,</li>
+<li>Richard Tritton,</li>
+<li>Edward Lukey,</li>
+<li>Cyrus Jannin,</li>
+<li>John Willis,</li>
+<li>Roger Hill,</li>
+<li>Js. Deschamps,</li>
+<li>Robert Grant,</li>
+<li>William McGee,</li>
+<li>Joseph Rundel.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>This affair arose from a dispute which occurred between the
+Government and Captain Ephraim Cook, who had been discharged<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">{40}</a></span>
+from the Commission of the Peace by Governor Cornwallis for bad
+behaviour, and appears to have been the result of party feeling.</p>
+
+<p>It resulted in additional numbers being added to the bench of
+Magistrates, and the Governor and Council availed themselves of
+this affair to urge upon the Government the necessity of having a
+Chief Justice.</p>
+
+<p>The necessity of a properly organized Militia force being kept up,
+had become apparent, in consequence of the continual threats of
+hostility on the part of the Indians and native French; it was therefore
+resolved on 22 March, 1753, that a Militia should be raised
+and established for the security of the Province, and a proclamation
+was accordingly issued, compelling all persons (except foreigners,
+who were to be placed elsewhere) between the ages of 16 and 60, to
+serve in the Militia.</p>
+
+<p>On the first day of June, another proclamation was issued for a
+muster of the Militia. Those of the south suburbs to assemble
+within the pickets opposite the end of Barrington Street, near
+Horseman's Fort. Those of the north suburbs, between the Grenadier
+Fort and Lutteral's Fort, and those of the town on the
+esplanade, near the Citadel Hill.</p>
+
+<p>On the 12th of April, 1753, Glaude Gisigash, an Indian who
+styled himself Governor of LaHave, appeared before the Council,
+and having declared his intention of making peace, terms of amity
+were drawn up and signed by the Governor and the Indian Chief, on
+the part of himself and his people. The terms were the same as
+those made with Major Cope, and it was arranged that some of his
+tribe should come up and ratify the treaty.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Hopson went home on leave in the autumn of 1753, and
+the government was administered by Col. Lawrence. In one of his
+last letters to the Board of Trade, in reference to the disturbed state
+of the country, Governor Hopson says, "Your Lordships may
+imagine how disagreeable it is to me to see His Majesty's rights
+encroached upon, and those encroachments openly avowed and
+supported by the Governors of Canada and Louisburg, when it is
+not in my power to prevent it. I have barely a sufficient force to
+protect the settlers from the insults of an Indian war, under
+pretence of which the French take all opportunity to commit
+hostilities upon His Majesty's subjects. I am informed that the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">{41}</a></span>
+French have often been mixed among them in the expeditions,
+and am convinced past doubt that they are fed and protected from
+our pursuit, and are encouraged to disturb us as openly and in as
+great a degree as in time of war."</p>
+
+<p>There were three still houses in Halifax in 1753. Mr. Best the
+master mason, and Mr. Clewley the master carpenter, having been
+ordered to inspect them. The return was as follows:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Mr. Richard Bowers, 2 stills in Granville Street.</li>
+<li>Wm. Murray, 1 still in Grafton Street, reported not safe.</li>
+<li>Jonathan Gifford, 1 still in Barrington Street.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>October 16th, Mr. John Greenwood presented a petition to the
+Council, stating that he had paid passage for 12 men, 1 woman and
+2 children, foreign settlers, with the Governor's leave. They
+engaged to serve him for a year, but having been removed to
+Lunenburg by the Governor's orders, he lost their services; he was
+allowed £79 5s., the labour of 12 men for 96 days.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Hopson took leave of the Council on 26th October, and
+received an address on his departure. He sailed for England on the
+2nd November following.</p>
+
+<p>On the 16th November, two Indians appeared before the Council,
+who had been sent from Lunenburg by Col. Sutherland. They stated
+they were of the tribe of Cape Sable Indians, which consisted of
+about 60 people with two chiefs; that Baptiste Thomas, one of
+their priests, was one of their chiefs, and the other Francis Jean de
+Perisse was not a chief, but deputed by the other chief. They
+stated that they had never joined with the other Indians to molest
+the English; that on the contrary they had always exhibited a
+friendly spirit, in consequence of which they had never received any
+assistance from the French. The Council gave them 2000 pounds
+of bread, 3 barrels of pork, 20 blankets, 30 pounds powder, some
+shot, tobacco and other articles, also two gold-laced hats for their
+chiefs, and one silver-laced for the deputy.</p>
+
+<p>The close of this year was occupied by the Governor and Council,
+in investigation of the riots which occurred at Lunenburg, known as
+the Hoffman Rebellion. It was found necessary to send Col.
+Monkton with a body of regular troops to suppress the riots. Mr.
+Hoffman, the supposed ringleader, was brought to Halifax and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">{42}</a></span>
+imprisoned on George's Island. He was afterwards tried and
+sentenced to a fine of £100 or two years imprisonment.</p>
+
+<p>It may be proper to advert to the religious condition of the settlement
+at this period. The greater portion of the inhabitants were
+at this time of the Church of England. The Protestant Germans had
+nearly all united themselves to that Church, and sought missionaries
+from the S. P. G. Society.</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. John Breynton succeeded Mr. Tutty in St. Paul's. In
+1752, he reported that half of the population had professed themselves
+members of the Church, and that the actual communicants
+were between 500 and 600.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Breynton established an Orphan House, and the Orphan
+School was under his superintendence. In 1753, fifty poor children
+were diligently instructed. Ralph Sharrock was the school-master.
+In 1753, the Rev. Thomas Wood from the Province of New Jersey,
+was appointed to assist Mr. Breynton, and he remained jointly in
+charge with Mr. Breynton until 1763, when he was removed to
+Annapolis.</p>
+
+<p>It may here be observed, that on the establishment of Representative
+Government at Halifax, in 1758, among the first acts of
+the Assembly, was that for the support of Religious Worship, which
+contained a clause for the free toleration of all Protestant dissenters,
+whether Lutherans, Calvinists, etc., completely exempting them
+from all charges for the support of the Established Church. By
+this act, the right of the parishioners of St. Paul's and all future
+parishes, to present their own minister to the ordinary for induction
+was declared, and immediately after its publication, the parishioners
+of the parish of St. Paul's, in the Town of Halifax, presented the
+Reverend John Breynton and the Reverend Thomas Wood as joint
+Rectors, or "Rector and Vicar," as they were called, to the
+Governor, who immediately went through the form of induction, a
+ceremony thought necessary in order to entitle them to privileges of
+incumbents. The record of this fact will be found in the correspondence
+of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel at that
+period.</p>
+
+<p>During the winter of 1753-4, there had been no disturbance from
+the Indians, and the Government availed themselves of the opportunity
+of sending out proper persons to make a survey of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">{43}</a></span>
+country around. The winter was mild and the frost not so severe
+as usual or of so long continuance. The valley of the Shubenacadie
+had been examined, but it was not found available for
+settlement, being the principal resort of the Indians under Cope.
+The Township of Lawrencetown including Chezzetcook, had also
+been undertaken, and further grants of land in that quarter of the
+country were sought for in the following spring.</p>
+
+<p>The desertion of many of the lower orders of the German settlers
+at Lunenburg is mentioned; they appear to have gone over to the
+French. Governor Lawrence in his letter to the Board of Trade,
+August 1st, 1754, speaking of the French, says, "They have not
+for a long time brought anything to our markets, but on the other
+hand have carried everything to the French and Indians."</p>
+
+<p>At this time the land was being cleared for the Battery at the east
+side of the harbour, the site probably of the present eastern battery.
+A fort was also in progress of erection at Lawrencetown when the
+settlement was progressing, not having been disturbed by the
+Indians. This settlement had been formed by Governor Lawrence
+in consequence of the good meadow lands at the head of the
+harbour, and he granted the township to 20 proprietors and built a
+blockhouse for their protection. But the undertaking was not
+prosperous, and finally failed to answer the object intended, owing
+to its exposed situation and the distance from Halifax.</p>
+
+<p>The arrival of the Vulture, sloop-of-war, Capt. Kenzey, from the
+Bay of Fundy, produced much excitement in the Town; she brought
+several prisoners charged with murder, who were lodged in jail to
+take their trial before the General Court.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></p>
+
+<p>Benjamin Street, Samuel Thornton and John Pastree, were placed
+on their trial for the murder of one of the midshipmen and a sailor
+of the Vulcan. It appeared on the trial that a schooner, of which
+the parties charged were part of the crew, commanded by one
+Hovey, belonging to Boston or some part of New England, was
+found trading in the Bay of Fundy and supplying the French with
+provisions, etc. Capt. Kenzey sent a boat aboard Hovey's shallop,
+under the idea that he had contraband goods on board. The crew
+refused to allow the man-of-war boat to come alongside, and fired<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">{44}</a></span>
+into her, killing Mr. Jolly and wounding several others. Hovey,
+the master, appears to have gone below and hid himself during the
+whole affair. He was discovered in his berth by the officer in command
+of the man-of-war boat, after the sloop had been captured.
+This affair occurred in July, 1754, and the trial took place before
+the Chief Justice in Michaelmas Term of that year. This was the
+first sitting at which Chief Justice Belcher presided. The three
+prisoners were acquitted of the murder, but it would appear they
+were found guilty of the minor offence, as they were sentenced to
+six months imprisonment, and afterwards placed on board a man-of-war
+(1755). Joseph Hovey, the master, was discharged, the
+grand jury refusing to find a bill of indictment against him.</p>
+
+<p>The following appointments were made by the grand jury in
+Michaelmas Term, 1754: Gaugers of Casks, Paul Pritchard and
+Lewis Piers; Surveyors of Pickled Fish, Henry Ferguson and Daniel
+Hills; Cullers of Dry Fish, Charles King and E. Gerrott; Cullers
+of Hoops and Staves, Dennis Heffernan and Benoni Bartlett;
+Surveyors of Lumber, etc., Joseph Scott and Joseph Marshall;
+Surveyors of Cordwood, Samuel McClure, Josiah Milliken and
+Joseph Wakefield.</p>
+
+<p>On Monday 14th October, 1754, Jonathan Belcher, Esq., was
+sworn in Chief Justice. The Court then adjourned to the Court
+House, where His Majesty's Commission was read, appointing Lt.
+Governor Lawrence, Governor General of the province. Mr.
+Belcher's appointment bears date in July. At the commencement
+of Michaelmas Term, the following ceremonies and procession were
+observed, the first of the kind ever seen in Nova Scotia. On the
+first day of Michaelmas Term, the Chief Justice walked from the
+Governor's house honoured by the presence of His Excellency
+Charles Lawrence, Esq., Lieutenant Governor, and accompanied by
+the Honourable the Members of H. M. Council, proceeded by the
+Provost Marshal, the Judge's tipstaff, and other civil officers, the
+gentlemen of the Bar attending in their gowns, and walking in
+procession to the long room at Pontach's, where an elegant breakfast
+was provided, where the Chief Justice in his scarlet robes, was
+received and complimented in the politest manner, by a great
+number of gentlemen and ladies, and officers of the Army. Breakfast
+being over, they proceeded with the commission before them, to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">{45}</a></span>
+church, where an excellent sermon was preached by the Rev. Mr.
+Breynton, from these words: "I am one of them that are peaceable
+and faithful in Israel." A suitable anthem was sung, after which
+they proceeded to the Court House, which upon this occasion was
+very handsomely fitted up, where the Chief Justice being seated
+with his Excellency the Lieutenant Governor on his right hand
+under a canopy, the clerk of the Crown presented His Majesty's
+commission to the Chief Justice, appointing him to be Chief Justice
+within the province, which being returned, and proclamation for
+silence being made, the same was read, and directions were given
+by the Chief Justice for the conduct of the practitioners, and the
+Grand Jury appearing in Court upon the return of the precept, were
+sworn and charged by the Chief Justice, and the business of the day
+being finished, the Court adjourned. His Honor the Chief Justice,
+accompanied and attended as before, returned to the Governor's
+house. A few days after Mr. Chief Justice Belcher, the Provost
+Marshal, the gentlemen of the Bar, and other officers of H. M.
+Supreme Court, and the gentlemen of the grand jury, waited on his
+Excellency the Lieutenant Governor, when the Chief Justice, in his
+robes of office, addressed his Excellency in the name of the whole,
+as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,&mdash;We esteem it our indispensable duty to testify our zeal,
+as Chief Justice, provost marshal, grand jurors, practitioners and
+officers of H. M. Supreme Court of judicature, for the interest of
+this province, and the protection of its laws, our attachment to your
+person, and our respect and gratitude for your eminent services,
+by expressing our joy in His Majesty appointing you to the chief
+command of this his dominion of Nova Scotia. We shall ever
+consider it as essential to our fidelity in the execution of the laws,
+to exert our most vigilant endeavors for the ease and success of
+your administrations, and not only to suppress any measures
+subversive of your consultations for the public good, but at all
+times affectuate the means prescribed by you for the prosperity of
+the province. Our solicitude for the advancement of justice
+under the laws, cannot be more fervently expressed, than by the
+tender of our ardent wishes for your being and happy continuance
+in the chief chair of this Government."</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">{46}</a></span>
+To which his Excellency the Lieutenant Governor was pleased to
+make the following answer:</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Chief Justice and gentlemen of the Supreme Court and
+grand jury:</p>
+
+<p>"I have the highest sense of this testimony of your zeal for the
+public welfare and your esteem for me. I should be much
+wanting in my duty if I did not embrace this opportunity of returning
+my thanks for the late pious, learned and eloquent charge from
+the Bench, and I doubt not, gentlemen, but your vigilance and
+fidelity in the service of your country will have its desired effect.</p>
+
+<p>"While I have the power to sit in the chair, be assured the
+authority of Government shall be ready to support the law, for
+the law, gentlemen, is the firm and solid basis of civil society, the
+guardian of liberty, the protection of the innocent, the terror of
+the guilty, and the scourge of the wicked.</p>
+
+<p class="ralign smcap">"Charles Lawrence."</p>
+
+<p>Governor Lawrence in his letter of 12th January, 1755, says, "I
+am now preparing to build three batteries of 10 guns each in front
+of the town, and contemplate finishing them in good time. These
+batteries were erected along the line of the shore. The middle or
+King's battery stood where the Queen's wharf now is, there was
+another at the present Ordnance Yard, another near the site of
+Fairbanks wharf, and a fourth at the present Lumber Yard, which
+latter still remains."</p>
+
+<p>The batteries along the front of the town were completed during
+the summer of 1755, and a plan of them sent to England in June of
+that year. They were twelve feet in height above high water mark,
+two hundred and forty feet in length, and sixty-five in breadth.
+The parapet raised on these was seven feet high, and the materials
+consisted of logs and timber framed and filled up with gravel,
+stones, earth and sand. The material consisted of 9500 logs of 25
+feet, 1280 tons of square timber and 25,000 tons weight of gravel
+and earth, the whole expense about £5,300. The work was commenced
+in January, 1755, and completed late in the summer. 20
+guns were mounted on these three batteries in July of that year&mdash;the
+other batteries were afterwards added.</p>
+
+<p>An attempt was made this year to involve the Government in a
+dispute with the Indian tribes. Paul Laurant, an Indian Chief of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">{47}</a></span>
+Mic-Mac tribe, appeared before the Council on 12th February, 1755,
+and informed them that he and another Indian Chief named
+Algamud, had set out from Beausejour for Halifax in order to treat
+of peace, but that the Chief had fallen sick at Cobequid and had
+intrusted him with the proposals. They demanded the whole
+eastern section of the Province, from Cobequid to Canso, to be set
+apart for them as feeding and hunting grounds. Being asked what
+security he could give that the Indians would keep the peace, he said
+he could say nothing to that, being only desired to bring in the
+terms. The Council dismissed him with a promise of an answer in
+writing. An answer in writing was drawn up and signed by the
+Governor on 13th February, 1755, which expressed a willingness on
+the part of the Governor and Council to allow them such lands as
+would be sufficient for their purposes. It mentioned the perfidious
+breaches of all former treaties on the part of the Indians, and where
+their conduct was complained of that the Tribes themselves had
+disallowed all authority on the part of their Chiefs to make such
+treaties, and that the Governor and Council demanded a full attendance
+of Chiefs before them, with full power to treat, before any
+further proceedings could be taken.</p>
+
+<p>On the 3rd and 4th July, the Council was engaged with the
+French Deputies, again on 14th, 15th and 28th same month.</p>
+
+<p>The defence of the settlement was the next subject of deliberation
+and the protection from the incursions of the French along the
+Bay of Fundy and from Louisburg, both nations being at the time
+arrayed against each other in open warfare.</p>
+
+<p>On the 18th February, 1755, Mrs. Green, wife of Hon. Benj.
+Green, and her family, Captain Horatio Gates and Mrs. Gates, with
+Captain Hale and their servants and baggage, were received on
+board Captain Rogers' sloop for Boston. Captain Gates had been
+one of the Aides-de-Camp of Governor Cornwallis, he was afterwards
+a General in the American Revolutionary Army.<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></p>
+
+<p>The loss of the Mars, a 70 gun ship, occurred off the harbour in
+May, 1755. It was in an easterly gale and supposed to be the fault
+of the pilot. Guns and crew were all saved. The Mars rock at
+the western entrance of the bay marks the spot. The guns and
+stores were brought to Halifax. Admiral Holborn's letter announcing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">{48}</a></span>
+the loss of the ship bears date the 28th May, off Halifax
+Harbour.</p>
+
+<p>30th December, 1755, Montague Wilmot and Charles Morris,
+having been appointed to the Council, were sworn in. The other
+members were John Collier, Mr. Cotterell, Robert Monkton and
+Captain Rous.</p>
+
+<p>A number of French prizes, taken by the fleet under Admiral
+Boscawen, were this summer brought into Halifax. There were in
+these 19,998 gallons of rum and brandy.</p>
+
+<p>A Mr. Ellis had for several years held the office of Governor of
+Nova Scotia, and received the emoluments, but never came out. Lt.
+Governor Lawrence received the appointment of Governor-in-Chief
+on the resignation of Mr. Ellis, and Colonel Monkton became Lt.
+Governor; their commissions were read and they sworn into office
+on 23rd July, this year.</p>
+
+<p>The following census of the town appears to have been taken
+about 1755 or 1756:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="no-b" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="0" summary="">
+<tr><td>Masters of families paying poor tax</td>               <td align="right">256</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Male children between 12 and 21 years of age</td>      <td align="right">182</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Male children under 12</td>                            <td align="right">291</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Transient persons who pay no taxes</td>                <td align="right">108</td><td></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td></td><td class="total"></td>   <td align="right">837</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Married women</td>                                     <td align="right">241</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Girls unmarried above 12 years old</td>                <td align="right">261</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Girls under 12 years of age</td>                       <td align="right">345</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Women servants</td>                                     <td align="right">71</td><td></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td></td><td class="total"></td><td align="right">918</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td></td><td align="right" class="total">1755</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The only other event of this year worthy of notice was the
+following melancholy affair detailed in Col. Sutherland's letter from
+Lunenburg, dated 12th September. "Yesterday," he says, "I
+received the melancholy account of Mr. Payzant's house being burned
+in Mahone Bay, and that he himself and other people who were with
+him, were killed by the Indians. I immediately sent out an officer
+and party, which returned this morning, by whom I am informed
+that on Payzant's Island the house is burned, he with another young<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">{49}</a></span>
+man killed and scalped, a woman servant and child also killed and
+scalped near the water side. His wife and four children missing.
+The young man was son to a family which lived on Captain Rous's
+Island. As his hands were tied the gentlemen immediately conjectured
+some further mischief was done there, and on their arrival
+they found the man thereto belonging, likewise scalped. It appears
+that Captain Rous's is the most advanced settlement, that they
+first came there and took the boy to conduct them to Payzant's."
+Mr. Payzant came to this country with a strong recommendation
+from Mr. Pownall, secretary to the Board of Trade. The death of
+James Payzant, Esquire, a clerk in the office of the Secretary of
+State, of the age of 100 years is announced in the London Gazette
+for 1757. This was probably the father of the gentleman who came
+out to Halifax, to whom Mr. Secretary Pownall's recommendation
+referred.</p>
+
+<p>1756. January 26th, the term of Henry Wynne and William
+Manthorn's licences of the Dartmouth and Halifax ferry having
+expired, John Rock petitioned and obtained the same on the terms
+of his predecessors.</p>
+
+<p>On the 30th June, 1757, Lord Loudon arrived at Halifax with
+the troops from New York, destined for the invasion of Cape
+Breton.</p>
+
+<p>Saturday, 16th July, 1757, His Excellency acquainted the Council
+that the Earl of Loudon had this day represented to him that a
+fever had broken out among the troops, under His Lordship's
+command, occasioned by the great quantities of rum that were sold to
+the soldiers by unlicensed retailers, and if continued must prove of
+fatal consequences to the service; and unless steps were immediately
+taken to effectually stop the same, he would feel himself justified in
+ordering all liquors found in the possession of such unlicensed
+retailers to be destroyed. The Council empowered the Provost
+Marshal and his deputies to enter such houses, seize the liquors and
+place them in the King's store until the army and navy departed.</p>
+
+<p>On the 1st November, 1757, the grand jury of the County of
+Halifax petitioned the Governor and Council on behalf of the
+inhabitants of the town, that the town should be put into some state
+of defence "for the preservation of the place, the inhabitants, their
+families and effects." They stated that the property, etc., was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">{50}</a></span>
+insecure from the want of proper defences; that the people were
+willing to assist in the work, and intimated that if their prayer
+could not be heard, humbly beg that they "may immediately know
+it in order to take the first opportunity of convoying themselves,
+their families and effects, to a place of safety in some of the neighbouring
+Colonies." A previous petition had been presented to
+the Governor, to which no answer had been returned. The names
+attached to the petition were, Robert Saunderson, Joseph Rundell,
+John Anderson, Paul Pritchard, Hugh McCoy, Joseph Fairbanks,
+William Schwartz, Robert Campbell, William Pantree, John Killick,
+John Brooks, Henry Wilkinson, Walter Manning, John Slayter,
+Richard Catherwood, Joseph Pierce, Alexander Cunningham,
+Richard Tritson, Jonathan Gifford and Benjamin Leigh.</p>
+
+<p>The boundaries of the Township of Halifax were settled by order
+in Council 20th May, 1758, as follows: That until said township
+can be more particularly described, the limit thereof shall be deemed
+to be as follows:</p>
+
+<p>To comprehend all the lands lying southerly of a line extending
+from the westernmost head of Bedford Basin, across the northerly
+head of St. Margaret's Bay, with all the Islands near to said land,
+together with the Islands called Cornwallis Island,<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> Webb's and
+Rous' Island.<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></p>
+
+<p>Minutes of Council 21st June, 1758: Mr. Josiah Marshall
+proposed to build a workhouse, 50 feet long, 20 feet wide and 8
+feet high, in the town. The timber to be laid close, with a roof
+double boarded and shingled; to have 4 windows on each side, each
+window to have nine panes of glass and three iron grates; to have a
+staircase in the entry and a whipping post. The building to be
+placed on a good dry wall. Mr. Marshall's tender for £200 sterling,
+finding materials and labour, was accepted.</p>
+
+<p>To Charles Morris, Joshua Mauger and Charles Proctor,
+Esquires. "Whereas, it has been thought proper to convert to the
+use of the public, a piece of land called Goreham's Point and the
+lands next ajacent, lying in the north suburbs of Halifax,
+formerly allotted to sundry persons, who have cleared and
+improved the same and erected some buildings upon them; they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">{51}</a></span>
+were directed to value the lands and proportion each owner's
+extent therein, and report to His Excellency. Dec. 9th, 1758."</p>
+
+<p>This is the site of the Commissioners' House in the present
+Dockyard.</p>
+
+<p>December 9th, 1758. Peter Marquis de Conte and Gravina,
+convicted for intent to commit rape on a child under the age of ten
+years, was sentenced by the Court to walk between the hours of 11
+and 12 this day from the north to the south side of the Parade, and
+from thence to the jail with a paper placed on his breast with his
+crime inscribed thereon, and to be confined for three months and
+fined thirty pounds; to remain in jail till the same be paid.
+Governor Lawrence remitted the first part of this sentence. The
+Marquis de Conte was a Sicilian nobleman; he had been an officer in
+Goreham's Rangers.</p>
+
+<p>December 29th, 1758. It appears by an advertisement of this
+date, that Governor Lawrence had wells sunk and pumps erected as
+reservoirs against fires, and that they had been damaged by some
+unknown person. His Excellency caused them to be put in repair.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Lawrence, in his letter to the Board of Trade, 3rd
+November, 1759, mentions that the masonry of Sambro Light House
+had been some time finished, and that the lantern was then in
+progress of erection. That a chart of the harbour was also in
+progress, as also proper directions for piloting in ships with safety.
+Copies of these directions were enclosed in his letter.</p>
+
+<p>It appears that in the year 1758, the Governor appropriated out
+of the old crown duty money for the Light House £1,000, for the
+Work House £500, for the Church £400, and for the Meeting
+House £100.</p>
+
+<table class="no-b" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="0" summary="">
+<tr><td>Again in 1760, for the Light House</td> <td align="right">£987</td>
+<td align="right">5s.</td><td align="right">5d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">452</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">635</td><td align="right">6</td><td align="right">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="right" class="total">£2075</td><td align="right" class="total">2s.</td><td align="right" class="total">11d.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>For the Work House £5,456, for the Church £350 18s. 6d.,
+Meeting House £174 0s. 4d., Jail £208 11s. 9d.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Rous was placed in charge of the Light House, a post
+which he occupied for many years. This was not Captain John
+Rous, the member of Council, but a relative of his from New
+England.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">{52}</a></span>
+21st December, 1758. The Governor and Council appropriated
+the sum of £400, raised by duties on liquors, towards the church in
+Halifax, under the direction of Benjamin Green, John Collier,
+Charles Morris, Robert Saunderson and Henry Newton, commissioners
+for that purpose.</p>
+
+<p class="center">[Extract of letter from Louisburg, June 9th.]</p>
+
+<p>"Admiral Saunders, with the squadron under his command,
+arrived in good condition on the 21st April off Louisburg, but on
+account of ice blockading the harbour, was obliged to bear away
+on the 26th for Halifax, whence he arrived on the first of May."</p>
+
+<p>June 16th, 1759. Peter Marquis de Conte and Gravini, was
+released from his imprisonment, he having paid his fine. This
+gentleman died at Halifax. His will is recorded in the probate
+office.</p>
+
+<p>Thursday 16th August, 1759, William Cotteral, Robert Grant and
+Montague Wilmot, Esquires, Councillors, being absent from the
+Province, the Governor appointed Richard Bulkeley, Thomas Saul
+and Joseph Gerrish, who were this day sworn in and took their
+seats.</p>
+
+<p>February, 1760, two Indian Chiefs attended the Council, and
+were presented with laced blankets, laced hats, etc. They were
+informed that the same would be sent to the Chief of the St. John's
+Indians, and that the treaty of peace would be ready to be signed
+to-morrow, and if the wind was favourable they should embark on
+Sunday.</p>
+
+<p>In Council 11th March, 1760, the Governor appointed the Hon.
+Jonathan Belcher, Benjamin Green, John Collier, Charles Morris,
+Richard Bulkeley, Thomas Saul and Joseph Gerrish, Esquires, and
+William Nesbitt, John Duport, Joseph Scott, John Creighton,
+Sebastian Zouberbuhler, Edward Crawley, Charles Proctor and
+Benjamin Gerrish, Esquires, to be justices of the peace for the town
+and county of Halifax. Charles Morris, John Duport, Joseph
+Scott, Joseph Gerrish and Edward Crawley, Esquires, to be justices
+of the Inferior Court of Common Pleas for the county of Halifax,
+to the several of whom His Excellency then administered the oath
+requisite.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> On September 29th, 1752, the first fire regulations were published at Halifax,
+among which are found the following: Two or three Magistrates may order a house to
+be pulled down or blown up to stop a fire, the owner to be indemnified by the house
+owners of the Town. The fire wards to be appointed by the Justices of the Peace, each
+to carry a red staff 6 feet long, with a bright brass spear 6 inches long on it; and other
+regulations. This custom is still kept up in the City, or was until very lately.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Governor Cornwallis reduced the Rangers. He thought Goreham very incompetent
+to command them.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> This story was related by the late Titus Smith, who received it from his father.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> The names of the settlers who arrived after June and July, 1749, are not to be
+found among the records of the country.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Mr. Nisbett was Attorney General at the time. He had been acting in that office
+since the Spring of 1752.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> See <a href="#Horatio_Gates">Biographical note</a> in the last Chapter.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Now McNab's.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> Now known as Lawlor's and Devil's Islands.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">{53}</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding the advantages held out by Government to the
+settlers at Halifax, and the repeated large grants of money by
+Parliament, the people were rapidly removing to the old Colonies.
+Little progress had been made in clearing the country. The fishery,
+one of the main inducements of the settlement, was almost altogether
+neglected, and the population was reduced to much less than
+half its original number. They subsisted chiefly on the money
+expended by the Army and Navy, and were dependent on Boston
+for their provisions and many other necessary supplies.</p>
+
+<p>In 1755, Dr. Breynton, the minister at St. Paul's, estimated the
+inhabitants of Halifax at 1,300, eight hundred of whom professed
+themselves members of the Church of England; and again in 1763,
+eight years later, according to the Doctor's returns to the Propagation
+Society, the number was still found not to exceed one thousand
+and three hundred souls; nine hundred and fifty of them being of
+the Church of England, and three hundred and fifty Protestant
+Dissenters and Roman Catholics.</p>
+
+<p>Up to the year 1757, the enormous sum of £560,000 sterling had
+been expended on the settlements, and though in some respects the
+Colony had been considered a failure, yet in a military point of view
+it was of incalculable importance to Great Britain, and to its
+position as a naval and military depot may be ascribed in a great
+measure the downfall of the French power in America.</p>
+
+<p>On 30th June, 1757, Lord Loudon with his transports and 12,000
+regulars and provincials arrived at Halifax, and on July following,
+Admiral Holborn arrived with his fleet. This armament, which
+was destined for an attack on Louisburg, left Halifax early in
+August, but having proved a failure the fleet returned to England in
+September, but Loudon returned with his army to New York; they
+both left Halifax on the same day, 16th August. Holborn arrived
+at Louisburg on 20th, where finding the French fleet superior to his
+own, he continued to cruise off Louisburg harbour until 24th
+September, when he encountered a severe gale of wind which
+scattered his fleet, several ships were lost, eight sail got safe to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">{54}</a></span>
+Portsmouth, and the rest got to New York. This powerful
+armament consisted of 13 sail of the line&mdash;the Newark 80 guns,
+Invincible 74, Grafton 68, Terrible 74, Northumberland 68,
+Captain 68, Bedford 64, Orford 68, Nassau 64, Sunderland 64,
+Defiance 64, Tilbury 64, Kingston 60, Windsor 54, and the
+Sutherland 50, with several others which afterwards joined them,
+and 16 smaller vessels of war. The naval forces amounted 10,000
+men, and the land forces to 12,000, six thousand of whom were
+provincial troops. Loudon left three regiments at Halifax, and
+several of the vessels remained to winter here.</p>
+
+<p>In May of this year the Governor and Council offered a bounty
+for sowing land with grass on the peninsula of Halifax, also for
+the erection of stone fences around the lots, and for raising grain
+and potatoes.</p>
+
+<p>Loudon was succeeded in the supreme command by Abercrombie,
+another incompetent&mdash;a debilitated old man who remained in command
+for a short time. He was succeeded by Sir Jeffrey Amherst.</p>
+
+<p>In the following spring about 12,000 troops arrived at Halifax,
+under the command of General Amherst. They were soon followed
+by Admiral Boscawen from England with a large fleet consisting of
+23 ships of the line and 18 frigates. This great fleet arrived in
+Halifax harbour in May, 1758, accompanied by 120 transports.
+The land forces amounted to 12,260 men. On Sunday, 28th May,
+they set sail from Halifax, 157 vessels in all. They were met by
+General Amherst, with part of the force, as they went out of the
+harbour. Governor Lawrence accompanied the army and took
+command of one of the Brigades, Colonel Monkton being left in
+command during his absence.</p>
+
+<p>After the siege, which was protracted for two months, part of the
+fleet and army returned to Halifax, and some of the vessels
+remained to refit. The colony was sacked for provisions and the
+town turned into a camp for the troops. A number of the
+provincial soldiers and others, having enriched themselves with the
+spoils at Louisburg, became settlers in the town. All the ammunition
+and stores, with a quantity of private property, were removed
+to Halifax, and the town once again began to assume a prosperous
+appearance.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">{55}</a></span>
+This year was also memorable as the one in which Representative
+Government was established in Nova Scotia. The subject
+of calling a Legislative Assembly had undergone much discussion.
+It had been represented by the Governor and Council, to the
+authorities in England, that such a step at that particular time
+would be fraught with much danger to the peace of the colony.
+Chief Justice Belcher, however, having given his opinion that the
+Governor and Council possessed no authority to levy taxes, and
+their opinion being confirmed in England, it was resolved in Council
+on 3rd January, 1757, that a representative system should be
+established and that twelve members should be elected by the
+province at large, until it could be conveniently divided into
+counties, and that the township of Halifax should send four
+members, Lunenburg two, Dartmouth one, Lawrencetown one,
+Annapolis Royal one, and Cumberland one, making in all twenty
+two members, and the necessary regulations were also made for
+carrying into effect the object intended.</p>
+
+<p>Much discontent prevailed in the town, and also in other parts of
+the province, in consequence of the opposition of Governor
+Lawrence to the calling of a Representative Assembly. Hitherto
+the Government had been carried on solely by the Governor and
+Council, who possessed both Legislative and Executive authority.
+Under the Royal instructions the Governor was directed to call a
+Representative Assembly as soon as the circumstances of the
+country would permit, but the Governor was of opinion that it
+would be injudicious to proceed to a popular election until the
+country was better prepared for it. After repeated remonstrances
+from the people of Halifax and some pressure from his Council,
+it was on the 7th January resolved in Council that an assembly
+should be called, and a plan was drawn up and submitted to the
+Board of Trade for the sanction of the home government. We find,
+however, that in February following it was resolved by the inhabitants
+of Halifax to petition the Crown against the conduct of
+Governor Lawrence, not only as regards his unwillingness to
+establish a representative government, but his oppressive and
+overbearing conduct in other respects to many of the leading
+inhabitants. This petition was entrusted to one Ferdinando Paris,
+a gentleman in London, accompanied by affidavits and a power of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">{56}</a></span>
+attorney, conferring on him authority to represent the subscribers
+before the Privy Council and the Board of Trade and Plantations.
+A subscription was set on foot, and about £120 sterling subscribed,
+to meet the expenses of the application to Government. These
+documents were certified by Chief Justice Belcher as authentic, on
+14th March. As these proceedings bear date in February, 1757, it
+is probable that the resolution of the Council of the 7th January
+had not been made known. The petition and power were signed by
+the following residents of the town who reputed themselves as a
+committee appointed by the people for the purpose of forwarding
+their views: Robert Saunderson, William Pantree, Malachi Salter,
+Jonathan Binney, Otto Wm. Schwartz, Robert Campbell, Henry
+Ferguson and John Grant. These papers were also accompanied by
+a copy of an address from the people of Halifax to Lt. Governor
+Robert Monkton, praying that certain sums of money, collected as
+rum duties, etc., might be expended on the fortifications of the town
+as a protection to the inhabitants, and offering to contribute both
+labour and money for the purpose. It also complains of the
+"miserable management of those who have had the direction of the
+defences." This petition bears date 19th October, in the same
+year. The language of one of the letters addressed to Mr. Paris,
+the request on the subject of the Halifax grievances and the overbearing
+military rule of Governor Lawrence, bespeak much
+excitement to have existed in the town on the subject. The feeling
+appears to have prevailed principally among the leading inhabitants.
+We find that the list above referred to was signed by Mr. Binney,
+Mr. Salter, Mr. Pantree, Mr. Schwartz, Dr. Grant, Mr. Saunderson,
+Mr. Fairbanks, Mr. Robt. Campbell, Mr. Butler, Mr. Suckling,
+Mr. Vanput, Mr. G. Gerrish, Mr. Gibbon, Mr. Wiswell, Mr. Mason,
+and many others.</p>
+
+<p>On the first of November following, the Grand Jury of Halifax
+petitioned Governor Lawrence that some immediate steps may be
+taken to fortify the town so that the inhabitants might be placed in
+a more secure position in case of invasion. They refer to a petition
+presented to Lt. Governor Monkton on the same subject, to which
+no reply had been made, and concluded by asking that they might
+know without further delay what they were to expect; that if no
+further security is to be provided for the settlement they may have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">{57}</a></span>
+an opportunity of conveying themselves, their families and effects to
+a place of greater safety in some of the neighbouring Colonies.
+The names of the Grand Jury were Robert Saunderson, Joseph
+Rundell, John Anderson, Paul Pritchard, Hugh McKay, Joseph
+Fairbanks, William Schwartz, Robert Campbell, William Pantree,
+John Killick, John Brooks, Henry Wilkinson, Walter Manning,
+John Slayter, Richard Catherwood, Joseph Pierce, Alexander
+Cunningham, Richard Tritton, Jonathan Gifford and Benjamin
+Leigh.</p>
+
+<p>On Monday, the 2nd of October, 1758, the newly elected members
+met in the Court House in Halifax, pursuant to summons from the
+Provost Marshall; their names were as follows:</p>
+
+<table class="left no-b" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="0" summary="">
+<tr><td>Joseph Gerrish,</td><td class="vcenter" rowspan="6">Esquires.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Robert Saunderson,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Henry Newton,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>William Foy,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>William Nesbitt,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Joseph Rundell.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>William Best,</td><td class="vcenter" rowspan="12">Gentlemen.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Alexr. Kedie,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Jonathan Binney,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Henry Ferguson,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>George Suckling,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Robert Campbell,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Willm. Pantree,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Joseph Fairbanks,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Philip Hammond,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>John Fillis,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lambert Folkers,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Philip Knout.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>They sent Messrs. Nesbitt, Newton and Rundell, to wait on the
+Governor, who sent Messrs. Morris and Green from the Council to
+swear them in. They then chose Robert Saunderson their speaker,
+which was confirmed by the Governor, who addressed them as
+follows: "Gentlemen of the Council and House of Representatives:
+His Majesty having been most graciously pleased by his
+royal instructions to his Governors of this Province to direct the
+calling an assembly of the freeholders to act in conjunction with his
+Governor and Council as the Legislative Authority, when such a
+measure should be found essential to his service; I am to assure
+you that it is with particular pleasure I now meet you convened in
+that capacity, in consequence of a plan some time since formed here
+for that purpose, with the advice and assistance of His Majesty's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">{58}</a></span>
+Council, and by me transmitted to the Lord Commissioner for
+Trade and Plantations to be laid before His Majesty for his
+approbation.</p>
+
+<p>"Gentlemen of the House of Representatives:</p>
+
+<p>"I entertain the most sanguine hopes that you are come together
+unanimously disposed to promote the service of the Crown, or in
+other words, the real welfare and prosperity of the people whom
+you have the honour to represent, in every point to the utmost of
+your authority and capacity.</p>
+
+<p>"This, I presume, you will conceive is justly to be expected, not
+only from the immediate regard due to the Civil Rights and
+Interests of your constituents, but likewise from the unspeakable
+obligations you are under to demonstrate in their behalf your
+dutiful sense of His Majesty's paternal concern for the prosperity
+and security of those his subjects in those distinguishing marks
+of his royal favour and protection which we have from time to
+time so happily experienced in the fleets and armies sent out for
+our immediate preservation when we were under the most imminent
+danger of being swallowed up by a merciless enemy; also in the
+ample supplies of money for so many years annually granted for
+the support and encouragement of this infant colony; and moreover
+still, in the continuance of His Majesty's royal bounty for
+that purpose, when from the seeming inclination of the inhabitants
+to have an assembly convened some time ago, it might have
+been presumed, and indeed by an article of His Majesty's
+Instructions, which I shall order to be laid before you, it has been
+judged that the Colony has become capable of providing for the
+necessary support of government here, as has been usual in all
+His Majesty's other American Dominions.</p>
+
+<p>"Gentlemen of both Houses:</p>
+
+<p>"As my Military occupation requires my attendance as early as
+possible upon the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces to the Westward,
+and as the Lieutenant Governor is now necessarily employed,
+and will be for some time to come, upon an enterprise of
+importance in a distant part of the province, there is not at
+present an opportunity of entering upon such particulars as might
+otherwise call for your attention; I am therefore earnestly to
+recommend to your serious consideration the expediency, or rather<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">{59}</a></span>
+the necessity of unanimity and dispatch in the confirmation of
+such Acts or resolutions of a legislative nature, as the Governor
+and Council under His Majesty's Royal Instructions have found
+expedient, before the forming of an assembly and indispensably
+necessary for promoting the welfare and peaceable Government of
+this people.</p>
+
+<p>"You may depend upon it, Gentlemen, on my return to the
+Government you will find me perfectly disposed to concur with
+you in enacting such further laws, making such amendments to
+the present ones, and establishing such other regulations as shall
+appear upon more mature deliberations to be consistent with the
+honour and dignity of the Crown and conducive to the lasting
+happiness of His Majesty's subjects where I have the honour to
+preside.</p>
+
+<p class="ralign smcap">Charles Lawrence."</p>
+
+<p>The House then resolved that the members should all serve without
+pay for the session. The calling of the Legislature had been
+delayed till the autumn in consequence of both the Governor and
+Lt. Governor being absent with the Army at Louisburg. Governor
+Lawrence came up to Halifax from Louisburg specially to meet the
+Legislature.</p>
+
+<p>The Governor in his letter to the Board of Trade about this time
+noticed particularly the serious effects on the settlement of the
+enormous importation and retail of spirituous liquors, and expressed
+a hope that the Legislature would check it.</p>
+
+<p>On 2nd July, 1761 (second session) the House voted £50 for a
+public clock in the Town.</p>
+
+<p>The following year (1759) Halifax was again the rendezvous for
+part of the fleet and army both before and after the siege of Quebec;
+not a few of the more enterprising settlers followed the camp and
+enriched themselves during the war, Admiral Darell with 4 ships
+of the line arrived in Halifax Harbor in April and left for the St.
+Lawrence on 5th May.</p>
+
+<p>At the news of the victory, the town was illuminated, and fire
+works, bonfires and other public entertainments lasted several days.</p>
+
+<p>Between the years 1759 and 1763 the harbor had been the
+constant resort of the squadrons under Lord Colville and others;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">{60}</a></span>
+the place was enlivened by the presence of a large army and navy,
+and at the close of the war several gentlemen of condition were
+induced to become settlers.</p>
+
+<p>Peace having been proclaimed in 1763, the 28th day of December
+of that year was solemnized at Halifax as a day of thanksgiving on
+account of the termination of the war. Though the town possessed
+all the advantages to be derived from the presence of the naval and
+military forces, the resident population did not increase. From the
+notitia parochialis of the Rev. Dr. Breynton, the Rector of St. Paul's,
+the number of inhabitants in the town did not exceed 1300 souls.
+However, in 1769, six years after, the Doctor makes the following
+return: Inhabitants in and about Halifax including Garrison,
+Acadian French and fishermen, by the late public survey 5000 souls,
+of which 200 are Acadians and 55 protestant dissenters. The number
+of births that year was 200 and the deaths 190.</p>
+
+<p>Among the local occurrences of the year 1759, was the trial of
+Thomas Lathum, baker, for the murder of Lieutenant Collins of the
+Royal Navy. It appeared that Mr. Collins, Captain Sweeney,
+Doctor Johns, Mr. Fulton and others of the Navy, had been sipping
+at the house of one John Field, and late in the evening proposed to
+go out in search of some women with whom one of them had made
+an engagement. They knocked at the door of one Hewitt, and
+inquired for Polly. On being refused admission, it appeared that
+Thomas Lathum, the brother-in-law of Hewitt, who lived in the
+neighbourhood, hearing the noise, came to his own door and
+demanded of the gentlemen in the street whether they intended to
+rob Mr. Hewitt. They replied that they were gentlemen and not
+robbers. Some further words provoked a scuffle, in which Fulton
+was dragged by Lathum into his house. The affair terminated in
+Lathum discharging a gun after the party, and mortally wounding
+Collins. Captain Sweeny had previously called the guard, who
+shortly after the affair arrived and took Lathum into custody.
+Lathum was tried on the 24th April, 1759.</p>
+
+<p>The names of the grand jury, who found the bill of indictment,
+were Michael Francklin, foreman, Charles Proctor, Abraham
+Bowyer, Walter Manning, James Quinn, Nathan Nathans, J.
+Pernette, John Craig, Terrence Fitzpatrick, John Kerby, Jonathan<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">{61}</a></span>
+Pierce, James Porter, Henry Sibley, J. Flanagan, Michael Moloney,
+Robert Cowie, Charles Terlaven, Jonathan Gifford and James
+Browne.</p>
+
+<p>On the 11th March, 1760, the following gentlemen were appointed
+Justices of the Peace for the county of Halifax, viz.: The Hon.
+Jonathan Belcher, Hon. Benjamin Green, Hon. John Collier, Hon.
+Charles Morris, Hon. Richard Bulkeley, Hon. Thomas Saul, Hon.
+Joseph Gerrish, William Nesbitt, John Duport, Joseph Scott, John
+Creighton, Sebastine Zouberbuhler, Edward Crawley, Charles
+Proctor and Benjamin Gerrish, and on 30th December following,
+Malachi Salter, Alexander Grant, Johnathan Binney and John
+Burbidge were added to the number. Messrs. Morris, Duport,
+Scott, Gerrish and Crawley were appointed Justices of the Inferior
+Court of Common Pleas.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Lawrence, who had been for 7 days ill, died of inflammation
+of the lungs on the morning of the 19th October, 1760. The
+Council were immediately summoned, and Chief Justice Belcher
+sworn in to administer the Government. A question had arisen on
+a previous occasion, between Mr. Belcher and Mr. Green, as to the
+eligibility of the Chief Justice to the office of administrator of the
+Government, which was decided in favour of the Chief Justice, but
+some years after, the question was determined by the British
+Government declaring that the two offices of administrator of the
+Government and Chief Justice, should never be held by the same
+person.</p>
+
+<p>It was resolved in Council, that the funeral of the late Governor
+should be at the public expense, and a monument to his memory
+was afterwards voted by the Assembly to be placed in St. Paul's
+Church.<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p>
+
+<p>The funeral of Governor Lawrence took place on the Thursday
+following, 24th October, at 4 p. m. The procession began from
+Government House as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>The Troops in Garrison, the Military Officers, two field pieces 6
+pounders, the Physicians, the ministers, the corpse in a coffin
+covered with black velvet, and the pall, to which were affixed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">{62}</a></span>
+escutcheons of His Excellency's arms, supported by the President
+and the rest of His Majesty's Council.</p>
+
+<p>The Mourners, the Provost Marshall, the House of Assembly, the
+Magistrates, the Civil Officers, the Freemasons and a number of the
+inhabitants. The Bearers, Clergy, Physicians and all Officers, Civil
+and Military had linen and cambric hat-bands.</p>
+
+<p>The corpse was preceded near the church by the orphans singing
+an anthem. The pulpit, reading desk and the Governor's pew, were
+covered with black and escutcheons, and a most pathetic Funeral
+Sermon was preached by the Reverend Mr. Breynton, Rector of the
+Parish, after which the corpse was interred on the right side of the
+Communion Table.</p>
+
+<p>Minute guns were fired from one of the batteries, from the time
+the procession began, until the interment, when the whole was
+concluded with three volleys from the troops under arms.</p>
+
+<p>The Supreme Court, which began on Tuesday following, was
+hung in mourning and escutcheons.</p>
+
+<p>The following fulsome eulogium, to the late lamented Governor,
+appeared in the newspapers of the day: "The Lieutenant Governor
+was possessed of every natural endowment and acquired, accomplishment
+necessary to adorn the most exalted station, and every
+amiable quality that could promote the sweets of friendship and
+social intercourse of human life.</p>
+
+<p>"As Governor, he exerted his uncommon abilities with unwearied
+application, and the most disinterested zeal in projecting and
+executing every useful design that might render this Province and
+its rising settlements flourishing and happy. He encouraged the
+industrious, rewarded the deserving, excited the indolent, protected
+the oppressed and relieved the needy. His affability and masterly
+address endeared him to all ranks of people, and a peculiar greatness
+of soul made him superior to vanity, envy, avarice or
+revenge.</p>
+
+<p>"In him we have lost the guide and guardian of our interests,
+the reflection on the good he has done, the anticipation of great
+things still expected from such merits, and circumstances which,
+while they redound to his honour, aggravate the sense of our
+irreparable misfortune."</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">{63}</a></span>
+About the end of October, Commodore Lord Colville arrived in
+the harbor with the Northumberland and three other ships of the
+line and several frigates from Quebec. The Sloop-of-War England
+also arrived from England with dispatches and next day sailed for
+Louisburg and Quebec. Several transports also came in about the
+same time with Col. Montgomery's Highlanders to relieve the two
+battalions of the 60th Royal Americans.</p>
+
+<p>Among the advertisements in the Halifax Gazette of 1st November,
+1760, is the following:</p>
+
+<p>"To be sold at public auction, on Monday the 3rd of November,
+at the house of Mr. John Rider, two Slaves, viz.: a boy and girl,
+about eleven years old; likewise, a puncheon of choice old cherry
+brandy, with sundry other articles."</p>
+
+<p>1759. Among the town officers nominated by the Grand Jury
+this year were, John Fillis, Richd. Wenman, Richd. Gibbon and
+Wm. Schwartz as Commissioners of the poor for the town.</p>
+
+<p>Surveyors of Highways, Chas. Morris, Esq., Chas. Proctor, Esq.,
+Mr. Wm. Prescott and Mr. John Rider.</p>
+
+<p>This year an Act of the Legislature was passed to regulate the
+Sambro Light House at the entrance of Halifax Harbor, which had
+been erected the previous year at the expense of £1000. The Work
+House was also erected this year. Firing guns within the town
+and peninsula was forbidden in 1758 under a penalty.</p>
+
+<p>The accession of King George the Third was proclaimed at
+Halifax on the 11th February, 1761, with great ceremony. The
+proclamation was first read at the Court House door,<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> then at the
+north gate of the town,<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> at Government House, at the south gate,<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a>
+and lastly on the Parade, where the troops were drawn up and a
+salute fired by the artillery. Lord Colville's fleet being in the
+harbour at the time, "each ship fired a Royal Salute, beginning
+with his Lordship's flagship the Northumberland."</p>
+
+<p>The order of the procession on this occasion was as follows:&mdash;1st,
+A Company of Grenadiers; 2nd, Constables of the Town; 3rd,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">{64}</a></span>
+Magistrates; 4th, Civil Officers of Government; 5th, Constables;
+6th, The Provost Marshall with two deputies on horseback; 7th, a
+Band of Music; 8th, Constables; 9th, The Commander-in-Chief of
+the Province, the Honorable Jonathan Belcher, with Admiral Lord
+Colville and Colonel Foster, commandant of the Garrison, and the
+members of His Majesty's Council; 10th, the Speaker and the
+members of the House of Assembly, followed by the principal
+inhabitants. At three o'clock the company waited on the Commander-in-Chief
+at Governor Lawrence's head tavern, where a very
+elegant entertainment was provided for them, and after dinner His
+Majesty's health was drunk under Royal Salute from the Batteries,
+also other toasts, and the evening concluded with great rejoicings
+and illuminations, bon-fires and artificial fire works, played off by
+the Royal Artillery. A sermon was afterwards ordered to be
+preached (13th February, 1761) in St. Paul's Church, on account of
+the decease of the late King, and all public amusements were
+ordered to cease for one month from that day. The 17th was
+accordingly set apart and the sermon preached by the Rev. T.
+Wood, the Curate. Part of St. Paul's church was hung in black,
+and minute guns were fired for an hour and a half, and the flags on
+the Citadel and George's Island were half-mast during the day.</p>
+
+<p>On the 11th day of February, 1760, two Indian Chiefs of the
+Passamaquoddy and St. John River tribes, came to Halifax with
+Colonel Arbuthnot and appeared before the Council, and by their
+interpreter, settled with the Governor terms of peace, renewing the
+Treaty of 1725 and giving hostages for their good behaviour. At
+their request truck houses were established at Fort Frederick.
+Benjamin Gerrish, John Collier and Thomas Saul were appointed a
+Committee to prepare the Treaty in French and English, which was
+to be taken back with them to be ratified by their tribes. It was
+arranged that Colonel Arbuthnot should accompany them, and that
+they should be sent back at the public expense, after which His
+Majesty's health was drunk and the Chiefs returned to the quarters
+assigned them by the Governor. On the 13th the Treaty was
+ratified in Council and the Indians and the Governor and Council
+settled the table of the prices to be established at the truck houses.
+The Indians stated that the number of their tribes, men, women and
+children, was about 500. During the sitting of the Council on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">{65}</a></span>
+13th, Roger Morris, one of the Mic-Mac Indians, appeared and
+brought with him three Frenchmen who were lately arrived from
+Pictou, and another Indian called Claude Renie, who said he was
+Chief of the Tribe of Cheboudie Indians. He stated that he had left
+70 of his people at Jeddore; the men were out killing moose and
+their families were in want of provisions. It was arranged that
+provisions should be sent to them and that the men should forthwith
+come up and conclude a peace.</p>
+
+<p>Treaties of peace were afterwards concluded on 10th March
+following with three Mic-Mac Chiefs, viz., Paul Laurent, chief of
+the Tribe of LaHave, Michael Augustine, chief of the Tribe of
+Richibucto, and the before-mentioned Claude Renie, chief of the
+Cheboudie and Musquodoboit Indians; the treaty was signed in
+Council on that day and they received their annual presents. Another
+treaty of peace was signed in Council on 15th October, 1761, with
+Jannesvil Peitougawash, Chief of the Indians of the Tribe of
+Pictock and Malogomish, and the merchants and traders were
+notified that the Indian trade to the eastward would be thrown open
+under regulations in the following spring. The following summer
+Joseph Argunault, Chief of the Mongwash Indians, with a number
+of followers, appeared before the Council and executed a final
+Treaty of peace. The members of Council and Legislature, with
+the Magistrates and public officers, attended on the occasion.</p>
+
+<p>The Abbe Mallaird being introduced, interpreted the treaty to the
+Chief, who was then addressed by the Hon. Mr. Belcher, the Commander-in-Chief.
+The treaty was respectively signed by the
+Commander-in-Chief and the Indian Chief, and witnessed by the
+members of the Council present, the Speaker of the Assembly and
+Mr. Mallaird.<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> The Chief then addressed Mr. Belcher in the
+following manner: That he had formerly paid obedience to another
+King, but that he now acknowledged King George 3rd for his only
+lawful Sovereign, and vowed eternal fidelity and submission to him;
+that his submission was not by compulsion, but that it was free and
+voluntary with his whole heart, and that he should always esteem
+King George 3rd as his good father and protector. That he now
+buried the hatchet in behalf of himself and his whole tribe, in token<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">{66}</a></span>
+of their submission, and of their having made a peace which should
+never be broken upon any consideration whatever. The Chief then
+laid the hatchet on the earth, and the same being buried the Indians
+went through the ceremony of washing the paint from their bodies,
+in token of hostilities being ended, and then partook of a repast set
+out for them on the ground, and the whole ceremony was concluded
+by all present drinking the King's health and their Haggas. This
+ceremony is said to have been performed in the Governor's garden,
+westward of the old English burial ground, where the Court House
+now stands. Benjamin Gerrish, Esquire, was appointed Commissioner
+of Indian Affairs, and additional truck houses were built and
+other arrangements made throughout the Province for more
+effectually carrying on the Indian trade.</p>
+
+<p>On the 30th December, 1760, Malachi Salter, Alexander Grant,
+Jonathan Binney and John Burbidge were appointed Justices of the
+Peace for the Town of Halifax. Mr. Burbidge was a member of
+Assembly; he afterwards removed to the country and settled in
+Cornwallis township, where his descendants now remain.</p>
+
+<p>The French having invaded the British settlements in Newfoundland,
+and captured the fort of St. John, a council-of-war was called
+at Halifax, for the purpose of consulting on means of the defence
+of the town in case of an attack. This Council was composed of
+Lt. Governor Belcher, Col. Richard Bulkely, Halifax Militia, Major
+General Bastead of the Engineers, Col. William Foster, Lt. Col.
+Hamilton, Lt. Col. Job Winslow, and the Right Honorable Lord
+Colville, commander-in-chief of the squadron. They met on the
+10th July, 1762, and continued their sittings until 17th August.
+They recommended to Government the embodying a portion of the
+militia force, and that the Batteries on George's Island, Fort George,
+Point Pleasant and East Battery should be put in repair and guns
+mounted, and the erection of such works around the town and at the
+Dockyard as might be considered necessary for the protection of the
+place. The whole to be placed under the superintendence of
+General Bastead of the Engineers. Some of the old works were
+put in repair and others added on this occasion, but the cause of
+alarm having subsided, further expense was deemed unnecessary.</p>
+
+<p>At the first settlement it had been found necessary to occupy not
+only every elevated position in the vicinity, but also large spaces<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">{67}</a></span>
+around the town as at first laid out, for the purposes of defence and
+other military objects. After the necessity for those defences had
+ceased, it frequently occurred that the military commanders would
+lay claim to the grounds as military property, and in this way
+obstacles had continually arisen to the extension of the town, a
+grievance which has continued to be felt until the present time.
+Those whose duty it was to plan and lay out the town appear to
+have been guided more with a view to the construction of a military
+encampment than that of a town for the accommodation of an
+increasing population. The narrow blocks and small dimensions of
+the building lots have been found to be a continual drawback on the
+comfort, the health and the convenience of the inhabitants, and of
+late years these inconveniences have been severely felt in the business
+parts of the city. This, however, was not the case in laying out
+the north and south suburbs; here the lots were of ample dimensions,
+and though the streets were not of the width frequently met with in
+modern cities, yet of sufficient dimensions to ensure comfort. It is
+to be regretted that the town and city authorities, during the last 35
+years, have not, as in other places, exerted their authority in the
+arrangement and laying off of building lots, and by wholesome
+regulations, prevented the crowding of buildings on pieces of land
+not sufficiently deep to admit of proper ventilation. It is also a
+matter of the utmost importance to the future welfare of the city
+that those lands now in the hands of the military and naval boards
+in various directions around the city which are not immediately
+required for military works should be handed over to the Civil
+Government for public promenades and other useful purposes.</p>
+
+<p>July 18th, 1768. The Chiefs of the tribes of Indians of St.
+John's River, named Pierre Thomas and Ambroise St. Aubon,
+appeared before the Council with the following requests: They
+said the use of rum and spirituous liquors was too common among
+them, and requested that a remedy might be thought of to prevent
+it. They also required lands for cultivation, and that they should
+not be required to bear arms in case of war with any of the
+European powers. That some further regulations of prices in their
+traffic should be made, and several other matters, all of which
+appear to have been granted them. They desired to return home as
+soon as possible, that their people might not be debauched with
+liquor in the town.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">{68}</a></span>
+This year (1768) Mr. Joshua Mauger retired from the office of
+Agent of the Province in London. Mr. Mauger came up from
+Louisburg with the army and resided in the town as a distiller of
+rum, and followed the camp for several years. He received grants
+of land from the government in various parts of the province. The
+bench at the south-west extremity of Cornwallis Island, now known
+as McNab's Island, was named after him. Mr. Mauger was
+afterwards elected a member of the British Parliament.</p>
+
+<p>In the month of May of this year was presented to the Legislature
+the celebrated revolutionary document known as the Massachusetts
+or Boston Letter. This was a letter addressed by Speaker Cushin
+of the House of Representatives at Boston, to the Speaker of the
+Assembly in Nova Scotia. It bears the date February 11, 1768, and
+was on the subject of the differences existing between the British
+Government and the American Colonies, then on the eve of revolt.
+This letter is couched in very moderate but firm language; it
+appears to have been received, however, with great indignation by
+the House, who declined to have it read. A memorial was presented
+to the Governor and Council in March, 1767, by Colonel Dalrymple,
+then commander of His Majesty's troops at Halifax, complaining of
+the undue occupation of grounds about the town, on which there had
+been palisaded forts and lines of defence. It appeared that
+Governor Lawrence had granted certain small tracts of land on
+which a palisaded line of defence had formerly been, and that such
+tracts of land could not be supposed to come into use on any future
+occasion for fortifications. That Colonel McKellan of the Engineers
+had advised the situation of the Work House with an enclosure, in
+the front of said line, and that a whole bastion of two curtains of
+Lutterell's fort were covered by it, and that Governor Lawrence had
+further laid out more of such grounds on which part of the
+palisading of Horseman's Fort formerly stood, all of which it
+appeared he did by an undoubted right of the power given him by
+the King's Commission, to erect and demolish fortifications, and
+therefore to convert the ground to other uses, it being no more
+serviceable for the former purposes. But it also appeared that none
+of the Barracks were ever granted or admitted into private occupation.
+That Governor Lawrence had admitted the occupation of some of
+the ground reserved for fortification, on condition it should be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">{69}</a></span>
+surrendered when the King's service should again require it, by
+which it was evident that the King's rights in their lands had been
+sufficiently secured. Horseman's fort occupied the ground in the
+vicinity of the present Roman Catholic Cathedral. Lutterell's
+fort stood where the old Poor House and County Jail formerly
+stood. In June, 1763, the Council recommended the Governor to
+make a grant of the Common for the Town of Halifax to trustees
+for the benefit of the inhabitants. The Trustees were John Collier,
+Charles Morris, Richard Bulkeley, William Nesbitt, Charles Proctor
+and Richard Best. Some question having arisen as to the limits of
+the common, the Council were unanimously of the opinion that the
+lands which had been granted without the town were not within the
+limits of the Common as appeared by the plan thereof laid before
+the Lords of Trade, and which had not been disapproved of by their
+Lordships. No copy of this plan is now to be found.</p>
+
+<p>The number of families residing in and around the town in 1763
+was estimated at 500, which would make the population about 2500
+souls. There was also supposed to be, at this time, about one
+thousand Acadian French in and about the town.</p>
+
+<p>In June, 1763, the Hon. Montague Wilmot was sworn in Lieut.
+Governor in place of Mr. Belcher. In the following year he
+received the appointment of Governor-in-Chief.</p>
+
+<p>On the 29th day of September, 1766, the Germans, who had been
+located to the west of the peninsula, the settlement now known as
+the Dutch Village, petitioned the Government that a convenient
+road should be laid out for them to their settlement. The Surveyor
+was ordered to report on the petition. He reported that he found
+the road from the north German lots to the southward of George
+Bayers' stone wall, now laid out, in the most convenient place, and
+that the road should be at least four rods wide. That from George
+Bayers' stone wall the road should be on the south side of said wall
+and thence to run until it meets the public road leading to the town.</p>
+
+<p>About this time, at the request of the Magistrates, the Hospital
+was granted for an alms house. This hospital was established very
+early for the use of the settlers, and stood on part of the land now
+occupied by the Government House, to the north of that building.</p>
+
+<p>The church of St. Paul's had now been for some years finished,
+and the Town and vicinity had been, by an Act of Legislature,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">{70}</a></span>
+constituted into a parish with corporate powers in the church
+wardens and vestry. After the death of Mr. Tutty, the Reverend
+Thomas Wood, from the Province of New Jersey, was appointed to
+assist Dr. Breynton, and he and the doctor were jointly inducted
+into the parish in 1758; Dr. Breynton as rector, and Mr. Wood as
+vicar or curate, to assist. Mr. W. continued at St. Paul's until 1763,
+when he was removed to Annapolis Royal with the consent of the
+Governor and the church wardens and vestry, when the whole duties
+of the Mission at Halifax devolved upon Mr. Breynton. Mr. B. was
+in the habit of officiating to the Germans in their own language.
+In 1761, he preached in German and English to the small congregation
+in the old Dutch church in Brunswick Street, on occasion of its
+being dedicated as the church of St. George. In 1770, at the
+solicitation of the Governor and Council, the Chief Justice and the
+congregation of St. Paul's, he received from the University of
+Cambridge the degree of D. D., to which he was entitled from his
+standing in the University. Early in his ministry the Doctor
+established in the Town an orphan school, and provided for the
+tuition of 50 poor children, through the assistance afforded him by
+the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. Mr. Ralph
+Sharrock, a discharged soldier, was his first schoolmaster. In
+1776, Dr. Breynton mentions in his report to the Society, having
+administered the Lord's Supper to 500 men of the Baron de Seiltz's
+German regiment in their own language "whose exemplary and
+regular behaviour" he says, "did them great honour." The
+following extract from a document, in reference to Dr. Breynton,
+said to have been written by a Dissenter, is given by Mr. Hawkins,
+from the records of the Propagation Society: "As a person who,
+during a residence of upwards of twenty years in this Province, has
+deservedly gained the good will and esteem of men of all ranks and
+persuasions. He preaches the Gospel of peace and purity, with an
+eloquence of language and delivery, far beyond anything I ever
+heard in America." He lived to a good old age, preserving the
+esteem of his fellow townsmen to the last. He appears to have
+lived on terms of Christian fellowship with the clergy of other
+denominations, as we find that at the annual meeting of the Church
+Society, which took place in St. Paul's in 1770, the dissenting
+ministers all attended at the Church to hear the doctor preach his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">{71}</a></span>
+Visitation Sermon. One of the last acts of his ministry was the
+establishment of a Sunday School in the city. This was about
+1783, perhaps a little later, and was the first Sunday School
+instituted in Nova Scotia.</p>
+
+<p>In the month of July, 1769, a large number of Indians, many
+of whom at this time appear to have been Protestants, attended
+divine service in St. Paul's Church, when prayers were read by the
+Reverend Thomas Wood, in the Mic-Mac language, the Governor
+and many of the principal inhabitants being present. The Indians
+sang an anthem both before and after the service. Before the
+service began a Chief came forward, and kneeling down, prayed for
+the prosperity of the Province and the blessing of Almighty God on
+King George, the Royal family and the Governor of the Province.
+He then rose up, and Mr. Wood, who understood the language, at
+his desire explained the prayer in English to the whole congregation.
+When service was ended the Indians returned thanksgivings
+for the opportunity they had of hearing prayers in their own
+language. In the following year Mr. Wood again performed divine
+service at Halifax in the Mic-Mac language at the residence of
+Colonel Joseph Gorham, where a number of Indians were
+assembled. He had obtained great influence with the Indians
+through his friendship with the Abbe Maillard, and particularly
+from his behaviour to him a little before his death. He was in
+consequence frequently called on both by the Indians and French to
+baptize their children and visit the sick in the absence of a priest of
+their own church. In one of his letters to the Society for the
+Propagation of the Gospel, in 1762, he mentions having attended
+the Abbe Maillard during his illness of several weeks, and at his
+request, the day before his death read to him the office of visitation
+of the sick in presence of many of the French, and having performed
+the funeral service of the Church of England, in French, on
+his remains in the presence of the principal inhabitants of Halifax
+and a number of French and Indians. The Governor and all the
+public functionaries attended the funeral of M. Maillard, who was
+highly esteemed and beloved in the community, and the members of
+His Majesty's Council were the pall bearers.<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">{72}</a></span>
+Mr. Wood was shortly after removed to Annapolis Royal, where
+he died in the year 1778. While there he applied himself to a
+closer study of the Mic-Mac language, and by assistance of papers
+left him by M. Maillard was enabled to prepare a Mic-Mac
+grammar and dictionary. He sent the first volume of his grammar,
+and a Mic-Mac translation of the Creed and Lord's Prayer to
+England in 1776. He continued occasionally to minister to the
+Indians in their own language until his death.</p>
+
+<p>February 26th, 1769. Halifax harbour was so full of ice that
+vessels could not come in, which had not been the case for (says the
+Gazette for that day) ten years. The cold was intense, snow
+between four and five feet deep in the woods and on the peninsula,
+an instance of which had not been known for several years.</p>
+
+<p>May 9th, 1769. Major Leonard Lockman died after a lingering
+illness in the 73rd year of his age; he was interred under the old
+German church in Brunswick Street, and a monument to his
+memory, with coat of arms, is yet to be seen in that church. Major
+Lockman was one of the leading settlers among the Germans. The
+street running between the German lots and Water Street in the
+north suburbs bears his name.</p>
+
+<p>In the fall of this year the town was visited by a severe gale of
+wind from the S. W., which caused the destruction of much
+property and some loss of life.</p>
+
+<p>Among the principal merchants in Halifax in 1769, the Hon.
+John Butler, uncle to the late Hon. J. Butler Dight, Robert
+Campbell on the Beach, John Grant, Alexander Brymer, Gerrish
+and Gray appear most prominent. Among the shopkeepers and
+tradesmen who advertized during the year were, Robert Fletcher on
+the Parade, Bookseller and Stationer, Andrew Cunod, Grocer,
+Hammond and Brown, Auctioneers, Robert Millwood, Blockmaker,
+who advertized best Spanish River Coal at 30s. per chaldron.</p>
+
+<p>The period between 1770 and 1776 was one of great public
+excitement, emissaries from the revolted colonies were numerous,
+and the Governor and Council deemed it expedient as early as
+1770, to prohibit all public meetings of a political nature.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">{73}</a></span>
+same spring the general election took place, after which the House
+sat for fourteen years without being dissolved.</p>
+
+<p>In 1771, Governor Lord William Campbell issued a proclamation
+forbidding horse races as tending to gambling and idleness.</p>
+
+<p>October 8th, 1773. Governor Legge was sworn into office.</p>
+
+<p>The subject of fortifying the town came under the consideration
+of the Council in the following year. It was considered that the
+ground being rocky in many places around the town, it would not
+admit of entrenchments being made, and that the only practical
+fortifications would be temporary blockhouses and palisades, and it
+was resolved that the Engineers under Col. Spry do immediately
+proceed to fortify the Navy Yard in that manner, which may be
+defended by the people of the town, and afford a retreat for them.
+Any attempt at fortifying the Citadel Hill this season was thought
+to be out of the question, the season being too late, the scarcity of
+workmen very great, and there being no troops for its defence.</p>
+
+<p>The Governor proposed and it was agreed in Council to collect a
+force of 1000 men with pay and provisions, and that four companies
+of light infantry now forming at Lunenburg be ordered up,
+and that 100 Acadians from Clare and Yarmouth, and two light
+companies from Kings County do march immediately to Halifax.
+The public authorities appear to have been kept in a constant state
+of apprehension of invasion, while a continued suspicion of many of
+the leading inhabitants being favourable to the revolt, seemed to
+have taken possession of the mind of Governor Legge, who, having
+differences of opinion with some of his officials, attributed their
+disagreement with him on subjects of finance, etc., as marks of
+disloyalty. He at length became so obnoxious to those in
+authority, that it was deemed advisable to remove him from the
+Government. His quarrels with Jonathan Binney, Governor
+Francklin and other leading men of the town, are disclosed in the
+official letters and minutes of Council of that day.</p>
+
+<p>It was found necessary to remove the Military Stores to George's
+Island for safety, and additional batteries were erected there. The
+officers of the Town Regiment of Militia were called on to subscribe
+the Oath of Allegiance before going on duty. Those who subscribed
+were Col. Butler, Major Smith, Captains Vanput, Brown,
+Finney and Millet, Lieutenants Pyke, Piers, Solomon, Clarke and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">{74}</a></span>
+Fletcher, Second Lieutenants Tritton, Jacobs, Schwartz and Kerby,
+and Adjutant Peters. Among them we recognize several family
+names, the grandsires of some of our present citizens.</p>
+
+<p>Among the magistrates appointed in 1771 were Joseph Gray,
+John Amiel and Captain Thompson of His Majesty's Ship Mermaid.</p>
+
+<p>The bureau of Governor Legge, at the Government House, was
+broken open in 1744, and a reward of £100 was offered for the
+detection of the thief.</p>
+
+<p>The condition of the Orphan House, and the children therein,
+was considered bad, and an order was issued for immediate steps to
+be taken for its being put on a better footing.</p>
+
+<p>During the winter of 1774, Sambro Light House was without
+light for five successive nights in consequence of Mr. Woodmass,
+the contractor, not having sent down a supply of oil, for which he
+was dismissed by Order of Council.</p>
+
+<p>The following year William Nesbitt, speaker of the House of
+Assembly, was appointed Custos of Halifax County, and the names
+of Thomas Bridge and Thomas Proctor added to the Commission of
+the Peace.</p>
+
+<p>Col. Butler, commanding the militia force, reported that the
+sickness in the town, together with the daily labour of the inhabitants,
+rendered it difficult to make up the number of men ordered for the
+town guard, which duty the people considered a hardship. The
+guard was accordingly ordered by the Council to be discontinued.</p>
+
+<p>The scarcity of provisions in the town was at this time so great
+that the government found it necessary to dispatch the Snow
+Elizabeth to Quebec for flour for the inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p>The impressment of men for the Navy had been a great grievance;
+the trade of the country was not only injured, but the town was
+becoming deprived of fish and fuel in consequence of the scarcity of
+fishermen and labourers. The merchants petitioned the Governor
+and Council on the subject. The memorial was sent to the naval
+commander of the station; it does not appear, however, that any
+further attention was paid to the remonstrance.</p>
+
+<p>In September, 1775, it was proposed to throw up some temporary
+works in addition to the old works on Citadel Hill, and to entrench
+about the naval yard. On consideration, it was thought too late in
+this season to do any earth work on Citadel Hill. Col. Spry,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">{75}</a></span>
+however, proposed the erection of Blockhouses in the neighbourhood
+of the town. It is probable the old Blockhouses at Fort Needham
+and Three Mile House, the remains of which are within the
+recollection of many of our citizens, may have been originally
+constructed about this time. They were in full repair during the
+war of 1812.</p>
+
+<p>A continual influx of strangers from the old colonies caused
+Martial Law to be proclaimed on the 30th of November of this year,
+and it was deemed necessary by the Council that a proclamation
+should be issued requiring all persons not being settled inhabitants
+of the town, who had arrived since September, to give notice of their
+arrival and names to two Magistrates, and all inn and tavern
+keepers were required to report arrivals at their houses, and vessels
+were forbidden entering the North West Arm without license. One
+thousand militiamen were ordered for the defence of the town. The
+constant arrival of loyalist refugees from the revolted colonies,
+during this and subsequent years, rendered provisions scarce,
+and in addition to these troubles, the small-pox broke out in the
+town about the middle of July. The King's troops had all been
+removed from Nova Scotia to the revolted provinces, and the
+Governor was informed by the home authorities that no troops
+could be spared, and that the inhabitants themselves must defend the
+town. The town guard was accordingly again composed of militia.</p>
+
+<p>1775. The fifth General Assembly held this year its seventh
+session from 12th June to 20th July. Mr. Nesbitt was Speaker.
+Chief Justice Belcher presided at the quarter sessions this summer,
+and gave a very loyal address to the Magistrates and public
+functionaries present; all Magistrates and town officers took the
+Oath of Allegiance. The general feeling throughout the town
+appeared to have been eminently loyal; some of the leading citizens,
+however, though firm in their allegiance to the British Crown, yet
+thought that self government in the Colonies in fiscal matters was
+the correct policy. This threw several under suspicion; Mr. John
+Fillis, Mr. Malachi Salter and Mr. Smith, who were natives of
+Boston, were among the number.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Legge, the Governor, proposed to raise a regiment in Halifax,
+to be commanded by himself, but was unsuccessful owing to his
+unpopularity.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">{76}</a></span>
+In the autumn of the previous year, a difficulty had arisen
+regarding the importation of some tea, in which Mr. Smith and Mr.
+Fillis were concerned; and it having been understood that Fillis had
+said the measures of Government were oppressive, these two
+gentlemen were ordered to be removed from all offices under
+Government. The year previous a quantity of hay belonging to
+Joseph Fairbanks, intended for the King's service, had been
+burned. Some one in Halifax sent to Boston a statement charging
+Fillis and Smith as being privy to the act. They complained to the
+House of Assembly, then in session, when the following resolution
+was passed: That this House do esteem Mr. Fillis and Mr. Smith to
+be dutiful and lawful subjects to the King, etc., and that the
+"House is unanimously of opinion that the said reports are base,
+infamous and false, and that the authors thereof merit punishment."
+The garrison having been reinforced by King's troops, the Governor
+concluded on bringing no further drafts of militia to the town.</p>
+
+<p>1776. This was a memorable year for Halifax. The British
+forces under General Howe having evacuated Boston, a fleet of
+three men-of-war and 47 transports arrived in the harbour on 30th
+March, with troops and a number of inhabitants of Boston. These
+were followed on 1st April by many more transports, nearly 100 in
+number, with the remainder of Howe's army and a number of Loyalist
+refugees. Howe demanded accommodation for 200 officers and
+3000 men, and about 1500 loyalists with their families, with supplies
+of fresh provisions, etc. Rents of houses in the town were consequently
+doubled and the town soon presented the appearance of a
+military camp.<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> Many complaints appear against the soldiers for
+pulling down the fences and demolishing the stone walls on the
+peninsula. One Christopher Schlegall had been killed in one of the
+numerous affrays with the soldiers. Three soldiers were arrested
+and tried for murder, but no convictions occurred. Several persons
+were called on to give security for their good behaviour in the town.</p>
+
+<p>Among the events of this year was the appearance in one of the
+Halifax newspapers of copies of treasonable articles from the Rhode
+Island and Boston papers. The printer was brought before the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">{77}</a></span>
+Council and reprimanded and cautioned against permitting any such
+publications again to appear in his paper.</p>
+
+<p>The names of the Members of Assembly for Halifax County and
+Town in 1776 were Wm. Nesbitt and Henry Smith, and Thomas
+Bridge and Joseph Fairbanks. Mr. Fenton was still Provost
+Marshall with jurisdiction throughout the province, there being then
+no County Sheriffs at this time. Henry Newton was Collector of
+Customs at Halifax, James Burrows, Comptroller, Lewis Piers,
+Gauger of Liquors, etc.</p>
+
+<p>The Magistrates of the town were John Creighton, John Burbidge,
+Malachi Salter, Benjamin Green, John Cunningham, George
+Cotnam, John Newton, Winkworth Tonge, Jos. Desbarres, Charles
+Morris, Junior, George Smith, J. Gray, Giles Tidmarsh, George
+Deschamps, Dan. Cunningham, Thomas Proctor and Thomas Bridge.</p>
+
+<p>The death of Chief Justice Belcher occurred this year. Mr.
+Morris, one of the assistant judges, was appointed to fill the office
+of Chief Justice until another should be appointed.</p>
+
+<p>1777. The jail at Halifax was at this time in a very insecure
+condition. Criminals were continually escaping from it, several of
+whom had been found guilty of being in arms against the King.
+The jailor was infirm and his wife took charge. There were no
+regulations enforced for visiting the prisoners at night, and the
+shackles on the prisoners were found not to be sufficient. The
+Provost Marshall was suspended and Mr. Bridge appointed to act
+in his place.</p>
+
+<p>Malcolm McIntyre, Thomas Crow, John Chalk, John Sewlock,
+Samuel Miller, Robert McMullen, Tulley McKilley, Cornelius
+O'Brien, Thomas Whitteny, John Cribben and John McIntyre, all
+fishermen of Herring Cove, were this year rewarded for attacking
+and taking a shallop and apprehending seven persons, being part of
+the crew of an American privateer which had been driven on shore
+and destroyed by the armed brig Hope, off Canso, from which they
+had made their escape in the shallop.</p>
+
+<p>1778. The names of John Hosterman, Thomas Stevens and
+Edmund Phelan appear as Commissioners of the Poor, John Woodin,
+Keeper of the Poor House, and Thomas Brown, Schoolmaster at
+Halifax.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">{78}</a></span>
+On the 13th July, 1779, the Revenge, privateer, Capt. Sheppard
+of Halifax, was taken and destroyed by two American armed
+vessels. In December following, H. M. Sloop-of-War North and
+the armed sloop St. Helena, in coming into the harbour from
+Spanish River, Cape Breton, the night being very dark and a south-east
+storm, were driven on shore about a league from the light
+house; both were lost and 170 persons perished.</p>
+
+<p>1780. This year the following gentlemen were in the Commission
+of the Peace at Halifax: William Nesbitt, Winkworth Tonge,
+John Burbidge, Benjamin Green, John Cunningham, John Newton,
+Isaac Deschamps, William Russell, W. Phipps, J. F. W. Desbarres,
+Charles Morris, junior, George Smith, Enoch Rust, Joseph Gray,
+Giles Tidmarsh, John Fillis, George Deschamps, Daniel Cunningham,
+Thomas Proctor, Thomas Bridge, George Sherlock and John
+George Pyke.</p>
+
+<p>A public slaughter house was erected this year in the town and
+John Woodin, senior, made keeper.</p>
+
+<p>March 12, 1780. John O'Brien advertizes as keeper of the
+tavern known as the Golden Ball, formerly kept by Edward Phelan.
+The Golden Ball was situate at the corner of Hollis and Sackville
+Streets, opposite the building now called Variety Hall, occupied by
+W. Harrington. The hotel called the Pontac, at the corner of
+Duke and Water Streets (now Roger Cunningham's corner) was at
+this time kept by one Willis. It was here the Town Assemblies,
+Public Balls and Entertainments were held.</p>
+
+<p>The Court House stood at the north-east corner of Buckingham
+and Argyle Streets, where the store of Messrs. Northup &amp; Sons
+now is. Chief Justice Belcher presided here when first appointed.
+This building was, some years after, burned down and the lot on
+which it stood, sold.</p>
+
+<p>On the 15th January, this year, the town was illuminated and
+there were great rejoicings throughout the day for the success of the
+British troops in Georgia.</p>
+
+<p>The Governor being informed from England that a large armament
+was fitting out at Brest, it was resolved in Council that the
+town militia should be called out for duty and a portion of the
+country militia got ready to march to Halifax if required. General
+McLean, then in command of the Garrison, was directed to put the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">{79}</a></span>
+fortifications in working order. The Halifax militia was employed
+in the erection of bomb batteries. Drafts of militia from the
+country came down and were employed for three weeks on the
+works.</p>
+
+<p>At this period the means of communication between this country
+and England had been very uncertain. The intercourse of Halifax
+with the old colonies having been cut off, Governor Sir Richard
+Hughes urged on the British Government the necessity of a line of
+packets being established between Halifax and England. Several
+privateers, during this and the following years, were fitted out at
+Halifax to cruise in American waters. The Revenge, Capt. James
+Gandy, and the Liverpool, Capt. Young, the former mounting 30
+and the latter 8 guns, sailed for Halifax early this spring. They
+were accompanied by the Halifax, Robert E. Foster, master, owned
+and fitted out by Alexander Brymer, one of the principal merchants
+of the town.</p>
+
+<p>The 18th of January being the Queen's birthday the citizens and
+militia had a Ball at Willis' rooms in the Pontac.</p>
+
+<p>In May, the Revenge brought in a richly laden Snow, bound from
+Cadiz to Chesapeake Bay, the Blond Frigate and an armed sloop
+both brought in American prizes.</p>
+
+<p>For several years two large ships, the Adamant and St. Lawrence,
+were regular traders between Halifax and Great Britain. They
+were regular in their trips, spring and fall, and the merchants of
+Halifax depended chiefly on them for their supplies of British
+merchandize.</p>
+
+<p>A government armed vessel called the Loyal Nova Scotian, and
+several other small vessels, were kept to cruise off the mouth of the
+harbour to prevent surprise from the pirates and privateer cruisers
+which infested the coast. Several were captured and brought into
+Halifax during this and the two following years.</p>
+
+<p>In May, 1779, an election for the County took place in Halifax.
+John George Pyke and Francis Boyd were the candidates. Pyke
+was returned.</p>
+
+<p>General McLean left Halifax in June with a force for the
+reduction of Penobscot. In August, a squadron, consisting of
+several men-of-war and some merchant vessels, among which were
+the Adamant and St. Lawrence, sailed from Halifax for his relief.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">{80}</a></span>
+The town continued to be infested with Press Gangs for the ships
+of war. The inhabitants complained to the Governor and Council.
+Several riots on the wharves having occurred in consequence of the
+press, proclamation was issued demolishing all impressments except
+under the sanction of the Governor and Council.</p>
+
+<p>October 26th, 1780. The committee of the House of Assembly,
+at this date, reported the sum of £1500 to be granted for the
+erection of a "proper and convenient building in the town for a
+public school, and a sum not exceeding £100 per annum for a
+master, and £50 for an usher when the number of scholars shall
+exceed forty." The trustees were to be five in number, to be
+appointed annually by the government, and the £1500 was to be
+raised by lottery. This lottery was carried into effect, but the
+building does not appear to have been erected. How the proceeds
+of the lottery were disposed of is not mentioned. The Halifax
+Grammar School had its origin from this proceeding. It was
+established in the old building at the corner of Barrington and
+Sackville Streets, from which it has only lately been removed to the
+private residence of the Rev. Doctor Gilpin, the Head Master. This
+building was originally occupied as a place for the meeting of the
+Legislature, and was previously at one time used as a Guard House.
+It appears to have undergone very little alteration since 1780, until
+sold a year or two ago. It is one of, if not the oldest building in
+the city, except St. Paul's Church, and the old Dutch Church on
+Brunswick Street. The Rev. William Cochran, afterwards Vice-President
+of King's College, was the first head master. He was
+succeeded by the Rev. George Wright, who was Garrison Chaplain
+and minister of St. George's. On his death, in 1819, the Rev. John
+Thomas Twining received the appointment. He retired from the
+school in 1848, when the Rev. Edwin Gilpin, succeeded him.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> The inscription to be placed on this monument is given at full length in the
+Gazette of that day, but it was not to be found among those which cover the walls of
+old St. Paul's. There is, however, an escutcheon with the arms of Lawrence on the
+east gallery.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Now Northup's corner, Buckingham and Argyle Streets.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> At this period there was a fence on the north side of what is now called Jacob St.
+and a gate near the opening of Brunswick St., in front of the North Barrack old
+parade, some say further north.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> The situation of the south gate is uncertain: there were several south gates. It
+was along Salter Street, probably in a line with the old forts known as Luttrell's and
+Horseman's Forts.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Note.</span>&mdash;This document is not to be found among the papers preserved in the
+Secretary's office at Halifax.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> It must be understood that M. Maillard did not leave the Roman Catholic
+Church, but there being no priest of his own persuasion in Halifax at the time, he
+availed himself of the pious offices of his friend, Mr. Wood, whom he no doubt esteemed
+as a good Christian.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Among the various exhibitions of public feeling at this period was the erection of
+a gallows, on the Common, with a boot suspended from it as a token of disapprobation
+of Lord Bute's Government.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> The engravings of the town published in 1777 show the Common, west of
+the Citadel, and Camp Hill covered with tents, where a large part of the troops appear
+to have been encamped.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">{81}</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2>
+
+<p>At the commencement of the year 1781 many of the Loyalist
+refugees who came to Halifax after the evacuation of Boston by the
+British Army, had left the town, and the price of provisions was
+beginning to come down. The constant influx of strangers, however,
+from the revolted colonies, with the prisoners taken in the
+prizes brought into the port by the privateers and ships of war,
+tended again to augment the population. Captains of men-of-war,
+when vessels were in port, in order to fill up their complements of
+men, undertook to impress in the streets of the town without authority
+from the civil magistrate. On the 6th January an armed party of
+sailors and marines assisted by soldiers and commanded by naval
+officers, seized in the streets of the town, some of the inhabitants
+and several coasters belonging to Lunenburg, who had come up in
+their vessels to sell their produce; bound their hands behind their
+backs, carried them through the streets and lodged them in the
+guard houses, from which they were conveyed on board the ships of
+war in the harbour. The Grand Jury were in session at the time
+and presented the outrage to the Sessions, who requested the
+Governor, Sir Richard Hughes, to interfere. The Governor issued
+his proclamation declaring all such impressments, without the
+sanction of the civil authority, to be illegal and an outrageous
+breach of the civil law, and calling upon all magistrates, etc., to
+resist such proceedings and to bring the offenders to justice. It
+does not appear, however, that the proclamation was sufficient to
+procure the release of the unfortunate coasters. The names of the
+Grand Jury on this occasion were William Meaney, William Graham,
+Robert Kitts, Peter McNab, John Boyd, William Mott, William
+Millett, junior, John Moore, William Carter, James Creighton,
+John Cleary, Richard Jacobs and Charles Hill.</p>
+
+<p>On the 13th January, this year, died Malachi Salter, Esq., aged
+65 years. He was one of the first members of Assembly for the
+town. His colleague in the representation was Joseph Fairbanks.
+Mr. Salter came from Boston to Halifax, very soon after the town<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">{82}</a></span>
+was commenced, and carried on business as merchant. He is said
+to have visited Chebucto Harbour while engaged in the fishery,
+several years before the arrival of Cornwallis in 1749. The old
+building at the corner of Salter and Barrington Streets, formerly the
+residence of the late Hon. William Lawson, afterwards owned by
+John Esson, was originally built by Mr. Salter, and was his residence
+for many years. This is one of the oldest houses now remaining in
+Halifax. It received improvements, and was enlarged by Mr.
+Lawson, about 60 years ago.</p>
+
+<p>The School Lottery, before mentioned, was carried on this year.
+It was divided into two classes. The first to consist of 5000 tickets,
+at 20s. each, was advertised on the 25th September. The highest
+prize was £2000. The prizes in all came to £4,250, leaving a
+balance of £750 for the purposes of the school.</p>
+
+<p>The most exciting occurence of the year was the arrival of the
+Charleston Frigate, the sloop Vulture, and the armed ship Vulcan,
+in July, after a sharp conflict with a French Squadron. The
+Charleston had left the harbour a short time before in convoy of some
+transports, and while out had taken several prizes, which had been
+sent in a few days previously. On the 10th July, the Charleston
+discovered near Spanish River, Cape Breton, two French Frigates,
+of 40 guns each. Captain Francis Evans, of the Charleston, having
+thrown out signals for the transports to make for a port, bore
+down upon the enemy. The Little Jack, convoy to the Quebec fleet,
+being in company, supported the Charleston and the Vulture.
+Some time after the action began, Capt. Evans being killed by a
+cannon shot, Lt. McKay, the succeeding officer of the Charleston,
+under the direction of Capt. Dennis George,<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> of the Vulture,
+continued the action with the greatest coolness and bravery. Nor
+was the Vulcan, armed ship, in the least deficient in giving signal
+proof of the resolute determination of the troops on board, under
+command of Capt. Ewatt, of the 70th Regiment. But notwithstanding
+the superiority of the French, after an obstinate resistance
+they were enabled to sheer off and bear away, and Capt. George
+conducted his much-shattered little squadron into Halifax Harbour.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">{83}</a></span>
+The Little Jack stuck to one of the French Frigates of 42 guns, but
+was afterwards recaptured. On the 31st, the remains of Captain
+Evans, were interred with military honors, under St. Paul's Church,
+where his monument is still to be seen on the east side of the chancel.
+He was a young man of great promise, and his premature death
+was a loss to the service, and shed a gloom over the town, in which
+he had made many friends.</p>
+
+<p>This year (1781), Lord Charles Montague, who had been
+Governor of one of the West India Islands, arrived at Halifax, with
+200 of his disbanded corps from Jamaica. This nobleman died at
+Halifax, from the effects of fatigue, in travelling over land from
+Quebec to Halifax, in winter. He was buried under St. Paul's
+Church, where a monument to his memory is to be seen near that
+of Capt. Evans. He was a younger son of Robert, Duke of
+Manchester.</p>
+
+<p>1782. The continual intercourse at this time carried on with the
+revolted colonies, rendered it necessary that a more strict system of
+inspection should be adopted with respect to vessels and passengers
+entering and leaving the port; accordingly Capt. Thomas Beamish
+was appointed Port Warden. His duty was to grant passes to all
+vessels and boats leaving, and to visit all those entering the harbour.
+No vessel or boat was allowed to pass George's Island, in the night
+time, or leave the harbour without sending a boat to the island, and
+also producing a pass from the Port Warden; and all vessels coming
+in were to be hailed from the island, and ordered to send their boat
+on shore to the Market Slip, or public landing, to be examined by
+the Port Warden before landing in any other part of the town.
+The Port Warden's office was in the old building which formerly
+stood at the corner now known as Laidlaw's Corner on Water
+Street, just above the Steamboat Wharf. At this time the water
+came up as far as the spot on the wharf, where Bauld and Gibson's
+store or shop now stands.</p>
+
+<p>The Governor, Sir Andrew Snape Hammond, went to England
+this year, and was succeeded by Governor Parr. He received a
+very flattering address from the inhabitants of the town. Hammond
+was esteemed a good Governor, and had gained the good will
+of the people by his courteous manners and desire to meet, as far as
+possible, the wishes of the inhabitants in all municipal matters.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">{84}</a></span>
+This summer 57 transports with troops, and the Renown, a fifty
+gun ship, put into Halifax on their way to New York and Canada.
+In October the Renown sent in a prize, laden with a rich cargo of
+silks, etc. The naval ships Adamant and St. Lawrence made
+their trips this season in 35 days.</p>
+
+<p>Among the occurences this year was the conviction and sentence
+of a man named William McLean, for street robbery, and the
+murder of a Mrs. Ann Dunbrack in July, by persons unknown.
+The grand Jury recommended McLean to mercy, but the
+Governor and Council saw no reason to grant a reprieve, and he
+was executed. Street robberies were at the time of frequent occurence
+in the town.</p>
+
+<p>Articles of peace between Great Britain and the United States of
+America were signed in November of this year, and with France in
+January following.</p>
+
+<p>The principal public amusements in the town during the year
+were subscription assemblies, held at the Pontac, and at Mrs.
+Sutherland's Coffee House, every fortnight. The latter establishment
+was in Bedford Row, opposite the Commissary offices. The
+national societies dined together, and levees were held and parties
+given at Government House on all public holidays. The Garrison
+consisted of the 70th, 82nd and 84th Regiments, with Baron de
+Seitz's<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> Germans. Night riots were frequent, and continual
+complaints appear to have been made before the Sessions, of signs
+being removed from shops, and windows broken.</p>
+
+<p>The views of the town and suburbs at this time show the fortifications
+at Citadel Hill, Fort Needham and Point Pleasant. They
+were supposed to have been taken by one Colonel Hicks, and were
+engraved and published in London. These views were mere
+outlines. Copies of them are to be seen at the Provincial Museum,
+where there are also a series of views, very neatly executed in
+copper plate, of the Government House, St. Paul's Church and
+other parts of the town. These latter were published about 1776,
+some six or seven years before those of Colonel Hicks.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">{85}</a></span>
+Governor Parr and family came out in the ship St. Lawrence,
+and assumed the government in October.</p>
+
+<p>Benjamin Green, Esq., son of the Hon. B. Green, one of the
+first members of Council, was elected member of Assembly for the
+town in February, without opposition. Mr. William Shaw was at
+the time Sheriff of the County.</p>
+
+<p>In December, 1782, a large quantity of heavy ordnance was
+brought to Halifax from Charleston, South Carolina; also 500
+refugees, men, women and children, arrived about the same date.</p>
+
+<p>In August, 1783, a number of Negro refugees arrived from New
+York. It was resolved that they should be settled in different parts
+of the Province; however, not a few remained in Halifax, and
+became servants and labourers.</p>
+
+<p>The Loyalists continued to come from the old Colonies, many of
+them in a destitute and helpless condition, until the population of
+the town was increased to three times its former number, and much
+temporary suffering in consequence prevailed. Yet many intelligent
+and enterprising settlers were at this period added to our
+population, giving new life and spirit to the town. Many spacious
+and commodious buildings began to be erected, taking the place of
+the low gamble-roofed and picketed buildings of an early day. It is
+very remarkable, however, that in the year 1791, only seven years
+after this great influx, the population had again so decreased as
+scarcely to exceed 5,000. In 1783, Governor Parr estimated the
+population at only 1,200. This was before the Loyalist emigration
+from New York. In 1784, one hundred and ninety-four Negro
+men, women and children arrived in Halifax from St. Augustin's,
+in a destitute condition; they did not remain in the town, but were
+distributed by the Government throughout the interior parts of the
+Province.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Parr in his letter to England of November 20th, 1783,
+says, "upwards of 25,000 Loyalists have already arrived in the
+Province, most of whom, with the exception of those who went to
+Shelburne, came to Halifax before they became distributed
+throughout the Province."</p>
+
+<p>Again in his letter of 15th January, 1784, he says, "In consequence
+of the final evacuation of New York,<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> a considerable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">{86}</a></span>
+number of refugee families have come to Halifax, who must be
+provided for at the public expense. They are in a most wretched
+condition, destitute of almost everything&mdash;chiefly women and
+children, all still on board the vessels, and I have not been able
+to find as yet any place for them, and the cold is setting in very
+severe."<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the 20th October, 1784, an advertizement appeared in a
+Halifax paper, for sale, "All that land near the entrance of the
+harbour and opposite to Cornwallis' Island, called Mauger's
+Beach, containing by particular grant 5 acres according to the
+plan attached to the grant." This beach had been formerly
+occupied for curing fish, and had buildings erected thereon for that
+purpose.<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Penal Statutes had been repealed in 1783. The Roman
+Catholics in the town, chiefly emigrants from Ireland, having
+become numerous, purchased a piece of ground in Barrington
+Street, where they built a Chapel, which was dedicated to St. Peter.
+The frame was erected on 19th July, 1784, and many of the
+inhabitants, both Protestants and Roman Catholics, attended the
+ceremony. This building stood in from the street, directly opposite
+the head of Salter Street. It was painted red, with a steeple at the
+western end. It was removed in or shortly after Bishop Burke's
+time, on the completion of the new stone church, now St. Mary's.
+The Rev. Mr. Jones was the first officiating priest. The Rev.
+Edmund Burke, who came from Canada, officiated at St. Peter's for
+many years before he was appointed Bishop.</p>
+
+<p>A number of emigrants arrived in Halifax this year from
+England. Three hundred passengers came in the Sally transport,
+in a great measure destitute of clothing and provisions. Fresh
+provisions became very dear, and the merchants of Halifax had flour
+up to £3 10s. per cwt. The Governor and Council, in consequence,
+ordered the admission of provisions from the United States to afford
+relief to the inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">{87}</a></span>
+The House of Assembly was dissolved this year; it had sat
+fourteen years without being dissolved, in consequence of the
+American troubles. The only alteration in the Halifax representation
+was the return of Capt. William Abbott for the County. Mr.
+Francis Green, second son of old Councillor Green, was again
+chosen Sheriff of Halifax in 1784.</p>
+
+<p>1785. January 3rd, Mr. Sampson Salter Blowers, a barrister
+from Boston who came among the Loyalists, was appointed Attorney
+General in the place of Mr. Gibbons, who had received the appointment
+of Chief Justice for the Island of Cape Breton, then a separate
+province.</p>
+
+<p>The Orphan house being no longer in use, was ordered to be let
+on a lease for one year.<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></p>
+
+<p>In September, 1785, a number of whalers from Nantucket came
+to Halifax; three brigantines and one schooner, with crews and
+everything necessary for prosecuting the whale fishery, which they
+proposed to do under the British flag. Their families were to
+follow. A short time after they were joined by three brigantines
+and a sloop from the same place.</p>
+
+<p>On the twentieth of October following, the Chief Land Surveyor
+was directed to make return of such lands as were vacant at
+Dartmouth to be granted to Samuel Starbuck, Timothy Folger, and
+others, from Nantucket, to make settlement for the whalers. The
+Town of Dartmouth had been many years previously laid out in lots
+which had been granted or appropriated to individuals, some of
+whom had built houses, and others though then vacant, had been
+held and sold from time to time by their respective owners. Most
+of these lots were reported vacant by Mr. Morris, the surveyor, and
+seized upon by the Government, as it is said, without any proceeding
+of escheat, and re-granted to the Quakers from Nantucket,
+which caused much discontent, and questions of title arose and
+remained open for many years after.</p>
+
+<p>At a Court of Admiralty held on Friday, the 27th August, 1785,
+for the trial of piracies committed upon the high seas, M. Buckley
+and Belitham Taylor were tried, committed and sentenced to death
+for running away with the schooner John Miller of Chedabucto and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">{88}</a></span>
+her cargo. Two men were also hanged this year for robbery
+committed to the eastward of Halifax.</p>
+
+<p>The death of the Chief Justice, Bryan Finucane, having occurred
+this year, Judge Isaac Deschamps filled the office until the appointment
+of Chief Justice Pemberton. Judge Finucane was buried
+under St. Paul's Church. His escutcheon is in the gallery.</p>
+
+<p>A general election occurred in 1785, when Mr. S. S. Blowers,
+John George Pyke, Richard John Uniacke and Michael Wallace
+were returned for the County, and John Fillis and William Cochran
+for the town.</p>
+
+<p>The whale fishery was the chief subject which engaged the
+attention of the public during the year. Much advantage was
+expected to accrue to the commerce of the place from the Quakers
+from Nantucket having undertaken to settle in Dartmouth. They
+went on prosperously for a short time, until they found the commercial
+regulations established in England for the Colonies were
+hostile to their interests, and they eventually removed, some of them,
+it is said, to Wales and other parts of Great Britain, where they
+carried on their fishery to more advantage.</p>
+
+<p>A petition was presented this autumn to the Governor and
+Council from a number of merchants, tradesmen and other inhabitants,
+praying for a Charter of Incorporation for the Town. This
+was the first occasion on which the subject was brought prominently
+before the public. It was, however, not deemed by the government
+"expedient or necessary" to comply with the prayer of the petition.
+The reasons are not given in the Minute of Council, which bears
+date 17th November, 1785. The names of the Councillors present
+were Richard Bulkeley, Henry Newton, Jonathan Binney, Arthur
+Goold, Alexander Brymer, Thomas Cochran and Charles Morris.
+The functions of His Majesty's Council at this period of our history
+embraced all departments of executive authority in the Colony.
+They were equally supreme in the control of town affairs as those
+of the province at large. The magistrates, though nominally the
+executive of the town, never acted in any matter of moment without
+consulting the Governor and Council. The existence of a corporate
+body having the sole control of town affairs would in a great
+measure deprive them of that supervision which they no doubt<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">{89}</a></span>
+deemed, for the interest of the community, should remain in the
+Governor and Council.</p>
+
+<p>1786. It was customary at this period to celebrate the Royal birthdays
+and almost all public holidays by a levee at Government House,
+a review of the troops in garrison on the Common, and occasionally
+a public ball, either by the Governor at Government House or by
+the inhabitants of the town at the public assembly room. This
+custom continued in Halifax until about the year 1844 or 1845, when
+it was broken through by Governor Falkland. On the 18th June,
+1786, Queen Charlotte's birthday was celebrated in the town by a
+levee and review, and in the evening by a ball in the old Pontac
+building. The confectionery on this occasion was very superb. It
+was prepared by one Signor Lenzi. The ball commenced at half-past
+eight, supper was announced by the elevation of a curtain that
+separated the two rooms. In the middle of the table there arose an
+artificial fountain, with the temples of Health and Venus at the top
+and bottom, all constructed of sugar. The Gazette of the time
+says, they "did not go home till morning."</p>
+
+<p>A regular post communication was opened this summer with
+Annapolis; a courier was engaged, who went through once a
+fortnight with the mail between Halifax and Annapolis. John
+Howe, who had lately come to Halifax from Boston and had
+established a newspaper, was at this time postmaster; he succeeded
+Mr. Stevens. The following spring (1786) the town was so
+enveloped in smoke for many days as almost to impede business,
+caused by a great fire which raged in the woods in the neighbourhood.</p>
+
+<p>On 10th October, 1786, arrived His Majesty's Ship Pegasus,
+commanded by His Royal Highness Prince William Henry. He
+was received at the King's Slip by Governor Parr and Major General
+Campbell, then in command of the Garrison, and conducted to the
+Government House, which stood in the square now occupied by the
+Province Building, where he was waited upon by the military and
+the principal inhabitants. The Prince expressed a desire that all
+display should be laid aside, but the people illuminated their
+dwellings, and by 8 o'clock the whole town was lighted and the
+streets crowded with people.</p>
+
+<p>In the Gazette of the 9th February, 1786, appears a resolution
+and engagement entered into by the merchants and others at a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">{90}</a></span>
+public meeting lately held in Halifax, wherein they pledged themselves
+neither to buy nor sell articles imported from the United
+States, prohibited by the Governor's proclamation. The document
+is signed by 75 persons.</p>
+
+<p>On 28th February, a German Society was formed in Halifax,
+when John W. Schwartz was chosen President, Doctor F.
+Gschwint, (pronounced Swint) Vice-President, Godfrey Schwartz
+Treasurer, Henry Uthoff Secretary. In 1790 Adolphus Veith was
+secretary of this Society.</p>
+
+<p>On 4th March, the jail was broken open and the prisoners, six in
+number, all escaped, of whom five were re-taken. Mr. Green
+was then Sheriff. Inquiries were instituted, but no information
+obtained. The delapidated and insecure state of the jail at the time
+was the subject of public comment.</p>
+
+<p>The money collected for Liquor Licences in the town, between
+31st May, 1784, and 31st May, 1785, amounted to £531. Mr.
+Francis Shipton was Clerk of Licences.</p>
+
+<p>Three vessels were fitted out during the summer of 1786 for the
+whale fishery,&mdash;the schooners Parr and Lively, and the ship
+Romulus.</p>
+
+<p>This year the merchants and shipowners formed themselves into a
+society called the Halifax Marine Association, for the benefit of
+trade. The following year Nova Scotia was erected into a Bishop's
+See. The Right Reverend Charles Inglis was appointed Bishop.
+He arrived from England on 16th October, and made Halifax his
+residence.</p>
+
+<p>On the 3rd July, 1787, the Pegasus, frigate, commanded by Prince
+William Henry, arrived again at Halifax, 15 days from Jamaica.
+On Friday, at half-past two o'clock, the troops were drawn up in
+double line from the wharf to Government House. The Prince
+landed at the slip under a salute from the artillery on the King's
+Wharf. He was accompanied to Government House by the
+Governor and Council, where he received an address from the
+inhabitants. There was a dinner and ball at Government House in
+the evening, and a brilliant illumination of the town.</p>
+
+<p>This month two whalers returned bringing 1,060 barrels oil and
+72 cwt. whalebone. It is not mentioned whether these vessels
+belonged to the Quakers or to some of the merchants of the town.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">{91}</a></span>
+On the 24th June, the Freemasons had a grand procession. They
+walked to St. Paul's Church, where they heard a sermon from the
+Rev. Mr. Weeks. The Prince reviewed the troops in garrison on
+30th July, consisting of the 57th and 37th Regiments, and the first
+Battalion of the 60th Regiment.</p>
+
+<p>On the 7th July the fleet, consisting of the Leander, Commodore
+Sawyer&mdash;Pegasus, Prince William Henry&mdash;Ariadne, Capt. Osborne,
+the Resource, and the Brig Weazel, Commander Hood, fell down to
+the beach, intending to proceed to Quebec the first fair wind. They
+sailed on the 14th. The Pegasus, with the Prince, returned to
+Halifax early in November. He received an address on the 6th,
+from the House of Assembly then in Session. At two o'clock on
+that day, the barge of the Pegasus with the Royal Standard flying,
+preceded by the Commodore in his barge, with his pendant, and the
+Captains of the other ships of war in their barges, proceeded slowly
+in procession from their ships to the King's Wharf, where the party
+landed under a salute of 21 guns. They were received at the stairs
+by the Governor, Council and Assembly, and the troops, under
+General Ogilvie, being ordered up, they proceeded to Government
+House, where a number of members of the Legislature were presented
+to him. They then proceeded through the lines of troops to the
+Golden Ball,<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> where a handsome dinner was prepared, and where
+the Prince dined with the members of <a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a>Assembly and the principal
+officers of Government. He retired at 6 o'clock, after which a ball
+was given in the evening at Marchington's new building in Water
+Street, adjoining the Ordnance Yard, called the British Coffee
+House. The Prince entered the ball room a little after 8 o'clock,
+and at 12 the company were conducted into the supper room. The
+table was handsomely decorated and contained places for 200
+people. The Prince is said to have displayed great affability in
+conversation on the occasion.</p>
+
+<p>An Act was passed this Session authorizing the sale of the
+Orphan House, the Court House, the Public Slaughter House, and
+the Old Jail, and to erect a Jail, and also to erect on the Lower
+Parade a Public Hall, a Province House of Brick or Stone for the
+setting of the Legislature and Public Offices. The Commissioners<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">{92}</a></span>
+appointed for this purpose were John Newton, Richard John
+Uniacke, John George Pyke and Mr. Taylor. Such parts of this
+Act as have been executed were afterwards repealed by Act of 1797.</p>
+
+<p>1788. An Election for Members for the Town took place this
+winter, which was attended with extraordinary excitement. On the
+20th February the poll opened, at the Court House, in Halifax; the
+candidates were Mr. Charles Morris and Jonathan Sterns. It closed
+on the Friday following, when it stood: Morris, 415; Sterns, 274.
+Majority for Morris, 141. Mr. Morris was carried through the
+Town and then taken home to his father's house. Hand-bills had
+been posted up reflecting on the government. Serious riots at the
+election occurred and many persons were hurt, some of whom
+received fractures of the skull and other severe injuries. Armed
+persons paraded the Town assaulting individuals. As this was a
+very remarkable election, and resulted in more turbulence and riot
+than had ever before occurred in the town on such occasions, we
+here copy the following extract from Anthony Henry's <i>Gazette</i> of
+25th February:&mdash;"The unwearied and spirited exertions of a number
+of respectable gentlemen in a great measure calmed the minds
+of the people, and prevented their violence being carried to any
+very great length; nevertheless it was utterly impossible, in such
+confusion, to prevent many persons from being wounded and
+hurt, two of whom, we are sorry to inform the public, remain
+in a dangerous state; one having his skull fractured by some
+persons who rushed out of Laycock's house on the beach, and
+the other having been dangerously wounded by a shot from a
+window in the same house. We are likewise sorry to inform
+the public, that Mr. Benjamin Mulberry Holmes and his son,
+have been much beaten and abused by the populace on Friday
+night, and were it not for the very fortunate and timely interposition
+of Mr. Tobin's man and some others, it is probable
+they would have fallen a sacrifice to an enraged multitude."</p>
+
+<p>The excitement had been caused partly by certain proceedings on
+the part of the judges of the Supreme Court against Mr. Sterns and
+Mr. Taylor, two practising lawyers in the town, whose names had
+been struck off the roll by Chief Justice Deschamps. One of the
+gentlemen, Mr. Sterns, was the defeated candidate at the election.</p>
+
+<p>On the 3rd June, Bishop Inglis held his primary visitation of his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">{93}</a></span>
+Clergy, when he delivered a charge, received an address, and held a
+confirmation in the afternoon at St. Paul's, when one hundred and
+twenty young persons went through the ceremony of confirmation.</p>
+
+<p>A heavy rain-storm occurred on Saturday, 5th July, when the
+streets of the town were very much injured by the torrents of water
+which poured down the hills. It was estimated that the rainfall was
+upwards of 186 tons of water to an acre, which, allowing the rain to
+have fallen equally on the whole peninsula, would make the fall of
+water on that small space equal to 345,000 tons, in four hours.</p>
+
+<p>July 30. Arrived five sail of whalers, having on board the following
+valuable cargoes:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Sloop "Watson," Danl. Ray, Master, 150 bbls. sperm,
+50 do. headmatter.</li>
+
+<li>Brigt. "Lucretia," J. Coffin, Master, 250 bbls. sperm,
+300 bbls. black oil, and 3000 cut bone.</li>
+
+<li>Brigt. "Somerset," S. Gardner, Master, 230 bbls. sperm.</li>
+
+<li>Brigt. "Sally," P. Worth, Master, 200 bbls.       do.</li>
+
+<li>Brigt. "Industry," W. Chadwick, Master, 84 bbls.   do.
+26 bbls. headmatter, and 300 do. black oil, also
+3000 cut bone.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>The "Andromeda," frigate, commanded by Prince William Henry,
+from England, arrived on 17th August, 1788; he was again received
+with the usual honours and the town was illuminated. The Prince
+attended a sham-fight on the Common, on 10th September, in which,
+the 4th, 37th, and 57th Regiments took part. Three soldiers were
+wounded by bursting of their muskets during the performance.</p>
+
+<p>On 21st October, the new Chief Justice Jeremiah Pemberton, took
+the oaths and his seat on the bench, and his patent was then read in
+open Court.</p>
+
+<p>Wednesday, Oct. 22nd, was launched at the south end of the
+town, a handsome brig, the property of Messrs. Gouge &amp; Pryor;
+she was the first vessel of the size ever built in the town.</p>
+
+<p>The following gentlemen composed the Magistracy of the town this
+year, viz:&mdash;Benj. Green, John Cunningham, John Newton, Charles
+Morris, George Smith, William Sherlock, John George Pyke, Thos.
+Cochran, Anthony Stewart,<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> W. Taylor, Stephen N. Binney, J. M.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">{94}</a></span>
+F. Bulkeley, Revd. Michael Houseal, James Gautier, William
+Morris, Charles Morris, junior, Daniel Wood, junior; Matthew Cahill
+was High Sheriff.</p>
+
+<p>It appears that the rank of Esquire was not applied to any person,
+at this or any previous period, except Magistrates and high public
+functionaries, and persons to whom it was accorded in consequence
+of their personal wealth and rank in society. Being a member of
+the House of Assembly did not confer the title.</p>
+
+<p>There was then no regular police establishment in the town, the
+Magistrates, by turns, attended to police duties with the aid of the
+town constables, who were annually appointed. All special matters
+were discussed and settled at the special sessions, which was
+generally a private meeting of Magistrates in the back office in
+conjunction with the Clerk of the Peace. Criminal charges of a
+delicate nature, or when private character was likely to be affected,
+were usually investigated with closed doors, and no information
+made public until found to be necessary for the ends of justice.
+This system continued until Mr. John George Pyke received the
+appointment of Police Magistrate, about 60 years since. His duties
+were merely to relieve the Magistrates from the more onerous duties
+of attending daily at the Police office. Colonel Pyke became
+incapacitated by age about the year 1825 or 6, when Mr. John
+Liddell was appointed, who had to his aid three or four Police Constables,
+two of whom had attended his predecessor, and the valuable
+assistance of David Shaw Clarke, the clerk of the peace. Such was
+the arrangement until the Act of Incorporation in 1848.</p>
+
+<p>The "Royal Gazette" was published by Anthony Henry, until
+about 1801, when it fell into the hands of Mr. John Howe, from
+Boston.</p>
+
+<p>The "Weekly Chronicle," another paper, was at this time established
+by Mr. William Minns, stationer, in Barrington Street,
+opposite the north-end of the Grand Parade. It was commenced in
+1787, and continued to exist until about 1828 or 9.</p>
+
+<p>Among the merchants who advertized in these papers we find the
+names of James Vetch, opposite the woodyard; David Hall &amp; Co.,
+in Hollis Street, opposite Government House, (Crown Prince Building);
+and George Bell, Granville St. The shops appear to have
+contained both groceries and dry-goods, like the country stores of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">{95}</a></span>
+the present day. A. &amp; R. Leslie were at the corner of Duke and
+Water Streets, near the Pontac. Lawrence Hartshorne, Hardware,
+corner of Granville and George streets, between the market house
+and the parade. This old corner, so many years known as
+Hartshorne &amp; Boggs' corner, had a gun at the corner of the platform
+which extended down the hill to the lower corner, occupied by one
+Hart, a Jew, afterwards known as Martin Gay Black's, and now
+occupied by the new building of the Merchant's Bank; this walk
+was the resort of the merchants in the morning, and the fashionable
+and idle in the afternoons.</p>
+
+<p>1789. On the night of Friday, the 23rd January, Cochran's
+buildings, a range of three-storey buildings in the market square,
+were totally consumed by fire. Firewards were John Fillis, J. G.
+Pyke, R. J. Uniacke, Michael Wallace, Geo. Bell, Lawrence
+Hartshorne, William Lawlor, Charles Hill.</p>
+
+<p>On 9th February, an advertisement appeared in the "Gazette,"
+as follows: "I am directed by His Excellency the Governor, to
+acquaint the several gentlemen called upon on Friday last to form
+a Fire Company, that he desires their attendance at the 'Golden
+Ball' on Thursday next, at twelve o'clock, to agree to rules and
+regulations. (Signed) Jas. Gautier."</p>
+
+<p>On 15th August, the jail was broken open, and a prisoner for debt,
+one Livesay, who had been imprisoned at the suit of William Stairs,
+escaped, for which Sheriff Green was prosecuted; Green stated
+that he had repeatedly represented to the Council the insecure state
+of the jail. Mr. James Clarke succeeded Mr. Green as Sheriff of
+Halifax, this year.</p>
+
+<p>The Dockyard at this period was in full operation. The
+Commissioner in charge was the Honorable Henry Duncan, who
+was also a member of His Majesty's Council. Doctor John
+Haliburton, father of the late Chief Justice Sir Brenton Haliburton,
+was Surgeon of the Naval Hospital, Mr. Provo Wallis was Master
+Superintendent, Elias Marshall, foreman of shipwrights, William Lee
+foreman of carpenters, Alexander Anderson and Provo F. Wallis,
+Chief Clerks.</p>
+
+<p>A great scarcity of bread was felt in the town this summer.
+Vessels sent to Canada for wheat, returned empty. On the 9th July,
+the Governor received a letter from the Governor of Canada, stating<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">{96}</a></span>
+the great scarcity of provisions in the Province of Lower Canada or
+Quebec, that a famine was dreaded, and requesting him not to
+obstruct the exportation of corn and flour from Halifax to Quebec.
+But the Justices of the Quarter Sessions presented a memorial which
+had been laid before them by the bakers of Halifax, setting forth
+that there is not more of flour in the town than sufficient to provide
+bread for three or four days, whereupon it was ordered by the
+Council that no vessel be permitted to clear out with bread or flour
+to Quebec, except the brigantine "Ceres," until further consideration.</p>
+
+<p>There were amateur theatrical performances this winter at the
+Pontac. It would appear that the old theatre in Argyle Street, in
+the recollection possibly of some of the oldest inhabitants, was in
+operation this year. We find plays advertized to take place there
+in February and March. This building stood on the spot on which
+the present Acadian School was afterwards erected. It was the
+only theatre in the town during the time of the Duke of Kent. It
+was afterwards occupied by Walter Bromley as a public school upon
+the Lancaster plan, until removed to make way for the present
+building, in the year 1816.</p>
+
+<p>The first Agricultural Society was formed in Halifax in the year
+1789; the Hon. Richard Bulkeley was the first president, and Mr.
+James Clarke,<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> (afterwards Sheriff Clarke,) was the first secretary.</p>
+
+<p>The old Block House on the Citadel Hill being in a ruinous condition,
+was taken down this year, but the flag and signal staffs
+which were on it, were preserved.</p>
+
+<p>June 1, 1789. The old gaol and garden were offered for sale at
+auction. This old building was in Hollis Street, nearly opposite the
+present Halifax Hotel, and was formerly the property of the late
+Mr. Robert M. Brown.</p>
+
+<p>On the 16th June, in conformity with the Act of the Legislature
+formerly passed, the Governor was pleased to nominate Hon. Henry
+Newton, Hon. Thos. Cochran, James Brenton, John Newton and R.
+J. Uniacke, Trustees of a Grammar School forthwith to be erected
+in the town. "These gentlemen chose Mr. William Cochran, of
+Trinity College, Dublin, and lately Professor of the Greek and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">{97}</a></span>
+Latin languages in Columbia College, New York, to be master.
+Mr. George Glennie, who was regularly educated in the University
+of Aberdeen, to be usher, and Mr. Thomas Brown, already well
+known in this town, to be teacher of writing, arithmetic and
+mathematics. It is thought proper to give this early notification
+to the public, but until a suitable building can be provided, the
+school will be opened without delay in the room where the
+Assembly of the Province meets."</p>
+
+<p>The Legislature after this met in the building known as Cochran's
+building, which was erected at the Market Square after the fire
+before mentioned, and the old building appropriated permanently
+for the Grammar school, which remained so until lately, when the
+school was removed to the private residence of Mr. Gilpin, the head
+master, and the old building sold.</p>
+
+<p>The following advertizement appeared in the "Royal Gazette":
+"Information for Masters of Vessels. The Block House on Citadel
+Hill, which was a conspicuous object, is removed, having been in
+a ruinous condition. The flag and signal staffs remain." "The
+hulk of the large ship, sometime since stranded at the back of
+Thrum Cap, was beaten to pieces in the last gale."</p>
+
+<p>On the 15th October, Charles Hill advertized for sale at auction,
+the ground where the Court House stood, now known as Northup's
+Corner; measuring on Buckingham Street, 94 feet, and on Argyle
+Street 43 feet. On the 17th July previous, the old Court House,
+and the building adjoining, known as Kirby's soap-house, and other
+buildings, were destroyed by fire.</p>
+
+<p>1790. In the month of July, this year, the whaling fleet arrived,
+after a successful voyage. The brig "Prince William Henry," Capt.
+Pinkham, with 110 barrels of sperm oil; brig "Hibernian," Capt.
+Worth, 100 barrels sperm and 32 black oil; ship "Parr," Capt.
+Chase, 480 sperm and 100 black oil, and brig "Harvest," Capt.
+Kelly, with 200 sperm. In August following arrived the "Romulus,"
+with 170 bbls. sperm oil.</p>
+
+<p>Among the chief merchants of the town at this time were William
+Forsyth, Philip Marchington,<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> Brymer &amp; Belcher, Hardware<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">{98}</a></span>
+merchants, successors to Thomas Robie; Michael Wallace, retail
+store-keeper; James Moody, Hollis Street; Sabatier, Stewart &amp; Co.,
+Chas. Geddes, dry goods, lower side of the Parade; Richard Kidston,
+general merchandize; George Deblois, William Millet, Charles
+Hill, Hugh Kelley, all auctioneers. John W. Schwartz kept store at
+the corner of Granville and Buckingham Streets; Lawrence
+Hartshorne, at his corner, had a general assortment of cutlery, etc.,
+D. Hall &amp; Co., in Hollis Street, opposite Government House; Ann
+Bremner kept a dry goods shop at the north-west corner of the parade;
+Peter Lynch kept a hat store at the sign of the "King's Arms;"
+C. C. Hall &amp; Co. was the chief dry goods store in the town; Benjamin
+Salter, Ship Chandlery, Water St.; John Fillis &amp; Son and G. &amp;
+J. Thirlock were among the wholesale dealers; Linnard &amp; Young
+were the fashionable tailors; Richard Courtney had a shop at the
+lower side of the parade, William Sellon in Granville Street, King
+&amp; Story in Marchington's buildings, John Butler Dight, wholesale
+store in Marchington's buildings; C. C. Hall &amp; Co. had this year
+removed to Marchington building; Winkworth Allen, general
+dealer, in Cochran's new building. Mr. Wm. Millet the auctioneer,
+on the 9th Sept. advertized for sale, "a negro man and sundry
+other articles." In the following year, James Forman &amp; Co. occupied
+a store on Copeland's wharf, also Benjamin Salter. The
+British Coffee house was kept by John Gallagher at the head of
+Marchington's wharf. Mrs. Sutherland's coffee house, was at this
+time, one of the chief places of resort for Public Committees and
+Societies, as well as for Public entertainments; concerts were held
+here throughout the winter, commencing in September. The
+Halifax Marine Society, which had been established in Halifax for
+several years, held their quarterly meetings at this house. There
+was a house of entertainment then kept on McNab's Island by one
+Mary Roubalet, for tea parties in the summer. It was called the
+Mansion House.</p>
+
+<p>On the 12th day of January, 1790, James Clarke and George
+Geddes, Church Wardens of St. Paul's, advertized that in consequence
+of the inclemency of the weather on Sunday there was so
+small an attendance in church, that the contributions towards the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">{99}</a></span>
+clothing of the children in the Sunday Schools in the town, were so
+small, that they desired to invite contributions from the inhabitants
+for the relief of the orphans and others attending the schools. In
+February following, the church wardens again advertized the distribution
+of clothing to the poor children of the Sunday Schools: 15
+great coats, 64 shirts and shifts, 70 pairs stockings and 35 pairs
+strong shoes, which cost £30 7s. 2d. The St. Paul's school had
+nineteen boys and sixteen girls in attendance.</p>
+
+<p>On the same day, there was a visitation of the Halifax Grammar
+School by the Governor, the Bishop, the Trustees and others. The
+attendance during the winter was usually about 60. The school was
+addressed on this occasion, by one of the elder boys, and after the
+examinations in the Latin classes, writing and arithmetic, several
+scholars repeated pieces and dialogues. Mr. Cochran was the headmaster;
+he shortly afterwards accepted the charge of the Academy
+at Windsor; and the Rev. George Wright was appointed in his place.
+His salary was £150 per annum from the Legislature, with what he
+could get from the pupils. The number of scholars was 68. He
+states his loss in the shape of discount on his Treasury warrants
+amounted to from 15 to 20 per cent., in consequence of the delay in
+payment.</p>
+
+<p>The winter was very severe; The harbour was frozen over, and
+the destitute condition of the poor very great. The gentlemen
+amateurs of the theatre, sent £25 to the Rev. Mr. Weeks, of St.
+Paul's, Dr. Andrew Brown, of the Presbyterian meeting house, and
+Mr. Houseal of St. George's in Dutchtown, for the poor of their
+respective parishes. The overseers of the poor, Jonathan Tremain,
+James Gautier, James Kerby and Andrew Belcher, met at the
+"Golden Ball," to assess the inhabitants of the town for the poor
+rates.</p>
+
+<p>The Court House having been destroyed by fire, the Quarter
+Sessions held their sittings on the 19th February, in the long room
+of the "Golden Ball," for the trial of offenders. The "Golden
+Ball" was kept by Edward Phelan this winter, who occupied the
+north end of the building as a store for general merchandise.</p>
+
+<p>An Act of the Legislature had been passed this year, and was
+published early in May, reciting that the destruction of the Court
+House by fire, and the inconvenient situation of the present Assembly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">{100}</a></span>
+House, made it necessary that a more suitable place should be
+provided, and the state of the Province finances not being such as to
+admit of the expense of erecting a proper and suitable building, it
+was therefore enacted, that Commissioners be appointed to treat
+with Thomas James and William Cochran, for their building opposite
+Government House, for £200 per annum, and to expend £100 in
+furniture for the purposes of the meeting of this Legislature and
+the Courts of Law. This building lately erected after the fire, stood
+on the spot now occupied by the new Dominion Public building, and
+continued to be the place of holding the General Assembly, the
+Courts of Law, etc., until the Province Building was completed for
+their reception in 1820. The building in which the Legislature formerly
+held its sittings, and which was now appropriated for the
+Grammar School, was this year repaired at the public expense.</p>
+
+<p>In June, the Grand Jury addressed Chief Justice Strange on
+his arrival from England. The names of the Jury were:&mdash;Richard
+Kidston, foreman, William Millet, Lawrence Hartshorne, Godfrey
+Schwartz, Winkworth Allen, John Davis, J. Forbes, James Lewis,
+Benjamin Salter, James Strachan, William Lawlor, Martin Shier,
+John Boyd and Alexander Copeland.</p>
+
+<p>In the autumn, the Secretary of the Province announced to the
+people of the town, that in the event of a war with Spain, and the
+withdrawal of the troops from the Province, it would be necessary
+to call out the Militia for the defence of the town, and the Colonels
+of regiments were called upon to hold themselves in readiness,
+and to make returns of the state and condition of their respective
+regiments.</p>
+
+<p>About this time, Captain Stack was a regular trader between this
+port and Ireland, and sold his cargoes of beef, salt pork, lard, etc.,
+at auction, at Charles Hill &amp; Co.'s rooms.</p>
+
+<p>The Halifax Bar addressed Chief Justice Strange, on his leaving
+for England on a visit, this autumn. The address was signed by
+S. S. Blowers, R. J. Uniacke, James Sterns, E. B. Brenton, James
+Stewart, Daniel Wood, Foster Hutchinson, J. Prout and W. H. O.
+Haliburton.</p>
+
+<p>At a Court of Quarter Sessions, held at Halifax, in June term of
+this year, the Sheriff, pursuant to law and by virtue of a warrant
+directed to him by the Justices of the Sessions, to lay out a road<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">{101}</a></span>
+in the north suburbs of the town, reported that he had laid out the
+road by a jury, in the manner following, viz:&mdash;Beginning at the
+north-east corner or angle of Lot No. 2, on the road leading from
+the Dockyard to the Naval Hospital; thence to run north 28 west,
+40 feet; thence north, 59 east, 238 feet, which leaves a road of 40
+feet wide, between Allbright's ground and the Hospital fence;
+thence north, 28 west, 660 feet; thence north 20 west, 664 feet to
+the road leading to Fort Needham, leaving the road 50 feet wide
+between the shore at the Narrows at high-water mark, and the Lots
+Nos. 3 and 4. This notice was published, that all persons who
+might think themselves aggrieved by the laying out of the road
+might have an opportunity of being heard before the sessions, on
+Tuesday, the 5th September, 1790. It was signed by Thomas
+Wood, Clerk of the Peace.</p>
+
+<p>This road was intended as a continuation of Water Street northward,
+to meet the road which leads up from the water to Fort
+Needham, but it does not appear to have been on the line of the
+present road, but to have gone through the northern end of the
+Hospital grounds, along the water side, below the site of the old
+magazines.</p>
+
+<p>At the session of the House of Assembly in 1790, several articles
+of impeachment against the Judges of the Supreme Court, as before
+mentioned, passed the House, which were laid before the Executive
+Council by the Governor, on 7th April. It was proposed to suspend
+Chief Justice Deschamps and Judge James Brenton, in
+conformity with the request of the Assembly.</p>
+
+<p>1791. Governor Parr died on 25th November this year, in the
+66th year of his age, and the ninth of his government. He was
+buried with military honours, under St. Paul's Church, on the 29th
+of the month. The procession moved from Government House to St.
+Paul's Church, in the following order:&mdash;All the Lodges of the Freemasons,
+(His Excellency having been the Grand Master,) the 20th
+regiment as the firing party, the Church Wardens, the Physicians of
+deceased, the Clergy, the Bishop, the body covered by a pall adorned
+by eight escutcheons, Pall-bearers, Hon. A. Brymer, Major Boyd,
+the Commissioner of the Dockyard, the Admiral, the Hon. S. S.
+Blowers, Hon. Thomas Cochran, Major Rawlinson, the General, the
+relatives and servants of deceased, particular friends, the Sheriff of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">{102}</a></span>
+the county, members of Council, viz., Morris, Bulkeley and Newton,
+Judges Brenton and Hutchinson, the treasurer of the province, the
+Speaker of the House of Assembly, Custos of the county and Justice
+Binney, Magistrates of the town, the bar, staff of the army,
+officers of the navy and army, officers of militia, gentlemen of the
+town, and the whole garrison all under arms, lining the streets.
+Minute guns were fired by the men-of-war in the harbor and by the
+Royal Artillery, during the procession. The service was performed
+by the bishop, Dr. Charles Inglis, and the body was buried under the
+middle aisle.</p>
+
+<p>During the autumn and winter, a number of black people from
+different parts of the province were brought to Halifax, to be
+removed to Sierra Leone. Michael Wallace was agent, who on 5th
+December, advertised for 1000 tons of shipping, for the purpose.
+Ships "Venus," "Parr," "Eleanor;" Brigs "Betsy," "Beaver,"
+"Mary," "Morning Star," "Catherine," "P. W. Henry;" Schrs.
+"Liberty," and "Two Brothers," the whole commanded by Lieutenant
+Clarkson, having on board the colored people, all sailed for
+Sierra Leone on 15th January, 1792. The hire and damages
+amounted to £3965 8s. 0d. sterling. This expense was borne by the
+Sierra Leone Company. These colored people were chiefly those
+who came from the old provinces with the Loyalists. They formed
+a colony in Africa, called the "Nova Scotia colony,"<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> which still
+exists, and about 15 years since several old negroes were living who
+recollected the removal from Halifax, when children. The fleet
+arrived at their destination after a passage of 40 days. The number
+embarked was 1139. The day of arrival was 28th March, and
+the 28th March in every year is still kept up by the adherents of
+the Lady Huntingdon Congregation at Sierra Leone, as the
+anniversary of the arrival of their fathers in the colony.</p>
+
+<p>Until these Nova Scotian adherents of Lady Huntingdon's connection
+could erect a chapel for themselves in their new home, they united
+with the other coloured congregations of Methodists and Baptists.
+Mr. Zachary Macaulay, who was at one time Governor of this colony,
+says: "There were five or six black preachers among the Nova Scotians<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">{103}</a></span>
+raised up from their own body, who are not without a considerable
+influence." Among these, was John Ellis, who was Superintendent
+of the churches; he was succeeded by Anthony Elliot, a young
+Nova Scotia negro; he acquired several of the native dialects and
+became an active Christian missionary in Africa. He died in 1854
+at the advanced age of 80. Elliot followed the avocations of a fisherman
+and pilot as the means of livelihood, and on the Sundays he
+preached to the people the word of Life.</p>
+
+<p>The population of the city and suburbs, in 1791, had fallen to
+4,897.</p>
+
+<p>The returns on the census this year, are as follows;&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="no-b" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'>1301</td><td>males over 16 years of age.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>935</td><td><span class="pad-lr">"</span> under <span class="pad-l1">"</span>
+<span class="pad-lr">"</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>2209</td><td>females.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>422</td><td>black people.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The Agricultural Society of Halifax, offered premiums this year,
+and published a volume on husbandry.</p>
+
+<p>A gold medal and 10 guineas was offered for the best essay on
+the natural history of the Hessian fly, and the method of stopping its
+progress in the wheat crop. A volume of the Society's proceedings,
+was this year published at Halifax by John Howe.</p>
+
+<p>1792. On the 17th April news arrived of the appointment of Mr.
+John Wentworth as Governor. He had resided in Halifax for seven
+or eight years, having held the office of Ranger of woods and forests,
+and had been Governor of New Hampshire. On 12th May, the
+"Hussar," frigate, Capt. Rupert Denis George, arrived, having on
+board Governor Wentworth, etc. He landed at the King's wharf
+under a salute fired from the parade and a guard of honour from
+21st regiment. On the 14th he was sworn into office. In the evening
+the town was brilliantly illuminated.</p>
+
+<p>On 17th August a fire broke out in the property of John Welner,
+soap-maker in Granville Street. Six tenements and the Ordnance
+laboratory were consumed; Welner and his wife, two aged persons,
+were burnt to death. The sum of £140 was raised by subscription
+for the sufferers at the fire. The principal sufferers, however, declined
+to receive any aid, and a committee was appointed to
+examine the claims and distribute the fund.</p>
+
+<p>Folger and Starbuck, the Quaker whalers, who settled at Dartmouth<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">{104}</a></span>
+a year or two since, left Halifax this year, for Milford
+Haven, in Great Britain, where they expected to carry on their
+whale fishery with greater facilities than at Dartmouth.</p>
+
+<p>Died at Halifax, on 27th September, 1792, Mrs. Hester Godfrey,
+aged 101 years.</p>
+
+<p>The Grand Jury at Halifax, for 1792, were as follows, viz:&mdash;George
+Smith, foreman, Andrew Liddell, John Masters, Philip
+Marchington, Benjamin Mulberry Holmes, Rufus Fairbanks, Peter
+Smith, Michael Wallace, John Steeling, Richard Jacobs, John Kirby,
+Thomas Filles, Charles Hill, J. W. Schwartz, William Cochran,
+John Butler Dight,<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> Thomas Russell, Alexander Brymer, George
+Grant, William Williams and George Deblois.</p>
+
+<p>Several petitions were presented this year to the Governor and
+Council, from the merchants and others of Halifax, on the subject
+of trade regulations and the collection of debts. Among the signatures
+to these petitions, we find the names of James Forman &amp; Co.,
+James Moody, William Veitch, George Grant, Winkworth Allen,
+William Kidston, Samuel Rudolph, Benjamin M. Holmes, James and
+Alexander Kidston, Chas. Geddes, Wm. Forsyth &amp; Co., Thomas
+Russell, Hall, Bremner &amp; Bottomry, William Taylor, Burnes,
+Liddell &amp; Co., P. Smith, Jonathan Masters, Williams &amp; Lyons,
+Geo. Deblois, John Moody, and S. Hall &amp; Co.</p>
+
+<p>Again 1793: Brymer &amp; Belcher, Forman &amp; Grassie, John Steeling,
+Jonathan Tremain, P. Marchington, Andrew Liddell, George Sherlocke,
+Francis Stevens, Geo. Bell, Geo. Moren, Edward Butler,
+Nathan Hatfield, Thomas Watson, Peter McNab, Benjamin Salter,
+Frederick Major and John Brown.</p>
+
+<p>The town Assemblies were held this winter in Mrs. Sutherland's
+rooms in Bedford Row, opposite the Commissary offices.</p>
+
+<p>On Thursday evening, Dec. 20th, 1792, Governor and Mrs.
+Wentworth gave a grand ball. The decorations in the supper room
+were very elegant. The ladies sat down and the gentlemen waited
+on them. Among the decorations were the exact representations of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">{105}</a></span>
+Mr. Jonathan Tremain's new flour mill at Dartmouth, of the windmill
+on Halifax Common. A model of the red light house at
+Shelburne, and the tract of new road from Pictou, was delineated in
+the most ingenious and surprising manner, as was also the representation
+of our fisheries.</p>
+
+<p>To all these inimitable ornaments, corresponding mottoes were
+attached, so that not only taste and elegance were conspicuous, but
+encouragement and genius were displayed. Such was the description
+of this affair as it appeared in the newspapers of the day.</p>
+
+<p>Cochran's buildings were again on fire, 30th January, 1793, but
+the fire was extinguished without much damage.</p>
+
+<p>War with France was announced by letters from the Secretary of
+State to the Governor, dated 9th February, 1793. Orders were also
+received to raise a provincial regiment. This regiment was to be
+called the Nova Scotia Fensibles; they were to be raised in Halifax,
+but were not to have half pay, and the Commissions were to be given
+to half pay officers. Young Haligonians were thus excluded. It
+was about the same time decided on embodying a part of the Militia
+force for the defence of the town. 1050 effective men were accordingly
+marched into the town from the country, who were to receive
+pay from the British Government while on duty. The Governor
+published his thanks to the militia on 2nd November, for the alacrity
+with which they obeyed his orders in marching to Halifax. By the
+month of May the number of men enlisted for the Nova Scotia
+regiment, amounted to 100, the enlistments were afterwards increased
+to 600 men.</p>
+
+<p>Apprehensions appear to have been entertained of an attack on
+the town by the French fleet. Every precaution appears to have
+been taken by Governor Wentworth for the protection of the
+Capital. In his letter to the Secretary of State of 23rd July, the
+Governor says, "In twenty minutes I could put under the command
+of General Ogilvie, 900 militia men, and in a few hours a second
+battalion of 600, who reside in the neighbourhood of the town."</p>
+
+<p>The Halifax Militia Artillery, commanded by Capt. J. Tremain
+was a most effective body of men. It had been this year formed
+and consisted of sixty freeholders of the town. The Town Regiment
+of Infantry was commanded by Col. John George Pyke.
+550 men of the Town Militia assisted the Garrison in repairing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">{106}</a></span>
+and mounting the batteries on Citadel Hill and elsewhere. On the
+2nd April, two French Prizes were brought into the harbour by
+H. M. Ship Alligator, with cargoes valued at £40,000.</p>
+
+<p>Among the events of the War was an expedition fitted out at
+Halifax to attack the Island of St. Pierre, in Newfoundland. It
+consisted of the Alligator and Hussar, men-of-war, with a body of
+troops under General Ogilvie. Before leaving, the two ships of war
+received permissions from the Governor and Council to press
+through the town and complete their crews. The place surrendered
+without fighting, and the Governor, M. Danseville, with several
+hundred prisoners and stores were brought to Halifax. They
+landed on the 20th of June. Governor Danseville was placed on
+parole, and resided at Dartmouth for many years in the house known
+as Brook House, now or lately the residence of the Hon. Michael
+Tobin, junr., about a couple of miles or more from Dartmouth
+town. The old gentleman displayed some taste in beautifying the
+grounds at Brook House. He built a fish pond and laid out walks
+among the beech and white birch groves near the house. The
+pond still remains, but the walks and most of the trees have long
+since disappeared. He remained a prisoner with an allowance from
+Government until the peace of 1814, when he returned to his own
+country a zealous royalist. Mr. Mizanseau was his aide-de-camp;
+he married a farmer's daughter in the South East Passage, and left a
+family who bear his name in that neighbourhood.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Wentworth proposed to place the French prisoners who
+had been brought to Halifax from time to time, on an Island in the
+North West Arm, afterwards known as Melville Island, but the
+General preferred the Cornwallis <a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a>Barracks. The Island was not
+the property of the Government at this time, but hired by Governor
+Wentworth for this purpose of a prison. It afterwards became
+Admiralty property.</p>
+
+<p>A poll tax existed at this time. It had been imposed by Act of
+the Legislature in 1791. One shilling per head was imposed on all
+males above 21 years of age. The law also contained a tax on
+cattle, with an extra tax on certain trades and occupations. It was
+ostensibly for the purpose of reducing the provincial debt. It does
+not appear, however, to have been regularly collected in the town.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">{107}</a></span>
+1794. On the 10th May, His Royal Highness Prince Edward
+arrived at Halifax in the Blanche Frigate, twelve days from St.
+Kitts. He landed immediately under a salute of 21 guns.</p>
+
+<p>A levee took place on the 14th and an address was presented to
+him couched in the most fulsome and ridiculous language. On the
+24th there was a garrison review under the command of General
+Ogilvie.</p>
+
+<p>On the 22nd January, the following year, he set out by land for
+Quebec. He was at Boston on 5th February, where he remained 10
+days and then embarked for the West Indies. It appears, however,
+that he was in Halifax on 25th February.</p>
+
+<p>1794. This year a number of merchants of the town agreed to
+underwrite policies of insurance on vessels and goods, and appointed
+Benjamin Salter the broker, who, on the 10th May, advertised
+attendance every day during "change" hours at the "Coffee Rooms."</p>
+
+<p>The town was again harassed by press gangs from Admiral
+Murray's ship. The Admiral had persuaded the Governor and
+Council to allow him twenty-four hours power over the inhabitants
+to man his fleet&mdash;though Capt. Home had been previously refused
+the privilege in January.</p>
+
+<p>In December the Marine Society, which had been established by
+the merchants of Halifax several years previously, was re-modeled
+and extended in its operations. About this time a project had been
+formed by Governor Wentworth for uniting the waters of Halifax
+Harbor with the Bay of Fundy by a canal from the River
+Shubenacadie, and rendering the river navigable. Suggestions on
+the subject had been made to Governor Wentworth by persons whom
+he supposed competent to judge of the feasibility of the project, and
+was very sanguine of success in the work if not interrupted by
+hostilities. It does not appear, however, that any attempt was
+made this year towards effecting the object, but three years after
+(1797) the sum of £250 was voted for a survey of the projected
+canal.</p>
+
+<p>All public lands in the town were this year granted to trustees.
+A grant of part of the King's Stores for a fishmarket was made,
+also the Province Building ground and the Grand Parade. The old
+English burial ground opposite the present Government House on
+Pleasant Street had been originally set apart, in 1749, as a general<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">{108}</a></span>
+burial place for the inhabitants of the town. It consisted of two
+acres and a quarter, but the title had not passed out of the Crown.
+It was this year granted to the Church Wardens and Vestry of
+St. Paul's Parish. They have been considered to hold it in trust
+for the original purpose for which it was dedicated. The old poor
+house burial ground was also included in this grant.</p>
+
+<p>The French prisoners brought from St. Pierre and Miquelon, who
+had been lodged in the town with others who had been taken in
+prizes, were sent, in the month of July, to the Island of Guernsey.</p>
+
+<p>We find Captain George of the Hussar receiving permission from
+the Council to fill up the complement of his men by impressment.
+In July following a similar application from Capt. Knowles of the
+ship Daedalus was refused. Admiral Murray, it appears, obtained
+another license in September to press through the town for seven
+days.</p>
+
+<p>Commodore George informed the Governor that intelligence of
+the state of the defences of the town had been, or was likely to be,
+communicated by the French prisoners, through persons from the
+United States, to the French ambassador at Washington, and
+suggested an embargo on all vessels going to the United States for
+the present until he should receive intelligence from Admiral
+Murray. The Collector of the Customs at Halifax was accordingly
+ordered not to clear any vessels to the United States until further
+orders.</p>
+
+<p>The following gentlemen were added to the Magistracy of the
+town: Michael Head, M. D., George Sherlock, Francis Green,
+J. M. F. Bulkeley, J. B. Dight, John Phillips, M. D., Johnathan
+Tremaine. James Clarke was Sheriff. Among the advertisements
+which appeared in the newspaper this and the previous year was a
+notice that sedan chairs would stand for hire in Barrington Street,
+also at the Court House, for the convenience of the public. The
+principal merchants and ship owners in the town between 1787 and
+1795 were Geo. Bell, Hardware and Glass Store in Granville Street,
+near the town guard, then kept in the old house behind Masons'
+Hall; Peter Smith, Wines &amp; Groceries; James Veitch, Groceries
+and General Store, shop opposite the wood yard; David Hall &amp; Co.
+Dry Goods Store in Hollis Street, opposite old Government House;
+Charles Handesayde, Boot &amp; Shoe Maker in Granville Street; Alex.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">{109}</a></span>
+and Robert Leslie, Dry Goods Store at the corner of Duke &amp; Hollis
+Streets, near the Pontac; Lawrence Hartshorne, Hardware Store at
+corner of Granville Street, between the Market House and the
+Parade; Wm. Forsyth &amp; Co., Importing Merchants; Linnard &amp;
+Young, Tailors, in Marchington's Buildings, Upper Water Street;
+George DeBloise, General Dealer; John Butler Dight, Importing
+Merchant, and Winkworth Allen and the Messrs. Cochran. William
+Minns, Stationer, Benj. Salter, Importing Merchant, Chas. Geddis,
+Watch Maker &amp; Jeweller, lower side the Parade; John Hill, Cutter,
+Hollis Street; Edmond Phelan, "Golden Ball" tavern, Hollis
+Street; Wm. Brindley, Wines, etc., Forman, Grassie &amp; Co.,
+Importing Merchants, store on the Long Wharf (late Copeland's);
+Hall, Bremner &amp; Bottomley, Dry Goods, etc.</p>
+
+<p>Between '95 and '99. James Romans, Boot &amp; Shoe Maker,
+corner of Duke &amp; Granville Streets; Wm. Dickie, Dry Goods, Phebe
+Moody, Dry Goods, Matthew Richardson, General Store, Robert
+Chrisley, Dry Goods, John McMasters, Dry Goods, Edward King,
+Livery Stable, John Kidston, General Dealer.</p>
+
+<p>In 1798 the firm of L. Hartshorne &amp; Co. was changed to
+Hartshorne &amp; Boggs.</p>
+
+<p>Moody &amp; Tidmarsh, Dry Goods, Thos. Wallace, Dry Goods, etc.,
+opposite wood yard; J. Hemmington, Grocer, near the Navy Yard;
+Lyon &amp; Butler, General Dealers, Saml. Leddiet, Soap Boiler from
+Liverpool, kept the London Porter House above the Grand Parade;
+Philip Garrell, Tailor, Fraser, Thom &amp; Co., Importing Merchants,
+Marchington's Wharf; Robert Scaiff, successor to Wm. &amp; Thos.
+Williams, Hardware, Jewellery, etc., Forsyth, Smith &amp; Co., Importing
+Merchants, James Leaver, Lower Water Street, Dry Goods,
+David Seabury, Auctioneer, Joseph Davis, Dry Goods, Michael
+Head, Apothecary, Saml. Hart, Dry Goods, D. Marshall and D.
+Fraser, both Importing Merchants, Wm. Annand, Groceries, etc.,
+Saml. Greenwood, Mast Maker, Ed. Bartlett, Dry Goods, Marchington's
+Wharf; Jacob Miller &amp; Son and Philis, Boyd &amp; Philis,
+Importing Merchants, Tremain &amp; Boggs, opposite the fuel yard,
+Hardware, etc., Thomas Roby, Merchant, Granville Street, Brymer
+&amp; Belcher, John Grant, Wm. Forsyth &amp; Co., Jonathan Tremain,
+Merchants, James Moody, Grocery &amp; General Store keeper, Hollis
+Street, Michael Wallace, Wines, Groceries, etc. C. C. Hall &amp; Co.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">{110}</a></span>
+appear to have been the leading dry goods shop keepers; their store
+was in Marchington's buildings near the Ordnance. Charles Hill,
+Auctioneer, James Forbes, Wine, Groceries, etc., Water Street,
+near Fairbanks' Wharf. Andrew Gallagher kept the British Tavern
+opposite Marchington's Wharf. Sabatier, Stewart &amp; Co., General
+Merchants; their firm was dissolved in 1790. William Millett,
+Auctioneer, King &amp; Stoe, Shop-keeper, No. 6 Marchington's buildings,
+near the British Tavern; Thomas Russel, shop-keeper, store
+near the Coffee House; Alex. Morrison, Bookseller, Thos. Donaldson,
+Confectioner, Etter &amp; Tidmarsh, corner of the Parade, British
+Merchandise, D. Curry &amp; Co., Dry Goods, James Frame, Cabinet
+Maker, Jonathan &amp; John Tremain, Hardware, etc., David Rudolph,
+near the Golden Ball, Dry Goods &amp; Groceries, Richd. Woodroffe,
+Furrier, near the South Barracks.</p>
+
+<p>1795. At the request of Prince Edward, the men of the Militia
+were employed on the fortifications in the neighborhood of the town
+during the summer. At this time the French prisoners in the town
+became very riotous; they were ordered to be removed to a place of
+confinement and none to be permitted at large. Several French
+prizes were brought in during the summer by Capts. Cochran and
+Beresford, of the Hussar and the Thetis, Sloops-of-War. An
+armed Snow named the Earl of Moira was kept by the Provincial
+Government for the protection of the coast. The most stirring
+event of the year was the arrival of the Hussar and Thetis after a
+long cruise bringing with them two French ships-of-war which they
+had captured; part of the enemy's squadron bound from the West
+Indies to Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>Several Halifax ship masters lost their vessels and were made
+prisoners by French privateers in 1795. The names of Capts.
+Jacobs, Lloyd, Ewing and John Pryor appear among them. They
+suffered much hard usage at Guadaloupe where they were detained.
+A project for building a bridge across the Narrows was contemplated
+about this time. A petition was presented to the House of Assembly
+dated 11th March, 1796, from a number of persons praying for an
+Act to authorize the building of a bridge across the Narrows.</p>
+
+<p>Between January, 1795, and January, 1796, the Halifax markets
+appear to have been well supplied. The newspapers of the day
+mention that 786 head of fat cattle, 30 cows and calves, besides
+sheep and swine had been brought into the town.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">{111}</a></span>
+1796. St. George's day was celebrated with much festivity by
+the English Society. They had a dinner in the evening at which
+Governor Wentworth and Prince Edward were present. Among
+the decorations were sixty variegated lamps. Genl. Ogilvie and
+Chief Justice Strange were among the guests. The Prince arrived
+and departed under a royal salute and, during the dinner, sat under
+a canopy of white satin and gold lace.</p>
+
+<p>During the spring of 1796 Halifax suffered from a scarcity of
+provisions. The inhabitants were indebted to Messrs. Hartshorne
+and Tremain, whose mills at Dartmouth enabled them, through the
+summer, to obtain flour at a reduced price and to afford a sufficient
+supply for the fishery.</p>
+
+<p>The 4th June, old King George's birthday, was celebrated this
+year with the usual ceremonies. There was a levee and a review of
+the troops, and Sir John Wentworth entertained the Prince and a
+number of the principal inhabitants at a Ball, when the old Government
+House was brilliantly illuminated. There was a dinner the
+same afternoon among the merchants at the British Tavern, Marchington's
+buildings.</p>
+
+<p>St. Patrick's day, this year, was also celebrated by a levee at the
+Government House and a dinner at Gallagher's hotel. The society
+sat down to dinner at five o'clock. His Royal Highness Prince
+Edward, Governor Sir John Wentworth, several members of
+Council, the Speaker and a number of members of the House
+of Assembly attended. The Prince and the Governor retired early,
+but the society kept up their festivities to a late hour.</p>
+
+<p>On July 21st, vessels arrived in the harbor with five hundred
+Maroon negroes from Jamaica. The Maroons were the descendants
+of a number of African slaves, who, when Jamaica was conquered
+from the Spaniards, took refuge in the Island. They continued in
+a state of insubordination, but occasionally made treaties with the
+English. At this time they were in open hostility, but had been
+conquered, and it was arranged that a number of them should be
+sent as settlers to Canada. They put into Halifax on their way.
+They were under the superintendence of Colonel Quarrell of Jamaica,
+who had letters from the Governor of Jamaica to Sir John Wentworth.
+Prince Edward was commander of the garrison at the time,
+and on inspecting the people was so much pleased with the athletic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">{112}</a></span>
+proportions of the young mulatto men that he proposed to detain
+them to work on the fortifications of the town, which were then in
+progress under his direction. The French squadron under Admiral
+Richery was then off the coast, and it was expected that he would
+visit Halifax. The fortifications at the mouth of the harbor having
+fallen into decay were under repair, but, not sufficiently forward to
+afford protection in case of an attack. The proposal was accepted
+by the Maroons; some were accordingly accommodated with sheds,
+and others placed in barns and such places of shelter as could be
+found in the town for their temporary accommodation. A number
+were sent to work on Citadel Hill, and one of the bastions there
+was called the Maroon Battery. The assent of the Secretary of
+State having been obtained for their settlement in Nova Scotia, land
+was assigned them in the Township of Preston. Col. Quarrell did
+not like the treatment they received. Many of the Maroons were
+permitted to come to town and seek work among the inhabitants.
+It was about this time that Sir John Wentworth proposed, as has
+been before mentioned, to open communication between Halifax
+and the River Shubenacadie which was to be performed by Maroon
+labor. This was the first proposal to be met with in reference to
+the Shubenacadie Canal which, in after years caused so much loss
+and suffering by its failure. Differences arose between Col. Quarrell
+and the Governor, the Maroons refused to work, and discontent
+increased. Sir John and Prince Edward had a project of forming
+them into a corps of militia, and bestowed militia commissions on
+several of the young men among the Maroons, and two of their
+leading men, Montagu and Johnson, were appointed Colonels.
+Jarret, Bailey, Mayers and others were made Majors and Captains,
+which gratified their vanity.</p>
+
+<p>The winter of 1796-7 was very severe, the want of provisions
+was felt, and the scarcity of flour threatened a famine in the town.
+The expenses of supplying these people had hitherto been borne by
+the Jamaica Government. Land had been purchased at Preston
+and the large building known as Maroon Hall, afterwards the
+property of Lieut. Katzmann, was erected as a residence for the
+superintendent. Some difficulties arose with the Jamaica Legislature.
+Quarrell left Halifax in the spring of 1797, leaving the Maroons
+discontented and refractory. It was finally arranged that they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">{113}</a></span>
+should be sent to Sierra Leone. Eight years previously a number
+of negroes had been sent there from Halifax. The Maroons were
+to be united with them in the hope that the union would be a check
+on the turbulent conduct of the Nova Scotia colony, which at that
+time had been the source of some trouble to the Sierra Leone
+Company. They were accordingly embarked in the autumn of 1800,
+and arrived on the coast of Africa in October.</p>
+
+<p>Sir John Wentworth had received intelligence in September which
+led him to apprehend some attempt on Halifax by the French forces
+now in Newfoundland. At the close of the year the harbor
+defences were brought into good condition, and capable of affording
+a tolerable defence in case of invasion. Two press warrants were
+issued this year by the Council; one on 31st January to Admiral
+Murray for twenty-four hours in the town, and another in October
+to Admiral Vandiput for two months through the province.</p>
+
+<p>On the night of the 21st March a fire broke out in the range of
+houses opposite St. Paul's Church, in Barrington Street, which
+consumed the property of Dr. Greaves. The trees around the
+Church escaped uninjured.</p>
+
+<p>The sudden death of James Michael Freke Bulkeley, the Secretary
+of the province, on the 12th November, threw a gloom over the
+community. He was a young man of pleasing address and highly
+esteemed. He had been for some time member for the county,
+which he held in conjunction with that of Provincial Secretary. He
+had succeeded his father, Richard Bulkeley, in the office but a short
+time before his death.</p>
+
+<p>In November, the fleet, under Vice Admiral Vandiput, sailed
+from Halifax on a cruise. It consisted of the Resolution, 74,
+bearing the Admiral's flag, Capt. Ledmore; Assistance, 50 guns,
+Capt. Mowatt; Andromeda, 32 guns, Capt. Taylor; Ceres, 32,
+Capt. Otway; Lynx, 18, Capt. Hall, and the Hunter, 18, Capt.
+Tucker.</p>
+
+<p>1797. During this summer the town was enlivened by the
+presence of four or five hundred embodied militia who did garrison
+duty. Several battalions were enrolled in the country with the
+intention of their being removed to Halifax for the protection of the
+town in the absence of the regular troops. They were, however,
+not required, and were discharged in the latter part of October by
+order of the Governor.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">{114}</a></span>
+At this time Dr. Robert Stanser was rector of St. Paul's, Dr.
+Archibald Gray, minister of St. Matthew's, at the corner, Mr.
+Michael Bernard Houseal, missionary to the Germans and minister
+of St. George's, north suburbs. Chief Justice Strange resigned this
+year and was succeeded in the office by Mr. Sampson Salter Blowers,
+who remained Chief Justice until 1835, when he was succeeded by
+Sir Brenton Halliburton. Chief Justice Blowers died in 1842, at the
+age of 100 years. His monument is in the south-east corner of the
+east aisle of St. Paul's. He built the house at the corner of
+Barrington and Blowers Streets, lately occupied by Mr. Romans as
+a hotel, and known as the Waverley House, where he resided for
+about thirty-five years.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Shaw was Sheriff of Halifax this year; he was succeeded by
+Lewis M. Wilkins, afterwards a Judge of the Supreme Court, and
+father of the late Judge Wilkins of that Court.</p>
+
+<p>Prince Edward, who was Commandant of the garrison, appears
+to have patronized almost all the public entertainments in the town.
+He dined with the national societies, and honored the balls given by
+Governor Wentworth with his presence. His manners were affable,
+and he was, in consequence, quite popular with all classes in the
+town. He was very much affected by the sudden death of Lieutenant
+Charles Thomas of his own regiment, the 7th Fusiliers, who
+was accidentally shot by a brother officer while on a hunting
+expedition in August of this year. Lieut. Thomas was the son of
+Nathaniel Ray Thomas, a magistrate and collector of the customs
+of Windsor, and a cousin of Governor Wentworth. He was a
+favourite and protegé of Prince Edward, who attended his funeral
+and erected a monument at his own expense over his grave.</p>
+
+<p>On the 23rd November, this year, H. M. Ship La Tribune, Capt.
+Baker, was lost in coming into the harbor. The following authentic
+account of this disaster is from the newspaper of the day:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>"La Tribune was one of the finest frigates in His Majesty's service,
+mounted 44 guns and had been lately captured by Captain Williams in the
+Unicorn frigate. She was commanded by Captain S. Barker, and sailed
+from Torbay the 22nd September, as convoy to the Quebec and Newfoundland
+fleets. In Lat. 49° 14´ Long. 17° 29´ she fell in with and spoke His
+Majesty's ship Experiment from this place, out 12 days. She lost sight of
+all her convoy October 19th, in Lat. 46° 16´ Long. 32° 11´. On Thursday
+morning last, they discovered this Harbour about 8 o'clock. The wind being
+E. S. E. they approached it very fast, when Captain Barker proposed to the
+master that they should lay the ship to till they could obtain a pilot; the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">{115}</a></span>
+master replied, 'he had beat a 44 gun ship into the harbour&mdash;that he had
+been frequently here and that there was no occasion for a pilot, as the
+wind was fair.' Confiding in these assurances Captain Barker went below
+and was for a time employed in arranging some papers he wished to take
+on shore with him. The master in the meantime taking upon himself the
+pilotage of the ship, and placing great dependence upon the judgment of a
+negro man by the name of John Casey, (who had formerly belonged here)
+whom he had placed forward to con the ship. About 12 o'clock the
+ship had approached so near the Thrum Cap Shoals, that the master
+became alarmed and sent for Mr. Galvin the master's mate, who was sick
+below. On his coming on deck he heard the man in the chains sing out
+'by the mark five,' the black man forward at the same time singing out
+'steady.' Galvin got on one of the carronades to observe the situation of
+the ship, the master in much agitation at the same time taking the wheel
+from the man who was steering with an intent to wear ship, but before
+this could be effected or Galvin able to give an opinion, she struck.
+Captain Barker instantly came on deck and reproached the master with
+having lost the ship. Seeing Galvin also on deck, he addressed him and
+said (as he knew he had formerly sailed out of this harbour) that he was
+much surprised that he could stand by and see the master run the ship on
+shore. Galvin informed the Captain he had not been on deck long enough
+to give an opinion. Signals of distress were instantly made and answered
+by the military posts and the ships in the harbour. Boats from all the
+military posts, from His Majesty's ships and from the Dockyard, proceeded
+to the relief of La Tribune. The military boats and one of the boats from
+the Dockyard, with Mr. Rackum, boatswain of the Ordinary, reached the
+ship; but the other boats, though making the greatest exertions, were not
+able, the wind being so much against them, to get on board. The ship was
+immediately lightened by throwing all her guns, except one retained for
+signals, overboard, and every other heavy article, so that at about half-past
+eight o'clock in the evening the ship began to heave and about nine she got
+off from the shoals. She had before at about five or six o'clock lost her
+rudder, and on examination it was now found that she had seven feet of
+water in the hold. The chain pumps were immediately manned and such
+exertions made that they seemed to gain on the leaks, and by advice of Mr.
+Rackum the Captain ordered to let go the best bower anchor. This was
+done but it did not bring her up. The Captain then ordered them to cut the
+cable, and the jib and fore topmast stay sail were hoisted to steer by. All
+this time the violent gale, which had come on from the south east, kept
+increasing and carrying them to the western shore. In a short time the
+small bower anchor was let go, at which time they found themselves in about
+thirteen fathoms water. The mizzen mast was then cut away. It was now
+about ten o'clock, the water gaining fast on the ship, little hope remained
+of saving the ship or their lives. At this critical period Lieut. Campbell
+quitted the ship. Lieut. Nooth was taken into the boat out of one of the
+ports. Lieut. James of the Royal Nova Scotia Regiment, not being to be
+found was so unfortunate as to remain, and to the great distress of his
+worthy parents and friends shared the general fate. From the period
+when Lieut. Campbell quitted the ship all hopes of safety had vanished,
+the ship was sinking fast, the storm was increasing with redoubled
+violence, the rocky shore to which they were approaching resounding with
+the tremendous noise of the billows which rolled toward it, presented
+nothing to those who might survive the sinking of the ship, but the
+expectation of a more painful death from being dashed against those
+tremendous precipices, which even in the calmest day it is almost impossible
+to ascend.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">{116}</a></span>
+Dunlap, one of the survivors, informs us that at about half-past ten, as
+nearly as he could conjecture, one of the men who had been below came to
+him on the forecastle and told him the ship was sinking; in a few minutes
+after, the ship took a lurch as a boat will do when nearly filled with water
+and going down; immediately on which Dunlap began to ascend the fore
+shroud, and at the same moment casting his eyes towards the quarter deck
+saw Capt. Barker standing by the gangway and looking into the water, and
+directly after heard him call for the jolly-boat. At the same time he saw the
+Lieutenant of Marines running towards the taffrail, he supposed to look for
+the jolly-boat, as she had previously been let down with four men in her&mdash;but
+instantly the ship took a second lurch and sank to the bottom; after
+which neither the captain nor any other of the officers was seen. The
+scene, sufficiently distressing before, became now peculiarly awful&mdash;more
+than 240 men, besides several women and children were floating on the
+waves making their last efforts to preserve their existence. Dunlap,
+whom we have before mentioned, gained the fore top. Mr. Galvin, the
+master's mate, after incredible difficulty, got into the main top&mdash;he was
+below when the ship sank, directing the men at the chain pump. He was
+washed up the hatchway, thrown into the waist and from thence into the
+water, and his feet as he plunged, struck a rock. On ascending, he swam
+to gain the main shrouds when he was suddenly seized hold of by three
+men&mdash;he was now afraid he was lost. To disengage himself from them he
+made a dive into the water which induced them to quit their hold. On
+rising again he swam to the shrouds and arrived at the main top and
+seated himself on an arm-chest which was lashed to the mast.</p>
+
+<p>From the observations of Mr. Galvin from the main-top and Mr.
+Dunlap in the fore-top, it appears that near one hundred persons were for
+a considerable time hanging to the shrouds, the tops and other parts of the
+wreck; but from the extreme length of the night and the ferocity of the
+storm nature became exhausted, and they kept at all periods of the night
+dropping off and disappearing. The cries and groans of the unhappy
+sufferers, from the bruises many of them had received and as their hopes
+of deliverance began to fail them, were continued through the night;
+though as morning appeared from the few that then survived they became
+feeble indeed. The whole number saved from the wreck amounted to
+eight persons and several of them so exhausted as to be indifferent
+whether they were taken off or not. Mr. Galvin mentions that about
+twelve o'clock the mainmast gave way; at that time he supposes there
+were on the main-top and on the shrouds upwards of forty persons. By
+the fall of the mast the whole were again plunged into the water, and of
+that number only nine besides himself regained the top. The top rested
+upon the main yard, and the whole remained fast to the ship by some of
+the rigging. Of the ten persons who regained the main-top four only
+were alive when morning appeared. Ten were at that time alive on the
+fore-top, but three of them had got so exhausted and had become so unable to
+help themselves that before any relief came they were finally washed
+away; three others perished, and four only were also finally left alive in
+the fore-top. The place where the ship went down was only about three
+times her length to the southward of the entrance into Herring Cove. The
+people came down in the night to the point opposite to which the ship
+sunk and kept large fires, and were so near as to converse with the people
+in the wreck.</p>
+
+<p>The first exertion that was made for their relief was by a boy, thirteen
+years old, from Herring Cove, who ventured off in a small skiff by himself
+about eleven o'clock the next day; and this truly deserving young lad
+with great exertions and at extreme risk to himself ventured to approach the
+wreck and backed in his little boat so near to the fore-top as to take off<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">{117}</a></span>
+two of the men, for the boat could not with safely hold any more; and here
+a trait of generous magnanimity occurred which deserves to be noticed.
+Dunlap and Munroe had, throughout this disastrous night providentially
+preserved their strength and spirits beyond their unfortunate companions,
+and had endeavoured to cheer and encourage them as they found their
+spirits sinking; they were now both of them able to have stepped into the
+boat and put an end to their own sufferings, but their other two companions,
+though alive, were unable to help themselves. They lay exhausted
+on the top, wished not to be disturbed, and seemed desirous to perish as they
+lay. These generous fellows hesitated not a moment to remain themselves
+on the wreck and to save, though against their will, their unfortunate
+companions. They lifted them up and by the greatest exertions got them
+into the little skiff, and the manly boy rowed them triumphantly to the
+Cove and instantly had them conveyed to a comfortable habitation.
+After shaming, by his example, older persons who had larger boats, he put
+off again in his little skiff, but with all his efforts he could not then approach
+the wreck. His example, however, was soon followed by the men in the
+Tribune's jolly-boat and by some of the boats of the Cove, and by their
+joint exertions the eight men were preserved, who, with four that escaped
+in the jolly-boat make the whole number of survivors of this fine ship's
+company.</p>
+
+<p>Some have been disposed to blame Capt. Barker as exhibiting too
+much obstinacy in not abandoning the ship and preserving his crew, as a
+violent storm was evidently approaching, but on examining the men who
+have survived we find (though other officers in the same situation might have
+formed a different judgment) that the conduct of Capt. Barker was throughout
+the trying scene completely cool and collected. Though from the
+manner in which the ship had been run ashore, no blame could attach to
+him, yet he could not reconcile it to himself to lose so fine a ship without
+making every exertion to save her. Having by the greatest efforts considerably
+lightened her, he had reason to suppose she might get off before
+high water. She made no water while she lay aground, there was therefore
+great hopes, if she could not that night have been got up the harbour that
+she might with safety have been brought to anchor and have rode out the
+gale. When she finally got off, universal joy was diffused throughout the
+ship&mdash;every man thought the object of their joint efforts was attained&mdash;but
+the rapid manner in which the water poured into her, soon damped their
+joy and plunged them into despair. Had the ship been finally saved by
+the great exertions which were made to effect it, every man would have
+praised Capt. Barker, and, notwithstanding those exertions failed, we
+think we may justly say, in the language of Mr. Addison,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"'Tis not in mortals to command success<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Barker did more; he did deserve it"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>To his memory therefore and that of his brave fellow-sufferers, the commiseration
+of their countrymen is justly due. From every generous heart
+they will receive that commiseration; and while the mind runs over the
+whole trying scene the tears which must involuntarily flow will embalm
+their memory.</p>
+
+<p>Having closed the general scene, we think it will not be unacceptable
+to our readers if we notice the conduct of some individuals. A quartermaster
+belonging to the ship, by the name of McGregor, had his wife on
+board; they were a respectable couple and greatly attached to each other.
+McGregor from his affectionate solicitations for her safety, endeavoured to
+persuade her, while the ship lay on the shoals, to go ashore in one of the
+boats which came off from the Island, as his mind would be more at ease,
+could he put her in a place of safety. To his solicitations she replied,
+'that she never would abandon him; if it was his lot to perish, she wished<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">{118}</a></span>
+not to survive him.' Finding it in vain to urge her further, he desisted
+from the attempt and she afterwards shared the common fate. A considerable
+time after the ship had foundered a man was discovered swimming
+towards the wreck. On his approaching near it was found to be McGregor;
+he informed his comrades who were hanging by the wreck, that he had
+swam towards the shore; that he had ventured as far as he could with
+safety into the surf, and found if he went further he should be dashed to
+pieces, and he cautioned them all to avoid making a like attempt, but if
+possible to hold by the wreck. He himself gained the main shrouds and
+remained there till the mast gave way, and then met the same fate as his
+unfortunate consort, whose death he was continually deploring while on
+the shrouds.</p>
+
+<p>Dunlap relates another instance which occurred, which though it
+may appear ludicrous after the distressing scenes we have noticed, is so
+descriptive of that cool thoughtlessness of danger which so often distinguishes
+our British tars that it would be inexcusable to omit it. Daniel
+Munroe, one of the survivors had as well as Dunlap got into the fore-top.
+After a while he disappeared and it was concluded that he had been
+washed away with many others; after an absence from the top of about
+two hours, he suddenly popped his head up through the lubber hole to the
+surprise of Dunlap, who enquired where he had been; he said he had been
+cruising about for a better berth; and it appeared that, after swimming
+about the wreck for a considerable time, he had returned to the fore shrouds,
+and crawled in on the cat-harpins and had actually been to sleep there
+more than an hour, and he said he was and really appeared to be greatly
+refreshed.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Brennan of the Dockyard, who had gone aboard with Mr. Rackum,
+after the sinking of the ship, had got on the maintop and remained there
+till the mainmast gave way and was never after seen.</p>
+
+<p>While noticing the immediate disasters of the ship, we forebore to
+mention the fate of one of the boats which had gone from George's
+Island. About nine o'clock as the ship went off, the boat got under the
+ship's bow and was upset; by this circumstance a part of the men, consisting
+of two sergeants and four privates of the Royal Nova Scotia Regiment were
+unfortunately drowned; the remainder were taken up by the boat belonging
+to the Eastern Battery. Too much praise cannot be given to the men
+who manned these boats, and particularly to Sergt. Bourke, and the boat's
+crew who persevered in following the ship, and finally brought off Lieuts.
+Campbell and Nooth of the Royal Fusiliers.</p>
+
+<p>Great praise is also due to the dock-yard boat which carried Mr.
+Rackum on board. They followed the ship at a short distance till she
+foundered, and with extreme difficulty at length reached Herring Cove.
+We are sorry to mention that Mr. Rackum, whose exertions on board
+La Tribune to preserve the ship were gratefully acknowledged, perished
+with the unhappy ship's company.</p>
+
+<p>Having mentioned all the disastrous circumstances which have
+attended this distressing scene, it is with pleasure we now notice the
+attention which has been paid to the widows and children of the unfortunate
+sufferers. His Royal Highness Prince Edward with that uniform
+generosity which has distinguished his Royal Highness during his
+residence in this province, directed immediate provision to be made for the
+bereaved families, and there is reason to hope through his Royal Highness'
+representations, that provision will be made as permanent as their
+sufferings. Actions like these dignify even kings and add splendour to the
+highest rank.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">{119}</a></span>
+Besides the attention shown by his Royal Highness a liberal subscription
+has been made by the garrison and gentlemen of the town for the
+widows of the soldiers who were drowned and for the men who manned
+the boats.</p>
+
+<p>There is another instance of generosity, which the occasion seems to
+require, and it seems to be the earnest wish of the men who were saved
+from the wreck; it is that some reward may be bestowed on the boy who
+first came off to them. They attribute in a great measure their deliverance
+to him, and they mention with the warmest gratitude, not only his
+exertions to save them from the wreck, but his kind and hospitable
+attention to relieve them after they had reached the Cove. Surely if a
+subscription were set on foot there is not a man in the country who would
+not give something to reward and encourage so young an instance of
+humane and heroic magnanimity.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Club, the master of La Tribune, was master of the Active, frigate
+when she was run ashore on the Island of Anticosti.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Fennel, first lieutenant, and Mr. Galvin, the master's mate, were
+both formerly prisoners at Guadeloupe with Colonel Wetherall, and were
+all for a considerable time chained by the legs together. Lieut.
+Fennell declared to Lieut. Campbell that his only motive in coming out in
+La Tribune was to have the pleasure of seeing Colonel Wetherall; and
+such appears to have been the attachment of Galvin to Lieut. Fennel that,
+though he speaks with becoming feeling of the fate of the ship's company,
+the loss of Lieut. Fennell seems peculiarly to affect him. On enquiring of
+him if he saw Lieut. Fennell after the ship sunk, he replied, he did not, for
+if he had, though he was himself in a place of apparent security, he would
+again have risked his life to preserve him, and would have effected it or
+perished with him. A similar attachment to each other appears among
+the men who have survived the wreck, and these circumstances unite to
+prove that the virtues which render human beings the most pleasing are
+those they are taught in the trying school of adversity.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>List of the officers lost in La Tribune:&mdash;Captain, Scory Barker; First
+Lieutenant, Thomas Fennel; Second do., Thomas Clarke; Third do., Thomas
+Sheirp; Master, James Clubb; Lieutenant Marines, James Cregg; Surgeon,
+&mdash;&mdash; Jones; Purser, &mdash;&mdash; Stanford; Carpenter, James Jurd; Boatswain, John
+Franklin; Master's Mate, William Stacey; Midshipmen, John Dennington,
+Charles Belcher, John Clowdsley, William Crofton, &mdash;&mdash; Nops; Captain's
+Clerk, William Foley; Surgeon's Mate, James Mulquinney; Gunner, William
+Thomas.</p>
+
+<p>List of officers and men saved from La Tribune:&mdash;John Galvin,
+Master's Mate; Seamen, Abraham Wanhill, James Crawford, Robert
+Parker, Daniel Monroe, E. Knowles, Richard Best, James Green, Henry
+Husley, Chris. Dowling, Robert Dunlap and John White.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>We have been favored with the following extract of General Orders
+dated Halifax, November 26, 1797:</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant General, His Royal Highness Prince Edward thinks it his
+duty to return his particular thanks to Lieutenants Haliburton, Campbell
+and Nooth of the Royal Fusiliers, also to the several non-commissioned
+officers and privates of the Royal Nova Scotia Regiment, who manned the
+boats sent to give assistance on Thursday last to His Majesty's frigate
+Tribune, unfortunately wrecked by getting on shore at the mouth of this
+harbour.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">{120}</a></span>
+His Royal Highness most sincerely laments the loss of Lieut. James
+and two non-commissioned officers with four privates of the Royal N. S.
+Regiment, who were unfortunately drowned in executing the first of all
+duties, that of giving succor to brother officers and men in distress.</p>
+
+<p>His Royal Highness directs that the Commissary-General will serve
+free rations to the widows of the non-commissioned officers and privates
+lost, as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>To the wife of Sergt. Baker, and two children, two rations.</p>
+
+<p>To Sergt. Mullen's wife, one ration.</p>
+
+<p>To the wife of John Bush and two children, two rations.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Tuesday last the body of Lieut. James was found and brought up to
+town to his disconsolate parents&mdash;and Wednesday was interred with
+military honors."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>Michael Wallace was appointed Treasurer of the Province in
+October of this year on the resignation of Benning Wentworth.
+Mr. Wallace remained treasurer until 1827 or 1828, when he was
+succeeded by his son. Mr. Wallace administered the government
+as senior councillor several times during the absence of the
+Governor, Sir James Kempt.</p>
+
+<p>The old playhouse lot in Argyle Street was granted, about this
+time, to James Putnam, from whom it came into possession of the
+trustees of the Acadian School. The grant from the Crown of part
+of the King's Stores for a fishmarket, before referred to, was, on
+29th August, signed by the Governor and the Prince as commander
+in chief of the troops. This is what was called the new fishmarket.
+The old market had formerly been private property, and the rents of
+stalls at this time were received by Mr. Cochran, but it was subject
+to town regulations. Commissioners were about the same time
+appointed to purchase land and to erect buildings for the accommodation
+of the Legislature and Courts of Justice as soon as peace
+should occur and the price of labor should be lower. The Act
+formerly passed for erecting buildings for this purpose on the
+"lower parade" was repealed, and that of 1797 was amended in
+1799 and the Commissioners were directed to purchase land in the
+south suburbs, and build a Government House.</p>
+
+<p>The winter of 1797-8 was again very severe. The heavy falls of
+snow rendered the road from Halifax to Windsor impassable. The
+Prince ordered the troops to clear the road between the town and
+his residence on the Basin. The supply of fat cattle from the
+country for the troops was retarded for a long time by the state of
+the roads.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">{121}</a></span>
+It was proposed to raise a fund in the town to be at the disposal
+of Government for the purposes of war. The inhabitants subscribed
+a sum approaching £4000 towards this fund; the officers of the
+Royal Nova Scotia Fencible Regiment, £200. The boys of the
+Grammar School contributed about £24, and the regiment in garrison
+and the officers in the public departments, including the contributions
+of the Nova Scotia Regiment, amounted to £2097. Much
+enthusiasm on the subject prevailed, and great loyalty was displayed
+by the people.</p>
+
+<p>A general fast was proclaimed on 21st May, which was kept at
+Halifax with much solemnity.</p>
+
+<p>A commission was issued in July to William Forsyth, Andrew
+Belcher, William Cochran, Lawrence Hartshorne, Charles Hill,
+Richard Kidston, John Bremner, William Sabatier and Michael
+Wallace, as directors for the Shubenacadie Canal. A survey and
+report was made by this committee which was printed and published.</p>
+
+<p>There were several regular traders at this time between Halifax
+and Boston. The principal and most regular one was the Schooner
+Nancy, Captain Tufton.</p>
+
+<p>In the month of January, 1798, a boat arrived in the harbor with
+Capt. Wyatt and several passengers of the Brig Princess Amelia,
+bound to Halifax, which had been wrecked on the south side of
+Sable Island on 9th November. The wreck had been reported by
+an American schooner, who saw signals of distress on the Island.
+Sir John Wentworth immediately sent a vessel to the Island with
+clothing and provisions for the relief of the sufferers. Capt. Wyatt
+equipped his long boat and, having got over to the north side of
+the Island, embarked with four of his crew and Lieut. Cochran of the
+Fusiliers, one of the passengers, intending to seek relief. He
+arrived safe in one of the harbors to the eastward of Halifax, where
+he obtained a pilot who brought him to Halifax. Capt. Parker,
+who had charge of the vessel sent to the Island, brought off the
+remainder of the crew and passengers in safety.</p>
+
+<p>1798. On the 8th August, this year, Prince Edward received an
+injury by a fall from his horse while riding on one of the streets in
+the town. The horse broke through a defective wooden bridge over
+one of the street gutters. The horse rolled over him hurting one of
+his legs; it did not, however, prevent him from attending to his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">{122}</a></span>
+military duties. He was recommended by the physicians to go to
+England for further advice. An address subscribed by about four
+hundred of the inhabitants was presented to him on his departure,
+which took place on the 21st October, when he embarked in H. M.
+Ship Topaz, Captain Church. The House of Assembly had previously
+voted five hundred guineas to purchase a star of the order of
+the Garter to be presented to His Royal Highness.</p>
+
+<p>Among the events of the year was the arrival in the harbor, in
+November, of the United States Squadron, consisting of the Sloop-of-War
+Herald, Capt. Stevens, and the Pickering, Capt. Chapman,
+with the Brig Commerce, Capt. Childs. Salutes were exchanged,
+and the captains landed and paid their respects to the Governor,
+Admiral and General, and were hospitably entertained. The United
+States was at this time at war with France.</p>
+
+<p>On the 25th November news of Nelson's victory at the Nile
+arrived in Halifax. The town was illuminated in the evening.
+Salutes were fired and other demonstrations of joy occurred throughout
+the day. A number of prizes were brought into the port during
+this autumn.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. James Stewart, afterwards Solicitor-General, was this year
+elected without opposition for the county.</p>
+
+<p>On the 25th September a tremendous hurricane visited Halifax
+and continued through part of the night. Nearly all the wharves in
+the town were swept away, and most of the shipping in the harbor
+damaged. The tide rose to an unprecedented height, overflowed
+Water Street and did much damage to property. The water came
+up to the old market house where the city brick building now stands.
+The market wharf and King's wharf were partially destroyed, and
+the market slip or public landing swept away. The loss of property
+in the town, including the shipping, was estimated at above
+£100,000.</p>
+
+<p>Among the names of persons engaged in business in the town
+this year we find, James Kidston, Wholesale and Retail Dealer,
+Matthew Richardson, at the foot of Prince Street, James Moody
+and James Tidmarsh just entered into co-partnership; Forman &amp;
+Grassie, Fraser, Thom &amp; Co., Shipping Merchants, Lyon &amp; Butler,
+Shopkeepers, near the market house; Thomas Moody, Dry Goods,
+etc., corner of Marchington's wharf; James Leaver, opposite the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">{123}</a></span>
+Dartmouth Mill Flour Store, in Water Street; John McMasters,
+Benjamin Etter, Watchmaker and Hardware Store at the corner of
+George and Barrington Streets, lower side of Grand Parade
+(Crosskill's corner); Phoebe Moody, Dry Goods, opposite the
+Parade, in Barrington Street. In the following year the names of
+Jonathan and John Tremain, Samuel Hart, Tremain &amp; Boggs and
+William Annand appear.</p>
+
+<p>The members of Assembly for the county were: Michael Wallace,
+Jonathan Sterns, Lawrence Hartshorne and Charles Morris. Mr.
+Sterns was replaced by James Stewart.<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> William Cochran and
+J. G. Pyke were still members for the town. Mr. Benning
+Wentworth was Provincial Secretary. The Hon. Richard Bulkeley,
+the senior councillor, was Grand Master of the Masons.</p>
+
+<p>The papers of the day are filled with long advertisements about
+the Government Lottery.</p>
+
+<p>1799. The chief event which occupied the attention of the good
+people of Halifax during the autumn of this year was the arrival
+and movements of His Royal Highness Prince Edward, who had
+now been created Duke of Kent. Having received the appointment
+of commander-in-chief of the troops in British North America on
+6th September, he arrived in H. M. Ship Arethusa, Capt. Wooley,
+forty-three days from England. The Prince landed in state. A
+procession of boats was formed from the frigate to the King's Wharf
+under a royal salute from the ships, and on reaching the wharf, by
+a salute from the Citadel. A double line of soldiers, including the
+militia, lined the street from the King's Wharf to Government House,
+through which the procession passed. The Governor and Council,
+Admiral Vandiput, General Ogilvie, the officers of the staff and
+public departments and a number of the principal citizens, attended.
+On his arrival at Government House the bells of St. Paul's and the
+old Mather Meeting House rang out a merry peal, and a large
+number of the inhabitants crowded around to bid him welcome
+again to Halifax. In the evening, bonfires were lit on the Grand
+Parade in honor of his arrival. The Duke soon after removed to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">{124}</a></span>
+his villa on the Basin, six miles from town. This beautiful little
+retreat had been erected by Prince Edward on the land of the
+Governor, Sir John Wentworth. The grounds were laid out and
+improved at considerable expense under his direction. The
+Rotunda, or music room, on the opposite side of the road, next the
+water, surrounded by the rich foliage of the beech groves, and
+surmounted by a large gilded ball, flashing in the sunlight,
+presented a beautiful and picturesque appearance on the approach
+to the Lodge. The villa was built altogether of wood, consisting of
+a centre of two stories containing the hall and staircase, with a flat
+roof. There were two wings containing the Duke's apartments.
+In the rear was a narrow wooden building with pointed gothic
+windows, resembling a chapel, containing the kitchen and offices,
+which extended some distance southward beyond the main building.
+The grouping of the beech and birch trees in the lawn and around
+the house was well arranged. They were the original forest trees,
+selected and permitted to stand in clearing away the space for the
+buildings. The rooms were not spacious, and the ceilings low,
+which appears to have been the fashion of building in Halifax at
+the time. The woods around were very beautiful. They were
+traversed by walks, and in several places by a carriage road with
+vistas and resting places where little wooden seats and several
+imitation Chinese temples were erected. Several of these small
+summer houses were in existence in 1828, and probably later, and
+portions of them could be seen through the openings in the trees on
+passing the main road. The Duke erected a range of low buildings
+on the edge of the Basin, a little to the north of the Rotunda, which
+were occupied by two companies of his regiment, and contained the
+guard room and a mess room for the officers. This building was
+afterwards known as the Rockingham Inn, a favourite resort in
+summer, when tea and ginger beer were to be had under the piazza
+which ran along the edge of the water. This hotel acquired the
+name of the "Rockingham," having been for a long time after the
+Prince's departure the place of meeting of the Rockingham Club.
+This club was established either while the Duke was resident here,
+or very soon after his leaving for Canada. It was composed of
+Governor Wentworth, the members of His Majesty's Council, the
+Admiral of the station, several of the principal military officers, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">{125}</a></span>
+a number of the leading citizens of Halifax. Dr. Stanser, rector
+of St. Paul's, was one of its members; also the Hon. Andrew
+Belcher, both of whom had villas on the Basin, the former at
+Sherwood, afterwards the property of the late Mr. Thos. Kenny,
+and the latter at Birch Cove, now in the occupation of the family of
+the late Peter Donaldson.</p>
+
+<p>The Rockingham Club was partly literary and partly social.
+The members dined together at the hotel, which was styled the
+Rockingham House, in compliment to Sir John Wentworth, the
+head of whose family, the Marquis of Rockingham, was about that
+time in, or at the head of the British Ministry. The large room
+which extended along the south wing of the building, east and west,
+with the end to the water, was hung with the portraits of many of
+the members of the club painted by Field, a portrait painter of
+considerable talent who, at that time and for several years after,
+resided in Halifax, and from whose brush the portraits of many of
+the then principal citizens and their ladies still remain.<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></p>
+
+<p>In 1799 the prices of provisions in Halifax markets were as
+follows: Beef, by the quarter, from 4d. to 5d. per pound, pork,
+6d., mutton, 7d. to 8d., veal, 8d. to 9d., fowls, from 3s. to 4s.,
+oats, 2s. 6d. and 3s., butter, 1s. 3d. and 1s. 6d.</p>
+
+<p>In 1798 the number of illegitimate children in the Halifax Poor
+House was fourteen, in 1799, seventeen, and in 1800, fifteen. The
+total cost of the establishment during the three years was £570 16s.
+1d. Fines received at Halifax, 1798, £60; 1799 and 1800, £82 10s.
+Fresh Water Bridge was renewed and completed in 1798.</p>
+
+<p>In 1799 the Legislature made some amendments to the Act for
+the erection of public buildings. The Commissioners appointed
+by the Governor and Council were authorized to purchase land
+for the site of a new Government House. The old House to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">{126}</a></span>
+be appropriated to the House of Assembly and Courts of Law.
+The Commissioners were Messrs. Wallace, Cochran, Hartshorne,
+and John Beckwith. The House of Assembly voted £10,500 for
+the building, etc. The old Government House having been found
+unfit for the accommodation of the Legislature, was sold and the
+block of buildings known as Cochran's, before mentioned, was
+leased this year for £300 per annum for the accommodation of the
+Law Courts, the Legislature, and the public offices connected with
+the Provincial Government. Commissioners were also appointed to
+build a new market house for the butchers and for a vegetable
+market. This was the wooden building which was removed during
+the administration of Governor LeMarchant, to make way for the
+present brick structure. A clerk of the market was appointed.
+There being then no convenient accommodation for the vegetable
+market, the country people were permitted to sell in the streets and
+the square in front of the market house.</p>
+
+<p>This has once more become the custom; the portion of the new
+market appropriated to the country people having been lately taken
+for city offices. The want of sufficient space in the central parts of
+the town for the convenience of markets and the erection of public
+buildings, has been always an impediment to the improvement and
+embellishment of the city. The small dimensions of the lots as
+originally laid out, being only forty feet by sixty, and the short
+space between the streets, the narrow spaces allowed for the public
+landings, and the small size of the water grants for the erection of
+wharves in the old town, have been a continual drawback to the
+convenience of trade and the progress of improvement in front of
+the town. And it is a subject of regret that at the present day so
+little attention is paid by the public authorities to the future welfare
+of the city in respect to laying off building lots and streets by
+private owners and speculators.</p>
+
+<p>The regular packet between Halifax and Boston, the Schooner
+Nancy, usually occupied three days in her trips. She was
+commanded by Capt. J. Huxford. He was afterwards known in
+Halifax as Crazy Huxford. He was on board the Shannon, frigate,
+in the engagement with the American ship Chesapeake, and had been
+wounded in the head, from which he never fully recovered. He was
+one of the best pilots on the coast and was, until his death, a naval<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">{127}</a></span>
+branch pilot attached to the Dockyard. When under the influence
+of liquor he became frantic and was continually shouting through
+the streets of the town without hat or coat. This poor old man
+died about twenty-five or thirty years ago at a very advanced age.</p>
+
+<p>In May the small pox made its appearance in the town and strict
+quarantine regulations were enforced. Dr. Gschwint (pronounced
+Swint) was appointed health officer.</p>
+
+<p>The elections took place this autumn. Messrs. William Cochran
+and John George Pyke were again returned. The former polled
+104 votes and the latter 346. At this time the electors were
+confined to freeholders only. The franchise was not altered till
+about the year 1836. Mr. Cotnam Tonge, Edward Mortimer,
+Messrs. Fulton and Morris were elected for the county. Only two
+resident in the town succeeded, Tonge and Morris; Wallace,
+Stewart and Hartshorne were rejected by the Pictou votes.</p>
+
+<p>On Saturday, the 11th August, attempts were made by persons
+unknown to set fire to the Dockyard, Government house and the
+engine house. The Governor and Council offered a large reward
+for discovery. A night patrol of militia and inhabitants was
+ordered out under the superintendence of the magistrates.</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. Bernard Michael Houseal, minister of St. George's, in
+the north suburbs, died on the 9th March, this year, in the seventy-second
+year of his age. He was a native of the Duchy of Wurtemberg,
+was educated at one of the German universities, and was
+esteemed a good scholar and a pious minister of religion. He had
+been chosen by the learned consistory of Stuttgart for the ministry
+of the Lutheran Church, and embarked for America in 1752. After
+being several years in the ministry he took charge of a congregation
+of Germans in New York, and came with the Loyalists to Halifax
+in 1783. He was buried in the old German burial ground attached
+to his church in Brunswick Street, and his tombstone remains there.
+Mr. Houseal was succeeded in the Church of St. George by the
+Rev. George Wright, who was also principal of the Halifax Grammar
+School and chaplain to the garrison. The Round Church, in
+Brunswick Street, was at this time only in process of erection and
+was not finished until the year 1811, or thereabouts.</p>
+
+<p>On the 30th October, H. M. Ship Porcupine, Capt. Evans,
+arrived from New Providence, having on board the Duke of Orleans<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">{128}</a></span>
+and his two brothers, the Duke of Montpensier and Count Beaujolie,
+attended by Count Montjoye. They had been waiting for a passage
+to England and had proceeded here in the Porcupine in hope of
+meeting with an opportunity of going to Europe. Finding no
+immediate opportunity to England, they both took their passage in
+a merchant ship for New York. Though considered as prisoners
+on parole, they dined with the Governor, and paid a visit to the
+Duke of Kent at the Lodge. They also attended a public ball at
+Government House on the 17th November. The Duke of Orleans
+was afterwards elected to the French throne as Louis Philippe, King
+of the French, and eventually died in exile in England. After he
+became king, on meeting with several persons from Nova Scotia,
+he very kindly enquired after several gentlemen of Halifax by name
+and spoke with much feeling of the kindness he experienced while
+in Halifax. On arrival he was found to be in very straitened
+circumstances and the Duke of Kent was believed to have given
+him pecuniary assistance to enable the party to proceed on their
+voyage.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Afterwards Sir Dennis George, Baronet. He was father of the late Sir Rupert D.
+George, Secretary of the Province for many years, and of Sir Samuel Hood George,
+who was for a short time member of Assembly for the County of Halifax. Capt. George
+married Miss Cochran, of Halifax.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Baron de Seitz died at Halifax in the following year. He was buried under St.
+Paul's Church with military honors, with his full uniform, sword and spurs, according
+to the ancient custom in Germany when the last Baron of the race dies. His monument,
+a quaint old German performance, may be seen in the east gallery of St. Paul's,
+with his armorial bearings, etc. Among his effects advertized for sale was his diamond
+ring and coach with 3 horses.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> New York was finally evacuated by the British Troops on the 25th November, 1783.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Note.</span>&mdash;Tradition says that the town was then so crowded by refugees and
+soldiers, that the cabooses from the transports were removed from the vessels, and
+ranged along Granville Street in rear of Government House, for the accommodation of
+the people.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> The tower now on Mauger's Beach was not built until about the commencement
+of the present century.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> The locality of this orphan house is uncertain.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> S. W. corner of Sackville and Hollis Streets.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> The House afterwards voted £700 for the cost of the day's entertainments.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Anthony Stewart was a gentleman from the province of Maryland; he was the father
+of the late Judge James Stewart, who married a sister of the late Chief Justice Sir B.
+Haliburton and who died in 1830, and was succeeded on the Supreme Court Bench by
+R. J. Uniacke, junior.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Sheriff Clarke was father of the late David Shaw Clarke, for many years Clerk of
+the Peace, and one of the police Magistrates of the town.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Mr. Marchington was a Loyalist from New York. He commenced business in
+Halifax soon after his arrival, and accumulated a large landed property in the town.
+He owned all the land on the north side of the lane known by his name, leading from
+the ordnance into Argyle Street, since called Bell's Lane, also the wharf adjoining the
+Ordnance yard, long known as Marchington's wharf, afterwards the property of Tim
+Connors. He died at Halifax; he was the grandfather of Major Welsford, killed in the
+Crimean War, whose monument is to be seen in the old English burial ground.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Among these negroes was a coloured preacher, the Rev. John Marrant, who had
+been ordained in London in 1785, as a minister of Lady Huntingdon's connection. He
+laboured among the people of his own colour while in Nova Scotia, and having accompanied
+them to Sierra Leone, officiated among them there for several years. He
+returned to England, and died in 1791.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> John Butler Dight was the nephew and heir of the Hon. John Butler, one of the
+early councillors. Under the will of his uncle, he assumed the name of Butler only and
+was afterwards know as John Butler Butler. He first was engaged in keeping a shop
+in the town; having acquired a fortune by the death of his uncle, he became a member
+of council and obtained a situation in the Commissariat department, after which he was
+removed to the seat of war with the army under Lord Wellington and others. Being
+owner of a large property near Windsor, he came back to Halifax in about 1833, and
+died at Windsor. He was the father of Colonel Edward S. K. Butler of 35th regiment,
+who afterwards settled and died at Windsor.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Note.</span>&mdash;Uncertain as to where the Cornwallis Barracks were situated.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Note.</span>&mdash;Mr. Stewart was the son of Anthony Stewart, before mentioned, a Loyalist
+gentleman from Maryland. He was Solicitor General and afterwards a Judge of the
+Supreme Court. He married a sister of the late Chief Justice, Sir B. Haliburton.
+Judge Stewart's residence was the yellow brick house at the corner of Pleasant Street
+and Morris Street, afterwards the residence of Mr. Alexander Stewart, Master of the
+Rolls, but not related to Judge James Stewart. The late Reverend James Stewart, of
+Dartmouth, was his grandson.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> Among Field's portraits remaining in Halifax, are those of the Hon. Michael
+Wallace, Hon. Wm. Lawson, Hon. Andrew Belcher and Mrs. Belcher, Bishop Charles
+Inglis, Rev. Dr. Archibald Gray and Mrs. Gray, the late Andrew Wright, of the firm of
+Belcher &amp; Wright, and his sister Mary, the Dr. W. J. Almon, and others. That of
+Sir John Wentworth, a full half length, the best performance of Field in this country,
+was removed from the Rockingham to Government House by Sir John after the club
+had been dissolved, and became Government property. It was afterwards removed to
+the Province Building, whence it was taken some years ago, and is said to have fallen
+into private hands, having been either lent or given away by order of one of the
+gentlemen who, some years ago, occupied the office of Provincial Secretary. It is to
+be hoped that ere long it will find its way back to its place in the Building.</p>
+
+<p>That of Commissioner Inglefield, also a member of the club, hung for many years
+over the mantle piece of the committee room of the Legislative Council Chamber, but
+was afterwards presented to the late Admiral Inglefield, father of Sir Edward Inglefield,
+lately Admiral on this station.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">{129}</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2>
+
+<p>1800. At the commencement of the century Halifax presented
+a prosperous condition. The population now approached 9,000.
+Trade was brisk, and the place was enlivened by a large garrison
+and the presence of a Prince of the Blood Royal. The harbor was
+the resort of the fleet and was the principal station of the naval
+commander. The war was at its height and the Prize Court in full
+operation. Several privateers had been fitted out by the merchants
+of the town and captures of French vessels were frequent, though
+the trade of the port occasionally suffered from the French cruisers
+on the coast. Among the captures from the enemy at the time, the
+most remarkable was that of two prizes, one French and one Danish,
+brought in by Captain William Pryor, commander of the Privateer
+Nymph, of Halifax.</p>
+
+<p>Several public buildings were commenced this spring. On the
+5th June the Prince laid the corner stone of the Masonic Hall. His
+Royal Highness was Grand Master of the Masons of Lower Canada,
+and acted for the Hon. Richard Bulkeley, Grand Master of Nova
+Scotia, when age and infirmities prevented him from attending. A
+masonic procession was formed and the ceremony is said to have
+been one of the finest which Halifax ever witnessed. The band of
+the Prince's own regiment, the 7th Fusiliers, performed under the
+direction of Mr. Selby, organist of St. Paul's, one of the craft.</p>
+
+<p>On the 10th April, Sir John Wentworth laid the corner stone of
+the Round Church (St. George's) in Brunswick Street. The
+Legislature this session voted £500 towards its completion. The
+land on which the church was erected had been purchased some time
+previously by the Committee of Superintendence. The design is
+said to have been the work of the late John Merrick and Mr. J.
+Fliegar of the Surveyor General's department, and for some years
+surveyor to Governor Wentworth while Surveyor General of Woods
+and Forests in Nova Scotia. St. George's old church, then known
+as the Dutch Church, was at this time occupied by the congregation<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">{130}</a></span>
+of the north suburbs, many of whom were the descendants of the
+first German settlers. Though always an independent congregation,
+it had been considered part of the parish of St. Paul's, the whole
+Township of Halifax having been originally included in that parish,
+and it continued so until legally erected into a separate parish by
+the name of St. George's parish, under the Act of the Legislature
+passed for that purpose in 1827. The Rev. George Wright was at
+this time minister of St. George's congregation. He had lately
+succeeded Mr. Houseal, who was styled Missionary to the Germans.</p>
+
+<p>A sum of money, as we have seen, had been voted by the
+Legislature for the erection of a Government House. Much
+discussion had arisen in the House of Assembly and with the
+Executive authorities, the funds to be appropriated for
+this purpose, and some difference of opinion existed regarding the
+site for the building. It was finally arranged that it should be
+placed in the field between Hollis and Pleasant Streets, to include
+the site of the old hospital. The corner stone of this edifice was
+laid by the Duke of Kent on the 11th of September. A procession
+was formed which proceeded from the old Government House,
+accompanied by a band of music, and the ceremony was concluded
+by a prayer by the Rev. Doctor Robert Stanser, Rector of St.
+Paul's. Isaac Hildrith was the architect, and John Henderson chief
+mason. No building since erected in Halifax exceeds Government
+House in neatness of design and solidity of workmanship. Some
+of the old brick buildings now remaining in the city were erected by
+Mr. Henderson.</p>
+
+<p>The old market house was taken down this year and the new one
+commenced. This old market occupied the site of the recent City
+Court House. The new one was erected in the open space opposite
+the King's wharf, where the new brick market house now stands.
+It was a flat-roofed wooden building intended to accommodate the
+butchers only. A pitched roof was afterwards put on this building.
+There was a small green market built at the same time next the
+north line of the fuel yard, which was afterwards removed. These
+buildings were erected at the expense of Government, the sum of
+£2,252 having been granted by the House of Assembly to be
+appropriated to the erection of this new meat market, also to the
+repair and extension of the market slip or public landing, and for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">{131}</a></span>
+the fish-market, and, at the same time, £250 was voted to the heirs
+of the late Joseph Gerrish who claimed some interest in a portion
+of the old market house lot. A small piece of ground at the corner
+of the military fuel yard, next to the new market house, was about
+the same time purchased from Mr. Kidston who then occupied it for
+weigh scales and other purposes. The Grand Jury refused to
+accept the grant from the Crown of the old market house lot in the
+way it had been drawn by the Secretary of the province. The
+Council declined to make the alterations in the grant required, and
+concluded that the old building and the lot should remain under the
+control of the Commissioners of Public Markets, and ordered the
+old buildings to be taken down and the ground leased.</p>
+
+<p>In March the House of Assembly was in session. The elections
+of Mr. Tonge for the County and Mr. Pyke for the Town were
+declared void by the House in consequence of some defect in their
+qualifications. On the 9th April following, the new election for the
+town took place, and on the 14th, Andrew Belcher was returned by
+a majority of 65 votes. Mr. Michael Wallace was returned for the
+County. Mr. Tonge, having been also chosen by a country
+constituency, fell back on the double return and retained his seat.
+On the 12th March, the House attended at St. Paul's church in a
+body, when the Rev. Dr. Stanser, then chaplain, preached before
+them.</p>
+
+<p>This summer His Royal Highness the Duke of Kent took his final
+departure from Halifax. The usual addresses were presented by
+the House of Assembly, His Majesty's Council and the people of
+the Town. He embarked in H. M. Ship Assistance on the 3rd
+August, and sailed on the 4th. His embarkation was attended with
+full military ceremony, the troops lining the streets. His Royal
+Highness, accompanied by the Governor and Council and the
+principal Naval and Military Officers, proceeded on foot through the
+avenue formed by the troops to the King's Wharf, whence he
+reached the ship under salutes from the batteries, the artillery corps
+and the ships of war. Several of the old inhabitants not many
+years since recollected the scene, and could describe the feelings
+evinced by the townspeople on the occasion. His tall commanding
+figure in full military uniform, his hat surmounted by the lofty
+white plume, then worn by the fusiliers, could be seen above the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">{132}</a></span>
+heads of the surrounding crowd as he walked down the line with a
+smile of recognition for his friends, on passing them, amidst the
+plaudits of the crowd.<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> Though the Duke exhibited on all occasions
+the most kind temper in civil life, and his manner and conversation
+with those he liked almost amounted to familiarity, yet his sternness
+in military affairs never forsook him. Eleven soldiers had been
+sentenced to death for mutiny and desertion, and had been left by
+the Duke for execution, which was carried into effect under his
+orders a few days after he left our shores. On the 7th August,
+those unfortunates were brought out on the Common, dressed in
+white, with their coffins, accompanied by the Revd. George Wright,
+the Garrison Chaplain, and Doctor Burke, the Roman Catholic
+clergyman, in the presence of the whole garrison. Eight of them
+were reprieved under the gallows, and the three who belonged to
+the Newfoundland Regiment were hanged. Public feeling was
+against the Duke in this affair. It was thought that on the eve of
+his departure he should have granted a remission of the death
+sentence, which, as General Commanding, he had power to do,
+until the King's pleasure should be known. Three executions only
+a day or two after his departure, produced a disagreeable impression
+of His Royal Highness in the minds of the people of Halifax,
+who had just taken leave of him with so much kind feeling.</p>
+
+<p>The Quarter Sessions having authorized the establishment of a
+military exercising ground on the north end of the Common, an act
+for which they had no authority, laid the groundwork of much
+dispute and controversy with subsequent military commanders, who
+on several occasions later undertook to interfere with the City
+authorities in beautifying and improving the Common.</p>
+
+<p>The death of the Hon. Richard Bulkeley, late Secretary of the
+Province, occurred this year; he was in his 83rd year. Mr. Bulkeley
+came to Halifax as Aide-de-Camp to Governor Cornwallis in 1749,
+and had twice administered the Government as Senior Councillor.
+Also that of Anthony Henry, the King's printer. He published the
+Royal Gazette at Halifax for about 40 years. John Howe was his
+successor in the office of King's printer.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">{133}</a></span>
+1801. Early this year it was proposed to establish a bank in
+Halifax by means of a joint stock company whose capital was to be
+£50,000 in shares of £100 each. A committee of management was
+named consisting of Edward B. Brenton, William Forsyth, Foster
+Hutchinson, Lawrence Hartshorne, James Forman, James Fraser
+and Captain John Beckwith. They required a monopoly, which was
+refused them by the House of Assembly, and the project fell through.</p>
+
+<p>The winter of 1800-1801 had been very sickly. Smallpox had
+made its appearance in town early in the autumn, and 182 persons
+had died of it between September, 1800, and the month of February
+following.</p>
+
+<p>Several fires occurred during the winter. Sir John Wentworth's
+stables at the lodge were burned down. The most disastrous fire
+which had occurred in the town for many years took place on the
+5th February, when the block fronting the old Government House
+on Hollis Street was partially destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>On the 13th February this year, the society known as the Sun
+Fire Company was established at Halifax. It was, perhaps, the
+first Fire Company ever instituted in the town. Those known as
+the Ph&oelig;nix Fire Company, the Hand and Hand and the Heart and
+Hand were of a subsequent date. The Sun Fire Company in the
+year 1810, included most of the principal inhabitants of the town.
+Their names will be found in the <a href="#APPENDICES">Appendix</a>.</p>
+
+<p>1802. A considerable outlay of money appears to have been
+made on the streets of the town about this time. The commissioners
+appointed for this purpose were Charles Morris, J. G. Pyke,
+Lawrence Hartshorne, Michael Wallace and William Lyons. The
+expenditure this year on the streets amounted to £930, and in the
+two succeeding years to £696 and £808. The sum of £500 had
+been granted in 1801 towards the expense of paving some of the
+streets; the remainder probably was raised by assessment.</p>
+
+<p>The names of the town magistrates in 1802, were John Newton,
+Custos, Jonathan Binney, Geo. W. Sherlock, J. G. Pyke, Dr.
+Michael Head, W. Taylor, Stephen H. Binney, Jas. Gautier, Wm.
+Cochran, Charles Morris, Junior, Daniel Wood, William Thompson,
+Michael Wallace, Charles Hill, Richard Kidston, P. Marchington,
+Jonathan Tremain, James Clarke, William Schwartz, Hibbert N.
+Binney and John Bremner. These are the Magistrates for the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">{134}</a></span>
+County of Halifax. They all appear to have been residents in the
+town. Lewis M. Wilkins was Sheriff; John Newton and H. N.
+Binney were joint Collectors of the Customs; Daniel Wood,
+Inspector; John Cleveland, Collector of light duties; and John H.
+Fliegar, Gauger. The Firewards of the town were Mr. Pyke, Mr.
+Wallace, Mr. Hill, Mr. Cleveland, Mr. Clarke, William Millet,
+Elias Marshall, Thomas Fillis, Andrew Liddell, John Fillis, Wm.
+Lyons, Thomas Boggs, John Howe and Garret Miller.</p>
+
+<p>The Royal Nova Scotia Regiment on being disbanded this year,
+presented an address to Sir John Wentworth, their Colonel, in
+August. The names of the officers of this Regiment were Lt. Cols.
+Francis Kearney and Samuel V. Bayard,<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> Major Geo. Thesiger,
+Capts. John Solomon, Jones Fawson, Alexander Howe,<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> John
+Allen, William Cox and Joshua W. Weeks, Capt. Lieutenant John
+G. Degreben; Lieutenants Thomas Morris, Otto W. Schwartz,
+Phillip Kearney, Eric Sutherland, George H. Monk, Michael
+Pernette, Charles Rudolf, John C. Ritchie, John Emerson, Timothy
+Ruggles, Richard Green, Isaac Glennie, Hebbert Newton, Thomas
+A. C. Winslow, Alexander Hamilton, Charles W. Solomon and
+John Fraser; Ensigns James Moore, Robert Bayard, Henry Green,
+Thomas Wright, Richard Gibbons; Paymaster Benning Wentworth,
+Surgeon John Fraser.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Wentworth directed his reply to this address from
+"the Lodge."</p>
+
+<p>The population of Halifax had again decreased towards the end
+of the year 1802. The returns of the number of inhabitants in the
+town and on the peninsula were as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="no-b" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="0" summary="">
+<tr><th></th><th>Men.</th>  <th>Women.</th> <th>Boys.</th>  <th>Girls.</th> <th>Total.</th></tr>
+
+<tr align="right"><td align="left">Whites</td>
+<td>1924</td> <td>2489</td> <td>1790</td>
+<td>1669</td> <td>7872</td></tr>
+<tr align="right"><td align="left">Blacks</td>
+<td>96</td>     <td>166</td>    <td>81</td>
+<td>108</td>    <td>451</td></tr>
+<tr align="right"><td align="left">In Naval Yard</td>
+<td>25</td><td>36</td>    <td>27</td>
+<td>27</td>    <td>115</td></tr>
+<tr  align="right"><td align="left">Dutch Village</td>
+<td>15</td>      <td>16</td>    <td>30</td>
+<td>33</td>     <td>94</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td></td><td align="right">Total</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
+<td class="total" align="right">8532</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">{135}</a></span>
+There were 1000 dwelling houses in the town and peninsula. In
+taking the census, the wards of the town were distinguished as
+follows: North Barracks Ward, Pontac Ward, Market House Ward,
+Governor's Ward, Meeting House Ward, South Barracks Ward,
+South Suburbs and North Suburbs.</p>
+
+<p>The sum of £8,900 had been expended by the Commissioners on
+the building of Government House, and but the first story had been
+completed. Much dissatisfaction was expressed in the House of
+Assembly with the course pursued by the Commissioners. Belcher,
+Hutchinson, Cochran and Beckwith had kept no minutes of their
+proceedings. Wallace appears to have had the principal supervision.
+He was censured by the House for having acted without
+the concurrence of those associated with him, and for exceeding the
+limits prescribed him by law. But his zeal and ability were
+commended and no corrupt motives were attributed to him. In
+1804 an additional sum of £2,500 was voted to complete the
+building, a considerable sum having been voted and expended the
+previous year.<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a></p>
+
+<p>Several fires occurred in June which were supposed to be the
+work of incendiaries. It had been proved beyond all doubt that
+buildings in several parts of the town had been set on fire. A
+patrol of militia under Colonel Pyke was ordered to patrol the
+streets from sunset to sunrise, and all suspected persons who could
+not give a good account of themselves at night were ordered to be
+arrested. A reward of £100 was offered for discovery, and several
+arrests were made. A boy who confessed to having attempted to
+set fire to the Dockyard was sent out of the province.</p>
+
+<p>On the 2nd September the 97th regiment arrived in the harbor
+and landed immediately at the King's Wharf. On the 14th the fleet
+arrived from Jamaica under the command of Commodore Baynton,
+consisting of the Cumberland, 74, Bellerophon, 74, Ganges, 74,
+Vanguard, 74, Goliah, 74, Thesis, 74, Elephant, 74 and the
+Pelican, Brig. The 7th regiment embarked shortly after, and the
+town people presented a farewell address to Col. Layard and Lieut.-Col.
+Edwards. In April the Governor and Council were prevailed
+on to grant a press warrant to Capt. Bradley of the Cambrian for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">{136}</a></span>
+ten days in the town to enable him to fill up the number of his crew,
+it being 50 short of its complement.</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. Dr. Burke was at this time Roman Catholic Vicar
+General of Nova Scotia under the Bishop of Quebec; he afterwards
+administered the Episcopal office in Halifax as Bishop of Zion.
+Dr. Burke was a gentleman of education and highly esteemed in the
+community.</p>
+
+<p>The death of a very aged inhabitant, John Murphy, occurred this
+year. He was 90 years of age, and had been one of the first settlers
+of the town. He had acquired a large property in fields in the south
+suburbs, where he kept a large number of cows, and for a great
+many years supplied the principal inhabitants with milk and butter.
+The fields extending northward from Smith's tan yard to the corner
+house formerly occupied by the late Sheriff Sawyer, were known
+formerly as Murphy's fields.</p>
+
+<p>1803. The following is an account of the butchers' meat sold in
+the Halifax market for six months commencing July 1st and ending
+December 31st, 1802.</p>
+
+<table class="no-b" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="0" summary="">
+<tr><th></th><th>Sheep.</th><th>Calves.</th><th>Oxen.</th><th>Pigs.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">July</td><td align="right">785</td><td align="right">264</td><td align="right">157</td><td align="right">&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Aug</td><td align="right">964</td><td align="right">147</td><td align="right">186</td><td align="right">&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Sept</td><td align="right">1409</td><td align="right">91</td><td align="right">273</td><td align="right">21</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Oct</td><td align="right">1017</td><td align="right">85</td><td align="right">224</td><td align="right">76</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Nov</td><td align="right">928</td><td align="right">78</td><td align="right">465</td><td align="right">407</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Dec</td><td align="right">883</td><td align="right">&mdash;</td><td align="right">614</td><td align="right">692</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total</td><td align="right" class="total">5986</td>
+<td align="right" class="total">665</td><td align="right" class="total">1919</td>
+<td align="right" class="total">1196</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The above is exclusive of the meat issued under contract for the
+Navy, but it is to be assumed it included the Army contract.</p>
+
+<p>1804. This spring the House of Assembly recommended that
+the old market house should be taken down and a new building
+erected on the ground for the purpose of a County Court House and
+police office. This was the brick building lately used for city
+purposes. An Act was passed in 1804 with that object.</p>
+
+<p>The trade of the port was much depressed this season by the
+number of captures made by the enemy, and from the low prices
+obtained for fish in the West India market, where the merchants of
+Halifax were undersold by U. S. fishermen.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">{137}</a></span>
+Among the events of the year was the arrival of several
+distinguished prisoners, among whom was General Brunet and
+suite, who put into Halifax on their way to England, having been
+made prisoners at St. Domingo. Governor Wentworth assigned
+them the old Rockingham Inn, near the Prince's Lodge on the
+Basin, as a place of abode while here. They were shortly after
+removed to England.</p>
+
+<p>In the autumn General Boyer, commandant of the garrison,
+undertook to try the metal of the Haligonians by causing a false
+alarm of invasion. The report was spread early in the morning
+that the French were off the harbor. Before 10 o'clock, A.M.,
+about 1,000 militia men were embodied and at their respective
+posts. Two hundred of them were artillery men. The dress
+companies were all in uniform and fully equipped. Among the first
+who appeared on the parade ground with their guns were Parson
+Wright, head master of the grammar school, and the Solicitor
+General, James Stewart, better known as Judge Stewart.</p>
+
+<p>1805. Press warrants were granted by the Council on the 6th
+May to Vice Admiral Sir Andrew Mitchell, then in command of the
+station, for fourteen days. He afterwards demanded an extension
+of his warrant for six months, which was refused by the Council at
+their meeting on the 18th. In their reply to the Admiral they
+mention that the number of seamen engaged in the West India
+trade, etc., had been so reduced by captures, imprisonment and
+other causes that there were not sufficient in the port to man the
+vessels, and that all the seamen to be found in the town would not
+now be enough to meet half the demand for one sloop-of-war in the
+fleet. Moreover, that there were many at the time in French prisons
+whose families were supported by charity in the town. This,
+together with the high rate of wages in the United States, had
+reduced the commerce of the port to the greatest necessity.
+Finally, that the execution of impress warrants on shore were
+attended with much disturbance and annoyance to the laboring
+poor and others not fit for service, and the Council were of opinion
+that it should only be resorted to on the most urgent occasions
+and when advantage from it was to be reasonably looked for.</p>
+
+<p>Mitchell, finding he could not prevail on the Council, undertook,
+in the following October, to send press gangs through the town<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">{138}</a></span>
+without warrant. An armed party of sailors and marines from the
+Cleopatra, frigate, under the command of one or more officers, were
+sent out. The citizens resisted and a riot ensued, which resulted in
+the death of one person and the wounding of several others. One
+of these encounters occurred in the store of Messrs. Forsyth &amp; Co.,
+where a number of merchant sailors had secreted themselves.
+General Wentworth called a meeting of the Council on 23rd
+November, and it was ordered that the Solicitor-General should
+proceed to prosecute all persons belonging to the ships war who
+had been engaged in impressments. The Attorney General, R. J.
+Uniacke, Mitchell's father-in-law, was in England at the time, on
+leave of absence. The Admiral's gang had broken open the store
+of Forsyth &amp; Co. under the pretense of looking for deserters, and
+Sir Andrew defended his conduct under the authority of a warrant
+from the Admiralty, but he was condemned in heavy damages for
+his illegal proceedings.</p>
+
+<p>The town artillery at this time consisted of three companies
+commanded by Captains Charles Morris, Bremner and Fillis, and
+there was another under Capt. McIntosh of Spryfield, which did
+duty at York Redoubt, composed principally of market fisherman
+who were regularly trained to battery exercises. Governor Wentworth
+appears to have been assiduous in his efforts to keep up the
+local defences of the town, and to have placed much reliance on the
+volunteer companies for that purpose.</p>
+
+<p>There was a plentiful harvest this year throughout the whole
+province. Provisions of all sorts were plentiful in the town, so
+much so that the arrival of the fleet and a large export to Bermuda
+and Newfoundland did not augment the prices. The importations
+of flour from the United States, both this and the following year,
+were very extensive.</p>
+
+<p>In October an unfortunate French prisoner named Pierre Paulin
+was executed on the common for the murder of a fellow prisoner.
+The Governor and Council refused to reprieve him.</p>
+
+<p>In December the town was illuminated and other joyful demonstrations
+made by the inhabitants on the news of the Battle of
+Trafalgar.</p>
+
+<p>1806. In the month of February, Lieut.-General Gardner, the
+commandant of the garrison, died at Halifax; his funeral was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">{139}</a></span>
+attended with much military pomp and ceremony. He was buried
+under old St. Paul's Church.</p>
+
+<p>A general election occurred in 1806, when Edward Mortimer
+of Pictou, Simon B. Robie, S. G. W. Archibald and William
+Lawson were returned for the county, and John George Pyke and
+Foster Hutchinson for the town. Cochran, the old member,
+petitioned against Lawson on the ground of qualification.</p>
+
+<p>The Government House remained still unfinished. The sum of
+£4,292 had been expended on the building since the last session,
+which was £2,000 more than had been voted.</p>
+
+<p>On the 29th April Halifax was thrown into alarm by the appearance
+of a number of large vessels in the offing. Signal guns were
+fired from the alarm posts in the harbor, and the military and militia
+were under arms. There was another alarm of French invasion
+on or about the 20th May, when several large vessels were again
+reported off the harbor. The militia of the town were again
+assembled, but the greater part of them were without arms.
+Governor Wentworth had previously made several applications to
+the Imperial Government for arms for the Halifax Militia, but it
+does not appear that much attention was paid to his solicitations.</p>
+
+<p>Among the advertisements which appeared in the Gazette this
+year was notice of a periodical publication to be called the "Nova
+Scotia and New Brunswick Magazine or Historical Library," which
+was offered for sale at the book stores of Messrs. Morrison, Bennet,
+Edmund Ward and William Minns. Morrison kept his book and
+stationer's shop at the corner of Duke and Granville Streets, afterwards
+known as Joseph Robinson's hat store, now owned by Mr.
+Kiezer. He was succeeded in his business by George Eaton, who
+was the principal book seller and stationer in the town for several
+years. This old building, with others along the upper side of Granville
+Street was destroyed by fire about 1827. At this time there was
+a law in existence to prevent persons building wooden houses in the
+town above a certain height. The present wooden building at the
+corner was then erected under this law and did not exceed what by
+measurement was deemed one story and a half. Several stone and
+brick buildings were erected in consequence of this law. That to
+the south of Kiezer's corner occupied by Mr. Simonds and others,
+another in the same block built by the late William Macara,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">{140}</a></span>
+druggist, and the large double three story stone building in
+Barrington Street, nearly opposite St. Paul's, were all erected about
+this time by Mr. Matthew Richardson on the site of the late
+Andrew Belcher's garden. Several old gamble roofed houses, the
+remnant of the first settlement, were destroyed by the above-mentioned
+fire.</p>
+
+<p>On 22nd December, the American Government laid an embargo
+on all vessels within American ports bound to any foreign places,
+and the officers of the Customs throughout the States were directed
+to refuse clearances to all such vessels. This was a great check to
+trade, and Halifax felt the result in the scarcity of provisions and
+particularly of flour, which went up immediately to £5 per bbl.,
+the inhabitants having been in a great measure dependent on the
+States for that article.</p>
+
+<p>A sailor named John Wilson had been taken from the American
+Frigate Chesapeake on charges of mutiny and desertion. He was
+tried in Halifax by Court Martial on board the Flag Ship Belleisle
+on 26th August, condemned and executed 31st. Two other
+seamen were in October following executed on board the Jason,
+Capt. Cochran, for mutiny.</p>
+
+<p>The following list of town officers appointed by the Grand Jury
+for the Town in 1806, will be found interesting:</p>
+
+<table class="left no-b" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="2" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center">Halifax, Nova Scotia,<br />
+March Term.</td>
+
+<td class="smcap vcenter">Court of Quarter Sessions.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The Grand Jury present to the Worshipful Court the following as
+proper persons to serve as Town Officers for the ensuing year, in
+the different offices to which they are named, viz:</p>
+
+<p>William Lyon, County Treasurer; Henry Yeomans, Town Clerk;
+Samuel Muirhead, Stephen Oxley, Clerks of the Market; Richard
+Woodin, Michael Denny, William Hogg, Enoch Wiswell, Surveyors
+of Lumber and Fence Viewers; Joseph Hamilton, James Romans,
+Sealers of Leather; Nicholas Vass, Thomas Adams, Patrick Ryan,
+William Ford, John Knowdie, Frederick Stormy, Surveyors of
+Pickled Fish; Thomas Adams, William Ford, Cullers of Dry Fish;
+Nicholas Vass, William Ford, Frederick Stormy, Gaugers of Oil;
+John Fleigher, Gauger: Henry Shiers, Richard Woodin, William
+Graham, Measurers of Wood; Francis Le'Guire, Measurer of Wood
+and Coals for the Fuel Yard; Richard Woodin, Henry Shiers,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">{141}</a></span>
+William Graham, Measurers of Grain; Richard Woodin, Henry
+Shiers, William Graham, William Hogg, Measurers of Salt and
+Coal; John Brown, William Ford, Cullers of Hoops and Staves;
+James King, Edward King, Weighers of Hay; John Metchler, Surveyor
+of Bricks and Lime; W. G. Forsyth, Lawrence Hartshorne,
+John Sullivan, John William Morris, Hogreaves; John Phelan,
+Pound Keeper; Thomas Stone, John Atkins, John Mansfield, David
+Fletcher, William Shea, George Isles, Peter Laffen, Edward
+Herbert, John Clarke, Richard Munday, Henry Wright, Hugh
+Chisholm, Andrew Bowers, Francis Wade, Alexander Cummings,
+Patrick Tobin, Constables; Jacob Michael, Constable for Dutch
+Town; Peter Shaffro, Constable for Dutch Village; John Mc'Alpin,
+Overseer of Highways for Dutch Village and Pen.; Jacob Bower,
+George M'Intosh, Overseers for Harriot and Spryfields; William
+Adams, Constable for Harriot and Spryfields; Peter Vambolt, John
+Duffeney, Constables for Margaret's Bay; Christopher Boutteleer,
+Overseer of Highways for Margaret's Bay; Frederick Boutteleer,
+Measurer of Cordwood for Margaret's Bay; George Duffeney,
+Fence Viewer for Margaret's Bay; George Mc'Intosh, Overseer of
+Highways from Spryfield to Catch Harbour; William Keys, Overseer
+of Highways from Windsor Road to Gay's River; Robert
+Fletcher, Terence Canty, Constables for the Shubenacadie Fisheries;
+Edmund Bambrick, Jonathan Shelling, George Hiltz, Overseers of
+Roads from Sackville Bridge to the extremity of the County; Jacob
+Haverstock, Overseer of Roads from Nine Mile River to Hammond's
+Plain; George Dunn, George Hiltz, Surveyors of Lumber
+for Nine Mile River to Hammond's Plain and Windsor Road; Colin
+Grant, Christopher Shultz, Robert Anderson, Fence Viewers;
+Christopher Haverstock, Joseph Fielding, Jacob Pentz, Constables
+for Windsor Road and Hammond Plains; Henry Bambrick, George
+Fultz, Hogreaves; John Shultz, George Hershman, Hugh Bambrick,
+Assessors of the County Rates; Henry Miller, Pound Keeper;
+Edward Foster, Surveyor of Highways from Dartmouth Town Plot
+to the Basin; Samuel Hamilton, Constable from Dartmouth Town
+Plot to the Basin; Jon. Tremain, Sr., William Penny, Surveyors of
+Highways, Dartmouth Town Plot; David Larnard, Constable,
+Dartmouth Town Plot; James Munn, Pound Keeper, Dartmouth
+Town Plot; Henry Wisdom, Surveyor of Highways from the Ferry<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">{142}</a></span>
+up the Preston Road to Tanyard; Mark Jones, Constable; John
+Wisdom, Hogreave; Mark Jones, Pound Keeper; George Simpson,
+Surveyor of Highways and Fence Viewer from Tanyard to
+Simpson's; Hugh Ross, Constable; Thomas Settle, Surveyor of
+Highways and Fence Viewer from Simpson's eastward to the new
+bridge; Philip Molyneux, Constable; Timothy Crane, Surveyor of
+Highways for all Preston, and Fence Viewer; John Richardson,
+Constable; Thomas Settle, Surveyor of Lumber and Bark; George
+Horn, Hogreave; John Stewart, Surveyor of Highways from Cole
+Harbour to Turner's; Robert Collins, Surveyor of Highways from
+Turner's to Jones'; Robert Turner, Constable; Peter Mc'Nabb,
+Surveyor of Highways, Eastern Passage; Benjamin Horn, Constable;
+Adam Archibald, Musquodoboit, Surveyor of Roads;
+William Gould, Constable; George M'Leod, Robert Nelson, Fence
+Viewers; Hugh Archibald, Pound Keeper; Archibald Crawford,
+Overseer of Roads for Meagher's Grant; Alex. Grant, Constable
+for Meagher's Grant; Peter Ogilvie, Overseer of Roads from
+Meagher's Grant to George Anderson's; Peter Gordon, Constable
+for Meagher's Grant to George Anderson's; Jacob Bayer, Overseer
+of Roads from Musquodoboit Harbour; John Turple, Constable for
+Musquodoboit Harbour; George Bayer, Overseer of Roads for
+Pitpiswick; George Baker, Constable for Pitpiswick.</p>
+
+<p>March 5, 1806.
+<span style="float:right;">WILLIAM LYON, <i>Foreman</i>.</span></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>On 11th May, 1807, it having been reported to His Majesty's
+Council that the Grand Jury and Sessions had refused to accept a
+grant of the piece of land on which the old Market House stood,
+upon the conditions which had been inserted in the grant, (probably
+on it being vested in Commissioners) the Governor and Council
+refused to alter the grant, and if not accepted by the Session it was
+ordered that the old building be taken down and the ground cleared
+and remain under the control of the Commissioners of Public
+Markets. This was the site on which the late City Court House was
+afterwards erected.</p>
+
+<p>1808. In the month of April, 1808, the new Governor, Sir
+George Provost, arrived to take the place of Sir John Wentworth,
+who was allowed a retiring pension of £500 per annum. He<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">{143}</a></span>
+brought with him the 7th, the 8th and the 23rd Regiments, consisting
+of about 3000 men, with Brigadier General Houghton. The
+Governor came in H. M. Ship Penelope. At six o'clock on the
+same evening of his arrival, he landed at the King's Wharf under a
+salute from the Batteries. Sir John Wentworth was at his villa on
+the Basin&mdash;the Prince's Lodge as it was called&mdash;when his
+successor arrived, and did not receive the official letter announcing
+his appointment until 18 days after the arrival of Sir George
+Provost. On the 13th April, Sir John came to town and the new
+Governor was sworn into office.</p>
+
+<p>It was deemed advisable that some trusty person should be sent
+to the United States to obtain information as to warlike preparations
+then progressing in that country. Mr. John Howe, the
+postmaster at Halifax, was chosen. He proceeded to Boston and
+afterwards visited other parts of the Union. Mr. Howe was again
+dispatched on a second mission late in the fall, and on his return
+made a report to the Lieutenant Governor.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Samuel Hood George, afterwards Sir Samuel, came out with
+Sir George Provost. He was appointed Provincial Secretary, and
+afterwards represented the County of Halifax in General Assembly.
+He was the eldest son of Commodore Sir Denis George, who married
+Miss Cochran of Halifax, and succeeded his father in the Baronetcy.
+This young man died early of consumption, and was succeeded both
+in the Baronetcy and the office of Secretary by his youngest brother
+Sir Rupert D. George, who remained in office until responsible
+government was established in the province.</p>
+
+<p>The ships Milan, Observateur and Centurian were stationed at
+Halifax during the winter. The Centurian was the ship in which
+Lord Anson circumnavigated the globe. She remained in the
+harbour as a receiving and store ship for many years, and was
+broken up at the Dockyard somewhere between the years 1820
+and 1823.</p>
+
+<p>Among the visitors to Halifax this year was the notorious Aaron
+Burr, late Vice President of the United States. He passed under
+an assumed name.</p>
+
+<p>1809. The winter of 1808-9 was remarkably severe. During
+the month of February the cold continued so long that the great
+expenditure of fuel was felt by all classes of the community. Much<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">{144}</a></span>
+distress prevailed among the poor, and large sums of money were
+raised by subscription for their relief.</p>
+
+<p>An expedition had been fitted out at Halifax, under the command
+of Sir George Provost, for the capture of the French Island of
+Martinique. It was composed of the 7th, 8th and 23rd Regiments
+with a Brigade of Artillery. Having succeeded in this enterprise
+they returned to Halifax on the 15th April. The gentlemen of the
+town gave a ball at Mason Hall in honor of their return. Three
+soldiers of the 7th Fusiliers were the only men killed in the expedition,
+the place having surrendered immediately on the attack being
+made. A tablet to the memory of these three soldiers may be seen
+in the gallery of the Round Church in Brunswick Street.</p>
+
+<p>The Harbour was again this year the scene of another of those
+Naval executions, which were performed with so much severity
+during the time of war. A mutiny had occurred, or was supposed
+to have occurred, on board the Columbine on the 1st August, off
+St. Andrews. Four seamen and two marines were found guilty and
+executed on the 18th September. They were afterwards hung in
+chains on Meagher's Beach.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most atrocious cases of piracy and murder on record
+occurred this autumn on the coast to the eastward of Halifax. The
+vessel was the Three Sisters, of Halifax, owned by Jonathan and
+John Tremain, merchants of the town, commanded by Captain John
+Stairs, brother of the late Honorable William Stairs, formerly
+president of the Union Bank. She was on her way from Gaspé
+Bay to Halifax with a cargo of fish. Edward Jordan, who had
+been formerly owner of this vessel or in some way concerned with
+her, took passage for himself and wife and four children with Capt.
+Stairs for Halifax. The following account is taken from a Halifax
+newspaper of 16th October, 1809:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Monday, October 16, 1809.</span>&mdash;The following are the particulars received
+from Capt. Stairs, of the piracy and murder that took place on board the
+schooner Three Sisters, belonging to this place, some account of which we
+gave in our last.</p>
+
+<p>"This most atrocious act of piracy and murder, of which none could be
+guilty but the most diabolical incendiaries in human shape, took place, as
+has been stated, on the 13th ult. off Cape Canso, on the coast of this
+province, on board the schooner Three Sisters, bound and belonging to this
+place from the Bay Cheleaur. Edward Jordan, who has been represented
+as a passenger, and who had some interest in the vessel, appears to have
+been the exciter of this act of barbarity. Jordan having corrupted the
+mate, Kelly, who joined him in effecting his wicked intention, they secured<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">{145}</a></span>
+the arms, and availing themselves of that moment most likely to assist
+their horrid design, which was when Capt. Stairs was below with one of
+his men,<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> shot the other man who was on deck, and taking aim at Capt.
+Stairs through the sky-light with a pistol, wounded him in the face and
+shot the man who was near him in the breast. Capt. Stairs immediately
+ran on deck, where he met Jordan with a pistol in one hand and an ax in
+the other. Capt. Stairs then retreated into cabin and searched for his
+pistols but found them taken from his chest with a sword; finding himself
+destitute of arms he again ascended the deck and saw Jordan giving the
+fatal blow to the man who was on the deck, when he turned from him
+and presented another pistol at Capt. Stairs, which flashed when they
+closed and the pistol in the struggle was thrown overboard. The man
+who had received the wound below having reached the deck, made an
+effort to assist his captain, but in his attempt, from weakness, fell on his
+face, where he was shortly after dispatched with an ax by Jordan. In the
+scuffle Capt. Stairs called upon his mate (Kelly) for assistance, whom he
+perceived was in the act of loading another pistol, but who made him no
+answer. At which time Jordan's wife, a fit companion for so base a
+monster, attacked him with a boat hook which he parried with his arm,
+and after much exertion disengaged himself, and seizing one of the
+hatches, jumped into the sea. The wind blowing a strong breeze, the
+vessel soon left him to his precarious fate, where he remained about three
+hours, when he was taken up by the schooner Eliza Stoddard, of Hingham,
+in an almost lifeless condition from wet and cold."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The vessel was captured and brought into Halifax, and Jordan
+and his wife placed on their trial before a special commission for
+the trial of piracies on the high seas on 15th November. The
+Commission of Judges who sat on this occasion were Lieut.-Gen'l
+Sir Geo. Provost, Vice Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren, Chief
+Justice Blowers; Councillors, Butler, Wallace, Brenton, Hill,
+Uniacke and Morris; Capt. Lloyd, R. N., Capt. Lord James
+Townshend, R. N. and Capt. Simpson, R. N., Sir Samuel Hood
+George, Provincial Secretary, T. N. Jeffery, the Collector of
+Customs. Doctor Cooke, the Admiralty Judge, refused to attend
+because the Commissioners would not allow him precedence of the
+Governor with a veto on the proceedings of the Court. No jury
+was called under this commission. Jordan was found guilty and
+sentenced to be hanged, which sentence was carried into execution
+on the beach some distance below Fresh Water Bridge, and the
+body was afterwards gibbeted on the shore some distance further
+down. The wife was acquitted, and a subscription was raised in the
+town to send her to Ireland. Dr. Burke, the Roman Catholic
+clergyman, Dr. Archd. Gray, minister of St. Matthew's, and Dr.
+Stanser, Rector of St. Paul's, acted as a committee for the purpose.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">{146}</a></span>
+The court assembled again a short time after, for the trial of the
+mate, Kelly, who was convicted, but afterwards pardoned.<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a></p>
+
+<p>This being the 50th year of the reign of King George III, a jubilee
+was celebrated at Halifax on the 23rd October, with great ceremony.</p>
+
+<p>The market slip, the new fish market and meat market were all
+repaired and improved this year at the cost of £571, £500 of which
+had been voted by the Assembly for the purpose. The taxes
+gathered in the town for liquor licenses in 1809 amounted to £1400.</p>
+
+<p>The Fire Insurance Association of Halifax was established on
+24th April, 1809. The first directors were Andrew Belcher, Charles
+Hill, Lawrence Hartshorne, Foster Hutchinson, James Fraser,
+George Grassie and H. H. Cogswell. Mr. J. H. Fliegar was
+secretary and the office was kept in his house in Hollis Street, where
+it continued to be kept for a great many years. He was succeeded
+by Mr. William Newton, at whose death Mr. Tremain was appointed.</p>
+
+<p>Meetings of the Committee on Trade were held during the
+autumn. The Halifax Marine Insurance Company first opened
+their office for business in Water Street, opposite the fuel yard, this
+year. The committee of management were George Grassie, Jesse
+Woodward, Garret Miller, James Kerby, Lawrence Doyle, Lewis E.
+Piers, John Osborne, Thomas Deblois and John Albro'.</p>
+
+<p>Among the merchants of Halifax at this time we find, in addition
+to the above, the names of Wm. Stairs, Wm. Bremner, Hartshorne
+&amp; Boggs, at the old corner of George and Granville Streets,
+Kidston, Dobson &amp; Co., Richard Kenefick, who had lately brought
+out Irish linen goods, Forman &amp; Grassie, Shipping Merchants;
+William Bowie, afterwards a partner of Stephen W. Deblois, and
+who lost his life in a duel with the late Judge Richard Uniacke,
+Alexander Izat, Dry Goods, at corner opposite two pumps, corner
+of Hollis and Duke Streets, now occupied by the People's Bank;
+Martin Gay Black, Dry Goods; Geo. N. Russell, afterwards
+Wallace &amp; Russell, Hardware Merchant, corner of Hollis and
+Prince Streets, now occupied by the Union Bank building; Temple
+and Lewis E. Piers, Ship Chandlery. This firm several years later<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">{147}</a></span>
+purchased the irregular shaped lot adjoining the City Court House
+lately occupied by Stairs, Son &amp; Morrow, removed a range of one
+story buildings or sheds known as the Ratstail, and erected a building
+in which they carried on the ship chandlery business until the establishment
+was purchased by Mr. William Stairs. Henry Austin,
+afterwards a partner with William Stairs in ship chandlery, Water
+Street, south of the fuel yard, and John Owen, shop keeper and
+shipping merchant.</p>
+
+<p>There was a small newspaper, quarto size, called the "Novator"
+established or published at Halifax in 1809 by one James Bagnall
+in Sackville Street. It was not of long continuance.</p>
+
+<p>Jones Fawson was Sheriff of Halifax this year.</p>
+
+<p>From the commencement of the year 1810 until the month of
+April, 1812, there was a constant apprehension of a rupture with
+the United States. The garrison and navy enlivened the town by
+their frequent balls and festivities. The Rockingham Club, before
+mentioned, continued to have their weekly dining on Saturday at
+the old Rockingham Hotel on the Basin. It was then customary
+for the merchants and other principal inhabitants, occasionally to
+give public dinners to the generals, admirals and principal officers
+of both army and navy. These dinners, as well as those of the
+National Societies, were held at the old Mason Hall, that building
+then containing the most spacious and convenient room in the city.</p>
+
+<p>In January, 1811, the merchants of Halifax petitioned the
+King, through the Lieutenant-Governor, to permit the coal mines
+in Nova Scotia to be opened and worked under regulations. A
+proposal was made this year for the formation of a Joint Stock
+Bank. The books for subscription were opened at the office of
+Henry Yeomans, insurance broker, and were first signed on 13th
+February by the Committee of Trade, consisting of William Sabatier,
+Andrew Belcher, John Black, James Fraser, George Grassie, Charles
+R. Prescott and John Pryor. No further proceeding appears to
+have been taken towards this object.</p>
+
+<p>Much suffering as usual among the poor prevailed this winter. A
+society for the relief of the poor had been formed, which distributed
+during the year ending 9th February, 1811:</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">{148}</a></span></p>
+
+<table class="no-b2" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="2" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">285 cords wood which cost</td><td align="right">£994</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">860 lbs. sugar</td><td align="right">49</td> <td align="right">15</td> <td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">111 <span class="pad-lr">"</span> tea</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">702 <span class="pad-lr">"</span> rice</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">236 <span class="pad-lr">"</span> flour</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1560 loaves bread to 255 persons</td><td align="right">36</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+
+<tr align="right"><td></td><td class="total">£1079</td>
+<td class="total">15</td>
+<td class="total">6</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Eighty-four persons in distress, with their families, and others,
+in Halifax, Preston, Dartmouth, Chezzetcook, Windsor Road and
+Lawrencetown, with several families in Digby and Shelburne, were
+relieved at the time from the same funds.</p>
+
+<table class="no-b" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="0" summary="">
+<tr><td>Subscriptions raised for the above purposes</td><td align="right">£255</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Donations from individuals, &amp;c.</td><td align="right">384</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="right" class="total">£639</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The committee in charge of this fund and its distribution were
+Edwd. B. Brenton, Revd. Robert Stanser, Revd. Archibald Gray,
+W. J. Almon, M. D., Hibbert N. Binney, John Lawson, Treasurer.</p>
+
+<p>On Wednesday the 19th February, a public fast was proclaimed
+throughout the Province, which was observed at Halifax, with due
+solemnity.</p>
+
+<p>Two fires occurred this year, one at Commissary Buildings on
+Hollis Street, the spot on which the Bank of Nova Scotia stands, on
+18th April, and the other at Bellemont, Mr. John Howe's residence
+at the North West Arm, on 6th May. Both buildings were saved.</p>
+
+<p>The office of the Nova Scotia Marine Insurance Company was
+kept by Henry Yeomans, broker, of the Company. A new Marine
+Insurance Office had been started in February; George Grassie was
+Chairman of the Committee of Management, and John Bonnett was
+Secretary.</p>
+
+<h3 class="smcap">The Province Building.</h3>
+
+<p>Decisive measures were adopted this session by the Legislature for
+the erection of a building for the accommodation of the legislative
+bodies, the courts of law and the public offices, on the site of
+the old Government House on Hollis Street. Commissioners
+were appointed and plans and elevations prepared or procured by
+Mr. John Merrick. Chief Justice Blowers, Mr. Speaker Wilkins
+and Judge Hutchinson has the planning of the interior arrangements,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">{149}</a></span>
+and George Grassie, Winkworth Allen and John Merrick were the
+commissioners to erect the building. Mr. Richard Scott was
+the builder employed to conduct the work. The building was fully
+completed and finished, ready for the sittings of the Courts and
+Legislature, in 1820, at the cost of £52,000.</p>
+
+<p>A new steeple and an addition of 16 feet to the northern end was
+added to old St. Paul's Church this year, at the cost of £1000,
+granted by Government, £500 from a fund known as the Militia
+Arms Fund, and the remainder from funds arising out of the forfeited
+estate of one Jonathan Clarke. Hibbert N. Binney and H. H.
+Cogswell were the churchwardens. Their advertizement for tenders
+for the work appears in the Gazette. The sum of £500 from the Arms
+Fund was at the same time granted to St. George's Church towards
+finishing the interior of that building. These works were commenced
+this year, but were not finished until late in 1812. But one capital
+criminal conviction is recorded in 1811, that of one Sarah Wilson
+for burglary. She was sentenced to death, but afterwards reprieved.</p>
+
+<p>On the 27th May the sloop of war, Little Belt, Capt. Bingham,
+arrived from a cruise. She reported having fallen in with the
+United States frigate, President, by whom she was fired into, and
+had sixteen men killed and twenty-one wounded, and the rigging of
+the ship much cut up. The two nations being at peace at the time,
+the affair caused much excitement in Halifax. Explanations were
+offered on the part of the Captain and Officers of the U. S. frigate,
+which only tended to show the bitterness of feeling which shortly
+afterwards manifested itself in open hostilities. Early this season
+non-intercourse was established between the United States and Great
+Britain.</p>
+
+<p>Sir George Provost was now appointed to the chief command in
+Canada. The inhabitants of Halifax presented a congratulatory
+address on his promotion on the 19th August. He sailed for
+Quebec on the 25th, and Sir John Cope Sherbroke, his successor,
+arrived with his family from England on 16th October following in
+the ship Manilla.</p>
+
+<p>On 26th September a poll was opened by Capt. Jones Fawson,
+then Sheriff, for the election of two members for the town and four
+for the county. John Pryor, John Geo. Pyke and William H.
+Taylor were nominated; the latter retired and the two first were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">{150}</a></span>
+declared elected. The four old members for the county were
+returned. Mr. William Sabatier was nominated but afterwards
+retired from the contest.</p>
+
+<p>The merchants of Halifax, on 20th July, petitioned the Governor
+respecting the state of trade, etc., stating that they were agreed to
+take gold and silver coins at the following values, viz: A Guinea,
+£1 3 4, Halifax currency; a Johannes, at £4; a Doubloon, at
+£3 17 6; an Eagle, at £2 10; the old French Guinea, at £1 2, and
+all the other decimal parts of the same coins at a proportional
+value; English and old French Crowns, at 5s. 6d; Spanish Dollars,
+(including those which heretofore passed current at 4s.) at the rate
+of 5s. At this time British silver was unknown at Halifax&mdash;Spanish
+silver was the current coin. It came up from the West
+Indies and Spanish America in the course of trade, and the British
+Government found it more convenient for various reasons to pay
+their troops stationed here in Spanish silver than to import British
+coin for that purpose.</p>
+
+<p>The names attached to this petition were William Bowie, Garret
+Miller, Starr &amp; Shannon, Charles Loveland, Moody &amp; Sinclair,
+Alexander McDonald, William A. Black, Martin Gay Black, John
+Albro, Charles Boggs, Henry Ford &amp; Co., Henry Austin, Michael
+Forrestall, Jonathan and John Tremaine, John W. Pyke, Matthew
+Richardson, Richard Tremain, Samuel Head, M. D., Kidston,
+Dobson &amp; Telford, H. Taylor, John Liddell &amp; Co., Capel Hines,
+Jas. Ewing, George W. Mitchell, Prescott Lawson &amp; Co., James
+Fraser, Winkworth Allen, Smith &amp; Thom, Scaiffe &amp; Baine, R. Lyon,
+Sr., Andrew Belcher, Forsyth, Black &amp; Co., Lawrence Hartshorne,
+Charles Hill, Forman Grassie &amp; Co., John Lawson, James Leaver,
+William Minns, John Osborne and John Owen.</p>
+
+<p>A proposition concerning some alteration in Water Street, near
+the Ordnance Yard, was made by Captain Gustavos Nichols of the
+Royal Engineers. It was understood that the town would not agree
+to the proposal unless the Military authorities surrendered a road
+in continuation of Hollis Street, southward. The subject had been
+mooted for a long period previous to this time, but no arrangement
+could be agreed on between the military and the town authorities.
+Captain Nichols' letter makes an offer according to the plans therein
+enclosed. This letter and plans are not now forthcoming among<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">{151}</a></span>
+the City or Provincial Records, and therefore the particulars of the
+proposition made by the Engineer Department cannot now be
+understood. Copies of these plans may possibly exist at the
+Lumber Yard and Engineers' office.</p>
+
+<p>On the 17th March, the Irish Society celebrated the anniversary
+of St. Patrick this year by a dinner at Mason Hall, which was
+attended by the Governor, General Balfour, Commissioner Inglefield,
+Judge Croke, the Captains of the Navy in port and the Staff
+of the Garrison, etc. The Hon. Charles Morris was President,
+and Samuel Hood George, afterwards Sir Samuel, was Vice. The
+dinner was at five o'clock, the fashionable hour in those days. The
+Governor and principal guests retired at nine. The rest of the
+company sat late, but the utmost harmony and good feeling
+prevailed. These national festivals were better attended in those
+days, when no political animosities existed to disturb the harmony of
+the good people of Halifax.</p>
+
+<p>On the 11th May, there was a public examination of the Halifax
+Grammar School under old parson Wright&mdash;a ceremony in which
+the inhabitants at this period took much interest. On this occasion
+Mr. Edward Monk, son of Judge Monk, took the first prize; Lewis
+M. Wilkins, the late Judge, won the second, and the third was
+given to James Bailey, and the fourth to Edward Fairbanks, a
+brother of S. P. Fairbanks, Esq., and of the late Judge Charles R.
+Fairbanks, Master of the Rolls.</p>
+
+<p>A Company was formed this year, in Halifax, for prosecuting the
+codfishery. The managers were John Lawson, Henry H. Cogswell,
+William Pryor, Garret Miller, John Brown, John William Morris
+and Charles Loveland. A large capital was raised in shares of
+£50 each.</p>
+
+<p>On the 20th November, the fleet sailed for Bermuda, consisting
+of the Flag Ship of Admiral Sawyer, the Spartan and Melampus,
+Frigates; the Atalanta, Ratler and Indian, Sloops-of-War.</p>
+
+<p>At the commencement of the year the following Ships of War,
+under the command of Sir John Borlase Warren, were on this
+station, viz.: Swiftsure, 74; Guerriere, 40; Melampus, 36;
+Æolus, 39; Cleopatra, 32; Euridice, 24; Little Belt, 22; Halifax,
+18<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a>; Indian, 18; Emulous, 18; Atalanta, 18; Colibre, 18; La<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">{152}</a></span>
+Fantome, 18; Plumper, 12 and the schooners Vesta, Juniper, Holly,
+Barbare, Bream, Cuttle and Chub. The old Centurian was the
+receiving ship; she remained for many years off the dockyard. The
+Pyramus was afterwards used as a receiving ship for the fleet lately
+sold and broken up; she was an old-class 50 taken from the Danes
+at the capture of Copenhagen.</p>
+
+<p>The Eighth and Ninety-eighth British regiments, the Nova Scotia
+Fencible Infantry, with a battery of Artillery and a company of
+Engineers composed the Garrison of Halifax. Captain Philip Van
+Cortlandt was Town Major, and Stephen Hall Binney, Barrack-master.
+The former was succeeded by Lieutenant John McColla as
+Town Major, who resided in Halifax for a number of years, and
+was Adjutant General of the Provincial Militia. Major-General
+Balfour<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> commanded the Garrison. Captain J. N. Inglefield,
+R. N.,<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> was Commissioner of the Dockyard, and Mr. P. F. Wallis,
+first clerk. Mr. W. was father of Admiral Sir Provo Wallis, who
+distinguished himself in the action of the Shannon and Chesapeake.</p>
+
+<p>A Marine Humane Society existed at Halifax in 1811. Their
+drags, for the recovery of drowned persons, were advertised as
+being lodged in the respective stores of Hon. And. Belcher, John
+Pryor, John Brown, Samuel Muirhead and John Starr.</p>
+
+<p>The 30th September was marked by a severe gale of wind from
+the S. E., by which many of the wharves in the town were ripped
+up and much damage done to the shipping in the harbour and along
+the coast.</p>
+
+<p>The year terminated by a proclamation opening the Port of
+Halifax to vessels of neutrals. The proclamation bears date the
+24th December.</p>
+
+<p>Among the deaths recorded this year was that of James Gautier,
+Esq., for many years clerk of His Majesty's Council and keeper of
+the public records in the Secretary's office. He died poor. The
+Legislature voted £30 to defray the expenses of his funeral. He
+left no family.</p>
+
+<p>The principal retail merchants in the town at this time were
+Martin Gay Black, Smith &amp; Thom, Carret &amp; Alfort at the corner<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">{153}</a></span>
+lately occupied by Messrs. Duffus; John Liddell &amp; Co., H. Ford,
+McDonald &amp; Co., Robert Lyon, W. Bremner, John Lawson,
+Kidston, Dobson &amp; Telford, Scaiffe &amp; Bain, Thomas Heaviside,
+James Fraser, Arthur Brymer, all Dry Goods&mdash;Moody &amp; Sinclair,
+C. &amp; R. Hill &amp; Co., Red store, road leading to Dockyard, Thomas
+Leaver and William Remmington, all Auctioneers, William Minns
+and Geo. Eaton, Stationers. Mr. Minns occupied the old building
+in Barrington Street below the Parade, opposite Dalhousie College,
+where he died about 1825. He conducted a paper called the
+Weekly Chronicle for above 20 years. Windham Madden and
+William Conroy kept Livery Stables.</p>
+
+<p>1812. Orders had been issued early this season to put the Forts
+in repair; the works on the Citadel Hill having again fallen into a
+dilapidated condition. Captain Nichols, commanding the Royal
+Engineers, made an elaborate report, and operations were commenced
+forthwith under his superintendence. The United States
+had now declared war. Commodore Rogers, in command of an
+American Squadron, had fallen in with the British Frigate Belvidere,
+36 guns. She sustained the attack for two or three hours and at
+length got off with the loss of several of her crew killed, the Captain
+and 22 wounded. The Belvidere came into the harbor on the 27th
+June, and on the following evening a special dispatch arrived from
+the Governor of New Brunswick with intelligence of the Declaration
+of War. Sir John immediately made the necessary arrangements
+for calling out the militia. All able-bodied men between 18 and 50
+were to be billetted for service and a portion of them to be immediately
+embodied. This was arranged by Order in Council dated
+28th June. The Belvidere, after she had escaped from the
+American Squadron, captured three American merchant vessels
+which she brought in with her. Halifax being the headquarters of
+the Naval force under Admiral Warren, who had upwards of 60
+pendants under his command, prizes now began to be brought into
+port. The Court of Admiralty under Judge Croke was in active
+operation, and the newspapers of the day appear filled with advertizements
+of sales of prizes and prize goods. Cartels frequently
+came and went between Halifax and the American ports for the
+exchange of prisoners. With all this bustle of business money
+became plenty, and the foundations of small fortunes began to be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">{154}</a></span>
+laid by the Crown lawyers and the prize agents. The presence of a
+large army and navy caused much dissipation in the town. Festivities
+of all kinds prevailed. Subscription assemblies at Mason Hall
+were kept up during the winter under the management of Mr.
+Jeffery, Collector of the Customs, Capt. Brenton, of the navy, and
+Lieut.-Col. Robertson, of the garrison. Dinner parties at Government
+House, and balls and levies on state days, with the frequent
+rejoicings on the news from time to time of the success of the
+British Armies, both in Europe and America, completed the round
+of Halifax festivities.</p>
+
+<p>The capture of the British ship Guerriere, a first class frigate
+commanded by Capt. Dacres, belonging to the Halifax squadron,
+by the Americans, in August, caused much talk and excitement
+throughout the community. Capt. Dacres, a young and inexperienced
+officer, it was thought had surrendered too early to the enemy.
+He had only left the harbor a short time when he lost his ship.</p>
+
+<p>In July, a press warrant was granted to Rear Admiral Sawyer
+for 48 hours. Desertions from the navy were frequent and large
+offers were reported to have been made by the enemy for such
+able seamen as would come over to the American navy. The
+Commander-in-Chief, in consequence, found it necessary to publish
+a proclamation at Halifax offering the King's pardon to all who had
+deserted, on their returning to their duty. Letters of Marque
+against the Americans were ordered in Council on 31st July, and
+all vessels were prohibited from leaving the port without special
+license, for the space of one month.</p>
+
+<p>The old Halifax Artillery Company was at this time a very
+popular corps, and included many of the young merchants as well as
+tradesmen of the town. It was at one time supposed that the
+property owned by those whose names were on its roll comprised no
+small part of the wealth of our town.</p>
+
+<p>An Act of the Legislature was passed this year regarding that
+part of the public road or highway which leads from Fort Massey
+to the exercising ground on the Commons. His Majesty's service
+required that this piece of road should be enclosed for the purpose
+of enlarging the Artillery Park. It was therefore enacted that
+when the officers of His Majesty's Ordnance should have laid out a
+new road agreeable to the plan submitted to His Excellency Sir<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">{155}</a></span>
+John Cope Sherbrooke, and filed in the Surveyor General's office,
+measuring fifty feet in breadth, through the field of John George
+Pyke, and shall have procured a release from Mr. Pyke, and shall
+have completed said new road, that the Engineer should take in 310
+feet in length of that part of said road which now leads from Fort
+Massey to the exercising ground on the Common, forever for the
+Ordnance Department at Halifax. The new road to be substituted
+therefor.</p>
+
+<p>1813. The arrival of DeWatteville's regiment of Germans in
+May on their way to reinforce the army at Quebec, and of the
+American ship Volante with a valuable cargo and mounting 21 guns
+taken by H. M. Brig Curlew, Capt. Michael Head,<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> and the
+accession of the 64th Regiment to the strength of the garrison were
+the chief events during the spring of 1813.</p>
+
+<p>On Sunday morning, the 6th, June, the inhabitants of Halifax
+were surprised by the arrival of His Majesty's Ship Shannon, Capt.
+Broke, with her prize the United States Frigate Chesapeak, Capt.
+Lawrence. The engagement which was said to be the result of a
+challenge on the part of Capt. Broke, took place off Boston Harbor
+a very short time after the Shannon left Halifax. The enemy
+surrendered after about 20 minutes fighting. Capt. Broke ran his
+ship in upon the Chesapeak, and captured her with his boarding
+party who, "rushing upon the enemy's deck, carried away everything
+before them with irresistible fury." Capt. Lawrence, and
+his First Lieutenant, Ludlow, were killed; the latter died at Halifax
+on the 13th June. The engagement was one of the most bloody on
+record. The Shannon had 30 men killed and 57 wounded, and the
+Chesapeak 74 killed and above 100 wounded, all within the short
+space of little more than fifteen minutes. When the ships came up
+the harbor the decks were being swabbed and the scuppers ran quite
+red. Numbers of the inhabitants of the town put off in boats and
+visited the ships. Though the bodies of the slain had been nearly
+all removed from sight, yet the marks of the slaughter were terribly
+conspicuous. Mr. Provo Wallis, a Halifax man, one of the Lieutenants
+of the Shannon, brought in the prize. He received his
+promotion as Commander soon after, and later became a full
+Admiral and Knight Grand Cross of the Bath. On the 8th, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">{156}</a></span>
+funeral of Capt. Lawrence took place. The body was landed under
+minute guns from the ships and the procession proceeded from the
+King's Wharf to the old English Burial Ground attended by an
+immense concourse of people. The coffin was covered by the
+U. S. colours and six British Post Captains bore the pall. The
+34th Regiment formed the firing party. The officers of the garrison,
+His Majesty's Council, the principal civil officers and heads of
+departments, and all the officers of the navy in port followed in
+procession, the American officers walking next the coffin.</p>
+
+<p>On the 10th August, following, an American Brig with a flag of
+truce arrived for the bodies of Capt. Lawrence and Lieutenant
+Ludlow, which were taken up and carried to their native country.
+That of Capt. Lawrence lies in the yard of Trinity Church, Broadway,
+New York, where his tomb is to be seen on the left of the
+entrance.</p>
+
+<p>A memorial of the merchants of Halifax, numerously signed, was
+presented to the Colonial Secretary through the Governor, complaining
+of the permission of American vessels to resort to the
+British West Indies, and of the right of fishery conceded to the
+Americans by the Treaty of 1783, and praying that the interests of
+Nova Scotia might be considered in any future negotiations. Among
+the principal signers were William Sabatier, John Black, John
+Pryor, Geo. Grassie and Enos Collins. At this time the English
+Government was very jealous of British Colonial rights, and was
+ready to fight in their defence.</p>
+
+<p>The town and its vicinity had for the last two years abounded
+with French prisoners of war. Those taken from American prizes
+now increased the throng. A prison had been erected at Melville
+Island, at the head of the North West Arm, for their accommodation,
+and soon became crowded. Many of the French sailors
+were ingenious workers in wood and bone, and made articles of use
+as well as ornament, which they sold to the numerous visitors who
+were freely permitted access to Melville Island. It was the favorite
+resort of the young people on Sundays and holidays, where a
+pleasant hour could be passed in conversing with the French prisoners
+and examining their toys. The French naval officers were on
+parole of honor, and resided in Dartmouth and Preston. They
+spent their time chiefly in field sports, occasionally visiting Halifax,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">{157}</a></span>
+where they mixed freely in society. M. Danseville, the Governor
+of St. Pierre and Miquelon, resided in the house near Preston lately
+owned by the Hon. Michael Tobin, known as the Brook House,
+where he entertained his friends with great politeness and hospitality.
+Many of the French prisoners were permitted to come to town
+and work for the inhabitants. A number of our own Halifax
+people were at this time languishing in French prisons. The sum
+of £130 sterling was subscribed in Halifax for their relief, and
+remitted to England in the month of July of this year.</p>
+
+<p>Great quantities of prize goods were sold at auction this year,
+taken principally from American vessels. The American trade was
+terribly cut up by the British cruisers. On one occasion we find
+advertised for sale at public auction by order of the Court of Vice-Admiralty,
+dated 19th March, twelve full-rigged ships, eight brigs,
+seven schooners and ten or twelve small vessels, with their cargoes.</p>
+
+<p>On 7th September, the merchants of Halifax petitioned the
+Governor and Council for permission to export to the States
+portions of the prize goods as being particularly adapted to the
+American market. The following names, among others, appear
+attached to this petition: John Lawson, Temple F. &amp; Lewis E.
+Piers,<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> Jas. Forman, Samuel Head, M. D., Hartshorne, Boggs &amp;
+Co., James and Michael Tobin, James Hamilton, Roy Leslie &amp; Co.,
+Carrett &amp; Alport, Scaiffe &amp; Bain, G. Grassie, James Ewing,
+William Annand, Matthew Richardson, William Phillips, James
+Russell, Miles W. White, Smith &amp; Thom, John Brown, W. H.
+Reynolds &amp; Co., Harding &amp; Hill, A. McDonald, Henry Ford,
+Stephen W. DeBlois &amp; Co., Wm. Bremner, John Moody &amp; Co.,
+Collins &amp; Allison,<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> Henry Austin, William Stairs, Richard Tremain
+&amp; Co., G. N. Russell, Jonathan &amp; John Tremain.</p>
+
+<p>On the 7th September, Sir Borlase Warren with his fleet arrived
+in Halifax Harbor in eight days from the Chesapeake. The fleet
+consisted of the St. Domingo, 74 guns, Diadem, 64, Diomede, 50,
+Junon, 38, Romulus, 36, Success, 32, Fox, 32, Nemesis, 28,
+Loupcervier, 18, Mariner, 15, Highflyer, 10, and several transports.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">{158}</a></span>
+The following passage from Murdoch's history affords a lively
+picture of the condition and aspect of Halifax at this period, drawn
+no doubt, in some measure from his personal recollection:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>"The effects of the war upon the people of Halifax were very marked.
+Our harbor had become the temporary home of the ships of war, and
+the place where their prizes were brought and disposed of. Our youths
+were eager to participate in the path that seemed to lead by a few steps
+to honor, glory, and fortune; and indeed when it is borne in mind
+that several Halifax lads rose to be admirals, we can hardly wonder at
+the school-boys' desire to wear the white stripe on his collar, and the
+ivory-handled dirk that indicated his authority to command men. The
+little capital, then occupying a restricted space, became crowded. Trade
+was active, prices rose. The fleet increasing, provisions were in great
+demand, and this acted as a large bounty in favor of the agriculturist
+and the fisherman. Rents of houses and buildings in the town were
+doubled and trebled. A constant bustle existed in our chief streets,
+cannon were forever noisy; it was a salute of a man-of-war entering or
+leaving, practising with guns or celebrating something or somebody.
+There is another side to this picture which must not be omitted. The
+moral condition of the town had become dreadful in the extreme. Eight
+or ten thousand soldiers, sailors, and prisoners of war let loose in a little
+town of less than 10,000 inhabitants can well be imagined."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>The upper streets were full of brothels; grog shops and dancing
+houses were to be seen in almost every part of the town. A
+portion of Grafton Street was known under the appellation of Hogg
+Street from a house of ill-fame kept by a person of that name.
+The upper street along the base of Citadel Hill between the north
+and south barracks was known as "Knock him Down" Street in
+consequence of the number of affrays and even murders committed
+there. No person of any character ventured to reside there, nearly
+all the buildings being occupied as brothels for the soldiers and
+sailors. The streets of this part of the town presented continually
+the disgusting sight of abandoned females of the lowest class in a
+state of drunkenness, bare headed, without shoes, and in the most
+filthy and abominable condition.</p>
+
+<p>The Acadian School was this year established by Walter Bromley,
+Esq., on the Lancaster system. It was intended chiefly for the
+instruction of the poor. Mr. Bromley had been paymaster of the
+23rd Fusiliers, and having retired from the army while that regiment
+was in garrison at Halifax, devoted all the energy of his philanthropic
+mind to the amelioration of the condition of the poor. He
+first opened his school on 13th January, 1814 in the old building in
+Argyle Street, then lately used as a theatre for amateur performers,
+where he held Sunday school for poor children of all denominations<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">{159}</a></span>
+and had a large class of blacks, both children and adults, to whom
+he devoted particular attention. Many colored men and women
+who afterwards became valuable servants, and some of whom
+entered into business in Halifax, owed their success and subsequent
+christian life to the exertions of Mr. Bromley. His labors to
+improve the condition of the Mic-mac Indians will be remembered
+by not a few individuals now living. His house was open to them
+at all times, where those who were not addicted to the habitual use
+of spirits were hospitably treated, clothed and furnished with means
+of following their hunting and other occupations. This continued
+until he left the country. The old play house having fallen into
+decay, the present stone building was erected on its site in 1816
+and apartments for Mr. Bromley were therein provided. A printing
+press which had been established by him at the Acadian School
+became the means of disseminating his views regarding education
+throughout the province, and his little pamphlets, entitled Appeals
+to the People of Great Britain on behalf of the Indians of Nova
+Scotia, were very forcible and touching. The first edition of
+T. C. Halliburton's history of Nova Scotia was issued from
+Bromley's press in 1824. When Bromley left Halifax in 1828, the
+poor lost a true friend and the Indians their chief patron.</p>
+
+<p>Halifax was visited by a great gale of wind in the autumn of
+1813. The Gazette of the 19th November says:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>"On Friday evening last, a most tremendous gale, or rather hurricane
+from the south-east, rushed up the harbor with such destructive violence
+as has not been witnessed since the tornado which happened in September,
+1798. The lapse of little more than one short hour left but few
+vessels at their anchors and of those scarcely one that had not sustained
+material injury. Its utmost fury being felt about dead low water, less
+damage was sustained by the wharves and stores than might otherwise
+have been expected, but several shallops and small craft were sunk, and
+many others wrecked and torn by the sea. H. M. Ships St. Domingo,
+Hogue, Maidstone, two brigs and a schooner were driven on shore.
+Fourteen other men of war, including small ones, suffered by vessels
+being driven against them. The Barossa, Diadem and the old Centurian
+suffered least. There were forty-six merchant vessels, transports and
+prizes, all large vessels except about seventeen, stranded; most of them
+having been got off again. Twenty-four, including store ships and transports,
+suffered more or less injury, and a brig, a transport and one or two
+sloops sank and were totally lost. Several schooners were sunk at
+Prospect, and two large vessels were reported overset off the harbor. A
+number of lives were lost during the gale, and many seamen badly hurt
+on board the ships of war."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">{160}</a></span>
+Among the deaths recorded this year was that of James Creighton,
+Esq.,<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> in his 81st year. He was the son of one of the settlers who
+came with Governor Cornwallis in 1749, and had acquired a large
+property in the neighborhood of the town which was inherited by
+his son who was the ancestor of the family of that name now in the
+city. The fields in the north suburbs adjoining the common were
+for many years known as Creighton's fields; long since laid off into
+building lots, including the streets known as Maynard Street,
+Creighton Street and Bauer Street, etc.</p>
+
+<p>The death of Sir Samuel Hood George, Provincial Secretary of
+the Province, took place this year in England, where he went for
+the benefit of his health. He died of consumption in the 24th year
+of his age.</p>
+
+<p>In the month of January, 1813, a murder was committed on the
+Market Wharf, which caused considerable excitement in the town.
+About 7 o'clock on Monday evening, January 25th, five soldiers,
+having had some dispute with the shallop men on the wharf,
+attacked them with their bayonets and badly wounded four men,
+Frederick and Henry Publicover, Cornelius Uhlman and George
+Teele. The main guard from the King's Wharf being called out,
+three of the soldiers were secured. Henry Publicover died of his
+wounds and the Coroner's Jury brought in a verdict of wilful
+murder against some persons unknown. One of those who had
+been apprehended, a young soldier named Oliver Hart, was tried
+and convicted of the murder at the Easter term of the Supreme
+Court, but was afterwards pardoned by the Governor. Much
+dissatisfaction existed in the community in consequence of the
+termination of this affair.</p>
+
+<p>In the month of March the crew of a Spanish schooner, the
+Serifina, was brought into Halifax. They had killed six of their
+fellow-sufferers upon the alleged necessity of saving their own lives
+by subsisting on the flesh of those they killed. Investigations were
+entered into, the result of which does not appear.</p>
+
+<p>The Commissioners of Streets for the town were appointed on the
+12th May. They consisted of James Forman, John Albro, Michael<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">{161}</a></span>
+Tobin, Frederick Major, James Fraser and John Allen. The three
+former remained in office until about 1829 or 1830, when a new
+system was inaugurated under the management of H. H. Cogswell
+and others. Matthew Forrester was the Overseer and Superintendent
+of Streets under the Commissioners for many years. The old
+Commissioners, a short time before their retirement, undertook to
+remove all obstructions to side paths; many old houses stood on
+banks with cellar doors projecting into what was supposed to be
+part of the street. Others again were approached by flights of
+steps, all of which were removed to the detriment of many buildings
+in the suburbs. At this time the town was adorned in many places
+by ranges of trees in the sides of the streets. St. Paul's Church
+was surrounded by large old willow trees; a range of fine old
+willows extended from William Pryor's corner down the eastern
+side of Hollis Street past the Lumber Yard Gate. A fine range of
+willows of less dimensions also ran along that part of Argyle Street
+between the late H. H. Cogswell's stone house and the residence of
+the late R. J. Uniacke, since sold for a country market. Again in
+Poplar Grove, and the old Grenadier fort house which stood on the
+site of the present Trinity Chapel in Jacob Street, on both sides of
+Brunswick Street, particularly on the east side, there were several
+fine clusters of Lombardy poplar trees of gigantic size, several
+being in front of the residence of James Kirby. There were also
+some fine trees in other parts of the town. These were all cut
+down without mercy by Mr. Forrester, under the directions of the
+Commissioners before the year 1830, and the lower stairs of a number
+of buildings were buried in levelling the streets. Albermarle and
+Grafton Streets were at this time in a very rough condition, particularly
+the former, where banks of earth and stones were to be seen
+in the centre of the street, sufficient in some places to obstruct
+carriages. These were removed by the new Commissioners.</p>
+
+<p>The town was at this time supplied with water by public wells
+and pumps in various parts of the town. A pump stood at the
+north end of the Province Building Square, in George Street, known
+as Black's pump; another at the south end of the square; another,
+known as the White pump, stood in the centre of Prince Street,
+where it is crossed by Albermarle Street; this was one of the last
+to be removed. There were two known as the Sisters at the corner<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">{162}</a></span>
+of Duke and Hollis Streets, near the site of the building occupied by
+the People's Bank. There were four or five along the east side of
+Brunswick Street, one at the foot of Cornwallis Street, and a
+number in the south suburbs and other parts of the town; also two
+in Barrington Street in front of the Parade.</p>
+
+<p>1814. During the winter of 1813-14 some distress existed
+among the poor in the upper streets. This part of the town was
+chiefly occupied by people of the lower order, and in consequence of
+the war had become a resort for soldiers and sailors. Barrack
+Street, before mentioned, was known as "The Hill" and was as
+well known through His Majesty's dominions for its evil reputation
+as the worst haunts of Plymouth or Portsmouth in England.</p>
+
+<p>On the 25th February a public fast was proclaimed by the
+Governor, after which we do not find any further proclamations of
+this kind for many years.</p>
+
+<p>A press warrant was granted to Rear Admiral Griffiths on 28th
+February, when many of the idle and worthless vagabonds of the
+town were happily secured for His Majesty's service, where they
+would be brought under wholesome restraint.</p>
+
+<p>It had been arranged this spring that a residence for the Admiral
+of the station should be erected. The British Parliament had
+granted the sum of £3000 for this purpose, which being found
+insufficient, the House of Assembly of this province voted £1500
+towards its completion. A site was selected in the field between
+the Naval Hospital grounds and Gottingen Street, and the present
+building known as Admiralty House was commenced this year, but
+not finished until some time after. Why the local funds of the
+province should have been devoted to this purpose does not clearly
+appear.</p>
+
+<p>The arrival of the English packet on 21st May furnished news of
+the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte and the entry of the allied armies
+into Paris. It being Sunday, the event was celebrated all Monday
+by a military review with salutes, and the whole town was illuminated
+in the evening. A military band performed during the evening
+on the flat roof of the old market house, long since removed to
+make way for the present brick structure, and the streets were
+crowded to a very late hour. The merchants and many of the
+principal inhabitants met at the Exchange Coffee House and other
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">{163}</a></span>
+places, where hot suppers were consumed in honor of the occasion.</p>
+
+<p>Among the captures this year was that of the American privateer,
+Snap Dragon, six guns and 70 men, brought in by H. M. Sloop,
+Martin on 5th July, taken off Sambro Light, and on the 13th, the
+United States Sloop Rattlesnake, 18 guns, by the Leander frigate,
+taken near Shelburne Harbor. About the same time 340 British
+prisoners were brought to Halifax in Cartels from Salem in Massachusetts.
+The Rattlesnake was afterwards sold and fitted out as a
+privateer by merchants in Liverpool, Queens County.</p>
+
+<p>The British forces having captured Washington in August, 1814,
+a large number of black slaves, of both sexes, from the plantations
+along the Potomac and Chesapeake Rivers, who had deserted their
+masters, took refuge on board the British men-of-war while they
+laid in Chesapeake Bay. Sir George Cochran, the naval commander,
+sent them on to Halifax, where many of them arrived in September,
+following in a transport ship and the Brig Jasper. They were
+afterwards located at Preston and Hammond's Plains. Many of
+the domestic slaves remained in the town as servants, attaching
+themselves to the inhabitants. Those who went to the country,
+being unused to cold and hard labor, were unable even with the
+assistance of the Government allowance to make their living; soon
+became paupers and a burden to the community, a condition in
+which their children and grand-children largely remain. At the
+close of the war a quantity of American soldiers' uniforms, taken at
+Castine, in Maine, were served out to the Chesapeake negroes.
+Their grotesque appearance in the blue and yellow coats, occasionally
+intermixed with the green and red facings of the corps called the
+York Rangers, (at the peace disbanded in Halifax,) must be within
+the recollection of many of our old inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p>The grand event of this year for Halifax was the fitting out of
+the expedition for the invasion of the State of Maine. This
+expedition consisted of the 29th, 60th, 62nd and 98th British
+Regiments, with artillery and some militia. The two brigades were
+commanded by Major Goslin and Colonel Douglas; the whole being
+under the command of Lieutenant-General Sir John Cope Sherbrooke.
+Rear Admiral Griffiths commanded the squadron, which
+was composed of 3 seventy-four gun ships, the Bulwark, Dragon
+and the Spencer, with two brigs, a schooner and ten transports.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">{164}</a></span>
+Castine was taken on 1st September, and the town of Michias by
+Lieut.-Col. Pilkington, on the 11th. Thus all the State or District
+of Maine fell into the hands of the British as far west as the old
+bounds of Acadia. This territory was originally part of Nova
+Scotia, and at the peace of 1783 had been conceded to the Americans
+through the ignorance and imbecility of Lord Gambier, who had
+been intrusted by the British Ministry with the settlement of our
+lines. The British Government was erroneously induced to relinquish
+this conquest at the close of the war, a policy which has
+deprived this Dominion of the fairest timber lands of New Brunswick,
+and caused the loss of the most direct line of communication
+between the Canadian provinces through British territory, a loss
+which the whole expense incurred by the British Government during
+the war could not now repay. Sir John, having left a garrison to
+take care of his conquest, soon returned with his little army to
+Halifax. Several Halifax merchants availed themselves of the
+opening afforded to make money, sent agents with supplies of goods
+to establish shops at Castine, etc. The British authorities collected
+the Revenue of Maine while in occupation, which amounted to a
+considerable sum of money. This fund was placed by the colonial
+minister in the hands of the Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia,
+who appropriated it in various ways as he thought most for the
+benefit of the country. It was from this fund that Dalhousie
+College was afterwards built and endowed by the Earl of Dalhousie,
+who succeeded Sir John Cope Sherbrooke in the government, the
+Legislature of the Province having been induced to vote the sum of
+£5,000 currency towards the same object.</p>
+
+<p>In the autumn the small pox made its appearance in Dartmouth
+and Preston and was very fatal among the Chesapeake negroes.</p>
+
+<p>The old Rockingham Club, which in the days of Prince Edward
+and Sir John Wentworth dined periodically at the Rockingham
+Hotel on the Basin, had ceased to exist, but it appears to have
+revived about this time under the name of the Wellington Club. A
+dinner at the Rockingham by the Wellington Club was announced in
+the papers of 26th August to take place on the 30th instant at half
+past four o'clock. Five o'clock was the fashionable dinner hour.
+The Governor's dinner cards of this date were all for that hour.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">{165}</a></span>
+The old Rockingham was destroyed by fire nearly half a century
+ago. It stood on the shore of the Basin, a short distance north of
+the Rotunda. After the departure of the Prince it became a house
+of entertainment, kept successively by Graves, Paine and others.
+It was a favorite resort being a convenient distance from town.
+The approach from the post road was by a carriage drive next to
+the Rotunda, between two beech trees, from which hung suspended
+a sign with the Wentworth Arms. When destroyed it was the
+property of the estate of David Muirhead.</p>
+
+<p>In September the body of General Ross, who had been killed
+before Baltimore, was brought to Halifax for interment. He was
+buried in the old English burial ground with all military honors.
+No monument to his memory appears in St. Paul's Church.</p>
+
+<p>On the 24th November, the Man-of-War Brig Fantome, 18 guns,
+went on shore at Prospect. She soon went to pieces, as also a
+schooner which accompanied her. No lives were lost.</p>
+
+<p>The merchants presented several petitions to the Governor this
+year relative to the trade of the port. The following names appear
+appended to these petitions, among which we will find those of
+many of our principal citizens whose faces were once familiar to
+many now living:</p>
+
+<p>James Forman,<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> Belcher &amp; Wright,<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> John Clarke, William
+Rudolf, John Stayner, Rufus G. Taylor, William Strachan, William
+Young, Jr., Austin &amp; Stairs,<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> Jessie Woodward, Richard Kidston,
+Lawrence Doyle, John Carrol, Henry Yeomans, Francis Stevens,
+Benjamin Etter, John Merrick, W. C. Wilkie, Charles Boggs, And.
+Smith, William Duffus, James Kerby, Charles Tropolet. Again,
+Thomas Wallace, Bowie &amp; DeBlois,<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> Hosterman &amp; Etter, John &amp;
+David Howe,<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> W. A. &amp; S. Black,<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> James Baine, Martin Gay
+Black, Duncan McColl, Thomas Cleary, Robert Phelon, Levi Moses
+&amp; Co., and John A. Barry.<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Province Building and the Admiralty House were both slowly
+progressing during the summer and autumn.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">{166}</a></span>
+Halifax did a brisk trade during the period of the American
+War. The following list of exports for the year 1813 is given by
+Murdoch in one of his notes: Vessels, 412; Tons, 54,457; men,
+2,868; Boards and Plank, 1,881,722 feet; Staves, 232,562; Dry
+Fish, 82,059 quintals; Pickled Fish in tierces, 408; Barrels,
+29,829; Smoked Herring in barrels, 142; Boxes, 6,425; Fish Oil,
+49,668 gallons.</p>
+
+<p>1815. The winter of 1814-15 was more severe than the previous
+one. The small pox had broken out in the town and many persons
+died of it. A number of the black refugee negroes had been, about
+the month of May, after the removal of the prisoners, placed on
+Melville Island. They were all vaccinated to prevent the spread of
+the disease among them. They remained here for a short time until
+they could be located in the country.</p>
+
+<p>The treaty of peace between Great Britain and the United States
+was ratified in February 1815, and executed at Ghent on the 24th
+December following. An immediate exchange of prisoners took
+place after the ratification, and many seafaring men belonging to
+Halifax, who had been confined in American prisons, were restored
+to their homes. Peace was proclaimed at Halifax on 3rd March.
+This spring an Act of the Legislature passed for establishing a
+Bridewell or House of Correction in Halifax. It was placed under
+the control of the sessions, and the old gamble-roofed building
+formerly used as a poor house, then situated at the western end of
+the space known as the old poor house grounds, was taken for
+the purpose and fitted up with cells, etc., for the prisoners. This
+building was taken down, having ceased to be used after the
+erection of Rock Head Prison and the Provincial Penitentiary on the
+North West Arm. It was one of the oldest buildings in the town
+afterwards, and was in early days the residence of Mr. Wenman, the
+keeper of the Asylum. When it was first built is uncertain, but
+being situate within the lines of the old forts, was probably a
+military residence of some sort during the first five or six years of
+the settlement.</p>
+
+<p>A regular police court was this summer established in the brick
+Court House. John George Pyke, John Howe and John Liddell
+were appointed police magistrates. Mr. Pyke had long been custos
+of the county, and he and subsequently Mr. Liddell gave regular<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">{167}</a></span>
+attendance at the office. Mr. Pyke was allowed eleven shillings
+and eight pence per day, and had three police constables at his
+command, with the additional assistance of Hawkins, a colored
+gentleman, who dressed in an old military uniform with cap and
+feathers, usually escorted the criminals to and from the workhouse,
+and when occasion required inflicted his 39 lashes on juvenile
+offenders at the old whipping post, which stood at the south-west
+corner of the building opposite Messrs. Stairs' office&mdash;a system
+of punishment less expensive than paying their board and lodging
+for eight or ten weeks from the taxes of the citizens.</p>
+
+<p>The Spring of 1815 was very backward. The Basin had been
+frozen up all winter, and was not free from ice until the month of
+June. On the first of June the harbor was full of ice so as for
+an hour or two to impede the progress of the ferry boats. It was
+partially collected from loose ice which came down the Narrows from
+the Basin, and some drift ice which was brought in in the night
+previously from the sea by the tide and southerly wind.</p>
+
+<p>There were two ferries at this time. The upper ferry was
+conducted by John Skerry, whose memory is still cherished by many,
+both in Dartmouth and Halifax, as one of the most obliging and
+civil men of his day. Skerry's wharf in Dartmouth was a short
+distance south of the steam boat wharf. The other ferry was the
+property of Mr. James Creighton, known as the Lower Ferry,
+situate to the south of Mott's Factory. It was conducted for Mr.
+Creighton by deputy and was afterwards held under lease by Joseph
+Findlay, the last man who ran a ferry boat with sails and oars in
+Halifax Harbor. These ferry boats were furnished with a lug sail
+and two and sometimes four oars. They were large clumsy boats,
+and occupied some thirty or forty minutes in making the passage
+across the harbor. There were no regular trips at appointed hours.
+When the boat arrived at either side the ferryman blew his horn
+(a conch shell) and would not start again until he had a full freight
+of passengers. The sound of the conch and the cry of "Over!
+Over!" was the signal to go on board. The boats for both ferries
+landed at the Market Slip at Halifax. An act of the Legislature
+had been obtained this session to incorporate a Steamboat Company
+with an exclusive privilege of the ferry between Halifax and
+Dartmouth for 25 years. They could not succeed in getting up a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">{168}</a></span>
+company, steam navigation being then in its infancy, and in the
+following year had the act amended to permit them to run a boat by
+horses to be called the Teamboat. This boat consisted of two
+boats or hulls united by a platform with a paddle between the boats.
+The deck was surmounted by a round house which contained a large
+cogwheel, arranged horizontally inside the round house, to which
+were attached 8 or 9 horses harnessed to iron stanchions coming
+down from the wheel. As the horses moved round, the wheel
+turned a crank which moved the paddle. It required about twenty
+minutes for this boat to reach Dartmouth from Halifax. It was
+considered an immense improvement on the old ferry boat arrangement,
+and the additional accommodation for cattle, carriages and
+horses was a great boon to the country people as well as to the
+citizens of Halifax, who heretofore had been compelled to employ
+Skerry's scow when it was found necessary to carry cattle or
+carriages from one side of the harbor to the other. The first trip of
+the Teamboat was made on the 8th November, 1816. The
+following year an outrage was committed which caused much excitement
+and feeling in the town. All the eight horses in the boat were
+stabbed by a young man named Hurst. No motive for this cruel
+act could be assigned, drunkenness alone appearing to be the cause.
+The culprit was tried for the offence and suffered a lengthy
+imprisonment. Mr. Skerry kept up a contract with the Company
+for several years, until all differences were arranged by his becoming
+united with the Company, and after a short time old age and a small
+fortune, accumulated by honest industry, removed him from the
+scene of his labors. The teamboat after a year or two received an
+addition to her speed by the erection of a mast in the centre of the
+round house, on which was hoisted a square sail when the wind was
+fair, and afterwards a topsail above, which gave her a most
+picturesque appearance on the water. This addition considerably
+facilitated her motion and relieved the horses from their hard labor.
+As traffic increased several small paddle boats were added by the
+Company, which received the appellation of Grinders. They had
+paddles at the sides like a steamboat, which were moved by a crank
+turned by two men. In 1818 the proprietors of the old ferries
+petitioned the House of Assembly against the Teamboat Company
+using these small boats as contrary to the privilege given them by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">{169}</a></span>
+the Act of Incorporation. It afterwards became a subject of
+litigation until the question was put an end to by Mr. Skerry
+becoming connected with the Company. Jos. Findlay continued to
+run his old boats from the south or lower ferry until about the
+year 1835.</p>
+
+<p>On the 3rd August, the Man-of War Brig Vesta arrived from
+England with the news of the Battle of Waterloo. The town was
+illuminated in honor of the victory, and the inhabitants kept up their
+rejoicings till a late hour in the evening. Preparations were made
+for a public dinner on the occasion, which took place at Mason Hall
+on the 15th. The Attorney General, R. J. Uniacke, took the chair
+and James Forman was Vice-President. The committee of management
+were Doctor William B. Almon, John Pyke, eldest son of old
+John Geo. Pyke, the custos. David Shaw Clarke, G. Lewis and
+John Howe, junior, John Albro, Thomas Heaviside, Edward
+Alport, Joseph Allison and William Bowie were the Stewards.
+Subscriptions had been opened throughout Great Britain and the
+Colonies for the families of those soldiers who were killed and
+wounded in the action. The Town of Halifax including the
+garrison and public officers contributed the large sum of £3,800.</p>
+
+<p>This year an Act of the Legislature passed for regulating the
+appointment of Trustees and Master for the Grammar School of
+Halifax. The first Act establishing this school bears date 1780.</p>
+
+<p>The refugee Negroes brought to Halifax by Admiral Cockburn had
+been in a great measure a burden upon the community. A
+proposition was made this year by the British Government to
+remove them to a warmer climate, but no steps appear to have been
+taken to effect the object. Had this suggestion been carried out at
+the time much suffering would have been spared to these poor
+people, and the inhabitants of Halifax relieved from a burden.</p>
+
+<p>On 26th February a resolution passed the House of Assembly
+directing the commissioners of the poor to cause an account to be
+taken of the number of black persons in the Town and the environs,
+who were brought to this country from the United States of
+America. The following return, dated March 6th, was signed by
+Richard Tremaine, Chairman of the Committee:</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">{170}</a></span></p>
+
+<table class="no-b" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="0" summary="">
+<tr><th></th><th>Men.</th><th>Women.</th><th>Children.</th><th>Total.</th></tr>
+<tr align="right"><td align="left">In the Town of Halifax</td><td>179</td><td>56</td><td>101</td><td>336</td></tr>
+<tr align="right"><td align="left">Windsor Road</td><td>11</td><td>14</td><td>26</td><td>51</td></tr>
+<tr align="right"><td align="left">Dartmouth and Preston</td><td> ...</td><td> ..</td><td> ...</td><td>270</td></tr>
+<tr align="right"><td align="left">Mr. Fairbanks' Estate
+at Lake Porter</td><td> ...</td><td> ..</td><td> ...</td><td>27</td></tr>
+<tr align="right"><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="total">684</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The men and women with families were generally in need; none
+appear to have been located at Hammonds Plains at this time.</p>
+
+<p>James Archibald was tried for the murder of Captain Benjamin
+Ellenwood of Liverpool, N. S., before Chief Justice Blowers, in
+Easter term of the Supreme Court at Halifax this year. He was
+convicted and executed soon after on the Common.</p>
+
+<p>Another attempt to incorporate Halifax was now made. It
+will be seen that in 1785 the merchants of the town suggested the
+subject for the consideration of the Governor and Council, but they
+disapproved of the measure; again in 1790, the Speaker of the
+House of Assembly, in consequence of complaints regarding the
+settlement of the poor and the necessity of a police force, etc., drew
+up the following resolution, which was passed: "Resolved, that it
+be recommended to this House to present a humble address to His
+Excellency the Lieutenant Governor, to request that he will be
+pleased to grant a charter to the Town of Halifax for incorporating
+the same, and enabling the inhabitants thereof to make such
+by-laws as shall be sufficient to regulate the police of said town."
+No step, however, was taken by the Governor and Council relative
+to this resolution.</p>
+
+<p>The merchants of the town had a meeting on the subject in 1816,
+which resulted in a definite proposition being made, in which all the
+details of the proposed charter were fully set out in a pamphlet of
+some length.</p>
+
+<p>The following preface or introduction to this pamphlet affords a
+sketch of the plan proposed:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="center">INTRODUCTION.</p>
+
+<p>The following plan for regulating the municipal affairs of this town has
+been drawn up in the form of a charter, as the clearest and best method to
+express the extent of the proposed improvements. The objects have been
+pointed out by a thorough investigation into the various modes of conducting<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">{171}</a></span>
+the public business; which was entered into in consequence of a
+presentment made by the Grand Jury to the Court of Quarter Sessions in
+the December Term of 1812. The Court having appointed six different
+investigating committees of the Magistrates to meet the various objects
+contemplated by the grand Jury, their several reports combined clearly
+prove the necessity of some reform; but as it would now become an
+invidious as well as a useless task, to point out the <i>prevailing errors</i> of the
+present practice, which are but too evident to admit of a doubt, the gentlemen
+who have undertaken the task of sketching out the <i>means of improvement</i>,
+have left it to the Public to compare the one with the other.</p>
+
+<p>It will be perceived by a perusal of the following sheets, that the Charter
+has but two leading objects&mdash;to establish regularity in business, and to
+define and extend the powers of the Magistrates and Grand Jury (acting as
+a Common Council) to the same limits as (and not a step beyond) the
+powers granted to all corporations within the King's Dominions.</p>
+
+<p>The only novelty introduced is that of preserving a gradual change of
+the ruling members of the corporation, without incurring the unpleasant
+duty of the electing system. This is done by the appointment of ten
+magistrates to act as trustees, two of whom will go out and two others
+come in annually, and the appointment of the Grand Jury of the existing
+year, (or if it is preferred that of the last year, or a draft from the whole
+list until it is gone through), to act as a Common Council.</p>
+
+<p>By these means the whole of the leading members of the community
+(likely to take an active part in the affairs of the town) will, in turn,
+partake of the duties of a respectable office, and become intimate, and
+thereby feel interested in its affairs. The various articles of consumption
+and of commerce will be better inspected than they are at present; the
+revenues will be regularly attended to, and every desirable improvement
+in possession of other similar communities in His Majesty's Dominions
+will in time, no doubt be adopted.</p>
+
+<p>The provisions of the Charter have been selected and drawn up with the
+utmost care to avoid objections by an attentive reference to the London,
+Philadelphia, New York and New Brunswick Charters, and the East Company's
+by-laws; and the whole is arranged and worded agreeably to the
+most approved forms, in order to obviate any difficulties on the part of
+Government, or from local partialities.</p>
+
+<p>In debating the merits of the following pages, these three queries will
+naturally occur to and guide every reflecting mind:</p>
+
+<p>1st. Whether the present management requires any improvement?</p>
+
+<p>2nd. If so&mdash;is this an effectual plan?</p>
+
+<p>3rd. If not&mdash;what is better?</p>
+
+<hr class="lalign" />
+
+<p>N. B. When the terms of the Charter are agreed on and assented to by
+His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor, it is proposed to apply to His
+Excellency to grant it for a term of three or five years by way of trial;
+during which period such amendments may be made to it as experience
+shall point out to be necessary;&mdash;after which, if it proves acceptable to the
+inhabitants, application may be made to renew it for another term of a few
+years, for the purpose of improving it still further, as its deficiencies may
+appear; then the Charter may be made perpetual if the inhabitants
+approve of it. It will be necessary to have an Act of the General
+Assembly to confirm the Charter when first granted, and on every renewal
+of it.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">{172}</a></span>
+Mr. Sabatier and a few others were principally concerned in
+endeavoring to forward the object, but the Governor and Council
+appear to have been still influenced the belief that their own
+supervision of local affairs was preferable and better suited to the
+circumstances of the town at that time.</p>
+
+<p>It will be seen that in the plan proposed the idea of a popular
+election of members of the corporation was not even thought of
+either by the Government or the people of the town.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Note.</span>&mdash;After the Prince's departure Governor Wentworth occupied the Lodge on
+the Basin, which had been built on his land. He resided there for some time after
+retiring from the Government.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Col. Bayard retired from active service and settled in Annapolis County. He was
+the father of the late Dr. Bayard of St. John, and grandfather of the present Doctor
+William Bayard of that city.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> Capt. Howe was a descendant of the Hon. Ed. Howe, one of Cornwallis' first
+councillors.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> The building cost about £18,000.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Thomas Heath, who left a wife and two children in this town.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> A report of these trials was published in 1810 by Mr. Bagnall at the office of the
+newspaper called the "Novator," taken from the notes of two students at law, Charles
+R. Fairbanks, afterwards Master of the Rolls, and Andrew W. Cochran, who for many
+years was Secretary of the Province of Lower Canada and member of Council.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> This brig was the only vessel of war ever built at the Halifax Dockyard.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> General Balfour was this year removed to New Brunswick, where he died Lieutenant
+Governor of that Province.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> Commissioner Inglefield was grandfather of Vice Admiral Sir Edward A. Inglefield,
+lately in command of the Squadron at Halifax.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> Brother of the late Dr. Samuel Head of Halifax.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> Messrs. Piers were the grandsons of Mr. L. Piers, who came with Cornwallis in
+1749. Descendants of Temple F. Piers still reside in Halifax.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> This firm was Hon. Enos Collins and Joseph Allison, both of whom became members
+of His Majesty's Council. They succeeded to the business of Prescott &amp; Lawson on
+the wharf afterwards known as Collins' wharf, where Mr. Collins, in 1823, built the
+range of stone stores, a part of which is occupied by the Halifax Banking Company.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> Mr. Creighton was not related to Lieutenant Creighton, who afterwards settled
+in Lunenburg and was known as Col. Creighton. He came out, however, in company
+with him in the same vessel, being friends; they were both from the same part of
+England.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> For many years Custos of the County.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> Hon. Andrew Belcher, son
+of the first Chief Justice and member of Council. His partner, William Wright, was
+son of old Parson Wright of the Grammar School. Neither left male descendants in
+Nova Scotia.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> Hon. Wm. Stairs, Sr., afterwards in Council.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> William Bowie, killed in a duel with R. J. Uniacke.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Both brothers of the late Hon. Joseph Howe,
+Provincial Secretary, etc.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> Hon. William A. Black of the Legislative Council.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> Mr. Barry was afterwards in the House of Assembly for Shelburne; died at LaHave
+aged 80 years.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">{173}</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2>
+
+<p>1816. Soon after the peace the prosperity of Halifax began to
+wane. The price of provisions and all the necessaries of life, the
+value of real estate and the high rents of houses in the town all
+became more or less affected by the scarcity of money arising from
+the withdrawal of the troops and navy and the sudden alterations in
+trade. The reaction was not fully realized until about two years
+after peace was proclaimed, when the rapid fall off in the value of
+real estate and the sudden check given to commercial pursuits was
+found to have reduced many speculators to poverty.</p>
+
+<p>Sir John Cope Sherbrooke having been appointed Governor
+General of Canada, the principal inhabitants of the town gave him
+a farewell dinner on 25th June. It was presided over by Chief
+Justice Blowers and the vice chair was occupied by Michael Wallace,
+the treasurer of the province. An address, largely signed by the
+inhabitants, was presented to the Governor on his departure. Sir
+John had rendered himself very popular in Halifax by his affable
+manners and his prompt and decisive way of treating all matters
+brought to his notice by the citizens. He embarked at the King's
+wharf on Thursday, 27th June, under a salute from the batteries
+and the cheers of the inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p>The rough condition of the streets of the town at this period
+rendered immediate and extensive improvements necessary. Those
+in the least frequented parts of the town had been so much
+neglected that in many places they were impassable from the
+accumulation of rubbish and the broken condition of the wooden
+platforms or bridges at the gutters and crossings. In many places
+the streets were overgrown at each side with grass except in the centre.
+Brunswick Street, though one of the principal highways of the
+town, was overgrown at each side with grass. Many of the old
+Dutch houses then still remaining in this street stood on banks a
+few feet above the sidewalk and where there were no buildings rough<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">{174}</a></span>
+stone walls or fences marked the line of the street. Water Street,
+from the continual traffic and wear during the period of the war,
+had been worn into holes and was in wet weather almost impassable
+from the accumulation of mud, particularly between the Ordnance
+Yard and the foot of Prince Street. The market square at this
+time, as also that portion of Water Street between Collins' Wharf
+and the King's Wharf, was much lower than at present. It was
+found necessary to pave this portion of Water Street, which was
+accordingly accomplished during the years 1816 and 1817. The
+pavement, which was with round stones, extended from the
+Ordnance to Black and Forsyth's Wharf, (later Mitchell's) at
+the foot of Prince Street. The Provincial Legislature contributed
+the sum of £1,200 towards the work, and the expense of flagging the
+sidewalks was charged to the owners of property fronting on
+the street. About the year 1835 this pavement had so sunk down
+as to be no protection from the accumulation of mud. The lower
+part of the market square bordering on Water Street and the way
+leading to the market slip or public landing were raised about five
+feet. Between 1820 and 1824 new Street Commissioners were
+appointed. The Macadamizing system begun to be introduced and
+extensive improvements in the way of levelling the streets and
+filling up hollow places were proceeded with.</p>
+
+<p>The Acadian School, conducted by Walter Bromley, had now
+been under way for about three years. It was inspected on 31st
+July. There were 400 children in attendance. On this occasion
+Mr. Bromley stated that since the opening of the school in 1813,
+eight hundred and ninety-three children had received instruction
+there, and about one hundred apprentices and colored children in
+the Sunday schools. The latter were under the special superintendence
+of Mr. Bromley himself, who devoted all his leisure to the
+instruction of the black children and others who could not attend
+school throughout the week. The small sum of £200 was voted
+annually by the Legislature in aid of this school. Subsequently a
+grant of money was made by the Assembly to the National School,
+which was about this time set on foot on the Madras system, under
+the auspices of the Bishop and members of the Church of England
+in Halifax, who had lately erected the large three-story building in
+Argyle Street, opposite the parade, for the purpose. In 1818 this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">{175}</a></span>
+school had 117 children in attendance. The daily attendance at
+these two schools exceeded 500, which was a large number considering
+the extent of the population at this period.</p>
+
+<p>The appointment of Dr. Robert Stanser, Rector of St. Paul's, to
+the Bishopric of Nova Scotia, vacant by the death of Bishop
+Charles Inglis, took place in 1817. Interest had been made with
+Lord Bathurst, the Colonial Secretary, and the Archbishop of
+Canterbury to have Dr. John Inglis, son of the late Bishop,
+appointed to the See. The appointment was said to have been
+arranged in favor of Dr. Inglis, but a recommendation from both
+branches of the Legislature then in session in favor of Dr. Stanser,
+their Chaplain, prevailed, and Dr. Inglis was appointed Rector of
+St. Paul's, vacant by the elevation of Stanser to the Bishopric.
+Dr. John Inglis proved a highly popular Rector; his bland manners
+and kind disposition rendered him a favorite with all classes and
+denominations, and when he afterwards, in 1825, obtained the
+Bishopric he carried with him to England addresses in his favor not
+only from his own parishioners, but largely signed by his friends
+among other denominations.</p>
+
+<p>The remains of the old Bishop were brought to town from
+Aylesford, where he died, and buried under St. Paul's Church on
+the 29th February. The funeral was attended by the Governor, Sir
+J. C. Sherbroke, Sir John Wentworth, the retired Governor, His
+Majesty's Council and a large assemblage of the citizens. A
+monument to his memory is on the west side of the chancel of
+the church.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of the 18th April great excitement prevailed
+throughout the town in consequence of a murder which had been
+committed in one of the streets during the previous night. Capt.
+Westmacott of the Royal Engineers who, as officer of the night,
+was going his rounds on horseback to visit the guards, met
+two men in Sackville Street whom he challenged in consequence of
+their suspicious appearance. They immediately attacked him and
+by a sudden effort threw him from his horse, having first wounded
+him fatally with a bayonet. He lingered until the 4th day of May,
+when he died. The murderers were soon after discovered and
+proved to be two soldiers, deserters from one of the regiments in
+garrison. They had been stealing fish through the night from a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">{176}</a></span>
+store on one of the wharves. They were identified by the Captain
+and, being tried and convicted of the murder, were executed on the
+Common.</p>
+
+<p>The Nova Scotia Fensible Regiment, after the close of the war,
+remained in Canada for some time. Early in June of this year they
+embarked at Quebec for Halifax. The transport in approaching
+Halifax ran upon a reef of rocks known as Jeddore ledges, which
+lies off the harbour of that name eastward from Halifax. The
+weather was calm and the troops were landed in safety, with the
+exception of four private soldiers, two women and several children,
+but with the loss of considerable part of the baggage. It was found
+on landing the men that the tide was rising, and that in all
+probability the greater part of the ledge would be covered at high
+water. It was proposed that the women and children should be
+first landed and placed on the higher part of the rock. But on the
+soldiers perceiving that Colonel Darling, who commanded the
+Regiment, and several of the officers were intending to avail
+themselves of the higher parts of the ledge, immediately declared
+that all officers should be compelled to remain with their respective
+companies and share the fate of their men. One officer, a captain, is
+said to have shown symptoms of impatience or something worse on
+the occasion, and abandoned his wife and family and his men,
+seeking shelter for himself on the rocks amidst the reproaches and
+jeers of his comrades. The Regiment was, however, successfully
+landed on the ledges, chiefly through the heroic exertions of the
+Adjutant-Lieutenant Stewart, who volunteered to carry a cable from
+the bowsprit of the ship to the rock, when having there made it fast
+the sailors were enabled to construct means for landing men in
+safety. Part of the Regiment was brought to Halifax in coasting
+vessels about the first July, and others found their way by land,
+having been brought on shore from the rocks by the fishermen of
+the neighbourhood. Col. Darling and some others being displeased
+at all the credit of the exploit being attached to Lt. Stewart, who
+was probably not a favorite of the Colonel, brought him to a Court-Martial
+for some trifling offence supposed to have been a breach of
+orders, and it is said he was compelled to leave the Regiment.</p>
+
+<p>Two very extensive fires occurred at Halifax this year. One on
+the 8th October, remembered as the "Haliburton" fire in consequence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">{177}</a></span>
+of the brick building at the corner of Hollis and Sackville
+Streets owned by Mr. George Haliburton, having been the first
+house consumed. The fire destroyed nearly the whole block from
+Haliburton's corner to where Mrs. Howard's new stone building
+stands, on the east or lower side of Hollis street. All the
+buildings on Sackville Street down to the corner known as
+Reynolds' corner, and the whole of the buildings on the upper or
+Western side of Bedford Row were consumed. The fire commenced
+at ten o'clock in the evening and continued to rage until six o'clock
+next morning. It was considered the most disastrous fire that had
+ever occurred in Halifax. The old buildings were all of wood
+except Haliburton's corner house. The block was soon rebuilt
+with a better description of buildings. Mr. W. K. Reynolds
+erected a fine stone store at the corner of Sackville Street and
+Bedford Row, which still remains; this was far the finest store in
+Halifax at the time. A range of brick buildings along Bedford
+Row were at the same time erected by the late Nicholas Vass.
+Haliburton's corner was also rebuilt of brick, and the buildings on
+Hollis street, the property of Mr. LeNoir and others, were built
+about the same time by the late Judge William Hill and his brother
+T. T. Hill, then both at the Halifax Bar. Several old wooden
+houses were pulled down during the fire by order of the firewards to
+prevent the spread of the fire. The town was assessed to pay the
+damage. The other fire was on Water Street at Creighton and
+Grassie's wharf. It occurred in the night of 17th December,
+during very cold weather. All the stores at and near the head of
+the wharf were consumed, and the fire extended to buildings on the
+opposite side of the street. Mr. Grassie rebuilt with brick and
+stone, and afterwards lined the shutters of his new store with sheet
+iron.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Dalhousie, a Scotch nobleman, who had distinguished
+himself in the Spanish campaign as a general of Division under
+Lord Wellington, had been appointed to succeed Sir J. Cope
+Sherbrooke in the Government. He arrived in Halifax on 24th
+October, 1816, in the Frigate Forthe. Lord and Lady Dalhousie,
+immediately after their arrival, landed in state and proceeded to the
+Council Chamber under a salute from the Citadel attended by the
+heads of Departments, civil and military, when the Earl was sworn<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">{178}</a></span>
+into office in presence of His Majesty's Council. The troops lined
+the way from the King's wharf to Cochran's building where the
+Council Chamber was then situated.</p>
+
+<p>There had been no theatrical performances worthy of mention in
+the town since the Duke of Kent's old theatre in Argyle Street had
+been appropriated to the school under Mr. Bromley. In the autumn
+of this year a company of players, Messrs. Price, Chamock,
+Placide, etc., fitted up an old store on Fairbank's wharf as a theatre.
+Placide, Price and Mrs. Young were considered good performers
+and attracted large audiences. At the close of their career the
+manager got into jail for debt, when Placide, the best comic actor
+of the company, distinguished himself by escaping from prison and
+passing the sentry at the jail gate in the night, who supposed it
+was a Newfoundland dog, Mr. Placide being famous for imitating
+the bark and whine of the canine species.</p>
+
+<p>1817. The winter of 1816-17 was much more severe than that
+of the preceding year. The south-east passage was closed with ice
+all winter, and the ice remained until late in April. Great distress
+prevailed in the town as usual among the laboring classes during
+this winter, which was also the case throughout the whole Province.
+The sum of £600 was contributed this winter by the inhabitants of
+Halifax for the support of destitute emigrants who had been
+brought up from Newfoundland.</p>
+
+<p>An attempt was made by the Legislature in their session of 1817
+to relieve the pressing necessities of the county by an Act authorizing
+the Governor and Council to procure copper coin to the value of
+£2,000 to be issued from the provincial treasury. The Act was
+disallowed by the Colonial Secretary in England. No good reason
+appears to have been assigned for its rejection. The circulating
+medium at this time in the town and throughout the country was
+Spanish doubloons, old Spanish dollars, pistareens and other
+small Spanish coins, with a mixed collection of copper coinage,
+English and Spanish, with all kinds of half-penny tokens issued by
+private individuals in the town. No British coinage ever reached
+Halifax except the old English Guinea. The troops were paid in
+old Spanish money, which was brought from South America and the
+West Indies by the merchants in exchange for their cargoes of fish
+with occasional importations of Spanish silver by the British<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">{179}</a></span>
+Government for the troops, etc. An issue of paper money was at
+this time made under an Act of the province.</p>
+
+<p>It was in the year 1817 that the project was first broached for
+the establishment and erection of a college on the Grand Parade.</p>
+
+<p>The sum of £9,750 was then remaining in the hands of the
+Governor from the revenues collected at Castine while the State of
+Maine was in the hands of the British troops. This sum Lord
+Dalhousie obtained the permission of the Colonial Secretary to
+appropriate towards the erection of a college in Halifax on the
+model of the Scotch Universities. The professors were to receive
+moderate salaries. The students were not to reside in the college
+building, but only to attend courses of lectures which were to be
+open to all students and all else who might feel disposed to purchase
+tickets for the courses.</p>
+
+<p>This winter the theatre on Fairbanks' wharf was again in
+operation and as attractive as ever. Miss Powell was at this time
+giving lessons in dancing. She gave her spring ball at Mason Hall
+on 21st May. This lady, who was patronized by the fashionable
+part of the community, was the daughter of Mr. Powell who
+conducted the theatre in Argyle Street when under the patronage of
+the Duke of Kent. She lived many years in Halifax and died
+at an advanced age, having been dependent on the charity of her
+friends for several years before her death.</p>
+
+<p>The naval force on the station had now been reduced to a few ships
+under the command of Rear Admiral Sir David Milne, father of
+Vice-Admiral Sir Alexander Milne, who some time since commanded
+on the North American Station. Sir David's flagship was the
+Leopard, Frigate.</p>
+
+<p>It may here be noticed that the British and Foreign Bible Society
+had lately organized a branch in Halifax. The second annual
+meeting of the branch society took place on the 5th May. It was
+attended by the Earl of Dalhousie, who occupied the chair, and a
+number of officials. The chief speakers on the occasion were Judge
+James Stewart, the Rev. Dr. Archibald Gray, of St. Matthew's, and
+Judge Wilkins. Martin Gay Black was treasurer and Walter
+Bromley, secretary. Mr. Black continued to act as treasurer of
+this society to the year of his death. The Speaker of the House of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">{180}</a></span>
+Assembly and a number of the members of the House were also
+present on this occasion.</p>
+
+<p>The great destitution of the laboring part of the population
+during the winter, as usual, rendered it necessary on behalf of the
+Commissioners of the Poor for the town to call on the inhabitants
+for contributions in addition to the annual poor rate assessed. The
+poor house at Halifax was then, as has been the case frequently
+since, the receptacle for transient paupers from the country, and the
+sum of £300 was voted this year by the House of Assembly towards
+the expenses of the establishment.</p>
+
+<p>The charitable societies of St. Patrick and St. Andrew dined
+together on the respective anniversaries of their patron saints.
+Richard J. Uniacke, the Attorney General, occupied the chair at
+the St. Patrick's dinner, and Dr. Samuel Head the Vice. The
+Governor, Mr. Philip Woodhouse, the Commissioner of the Dockyard,
+the Bishop of Nova Scotia, the Commanding Officers of the
+Garrison and other distinguished guests were present at both
+dinners.</p>
+
+<p>A fire occurred in the southern part of Granville Street this winter,
+which destroyed the chocolate manufactory of Mr. John Ferguson
+and his dwelling house. The fire companies of Halifax at this time
+were, perhaps, the most useful institutions in the community.
+These companies consisted of several hundred gentlemen each, who
+formed themselves into a company for the purpose of rendering
+assistance at fires. Each member provided himself with a leather
+cap, two or three buckets, canvas bags, etc., on which were
+painted the name of the owner and device of the company. The
+members were elected by ballot. They held quarterly meetings and
+occasionally dined together, and gave annual balls at Mason Hall.
+The Heart and Hand and the Hand in Hand Companies were the
+oldest, but the Sunfire Company was the most exclusive. The
+Ph&oelig;nix Company was also very efficient, being composed chiefly of
+young tradesmen of the town. The Engine Company was a very
+ancient institution, and tolerably efficient, considering the kind of
+machinery they had to work with. The Axe Company, as now,
+was composed of carpenters and others suitable for such work at
+fires. It was customary for the soldiers in garrison to turn out at
+fires and form lines with the inhabitants for the conveyance of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">{181}</a></span>
+water by buckets, handed through the lines from the harbor or the
+wells and tanks of the town. One feature which is now never seen
+at fires was the guard which was furnished by the military to take
+charge of the property removed to the streets from the burning
+houses. Scarcely a pile of furniture or goods could be observed
+without a sentry over it with fixed bayonet pacing up and down.
+The supply of water was principally drawn from the wells and
+pumps which were kept in order by the Magistrates of the town.
+These pumps have been before noticed. The inhabitants of the
+suburbs, however, depended for good water on their private wells.
+Almost every house in Brunswick and Lockman Streets had a good
+well in the garden or near the house. The north suburb lots were
+of very large dimensions; fruit gardens were numerous; the plum,
+the Dutch cherry and red and black currants were raised in
+abundance. The caterpillar and other vermin which now infest
+the fruit gardens had then not been imported.</p>
+
+<p>Among the names of merchants who were carrying on business
+this year in Halifax we notice those of John Pryor, father of
+the late City Judge, Henry Pryor, William Strachan, White,
+Creighton &amp; Co., Ironware Merchants, Wallace &amp; Russell, Hardware
+and Wines, at the corner of Hollis and Prince Streets, now
+occupied by the Union Bank; Prescott &amp; Calkin, Fruits, etc., in
+Granville Street; James Leishman &amp; Co., Woolen Ware, lately from
+Glasgow; Hartshorne, Boggs &amp; Co., Hardware, etc., at the old
+stand, corner of Granville and George Streets, and S. &amp; W. DeBlois
+at the opposite corner. The firm of Hartshorne &amp; Boggs existed
+for many years. The head of the firm, the Hon. Lawrence Hartshorne,
+retiring from business, the name was altered to Boggs &amp;
+Hartshorne; the late Thomas Boggs became head of the business
+and Lawrence Hartshorne, Jr., afterwards County Treasurer, was
+junior partner. The business continued until the old corner building
+was taken down, about the year 184-, and replaced by the fine
+stone edifice erected by Mr. George E. Morton on the site.</p>
+
+<p>Scarff &amp; Bain, afterwards James Bain<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> &amp; Co., carried on an
+extensive importing business at the corner now occupied by W. &amp;
+C. Silver. James Romans, Boots and Shoes, who succeeded Mr.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">{182}</a></span>
+McNab at the old corner of Granville and Prince Streets, lately
+owned by Mr. Robert Romans, who succeeded his father in the
+business; John Witham and Thomas Donaldson, the former
+Groceries and Wines, the latter Confectionery, were fashionable
+resorts on the lower side of Granville Street. Mrs. Jane Donaldson
+carried on the business after the death of her husband and finally
+retired to her residence at Birch Cove on the Basin, which had been
+purchased from the late Andrew Belcher on his leaving the province
+for England. Sherwood, which was built by Bishop Stanser, was
+also the property of Mrs. Donaldson. The late William Donaldson
+afterwards sold it to Thomas Kenny, Esq. James Donaldson, the
+brother of Donaldson of Granville Street, was also a Confectioner
+and carried on business at the corner of George and Barrington
+Streets, now occupied by Cragg Bros., opposite the Parade,
+and was afterwards succeeded by the late Adam Esson. The
+principal auctioneers were Bowie &amp; DeBlois, Moody &amp; Boyle, Fillis
+&amp; Perkins, and Charles Hill &amp; Co. The latter carried on business
+in Bedford Row near the corner of Sackville Street. Among the
+dry goods stores were Israel Allison &amp; Co., Carnot &amp; Alport,
+where Mr. Duffus afterwards erected his stone building; Thomas
+Cleary, M. G. Black, Winkworth Allen &amp; Co., in Cochran's Buildings
+near the market. Among the importing and West India
+merchants, Abram Cunard &amp; Co., Lawrence Doyle, Collins &amp;
+Allison, Collins' Wharf; James Forman, Sr., James and Michael
+Tobin, Tobin's Wharf; Thom, Salter &amp; Co., Ship Chandlery.</p>
+
+<p>A court for the summary trial of actions in the town was established
+this year. The Commissioners named by the Governor and
+Council were James Forman, Richard Tremain, William Minns,
+Charles Boggs and James Tobin. The Commission bears date in
+April of this year.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the public schools before mentioned, Mr. Thomas
+Crosskill kept a good school for young men in rear of the Acadian
+School, entrance from Barrington Street; his classes were more
+advanced than those of Mr. Bromley. Mr. Addison kept his
+classical academy in Marchington's Lane. There were several
+schools for young girls. Miss Wenman kept a school for small
+children in Granville Street; she was one of those who were burned
+out in the great fire before mentioned. Mrs. Henry in Barrington<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">{183}</a></span>
+Street and Mrs. McCage, for young ladies, also in Barrington
+Street, in the brick house lately the property of Mrs. Doctor
+Slayter.</p>
+
+<p>On the 25th April, 1818, a public meeting was called to petition
+the British Government to make Halifax a free port so that
+foreigners might have access and take cargoes of the produce of the
+country or merchandise imported into it; accordingly, on the 27th
+May, an order of the Prince Regent in Council was obtained
+making Halifax and St. John, New Brunswick, free ports. Halifax
+was declared by proclamation of the Governor bearing date
+August 13th.</p>
+
+<p>At the request of the inhabitants of the town an Act of the
+Legislature was obtained this year authorizing the leasing of 25
+acres of the Common for a period of 999 years at a small ground
+rent. The lots were each 60 feet in front by 330 feet deep. These
+lots were gradually disposed of and the broad street known as
+Spring Garden Road was laid out with the lots fronting on it.
+Very few of these lots were built on at first, and not until many
+years after was there any appearance of improvement in this part
+of the town. The only residence westward of the General's
+quarters was the house of old Colonel Pyke, the Police Magistrate,
+which stood in the field next his brewery.</p>
+
+<p>About this time the late John Stayner, of Water Street,
+commenced to erect the building known Brookside, afterwards
+the residence of the late Hon. Joseph Allison. Many years
+afterwards John Spry Morris, the Surveyor General, erected the
+building, and planted the trees, lately occupied by D. Cronan. The
+fields on the west side of Queen Street, opposite the General's
+quarters, known as Pedley's Fields, or Smidtville, were not then
+built upon and the whole space from the present line of Queen
+Street to the Tower Road was occupied as pasture for cattle.
+Queen Street led up to Fort Massey military burial ground; it was
+covered with grass and seldom used except for military funerals.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the frequent alarms of fire and other disturbances in
+the town this winter, the Magistrates made application to the
+Legislature for an Act to establish a night watch, and accordingly,
+on the 5th May, a nightly watch was established by order of the
+Governor and Council for three months.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">{184}</a></span>
+During the spring of 1818 and the previous autumn, several
+vessels arrived in this port with emigrants from Europe, many of
+whom were found to be in a most destitute condition. They could
+not be permitted to remain a burden on the town and the Governor
+and Council advanced funds to assist their removal to the country,
+and Mr. Samuel Cunard and Mr. Michael Tobin were intrusted with
+the funds for the purpose.</p>
+
+<p>"On the 9th February there remained of these emigrants in
+town only 20 families and 30 single men. Their distress and
+that of the humbler classes in the town this winter induced
+the Governor to place £100 more in the hands of Messrs. Tobin
+and Cunard to be used by them to mitigate the suffering of the
+poor in general. They, in consequence, established for a time
+a public soup house, beginning with 50 gallons of soup a day;
+but in three days they were obliged to double the quantity,
+finding that 50 pounds beef and vegetables, producing 100
+gallons a day, did not more than answer the demand. The
+fitting up of the place and eight days' issue cost over £50, and
+they supposed the money would be all gone in a fortnight more.
+They attended constantly in person at the daily issues and say
+that 500 daily partook of the gift. They estimated that £200
+more would be required to keep up the establishment until the
+pressure of want should be alleviated in some other way. The
+first £50 was paid out of the Arms Fund, £100 from the Treasury,
+and the House voted £200 on 10th February for temporary relief
+of the poor at Halifax."&mdash;[Murdoch.]</p>
+
+<p>Eight armed fishing vessels were seized this summer by the ships
+of war on the station, and brought into the Harbor of Halifax.
+Five were released and three condemned in the Court of Vice-Admiralty.</p>
+
+<p>A general election occurred this year. The poll for the County
+and Town of Halifax was opened at the County Court House on
+Monday, 15th June, and continued until Wednesday, when one of
+the candidates, Mr. Richard Kidston, having withdrawn, the other
+two, Mr. John Albro' and Mr. H. H. Cogswell were returned.
+Capt. Thomas Maynard, R. N., was Sheriff this year. He resided
+in the old house in Jacob Street formerly known as the Grenadier<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">{185}</a></span>
+Fort, which stood on the spot where the Trinity Church has since
+been erected.</p>
+
+<p>Among the events of the year worthy of notice was the appearance
+of Anthony H. Holland, proprietor of the Acadian Recorder
+newspaper, (which had been established in 1813) at the Bar of the
+Assembly to answer charges of having published severe animadversions
+on public affairs, particularly from some remarks relative
+to Edward Mortimer, one of the County members, for which Mr.
+Holland suffered a short imprisonment. This affair, with the
+letters of Agricola, which now began to appear in the same paper
+brought that paper into public notice.</p>
+
+<p>A Bill was introduced into the House of Assembly this session
+by Mr. Shaw, who resided near the Three Mile House, for lighting
+Water Street, but it does not appear that the object was effected.</p>
+
+<p>Paper money, issued from the Provincial Treasury, had been for
+some time in circulation and had to some extent taken the place of
+the Spanish Silver, which had been, heretofore, the only circulating
+medium in the town.</p>
+
+<p>During the month of February this year, the harbor was blocked
+up with float ice as far down as George's Island. Between 13th
+and 20th, persons crossed from Dartmouth on the ice at the Narrows.</p>
+
+<p>In the "good old days when George the Third was king," his
+birthday, the 4th June, was celebrated with great enthusiasm at
+Halifax. A levy at Government House, a review of the troops, and
+sometimes the militia on the common, and a royal salute from the
+Battery and shipping in harbor, terminating with a ball in the
+evening.</p>
+
+<p>This year the officers of the 3rd Halifax militia regiment gave a
+dinner at the Exchange Coffee House in the large room lately occupied
+by the Corporation as a Council Chamber. The North British
+Society also dined together on St. Andrew's day at Mason's hall.
+Lord Dalhousie, and all the heads of departments, civil and military,
+and Bishop Burke attended. Judge Brenton Halliburton was
+President, and Geo. Mitchell Vice-president.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Burke had been officiating priest at St. Peter's, the old Roman
+Catholic church which stood on the present St. Mary's grounds at
+the head of Salter Street. He was this year appointed Bishop for
+this province under the title of Bishop of Zion. He was consecrated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">{186}</a></span>
+at Quebec on the 5th July. Dr. Burke was a very popular clergyman,
+was highly thought of in the town and was very remarkable
+for his hospitality, great benevolence, and Christian self-denial and
+care for the poor. Though on several occasions engaged in theological
+controversies with Dr. McCulloch of Pictou and others, he
+never permitted those differences of opinion to interfere with that
+kindly and gentlemanly intercourse with his friends for which he
+was so remarkable.</p>
+
+<p>On the 15th December this year the Agricultural Society of Nova
+Scotia was inaugurated at a public meeting held at Masons' Hall.
+The Earl of Dalhousie presided, the Hon. S. B. Robie, Judge
+Brenton Halliburton, Rev. Dr. Inglis, afterwards Bishop, and S. G.
+W. Archibald addressed the meeting. Resolutions were passed for
+the organization of the society, Lord Dalhousie appointed President,
+and John Young, the author of the letters of Agricola, was
+appointed Secretary with a good salary. Chief Justice Blowers
+was named as Vice-president, and a Committee of twenty named
+to manage the business.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Placide's theatre at Fairbanks' wharf was again in full
+operation this winter; Mrs. Young was the favorite actress, and
+young Mr. William Blake, a native of the town who joined the
+Company, acquired much popularity. Mr. Blake afterwards visited
+Halifax as manager of a company of play actors, about 1830 or '31.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. John Black<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> and James Fraser, two wealthy Halifax merchants,
+were this year appointed to His Majesty's Council. Mr.
+Black was senior member of the firm of Black, Forsythe &amp; Co.,
+afterwards known as Fiddis, May &amp; Robinson. This business was
+carried on for many years on the wharf at the foot of Prince Street,
+lately the property of George Mitchell. Mr. Fraser<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> carried on
+business near Commercial wharf. His residence was on the upper
+side of Water Street nearly opposite his place of business. His<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">{187}</a></span>
+garden extended into Argyle Street, and occupied the space on
+which the Salem Chapel stood.</p>
+
+<table class="no-b" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="0" summary="">
+<caption class="no-pad">Census of the Town of Halifax, taken 1816-17.</caption>
+
+<tfoot>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Memo</span>:&mdash;Population in 1752,&mdash;4249.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="pad-lr pad-l5">"</span>
+<span class="pad-lr">"</span> 1791,&mdash;4897.</td></tr>
+</tfoot>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Men, 3114, males under 16 years of age, 2120, Total males</td><td align="right">5234</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Females, total</td><td align="right">5177</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" class="total">10411</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Colored population, males 391, females 324</td><td align="right">745</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total population of the town</td><td align="right" class="total">11156</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1819 the excavations at the north end of the
+Grand Parade were commenced for the erection of Dalhousie College.
+A grant under the great seal of the province, of a part of the parade
+ground had been made to Trustees as a site for the college in August
+1818. The Legislature at their sitting in February, voted
+£2000 towards the erection of the building and a sum of £3000,
+part of the Castine fund before mentioned, was also appropriated to
+the building, the balance together with an additional vote of £2000
+from the province being invested for the support of the college.</p>
+
+<p>The space known as the Grand Parade had been reserved for
+military and other necessary purposes on laying out the town in
+1749. It had never been military property or claimed by the
+military authorities, but was originally reserved as a place of muster
+for the militia of the town, though used also by the King's troops
+for mounting guard. An old building originally erected on the
+upper side of the space next Argyle Street for an Artillery barrack,
+was remaining there as late as 1777, and ranges of cannon appear
+in front of it in the old pictures of the town about that date.
+Prince Edward when General Commanding at Halifax had the
+parade ground walled up and a new rail or fence erected. The
+surface was levelled and the wall built at the north end bringing the
+surface high above Duke and Barrington streets; ice houses were
+built under this wall which were occupied by Mrs. Jane Donaldson,
+Confectioner of Granville street. This wall was removed to make
+way for the foundation of the college building. It had always been
+asserted as a right on the part of the inhabitants of the town, that a
+free, unobstructed way for foot passengers should be kept open<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">{188}</a></span>
+across the centre of the old parade from one part of George street
+to the other, and wooden steps had been provided soon after the
+wall along the upper side had been erected and a gate and turn stile
+at the town side for the accommodation of the public.<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> There was
+a high wooden rail around the parade painted red.</p>
+
+<p>The Province Building being now finished, the Courts of Justice
+and the Public Offices were removed from Cochran's building, and
+the Legislature, which met on the 11th February, took possession
+of the chambers appropriated to the Council and Assembly with all
+due ceremony.</p>
+
+<p>The reduction of the Dockyard establishment this year was a great
+loss to the town. A large force of workmen were discharged, many
+of whom were thrown out of employ without any provision from
+government.</p>
+
+<p>The project for the removal of the Dockyard to Bermuda was
+found in many respects not to have realized the advantages contemplated
+by the change. It was removed at the time that one of the
+Admirals on the Station had taken offence at some occurrences in
+the town and had used his influence to effect the change.</p>
+
+<p>A few years afterwards the Shears, a gigantic apparatus at the
+Dockyard, for throwing down vessels, was demolished. The Shears<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">{189}</a></span>
+was a very conspicuous object, and stood so high that it could be
+seen from most parts of the town. It is still in the recollection of
+many of our older citizens. The Royal Standard floated from the
+staff which surmounted the Shears on the King's and Queen's birthdays
+and other public holidays. The Dockyard of Halifax, as
+mentioned in a previous chapter, was first established in the year
+1758. The present wall was first erected in 1769 and bears the date
+of 1770 over the gate, but it has been improved and some portions
+rebuilt since that time.</p>
+
+<p>Anthony H. Holland built a paper mill at the head of the Basin this
+year, on the stream near the opening of the Hammonds Plains Road.
+The paper made here was used for his newspaper, and the
+various pamphlets which issued from Holland's press and occasionally
+by other newspapers. It was of a very inferior quality. The
+brown paper, however, used for shop purposes, was of a tolerably
+good description. It was the first paper manufactory set on foot in
+Nova Scotia. It was kept up for many years after the death of
+Holland.</p>
+
+<p>On the night of the 11th of November a fire broke out in
+the Naval Hospital adjoining the Dockyard, which destroyed several
+buildings. In consequence of the removal of the Naval Station the
+space remained unbuilt on for many years.</p>
+
+<p>The Magistrates of the town, in session in December, voted a
+portrait of Chief Justice Blowers. It was painted by a Mr. Drake
+in full dress, wig, and scarlet gown. This picture occupies a place
+in the Legislative Chamber, with that of Chief Justice Sir Thomas
+Strange, by Benjamin West, late President of the Royal Academy.</p>
+
+<p>Among the promotions which appeared in the Royal Gazette this
+year we find the appointment of Mr. Hibbert N. Binney<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> to His
+Majesty's Council.</p>
+
+<p>An event occurred in the month of July which cast a gloom over
+the whole community. Mr. Richard J. Uniacke, junior son of the
+Attorney-General of that name, a member of the Bar, in his address
+to the jury at a trial before the Supreme Court, made some observations
+offensive to Mr. William Bowie, of the firm of Bowie and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">{190}</a></span>
+DeBlois; a challenge from Mr. Bowie was the consequence, and on
+the morning of Wednesday, following the 21st July, the community
+was startled by the announcement that Mr. Bowie had been mortally
+wounded. The duel was fought in the grove at the Governor's
+north farm, near the Lady Hammond Road. Mr. Bowie was carried
+to the house at the corner, then or afterwards occupied by Mrs.
+McNeil as a tea house, where he died in a few hours, the bullet
+having entered his right side below the rib. Mr. Uniacke and the
+two seconds, Stephen W. DeBlois and Edward McSweeny, were
+indicted for murder and tried the same term, and were acquitted by
+the jury of the capital offence. This was the first criminal trial of
+importance which took place in the Province Building. The Court
+Room at the time, now the Legislative Library, comprised the three
+rooms overhead, lately used by the keeper of the building. A large
+gallery then surrounded the Court Room on three sides. This
+gallery was removed in 1827 or 1828, the height of the Court Room
+reduced, and the upper space made into three rooms, which were
+appropriated to the Law Library, Admiralty Records, etc. This
+unfortunate duel excited much feeling in the town, and some blame
+was attached to the seconds who promoted or advised the parties to
+fire a second time, when a reconciliation might have been effected.
+The combatants were both gentlemen highly esteemed for their
+amiable qualities. Bowie was a handsome young man and very
+popular for his social qualities. He was buried from his lodgings
+in town, and his funeral was said to have been more numerously
+attended than any within the recollection of the oldest inhabitants.
+Mr. Uniacke afterwards became a Judge of the Supreme Court.
+The recollection of the sad event is supposed to have shortened
+his life. He died at the early age of 45. Judge Uniacke was one
+of the handsomest men Halifax ever produced, was more popular
+than any other of his family, several of whom were in public positions.</p>
+
+<p>1820. On 7th April, King George IV. was proclaimed at Halifax.
+The ceremony was performed by the Governor, Council, and such
+Members of the House of Assembly as remained in town, together
+with the Magistrates, the Grand Jury, and a number of private
+citizens, proceeding to the Council Chamber, where the proclamation
+was signed by the Governor, Councillors, and others. David Shaw<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">{191}</a></span>
+Clarke, the Clerk of the Peace, acted as Herald, accompanied by
+the High Sheriff in a carriage, escorted by a body of troops. The
+proclamation was read by the Herald in the Market Square, at St.
+Paul's Church, and on the Military Parade in Brunswick Street in
+front of the officers' old barracks. A royal salute was fired and the
+procession then returned to the Province Building, where the proclamation
+was again read. The Royal Standard, which had been
+flying on the citadel, was then lowered to half-mast and minute guns
+fired from George's Island, there being none mounted on the hill at
+the time on account of the decease of the late King George III.
+Sermons were preached in all the places of worship and the
+inhabitants of the town went into mourning.</p>
+
+<p>The House of Assembly being dissolved by the death of the
+Sovereign, a public meeting of the freeholders of the Township was
+held at the Exchange<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> Coffee House on the 3rd May for the nomination
+of the candidates to represent the town. Richard Tremaine,
+Esq., was called to the chair. Mr. Stephen W. DeBlois nominated
+John Pryor and George Grassie. Mr. Cogswell, the former member,
+retired, also Mr. James Forman and Mr. John Young, both of
+whom had been suggested. John Albro', one of the former members,
+led the poll at the close of the election, Pryor and Grassie stood
+even. Captain Maynard, the Sheriff, made a special return of the
+facts. It was said that the last vote polled was that of the Sheriff,
+who first declared the poll closed and then voted for Mr. Grassie,
+which placed the candidates even. On the validity of his vote
+rested the question of the majority. The election lasted three days
+and closed on Saturday evening. At the close the poll stood,
+Albro, 453; Grassie and Pryor, each 395. Freeholders or owners
+of real estate only had the privilege of voting at this period. The
+new House met on 12th November following, and Mr. Pryor having
+died in the interim the House ordered the return of Mr. Grassie.</p>
+
+<p>William Lawson, Simon B. Robie, Samuel G. W. Archibald, and
+George Smith were returned for the County. Mr. Robie was
+elected Speaker of the new House. Mr. Smith resided in Pictou,
+the other three in Halifax. Pictou and Colchester then formed part
+of the County of Halifax.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">{192}</a></span>
+The walls of the new College had now been built up even with the
+surface of the parade ground, and it was arranged that the corner
+stone should be laid with proper ceremony by Lord Dalhousie, the
+patron and originator of the scheme. Accordingly, on the 22nd
+May, 1820, the troops in the garrison were turned out and formed
+a double line from the Province Building to the Grand Parade.
+The Freemasons, under the Grand Master, John George Pyke,
+proceeded from Mason Hall along Barrington Street and formed a
+square on the Parade. About 2 o'clock, Governor Dalhousie, the
+Admiral, the officers of the Governor's Staff, with the Members of
+His Majesty's Council, the Magistrates of the town, and a number
+of leading inhabitants, proceeded through the line of troops to the
+south-east corner of the building. Dr. J. T. Twining, the Grand
+Chaplain, offered a prayer, after which a brass plate containing the
+necessary inscriptions and a quantity of coins, were placed under the
+stone, after which the Earl addressed the meeting and explained
+the objects contemplated in erecting the college. The stone was
+then laid with all due Masonic ceremony. A royal salute was fired
+from the forts and the whole was concluded by a ball and supper at
+Government House.</p>
+
+<p>On the 24th May, the corner stone of St. Mary's Roman Catholic
+Church was laid with full religious ceremonies by Bishop Burke.
+The old church of St. Peter, usually known as "the chapel" was a
+small wooden building painted red. It stood opposite the head of
+Salter Street, inside a rail, and was approached by a gate and turn
+stile. This old building was the first Roman Catholic place of
+worship in Halifax. It was built some time between 1785 and
+1790. It was removed soon after the new building was ready for
+occupation.</p>
+
+<p>On the 29th November, Bishop Burke died in the 78th year of
+his age. He was laid out in state in his Episcopal robes and mitre
+for several days. Bishop Burke was succeeded by Dr. Fraser, Bishop
+of Tanen in partibus. He resided at Antigonish. Mr. Miniot was
+parish priest at this time; he was succeeded by Mr. O'Brien and
+afterwards by Mr. Lochnan, etc., until the appointment of Bishop
+Walsh. The St. Mary's Cathedral crept on slowly for many years
+for want of funds, but was finished according to the original plan
+about the time of the appointment of Bishop Walsh.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">{193}</a></span>
+The Earl of Dalhousie having been appointed Governor General
+of Canada on the death of the Duke of Richmond, a farewell ball
+was given to him and his Countess by the officers of the garrison
+on 28th May, and on 31st the inhabitants presented him with an
+address. On the first of June, his successor in the Government,
+Sir James Kempt, arrived at Halifax in the Phæton, frigate, Capt.
+Montague, 42 days from England. He landed at the King's
+Wharf, and was driven to Government House. At 3 o'clock the
+same day he went to the Council Chamber, where he was sworn into
+office.</p>
+
+<p>On the 5th, Lord Dalhousie embarked for Canada. The flank
+companies of the First Halifax Regiment of Militia, under the
+command of Capts. John Liddell and John Pyke, attended on the
+wharf as a guard of honor. Sir James Kempt brought with him as
+A. D. C., Major Charles Gore, afterwards General Sir C. Gore,
+G. C. B., Lord Frederick Lenox, a younger son of the Duke of
+Richmond, who lately died in Canada, and Major Couper, afterwards
+Sir George Couper, Comptroller of the Household of the
+Duchess of Kent, the Queen's mother. Sir James Kempt was one
+of Lord Wellington's Officers in the peninsular war. He commanded
+a brigade at the Battle of Waterloo, and after the death of
+Sir Thomas Picton, the General of Division, who was killed early
+in the action, the command of the division fell to him.</p>
+
+<p>The only other occurrences worthy of notice during this year were
+the dinner given to Governor Dalhousie by the inhabitants of the
+town, which took place at Masons' Hall on 17th June, the Hon.
+Michael Wallace in the chair, and John George Pyke, Vice. Sir
+John Wentworth, Baronet, the former Governor, died this year at
+his residence, Mrs. Flieger's, Hollis Street. His death took place
+on 8th April. He was in his 84th year. He was succeeded in his
+Baronetcy by his son, Charles Mary Wentworth, a native of
+Halifax, who had retired to England, where he held some subordinate
+office under Government. At his death, unmarried, the title
+became extinct. By his will, he gave the old villa and grounds on
+the Basin, built by the Duke of Kent, to Mrs. Gore, the novelist,
+who was a distant relative of his family.</p>
+
+<p>A Fair and Cattle show was held by the Agricultural Society on
+6th September on Camp Hill. The Governor distributed the prizes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">{194}</a></span>
+John Young, John Albro', William Young, John Starr, Peter
+McNab and Frederick Major, Esquires, were Judges of the cattle.</p>
+
+<p>1820-21. This winter was, if anything, more severe than the
+three preceding. Early in January the harbor became frozen over,
+and by the 20th the ice extended to Meagher's Beach and was
+sufficiently strong to bear sleighs. By the 27th the ice formed a
+firm bridge between Halifax and Dartmouth, over which a continuous
+line of sleighs, teams and foot passengers might be seen
+on market days. Skating and sleighing parties were numerous.
+The Governor, Sir James Kempt, drove tandem almost to McNab's
+Island, and the double sleigh of Judge Brenton Halliburton, in
+passing over a weak spot in the ice, fell through but was rescued
+without damage to the horses or the ladies in the sleigh. The
+navigation was completely stopped for several weeks. A passage
+was, however, cut from Cunard's wharf to the mouth of the harbor
+with much labor and expense, to permit the Government Brig
+Chebucto to proceed on her cruise. This little brig was owned by
+A. Cunard &amp; Sons, and was employed by the Imperial Government
+in cruising along the shores of the province to protect the fishery,
+and at the same time to enable the officers of Government to visit
+the outposts, and was occasionally employed on special service to
+proceed to Quebec and other places with despatches, etc. The
+channel through the ice by which this vessel was taken out, and
+which ran along close to the wharves, was afterwards kept open
+while the ice remained, and a boat and two rafts were used to
+convey over passengers and sleighs.</p>
+
+<p>On the 17th September, a fire occurred in the town, which
+destroyed nearly all the buildings on the eastern side of Barrington
+Street, between Sackville Street and Blowers Street and extended
+back into Granville Street, where several houses were consumed.
+Most of the buildings destroyed were old and delapidated except
+those at the corner of Granville and Sackville Streets occupied by
+Mr. Liswell's Bakery, etc. There were in all about 24 houses
+consumed. A large portion of the burned district remained for
+many years after unbuilt upon.</p>
+
+<p>It was customary at this time for the dress companies of the
+militia to give balls. On 23rd January the Grenadier and Light
+Companies of the 1st Halifax Regiment gave a ball at Mason Hall<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">{195}</a></span>
+at which 300 persons were present. The regiment was commanded
+by Hon. T. N. Jeffery, the Collector of the Customs, who had only
+lately succeeded old Col. J. G. Pyke in the command. John
+Liddell commanded the Grenadiers and Brevet Major John Pyke,
+the Light Company. Lieut.-Col. Richard Tremain commanded the
+Town Artillery.</p>
+
+<p>The condition of the transient poor of the town was very sad this
+winter. An organized system of relief known as the Poor Man's
+Friend Society, was instituted. The town was divided into wards,
+and three or four gentlemen volunteered in each ward to visit the
+poor throughout the winter months. A soup house was established,
+and other arrangements made to meet the objects intended. This
+society continued for about six or seven years. In 1824 Beamish
+Murdoch was its secretary. The following year William Young
+(the late Chief Justice) was acting secretary.</p>
+
+<p>A large issue of paper money by the province took place in 1820.
+Silver change was almost driven out of circulation by the issue of
+small notes, many at one dollar, at 2s. 6d., and even at 1s. 3d.
+These notes were issued by private individuals upon their own
+credit and responsibility. Those of William Lawson and Adam
+Esson were the most numerous. The doubloon was at this
+time established at £4 currency, and the Spanish dollar at five
+shillings. The price of flour had fallen to twenty-seven shillings
+and six pence per barrel.</p>
+
+<p>An anonymous pamphlet was published from the press of A. H.
+Holland, charging the magistrates of the town with malpractices,
+which caused much excitement. It was discovered to have been
+written by Mr. William Wilkie, of Halifax. He was indicted
+for libel, tried at the Easter term of the Supreme Court, found
+guilty and sentenced to two years imprisonment with hard labor in
+the House of Correction. This was esteemed a most tyrannical and
+cruel proceeding on the part of the government. The pamphlet
+was a very paltry offence, such as at the present day would be
+passed over with contempt. Wilkie, though not a person of much
+esteem, yet being a member of a respectable family in the community,
+should have been spared the indignities thrown upon him
+by Chief Justice Blowers and the other Judges of the Supreme<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">{196}</a></span>
+Court. After the sentence was known, the sympathy in his favor
+was very general throughout the town.</p>
+
+<p>The reaction after the peace had reduced the price of agricultural
+produce, not only in Halifax but throughout the province. The
+West India trade, then the chief branch of commerce, had begun
+again to be prosperous, and the merchants were looking forward to
+profitable voyages. But the value of real estate had so fallen that
+sales were made in the body of the town for much less than half the
+cost of the buildings. This state of things continued for several
+years, and very few new buildings were erected between 1819 and
+1823. The population was about 15,000, but the number of houses
+did not exceed 1,600.</p>
+
+<p>The market square at this period presented a very different
+appearance from what it does at present. A low wooden building
+stood on the site of the present brick market house. The roof was
+originally flat and afterwards a pitched roof was added. The
+butchers' stalls in this old building were very convenient, perhaps
+more so than those in the new market house. The cellars of this
+building fronting on Water Street were let for the benefit of the
+town, and the south end was, some time after this, occupied by
+Mr. Alexander McLeod as a liquor store and grocery for many
+years. The ground in front of the market wharf and market
+slip was much lower than at present, and also that part of Water
+Street between the old City Court House and Stayner's Wharf,
+all which was filled up about 1830 or, perhaps, a year or two later.
+A range of shops under the Court House before this alteration in
+the streets afforded a large revenue to the town, but their value as
+places of business was destroyed when the street was raised, and
+though partially occupied afterwards, they proved damp and unfit
+for storage of goods. The truckmen, who were then very numerous,
+ranged their trucks and carts in lines in the square fronting
+the meat market (there being no other stand allowed) and in
+cold weather they might be seen, in the afternoons, when not
+engaged in trucking, amusing themselves with the game of football.
+Two liquor stores, one at the head of the market, on Beamish's
+Wharf, and the other at the opposite corner, now known as
+Laidlaw's corner, kept by Samuel and David Muirhead, were the
+chief places where spirits and beer were retailed to the truckmen<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">{197}</a></span>
+and fishermen. In front of these shops were ranges of apple and
+cake stalls kept by old women, where also gull eggs and lobsters
+boiled hard could be had by the fishermen and shallop men from the
+wharves. The red woollen night cap was generally worn in those
+days by the market fishermen and the people from the coasting
+vessels.</p>
+
+<p>The sidewalks throughout the town with the exception of part of
+Water Street, were all of wood. The old platform on George
+Street, between Granville and Hollis Streets, was known as Hartshorne's
+platform. Messrs. Hartshorne &amp; Boggs occupied a range
+of wooden buildings at the corner of Granville Street, since replaced
+by the stone building erected by George E. Morton and now
+occupied by Knowles' Bookstore. On the lower corner, known as
+Martin Gay Black's corner, there stood an old gamble-roofed house
+on a high green bank occupied by Mrs. Hart as a dry goods store,
+and afterwards by T. &amp; S. Greenwood, watchmakers. This old
+building was about this time replaced by another which afterwards
+made way for the handsome free stone building erected by the late
+Martin Gay Black.<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> This platform was the resort of merchants
+and others who congregated there in the mornings for a short walk
+and to talk over the news. A large ship gun did duty as a post at
+Hartshorne &amp; Boggs' corner, and another at Black's, and formed a
+nucleus for loungers&mdash;not smokers, for smoking was strictly prohibited
+in the streets of Halifax at this time by the Magistrates of
+the town. Opposite, near the Province Building rail, was the old
+town pump mentioned above, known as Black's pump, remarkable
+for its good water, where dozens of boys and girls might be seen
+towards evening getting water for tea. The old wooden range
+known as Cochran's building, which occupied the site of the present
+Dominion building, had been only lately evacuated by the Legislative
+Assemblies and the Courts of Law, and was now being fitted
+up for shops. Among those who first occupied shops in this
+building were Winkworth Allen, who afterwards went to England,
+Mr. David Hare, who afterwards became the purchaser of the
+property; W. A. Mackinlay, on the north side, and Clement H.
+Belcher, at the north-west corner, both well known stationers and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">{198}</a></span>
+booksellers, occupied their respective shops a long time, the latter
+for more than twenty years. At the opposite corner, to the south,
+on Hollis Street, stood a large three story building erected by the
+late James Hamilton, who carried on an extensive dry goods
+business. It was afterwards sold to Burns &amp; Murray, who erected
+the present handsome freestone edifice on the corner. Mr. William
+A. Black kept his watchmaker's establishment at the corner below,
+now occupied by the P. Walsh Hardware Co. The old Halifax
+Journal office occupied a wooden building at the corner of
+George and Granville Streets, where the stone store of T. &amp; E.
+Kenny now is. Mr. Benjamin Etter had his watchmaker's shop at
+the corner of George and Barrington Streets, now known as
+Crosskill's corner, in the same old wooden building which has since
+undergone extensive alterations. Mrs. Donaldson carried on the
+confectionery business at the corner opposite and was succeeded by
+Adam Esson. There were two Donaldsons, both confectioners,
+whose wives carried on the business after the death of their husbands
+and accumulated large properties, usually known as upper and
+lower Donaldson's; the latter was in Granville Street and was the
+most fashionable, being patronized by the military and navy officers
+during the war. The parade ground was surrounded by a high
+wooden rail painted red and had a gate and two turn stiles opposite
+George Street; the latter for foot passengers who claimed the right
+to pass across the ground to the steps which led up into Argyle
+Street, and which still remain. John Howe kept the Post Office in
+the old building opposite the parade later occupied by Mr. Brander,
+Cabinet Maker. The late Matthew Richardson a year or two later
+erected the three story stone building next to Mrs. Donaldson on
+the site of the Hon. Andrew Belcher's garden, which occupied an
+open space south of Donaldson's or Esson's corner. Mr. Belcher
+had, a few years before this, left Halifax to reside in England.
+His residence was in Granville Street, the same building formerly
+owned and occupied by the late Doctor Hoffman a short distance
+south of Kenny's buildings and his garden extended in rear fronting
+on Barrington Street. No part of the city has undergone
+greater changes since this time than Granville Street. From
+George Street northward all the old houses on both sides have been
+replaced by lofty buildings with some rare exceptions. Between<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">{199}</a></span>
+Romans' corner and the Ordnance Square, the street at this time
+was elevated about 20 or 25 feet above the present level. It was
+cut down about the year 1830 or 31, (perhaps a little earlier) and
+the old shabby buildings on the upper side removed, and those on
+the lower side had an additional story added to them below in consequence
+of the street being lowered. The whole of this part of
+Granville Street has been since twice destroyed by fire and replaced
+by the present buildings, at a cost and in a style far beyond the
+requirements of the city. Proceeding southward along Hollis Street
+from the Province Building, both sides as far as Sackville Street
+were occupied by a range of small low buildings. At the corner
+now occupied by the Queen stone building, there stood an old
+gamble roofed house of one story with a little shop at the corner
+occupied by a worthy old man, James Smith, who held the office of
+Deacon of St. Matthew's Presbyterian Church, opposite. The
+other deacon was James Dechman, senior, who was for many years
+keeper of the town clock, and resided in the clock building. These
+two old worthies have long since gone to their rest. The latter was
+father of the late James Dechman, of Halifax, master carpenter,
+who died at an advanced age some years ago at his residence in
+Bishop Street. The Rev. Dr. Archibald Gray<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> was minister of
+St. Matthew's at this time. His place of residence was the old
+house in Granville Street, opposite the Province Building, now
+known as the Acadian Hotel. Several buildings both in Hollis and
+Granville Streets, remnants of the first settlement, stood on high
+grassy banks with porches and steps outside and cellar doors on
+the side of the bank with plank platforms over the gutters; the
+porches and steps frequently projecting out on the side path.</p>
+
+<p>The Hon. John Black, a short time previous to the year 1821,
+built the fine granite building in Hollis Street north of Government
+House, afterwards the property of his son-in-law, Hon. James B.
+Uniacke, since the residence of the Bishop of Nova Scotia. The old
+house within the railing at the upper corner of Hollis &amp; Salter
+Streets, lately owned by Mr. Esson, was then the residence of Hon.
+William Lawson. It was originally built by Malachi Salter about
+1760, perhaps before. At the opposite corner stood the residence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">{200}</a></span>
+of the Hon. Hibbert N. Binney, since removed. At the other corner
+Mr. Charles R. Fairbanks, some time Solicitor-General, afterwards
+Master of the Rolls in Chancery, son-in-law of Mr. Lawson, had
+just erected the fine brick building since occupied as a boarding
+school for young ladies. The late Samuel Lydiard Brewer built the
+iron stone house of three stories south of Mr. Binney's residence
+about the same time. The residence of the Hon. Michael Wallace,
+Treasurer of the Province, was in Hollis Street immediately opposite
+the Government House. It was a wooden building and considered
+a first class residence in its time; now altered into two separate
+dwelling houses. Trees were common in the streets of Halifax at
+this period as has been before mentioned. The stone building in
+Morris Street, the residence of Chief Justice Sir Brenton Halliburton,
+then Judge Halliburton, had been erected some years before this.
+Judge Stewart, his brother-in-law, built the yellow brick building
+at the north-west corner of Hollis &amp; Morris Streets, now the
+residence of a gentleman of the same name, son of Hon. Alexander
+Stewart, late Master of the Rolls and Judge of Admiralty. The
+Hon. Thos. N. Jeffery, Collector of the Customs, built and resided
+in the building later occupied by Mrs. James Donaldson. The late
+Bishop Inglis, then Rector of St. Paul's, owned and occupied the
+low wooden building nearly opposite Mr. Jeffery's, since the residence
+of Mr. Hagarty. At the corner, opposite Judge Stewart's, was the
+old gamble roofed house, the residence of James B. Franklin, son
+of Governor Franklin. This old fashioned house still remains as
+one of the few relics of the early town. The Hon. Charles Morris
+built a handsome wooden dwelling house on the south side of
+Morris Street, between Hollis and Water Streets, afterwards the
+property of Hon. S. G. W. Archibald, Attorney-General and
+Speaker of the House of Assembly; since his death occupied as a
+boarding house. The late John Trider about the same time built
+his rough stone house at Freshwater Bridge. The late John
+Tremain had a Ropewalk adjoining his residence on the south side
+of the road leading up from Freshwater Bridge, now known as
+Inglis Street. This property was afterwards purchased by James
+Forman, Junior, and the old ropewalk building removed. The
+residence of Major Bazelgette at the head of this street had been
+originally constructed by John Trider from the materials of the old<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">{201}</a></span>
+Government House which had been removed and the materials sold
+to make way for the foundation of the Province Building. It afterwards
+became the property of the late John Moody, a merchant in
+the town, who sold it to Major Bazelgette about the year 1817 or
+1818, who added to the building and improved the grounds. Mr.
+Moody purchased the adjoining grounds and erected a new house;
+after his failure his residence was purchased by Hon. Enos Collins,
+who improved the property and beautified the surrounding grounds.</p>
+
+<p>Old Fresh Water Bridge, so well known in former times, crossed
+the stream from Smith's Tanyard nearly in the same place as the
+present abutment. It was a rickety old wooden structure with a
+rough curb or rail. It was a favorite resort of the young of both
+sexes on Sundays and summer evenings, and the old wooden rail
+was covered with names and initial letters carved with the pen knife
+by visitors. The walk down Pleasant Street and up the road now
+known as Inglis Street and round the new road, as the Tower Road
+was then called to Pyke's Bridge, and thence down Spring Garden
+Road to Government House, was the fashionable promenade for all
+classes on Sundays and holidays. The old English Burial ground
+was then surrounded by a high, rough stone wall, built without mortar,
+which was removed some years after the new cemetery on Camp
+Hill was consecrated. The Governor's garden up Spring Garden
+Road adjoining the burial ground extended as far as the General's
+quarters. A portion of this field was taken for the site of the
+new Court House and County Jail. The new Poor House in the
+opposite space, then lately erected, was a rough stone building
+whitewashed on the outside, but the Work House or House of Correction
+was the old gamble roof building probably originally erected
+as a soldiers' barracks in the days of the forts, and afterwards used
+as a Poor House. All these buildings have been since removed and
+the ground sold to private speculators, a step much to be regretted,
+as the space was very extensive and the most eligible situation for
+a public building in the whole city.</p>
+
+<p>The Poor House Burial Ground, at the corner opposite the
+present new Court House, was at this time a standing nuisance in
+consequence of the want of drainage and the careless manner in
+which bodies of paupers were interred. After the law for closing
+all places of burial in the city had been carried into operation, this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">{202}</a></span>
+open space was planted with trees and ground carted in to fill up
+hollow places, and a substantial wall built around it. The old tan
+Yard of Andrew and John Smith was then one of the most
+picturesque and secluded spots in the neighborhood of the town.
+The stream which turned their mill passed down from the south
+common through Smith's Fields, where it formed a pond near the
+town road, known as the mill dam, for many years the resort of
+skaters in winter, continuing south-eastward to Freshwater Bridge
+and passing through a range of willow trees, some of which may
+still be seen above the present bridge. Southward from old bridge
+the road was at this time but a footpath winding along the shore to
+Steele's Pond, beyond which it was passable for carriages. At a
+very early period, however, there had been a broad carriage road all
+along the shore to Point Pleasant, but the earth had fallen in or
+been washed away by the tide. Black Rock, a point running out
+south from Trider's old lime kiln, was then, and for many years
+after, the resort of bathers. There was a fine gravel beach outside
+the old Freshwater Bridge leaving a large expanse of gravel when
+the tide was out. It was customary for gentlemen's servants,
+truckmen and others who came morning and evening to water their
+horses in the stream above the bridge to ride their horses in the surf
+at low water.</p>
+
+<p>That part of the city known as Schmidtville, or Pedley's Fields,
+west from Queen Street and the General's quarters, was not laid
+out into building lots until many years after the period we are now
+describing.</p>
+
+<p>The stone house at the corner of Prince and Argyle Streets,
+opposite the south-west angle of St. Paul's Church, was originally
+the mansion of the Hon. Richard Bulkeley, and is, perhaps, now the
+oldest stone building in Halifax; it was purchased about 1818 by
+H. H. Cogswell, who improved the old house and resided there until
+his death in 1854. The stone house at the opposite corner was
+built after the close of the war by Dr. William J. Almon. It
+afterwards became the residence of his son, Matthew Byles Almon,
+who sold it to Dr. Daniel McN. Parker. Proceeding southward
+along Argyle Street at the next corner was the handsome residence
+of Hon. Richard John Uniacke, who held the office of Attorney
+General for a great number of years. This was a wooden building<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">{203}</a></span>
+of three stories originally with a flat roof and a parapet all around
+with ornaments in the shape of urns at the corners and in the
+centre. A roof was put on this building about the time of the
+death of old Mr. Uniacke, and the parapet removed. At the south
+termination of Argyle Street stood the residence of Mr. Alexander
+Creighton, a small low house, and along Blowers Street, to the west,
+was a low range of wooden buildings which had been a soldiers'
+barracks or guard house. The late Chief Justice Blowers, about
+the commencement of the present century, erected the large wooden
+building at the corner of Barrington Street, adjoining the Roman
+Catholic property, as a residence. After his death it was sold and
+became a hotel under the name of the Waverley House. It has
+since been purchased and attached to the Roman Catholic church
+property.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1821 there were no houses in Gottingen Street, north
+suburbs, except the stone house at the corner of the lane leading
+westward, some years before built by Major McCola, Town Major
+of Halifax, since owned by Mr. R. Duport. A wooden house, a
+short distance north of it, built by Peter Hay, Mason, and the old
+hipped roofed building at the corner of Gerrish Street, known as
+the North Pole, still standing. Mr. Lewis Demolitor had then
+lately built a large house at the northern extremity of Brunswick
+Street, which at that time was considered a very wild speculation.
+This is the same house lately the residence of the Hon. Senator
+Northup. The late Benjamin Etter also, about this time, built
+himself a residence at the corner of North Street, afterwards the
+mansion of the late Hon. William A. Black. Captain Michael
+Head, R. N., occupied the two story house to the westward of W.
+A. Black's property, which a few years before had been built by the
+late William Rudolf, of Halifax, and was afterwards the residence
+of Commissary General, W. H. Snelling, and afterwards by John
+Northup; now or lately known as Belle-Air. Lockman Street
+then could boast of very few buildings and was so grown up
+with grass as in some places only to afford a narrow path in
+the centre for pedestrians and occasionally a stray carriage. The
+original Lockman Street extended only from North Street to
+Gerrish Street, in the rear of what was called the Dutch Lots; it was
+afterwards continued southward by consent of the north suburb<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">{204}</a></span>
+lots, as far as Cornwallis Street. The old house, formerly the
+residence of Major Leonard Lockman, a German officer, one of the
+original settlers, for whom the street was called, stood on the
+western side near the northern extremity of the street. It became
+very delapidated and was removed some years ago.</p>
+
+<p>In the 1818, or perhaps as late as 1820, that part of the
+north common known as Camp Hill, since appropriated as a public
+cemetery, as also all the swampy space westward of the drill
+ground, was in a state of nature, covered with cradle hills, laurel
+bushes and ground juniper. The butchers' boys kept their sheep
+there, and in autumn the swampy portions afforded to the sportsmen
+good ground for snipe, plover and curlew. An old building,
+known as the St. Andrew's Cross, stood on the hill at the corner
+where Quinpool Road, so-called, now meets the common. On the
+opposite side an old two story house called Quinpool, which had been
+the residence of a Mr. O'Brien, stood in a field to the north of the
+road. This old house became uninhabited and was afterward taken
+down by Dr. Cogswell, the proprietor of the property, when he
+divided the fields into building lots. There were two main roads
+leading from town to the Basin, both meeting at what was called
+the Three Mile House, a building erected by Mr. Shaw, a member
+of Assembly, as a hotel, afterwards known as Increase Ward's
+country house. The Wistermont Road was known as the Blue
+Bell Road from a very old house with a swinging sign which stood
+at the corner before you arrive at the Willow Park property. Mr.
+John Young, known as the author of the letters of Agricola, had
+then lately purchased this latter place, had improved the house and
+gardens, and was commencing to work it as a model farm. Further
+north were the old Dutch farms of Philip Bayer and Jacob Shefforth
+on either side of the road, surrounded by groups of old willow trees.
+The Bayer's house has disappeared, but that of the Shefforth family
+fell to the late Mr. Henry Vieth, who repaired the old buildings.
+The other road, known as the Fort Needham or Lady Hammond
+Road, was a prolongation of Gottingen Street. After passing the
+farms of the late John and James Merkel, it turned to the westward
+down the hill to the shore of the Basin at the Three Mile House.
+The Kempt Road had not yet been opened though for some time in
+contemplation. Two block houses, the remnant of the old fortifications<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">{205}</a></span>
+of Halifax, overlooked these roads. The first or nearest
+blockhouse, was at Fort Needham on the hill south of the Governor's
+north farm. The other surmounted the hill just above the cottage
+of the late John Steel, called Three Mile Cottage, at the termination
+of the Blue Bell Road, near the present Three Mile Church. The
+old house at the Governor's north farm known as Lady Hammond's
+house was then in good repair, since fallen down. This house was
+erected by Lieut. Governor Hammond as a country residence for
+his family. The north farm, as it was called, extended eastward to
+the shores of the narrows and included the beech grove near the
+old railway station. This beautiful grove has been lately cut
+up by one of the Government Railway Superintendents who caused
+building lots to be laid off and sold in the grove. This fine
+collection of trees has been carefully preserved for nearly a century,
+and had been the scene of many festivities, and was associated with
+very many pleasing events in the minds of the older citizens.</p>
+
+<p>The common was the usual resort of a large portion of the
+inhabitants on a Sunday afternoon during the summer months. It
+had been the custom for many years, and had continued to be so
+until discontinued by Governor Maitland, for the whole garrison,
+which usually consisted of service companies of three regiments, a
+part of artillery, and a company of sappers and marines, to parade
+on the common every Sunday afternoon at three o'clock during the
+summer season. The Governor and his staff attended and the
+whole brigade, with their regimental colors, and the artillery, with
+their field pieces, formed a line and were inspected by the Governor
+or Commander-in-chief, after which they marched around the drill
+ground, passing before him at slow time, saluting him in open
+column of companies. No booths, however, were allowed on the
+common for the sale of refreshments except on the King's and
+Queen's birthdays, when grand reviews came off.</p>
+
+<p>Sunday presented a gay scene at Halifax in those days. There
+being then no garrison chapel for the troops, the regiments in
+garrison, preceded by their brass bands playing, marched in full
+dress to St. Paul's and St. George's churches amid the ringing of
+bells and the sound of martial music. The carriage of the
+Governor (who was then always a general officer) in full military
+costume, with his aides-de-camp, drove up to the south door of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">{206}</a></span>
+St. Paul's, the whole staff having first assembled under the portico
+which then ran along the southern end of the church. His
+Excellency, followed by a brilliant display of gold lace and feathers,
+the clank of sabres and spurs, and the shaking of plumed hats of
+so many officers, many of whom were accompanied by their ladies,
+on entering the church, presented a most brilliant spectacle. All
+this was followed by the old Chief Justice Blowers in his coach and
+livery, the carriage of the Admiral, and those of several members
+of Council. All being seated and the body of the church full of
+fashion and dress, the peal of the organ began to be heard and the
+clergy in surplice and hood (he who was about to preach, however,
+always in the black gown) proceeded from the vestry up the east
+side aisle to the pulpit, preceded by a beadle in drab and gold lace,
+carrying a large silver headed mace, who, after the clergy had taken
+their seats, deliberately walked down the aisle again to the vestry
+with his mace over his shoulder. The Rector, Dr. John Inglis,
+usually preached in the morning, and the Curate, Mr. J. T.
+Twining, performed the service. They were frequently accompanied
+by other church clergymen on a visit to town, and in Lord
+Dalhousie's time, his Chaplin, the Rev. Isaac Temple, always took
+part in the service, frequently preaching in the afternoon at 3
+o'clock. On the sermon in the morning being concluded, the troops
+marched back to barracks and the general and staff returned to
+Government House, where they partook of luncheon, and were
+again in requisition by 3 o'clock for the grand review of the troops
+on the common. There were no evening services in the churches
+and meeting houses in those days, except with the Methodists, who
+were quietly doing their work in the old Argyle Street meeting
+house, under the Rev. Wm. Black.</p>
+
+<p>The police of the town were conducted by one paid magistrate
+and one unpaid assistant, together with the clerk of the peace and
+three police constables, afterwards increased to four. Old Colonel
+Pyke presided as Chief Magistrate for many years, and was usually
+to be seen sitting in the little police office in drab knee breeches
+with gray yarn stockings and snuff colored coat. Age and infirmity
+having at last compelled him to retire, Mr. John Liddell, the second
+in command, was appointed Chief Police Magistrate by Sir James<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">{207}</a></span>
+Kempt.<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> David Shaw Clarke had been for some years Clerk of the
+Peace. He was a member of the Bar and particularly well qualified
+for the office he held, the duties of which he performed with much
+satisfaction to the public. He was very remarkable as being the
+most corpulent man in town. The late Samuel Muirhead, who kept
+a liquor shop at the head of the Market Wharf, was next in size
+to Mr. Clarke. Muirhead died in 1820, and Clarke, from that
+time to the day of his death, had no competitor. No man was
+better known or more popular for about thirty years in Halifax
+than David Shaw Clarke. He was succeeded in his office by his
+son James Stewart Clarke.</p>
+
+<p>Drunken people were frequently to be seen in the streets in those
+days, yet the peace of the town was tolerably well preserved by the
+three or four police constables. Old Jock Henderson was very
+corpulent, but his great knowledge of his profession rendered him
+an exceedingly useful officer. Jack Mahar was celebrated as a
+detective, but king alcohol at last put an end to his usefulness.
+The practice of publicly whipping thieves had almost altogether
+gone out of fashion by this time, though occasionally resorted to at
+the work house. Among the town oddities was Constable Hawkins.
+He was a negro, one of those who were brought from the Chesapeake
+by Admiral Cockburn. He had been for some years employed at the
+work house to do the whipping. He was usually dressed in an old
+military green uniform, epaulets, plumed cap, with red sash, and on
+state occasions, a sword. With constable's staff in hand, this
+worthy might be seen in the morning at the opening of the police
+office, escorting prisoners down George Street to the office for
+examination, accompanied by a mob of boys. Among the other
+curiosities of the town was old Ben Myers, usually known as Major
+Ben. This old fellow, an idiot, was dressed in a long tailed red
+coat of a fashion then long obsolete, a cocked hat and long white
+feathers hanging over his shoulder, and on particular occasions, a
+star on his breast and a sword and sash. He was the messenger of
+the poor house and Bridewell and came down to the market every
+morning with his wheelbarrow in which he brought back supplies
+for the establishments.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">{208}</a></span>
+The troops mounted guard every morning on the Grand Parade
+and went through the salute and troop before relieving guard. This
+formed a great attraction to strangers and people from the country.
+The band usually played for half an hour before the ceremony of
+inspecting the guards commenced. At sunset and at gun fire, at
+eight o'clock in the evening, the drum and fife proceeded from the
+town clock, in Barrack Street, to Government House or the
+General's quarters, and back again to the barracks. This had been
+an ancient custom in the Halifax garrison and was partly kept up
+until about the year 1845. Guard mounting on the parade at 10
+o'clock in the morning during summer continued until Governor
+Le Marchant left Halifax in 1856.</p>
+
+<p>One feature of the town which frequently afforded amusement to
+visitors must not be omitted. The negro population of Hammonds
+Plains and Preston, the latter particularly, had been, after the
+peace, supplied with the American uniform coats taken at Castine
+or somewhere in Maine in the year 1813. The sky blue coats with
+red and sometimes yellow facings, in conjunction with old torn and
+patched trousers of every description, presented the most grotesque
+appearance. A short time before this a fensible regiment known as
+the York Rangers, having been disbanded in the town, their old
+green uniforms, faced red, and the sugar loaf shaped caps, were
+given to the negroes, who presented the most ridiculous appearance
+on market days.</p>
+
+<p>M. Geneni kept dancing school at Mason Hall and gave many
+pleasant school balls in the winter season to the great delight of
+the young people. M. Perro, a polite old French naval officer, was
+most popular as a teacher of French and was much esteemed in the
+community. M. Chenalette was the most famous confectioner ever
+known in Halifax. In his latter days he kept his establishment in
+Sackville Street, opposite Bedford Row, and was celebrated for his
+French cordials and fancy confectionery. Such was Halifax in
+1821 and thereabouts.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> Mr. Bain married a daughter of the late Benjamin Salter and grand daughter of
+Malachi Salter, one of the first Members of Assembly for Halifax, the ancestor of Mr.
+Benjamin Salter of this city.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> Mr. Black's daughter was the wife of the late Hon. Jas. B. Uniacke. Mr. B. built
+the handsome stone mansion near Government House in Hollis Street, afterwards the
+residence of Bishop Binney. The granite with which this house was built was
+brought from Aberdeenshire. Mr. William Black, his son, removed to Scotland.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> The Hon. James Fraser married a daughter of Mr. DeWolf of Windsor, his eldest
+son James D. Fraser, was for many years member of Assembly for Windsor, and his
+second son was Dr. Benjamin D. Fraser, of Windsor. His eldest daughter married
+Hon. Chas. Gore, afterwards Gen. Sir Chas. Gore. G. C. B., and her daughter married
+the Earl of Errol, a Scotch peer. Another daughter became the wife of the Right
+Rev. Dr. Suther, Bishop of Aberdeen.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> The Grand Parade as it is called, like other spaces reserved in 1749 for
+public purpose, such as the old burial ground, public landing, the common,
+etc., had been used for the purpose to which it was originally appropriated but the
+title had been supposed not to have passed out of the Crown. Towards the close of
+the last century it was thought advisable to vest all the public property in Trustees
+under several grants from the Crown for that purpose; accordingly a grant was made
+of the parade ground to certain public officials and their successors in office, to be held
+by them for the public purposes for which it had been originally reserved. This grant
+with all the others had been constructed under the supervision of old Attorney General
+Uniacke and of Chief Justice Blowers, but it having been afterwards discovered that
+none of the public officials to whom it was granted possessed the corporate powers and
+therefore had no succession in law, and the original incumbents at the time of the grant
+being all dead, it was concluded that the title had lapsed to the Crown. Lord Dalhousie,
+Mr. Wallace and a few others in their exuberant zeal for the erection of a
+college on the Scotch model, undertook to have another grant from the Crown
+passed of the whole or part of the parade ground to the Governors of the College,
+reserving, it is understood, certain privileges over a portion of the ground to the public.</p>
+
+<p>The Governors of Dalhousie College claimed under this grant. The City contends
+that the old grant was not forfeited and that this space among other public property
+appertaining to the town was under the Act of Incorporation turned over to the city.
+That in order to create a legal forfeiture there must be process of Escheat gone through,
+and further, that though the public functionaries to whom it was granted were not
+possessed of corporate rights or had any succession of their offices in law, yet the fact
+of their having been by Royal patent constituted trustees of the property, by inference
+of law the Crown intended to make them a corporation for that particular purpose, and
+that their successors in the various offices they held, or the successor of any one of
+them, would possess the power of supporting the grant. Otherwise the object of the
+Crown in making the grant would be defeated, and as Crown grants are always constituted
+in law most favorably for the Crown, it might be inferred that the Crown
+intended to support its grant by constituting those public officers and their successors
+in office a corporation with succession for that special purpose. Later the dispute
+was settled by private arrangement.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> Mr. Binney was a native of the town. He was the father of the late Edward
+Binney and Grandfather of the late Bishop of Nova Scotia. His residence was at
+the corner of Hollis and Salter Streets, opposite that of the late Honorable William
+Lawson. The old house was removed some years since to make way for a range of
+wooden three-story buildings, erected by Henry G. Hill, along the east side of Hollis
+Street. Mr. Binney was many years Collector of Imports and Excise at Halifax.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> The building afterwards used as the City Hall was then called the Exchange.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> This fine stone building has been since pulled down and a new building for the
+accommodation of the Merchants' Bank now occupies the corner.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Dr. Gray married a daughter of Dr. Michael Head and was father of the late
+James F. Gray, of the Halifax Bar, many years Clerk of the House of Assembly.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> Governors had a voice in all appointments at this time.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">{209}</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.<br />
+<span class="sub">FORTIFICATIONS AND DEFENCES OF THE TOWN&mdash;PUBLIC BUILDINGS, ETC.</span></h2>
+
+<p>From the year 1749 to '54 or '5, the defences of the town
+consisted of palisades or pickets placed upright, with block houses
+built of logs at convenient distances. This fence extended from
+where the Roman Catholic Cathedral now stands to the beach south
+of Fairbanks' wharf, and on the north along the line of Jacob Street
+to the harbor. These palisades were in existence in 1753, but were
+removed at a very early period, not being within the recollection of
+the oldest natives of the town living in the year 1825.</p>
+
+<p>A large portion of the front of the present Citadel Hill was
+originally private property; a small redoubt stood near the summit
+with a flag staff and guard house, but no traces of any regular or
+permanent fortification appear until the commencement of the
+American Revolution. There were several block houses south of
+the town&mdash;at Point Pleasant, Fort Massey and other places. A line
+of block houses was built at a very early period of the settlement,
+extending from the head of the North West Arm to the Basin, as a
+defence against the Indians. The foundation of the centre block
+house was still to be seen in 1848 in the hollow below Philip Bayers'
+pasture. During Governor Lawrence's time, the Indians made an
+attack upon the saw mills at the head of the North West Arm,
+which stood near the site of the present mills, and murdered three
+men; their bodies were buried by the soldiers near one of the block
+houses, and were three times dug up by the Indians in defiance of the
+guard, for the purpose of securing the scalps. These block houses
+were built of square timber, with loop-holes for musketry,&mdash;they
+were of great thickness, and had parapets around the top and a
+platform at the base, with a well for the use of the guard.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">{210}</a></span>
+In 1755, four batteries were erected along the beach&mdash;the centre
+one, called the middle or Governor's Battery, stood where the
+Queen's Wharf now is, being then directly in front of Government
+House; another where the Ordnance Yard was afterwards built,
+called the Five or Nine-gun Battery; the third was situated north of
+the present Fairbanks' wharf; and the fourth called the South or
+Grand Battery, still in existence at the Lumber Yard. They were
+composed of stone and gravel, supported by cross logs, covered
+with earth and planted with grass, having battlements in front and
+the two ends, elevated about twenty or twenty-five feet above the
+water. These fortifications were removed about the year 1783, and
+the grounds appropriated to their present purposes. The Ordnance
+Yard, then a swamp around the battery, and the King's Wharf,
+were both filled up and levelled by stone and rubbish removed from
+the five-acre lots of the peninsula which were beginning to be
+cleared about this time.</p>
+
+<p>There were block houses along the beach, near the Dock Yard
+wall, built by Col. Spry about 1775. The drawings of the town,
+published about the year 1774 or '6, show a strong fortification on
+George's Island.<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> It was not until the commencement of the
+revolutionary war that regular works appear to have been constructed
+for the defence of the town and harbor. About the year
+1778, the Citadel Hill appears to have been, for the first time,
+regularly fortified; the summit was then about eighty feet higher
+than at present; the works consisted of an octangular tower of
+wood of the block-house kind, having a parapet and small tower on
+top with port holes for cannon&mdash;the whole encompassed by a ditch
+and ramparts of earth and wood, with pickets placed close together,
+slanting outwards. Below this there were several outworks of the
+same description extending down the sides of the hill a considerable
+distance.</p>
+
+<p>Fort Massey, George's Island and the East Battery exhibit the
+same kind of fortifications in the pictures of the town made about
+1780. At the latter place there was a barrack, afterwards rebuilt
+by the Duke of Kent about 1800.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">{211}</a></span>
+During the American Revolutionary War, Colonel Spry, the chief
+engineer, erected a battery and several small block houses near the
+old Dutch Church in Brunswick Street. Several fields on the north
+and east sides of the Citadel were then taken by government and
+equivalents given to the owners. There was another block house
+at the extremity of Brunswick Street, in the field adjoining the
+present Admiralty grounds; the first were demolished about 1783,
+and part of the land granted by the Crown as a parsonage lot for
+the minister of the Germans, but the latter remained many years
+after till it fell into decay.</p>
+
+<p>The Lumber Yard, Ordnance Yard and King's Wharf were all
+commenced about the same time, (1784 or '5) but the present
+buildings were put up at a much later date. The north barracks
+were built soon after the settlement. The buildings known as the
+south barracks were erected under the directions of the Duke of
+Kent, as also the north barracks, destroyed by fire some years ago.</p>
+
+<p>During the revolutionary war the main guard house stood on the
+spot now occupied by the Mason Hall. It was used as a military
+post at a very early period, as the French prisoners from Annapolis,
+etc., were lodged there. The guard house was removed over ninety
+years ago, and the present building afterwards erected.</p>
+
+<p>A building called the Military Office stood at the south corner of
+the market wharf, near where the main guard house now is. It
+was used as a military office until 1790, or perhaps later. At this
+time a guard was kept at the Prince's old playhouse, where the
+Acadian School now stands.</p>
+
+<p>The house lately owned by Capt. Maynard, where the Trinity
+Chapel now stands, in Jacob Street, was a barrack as early as
+1769. It was the site of one of the old block-house forts erected at
+the first settlement. It continued to bear the name of the Grenadier
+Fort until removed to make room for the present brick edifice
+known as Trinity Church.</p>
+
+<p>The old wooden fortifications were removed from Citadel Hill
+about the time Prince Edward was Commander-in-Chief.</p>
+
+<p>The hill had been cut down and ramparts of earth constructed
+mounting five or six guns at each angle, with a deep ditch. There
+were also covered ways and passages leading into the fort; willow
+trees were planted round the ramparts, and the whole was surrounded<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">{212}</a></span>
+by a picket fence. The remains of this work were removed at the
+commencement of the present fortifications. Much of the old work
+was performed by the militia drafts from the country, embodied at
+Halifax at the close of the last century, particularly in 1793, during
+Sir John Wentworth's administration, and at subsequent periods.
+The Maroon negroes from Jamaica were for a short time engaged
+on these works.</p>
+
+<p>The towers on George's Island,<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> Point Pleasant, the East Battery,
+Meager's Beach and York Redoubt were built at the commencement
+of the present century. The Prince established signal stations
+between Halifax and Annapolis, the first post being on the hill
+behind his residence on Bedford Basin. He levelled the ground
+called the Grand Parade, and it is said, built the walls at the
+north-east and south-west angles. The Chain Battery at Point
+Pleasant was first constructed, it is said, by Lord Colville, in or
+about 1761. The present ring bolts were put down the war of
+1812-15. The old block house at Fort Needham and that on
+the hill above Philip Bayers' farm on the road leading to the Basin,
+called the Blue Bell Road, were built during the American Revolution,
+and re-constructed during the Prince's time. They were
+there in 1820, but soon after fell into decay, being composed of
+square timber only. All the other block houses had disappeared
+many years previous to that date. The building used as an army
+hospital, which stood on the north slope of Citadel Hill, in rear of
+the north barracks, since destroyed by fire, was erected as the town
+residence of Edward, Duke of Kent, when commander of the forces.
+The low range of buildings since used as barrack stores and as a
+military library, were his stables and offices. His residence was a
+very elegant building with a portico supported by Corinthian pillars
+in front, all which remained for many years after it became an
+hospital. About the same time he built his villa on the Basin, the
+ruins of which were to be seen a few years ago. The Rotunda, or
+band room, still remains. The lands where the buildings stood
+were the property of Sir John Wentworth, the Governor, to whom
+he left it on his removal from the garrison. The old Rockingham
+Inn was his guard house, since burned down.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">{213}</a></span>
+In the year 1765 there were two hospitals in the north suburbs,
+near the beach at the foot of Cornwallis Street, called the Red and
+Green Hospitals. They were there in 1785. One stood on the site
+of the present North Country or Keating's Market, the other on
+property now owned by the heirs of late H. H. Cogswell.</p>
+
+<p>Until the year 1780 the streets of the town were in a very rough
+condition, and some of them least frequented were impassable for
+carriages, from stumps of trees and rocks. As early as 1761, there
+was a good road to Point Pleasant;&mdash;it was a continuation of
+Water Street, and said to have passed through or near the present
+Lumber Yard grounds, following the shore of the harbor.</p>
+
+<p>In 1764 the people of the north suburbs applied to the Governor
+and Council to call their settlement Gottingen. The name soon fell
+into disuse; the main street obtained the name of Brunswick Street,
+the rear street only retaining that of Gottingen.</p>
+
+<p>The first Government House was erected soon after the town was
+laid out; the frame and materials were brought from Boston, and
+the apartments prepared for the reception of the Governor early in
+October. He held a council there on the 14th of that month. It
+was a small low building of one story, surrounded by hogsheads of
+gravel and sand, on which small pieces of ordnance were mounted
+for its defence. It stood in the centre of the square now occupied
+by the Province Building. About the year 1757 or '8, this little
+cottage was removed to give place to a more spacious and convenient
+residence. It was sold and drawn down to the corner of
+George Street and Bedford Row, opposite the south-west angle of
+the City Court House, and again, about 1775, removed to the beach
+and placed at the corner of the street leading to the steam boat
+landing, where it remained until 1832, when the present building,
+occupied lately by Thomas Laidlaw, was erected on the site. The
+new Government House was built during the time of Governor
+Lawrence. Lord William Campbell built a ball room at one end,
+and several other improvements were made to the building by
+subsequent governors. It was surrounded by a terrace neatly
+sodded and ornamented. The building was of wood, two stories
+high. The office of Capt. Bulkeley, the Secretary, stood at the
+north-east angle of the square inside the rails. Prince Edward
+resided in this house with Governor Wentworth in 1798. This old<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">{214}</a></span>
+house was pulled down about the commencement of the present
+century and the materials sold to Mr. John Trider, Sr., who used
+them in the construction of the building on the road leading to the
+tower at the head of Inglis Street, formerly owned by Colonel
+Bazelgette, and afterwards the residence of the late Mr. George
+Whidden.</p>
+
+<p>St. Paul's Church is now, perhaps, the oldest building remaining
+in Halifax. It was erected at the expense of government in the
+year 1749, and was esteemed one of the best constructed wooden
+buildings in America. The oak frame and materials were brought
+from Boston, and the building was ready for divine service by the
+autumn of 1750. It received an addition to the north end with a
+new steeple somewhat similar to the old one in the year 1812.
+The first sermon was preached in this building by the Rev. Mr.
+Tutty<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> on 2nd September, 1750. It remained in nearly all respects
+as at its first erection until certain late alterations have changed its
+appearance, particularly an addition to the south end from which
+the fine old altar window, with its Doric pillars and small panes has
+been removed to make way for a large Gothic window full of
+painted glass, altogether incompatible with the architecture of the
+building itself. The old escutcheons in the galleries have been
+permitted to remain. The walls below are covered with monuments
+and tablets recording the deaths of governors, military commanders,
+who fell during the old American and French wars, and not a few
+of our leading citizens. The most conspicuous are those of
+Governors Sir John Wentworth, Wilmot, Lawrence, and Sir
+John Harvey, Capt. Evans of the ship Charleston, who was killed
+off the coast of Cape Breton in defence of a convoy against a
+superior French force, Lord Charles Montague, late Governor of
+Georgia, who died of fatigue after a journey in winter from Quebec
+to Halifax by land, the Right Rev. Charles Inglis, first Bishop of
+Nova Scotia, and his son Dr. John Inglis, third Bishop of the
+Diocese, Baron De Seitz, who commanded the Hessian troops in
+the old war, General McLean, the Hon. Richard Bulkeley, Attorney
+General Uniacke, with a number of others of lesser note. The first
+organ was purchased, partly by private subscription, during the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">{215}</a></span>
+incumbency of Dr. Breynton, about 1765. It was replaced by a
+new one about 1829, but the old case of Spanish walnut was
+preserved.<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a></p>
+
+<p>The old German church of St. George, in Brunswick Street,
+bears the date 1760 on its spire. It was originally erected by
+private subscription among the German settlers of the north suburbs
+in or about the year 1752 or '3. After the removal of the Germans
+to Lunenburg there were but fifteen families of Germans remaining
+in the north suburbs. This small congregation, not knowing any
+English, erected the building on the German burial ground as a
+school house and chapel. The present steeple was erected in 1760,
+and the following year the building was dedicated as a church by
+Dr. Breynton of St. Paul's, after which the congregation followed
+the forms of the Church of England. Dr. Breynton on that
+occasion preached in German and in French, after which he
+addressed the congregation in English. In 1783 Rev. Bernard
+Houzeal, a Lutheran minister, came to Halifax among the Loyalists
+from New York and, having been ordained a minister of the Church
+of England by the Bishop of London, became the minister of St.
+George's, receiving a stipend from the Society for the Propagation
+of the Gospel in Foreign parts. He died about the close of the last
+century, a few years after the present round church, known as St.
+George's, was erected, and Mr. Gray was appointed to the charge,
+after which service in the old church was discontinued. It was then
+appropriated as a school house. About the year 1833 or '4 it
+underwent a thorough repair which was superintended by several
+persons in the parish who were descendants of the original German
+settlers.</p>
+
+<p>Old St. Matthew's was coeval with the first settlement of Halifax.
+Governor Cornwallis assigned a lot at the south-west corner of
+Prince and Hollis Streets for a dissenting meeting house in 1749.
+It was built soon after at the expense of government, and was
+called Mather's Church in compliment to the memory of Dr. Cotton
+Mather, the celebrated New England Congregationalist divine, by
+the dissenters then in the town, who were principally from New
+England and of that denomination. The Rev. Aaron Cleveland,
+from New England, was the first minister who officiated in this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">{216}</a></span>
+building. The Presbyterians from Scotland and the North of
+Ireland, having become numerous in the town, soon amalgamated
+with the American dissenters, and gradually obtained exclusive
+possession of the building, after which it received the appellation of
+St. Matthew's Church. The late Rev. Mr. Russell, father of the late
+George N. Russell, of Halifax, officiated there for some time after
+it became Presbyterian. Dr. Archibald Gray was the officiating
+minister there for about twenty years; he was succeeded by Rev.
+Ebenezer Renny, Rev. Mr. Knox, and finally by Rev. John Scott,
+the last minister who preached in the old building which was burned
+in the great fire which destroyed a considerable portion of Hollis
+Street, on New Year's day, 1859. The lot of land on which it
+stood was, some years after, sold to Doull &amp; Miller, who erected
+there a large stone warehouse, which is one of the neatest and
+most substantial buildings in the city.</p>
+
+<p>The first market house occupied the site of the brick building
+lately used for the City Courts and offices. It was built soon
+after the settlement. A balcony ran along the lower side which
+was used by merchants, etc., as a public promenade. About the
+commencement of the present century the remains of this old
+building were removed to make way for the brick edifice. The
+upper portion of the new building was let as a public coffee house;
+the large room now used as a City Council Chamber was appropriated
+for public meetings, festivals, etc., and the south end,
+above the police office, was occupied for many years as the
+Exchange or Merchants' Reading Room.</p>
+
+<p>The first court house in Halifax, as before mentioned, stood at
+the corner of Buckingham and Argyle Streets, where Northup's
+store and country market stood later. Chief Justice Belcher held his
+court there in 1755, and the first Representative Assembly held
+their session there in 1758. It was destroyed by fire about the
+year 1783. Chief Justice Belcher resided in the old house in
+Argyle Street to the north of the old Methodist meeting house,
+formerly owned by the Rev. William Black, Methodist minister.
+This building, at the time of its removal, was one of the very few
+old buildings then remaining in the town. It was taken down
+some years ago and a range of shops and a market house now<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">{217}</a></span>
+occupy its site. The old Zoar chapel, the cradle of Methodism
+in Halifax, has been lately turned into shops.</p>
+
+<p>The stone house at the corner of Prince and Argyle Streets,
+opposite the south-west angle of St. Paul's Church, was originally
+built by the Hon. Richard Bulkeley, the first Provincial Secretary,
+and was his residence for many years. It was purchased by the
+Hon. H. H. Cogswell about 1818, and since his death has undergone
+extensive alterations to render it suitable for a public hotel.
+It is known as the Carlton House. There is an old house still
+standing on the western side of Grafton Street, in Letter &mdash;&mdash;,
+Forman's Division, which was the residence of William Nesbitt, the
+Attorney General of Nova Scotia and Speaker of the Assembly, in
+1760. After the death of Mr. Nesbitt, towards the end of the last
+century, it fell to his daughter, Mrs. Swann. This old lady died
+there nearly 80 years ago and the property was afterwards sold.
+The street was cut down about 50 years since and a story or breast
+work was erected on the street under this little old cottage which
+may yet be seen projecting from the main building, presenting the
+appearance of a balcony. The residence of Richard Gibbons,
+formerly Attorney General, stood at the corner of Buckingham and
+Grafton Streets, formerly known as George Isles' corner; it was
+lately taken down and replaced by a range of brick buildings now
+owned by Mr. Maloney. This was also one of the remnants of the
+first settlement of the town. The building at the corner of
+Barrington and Sackville Streets, formerly occupied as the Halifax
+Grammar School, is also a very old building. The House of
+Assembly held its sittings there in 1765, perhaps earlier. After
+the court house was burned down the Supreme Court met there for
+several years. It was also used at one time for a guard house. It
+was devoted to the purpose of a school on the establishment of the
+Halifax Grammar School in 1785.</p>
+
+<p>Houses of entertainment were numerous and well kept at an early
+period. The Great Pontack was a large three-story building,
+erected by the Hon. John Butler, uncle to the late John Butler
+Dight, previous to 1757, at the corner of Duke and Water Streets,
+afterwards known as Michael Bennett's corner, now Cunningham's
+corner. It was the principal hotel in 1764. In 1769 it was kept<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">{218}</a></span>
+by John Willis. The town assemblies and other public entertainments
+were held at the Pontack in 1758.<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Crown Coffee House, frequented by country people, was
+kept by William Fury in 1769 on the beach near the Dockyard.
+Jerusalem Coffee House occupied the northern extremity of the
+block near the Ordnance Yard, opposite Collins' wharf, between
+Hollis Street and Collins' stone stores. It was built by the Hon.
+Thomas Saul as a private residence about 1753 and afterwards
+occupied by the Hon. Alexander Brymer; some of the rooms were
+highly finished and ornamented with carved work, and the whole
+establishment was on a scale beyond any other private residence in
+the place. It was let out for a coffee house about 1789, or perhaps
+earlier. This old building was destroyed by fire in 1837. The
+present stone store known as the Jerusalem Warehouse occupies
+the site of the old mansion.</p>
+
+<p>Public Gardens were much in fashion between 1753 and '80.
+Adlam's garden was an extensive enclosure south of the Citadel,
+near the present Artillery Park and south barracks. It was opened
+to the public, contained a pavilion and a great variety of fruit trees
+and shrubs. The Artillery Park was then kept on the Grand
+Parade; the Artillery Barracks stood in a line with the late engine
+house; the Parade was not levelled at that time; a foot path from
+George Street passed through the centre, and the descent at the
+north-east corner was very abrupt.<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> Spring Garden was another
+place of public resort in 1768. At this time there was a Provincial
+Gardener, who received an allowance of £32 10s. per annum.<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a>
+About 1764, Mr. Joseph Gerrish, of His Majesty's Dockyard, laid
+out an extensive garden in the north suburbs and imported fruit<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">{219}</a></span>
+trees at great expense. This was a private enclosure, extending
+from Lockman Street to the beach, south of the Dockyard; his
+dwelling house stood in the centre and faced the harbor. Part of
+the old wall, a year or two since, was to be seen in Lockman Street.
+The old Governor's gardens, west of the English burying ground,
+were well kept up for about 30 years. There was a large summer
+house in the centre.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Grant, the victualling agent, had a large fruit garden south
+of Government House, where St. Matthew's Manse now stands,
+extending from Hollis to Pleasant Streets. It was surrounded
+by a stone wall. Ornamental trees were, at an early period,
+very numerous in the suburbs, particularly in the south, and
+tended much to the beauty and comfort of the town. The poplar
+trees which stood in front of the residence of the late James Kerby
+and others, in Brunswick Street, and the willows on the eastern
+side of the street, near the round church, are within the recollection
+of many of the old inhabitants. The fine old willow trees which
+occupied both sides of Argyle Street near the residence of the late
+Attorney General Uniacke, those at the south end of Hollis Street,
+near the Lumber Yard, and those around St. Paul's Church, are
+also still within the recollection of many. These trees were all cut
+down by the Commissioners of Streets in 1829 and 1830, because
+they grew on the side paths and were therefore deemed an encroachment
+on the public highway. Halifax was thus denuded of its
+shady walks by the gentlemen of taste who constituted the Commissioners
+of Streets at that period. Within the last few years
+several attempts have been made to re-produce trees on the sidewalks,
+but with partial success, there being no protection afforded
+to them by the city authorities.</p>
+
+<p>Before the year 1760, the houses were generally built of square
+and round timber, some with small pickets placed upright between
+the stubs of the frame, and the whole covered over with clap
+boards; they were usually of one story with a hipped roof, the
+shops and half doors with no glass, swinging signs, and wooden
+shutters opening downwards, on which goods were exposed for
+sale. Several of these old houses were in existence in 1850,
+windows and doors being altered.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">{220}</a></span>
+In 1768 and '77, there were lamp posts at all the principal
+corners, the town being then lighted at the public expense.</p>
+
+<p>The Dutch in the north suburbs usually built with the ends of
+their houses to the street; those of the better sort had ornamental
+windows and heavy cornices with weathercocks, One or two of
+these old houses were to be seen in Brunswick Street about thirty-five
+years ago. Among the old houses which have now disappeared
+was one which stood in the field opposite the lower wharf, near
+Point Pleasant; it was built about 1770, and occupied by General
+Fanning about 1783.</p>
+
+<p>A year or two after the settlement Mr. Gerrish built several
+small stone houses near the tower; the clearance east of the pine
+woods is still to be seen; they were occupied for a short time by the
+settlers from the north of Ireland who went to Cobequid.</p>
+
+<p>A large wooden building stood in the centre of the enclosure now
+occupied by Government House, built before the American Revolution,
+and used as a residence for field officers and other military
+purposes. The public hospital stood on part of the land now
+occupied by Government House to the north of the present house;
+it was afterwards sold; probably the spot on which St. Matthew's
+church now stands.</p>
+
+<p>The first jail stood where the late Mr. Robert Brown's house in
+Hollis Street stood, opposite the Halifax Hotel; the jail was kept
+there till 1787, or thereabouts. In 1777, the Provost Marshal was
+suspended from his office in consequence of the repeated escape of
+prisoners from this building.</p>
+
+<p>In 1752, government purchased a small stone house built by Col.
+Horseman for a prison, probably a military one; this was near
+where St. Mary's Cathedral now stands.</p>
+
+<p>One remnant of the first settlement, now forgotten, was an old
+hardwood tree which stood on the beach, just above high water
+mark, at the corner of the Market Slip; this tree was used as a
+public gallows from 1749, and was there within the recollection of
+one or two aged persons living in 1825; it was cut down about
+1763, but the stump remained until 1784 or '5.</p>
+
+<p>The progress of crime between 1749 and '54, was perhaps less
+rapid than might have been expected among a population of 5,000
+or 6,000, composed of such materials. During the first five years<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">{221}</a></span>
+there were fifty criminal trials on record, many convictions for
+grand larceny, which was then the subject of capital punishment.
+After the appointment of Chief Justice Belcher, convictions were
+less frequent; most of the executions, as in the time of the general
+court, were for stealing or receiving stolen goods.</p>
+
+<p>The Dockyard was first established at Halifax in 1758. It was
+extended and improved in 1769. The date over the gate is 1770.
+The walls have since undergone several renewals.</p>
+
+<p>The Town Clock was erected early in the present century jointly
+by the garrison and the town. The merchants of Halifax raised a
+subscription towards the object. It was placed at the head of
+George Street for the convenience of the inhabitants. It was
+managed by the garrison. The late James Dechman, senior, was
+keeper, and resided in the clock for many years; he died about 1829
+or 1830.</p>
+
+<p>According to the plan of the town made by Col. Desbarres in
+1779 or '80, and published in his nautical charts in 1781, there was
+a nine-gun battery about where the Ordnance wharf now is, and the
+five-gun battery a little to the north, but on an angle with the
+other. Gerrish's wharf, since known as Marchington's wharf, was
+immediately north of the five-gun battery, and Joshua Mauger's
+wharf at the foot of Jacob Street. Proctor's wharf appears to have
+been situated near where Cunard's old wharf now is. The old
+market wharf, known as Fredericks' wharf, and afterwards as
+Beamish's wharf, was as at present. Fillis' wharf appears to
+have been that now known as Mitchell's, south of the Queen's
+Wharf. Terrance Fitzpatrick's wharf was situated about the spot
+now occupied by Esson &amp; Boak's wharf. Crawley's was to the
+south of the latter, and Collier's about where Pryor's wharf now is.</p>
+
+<p>There was a battery at the Commissioners' point at the south end
+of the Dockyard, and the storekeeper's wharf ran out to the south
+of the Commissioners' point somewhere, apparently, in the vacant
+space between the Dockyard and West's property. Joshua Mauger's
+Distillery was situated between the Dockyard and the present
+hospital grounds. Guns were mounted on the careening wharf.
+Three batteries with ditches and enclosures were formed by Col.
+Spry, Chief Engineer, on the lower side of Brunswick Street; one
+on the corner of Brunswick and North Streets, one on the south<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">{222}</a></span>
+corner of Dockyard Lane, and the other down Gerrish Street below
+the Dutch burial ground. It was generally understood that these
+works were on the opposite or western side of Brunswick Street,
+but Desbarres' plan places them on the east side. The works on
+Citadel Hill appear to consist of a small enclosure, but no regular
+fortifications appear.</p>
+
+<h3>EARLY PRINTING IN HALIFAX.</h3>
+
+<p>In 1751 printing was first introduced into Nova Scotia. The
+first press was established at Halifax, and there was not a second in
+the province until 1766. Bartholomew Green, Jr., was the grandson
+of Samuel Green, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, and was of
+the firm of Green, Bushell &amp; Allen, of Boston. He removed to
+Halifax with a press and type in August, 1751. He died about six
+weeks after his arrival, 52 years of age.</p>
+
+<p>John Bushell, who had been the partner of Green in Boston,
+immediately succeeded him in Halifax. He printed for the government,
+and in March, 1752,<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> published the first newspaper printed
+in Nova Scotia. The work for government was inconsiderable, but
+was the chief support of Bushell. He was a good workman but
+had not the art of acquiring property, nor did he make the most
+economical use of the little which fell into his hands. Bushell
+died in February, 1761. The proclamation published by Governor
+Lawrence in 1758 for the settlement of the French lands on the
+Basin of Minas was printed by John Bushell. Anthony Henry
+succeeded Bushell as a printer at Halifax. He was a German, and
+had lived some time with a printer, but had left his master and
+became a fifer in one of the provincial regiments. With this
+regiment he came to Nova Scotia, but some time after obtained his
+discharge. There was then no printer in the province, and his
+pretensions to skill in this art greatly facilitated his release from
+the army. There appears, however, to have been a printing office
+at Halifax in March, 1756, conducted by one Isaac Ourry. Henry
+began business with the press and type which had been used by
+Bushell. He published the Gazette. The government, through
+necessity, gave him some work which was badly executed. This
+paper was edited for some time by the Hon. Richard Bulkeley,
+Secretary of the Province.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">{223}</a></span>
+In 1766 a printer with a new and good apparatus came from
+London and opened another printing house. He published a newspaper
+and was employed by government. Henry, who had been
+inattentive to his affairs, did not despond at the prospects of a rival,
+but, much to his credit, exerted himself and did better than before.
+After a few years' trial, his rival, not finding the business so
+profitable, nor place agreeable, sold out his paper, and Henry
+was again the only printer in the province. He procured new type
+and a workman better skilled than himself. His printing from this
+time was executed in a more workmanlike manner. He remained
+without another rival until the British army evacuated Boston, in
+March, 1776, when the printers in that town who adhered to the
+Royal cause were obliged to leave that place, and they, with other
+refugees, came to Halifax. Henry continued printing until his
+death. He possessed a fund of good nature, and was of a very
+cheerful disposition. He died December, 1800, aged 66 years.</p>
+
+<p>Robert Fletcher arrived at Halifax from London in 1760, with
+new printing materials and a valuable collection of books and
+stationery. He opened a book store and printing house near the
+parade, published a newspaper and printed for the government.
+Until this time there had been no book store in the province.
+Fletcher executed his printing with neatness, and raised the reputation
+of the art in Nova Scotia. He remained in Halifax until
+1770, then sent his printing materials to Boston for sale and
+went into other business.</p>
+
+<p>Alexander and James Robertson, who had been printers in New
+York, Norwich and Albany, went to Shelburne, in Nova Scotia, in
+1783, where they printed a newspaper. John Howe began printing
+in Halifax in 1776, and was publisher of the Gazette in 1801.
+Howe commenced the Halifax Journal in 1780. In 1790 his office
+was at the corner of Sackville and Barrington Streets. This paper
+was afterwards purchased and carried on by John Munro; his office
+was where Mr. Kenny's new stone building now is, at the corner of
+George and Granville Streets. The weekly Chronicle was set on
+foot by William Minns, a Loyalist settler, in 1786, and was
+continued until 1828. Mr. Minns kept a stationer's shop in
+Barrington Street, below the parade. This paper had the Star and
+Garter at its heading.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">{224}</a></span>
+Henry's printing office was in Grafton Street, in rear of the
+residence of the late Attorney General Richard John Uniacke,
+where his descendants resided for many years. There was another
+printing office in the same street, further north, which is represented
+in the engraving of the town in 1776 with a steeple surmounted by
+a hand holding a pen.</p>
+
+<p>After the peace of 1784, printing found its way into the Province
+of New Brunswick.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> We have seen that Governor Cornwallis, at the very commencement of the
+settlement, selected George's Island as the most eligible position for the fortification.
+Prisoners were sent here at a very early period.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> Lately removed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> Mr. Tutty usually officiated on the parade in the open air until the church was
+sufficiently advanced to enable him to hold service in it.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> This organ has been lately removed to Trinity Chapel, in Jacob Street.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> Among the annual festivals of the old times, now lost sight of, was the celebration
+of St. Aspinquid's Day, known as the Indian Saint. St. Aspinquid appeared in the
+Nova Scotia almanacks from 1774 to 1786. The festival was celebrated on or immediately
+after the last quarter of the moon in the month of May. The tide being low at
+that time, many of the principal inhabitants of the town, on these occasions, assembled
+on the shore of the North West Arm and partook of a dish of clam soup, the clams
+being collected on the spot at low water. There is a tradition that during the
+American troubles when agents of the revolted colonies were active to gain over the
+good people of Halifax, in the year 1786, were celebrating St. Aspinquid, the wine
+having been circulated freely, the Union Jack was suddenly hauled down and
+replaced by the Stars and Stripes. This was soon reversed, but all those persons who
+held public offices immediately left the grounds, and St. Aspinquid was never after
+celebrated at Halifax.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> Whether there was a passage for carriages across the Parade does not appear;
+probably not, as it was used for a public parade ground in 1749.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> Probably employed at the Governor's gardens.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> See Thomas' History of Printing in America.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">{225}</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h2>
+
+<p>The following short sketch of some of the persons who took a
+lead in establishing the Colony, has been compiled chiefly from
+public records:</p>
+
+<p>The Honorable Edward Cornwallis, the first Governor and Commander-in-Chief,
+was a younger son of Charles, third Baron
+Cornwallis by Lady Charlotte Butler, daughter of Richard, Earl of
+Arran and uncle to the celebrated Duke of Ormonde. He was born
+in 1713, was member of Parliament for the borough of Eye in 1749,
+and was elected member for the city of Westminster in 1753, shortly
+after he returned from Halifax. He married the same year, a
+daughter of the late Lord Townshend, but left no children. He was
+afterwards raised to the rank of Major General and appointed
+Governor of Gibraltar. General Cornwallis was twin brother of
+Dr. Frederick Cornwallis, Archbishop of Canterbury.</p>
+
+<p>The gentlemen who composed the first Council were Paul Mascarene,
+Edward How, John Gorham, Benjamin Green, John
+Salisbury and Hugh Davidson.</p>
+
+<p>Col. Mascarene was a native of Castras in the south of France,
+was born in the year 1684. His parents were Huguenots and were
+compelled to fly from their native country on the revocation of the
+Edict of Nantes when all Protestants were driven from France. He
+made his way to Geneva at the age of 12, where he received his
+education. He afterwards went to England, where he received a
+commission in the British army in 1708. He was appointed Captain
+in 1710 and ordered to America, where he joined the regiment raised
+in New England for the taking of Port Royal. He was at the
+capture of Annapolis Royal that year, and was for some time commander
+of the garrison as senior major of the regiment. On the
+death of Colonel Armstrong he became Lieutenant-Colonel of the
+regiment under General Phillips, and was third on the list of councillors
+in 1720, when the first Council was organized in Nova<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">{226}</a></span>
+Scotia. In 1740 he was appointed Lieut.-Governor of the fort, and
+administrated the government of the Province until the arrival of
+Cornwallis in 1749. He remained in command at Annapolis after
+the settlement at Halifax, and was subsequently engaged as agent
+of the British Government in arranging treaties with the Indians of
+New England and Acadia in 1751. He retired from active duties
+and died a Major General in the British army at Boston, on 20th
+January 1760. He left a son and daughter. His son was said to
+be living in New England in 1835, at a very advanced age. The late
+Judge Foster Hutchinson, of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia and
+the late Deputy Commissary General William Handfield Snelling,
+were his grandsons. His great-grandson, Mr. W. Snelling Stirling,
+has his portrait, painted by Smybert of Boston about 1725.</p>
+
+<p>Benjamin Green was a native of the province of Massachusetts,
+born in 1713, youngest son of the Rev. Joseph Green, minister of
+Salem, Mass., and graduate of Harvard College. He was brought
+up as a merchant under his elder brother Joseph in Boston. In
+1737 he married a daughter of the Honorable Joseph Pierce of Portsmouth.
+He accompanied General Pepperal to Louisburg in 1745,
+as Secretary to the expedition. After the capture of that place by
+the Provincial army, he remained there as Government Secretary and
+manager of the finances until Cape Breton was restored to the
+French, when he removed with his family to Halifax, and was
+appointed to the Council by Governor Cornwallis in July 1749.
+After the removal of Mr. Davidson he acted as Secretary of the
+province. He held several other important public offices, among
+which were those of Treasurer and Judge of the Court of Vice-Admiralty.
+On the death of Governor Wilmot in 1766, Mr. Green
+being then senior councillor, was appointed Administrator of the
+Government. He died at Halifax in 1772, in the 59th year of
+his age. His eldest son Benjamin succeeded him as Treasurer of
+the province. Benjamin Green, Junior, was father of Lieutenant
+William Green of the Navy, and Joseph Green and Henry Green of
+Lawrencetown, the latter left descendants at Lawrencetown. The
+second son of Governor Green was many years sheriff of Halifax,
+and having married a Boston lady, afterwards removed to that
+place. His daughter was married to Mr. Stephen H. Binney, son
+of Jonathan Binney of Halifax, whose descendants are numerous.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">{227}</a></span>
+John Salisbury was brother to Dr. Thomas Salisbury, the eminent
+civil lawyer in London. Lord Halifax was his friend and patron,
+and sent him out with Governor Cornwallis as one of his suite. He
+does not appear to have taken any active part in the settlement.
+He married a Miss Cotton, who brought him a fortune of £10,000,
+which he spent in extravagance and dissipation. He returned to
+England in 1753, and died at Offley, the county seat of his relative
+Sir Thomas Salisbury in 1762. His only daughter was the celebrated
+Mrs. Thrale, the friend of Dr. Johnson, afterwards married
+to a Mr. Piozzi.</p>
+
+<p>Hugh Davidson also came out with Governor Cornwallis. He
+was the first Provincial Secretary; he returned to England in 1750
+under charges of trading in the supplies and stores for the settlers.
+Governor Cornwallis in his letters to the Board of Trade, thought
+him innocent of the main charges made against him.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Edward How was a member of His Majesty's Council at
+Annapolis in 1744. He was with Col. Noble at the affair at Minas
+and Grand Pre in 1747, where he was severely wounded and taken
+prisoner by the French under DeCorne. He came down from Annapolis
+with Governor Mascarene in June 1749, and was sworn in a
+member of Cornwallis' first Council. He was well acquainted with
+the language of the Indians and their manners, and was sent on a
+negotiation to the French and Indians at Beaubasin in 1751, where
+he was treacherously murdered by the enemy, though acting under a
+flag of truce, having been shot through the back from the bush.
+The French officers denied having anything to do with this disgraceful
+affair, and charged it on Mr. LeLutre, the Indian missionary,
+who it was said was jealous of Mr. How's influence with the Micmacs.
+His widow afterwards petitioned the government for
+pecuniary aid, in consequence of her husband's services, and for
+money advanced by him for public service. The late Richard W.
+How, captain in the 81st regiment, formerly of Halifax, was his
+grandson.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel John Goreham was a native of Massachusetts; he was
+with General Pepperal at the siege of Louisburg in 1745, as
+Lieutenant-Colonel of his father's regiment raised in Massachusetts.
+He afterwards had command of a company of Rangers at Annapolis
+and came down to Chebucto with his rangers to meet Governor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">{228}</a></span>
+Cornwallis in 1749. He took precedence next to Governor
+Mascarene at the council board. He is styled Captain Goreham by
+Mascarene and by Cornwallis in his commissions and correspondence.
+That of Lieutenant-Colonel was probably militia rank only. It is
+probable he returned to Boston soon after the settlement was formed
+as his name does not appear on the Council books after 1752. He
+had a brother, Joseph Goreham, who was also a member of Council
+in 1766; he afterwards attained the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in
+the British army. He was engaged in the border skirmishes on the
+isthmus from 1754 to about 1758, and was afterwards appointed
+Commandant at Newfoundland.</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant-Colonels Horseman, Ellison and Merser, who were
+afterwards appointed to the Council, were the officers in command
+of the regiments which came from Louisburg. They all retired soon
+after to England.</p>
+
+<p>Charles Lawrence was a Major in Warburton's Regiment of
+Infantry. He came up with the army and was engaged during 1749
+and '50 in the French wars at Cobequid. He acted as Brigadier
+General under Amherst at Louisburg; he was a member of the
+Council and sworn in Governor of the Province on the death of
+Governor Hobson; the first assembly was convened during his
+administration, (2nd October, 1758); he died unmarried on 11th
+October, 1759, it is said of an inflammation, caused by overheating
+himself at a ball at Government House; he was deeply respected by
+the whole community, and the Legislative Assembly caused a monument
+to be erected to his memory in St. Paul's church "from a
+grateful sense of the many important services which the Province
+had received from him during a continued course of zealous and
+indefatigable endeavors for the public good, and a wise, upright, and
+disinterested administration." This monument has now disappeared
+from St. Paul's Church. His escutcheon remains in the East
+Gallery. Lawrence, though an active and zealous governor, by his
+desire to favor the officers of Government with a partiality for his
+military friends, brought on himself an organized opposition from
+the leading inhabitants of the town, who petitioned the Home
+Government for redress of their grievances, which they in a great
+measure attributed to the Governor and his Lieutenant Colonel
+Monckton. His resistance to the desire to call a Legislative<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">{229}</a></span>
+Assembly was among the chief charges against him. His death
+shortly after the petition put an end to the difficulties. He was
+succeeded by Judge Belcher as Administrator of the Government.</p>
+
+<p>Charles Morris was a native of England; he was Captain of
+Provincials under General Pepperal at the siege of Louisburg in
+1745. He had been engaged by Governor Shirley of Boston in a
+survey of the interior parts of Nova Scotia with a view to British
+colonization, in 1745. He also commanded one of the Provincial
+Companies sent to Minas under Colonel Noble in 1747. He was in
+Halifax in 1749, and in company with Mr. Bruce the Military
+Engineer laid out the town and peninsula. He was appointed to the
+Council in 1755. Though Surveyor General of the Province he
+acted for some time as Judge of the Supreme Court during the time
+of Chief Justice Belcher, which offices were both afterwards filled by
+his eldest son Charles. Captain Morris died in 1781, and was
+succeeded in the office of Surveyor General by his son Charles,
+whose son, the Hon. Charles Morris, also filled the same office and
+was a Member of Council in 1808. He was the father of John
+Spry Morris, Esq., afterwards Surveyor General, who was the fourth
+in succession who had charge of the Surveying Department in Nova
+Scotia. There are numerous descendants of Captain Morris in
+Halifax.</p>
+
+<p>Jonathan Belcher, the first Chief Justice, was a native of Massachusetts,
+son of the Governor of that province, of an eminent
+colonial family; he was appointed Chief Justice of Nova Scotia in
+1754, when a young man, and administered the government on the
+death of Governor Lawrence; Chief Justice Belcher arranged and
+revised the laws as they appear on our first Statute Book, and
+rendered good assistance to Governor Lawrence in founding the
+settlements at Horton, Cornwallis, Falmouth, &amp;c., in 1758, '9, and
+1760. Judge Belcher died poor; the Legislature voted a provision
+to his only daughter. His son, the Honorable Andrew Belcher, was
+for many years a resident in Halifax and member of Council.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Wm. Cotterell was the first Provost Marshal or Sheriff,
+(there being no county divisions at this time). He was succeeded
+in that office in 1750 by Captain Foy, who held that situation many
+years, and received a small pension on his retirement. Mr. Cotterel
+afterwards acted as assistant Provincial Secretary.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">{230}</a></span>
+William Nisbett came out with Cornwallis in 1749 as one of the
+Governor's clerks. He practised as an attorney and solicitor. He
+was appointed Attorney General on the resignation of Mr. Little,
+which office he held for 25 years. He was one of the first representatives
+in the General Assembly of 1758, and was elected speaker on
+4th December 1759. He continued in the Chair of the House (with
+the intermission of one session when sick) until 1783, when he
+retired on a small pension and died the following year aged 83. In
+1763 he declined a seat in the Council. During the period of his
+being Speaker, the House sat for 11 years without being dissolved.
+The old house in which Mr. Nisbett resided situated in Grafton
+Street, Block letter E, Collins' division, mentioned in a former
+chapter, still remains, though much changed by the cutting down of
+the street many years ago. He left no male descendants. His
+daughter, Mrs. Swann, died in the old Grafton street house about
+60 years ago.</p>
+
+<p>Archibald Hinshelwood was one of Governor Cornwallis' clerks,
+and performed the duties of Deputy Secretary with Mr. Cotterell
+and others for many years. Most of the drafts of the letters sent
+to England by the first three Governors are in his handwriting. He
+was elected a member of Assembly for Lunenburg in 1759 and again
+in 1765. Lord William Campbell the Governor appointed him to
+the Council in 1773, but he died before taking his seat. His
+property on Argyle Street after occupied by the City Water office
+fell to his nephew, (he having no children), who left two sons in the
+navy, both of whom died young. The old property was sold about
+60 years since and purchased by Mr. W. A. Black, who resided
+there many years.</p>
+
+<p>Otis Little was Captain of one of the New England Independent
+Companies. He was probably a native of England. Being in
+England in 1749, he came out with Governor Cornwallis, who
+appointed him Commissary of Stores, from which office he was
+dismissed on suspicion of having traded in the supplies for the
+settlers. He acted as first Attorney General of the Colony, and
+was probably a lawyer by profession. He was the author of a well-written
+pamphlet on the resources of Nova Scotia, written in 1748,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">{231}</a></span>
+with a view to encouraging British emigration to the province.
+Capt. Little left a daughter, who died unmarried at Halifax early in
+the present century.</p>
+
+<p>John Baptiste Moreau, designated gentleman and schoolmaster
+in the book of the settlers, had been originally a Roman Catholic
+priest, and Prior of the Abbey of St. Matthew at Breste. He joined
+the expedition under Cornwallis in 1749, and went to Lunenburg
+with the settlers in 1752. He received ordination as a clergyman
+of the Church of England in 1750, and officiated to his countrymen
+and the Germans in the County of Lunenburg, where he died much
+esteemed and regretted in the year 1770. He left a son, Cornwallis
+Moreau, who was the first male child born in Halifax, and was
+called Cornwallis after the Governor. This old man was living at
+La Have, in Lunenburg County, in the year 1848, being nearly 100
+years of age. He received pecuniary assistance from the Nova
+Scotia Philanthropic Society in that year.</p>
+
+<p>Doctor John Breynton came up from Louisburg with the army,
+where he had been acting Chaplain to the Forces. He succeeded
+Mr. Tutty at St. Paul's in 1751 or 1752, in conjunction with Rev.
+Thomas Wood. Mr. Breynton was inducted Rector in 1758 or '9,
+under the provisions of the Statutes of the Province, and Mr. Wood
+acted as Curate or Vicar. After Mr. Wood's removal to Annapolis
+in 1763, Mr. Joshua Wingate Weeks, from New England, became
+assistant minister at St. Paul's. Dr. Breynton received his degree
+of D. D. in 1770. He died in 17&mdash;, and was succeeded at St.
+Paul's, as rector, by the Rev. Doctor Robert Stanser, afterwards
+Lord Bishop of the Diocese. Dr. Breynton was esteemed an
+eloquent preacher, and was in the habit of addressing the settlers
+in English, French and German.</p>
+
+<p>John Creighton was an officer in the army. He served in the
+Dragoons at the Battle of Fontenoy. Having been discharged at
+the peace of Aix la Chappelle, he was placed on half pay as
+Lieutenant of Warburton's Regiment of Infantry, and came out with
+the expedition in 1749. Mr. Creighton was sent to Maligash with
+Col. Lawrence in 1752 to assist in forming the settlement at
+Lunenburg, where he continued to reside until his death, which
+took place in 1807. He was Colonel of the Militia, Judge of the
+Common Pleas, and for some time a member of His Majesty's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">{232}</a></span>
+Council, to which he was appointed in 1776. Col. Creighton was a
+native of the South of England. He left numerous descendants in
+this country. His youngest son, Col. Joseph Creighton, half pay
+of 56th Regiment of foot, died at Halifax about 1854. His grandson,
+the Hon. John Creighton, of Lunenburg, was a member of the
+Legislative Council. Mr. James Creighton, the ancestor of the
+family of that name now in Halifax, came out with Col. Creighton.
+It does not appear there was any relationship between them. Mr.
+James Creighton became one of the most thriving and influential
+settlers in the town, and was the ancestor of one of our most
+numerous and estimable families. Col. Creighton's daughters
+married, one to the late Judge Wilkins and another to Hon.
+Hibbert N. Binney, both of whom have left numerous descendants.</p>
+
+<p>Perigrin Thomas Hopson, the second Governor at Halifax, was
+Commander-in-Chief at Louisburg when that place was delivered up
+to the French after the Treaty of Aix la Chappelle. He came up
+with the army and was sworn in a member of Council in August,
+1749. He succeeded to the government on the resignation of
+Governor Cornwallis in August, 1753. He did not remain long at
+Halifax. In 1757 he was gazetted a Major General, and in the
+following year was appointed to the command of the forces destined
+for the West Indies. He died before Guadaloupe a short time
+before the Island was captured.</p>
+
+<p>John Collier was a Captain in the army and Member of Council in
+1752. He was appointed by Governor Cornwallis one of the
+magistrates of the town, and had command of a section of the
+militia; one of the divisions of the town being named after him.
+He died at Halifax in 1769. It is uncertain whether he left any
+descendants.</p>
+
+<p>Richard Bulkeley accompanied Governor Cornwallis to Nova
+Scotia as one of his A. D. C. in 1749. He was appointed Secretary
+of the Province in or about 1759, which office he held until 1793
+when, on his retirement, he was succeeded by his son, Michael
+Freke Bulkeley, who died a few years after his appointment, 1796.
+Capt. Bulkeley was called to His Majesty's Council in 1759, and as
+Senior Councillor, he administered the government on the death of
+Governor Parr, in 1791. He held, at various times, the offices of
+Judge of Admiralty, Brigadier General of Militia, and Grand Master<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">{233}</a></span>
+of the Masons. He died December 7th, 1800, at the age of 83,
+beloved and respected by all classes throughout the province. He
+was justly esteemed the father of the settlement, being the only
+person of consideration then living who came in 1749. He had
+been twice married. His first wife was a daughter of Capt. Rouse,
+R. N.; she died in 1775. He had three sons, all of whom died
+before him. His residence was at the corner of Prince and Argyle
+Streets, opposite the south-west corner of St. Paul's Church. The
+old stone house built by him still remains; it was for many years
+the residence of the late Hon. H. H. Cogswell, and is now known
+as the Carlton House. Mr. Bulkeley was buried under St. Paul's
+Church. His escutcheon, with the bull's head crest, hangs in the
+west gallery. The Hon. Richard Bulkeley was the only person who
+ever held the rank of General of Militia in this country.</p>
+
+<p>Capt. <a name="Horatio_Gates" id="Horatio_Gates">Horatio Gates</a> was A. D. C. to Governor Cornwallis with
+Capt. Bulkeley. He had been in command of an independent
+company of provincials in New York in the year 1737. After his
+arrival in Halifax he was employed for a short time in the country
+against the Indians and French. In 1762 he was appointed A. D.
+C. to General Monckton, with the rank of Major, and accompanied
+him in the expedition against Martinique. Gates was afterwards
+better known as a General in the American Revolutionary Army.
+Sir Robert Walpole, in a letter dated 1778, says Gates was the son of
+a housekeeper of the Duke of Leeds. Sir Robert was his God-father.</p>
+
+<p>Jonathan Binney was a native of Hull, a small village near
+Boston. He came to Halifax shortly after the settlement was
+formed, and was engaged in business. He was elected a Member
+of Assembly for the town in 1761, and in 1764 was elevated to the
+Council. In 1768 he was sent to the Island of St. John (now
+Prince Edward Island) as Second Judge of the Local Court, and
+afterwards held the offices of Collector of the Revenue at Canso and
+Collector of Imports and Excise at St. John Island. He was
+charged with errors in his accounts by Mr. Legge, the Governor of
+the province, under which he went to England in 1776, where he
+completely refuted the charges made against him. Mr. Binney
+married Hannah, daughter of Mr. Henry Newton, a Member of
+Council, and is the ancestor of the whole Binney family now in
+Nova Scotia.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">{234}</a></span>
+Joseph Fairbanks was from Massachusetts. He was one of the
+representatives in the first House of Assembly, summoned in 1758.
+Mr. Fairbanks left no children. His nephew, the late Rufus Fairbanks,
+became heir to all his property in Halifax, which at the time
+of his death was very considerable. Mr. Rufus Fairbanks was for
+many years one of the magistrates of Halifax; he married a
+daughter of Charles Prescott, sister to the Hon. Charles Prescott,
+of the firm of Fairbanks &amp; McNab; of Hon. Charles R. Fairbanks,
+many years a Member of Assembly for Halifax and Judge of
+Admiralty and Master of the Rolls, and of Samuel P. Fairbanks,
+formerly Member for Queens County, with other children.</p>
+
+<p>Benjamin and Joseph Gerrish were both from New England.
+The former was a member of His Majesty's Council, appointed in
+1768, and Agent for Indian Affairs in 1760. The latter was many
+years Naval Storekeeper at Halifax. He was also a Member of
+Council. His appointment to the Board bears date August 16th,
+1759, from which he was suspended in 1762 for non-attendance.
+He died at Halifax in 1774. Mr. Joseph Gerrish built a residence
+in the north suburbs, south of the Dockyard, between Lockman and
+Water Streets, and had a fruit garden, the old stone wall of which
+remained on the east side of Lockman Street until about 1835.
+One of these gentlemen carried on business for some years in
+company with Mr. Gray, who was connected with him by marriage.
+Mr. Gray was father of the late Rev. Dr. Benjamin Gerrish Gray,
+minister of St. George's, and afterwards Rector of Trinity, St.
+John, New Brunswick, who was succeeded by his son, the Rev. Dr.
+William Gray, lately deceased. He was also ancestor of Mr.
+Charles Gray, British Consul at Virginia. The Hon. John Gray,
+of St. John, New Brunswick, and Benjamin Gerrish Gray, Esq.,
+barrister at law, of Halifax, are their descendants; one the son of
+Mr. Charles Gray, the other of Dr. William Gray. A Mr. John
+Gray came out with Governor Cornwallis in 1749 as a Deputy
+Secretary; probably Mr. Gray who was in partnership with Gerrish
+was the same person.</p>
+
+<p>Major Leonard Lochman, (spelt wrongfully Lockman) was a
+German doctor and practised his profession in early life. He came
+out with the settlers in 1749 and resided in the north suburbs,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">{235}</a></span>
+where he built a residence for himself and had a large garden.
+This old house was lately pulled down. It stood on the upper side
+of Lockman Street and was built with a hipped or gamble roof. He
+received the rank of Major in the army for services performed to
+the British Government. He died at Halifax, and was buried
+under the little old Dutch Church, in Brunswick Street, where his
+escutcheon and monument with armorial bearings are still to be
+seen. The street between Brunswick Street and the water, which
+was laid out between the German lots, was named Lockman Street
+in compliment to the Major, who was for many years a leading man
+in Dutchtown. It is not known whether he left any descendants in
+the province.</p>
+
+<p>The names of Jonathan Prescott, Malachi Salter, Richard Gibbons,
+Lewis Piers and Otto William Schwartz appear among the principal
+inhabitants of the town in 1750. Mr. Salter was from New
+England, had been extensively engaged in the fishery, and had
+visited Chebucto Harbor in 1744, five years before the settlement,
+while on a fishing voyage along the coast. Chebucto was the
+frequent resort of Cape Cod and Marblehead fishermen previous to
+the settlement. He was a Member of Assembly and Justice of the
+Peace for the town in 1759. The old house at the corner of Salter
+and Hollis Streets, afterwards the residence of the Hon. W. Lawson,
+and later of Mr. Esson, was built by Mr. Salter and was his place
+of residence for many years. During the American revolt, Mr.
+Salter, with several other gentlemen of the town, became suspected
+of treasonable correspondence. He was twice under prosecution,
+but on a full investigation nothing appeared to have been said or
+written by him of sufficient moment to warrant the charges. Mr.
+Salter was the ancestor of the family of that name now remaining
+in Halifax. He died at Halifax, in January, 1781, aged 65.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Gibbons was acting Attorney General for several years, and
+a leading practitioner at the Bar of Halifax. His son, Richard
+Gibbons, died at Sydney, Cape Breton, at an advanced age, where
+his descendants are numerous. The old gamble-roofed house at
+the corner of Buckingham and Grafton Streets, known as Isles'
+corner, lately pulled down, was the residence of Mr. Gibbons.</p>
+
+<p>John Duport was the English Attorney. He came out with the
+settlers in June, 1749, and in July following was appointed a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">{236}</a></span>
+Justice of the Peace. In 1752 he was made Judge of the Inferior
+Court of Common Pleas. He performed the duties of Secretary of
+Council for many years. He was sent as a Judge to St. John's
+Island in 1770, and was afterwards Chief Justice of the Island.
+Mr. Duport left a daughter married to Mr. P. Skey, of Falmouth,
+and a son who was in the army and was father of Mr. Robert
+Duport, later an officer in the Purveyor's department of the British
+Army. Judge Duport was much esteemed, and appears to have
+been an active public servant during the first twenty years of the
+settlement.</p>
+
+<p>Joshua Mauger was an English trader, who had been connected
+with the government contracts at Louisburg, and appears to have
+resided in Halifax for the purpose of commerce only. In 1751 he
+held the office of Agent Victualler for the navy at Halifax. In
+1754 he had shops established at Pisiquid (Windsor), Minas
+(Horton), and other places, where he sold goods and spirits to the
+French and Indians. He had still houses in Halifax where he made
+rum which he supplied to the troops and the navy. Mr. Mauger
+had some difficulties with Governor Cornwallis regarding illicit
+dealing. He went back to England about 1761, and was appointed
+Agent of the Province in London, which he resigned in the following
+year, having secured a seat in the British Parliament. He owned
+much property in and about Halifax. The beach at the entrance of
+the harbor, extending westerly from Cornwallis, now McNab's
+Island, was originally granted to Mr. Mauger, and still bears his
+name.</p>
+
+<p>Michael Franklin was a merchant from England who settled in
+Halifax about 1752 or 1753. He was elected a Member of
+Assembly in 1759, and appointed to His Majesty's Council in 1762.
+In 1766 he received the appointment of Lieut.-Governor of the
+Province, which he held until 1776, when he again took his seat at
+the Council Board. Governor Franklin was a most active and
+esteemed public officer. His name appears connected with almost
+all the transactions of importance which occurred in the town from
+1763 to 1780. During the American Revolt, his exertions in
+support of British authority while administering the government,
+were in a great measure instrumental in preserving the tranquility of
+the province. He married a daughter of Mr. Boteneau, of Boston,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">{237}</a></span>
+whose wife was a daughter of Peter Faneuil of that city. He left
+several children. The late James Boteneau Franklin, for many
+years Clerk of the House of Assembly, was his eldest son. Mrs.
+Fitzgerald Uniacke was his grand-daughter.</p>
+
+<p>Lewis Piers was a grand-son of Sir Henry Piers, 1st Bart. of
+Tristernagh Abbey, Ireland.</p>
+
+<p>The Hon. Thomas Saul was the wealthiest and most enterprising
+merchant from 1749 to 1760.</p>
+
+<p>The names of Benjamin Gerrish, Charles King, Henry Ferguson,
+Joseph Fairbanks, William Piggot, William Fury, James Grant,
+Jacob Hurd, Daniel Shatford, Samuel Sellon, Charles Mason, Lewis
+Piers and Robert Campbell appear on the lists of the Grand Jury
+between 1751 and 1754.</p>
+
+<p>The following names appear on the register of early settlers:&mdash;Richard
+Wenman, Thomas Keys, John Edes, John Gosbee, Ralph
+Coulston, Edward Orpen, John Christopher Laurilliard, Philip
+Knaut, Peter Burgman, Otto William Schwartz, John Jacob Preper,
+John Woodin, Andrew Wellner, Christopher Preper, Simon
+Thoroughgood.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">{238}</a></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239"><br />{239}</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="APPENDICES" id="APPENDICES"></a>APPENDICES.</h2>
+
+<h3>A.</h3>
+
+<p>The following is a copy of the advertisement which appeared in
+the London Gazette, March, 1749:</p>
+
+<p class="ralign"><span class="smcap">Whitehall</span>, 7th March, 1749.</p>
+
+<p>A proposal having been presented unto His Majesty for the
+establishing a civil government in the Province of Nova Scotia, in
+North America, as also for the better peopling and settling the said
+province, and extending and improving the fishery thereof by
+granting lands within the same, and giving other encouragement to
+such of the officers and private men lately dismissed His Majesty's
+land and sea service, as shall be willing to settle in said province.
+And His Majesty having signed his royal approbation of the report
+of the said proposals, the Right Honorable the Lords Commissioners
+for Trade and Plantations do, by His Majesty's command, give
+notice that proper encouragement will be given to such of the
+officers and private men lately dismissed His Majesty's land and sea
+service as are willing to accept of grants of land, and to settle with
+or without families, in Nova Scotia. That 50 acres of land will be
+granted in fee simple to every private soldier or seaman, free from
+the payment of any quit rents or taxes for the term of ten years;
+at the expiration whereof no person to pay more than one shilling
+per annum for every 50 acres so granted.</p>
+
+<p>That a grant of ten acres over and above the 50 will be made to
+each private soldier or seaman having a family for every person
+including women and children of which his family shall consist, and
+from the grants made to them on the like conditions as their families
+shall increase, or in proportion to their abilities to cultivate the
+same.</p>
+
+<p>That eighty acres on like conditions will be granted to every
+officer under the rank of Ensign in the land service, and that of
+Lieutenant in the sea service, and to such as have families, fifteen
+acres over and above the said eighty acres, for every person of
+which their family shall consist.</p>
+
+<p>That two hundred acres on like conditions will be granted to
+every Ensign, three hundred to every Lieutenant, four hundred to
+every Captain, and six hundred to every officer above the rank of
+Captain. And to such of the above mentioned officers as have
+families, a further grant of thirty acres will be made over and above
+their respective quotas for every person of which their family shall
+consist.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">{240}</a></span>
+That the lands will be parcelled out to the settlers as soon as
+possible after their arrival, <i>and a civil government established,
+whereby they will enjoy all the liberties, privileges and immunities
+enjoyed by his Majesty's subjects in any other of the Colonies and
+Plantations in America, under His Majesty's Government, and proper
+measures will also be taken for their security and protection</i>.</p>
+
+<p>That all such as are willing to accept of the above proposals shall,
+with their families, be subsisted during the passage, also for the
+space of twelve months after their arrival.</p>
+
+<p>That they shall be furnished with arms and ammunition as far as
+will be judged necessary for their defence, with a proper quantity of
+materials and utensils for husbandry, clearing and cultivating the
+lands, erecting habitations, carrying on the fishery, and such other
+purposes as shall be deemed necessary for their support.</p>
+
+<p>That all such persons as are desirous of engaging in the above
+settlement do transmit by letter, or personally give in their names
+signifying in what regiment or company, or on board what ship they
+last served, and if they have families they intend to carry with them,
+distinguishing the age and quality of such person to any of the
+following officers appointed to receive and enter the same in the
+books opened for that purpose, viz.:&mdash;John Pownell, Esq., Solicitor
+and Clerk of the Repts. of the Lords Comrs. of Trade and Plantations,
+at their office at Whitehall; John Ressell, Esq., Comr. of His
+Majesty's Navy at Portsmouth; Philip Vanburgh, Esq., Comr. of
+His Majesty's Navy at Plymouth.</p>
+
+<p>And the proper notice will be given of the said books being closed
+as soon as the intended number shall be completed, or at least on
+the 7th day of April.</p>
+
+<p>It is proposed that the Transports shall be ready to receive such
+persons on board on the 10th April, and be ready to sail on the
+20th, and that timely notice will be given of the place or places to
+which such persons are to repair in order to embark.</p>
+
+<p>That for the benefit of the settlement, the same conditions which
+are proposed to private soldiers and seamen shall likewise be granted
+to Carpenters, Shipwrights, Smiths, Masons, Joiners, Brickmakers,
+Bricklayers, and all other artificers necessary in building or husbandry,
+not being private soldiers or seamen.</p>
+
+<p>That the same conditions as are proposed to those who have
+served in the capacity of Ensign shall extend to all Surgeons,
+whether they have been in His Majesty's service or not, upon their
+producing proper certificates of their being duly qualified.</p>
+
+<p>By order of the Right Hon. the Lords Comrs. of Trade and
+Plantations.</p>
+
+<p class="ralign">(Signed)
+<span class="pad-l3"><span class="smcap">Thomas Hill</span>, <i>Secretary</i>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">{241}</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>B.</h3>
+
+<p>The following notices appear in the Gazettes and Magazines of
+the day:</p>
+
+<p class="ralign"><span class="smcap">London</span>, Saturday, July 1, 1749.</p>
+
+<p>Three vessels came up the river with about 300 German Protestants,
+who were ordered to remain at Lambeth and Vauxhall till
+they can be conveniently shipped to Nova Scotia.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="ralign">Friday 21st July, 1749.</p>
+
+<p>A great number of German Protestants from the Palatinate
+attended the Baron Munchausen, Chief Secretary for Hanover, with
+a petition soliciting a passage to Nova Scotia.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="ralign">Wednesday, 12th April, 1749.</p>
+
+<p>A great number of disbanded soldiers, discharged sailors, poor
+artificers, labourers, etc., who have accepted of His Majesty's grant
+of lands in Nova Scotia, attended at the Plantation Office in Whitehall,
+and received orders for admission, with their families and
+effects, on board the transports.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="ralign"><span class="smcap">Whitehall</span>, April 18, 1749.</p>
+
+<p>Lieut.-Col. Cornwallis made Colonel and Commander of the
+Forces destined for Nova Scotia, with a salary of £1000 per
+annum.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="ralign">May 9, 1749.</p>
+
+<p>Hon. Edward Cornwallis to be Captain General and Governor-in-Chief
+in and over the Province of Nova Scotia or Acadia.</p>
+
+<h3>C.</h3>
+
+<h4>Extract from a letter in the Gentleman's Magazine for 1749:</h4>
+
+<p class="ralign"><span class="smcap">Boston</span>, 10th July, 1749.</p>
+
+<p>We have advice that two French men-of-war of 80 guns, and 20
+transports, with a Governor and troops for a garrison, have
+arrived at Louisburg. The French Government offered Governor
+Hobson to transport his garrison to Chebucto, which was accepted,
+and orders came to discharge the vessels taken up here for that
+service. Col. Cornwallis, Governor of Nova Scotia, arrived at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">{242}</a></span>
+Chebucto on 21st June<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> in the Sphinx, and Capt. Rouse in a sloop
+of war, and fifteen transports with 2000 adventurers on board,
+whose first settlement will be at or near Chebucto, where the
+Governor intended to keep the transports till next year for the
+convenience of the people, especially the women and children, until
+houses are built. The same encouragement that has been given to
+the British disbanded soldiers is given to Governor Sherley's and
+Col. Pepperell's regiments. Rum was sold at Louisburg for 9d. per
+gallon, and molasses extremely cheap. The French lost a great
+number of men in their passage to Louisburg by the small pox,
+yellow fever, etc., but the transports at Chebucto lost only one
+child.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> The memorandum on the first page of the register of settlers makes the date of
+Cornwallis' arrival the 8th June&mdash;the writer of this letter may have been misinformed.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<h3>D.</h3>
+
+<p>The following account of the expenditure on the settlement for
+the year 1749, was submitted to Parliament by the Lords Commissioners
+of Trade and Plantations:</p>
+
+<table class="no-b2" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="2" summary="">
+<tfoot>
+<tr><td align="right" class="pad-r" colspan="4">(Signed) <span class="pad-l3 smcap">Christopher Kilby</span>.</td></tr>
+</tfoot>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Blankets, Woolens and Shoes for the settlers, and presents for
+the Indians</td>
+<td align="right">£&nbsp;1,325</td>
+<td align="right">4</td>
+<td align="right">8</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Lines, Nets and Hooks for Fishery, Stationery, Surveyors'
+Instruments, Bricks and Garden Seeds</td>
+<td align='right'>2,729</td> <td align="right">12</td> <td align="right">9</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Lighterage and Shipping of the settlers, package and charges of
+Hospital Stores, a Surgeon with medicines by the Transport
+from Liverpool, and the Union Snow</td>
+<td align='right'>336</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right">3</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Medicines, Sugar, Live Stock, for the voyage, and Drugs,
+Instruments and necessaries for the Hospital</td>
+<td align='right'>680</td> <td align="right">14</td><td align='right'>8</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">French Bibles</td>
+<td align='right'>102</td> <td align="right">17</td> <td align="right">10</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Cash paid for victualling for settlers</td>
+<td align='right'>12,068</td><td align='right'>5</td><td align='right'>6</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Treasurer of the Navy's account for Bedding and Victualling
+during voyage</td>
+<td align="right">7,354</td> <td align="right">19</td>  <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Ditto, on account of the Sarah, Transport, from Liverpool</td>
+<td align="right">67</td> <td align="right">18</td> <td align="right">8</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Treasurer of the Ordnance account for field pieces, swivel guns,
+small arms and powder</td>
+<td align="right">3,592</td> <td align="right">4</td> <td align="right">4</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Printing and incidental expenses by directions of Lords Commissioners
+of Trade</td>
+<td align="right">445</td> <td align="right">19</td> <td align="right">10</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Ventilators for six Transports</td>
+<td align="right">102</td> <td align="right">11</td> <td align="right">6</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">2 Fire Engines</td>
+<td align="right">72</td> <td align="right">16</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Pay of Surgeons, Apothecaries, Midwife, exclusive of what they
+received at Halifax</td>
+<td align="right">860</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Silver and Gold carried out by the Governor</td>
+<td align="right">3,922</td> <td align="right">8</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Bills of Exchange drawn by the Governor, the account of the
+expenditure not yet received</td>
+<td align="right">11,452</td> <td align="right">13</td> <td align="right">4</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Bills to Capt. Ives for a boat</td>
+<td align="right">40</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">The Treasurer for Scales and Weights</td>
+<td align="right">21</td> <td align="right">7</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Bills drawn by Delancey &amp; Watt, of New York, for Silver sent
+to the Province</td>
+<td align="right">5,523</td> <td align="right">5</td> <td align="right">9</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">{243}</a></span>
+Thomas Handcock, Esq., for Boards, Plank, 2 Schooners, Salt
+and Money shipped to purchase materials for mills</td>
+<td align="right">1,528</td> <td align="right">15</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Bills drawn by S. Martin, from Boston</td>
+<td align="right">576</td> <td align="right">8</td> <td align="right">6</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td></td>
+<td align="right" class="total">£52,804</td>
+<td align="right" class="total">2</td>
+<td align="right" class="total">7</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">To the Transport Service for conveying the Settlers to Nova
+Scotia, etc.</td>
+<td align="right">23,672</td> <td align="right">1</td> <td align="right">3</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td></td>
+<td align="right" class="total">£76,476</td>
+<td align="right" class="total">3</td>
+<td align="right" class="total">10</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">To Governor Cornwallis for personal outfit</td>
+<td align="right">500</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td></td>
+<td align="right" class="total">£76,976</td>
+<td align="right" class="total">3</td>
+<td align="right" class="total">10</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Account submitted to Parliament by the Lords Commissioners
+the following year:</p>
+
+<table class="no-b2" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="2" summary="">
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Blankets, Woolens and Shoes for settlers, and presents for
+Indians</td>
+<td align="right">£1,325</td> <td align="right">4</td> <td align="right">8</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Supplies for Fishery, Surveyor's Instruments, Bricks and Garden
+Seeds</td>
+<td align="right">2,729</td> <td align="right">12</td> <td align="right">9</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Lighterage and Shipping Settlers, package and charges of Hospital
+Stores, etc.</td>
+<td align="right">336</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right">3</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Medicines, Sugar, Live Stock, Drugs, Instruments, etc., for
+Hospital</td>
+<td align="right">680</td> <td align="right">14</td> <td align="right">8</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">French Bibles</td>
+<td align="right">102</td> <td align="right">17</td> <td align="right">10</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Cash paid for Victualling Settlers</td>
+<td align="right">12,068</td> <td align="right">5</td> <td align="right">6</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Treasurer of the Navy's account for Bedding and Victualling
+during voyage</td>
+<td align="right">7,354</td> <td align="right">19</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Ditto on account of Sarah, Transport, from Liverpool</td>
+<td align="right">67</td> <td align="right">18</td> <td align="right">8</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Treasurer of the Ordnance account for field pieces, swivel guns,
+small arms and powder</td>
+<td align="right">3,592</td> <td align="right">4</td> <td align="right">4</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Printing and incidental expenses by directions of the Lords of
+Trade</td>
+<td align="right">445</td> <td align="right">19</td> <td align="right">10</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Ventilators for 6 Transports</td>
+<td align="right">102</td> <td align="right">11</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Two Fire Engines</td>
+<td align="right">72</td> <td align="right">16</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Bill to Capt. Ives for a Boat</td>
+<td align="right">40</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">The Treasurer for Weights and Scales</td>
+<td align="right">21</td> <td align="right">7</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Thomas Handcock, Esq.</td>
+<td align="right">1,528</td> <td align="right">15</td> <td align="right">6</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Pay of Surgeons, Apothecaries and Midwife, exclusive of what
+they received at Halifax</td>
+<td align="right">860</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">To Transport Service for conveying settlers to Nova Scotia</td>
+<td align="right">23,672</td> <td align="right">1</td> <td align="right">3</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Fees thereon</td>
+<td align="right">147</td> <td align="right">19</td> <td align="right">9</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Fees on money received from the Exchequer, exclusive of the
+sums charged on the foregoing articles</td>
+<td align="right">473</td> <td align="right">4</td> <td align="right">6</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">To Freight, Bed, Bedding and Cabins for 514 passengers on
+board the Alderney, Nancy, Fair Lady and Two Friends,
+Transports, and incidental expenses attending embarkation,
+etc., etc.</td>
+<td align="right">3,144</td> <td align="right">4</td> <td align="right">4</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">To expenses repairing and fitting Sloop, New Casco</td>
+<td align="right">833</td> <td align="right">19</td> <td align="right">6</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Gratuities 322 Foreign Protestants from Holland</td>
+<td align="right">338</td> <td align="right">2</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Cash paid on account of Victualling settlers</td>
+<td align="right">4,500</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Cash to Treasurer of Ordnance for Bills drawn by Governor</td>
+<td align="right">1,000</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">To Governor Cornwallis for the purchase of stores, payment of
+officers, package of stores, artificers and laborers, and contingent
+expenses, exclusive of £2,500 paid to his regiment
+for the four pence stopped for provisions to 11th Sept., 1750</td>
+<td align="right">35,268</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right">2</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Lieut. Martin's disbursements at Boston, for materials, vessels
+and stores</td>
+<td align="right">6,503</td> <td align="right">18</td> <td align="right">2</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">{244}</a></span>
+To Apthorp &amp; Handcock, disbursements at Boston, for materials,
+vessels and stores</td>
+<td align="right">6,924</td> <td align="right">14</td> <td align="right">6</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Thos. Gunter's Bills remitted him at Boston, on account of
+Expedition to Chignecto</td>
+<td align="right">2,600</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Benj. Green, Treasurer, by his account from Sept. 20, 1750, to
+Nov. 30, 1750</td>
+<td align="right">3,621</td> <td align="right">14</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Richard Bulkley, Paymaster of Works, from 1st August, 1750,
+to Nov. 30</td>
+<td align="right">4,073</td> <td align="right">16</td> <td align="right">3</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">To hire of Transports retained in the service and not paid by
+the Navy</td>
+<td align="right">4,002</td> <td align="right">2</td> <td align="right">4</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">To Foreign Settlers employed in public works at 12d. per day,
+till the money advanced is thereby reimbursed</td>
+<td align="right">1,005</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">To Col. Phillips' (now Cornwallis') Regt., to return deductions
+for provisions to Christmas, 1750</td>
+<td align="right">3,919</td> <td align="right">5</td> <td align="right">8</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">To provisions supplied Cols. Warberton's and Lascelles' Regts.,
+Artillery Company, Independent Companies, seamen in
+vessels, laborers and artificers</td>
+<td align="right">17,832</td> <td align="right">3</td> <td align="right">8</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Victual and transporting Lascelles' Regt. from Ireland</td>
+<td align="right">8,581</td> <td align="right">3</td> <td align="right">9</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">To Office of Ordnance for Timber, Materials and Tools sent from
+Annapolis, hire of vessels, magazine of powder and payment
+of officers and artificers employed by the Board</td>
+<td align="right">10,417</td> <td align="right">15</td> <td align="right">3</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td></td>
+<td align="right" class="total">£173,838</td>
+<td align="right" class="total">2</td>
+<td align="right" class="total">3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center smcap">Cr.</p>
+
+<table class="no-b2" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="2" summary="">
+<tfoot>
+<tr><td align="right" class="pad-r smcap" colspan="4">Christopher Kilby.</td></tr>
+</tfoot>
+<tr><td class="hang">By account of Money granted by Parliament for Nova Scotia
+Colony Regiment, March 23, 1748, granted upon account
+towards the charge of transporting to His Majesty's Colony
+of Nova Scotia, and supporting and maintaining there such
+reduced officers, etc., etc.</td>
+<td align="right">£&nbsp;40,000</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">1749. Granted upon account for defraying the charges incurred
+by transporting to H. M. Colony of Nova Scotia, and supporting
+and maintaining settlers not provided for by Parliament</td>
+<td align="right">36,476</td> <td align="right">3</td> <td align="right">10</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">1749. Granted on account for supporting, maintaining and
+employing the settlers, March 19, 1750</td>
+<td align="right">39,778</td><td align="right">17</td><td align="right">2</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">Exceedings</td>
+<td align="right">57,682</td><td align="right">19</td> <td align="right">3</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td></td>
+<td align="right" class="total bb">£173,938</td>
+<td align="right" class="total bb">2</td>
+<td align="right" class="total bb">3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The charge for contingencies, and the last charge of £10,417 15. 3., probably
+embrace the expenditure on Government buildings&mdash;the two churches of England,
+St. Paul's and St. Matthew's; also the fortifications and other government
+works then in progress.</p>
+
+<table class="no-b" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td></td>
+<td align="right" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Whitehall</span>, February 20, 1750.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">Estimate for</td><td align="left">1751</td><td align="right">£74,970</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">1752</td><td align="right">96,639</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">1753</td><td align="right">58,559</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">1754</td><td align="right">47,741</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">1755</td><td align="right">55,799</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">1756</td><td align="right">61,657</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">1757</td><td align="right">40,068</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">1758</td><td align="right">15,753</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">1759</td><td align="right">13,081</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">{245}</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>E.</h3>
+
+<p>The following extracts are from the letters of a French officer
+after the siege of Louisburg:</p>
+
+<p>"The eyes of all Europe are fixed on this formidable armament;
+they have assembled an army of 22,000 men, 1600 brought from
+Europe, the remainder provincial militia, with a large train of
+artillery and munitions of war, 22 line of battle-ships and 200
+transports. Yet Admiral Holburn, who appeared off Louisburg
+with 22 sail of men-of-war, took it into his head that our numbers
+were equal to his own, and has made his way back to Halifax. They
+will ask him there, why did you run away? Oh! says he, a
+superior force venit, vedit, fugit. It is vexatious that the first
+squadron which France has equipped since 1703 should be shackled
+with orders only to keep a look out. If ever there was a certainty
+of firing gunpowder to the renown of the white flag, it was on the
+19th August, when Holburn appeared off Louisburg."</p>
+
+<p>In some of his subsequent letters he appears to give a very
+accurate account of the siege, and some facts relative to the war
+not to be found in any history of that period. In speaking of the
+landing of Wolfe at the head of the Highlanders and the American
+Light Troops&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"It is the interest of the conquered not to diminish the glory of
+the victor, and besides it is our duty to do justice even to our
+mortal enemy, for which reason I confess that the English on this
+occasion behaved with such valor as before the event must have
+appeased temerity. Yet it must be allowed that at the same time
+the difficulty of the enterprise does them infinite honor, it saves
+ours; who would have forseen that they would have ventured to
+have climbed rocks till then rendered inaccessible, under a heavy
+fire from our batteries, notwithstanding their boats were every
+moment knocked to pieces in the surf, which drowned great
+numbers."</p>
+
+<p>In speaking of the capitulation he says:</p>
+
+<p>"Though reduced to the last extremity we demanded far more
+advantageous terms than we had reason to expect. After a
+consultation between Admiral Boscawen and General Amherst, an
+unconditional surrender was demanded. Dracourt, the Governor,
+extremely exasperated at those terms, resolved to hold out, but was
+compelled to give in on receiving a most peremptory petition on the
+part of the inhabitants, presented by M. Prevost. The capitulation
+was signed on 15th July, 1758, after a bloody siege of two months.
+On the day following, our troops were drawn up, and the colors
+and arms surrendered to General Whitmore, who took command of
+the town. The evening before the English took possession of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">{246}</a></span>
+town, we suffered our soldiers to plunder the magazines, and the
+priests spent the whole night in marrying all the girls of the city to
+the first who would have them. No one here can perceive, at least
+by any personal inconvenience, that we are in a conquered town.
+The garrison has embarked with as much tranquility as if it had
+been going on a voyage of pleasure. Every soldier has taken away
+whatever belongs to him without suffering the least injustice. M.
+De Dracourt has received all the honors which a person of his rank
+deserved; Admiral Boscawen has shown all the respect to Madam
+De Dracourt as were due to her merits. This lady has performed
+such exploits during the siege as must entitle her to rank among the
+most illustrious of her sex, for she fired three cannon every day in
+order to animate the gunners. After the surrender she interested
+herself in behalf of all the unfortunates; in this number M. Maillet
+de Grandville was a striking instance of the instability of fortune.
+He left France at the age of 17, arrived at Quebec in indifferent
+circumstances; by his industry and application to business, he
+accumulated a vast fortune which enabled him to purchase the
+Lordship of St. Louis, which cost him 80,000 livres; but now, by
+the taking of Louisburg, he is left quite destitute with a numerous
+family."</p>
+
+<h3>F.</h3>
+
+<p class="ralign"><span class="smcap">Halifax</span>, July, 1752.</p>
+
+<p>A list of the families of English, Swiss, etc., which have been
+settled in Nova Scotia since the year 1749, and who now are
+settlers in the places hereafter mentioned.</p>
+
+<table frame="hsides" rules="groups" cellpadding="2" summary="">
+<caption>North Suburbs of Halifax.</caption>
+<colgroup /><colgroup />
+<colgroup /><colgroup />
+<colgroup /><colgroup />
+<thead>
+<tr><th><span class="smcap">Heads of Families.</span></th>
+<th>Males<br /> above 16.</th>
+<th>Females<br /> above 16.</th>
+<th>Males<br /> under 16.</th>
+<th>Females<br /> under 16.</th>
+<th>Total.</th></tr>
+</thead>
+
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Scutt</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Edmund Dwight</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Benjamin Brown</td><td>5</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Gindler</td><td>1</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Samuel Shipton</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>....</td><td>9</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Charles Procter</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>5</td><td>....</td><td>9</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jonathan Hoar</td><td>2</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Gerchon Tuffs</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>....</td><td>2</td><td>5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Preserved Cunnable</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>....</td><td>2</td><td>6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Bourn</td><td>9</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>10</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Matthew Barnard</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Rundal</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Anthony Caverly</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Charles Hay</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Nathaniel Henderson</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">{247}</a></span>
+Henry Chadwick</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>1</td><td>4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Samuel Lyne</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Fitzpatrick</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>3</td><td>....</td><td>5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Judah Riger</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ezekiel Gilman</td><td>6</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Kinselagh</td><td>3</td><td>2</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Benjamin Ives</td><td>5</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mrs. Decorot</td><td>....</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Josiah Crossby</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Harris</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>2</td><td>6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Benjamin Phippeny</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>2</td><td>4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Gerrish</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>5</td><td>10</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Robert Norman</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Cox</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Edward Bowden</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Tongue</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Samuel Tanner</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>2</td><td>4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Samuel Chandler</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Sanders</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Christian Mulhlhe</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>8</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ernst Preper</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Christopher Harness</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>3</td><td>6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Charles Robins</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ezekiel Wildman</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>1</td><td>5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Walter Motley</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>1</td><td>4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Charles Christ</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Peter Schahlan</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Peter Mozar</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>10</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Hoffens</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>3</td><td>5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Peter Wayte</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Hay</td><td>3</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Cheney</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Jones</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mary Birin</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Charles King</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Porter</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>4</td><td>7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Pratt</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Daniel Brewer</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Hunstable</td><td>6</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>8</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Benjamin Storer</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>3</td><td>7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jasper Battel</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>2</td><td>4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ulrich Dithoe</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Hans. Geo. Kohl</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Chadwick</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Christopher Warner</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Christopher Rodolph</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Burger Erad</td><td>6</td><td>....</td><td>....</td><td>1</td><td>7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John A. Le Mand</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>....</td><td>4</td><td>8</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ludovick Schnerr</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td></td>
+<td class="total">139</td>
+<td class="total">75</td>
+<td class="total">42</td>
+<td class="total">63</td>
+<td class="total">309</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">{248}</a></span></p>
+
+<table frame="hsides" rules="groups" cellpadding="2" summary="">
+<caption>Swiss and Germans in the North Suburbs.</caption>
+<colgroup /><colgroup />
+<colgroup /><colgroup />
+<colgroup /><colgroup />
+<thead>
+<tr><th><span class="smcap">Heads of Families.</span></th>
+<th>Males<br /> above 16.</th>
+<th>Females<br /> above 16.</th>
+<th>Males<br /> under 16.</th>
+<th>Females<br /> under 16.</th>
+<th>Total.</th></tr>
+</thead>
+
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Chs. Ludk. Hagelsieb</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Peter Tahn</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Michael Brier</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Laurenz Busgler</td><td> 4</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> 12</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Leonhard Urich</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Craft</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Wendal Ramjer</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Storch</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Peter Klattenburger</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Michael Clouser</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Michael Morash</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Schmidt</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Ley</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Barthel Hans</td><td> 3</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Moser</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td><td> 8</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Conrad Hall</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Hall</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Bley</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Michael Ley</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Elizabeth Werner</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Magdalen Orell</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Benedict Mayhofer</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Andreas Kalb</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Adam Rundl</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ulrich Seeger</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Daniel Schumaker</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Jacob Schmidt</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Adam Luty</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Conrad Mucher</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Godfried Knotz</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Peter Lawner</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Godfried Torpel</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Tanner</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johannus Buhofer</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Nagel</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Rudolph Pense</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Adam Wambolt</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Peter Wambolt</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ruchart Schup</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Michael Hagg</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Michael Gimber</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Adam Buhler</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Andreas Young</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>&mdash;&mdash; Beringer</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Casper Hickman</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Henrick Oxner</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jean Mange</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Casper Lehry</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Peter Estmann</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johannus Lonus</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td><td> ....</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Loui Eouton</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">{249}</a></span>
+Casper Trillian</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Augustin Wolf</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Anton Halton</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Matthias Nagel</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Franciska Schnider</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ludwig Koenig</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Nicholas Wolf</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johannes Schroeder</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johannes Loesten</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Utrick Klett</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Maria Schlitter</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johannus Miller</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johannes Hoaif</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Vogler</td><td> 6</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td><td> 12</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Paulus</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Conrade Werner</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Matheus Finer</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Andreas Sronnagel</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Heish</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Polleber</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Christian Finis</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Gotleib Schermuller</td><td> 5</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 8</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Adam Schmidt</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Christian Perfek</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Christian Ernst</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Frederick Aurenburg</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 8</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Nicholas Eggly</td><td> 6</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Henrick Kuhn</td><td> 4</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ulrick Schenekill</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 8</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Shaffhouser</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johannes Simon</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Asmus Diel</td><td> 5</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Sperry</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Adam Jung</td><td> 4</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johann Jung</td><td> 4</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+
+<tr align='right'><td></td>
+<td class="total">61</td>
+<td class="total">41</td>
+<td class="total">13</td>
+<td class="total">26</td>
+<td class="total">141</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">{250}</a></span></p>
+
+<table frame="hsides" rules="groups" cellpadding="2" summary="">
+<caption>South Suburbs.</caption>
+<colgroup /><colgroup />
+<colgroup /><colgroup />
+<colgroup /><colgroup />
+<thead>
+<tr><th><span class="smcap">Heads of Families.</span></th>
+<th>Males<br /> above 16.</th>
+<th>Females<br /> above 16.</th>
+<th>Males<br /> under 16.</th>
+<th>Females<br /> under 16.</th>
+<th>Total.</th></tr>
+</thead>
+
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mary Rance</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Latham</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jonathan Prescott<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a></td><td> 11</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 13</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Kent</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Edmund Crawley<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a></td><td> 4</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Winiton</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Trefoy</td><td> 4</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Darby Cavanaugh</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Edward Lush</td><td> 5</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Alice Twyny</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Ridder</td><td> 4</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Crooks</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Hickens</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Pierpont</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Shippey</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Peter, a negro</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Call</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ruth Wheeler</td><td> 5</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Harris</td><td> 8</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 8</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Richard Peirie</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Francis Coburne</td><td> 5</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 8</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Charles Terlaven</td><td> 5</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 8</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Darby Sullivan</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Jackson</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Gregory Ives</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Samuel Sellon</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Isaac Underdunk</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Featherstone</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Maurice Welsh</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Andrew Shepperd</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Mallus</td><td> 4</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td><td> 1</td><td> 10</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Phillip Hammond</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Solomon Reed</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Evans</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Walker</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Nunan</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Knox</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Gullison</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jason Chapman</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Rebecca Baldwin</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Richard Manning</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Cane</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Dennis Hieffernon</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Wickham</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Rider</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Josiah Marshall</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Pierce</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Steel</td><td> 4</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">{251}</a></span>
+Malachy Salter</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 8</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Charles Kanier</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jeremiah Rogers</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'><a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a>
+Peter, Marquis D'Conti and Gravina</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Samuel Cleveland</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 4</td><td> 9</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Richard Graham</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Nesbitt</td><td> 4</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Isaac Knott</td><td> 12</td><td> 16</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 31</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Daniel Tappoon</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Hannah Hutchinson</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Isaac Basset</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Clarke</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Robert Davis</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Lawson</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Eustace</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Miller</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Grimes</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Griffin</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Mehany</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Josiah Cleveland</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Felix McMehan</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Josiah Nottage</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mathew Mullens</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Henry Ferguson</td><td> 5</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> 10</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jean Campbell</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ezekiah Averil</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> 8</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Hardin</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Maggee</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td><td> 1</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Robert Brooks</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Jordan</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Poor</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Lamb</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Collicut</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Barry</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Maurice Driscoll</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John McCuller</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Benjamin Child</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Wallace</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Murphy</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Henry Rigby</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Peters</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>David Carmer</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Patrick Mahoney</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Samuel Fulton</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Dennis Sullivan</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Stephen Wisdoms</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 3</td><td> 8</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Richard &mdash;&mdash;</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Bartholomew Calahan</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">{252}</a></span>
+Cornelius Crowley</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Nathaniel Millett</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Peter Wallace</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Slayter</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Martin Ludovig</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Wisdom</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Cheshire</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Featherstone</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Richard Sparks</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Hurd</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Williams</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jedediah Harris</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Abraham Slayter</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Richard Winter</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Arbuckle</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 3</td><td> 8</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Perfect Miller</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mary Miller</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Samuel Greenfield</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Moses Clarke</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>&mdash;&mdash; Lewis</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Matthews</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Christopher</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Walker</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Daniel Hills</td><td> 4</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Richard Williams</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Daniel Farrel</td><td> 5</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 8</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Fullerton</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Nathaniel Mason</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Aaron Porter</td><td> 4</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacobus Derkindrekin</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Seward</td><td> 5</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joshua Orne</td><td> 6</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Elias Girott</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Richard Wenman</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Daniel Shatford</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Charles Henderson</td><td> 5</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jonathan Harris</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Patrick Cambell</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Aaron Cleveland</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Monk</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 4</td><td> 8</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Samuel Crafts</td><td> 7</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 8</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Russel</td><td> 65</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 66</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ann Wenmen, in Orphan House</td><td> 4</td><td> 4</td><td> 11</td><td> ....</td><td> 19</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Palmer, in Hospital</td><td> 21</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 22</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Michael Naddow</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Gerrish</td><td> 27</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 28</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Dennis Mehaney</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Conway</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mrs. Taylor</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Michael Lawler</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">{253}</a></span>
+Peter Murpil</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Gallant</td><td> 17</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 21</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Nicholas Nagler</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>I Swiss</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Josiah Bracket</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table frame="hsides" rules="groups" cellpadding="2" summary="">
+<caption>Within the Town of Halifax.</caption>
+<colgroup /><colgroup />
+<colgroup /><colgroup />
+<colgroup /><colgroup />
+<thead>
+<tr><th><span class="smcap">Heads of Families.</span></th>
+<th>Males<br /> above 16.</th>
+<th>Females<br /> above 16.</th>
+<th>Males<br /> under 16.</th>
+<th>Females<br /> under 16.</th>
+<th>Total.</th></tr>
+</thead>
+
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Power</td><td> 11</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 15</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joshua Mauger</td><td> 14</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 20</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Steele, Esq.</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Benjamin Gerrish</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Robert Cowey</td><td> 7</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 11</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Abigail Ward</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Austin</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Matterson</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Frederick Beeker</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Schwartz</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Isaac Deschamps</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Madam D'Pacquet</td><td> 3</td><td> 5</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 9</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Brown</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Fulford</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Lewis Pierce</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Grenoak</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Leonard Lockman<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a></td><td> 5</td><td> 4</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 9</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Ford</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Johnstone</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Luke</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Leonard Cotton</td><td> 5</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 10</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William and Edward Nichols</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Brenock</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Oakes</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mr. Wheyland</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Wellenon (Wellenor?)</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Price</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Vernon Merefield</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">{254}</a></span>
+John Brown</td><td> 3</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Allen Usher</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jeremiah Fitzsimons</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Daniel McCylster</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Panier</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Peter Anchote</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Aubony</td><td> 7</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 10</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>David Loyd</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Saul</td><td> 10</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 11</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Alexander Keddy</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jane Knight</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Brew</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Marlow</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Cone</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Twelve's wife</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John William Hoffman</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mr. Surget</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Fitzgerald</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Stewson</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>&mdash;&mdash; Redman</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Colbeck</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Alexander Abercrombie</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Baxter</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Giles Harris</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Pierce</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Edward Luky</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Patfield</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Widow Clerk</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Davis</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>&mdash;&mdash; Melony</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Steinford</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Suckling</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Alexander Allen</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Widow Henry</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Frost</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ephraim Cook</td><td> 12</td><td> 4</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 16</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>by Mr. Brown</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td>....</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Colvill</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Moore</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Maseen</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Edward Potter</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>China Brownjohn</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Francis Lock</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Daniel Stewart</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 8</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Robert Grant</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Stockley</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Edward Marguin</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Greenwood</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Smith</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Collier, Esq.</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">{255}</a></span>
+William Piggott</td><td> 7</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 4</td><td> 15</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Best</td><td> 6</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 11</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Henderson</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Anne Woodside</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Connor</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Richard Barry</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Heyslup</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Peter De Brace</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Raet</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Mundy</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td><td> ....</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Richard Stritton</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Churchill</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Laurence Collins</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Humphreys</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Coeishton</td><td> 6</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ebenezer Petty</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Robert Bowden</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Newman</td><td> 7</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 11</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Griffin</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Euston</td><td> 4</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Hagan</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Mannen</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Edward Butler</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Grant</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Edward Orpin</td><td> 4</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Vintenon</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Branham</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Henry Wilkinson</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Wright</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Henry Wynn</td><td> 4</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Paul Pritchard</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Alexander Forbes</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William White</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Hall</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Wilder</td><td> 5</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Greensword</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Nelson</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Robert Parfect</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William McCarty</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Ewes</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Fallon</td><td> 5</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 8</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Johnson</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Campbell</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Porter</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Vanfelson</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Ford</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Robert Freeman</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Wooden</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Roacock</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Peter Parkman</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">{256}</a></span>
+Matthew Hopkins</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Douglass</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Meeds</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mary Robertson</td><td> 5</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> 9</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mary Williams</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Nathan Nathans</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Taylor</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Patrick Furlong</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Slayter</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Ker</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Clewley</td><td> 8</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 10</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Garret Mead</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Charles Mason</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Matthew McNemara</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Frank</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Webb</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Robert Ewer</td><td> 14</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 15</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Peter Martin</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Michael Mullineaux</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Reeve</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Bohanan</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>&mdash;&mdash; Ray</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Euste. Butter</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Golden</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Williams</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Edward Lee</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td><td> ....</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Bannerman</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Richard Bulksley</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Franks</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Christopher Cooke</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Robert Dickie</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Wakefield</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Bryant</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Edward L'Cras</td><td> 3</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Lawrence Ren</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Fenly</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Walker</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mr. Bruce</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Rundal</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>&mdash;&mdash; Wigel</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mark Cullymore</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Nathaniel Gosford</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Naymers</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> 8</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Davis Townsend</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Cleary</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Kent</td><td> 4</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Crafts</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Rosana Scott</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Patrick Britt</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">{257}</a></span>
+William Bearsto<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a></td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Ford</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Eaton</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Tate</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Samuel Sprague</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Stephen McKine</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table frame="hsides" rules="groups" cellpadding="2" summary="">
+<caption>Within the Pickets<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> of Halifax.</caption>
+<colgroup /><colgroup />
+<colgroup /><colgroup />
+<colgroup /><colgroup />
+<thead>
+<tr><th><span class="smcap">Heads of Families.</span></th>
+<th>Males<br /> above 16.</th>
+<th>Females<br /> above 16.</th>
+<th>Males<br /> under 16.</th>
+<th>Females<br /> under 16.</th>
+<th>Total.</th></tr>
+</thead>
+
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Vickars</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joel Waterman</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Catherine Austin</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Andrew Maxwell</td><td> 4</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Gaffer</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Luke Shippey</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Henry Sweetland</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jonathan Markham</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Francis Porter</td><td> 4</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Matthew Corker</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Landerkin</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Griffin Jenkins</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mary Hollowell</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Edward Castle</td><td> 6</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mrs. Whitehand</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Crowley</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Philip Knaut</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Storker Nelson</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Lowrey</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Scott</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Israel Abrahams</td><td> 2</td><td> 5</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 10</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Ames</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Dame</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Benjamin Lee</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mary Cooper</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Michael Sexton</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Popplewell</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Beswick</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John South</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Richard Hollis</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">{258}</a></span>
+Mr. Reynolds</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Whellon</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Giles</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Frederick Barley</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ezekiel Budd</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Josiah Hardy</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Edmundson</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Thompson</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Mary Webb</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Timothy Cane</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Banfield</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Babrig</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Isaac Solomon</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Thorp</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Samuel Blockden</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 4</td><td> 9</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Elizabeth Gunnel</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Eleanor Cannon</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Walker</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Charles Morris</td><td> 5</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 8</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Josiah Millekin</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Codman</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Lewis Hays</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Moore</td><td> 4</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Cannon</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Samuel McClure</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Henry Fielding</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Patrick Kennedy</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Walker</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Benjamin Fogg</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Foye</td><td> 2</td><td> 4</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Otis Little</td><td> 4</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 8</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Hugh Vans</td><td> 3</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Lewis Frignet</td><td> 4</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Antrims</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Benjamin Green, Esq.</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 9</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>H. J. O'Brien</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Bartholomew Kneeland</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Fairbanks</td><td> 9</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 10</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>James Fillis</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Rous</td><td> 2</td><td> 4</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 9</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Joseph Rous</td><td> 4</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Greensword</td><td> 17</td><td> 4</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 21</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Fury</td><td> 3</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Debtors in Gaol</td><td> 19</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 19</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Criminals</td><td> 8</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 8</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>William Falkner</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">{259}</a></span></p>
+
+<table frame="hsides" rules="groups" cellpadding="2" summary="">
+<caption>On Several Islands and Harbors, Employed in Fishery.</caption>
+<colgroup /><colgroup />
+<colgroup /><colgroup />
+<colgroup />
+<thead>
+<tr><th><span class="smcap">Heads of Families.</span></th>
+<th>Males<br /> above 16.</th>
+<th>Females<br /> above 16.</th>
+<th>Males<br /> under 16.</th>
+<th>Females<br /> under 16.</th></tr>
+</thead>
+
+<tr><td align="left" class="smcap">On Cornwallis Island:</td>
+<td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left' class='pad-l2'>Capt. Joseph Rouse</td><td> 4</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left' class='pad-l2'><span class="pad-lr">"</span> Mauger</td><td> 7</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left' class='pad-l2'><span class="pad-lr">"</span> Cook</td><td> 5</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left' class='pad-l2'> &mdash;&mdash; Bradshaw</td><td> 16</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td></td><td class="total"> 32</td>
+<td class="total"> 1</td><td class="total"> ....</td>
+<td class="total"> ....</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left" class="smcap">At Ketch Harbour:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left' class='pad-l2'> John Grace</td><td> 10</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left' class='pad-l2'> Capt. Gill</td><td> 6</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left' class='pad-l2'> &mdash;&mdash; Brown</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td></td><td class="total"> 19</td><td class="total"> 4</td>
+<td class="total"> 2</td><td class="total"> ....</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left" class="smcap">At Sambro Island:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left' class='pad-l2'> Capt. Matterson</td><td> 21</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left' class='pad-l2'> Thomas Youngston</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td></td><td class="total"> 22</td><td class="total"> 2</td>
+<td class="total"> 1</td><td class="total"> 1</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left" class="smcap">At St. Margaret's Bay:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left' class='pad-l2'> Benjamin Frog</td><td> 10</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left' class='pad-l2'> James Ford</td><td> 13</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left' class='pad-l2'> Adam Clown</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left' class='pad-l2'> &mdash;&mdash; Allen</td><td> 5</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td></tr>
+
+<tr align='right'><td></td><td class="total"> 29</td>
+<td class="total"> 2</td><td class="total"> 2</td><td class="total"> 1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table frame="hsides" rules="groups" cellpadding="2" summary="">
+<caption>Laborers Employed in His Majesty's Works on George's Island.</caption>
+<colgroup /><colgroup />
+<colgroup /><colgroup />
+<colgroup /><colgroup />
+<thead>
+<tr><th><span class="smcap">Heads of Families.</span></th>
+<th>Males<br /> above 16.</th>
+<th>Females<br /> above 16.</th>
+<th>Males<br /> under 16.</th>
+<th>Females<br /> under 16.</th>
+<th>Total.</th></tr>
+</thead>
+
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Richard Reeve</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Thomas Leak</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Patrick Hamilton</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Cornelius Larigan</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Laborers</td><td> 11</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 11</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">{260}</a></span></p>
+
+<table frame="hsides" rules="groups" cellpadding="2" summary="">
+<caption>At the Block House and the Isthmus.</caption>
+<colgroup /><colgroup />
+<colgroup /><colgroup />
+<colgroup /><colgroup />
+<thead>
+<tr><th><span class="smcap">Heads of Families.</span></th>
+<th>Males<br /> above 16.</th>
+<th>Females<br /> above 16.</th>
+<th>Males<br /> under 16.</th>
+<th>Females<br /> under 16.</th>
+<th>Total.</th></tr>
+</thead>
+
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Adam Schafner</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Soloer</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johannes Frederick</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Peter Moeser</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Richard Voleker</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Adolph Henokel</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Philip Krepof</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Casper Meisner</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johannus Hoars</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Henrick Hiltz</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Henrick Mertz</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johanna M. Girtler</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Margaretta Hoars</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Philip Sponnagel</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Michael Westhoefer</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Wilhelm Wensell</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johannes Forrokner</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ferdinand Schultz</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Christian Schmidt</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johannus Schnok</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Christopher Schafner</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Lorentz Conrat</td><td> 4</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 8</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Brande</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Philip Winter</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johannus Knaut</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Wenel Wust</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Evalt</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Adam Lehnhart</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Conrad Graff</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Berger</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Philip Sigler</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Frederick Heison</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Henrick Lehn</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johannas Barget</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Andrew Walter</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Henrick Minok</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Wilhelm Kuveller</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Adam Fileoh</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Andrew Sauer</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Eva Gibhart</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 7</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Peter Krauner</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Jacob Seely</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Adam Boettinger</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Caspar Ditrich</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Christian Gothart</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Johannes Schmidt</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>John Sebastian Nicolas</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ditrich Klauter</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ludovig Feller</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Leonard Anton Freher</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">{261}</a></span>
+Laurenz Lahn</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Andreas Velocker</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> ....</td><td> 2</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Ludovig Schnoer</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Philip Hirchman</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 3</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Anna Luse</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Caspar Qenok</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Philip Rotehauser</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 6</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Conrad Teele</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Michael Merokel</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>George Grant</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Partel Hoarse</td><td> 2</td><td> 5</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> 8</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Alon Ostertay</td><td> 1</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> ....</td><td> 1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr />
+
+<table frame="hsides" rules="groups" cellpadding="2" summary="">
+<colgroup /><colgroup />
+<colgroup /><colgroup />
+<colgroup /><colgroup />
+<colgroup />
+<thead>
+<tr><th></th>
+<th>Families.</th>
+<th>Males<br /> above 16.</th>
+<th>Females<br /> above 16.</th>
+<th>Males<br /> under 16.</th>
+<th>Females<br /> under 16.</th>
+<th>Total.</th></tr>
+</thead>
+
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Within the Pickets of Halifax</td><td> 468</td><td> 846</td><td> 622</td><td> 279</td><td> 285</td><td> 2032</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Within the North Suburbs</td><td> 169</td><td> 317</td><td> 205</td><td> 105</td><td> 138</td><td> 765</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Within the South Suburbs</td><td> 151</td><td> 429</td><td> 169</td><td> 115</td><td> 105</td><td> 818</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>Within the Town of Dartmouth</td><td> 53</td><td> 81</td><td> 47</td><td> 29</td><td> 38</td><td> 195</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>On several Islands and Harbors employed in
+   Fishery, etc.</td><td> ....</td><td> 168</td><td> 13</td><td> 18</td><td> 3</td><td> 202</td></tr>
+<tr align='right'><td align='left'>On the Isthmus and the
+   Peninsula of Halifax</td><td> 65</td><td> 73</td><td> 66</td><td> 38</td><td> 39</td><td> 216</td></tr>
+
+<tr align='right'><td></td><td class="total"> 906</td><td class="total">1914</td>
+<td class="total"> 1122</td><td class="total"> 584</td>
+<td class="total"> 608</td><td class="total"> 4248</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="no-b pad-t" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="0" summary="">
+<tr><td></td><td></td><td align="right">906</td> <td align="left">families.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td></td><td align="right">1914</td> <td align="left">males over 16.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td></td><td align="right">1122</td> <td align="left">females over 16.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td></td><td align="right">584</td> <td align="left">boys under 16.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td></td><td align="right">608</td> <td align="left">girls under 16.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right">1914</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">1122</td><td></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="total">792</td><td align="left" colspan="4">excess of males over females (over 16).</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The foregoing is copied from a book in the Crown Land Office,
+having been in the Surveyor General's office, apparently, since 17th
+May, 1779, as the blank leaves contain memoranda of different
+warrants of survey from that date to June, 1781. Copied 4th
+December, 1862.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> Father of the late Hon. Charles Prescott.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> Afterwards Member of Council.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> A Sicilian Nobleman, who came with a number of settlers from the West Indies.
+He was afterwards a Lieutenant of one of the companies of Rangers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> Leonard Lockman was a German. In early life he practised medicine. He afterwards
+held the rank of Major in the army, which he received for services rendered to
+the British Government. He came out with the settlers in 1749, and eventually settled
+in the North Suburbs. He died at Halifax, and was buried beneath the old German
+Church on Brunswick Street, where his monument still remains. Lockman Street
+was named after him.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> Captain in the army.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> Between Buckingham Street and the present Blowers Street.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">{262}</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>G.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>From the Gentlemen's Magazine, Vol. 20, 271.</i></h4>
+
+<p class="ralign"><span class="smcap">Halifax, Nova Scotia</span>, December 7, 1749.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>,&mdash;I have at various times given you the last account I
+was able of the state of affairs in this Colony. The summer was
+beautiful beyond description and even the conception of those who
+are always confined within the liquid walls of Britain. As to the
+winter, which you know I always dreaded, I do assure you I have
+felt severer weather in England. The people acquainted with this
+climate say that it began this year sooner than was ever known
+in the memory of man, and assure me likewise that it will not be
+more severe than it has been already; if so, there is no danger to
+be apprehended from it. This you will readily grant when I tell
+you, notwithstanding the tenderness of my constitution, to which
+you are no stranger, that I have not added a single thing, not so
+much as a great coat, to my dress since I have been in this
+Province. When I look back upon the 21st June, the day of our
+arrival, I am astonished to see the progress made; there are already
+about 400 habitable houses within the fortifications and not less than
+200 without. So surprising is the growth of this colony, so great the
+happiness of being ruled by one who has no other interest at heart
+but that of making thousands happy.</p>
+
+<p>From my soul I wish that all other governors would copy such
+an amiable example of imitation; he does not, like most others
+gripe and squeeze to accumulate a fortune; on the contrary, he
+derives no profit to himself from anything, but, with the most
+unexampled generosity, gives all places and commissions gratis to
+the most deserving, nor suffers his officers to take any fees at
+present. You know what an English rabble is (and the greatest
+part of this colony was such.) You know they are generally
+tumultuous, refractory, full of discontent and murmuring, capricious
+in demanding favors, not long satisfied with present concessions,
+and not seldom abusing them by restless importunity for more.
+Such generally is the rabble of mankind, and such were many of
+the settlers of this province, but by his prudent management and
+proper generosity, by his condescension, candor and affability, the
+Governor has charmed the tiger's fury and turned a sad tumultuous
+rabble into a tractable and quiet people. They now work with ten
+times the alacrity they did at first, are patient under disappointments,
+and when they meet with a repulse, they conclude their
+petitions to have been unreasonable, from a firm persuasion that
+His Excellency has their true interest at heart; they cannot ask
+with reason, but what he grants with pleasure.</p>
+
+<p class="ralign"><span class="pad-r10">Yours, etc., etc.,</span><br />
+<span class="wide">* * * * * *</span></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">{263}</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>H.</h3>
+
+<h4 class="smcap">Copy of Minutes of Council of 12th June, 1752, Regarding
+the Erection of a Light House at Sambro.</h4>
+
+<p>At a Council holden at the Govrs. House at Halifax, Fryday,
+June 12th, 1752.<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a></p>
+
+<table class="left no-b pad-l3" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="0" summary="">
+<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Present</span>&mdash;His Excellency the Govr.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Benj. Green,</td>  <td> Wm. Steele,</td> <td  align="right" class="vcenter" rowspan="2">Esqrs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>John Collier,</td>  <td>Geo. Fotheringham,</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Resolved, That, Whereas a Light house at the Entrance of the
+Harbor of Halifax, would be greatly beneficial to the Trade, Navigation,
+and Fishery of this Colony, and might be the means of
+preserving the Lives and properties of many of his Majesty's
+Subjects, and whereas altho' many persons might willingly contribute
+towards so good a Work without any Expectation of a
+Reimbursement, yet probably many may more readily be concerned
+therein, when attended with any hopes of promoting their own
+Interest at the same time.</p>
+
+<p>A Lottery, according to the following Scheme, be set on foot for
+raising a sum of £450 towards building a Lighthouse at or near
+Cape Sambrough, (whereby, besides the advantages before mentioned,)
+a considerable number of Settlers will be usefully employed
+for some time, and a great &amp; lasting Benefit to the province be
+gained, by a voluntary Tax upon those persons (amongst others)
+who at present contributed nothing towards the Expence of the
+Government whose protection &amp; favour they enjoy.</p>
+
+<p>Scheme of a Lottery for raising £450 towards building a Lighthouse
+at or near Cape Samborough:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>The number of Tickets to be 1000 at £3 each, £3000.</p>
+
+<p>The number of Benefit Tickets to be 200, vizt.:</p>
+
+<table class="no-b" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="right">1</td><td align="left">Prize of £500</td><td align="right">£500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">1</td><td align="left">Ditto of 300</td><td align="right">300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">2</td><td align="left">Ditto of 100 each</td><td align="right">200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">5</td><td align="left">Ditto of 50 each</td><td align="right">250</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="left">Ditto of 30 each</td><td align="right">300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">40</td><td align="left">Ditto of 10 each</td><td align="right">400</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">140</td><td align="left">Ditto of 7 each</td><td align="right">980</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">1</td><td align="left">The first drawn</td><td align="right">70</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="total">200</td><td align="left">prizes.</td>
+<td align="right" class="total">£3000</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">{264}</a></span>
+Fifteen per cent. to be deducted from the fortunate Tickets, and
+the remainder to be paid, without any other Deduction, to ye
+possessors of the sd. Tickets, as soon as the drawing shall be over&mdash;To
+be drawn publickly in the Town House, at Halifax under the
+Direction of managers to be appointed by his Excelly. the Govr. as
+soon as all the Tickets shall be disposed of, and in case the said
+Tickets shall not be all disposed of, before ye 31st Augt. next, the
+money recd. for any sold to be repaid to the possessors thereof on
+Demand.</p>
+
+<p class="ralign">ED. CORNWALLIS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> At a previous meeting of the Council held on the 3rd of February, a public ferry
+was established between Halifax and Dartmouth, and John Connor of the latter place
+appointed ferryman, with the exclusive privilege for 3 years to keep boats constantly
+passing and repassing, between Sunrise and Sunset, every day in the week, except on
+Sunday, when the boats should pass only twice&mdash;the ferriage to be 3d., and 6d. after
+hours, for each Passenger, and a reasonable price to be paid for goods, other than
+baggage, etc., carried in the hand, which passed free.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<h3>I.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Governor Cornwallis<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> to Duke of Bedford.</i></h4>
+
+<p>(<span class="ucsmcap">COPY.</span>)</p>
+
+<p class="ralign"><span class="smcap">Chebucto</span>, 22nd June, 1749.</p>
+
+<p class="smcap">My Lord Duke,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>I arrived here yesterday,&mdash;this morning a Sloop arrived from Mr.
+Hopson, which I am obliged to send to Boston in case any ship
+should be going thence to England. I would not neglect an opportunity
+of writing to your Grace. I met the "Fair Lady" storeship
+at sea the eleventh, after we had been from England four weeks,
+who told me the Transports arrived at Spithead the day before he
+sailed, and were to sail in three days after him, we were then off
+the island of Sable, and except the first eight days had met with
+contrary winds all the passage, besides we had steered our course
+for Cape Race but was forced off the banks by a gale of wind from
+the North West so that I had reason to think the Transports might
+be soon at Chebucto&mdash;we had nobody on board that knew anything
+of the coasts nor of the Bay of Funday, so were to cruize off the
+coasts till we met with a pilot, we made the Coast of Acadie the
+14th, but met with no pilot till the 20th, when we met with a sloop
+from Boston to Louisburgh with two pilots on board, for the use of
+the Governor,&mdash;the wind not serving for the Bay of Funday, and the
+officers assuring me in case of foggy weather (not unusual upon those
+coasts) we might be a fortnight getting to Annapolis. The wind was
+fair for Chebucto, so I thought it advisable to go in there rather
+than risk the being some weeks, perhaps, after the settlers arrived.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">{265}</a></span>
+I could save the garrison of Louisburgh the bad and long navigation
+to Annapolis, so I sent to Governor Hopson that I was going for
+Chebucto and desired him to transport the garrison thither, imagining
+he had transports ready; by his sloop that came in this day I
+find him in great perplexity, the French arrived, and he no transports.&mdash;The
+Council of War it seems were of opinion that the
+orders from the Secretary at War did not empower him to hire
+transports, but to wait my arrival and that I was to send the
+transports that brought the settlers here. As I cannot know when
+the transports will arrive, in what condition, nor how many I can
+spare, I think it absolutely necessary for the service to send the
+sloop to Boston with orders to Apthorp and Hancock, who Mr.
+Hopson has recommended as the persons who have been always
+employed on the part of the Government, to hire vessels with all
+expedition for the transportation of these troops from Louisburgh
+to Chebucto. I send a letter by the same sloop to Colonel
+Mascarene in case he should meet at sea any vessel going to
+Annapolis. I likewise send a Frenchman that knows the country
+over land, by Minas to Annapolis. I have ordered Colonel Mascarene
+to come here with a quorum of the Council as soon as possible
+that I may open my commission, take the oaths and appoint
+another Council, according to His Majesty's instructions.</p>
+
+<p>I can give Your Grace little information as yet as to this country&mdash;the
+coasts are as rich as ever they have been represented. We
+caught fish every day since we came within fifty leagues of the
+coast, the harbor itself is full of fish of all kinds; all the officers
+agree the harbor is the finest they have ever seen&mdash;the country is
+one continual wood, no clear spot to be seen or heard of. I have
+been ashore in several places&mdash;the underwood is only young trees
+so that with difficulty one might walk through any of them;
+D'Anville's fleet have only cut wood for present use, but cleared no
+ground, they encamped their men upon the beach. I have seen but
+few brooks nor have as yet found the navigable river that has been
+talked of&mdash;there are a few French families on each side of the bay
+about 3 leagues off; some have been on board. As to the
+disposition of the French or Indians I can give Your Grace no
+account till I see Colonel Mascarene, when I shall write more fully
+and continue from time to time to acquaint Your Grace of our
+proceedings. I wish the French may not be uneasy at waiting so
+long on board for the evacuation of Louisburgh as it may be some
+time before Mr. Hopson will get transports&mdash;it will, I fear, retard
+the settlement.</p>
+
+<p class="ralign"><span class="pad-r8">I am &amp;c.,</span><br />
+ED. CORNWALLIS.</p>
+
+<p>P. S.&mdash;I expect the transports daily.<br />
+His Grace the Duke of Bedford.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">{266}</a></span>
+(From the Duplicate.)</p>
+
+<p>We came to anchor in Merliguiche Bay, where I was told there
+was a French settlement. I sent ashore to see the houses and
+manner of living of the inhabitants&mdash;there are but a few families
+with tolerable wooden houses covered with bark, a good many cattle
+and clear ground more than serves themselves&mdash;they seem to be
+very peaceable, say they always looked upon themselves as English
+subjects, have their grants from Colonel Mascarene, the Governor
+of Annapolis, and showed an unfeigned joy to hear of the new
+settlement. They assure us the Indians are quite peaceable and
+not at all to be feared&mdash;there are none hereabouts.</p>
+
+<p class="ralign"><span class="pad-r8">I have, &amp;c.,</span><br />
+ED. CORNWALLIS.</p>
+
+<p>(From the Duplicate.)</p>
+
+<p>This Frenchman will be there in three or four days&mdash;'tis 25
+leagues from hence to Minas, and the French have made a path for
+driving their cattle over here.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h4><i>Governor Cornwallis to Duke of Bedford.</i><a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a></h4>
+
+<p class="ralign"><span class="smcap">Chebucto</span>, <span class="smcap">July</span> 23rd, 1749.</p>
+
+<p class="smcap">My Lord,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>My last to Your Grace was of June 22nd, a duplicate of which is
+enclosed,&mdash;the 27th, the transports appeared off the harbor and in
+a few days most of them got in. As their passage had been
+extremely good and none of them had in the least suffered, I found
+they would be ready to sail the moment the settlers should be put
+ashore. I despatched a sloop to Boston to countermand the order
+I had given, and sent to Mr. Hopson to let him know I would send
+in a few days transports to bring away his garrison. Mr. Hopson
+had wrote me that he had agreed with Desherbier, the French
+Commissary, to make use of the French transports upon condition
+that in case the English ships should arrive before they were all on
+board he should be at liberty to disembark them. I sent him one
+the 1st of July and four more, the largest of the fleet, the 5th. I
+own I was much disappointed in finding Mr. Hopson unprovided
+with transports as I never had the least intimation that he was to
+wait for the ships that should bring the settlers. I have an account
+from Boston of July 3rd that my second order got there soon
+enough to prevent all but one from sailing, but as they were all
+hired this will cause some expense; they write me it will not be
+much.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">{267}</a></span>
+July 8, I received from Mr. Hopson copies of letters from
+Governor Shirley and Colonel Mascarene giving an account of the
+French having begun a settlement and a fort at the mouth of the
+St. John River. As my instructions direct me to prevent all such
+encroachments, and particularly mention that River as of the
+greatest consequence, I next day sent Capt. Rous of the Albany
+with a small sloop to attend him with orders to the commanding
+officers at Annapolis to furnish him with troops if demanded.
+Copies of my letter to Capt. Rous and one to the commander of
+St. John's, I send You Grace enclosed. I hope what I have done
+in this affair will meet with Your Grace's approbation. July 12th
+I heard from Governor Shirley, that he had sent the Boston to
+Annapolis to receive my instructions about the affair of St. John's.
+I sent Capt. Pearse the same directions I had given to Capt. Rous,
+and a copy of the declaration asserting His Majesty's rights. As
+to Port Mouton which is mentioned in these letters, I believe it was
+a mistake occasioned by the French having put in there in their
+way to St. John's.</p>
+
+<p>I shall now lay before Your Grace our proceedings at Chebucto.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Mascarene arrived here on the 12th with five of the
+Council; next day I opened to them His Majesty's commission, and
+took the oaths; the day following I nominated the members of a
+new Council:</p>
+
+<table class="no-b" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">Colonel Mascarene.<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a></td>
+<td align="left">Mr. Benj. Green.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Capt. How.</td><td align="left">Mr. Salisbury.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Capt. Gorham.</td><td align="left">Mr. Davidson.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>I have added since, Mr. Steel.</p>
+
+<p>As, perhaps, no copies were taken of the plans sent me of the
+harbor, I send along with this a copy of Durel's plan. Your Grace
+will see that the place I have fixed for the town is on the west side
+of the harbor&mdash;'tis upon the side of a hill which commands the
+whole peninsula and shelters the town from the north-west winds.
+From the shore to the top of the hill is about half a mile, the ascent
+very gentle, the soil is good, there is convenient landing for boats
+all along the beach and good anchorage within gunshot of the shore
+for the largest ships. In Durel's plan the two points that make
+the entrance to Bedford Bay are marked as the places proper to
+fortify, which is likewise taken notice of by Mr. Knowles. Their
+view must then have been to have the settlement within that bay.
+This would have been subject to great inconveniences. In the first
+place, it would be too far up for the fishermen, it being about five
+leagues from the entrance of the harbor to these points, and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">{268}</a></span>
+beach all along as proper for curing their fish as can possibly be
+imagined, so that no fisherman would ever have thought of going
+within these forts&mdash;indeed no ships would choose to go so far, as no
+finer harbor can be than that of Chebucto, which reaches from these
+points to Sandwich River,<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> so that notwithstanding of any forts
+upon these points an enemy's fleet might lie secure and indeed block
+up all ships within the bay. The proper places to fortify for the
+defence of the harbor seem to be Sandwich Point and the bank
+opposite to it. George's Island lies likewise very convenient for a
+battery to defend both the harbor and the town. It contains about
+ten or twelve acres. It was there I landed the settlers from on
+board the ships sent to Louisbourg&mdash;I have now a guard there and
+stores, and propose to build a magazine upon it for powder.</p>
+
+<p>As there was not one yard of clear ground, Your Grace will
+imagine our difficulty and what work we have to do. However,
+they have already cleared above 12 acres and I hope to begin my
+own house in two days; I have a small frame and planks ready.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians are hitherto very peaceable, many of them have been
+here with some Chiefs; I made them small presents, told them I
+had instructions from His Majesty to offer them friendship and all
+protection and likewise presents which I should deliver as soon as
+they should assemble their tribes and return with powers to enter
+into treaty and exchange their French commissions for others in
+His Majesty's name.</p>
+
+<p>Three of the French Deputies have been here to know what is to
+be their condition for the future; I gave them copies of His
+Majesty's Declaration and copies of the Oath of Allegiance which I
+told them they must take without any condition or reservation, but
+in the same manner as His Majesty's English subjects;&mdash;they
+pretend their only difficulty is from fear of the Indians in case of a
+French war. I have ordered all the Deputies to come here and
+expect them in a few days. I think 'tis necessary to show them
+that 'tis in our power to master them or to protect them, and therefore
+I design to send as soon as possible two companies to Minas
+with orders to build a barrack and stay there the winter. I shall
+also send an armed sloop into the Bay of Minas to prevent all
+correspondence with the French by sea; another company I shall
+send to the head of the bay where the road to Minas begins. I
+propose, likewise, a blockhouse half way for the conveniency of
+travellers, and then to employ all the men I can get together,
+soldiers and inhabitants, to clear the road from hence to Minas; 'tis
+about 30 miles in a direct line&mdash;whether this can be executed before
+winter I cannot say. Had the garrison of Louisbourg been arrived,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">{269}</a></span>
+they would have been of infinite advantage; at present I have only
+one company of Hopson's, one of Warburton's and 60 of Gorham's
+Rangers.<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a></p>
+
+<p>A list of the civil officers I shall be able to send Your Grace by
+the next ships that sail, with an account of what further progress
+we shall have made.</p>
+
+<p class="ralign"><span class="pad-r8">I am, &amp;c.,</span><br />
+ED. CORNWALLIS.</p>
+
+<p>To His Grace the Duke of Bedford.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> The Honorable Edward Cornwallis was fifth son of Charles, third Baron Cornwallis,
+by Lady Charlotte Butler, daughter of Richard, Earl of Arran, and uncle to the
+celebrated Duke of Ormonde. He was born 22nd February, 1712-13. He was Member
+of Parliament for the borough of Eye in 1749, and in 1753, shortly after his return from
+Halifax, he was elected for the city of Westminster. He married, the same year, a
+daughter of the late Lord Townshend, but left no family. In 1759 he was made a Major
+General, and was afterwards the Governor of Gibraltar. General Cornwallis was twin
+brother of Dr. Frederick Cornwallis, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, and uncle
+of the Lord Cornwallis who defeated General Gates at Camden, South Carolina,
+in 1780, and afterwards surrendered at Yorktown, to the Revolutionary General
+Lincoln.&mdash;<i>Collins' and Debrett's Peerages.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford, was appointed Secretary of State in 1747-8 and
+resigned the office in 1751. He was afterwards Minister Plenipotentiary to France.
+He died 1771.&mdash;<i>Collins' Peerage.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> Col. Mascarene was the Lieut. Governor of Annapolis; Capts. How and Gorham
+were two of his councillors. Mr. Green was secretary to Governor Hopson at Louisburg.
+Messrs. Salisbury and Davidson came out with Governor Cornwallis. Mr.
+Steel, afterwards added to the Council, was one of the settlers from England.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> North-west Arm.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> These Rangers came from Annapolis; they had been enlisted in New England
+and were chiefly composed of Indians of half blood.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<h3>J.</h3>
+
+<h4 class="smcap">Names of the Members of the Sun Fire Company of Halifax
+in the Year 1819.</h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>John W. Pyke.</li>
+<li>John Tremain.</li>
+<li>Michael Tobin.</li>
+<li>Stephen W. DeBlois.</li>
+<li>Charles Hill.</li>
+<li>John Owen.</li>
+<li>Richard Tremain.</li>
+<li>Henry Taylor.</li>
+<li>J. E. Butler.</li>
+<li>David Shaw Clarke.</li>
+<li>James Grant.</li>
+<li>James Kerby.</li>
+<li>William Bowie.</li>
+<li>Alexander Creighton.</li>
+<li>John Letson.</li>
+<li>Alexander Fiddis.</li>
+<li>William Lawson.</li>
+<li>Adam DeChezeau, Jr.</li>
+<li>Andrew Smith.</li>
+<li>John Liddell.</li>
+<li>Joseph Dolby.</li>
+<li>William Milward, Jr.</li>
+<li>Azor Stephens.</li>
+<li>Joseph Marchington.</li>
+<li>Lawrence Hartshorne, Jr.</li>
+<li>Robert Lyons, Jr.</li>
+<li>John Howe, Jr.</li>
+<li>James T. Alport.</li>
+<li>Henry Austin.</li>
+<li>John Carroll.</li>
+<li>Joseph Allison.</li>
+<li>Lewis E. Piers.</li>
+<li>W. Bremner.</li>
+<li>Samuel Story.</li>
+<li>George N. Russell.</li>
+<li>James Russell.</li>
+<li>E. J. Hopson.</li>
+<li>Samuel Cunard.</li>
+<li>Enos Collins.</li>
+<li>James Cogswell.</li>
+<li>James Dupuy.</li>
+<li>Lewis DeMolitor.</li>
+<li>Temple F. Piers.</li>
+<li>Edward Alport.</li>
+<li>John Salter.</li>
+<li>John Moody.</li>
+<li>George Mitchell.</li>
+<li>S. Morris.</li>
+<li>John Ferguson.</li>
+<li>W. N. Silver.</li>
+<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">{270}</a></span>
+James Bain.</li>
+<li>William K. Reynolds.</li>
+<li>Charles Boggs.</li>
+<li>Miles W. White.</li>
+<li>A. McDonald.</li>
+<li>H. Ford.</li>
+<li>D. McColl.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4 class="smcap">Absent Members.</h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>P. Sennerats, London.</li>
+<li>Mark Etter, Trinidad.</li>
+<li>James Barlow, London.</li>
+<li>John Telford, Scotland.</li>
+<li>G. W. Anderson, Glasgow.</li>
+<li>James Walker, Chester.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4 class="smcap">Members Lately Deceased.</h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>John Henry.</li>
+<li>Thomas Leo DeWolf.</li>
+<li>James Bell.</li>
+<li>Robert Lyon.</li>
+<li>Samuel T. Prescott.</li>
+<li>Winkworth Allen.</li>
+<li>John Buchan.</li>
+<li>Thomas Austin, Jr.</li>
+<li>Peter Bain.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3>K.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>From the Gentlemen's Magazine, Vol. 20, 1750. (June.)</i></h4>
+
+<p>The Town of Halifax is entirely built according to the plan given
+in our last February number, and many additional buildings are
+carrying on. The barracks for the soldiers are completed and the
+fort at the mouth of the harbor will soon be in a good posture of
+defence.</p>
+
+<p>The story in the papers of the Indians burning a town of 200
+houses is without foundation.</p>
+
+<p>Major Lawrence, of Warburton's Regiment at Nova Scotia,
+appointed Lieut.-Col. of Governor Cornwallis' Regiment and Lieut.
+Governor of Annapolis Royal. (July number of the Magazine,
+1750.)</p>
+
+<p>August, 1750. Halifax, Nova Scotia.&mdash;The fishery here is
+extremely good, one company only having 1400 or 1500 quintals of
+good dry fish ready to ship for a foreign market, and others also
+have been very successful. Mr. Brown, gardener to Governor
+Cornwallis, with his son and four others, going out two or three
+miles from the town, were beset by the Indians, who killed him and
+his son; the latter they buried, but the other body was found on the
+ground scalped, and brought hither and buried; the four others, it
+is feared, are killed or carried off. The Indians have also attacked
+and scalped seven men that were at work on the other side of the
+harbor. Parties are gone out to repel them.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">{271}</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>L.</h3>
+
+<h4 class="smcap">Return of the 1st Company of Halifax Volunteer Artillery,
+Under the Command of Captain Richard Tremain, 6th
+July, 1812.</h4>
+
+<table class="left no-b" frame="void" rules="none" cellpadding="0" summary="">
+<tr><td>Peter Robb, Sergt. Major.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>John Brown,</td><td class="vcenter" rowspan="4">Sergeants.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Wm. Forsyth,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Thos. Fenerty,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>John Rogers,</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Charles Dunbrack,</td><td class="vcenter" rowspan="4">Corpls.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Thomas Nelson,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>John D. Scott,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>William Rudolf,</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>David Muirhead,</td><td class="vcenter" rowspan="3">Bomb'rs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>William Story, Jr.,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Martin Piazza,</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>John Tremain.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Frederick Major.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>William Gorham.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>James McAllen.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>John Miller.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>William Bond.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>John Peeples.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>William O'Brien.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Alexander Smith.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>George Morin.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Francis Story.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>George Nock.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Samuel Lydiard.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Benjamin Marshall.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Benjamin Kingston.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Peter Hay.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Frederick Kringle.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>John Henry.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>William Smith.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Martin Gay Black.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Leslie Moffatt.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>John Phillips.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Frederick Runvell.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Francis Muncey.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Robert Grinton.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>George O'Brien.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Morgan Doyle.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Daniel Fraser.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Alexander May.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Thomas Gentles.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>John Pendergrass.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>William Stairs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>John N. Ford.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Nicholas Wright.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Samuel Black.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Azor Stevens.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Henry Monson.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Dennis Connor.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Paul Cermanatti.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Henry Wright.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Abner Stowell.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>William Schwartz.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Peter McNab.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Thomas Muirhead.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Alexander Fiddis.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Herven Cameron.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Thomas Simmons.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>William H. Barry.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>John Hussey.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Thomas Richey.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>John McPherson.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fred'k John Knight.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>John Cobb.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Thomas Smith, Jr.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Daniel Ferguson.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Charles W. Hill.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>William Murray.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Thomas Beamish.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Nicholas Vass.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Alexander Clarke.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Joseph Lordley.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Henry Boyer.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>John Bonnell.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Henry Warner.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>David Hutton.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Ralph Turnbull.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Donald Fraser.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>James Wilson.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">{272}</a></span>
+John Forrest.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>John F. Salter.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>John Fillis.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Richard Scott.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>William Strachan, Jr.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>John Simpson.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Robert Fraser.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>James Cogswell.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>John Buchan.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Wyndham Madden.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>James Leishman.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hugh Gall.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Alexander Smith.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Joshua Lee.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Robert Field.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Halifax, July 6th, 1812.</p>
+
+<p class="ralign"><span class="pad-r">Sgd. <span class="pad-l1">RICHARD TREMAIN,</span></span><br />
+<i>Capt. H. V. A.</i></p>
+
+<div id="tn">
+<h2>Transcriber's Note:</h2>
+
+<p>Minor punctuation errors have been corrected without note.</p>
+
+<p>Inconsistent hyphenation, spelling, and capitalization have been left as
+in the original. Except for obvious errors (e.g. missing, extra, or
+transposed letters), incorrect and obsolete spellings have also been
+retained. Mathematical errors have not been corrected.</p>
+
+<p>The following changes were made to the text:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#Page_4">p. 4</a>: indispensibly to indispensably (indispensably necessary to the
+support)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_8">p. 8</a>: De Anvilles' to D'Anville's, to correspond with the same passage
+quoted later in the book (D'Anville's Fleet have only cut wood for
+present use)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_15">p. 15</a>: Grande to Grand (quartered at Grand Pre)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_15">p. 15</a>: Footnote marker with no note attached removed (after "hired at
+fair wages to assist in the work.")</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Footnote_16_16">Footnote 16</a> (originally on p. 15): Note. to <span class="smcap">Note.</span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_26">p. 26</a>: embarassed to embarrassed (was continually embarrassed)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_44">p. 44</a>: Surveyers to Surveyors (Surveyors of Pickled Fish)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_45">p. 45</a>: Exellency to Excellency (his Excellency the Lieutenant Governor)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_51">p. 51</a>: 6. to 6d. (for the Church £350 18s. 6d.)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_56">p. 56</a>: subscripton to subscription (A subscription was set on foot)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Footnote_48_48">Footnote 48</a> (originally on p. 86): extra "of" removed (the accommodation
+of the people)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_60">p. 60</a>: parochials to parochialis (notitia parochialis)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_82">p. 82</a>: $ to £ (The highest prize was £2000.)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_90">p. 90</a>: extra "in" removed (prisoners, six in number)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_96">p. 96</a> comformity to conformity (in conformity with the Act)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_97">p. 97</a>: "Royal Gazette:" to "Royal Gazette":</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_97">p. 97</a>: Prince William Henry to "Prince William Henry" (The brig "Prince
+William Henry,")</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Footnote_55_55">Footnote 55</a> (originally on p. 98): Crdnance to Ordnance; Oonnors to
+Connors</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Footnote_58_58">Footnote 58</a> (originally on p. 106): Footnote marker was originally
+between dash and "Uncertain" instead of before "<span class="smcap">Note.</span>"</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_107">p. 107</a>: genera to general (as a general)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_109">p. 109</a>: Hemmiongton to Hemmington (J. Hemmington, Grocer)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_117">p. 117</a>: conmiseration to commiseration (commiseration of their
+countrymen)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_118">p. 118</a>: pproaching to approaching (On his approaching near)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_118">p. 118</a>: dist nguishes to distinguishes (so often distinguishes)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_119">p. 119</a>: Halibur on to Haliburton</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_124">p. 124</a>: fvaourite to favourite (a favourite resort)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_128">p. 128</a>: Beaujoile to Beaujolie (Count Beaujolie)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_132">p. 132</a>: inh is to in his (in his 83rd year)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_139">p. 139</a>: extra "the" removed (appeared in the Gazette)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_150">p. 150</a>: extra "and" removed (and all the other decimal parts)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_153">p. 153</a>: ballotted to billetted (billetted for service)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Footnote_74_74">Footnotes 74-80</a> (originally on p. 165): "<span class="smcap">Note.</span>--" removed; these notes were originally
+grouped together into one paragraph</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_168">p. 168</a>: suing to using (using these small boats)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_175">p. 175</a>: extra "to" removed (to the Bishopric)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Footnote_84_84">Footnote 84</a> (originally on p. 188): Parado to Parade (The Grand Parade)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_190">p. 190</a>: Admirality to Admiralty (Admiralty Records)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_192">p. 192</a>: eollege to college (erecting the college)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_193">p. 193</a>: delapidaated to delapidated (old and delapidated)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_197">p. 197</a>: neucleus to nucleus (nucleus for loungers)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_205">p. 205</a>: aids-de-camp to aides-de-camp ( with his aides-de-camp)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_206">p. 206</a>: asssembled to assembled (assembled under the portico)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_211">p. 211</a>: woooden to wooden (old wooden fortifications)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_214">p. 214</a>: Dorie to Doric (Doric pillars)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_216">p. 216</a>: erecteed to erected (erected there a large stone warehouse)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_218">p. 218</a>: stork to store (present stone store)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_222">p. 222</a>: pretentions to pretensions (his pretensions to skill)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_225">p. 225</a>: were to where (where he received his education)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_229">p. 229</a>: a to as (as Judge of the Supreme Court)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_231">p. 231</a>: Abbe to Abbey (Abbey of St. Matthew)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_234">p. 234</a>: Storkkeeper to Storekeeper (Naval Storekeeper)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_234">p. 234</a>: 1659 to 1759 (bears date August 16th, 1759)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_237">p. 237</a>: Carles to Charles (Charles Mason)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_239">p. 239</a>: seamen to seaman (private soldier or seaman)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_242">p. 242</a>: off to of (Shipping of the settlers)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_245">p. 245</a>: seige to siege (accurate account of the siege)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_246">p. 246-261</a>: all repeated headings in tables removed (e.g.
+<span class="smcap">North Suburbs.--(Continued.)</span>)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_247">p. 247</a>: Rodoph to Rodolph (John Christopher Rodolph)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_248">p. 248</a>: La renz to Laurenz (Laurenz Busgler)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_248">p. 248</a>: E izabeth to Elizabeth (Elizabeth Werner)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_248">p. 248</a>: U rich to Ulrich (Ulrich Seeger)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_249">p. 249</a>: Johanues to Johannes (Johannes Hoaif)</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_268">p. 268</a>: soonas to soon as (should deliver as soon as)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's History of Halifax City, by Thomas B. Akins
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of History of Halifax City, by Thomas B. Akins
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: History of Halifax City
+
+Author: Thomas B. Akins
+
+Release Date: January 25, 2012 [EBook #38666]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF HALIFAX CITY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  HISTORY OF HALIFAX
+  CITY.
+
+  by
+  Dr. Thomas B. Akins
+  (1809-1891)
+
+  Halifax, Nova Scotia
+  1895
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF HALIFAX CITY.
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+
+Halifax, the metropolis of Nova Scotia, and the chief City of the
+Acadian or Lower Provinces, was founded in the year 1749, at the expense
+of Government, under the direction of the Lords of Trade and
+Plantations, and was named in compliment to George Montague, Earl of
+Halifax, then at the head of the Board, under whose immediate auspices
+the settlement was undertaken.
+
+From the Treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, when Acadia was ceded to the Crown
+of Great Britain, to the year 1749, no progress had been made by the
+British in colonizing the country. The inhabitants consisted of a few
+thousand Acadian peasants, scattered around the shores of the Basin of
+Minas, Chignecto and the Valley of Annapolis. The Governor resided at
+Annapolis Royal, a small fortified port, with a garrison of two or three
+hundred regular troops, and was, in a great measure, dependent on New
+England for his necessary supplies. This was the only British port
+within the Province, with the exception of that of Canso, where, during
+the fishing season, a number of French, with a few Indians and New
+England fishermen, assembled, and where a captain's guard was usually
+stationed to preserve order and protect the rights of property. The
+French population, though professing to be neutral, had refused to take
+the Oath of Allegiance to the Crown of Great Britain, and were
+continually in a state of hostility to the British authorities in the
+country. Their poverty and ignorance placed them completely under the
+control of a few designing emissaries of the French Governor at Quebec,
+who incited the people to resent British rule, and frequently put all
+law at defiance, by assuming to themselves the sole management of
+municipal affairs in the settlements most remote from the seat of
+Government. The Governors of Canada had undertaken to claim all the
+country from the River St. Lawrence to the Bay of Fundy, as comprehended
+within their jurisdiction, confining the territory of Acadia as ceded
+under the Treaty of Utrecht, to the Peninsula alone, and had actually
+commenced to erect forts on the River St. John and the Isthmus while the
+nations were at peace.
+
+The necessity of a permanent British settlement and Military Station on
+the Atlantic Coast of the Peninsula, had long been considered the only
+effectual means of preserving British authority, as well as for the
+protection of the coast fishing, which, at this time, was deemed of
+paramount importance to British interests. But lately the continual
+breaches of neutrality on the part of the French, together with the loss
+of Louisburg, under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle, in October, 1748,
+rendered such an establishment indispensably necessary to the support of
+the British Crown in Nova Scotia.
+
+The scheme for settlement at Chebucto is said to have originated with
+the people of Massachusetts,[1] who, in calling the attention of
+Government to the claims and encroachments of the French, suggested the
+necessity for, as well as the great commercial advantages to be derived
+from such an undertaking; and it has also been asserted that a committee
+of influential citizens had been formed in Boston for the purpose of
+more effectually advocating the design. No authentic information on the
+subject, however, has been found beyond the suggestions contained in
+Governor Shirley's letters to the Secretary of State, in 1747 and 8, in
+which one extensive plan of British colonization throughout Nova Scotia
+is proposed and details suggested, many of which, however, did not
+receive the approval of Government.[2]
+
+[Footnote 1: One Thomas Coram, whose name appears frequently in the
+history of the state of Maine, is said to have suggested a scheme for
+building a town at Chebucto in 1718, and applied to Government for a
+grant of land, but was prevented by the agents of the Government of
+Massachusetts Bay, who supposed that such project might interfere with
+their fishing privileges, and he was compelled to abandon his
+enterprise. This, however, has not the weight of much authority.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Copies of several of Shirley's letters were furnished
+Governor Cornwallis on leaving England, as part of his instructions.]
+
+A plan for carrying into effect this long-cherished design was, however,
+matured by the Board of Trade and Plantations, in the year 1748, and
+submitted to Government in the autumn of that year, and being warmly
+supported by Lord Halifax, the President of the Board, advertisements
+soon appeared under the sanction of His Majesty's authority, "holding
+out proper encouragement to officers and private men lately discharged
+from the Army and Navy, to settle in Nova Scotia." Among other
+inducements was the offer to convey the settlers to their destination,
+maintain them for twelve months at the public expense, and to supply
+them with arms and ammunition for defence, and with materials and
+articles for clearing the land, erecting dwellings and prosecuting the
+fishery. The encouragements appeared so inviting, that in a short time
+1176 settlers, with their families, were found to volunteer, and the sum
+of L.40,000 being appropriated by Parliament for the service, the
+expedition was placed under the command of Col. the Honble. Edward
+Cornwallis, M. P., as Captain General and Governor of Nova Scotia, and
+set sail for Chebucto Bay, the place of destination, in May, 1749.[3]
+
+[Footnote 3: Cornwallis was gazetted 9th May, 1749.]
+
+The fleet consisted of 13 Transports and a Sloop of War. The following
+is a list of the vessels, with the number of settlers.[4]
+
+[Footnote 4: Smollet's History mentions 1,000 settlers with their
+families; this probably was intended to include the Germans and other
+settlers who arrived between 1749 and 1753.]
+
+  ======================================+========+============
+     Sphinx Sloop of War, with Gov.     |        |
+         Cornwallis and Suite.          |Tonnage.| Number of
+  --------------------+-----------------|        |Passengers.
+      TRANSPORTS.     |    Captains.    |        |
+                      |                 |        |
+  --------------------+-----------------+--------+------------
+  Charlton Frigate    |Richard Ladd     |   395  |     213
+  Winchelsea          |Thomas Cornish   |   559  |     303
+  Wilmington          |Thomas Adams     |   631  |     340
+  Merry Jacks         |---- Granger     |   378  |     230
+  Alexander           |Samuel Harris    |   320  |     172
+  Beaufort            |Elias Brennan    |   541  |     287
+  Rochampton          |Samuel Williamson|   232  |      77
+  Cannon Frigate      |Andrew Dewar     |   342  |     190
+  Everly              |S. Dutchman      |   351  |     186
+  London              |John Barker      |   550  |     315
+  Brotherhood         |....             |  ....  |      27
+  Baltimore           |Edward Cook      |   411  |     226
+  Snow Fair Lady      |Isaac Foster     |  ....  |      10
+                      |                 |        |------------
+                      |                 |        |    2576
+  ====================+=================+========+============
+
+The total number of males, exclusive of children, was 1546; of this
+number above 500 were man-of-war sailors.[5]
+
+[Footnote 5: But one death, a child, occurred during the voyage. This
+was attributed to the care of the Board of Trade and Plantations in
+providing ventilators and air pipes for the Transports, a new invention
+then lately introduced.]
+
+The names of the principal settlers, with the rank and calling as they
+appear in the register, are as follows:
+
+Leonard Lockman and Ezekiel Gilman, Majors in the Army; John Lemon,
+Foot Major and Commissary; Otis Little, Edward Amherst, Thomas Lewis,
+Benjamin Ives, Frederick Albert Strasburger, and Francis Bartelo,
+Captains in the Army; David Lewis, George Burners, George Colly, Richard
+Partridge, Thomas Newton, _John Collier_, _Robert Ewer_, _John
+Creighton_, Thomas Voughan, _John Galland_, Richard Reves, William
+Joice, Joseph Wakefield, Augustus Graham, _Alexander Callendar_, David
+Haldame, Robert Campbell, William Bryan, and T. Vaughan, Lieutenants in
+the Army; James Warren, Thos. Reynolds, and Henry Wendell, Ensigns; John
+Hamilton, Adam Cockburn, and Wm. Williams, Lieutenants in the Navy; John
+Steinfort, Dennis Clarke, William Neil, Gustavus Mugden, and John
+Twinehoe, Lieutenants of Privateers; Chas. Mason, Robert Beatie, Charles
+Covy, Samuel Budd, John Ferguson, Nicholas Puxley, William Watson,
+Joseph Tomwell, Henry Chambers, Nicholas Todd, Roger Lowden, Joseph
+Gunn, John Thompson, Robert Young, Thomas Burnside, Timothy Pearce,
+Richard Drake, Newbegin Harris, William Vickers, Richard Cooper, Richard
+Mannering, Thomas Dumster, and Robert Cockburn, Midshipmen in the Royal
+Navy; John Jenkins, Cadet; Rene Gillet, Artificer; John Grant, John
+Henderson, Edward Gibson, William Hamilton, and William Smith,
+Volunteers; Lewis Hayes, Purser; John Bruce, Engineer; William Grant,
+Robert White, Patrick Hay, Mathew Jones, Thomas Wilson, M. Rush, James
+Handeside, H. Pitt, George Philip Bruscowitz, Cochran Dickson, Joshua
+Sacheveral, Thomas Inman, John Wildman, David Carnegie, and John Willis,
+Surgeons; John Steele, Lieutenant and Surgeon; William Lascells,
+Augustus Carsar Harbin, Archibald Campbell, John Wallis, John Grant,
+Daniel Brown, Timothy Griffith, Henry Martin, Robert Grant, and
+Alexander Hay, Surgeon's Mates and Assistants; Robert Thorckmorton,
+Surgeon's Pupil; Mr. Anwell, Clergyman; _John Baptiste Moreau, Gentleman
+and Schoolmaster_; William Jeffery, Commissary; William Steele, Brewer
+and Merchant; Daniel Wood, Attorney; Thomas Cannon, Esquire; John
+Duport, and Lewis Piers, Gentlemen; Archibald Hinshelwood, John Kerr,
+_William Nisbett_, and Thomas Gray, Governor's Clerks; David Floyd,
+Clerk of the Stores.[6]
+
+[Footnote 6: Governor Cornwallis in his letter to the Lords of Trade,
+dated Chebucto, 24th July, 1749, says: "The number of settlers--men,
+women and children--is 1,400, but I beg leave to observe to your
+Lordships that amongst them the number of industrious, active men proper
+to undertake and carry on a new settlement, is very small. Of soldiers
+there are only 100, of tradesmen, sailors and others able and willing to
+work, not above 200." The rest he reports as idle and worthless, persons
+who embraced the opportunity to get provisions for a year without
+labour, or sailors who only wanted a passage to New England, and that
+many were sick and unfit for settlers, and many without sufficient
+clothing. He describes a few Swiss who were among the settlers, as
+"regular, honest and industrious men," and observes that there are
+"indeed, many come over of the best sort, who, though they do not work
+themselves, are useful in managing the rest." "I have," he says,
+"appointed two or three of them as overseers of each ship's company."]
+
+On the 21st June, 1749, old style, the Sloop of War, "Sphinx," arrived
+in the Harbor of Chebucto, having on board, the Honourable Edward
+Cornwallis, Captain General and Governor-in-Chief of the Province of
+Nova Scotia, and his suite. They had a long and boisterous passage, and
+did not make the coast of Acadia until 14th. They had no one on board
+acquainted with the coast, and did not meet with a pilot until the 20th,
+when they fell in with a Sloop from Boston, bound to Louisburg, with two
+pilots for the Government of that place. Governor Cornwallis' intention
+was first to proceed to Annapolis, but the wind not serving for the Bay
+of Fundy, and the officers assuring him that in case of foggy weather
+setting in they might be a long time in getting to Annapolis, he
+concluded on proceeding at once to Chebucto, rather than risk the
+possibility of being separated for any length of time from the fleet. He
+also felt, that by so doing, he would save the Governor of Louisburg the
+bad and long navigation to Annapolis, and accordingly, he dispatched a
+letter to Governor Hopson, by the Sloop, apprising him of his intention
+and desiring him to transport his garrison to Chebucto as soon as
+possible. The "Sphinx," before making Chebucto, first came to anchor in
+Malagash Bay, where they found several French families, comfortably
+settled, who professed themselves British subjects, and had grants of
+land from Governor Mascarine; they had tolerably good wooden houses
+covered with bark, and many cattle, and expressed themselves greatly
+pleased on hearing of the proposed new settlement. It happened that the
+same day on which Cornwallis arrived in the Harbor of Chebucto, a sloop
+came in from Louisburg with a letter from Hopson in expectation of
+meeting him. Hopson was in great perplexity, the French having arrived
+to take possession under the terms of the treaty, and there were no
+vessels to embark his troops. It appeared he was fully under the
+expectation that the ships which were to bring out the settlers would
+arrive in time to be sent down to him for that purpose, and he had made
+no other arrangements. On receiving the letter, Governor Cornwallis
+immediately dispatched the Sloop to Boston, with letters to Apthorp &
+Handerik, whom Hopson recommended for the purpose, to hire vessels with
+all expedition to transport the garrison of Louisburg to Chebucto; also
+a letter directed to Governor Mascarine in case they should meet at sea
+with a vessel bound to Annapolis. At the same time, a Frenchman,
+acquainted with the country, was dispatched overland by Minas to
+Annapolis, with orders to Mascarine to come down with a quorum of his
+Council as soon as possible, that the new commission might be opened and
+another Council appointed in accordance with the Royal Instructions.[7]
+
+[Footnote 7: This messenger arrived on the fourth day, at Annapolis. "It
+is," says the Governor in his letter, "25 leagues over to Minas, (now
+Horton), and the French have made a path for driving their cattle
+over."]
+
+Governor Cornwallis' first dispatch to England, after arriving at
+Chebucto, was sent via Boston, and bears the date 22nd June, the day
+after his arrival. In this letter he says: "The coasts are as rich as
+ever they have been represented; we caught fish every day since we came,
+within 50 leagues of the coast. The harbour itself is full of fish of
+all kinds. All the officers agree the harbour is the finest they have
+ever seen. The country is one continued wood; no clear spot is to be
+seen or heard of. I have been on shore in several places. The underwood
+is only young trees, so that with difficulty one is able to make his way
+anywhere." "D'Anville's Fleet have only cut wood for present use; they
+cleared no ground, but encamped their men on the beach. I have seen but
+few brooks, nor as yet have found the navigable river that has been
+talked of. There are a few French families on the east side of the bay,
+about three leagues off. Some have been on board."
+
+Governor Mascarine having received Cornwallis' letter on the 26th, on
+the following day, ordered Captain Davis to make ready his galley and go
+round to Chebucto with fresh provisions. Mascarine was waiting the
+arrival of the new Governor at Annapolis, as appears by his letters to
+Governor Hopson on the 14th and 26th June, in which he says: "Get ready
+supplies for the new Captain General who will be here, but the fleet
+will be at Chebucto." The "Snow Fair Lady" arrived shortly after the
+Sphinx, and was dispatched to Annapolis to afford Mr. Mascarine the
+means of transporting his council and part of his garrison to Chebucto.
+On the 26th, the "Fair Lady" was in the harbour of Annapolis ready to
+receive Governor Mascarine and suite. On the 27th, the transport began
+to make their appearance off the harbour of Chebucto, and by the 1st
+July, they had all arrived. As their passage had been extremely good,
+and none of them had in the least suffered, the Governor found himself
+in a position to afford vessels to Colonel Hopson the moment the
+settlers should be put on shore.[8] Accordingly having countermanded the
+order to Boston for transports, he dispatched to Louisburg the ship
+"Brotherhood" on the 1st July, and on the 5th, the "London,"
+"Wilmington," "Winchelsea," and "Merry Jacks." On the 8th he received
+from Louisburg, copies of letters from Governor Shirley of Boston, to
+Governor Mascarine, giving an account of the French having commenced a
+fort at the mouth of the River St. John, and on the following day sent
+Captain Rouse in the "Albany" and a small sloop to attend her, with
+orders to the commanding officer at Annapolis to furnish him with troops
+if required, and to proceed immediately to the River St. John, Governor
+Shirley having previously sent the ship "Boston" to Annapolis for the
+same service, there to await orders. It appears that the French had
+fitted out an expedition, under M. Ramey, for this purpose, a short time
+before the arrival of Cornwallis, and the vessel with ammunition, arms
+and provisions, bound to St. John River, had passed Malagash Bay a few
+days before the arrival of the "Sphinx" there; but having put into Port
+Mouton on her way, the information of their designs was communicated to
+the authorities of Annapolis.
+
+[Footnote 8: The settlers who came out in the transport, afterwards sent
+to Louisburg, were first landed on George's Island.]
+
+Governor Mascarine having arrived with several of his Council on the
+12th, the following day Governor Cornwallis opened his commission and
+took the oaths of office in their presence, and on Friday, the 14th
+July, the Civil Government was organized, and Colonel Paul Mascarine,
+Captain Edward How, Captain John Gorham, Benjamin Green, John Salsbury
+and Hugh Davidson were sworn in Councillors[9] on board the "Beaufort"
+Transport, and the Commission and Royal Instructions were then read.
+"The formation of the Board was announced to the people by a general
+salute from the ships in the harbour and the day was devoted to
+festivity and amusement." The four first gentlemen named in the Council
+were officers from Annapolis; Mr. Green was from Massachusetts, and had
+been with General Hopson at Louisburg, and the two latter were of His
+Excellency's suite; Mr. Davidson acted as Secretary.
+
+[Footnote 9: The table around which this Council assembled is now in the
+small Council Chamber in the Province Building.]
+
+Early in the month of July, a spot for the settlement was pitched upon
+near Point Pleasant,[10] then called Sandwich Point, and people were
+employed in cutting down the trees; but the want of sufficient depth of
+water in front, its great exposure to south-east gales and other
+inconveniences being discovered, it was abandoned for a more eligible
+situation to the northward, commanding a prospect of the whole harbour
+and on an easy ascent with bold anchorage close to the shore. Here Mr.
+Bruce the engineer, and Captain Morris the surveyor, were ordered to lay
+out the town, which was surveyed, the plan completed and the lots
+appropriated to their respective owners by the 14th September. The town
+was laid out in squares or blocks of 320 by 120 feet deep, the streets
+being 55 feet[11] in width. Each block contained 16 town lots, forty
+feet front by sixty deep, and the whole was afterwards divided into five
+divisions or wards, called Callendar's, Galland's, Ewer's, Collier's and
+Foreman's divisions, after the names of the persons who were appointed
+Captains of Militia, each ward being large enough to supply one company.
+
+[Footnote 10: "From seeing the place only, one would be apt to choose
+Sandwich Point as the best situation for a town, being very defensible
+and having the advantage of Sandwich River, (now known as the North West
+Arm), navigable a great way. This was the general opinion at first, and
+they began to clear there, the first day they worked, but upon
+examination we found the strongest objections against it."--_Governor
+Cornwallis' letter to Board of Trade._]
+
+[Footnote 11: The streets are supposed to be 60 feet broad, but none of
+them are found to exceed 55 feet in width.]
+
+Buckingham Street was the north and Salter Street the south limit, and
+the whole was surrounded by a strong palisade of pickets with block
+houses or log forts at convenient distances. Foreman's new division was
+afterwards added as far as the present Jacob Street. The north and south
+suburbs were surveyed about the same time, but the German lots in the
+north were not laid off till the year following.
+
+Great difficulty was at first experienced in the erection of dwellings;
+the European settlers being totally unacquainted with the method of
+constructing wooden buildings. Frames and other materials for building
+were, however, soon brought from Massachusetts, and before the cold
+weather set in a number of comfortable dwellings were erected.
+Provisions and other necessary supplies were regularly served out in the
+camp, and every exertion on the part of the Governor made to render the
+settlers comfortable before the approach of winter. Several transports
+were detained and housed over to accommodate those settlers whose houses
+were not complete, and the canvas tent and log hut were soon abandoned
+for more convenient and comfortable accommodations.
+
+I have, says Governor Cornwallis, in his letter of the 20th August,
+contracted for frames and materials for barracks and officers' lodgings
+from Boston. Boards are very high owing to the drought. I have got none
+under L.4 per thousand, and shall be obliged to furnish a vast number to
+help the people to get under cover, and have sent an officer on purpose
+to Boston to obtain them at a fair price. Many houses are begun and huts
+and log houses already up for more than half a mile on each side the
+town.
+
+Tradition says that on clearing the ground for settlement a number of
+dead bodies were discovered among the trees, partly covered by the
+underwood, supposed to have been soldiers of the Duke D'Anville's
+expedition which put into Chebucto Harbor in 1746,[12] but the Governor
+in his letter does not mention the facts.
+
+[Footnote 12: The remnant of this formidable fleet which was destined
+for the destruction of the British settlements of Acadia and New
+England, put into Chebucto Harbor in distress in September, 1746. The
+troops it is said were encamped on the western side of the Basin, near
+the small Cove about 4 miles from town, which still bears the name of
+the French Landing. The Duke died of grief at the failure of the
+expedition, and the Vice Admiral Destourville, ran himself through the
+body, and was buried on George's Island. His remains, or what was
+supposed to be have been, were afterwards removed to France by his
+family. Several of the ships of war were sunk on the eastern side of the
+Basin. The hulls of these vessels were visible in calm weather about 50
+years ago, but they have long since disappeared. M. Jonquiare,
+afterwards Governor of Canada, was also in this expedition.]
+
+During the winter months the people were kept actively employed in
+cutting pickets for fences and wood for fuel, and for erecting new
+buildings. Mechanics were placed at the head of working parties to
+direct their labours, and by a judicious division of the people into
+small parties the more laborious portion of the work was executed with
+uncommon dispatch. Mills were also erected at the expense of Government
+for sawing lumber, and a mill master appointed with a salary, and every
+facility held out to enable those settlers, who had not yet been
+accommodated, to complete their dwellings on the approach of spring. The
+Governor in his letter of 27th July, describes the site of the Town as
+very advantageous. He says: "It has all the conveniences I could wish
+except a fresh water river.[13] Nothing is easier than to build wharves;
+one is already finished for ships of 200 tons. I have constantly
+employed all the carpenters I could get from Annapolis and the ships
+here to build log houses for stores. I have likewise offered the French
+at Minas considerable wages to work, and they have promised to send
+fifty men to remain until October. As there was not one yard of clear
+ground you will imagine our difficulty and what we have here to do;
+however, they have already cleared about 12 acres, and I hope to begin
+my house in two days; I have a small frame and pickets ready."
+
+[Footnote 13: At this period when the settlement was confined to such
+narrow limits the brook known to us as Fresh Water River, in the south
+suburbs, was considered to be at a distance too far from the pickets to
+be of much value as a means of supply to the settlers.]
+
+The following extracts from a letter dated 25th July, 1749, written by a
+settler,[14] affords several interesting facts relative to the state of
+the settlement at this time:--"On our arrival we found the Sphinx, of 20
+guns, which had come into harbor a few days before us; as I write the
+transports are entering the harbor with the two regiments of Hopson and
+Warberton on board from Louisburg. The assistance, as well as the
+security we shall receive from them, will greatly forward our
+settlement; the officers have brought all their furniture, a great
+number of milch cows, and other stock, besides military stores. We have
+already cleared about 20 acres, and every one has a hut by his tent. Our
+work goes briskly, and the method of employing the people in ships'
+companies has a good effect, and as the Governor is preparing to lay out
+the lots of land, we shall soon have a very convenient and pleasant town
+built, which is to be called Halifax. There are already several wharves
+built, and one gentleman is erecting a saw mill; public store houses are
+also building, and grain of various sorts have been sown. We have
+received constant supplies of plank and timber for building, and fresh
+stock and rum in great quantities, 20 schooners frequently coming in in
+one day. We have also a hundred cows and some sheep, brought down to us
+by land, by the French at Minas, which is about 30 miles distant from
+the bottom of the bay, and to which we purpose to cut a road. The French
+Deputies who came to make submission have promised to send us 50 men
+for this purpose, and to assist us as far as they are able; we have
+received the like promise, and friendship and assistance from the
+Indians, the chief having been with the Governor for that purpose. In
+short, every thing is in a very prosperous way. But I should be equally
+unjust and ungrateful, were I to conclude without paying the tribute
+which is due to our Governor. He seems to have nothing in view but the
+interest and happiness of all; his zeal and prudent conduct in the
+difficult task assigned him cannot be too much admired."
+
+[Footnote 14: This letter appeared in one of the British periodicals for
+October, 1749.]
+
+The plan of the town having been completed and the building lots marked
+out, in order to prevent dispute and discontent among the settlers, it
+was deemed best that they should draw for the lots. Accordingly, at a
+Council held on the 1st of August, it was resolved that on Tuesday
+following, the 8th of August, all heads of families who were settlers,
+should assemble at seven o'clock with the overseers, and single men
+should form themselves into families, four to each family, and each
+family choose one to draw for them. Mr. Bruce the engineer, being
+present on the occasion, assisted in distributing the lots according to
+the arrangement, and the whole were entered in a book of registry which
+was to be kept for the purpose and to constitute evidence of title and
+possession.[15]
+
+[Footnote 15: This allotment book still remains entire in the office of
+the Provincial Secretary, in Halifax. It was repaired in 1869 by the
+Record Commission, and a fac-simile copy made for use and the original
+placed out of the reach of injury.]
+
+The next object of importance was the erection of proper defences for
+the protection of the settlement. After they had taken possession of the
+lots, and commenced to build, the Governor endeavoured to induce the
+people to work for a few days in throwing up a line of defence around
+their new abode; "but," says he, "there was no persuading them to do
+it." It was not until the 13th August when the Council voted 1s. 6d. per
+day to each man employed, that this necessary work was commenced by the
+settlers. The harbour being broad and easy of access, the difficulty of
+selecting proper positions for fortifications, which would command the
+entrance, was at first seriously felt. This had been the great objection
+on the part of the French to making any settlement at Chebucto, La Have
+having been chosen by them for the principal post on the Atlantic Coast,
+being, from its narrow entrance, more easy of defence. In Admiral
+Darell's plan of Chebucto, the two points that flanked the entrance to
+Bedford Basin were marked as the places proper to fortify. Mr.
+Cornwallis says, their view must have been to have the settlement within
+that Bay (the Basin); this would have been subject to great
+inconvenience. In the first place, it would have been too far up for the
+fishermen, it being about five leagues from the entrance of the Harbour
+to those points, and the beach all along as well adapted for curing
+their fish as can possibly be imagined; no fisherman would ever have
+thought of going within these forts. Indeed no ship would choose to go
+so far, as no finer harbour can be than that of Chebucto, which reaches
+from these points to Sandwich River; so that notwithstanding any forts
+upon these points, an enemy's fleet might be secure and indeed block up
+all ships within the bay. He accordingly fixed upon Sandwich Point and
+the high lands opposite, (now called York Redoubt), and George's Island
+as the most proper positions for the erection of the necessary defences.
+On the latter he immediately placed a guard, landed his stores and
+planned and proposed to build thereon his magazine for powder.
+
+The first act of Government, after the organization of the Council on
+the 14th, was an audience of the three French Deputies, who had come
+down to meet the New Governor. They were Jean Melanson, from Canard
+River; Claude le Blance, from Grand Pre, and Philip Melanson from
+Pisiquid. Colonel Mascarine read to the Council the oath which the
+French inhabitants had before taken. Being asked if they had anything to
+offer from their several departments, they answered that they were sent
+only to pay their respects to His Excellency and to know what was to be
+their condition henceforth, and whether they would be allowed their
+priests. They were assured that their religion should be protected, but
+that, as heretofore, no priest should be permitted to officiate within
+the Province, without having first obtained a license from the Governor.
+They were furnished with copies of the Royal Declaration, a proclamation
+issued by Governor Cornwallis, and the oath which had been customary,
+with directions to return within a fortnight, to report to the Council
+the views of the inhabitants of the respective districts, and also to
+notify the other settlements to send deputies as soon as possible. The
+second meeting of the Council took place on the 17th, when Mr. Wm.
+Steele was sworn in a member of the Board, and on the following day the
+Governor's proclamation was read in the camp, prohibiting all persons
+from leaving the Province without permission, and against the retail of
+spirituous liquors without license.
+
+On the 18th, Mr. Bruce the Engineer, Lieutenants Ewer, Collier and Mr.
+John Duport were appointed Justices of the peace, and all the settlers
+having assembled in separate companies with their respective overseers,
+each company chose its constables.
+
+The Governor designed opening more perfect means of communication with
+Minas by constructing a road, which he described as being 30 miles only,
+in a direct line, and to build a Block House half way, but having only
+two companies of soldiers with him, one of Hopson's and one of
+Warberton's regiment, together with about 60 of Goreham's Indian
+Rangers, and the 50 French, who promised to assist in the work, having
+disappointed him, he was compelled to postpone the object until after
+the arrival of the army from Louisburg. Proper access to the interior,
+by the construction of a good road to Minas, was deemed of paramount
+importance to the settlement of the country. The inhabitants of the
+rural districts were so insulated as to be in a great measure
+independent of all authority. Colonel Mascarine, on returning to
+Annapolis, received directions to send a Captain, 3 Subalterns and 100
+men to Minas, and to erect a Block-house and Battery there, the troops
+to be first quartered at Grand Pre, where the Block-house was to be
+built, and the French people were to be hired at fair wages to assist in
+the work.
+
+Capt. How, who had been sent to St. John River in the Albany with Capt.
+Rouse, having returned overland with thirteen Indians, three deputies
+from the tribes at St. John, the Chief of the Chinecto Indians, and nine
+others of their tribes. They received an audience on the 14th; they
+consisted of Francis de Salle, Chief from Octfragli; the Chief
+Noellobig, from Medochig; the Chief Neptune Albodonallilla from the
+Chignecto tribe, for himself and tribe. The negotiation was carried on
+through Martin, the Indian, and Andre, the interpreter from Minas. They
+stated to the Council that they had come to confirm the treaty of 1726,
+and that several of them had been present at that treaty. Terms were
+drawn up by Mr. Secretary Davidson, and signed by the Chiefs on the 15th
+August,[16] 1749, and Capt. How was ordered to carry it to St. John to
+be ratified, and to take with him presents to the Chiefs. It was
+accordingly ratified on the 4th day of September following, and signed
+by all the Chiefs and Captains at the River St. John, six in number, in
+the presence of Mr. How and seven other witnesses; Madame De Bellisle
+acting as interpreter by request of the Indians. This document is still
+in existence; also a copy of that of 1726, sent to Governor Cornwallis
+by the Governor of Massachusetts Bay. This treaty appears to have been
+little regarded, for in the beginning of October following, news arrived
+from Annapolis and Canso of further incursions on the part of the
+Indians, and Government was compelled to raise two new independent
+companies of Volunteers for that service, which were placed under the
+command of Major Gilman and Capt. Clapham, on the same footing with the
+Rangers under Gorham.
+
+[Footnote 16: NOTE.--These Indians are described in a letter from one of
+the Settlers, to England, dated 19th August, as quite different from the
+Indians of the peninsula, their faces all rubbed over with vermillion
+and across their nose and forehead are regularly drawn black lines.
+Their ears are bored full of holes and adorned with tobacco pipes and
+ribbons of different colours; their clothes are of the light homespun
+grey but intolerably ragged. The French supply them with those articles.
+Their squaws or women dress equally as gay as the men. They are entire
+drunkards, and never cease drinking spirituous liquors as long as they
+can get it. They came on board to the Governor in great form. After the
+treaty was ratified they received presents and went on board the
+man-of-war, where they solaced themselves with singing and dancing. As
+to the songs it is one continued bellowing and noise. Upon their coming
+off, the man-of-war gave them a salute of 17 guns, as likewise they did
+on going aboard. They expressed a great deal of satisfaction at the
+honors done them; so they were discharged and sent in one of Colonel
+Goreham's sloops to St. John River with presents to the rest of their
+tribe.]
+
+After the evacuation of Louisburg the population received a considerable
+accession; a number of the English inhabitants came with Governor Hobson
+and became settlers, and many from New England were daily arriving, and
+upwards of 1000 more from the old provinces had expressed themselves
+desirous of joining the Settlement before winter. The Governor therefore
+gave orders to all vessels in the Government service to give them a free
+passage. The New England people soon formed the basis of the resident
+population, and are the ancestors of many of the present inhabitants.
+They were better settlers than the old discharged soldiers and sailors
+who came on the fleet; most of whom died or left the country during the
+first three or four years, leaving, however, the most industrious and
+respectable among them as permanent settlers. Many settlers and traders
+came out for the purpose of making money; these people infested the
+Settlement in great numbers, and gave Mr. Cornwallis and his successors
+much trouble and annoyance, in demoralizing the people by the illicit
+sale of bad liquors, and in other ways retarding the progress of the
+country.
+
+A proposition was made about this time by a French merchant from the
+West Indies to Governor Cornwallis to bring to Halifax some Protestant
+families from Martinique with their effects, if he would give them
+protection and grant them lands, and the Governor was furnished with a
+list of their names, with what each of them was worth, which approached
+in all nearly L.50,000. This gentleman proceeded to Louisburg to obtain
+for them a passport, and proposed to have his people on before winter;
+but it does not appear as far as any information on the subject can be
+gathered from the public records that any of these French Protestants
+ever arrived.
+
+The Government found it necessary to check the indiscriminate sale of
+spirituous liquors by a license duty. On the 28th August an ordinance
+passed for that purpose, and all such licensed houses were to be closed
+at 9 p. m. under penalty. On the 31st August the Governor and Council
+for the first time sat as a Court of Law. This was named the General
+Court, all authority--legislative, executive and judicial--being vested
+in the Board. They met on this day for the trial of Abram Goodside, the
+Boatswain's mate of the Beaufort, who stabbed and wounded two men. A
+grand jury was summoned who found a bill of indictment; he was tried and
+found guilty by a petit jury, and hanged under the Governor's warrant on
+2nd September, 1749. On 31st August, another Court was held for the
+trial of one Peter Cartal, for murder. The Acadian Deputies having
+returned from the country, they were called before the Governor and
+Council on September 6th, when they presented a letter signed by 1000
+inhabitants claiming to take only a qualified Oath of Allegiance.
+
+On the 30th August, a sloop from Liverpool, Great Britain, with 116
+settlers, arrived after a passage of nine weeks. They were, however, all
+quite healthy, not one person being sick on board at the time of their
+arrival. Two streets were then added to the Town and lots assigned to
+these people. This was Forman's new division. We have no names of these
+settlers or the name of the sloop.
+
+Information having reached the Government that the Indians of Acadia and
+St. John's Island, designed to molest the settlement at Halifax on the
+approach of winter,[17] it was deemed advisable to erect outworks for
+its defence; accordingly the troops and inhabitants were immediately
+employed to construct a line of palisades around the town in connection
+with square log forts which were to be placed at convenient distances. A
+space of thirty feet was cleared without the lines, and the trees thrown
+up by way of a barricade, which constituted a complete defence against
+any attempt on the part of the Indians. Those settlers who had built
+their houses without the town had arms given them, and their dwellings
+being built of logs were musket proof; also the Ordnance Artificers,
+those from New England and such of the settlers as had been in the army,
+and such others as could be trusted with arms within the town, also
+received them, and an order was sent to Boston for a supply of lamps to
+light the streets during the winter nights. Col. Goreham was sent to the
+head of the Basin with his company of Rangers for the winter, with an
+armed sloop to assist him, and every preparation possible was made for
+the protection of the people during the ensuing winter.
+
+[Footnote 17: Governor Cornwallis' letter to Secretary of State.]
+
+The Indians had appeared in the neighbourhood of the town for several
+weeks, but intelligence had been received that they had commenced
+hostilities, by the capture of twenty persons at Canso under frivolous
+pretences, and of two vessels having been attacked by them at Chignecto,
+when three English and seven Indians were killed. In consequence of this
+information it was resolved in Council to send a letter to M.
+Desherbiers, Governor of Louisburg, to recall LeLoutre. On the last day
+of September they made an attack on the sawmill at Dartmouth, then under
+the charge of Major Gilman. Six of his men had been sent out to cut wood
+without arms. The Indians laid in ambush, killed four and carried off
+one, and the other escaped and gave the alarm, and a detachment of
+rangers was sent after the savages, who having overtaken them, cut off
+the heads of two Indians and scalped one.[18]
+
+[Footnote 18: This affair is mentioned in a letter from a gentleman in
+Halifax to Boston, dated October 2nd, as follows: "About seven o'clock
+on Saturday morning before, as several of Major Gilman's workmen with
+one soldier, unarmed, were hewing sticks of timber about 200 yards from
+his house and mills on the east side of the harbour, they were surprised
+by about 40 Indians, who first fired two shots and then a volley upon
+them which filled four, two of whom they scalped, and cut off the heads
+of the others, the fifth is missing and is supposed to have been carried
+off."]
+
+These proceedings compelled the government to take more active measures,
+and orders were given to the commanding officers at the out stations, to
+destroy the Indians wherever they met them, and a premium of ten guineas
+was offered for every Indian killed or taken prisoner, this offer was
+in consequence of the large rewards offered by the French to the Indians
+for English scalps. Orders were given for raising two independent
+companies of rangers, one of one hundred men by Major Gilman, who was
+sent to Piscataqua for that purpose,[19] the other a company of
+volunteers by Captain Wm. Clapham, who with Goreham's Indian Rangers,
+now returned from their stations at the head of the Basin with a company
+of Philips' Regiment, were to scour the whole country around the Bay.
+The St. John Indians having kept the treaty, received from Governor
+Cornwallis a present of 1000 bushels of corn, and an order was also
+given to purchase at Minas 500 bushels of wheat, to be baked into
+biscuit for the same purpose. Captain How was intrusted with these and
+other presents, and was directed to bring back with him, if possible,
+some of the tribe to go against the Mic-Macs. The preparation necessary
+to the protection of the town against French-Indian hostilities tended
+to expedite the progress of the settlement; before the middle of
+October, about three hundred and fifty houses had been completed, two of
+the square forts finished and the barricade carried all around. A number
+of store houses and barrack buildings for the accommodation of the
+troops had been also erected and the Governor's residence completed. The
+Council met there on the 14th October. About 30 of the French
+inhabitants were employed on the Public Works, and in cutting a road
+from the town to the Basin of Minas. A number of influential and
+industrious families from New England and other places had already
+become settlers, and Halifax Harbor was the resort of a large number of
+fishing vessels.
+
+[Footnote 19: These men were supplied with hatchets and snow shoes for
+winter warfare.]
+
+About this time a destructive epidemic made its appearance in the town,
+and it is said nearly 1000 persons fell victims during the autumn and
+the following winter. On the 14th day of October, the Government found
+it necessary to publish an ordinance, commanding all Justices of the
+Peace, upon the death of the settlers, to name so many of the
+neighbourhood or quarter (not exceeding 12) to which the deceased
+belonged, to attend at the burial and carry the corpse to the grave, and
+whoever refused to attend without sufficient reason should have his name
+struck off the Mess Book and Register of Settlers as unworthy of His
+Majesty's bounty; again in December, another order was made commanding
+all householders to report their dead to a clergyman within twenty-four
+hours.
+
+Owing to the frequent alarms of invasion from the Indians and French
+stragglers during the winter, it was resolved in Council to organize a
+militia force for the protection of the settlement, and on the Sunday
+following the 6th day of December, after divine service, all the male
+settlers, between the age of sixteen and sixty, were assembled on the
+parade, and drawn up in the following order:--"Those of Mr. Ewer's and
+Mr. Collier's divisions to face the harbor, those of the quarters of Mr.
+Galland and Mr. Foreman to face the Citadel, and those of Mr.
+Callendar's division at one end of the parade." The proclamation bears
+date the 7th day of December, 1749. On the 16th, information arrived
+that a French force had been dispatched overland from Canada, to attack
+Halifax, and that the Indians were to co-operate with them, also, that
+two vessels with six hundred men were in the Bay Verte under LeCorne,
+and with ammunition and stores of all kinds for a winter expedition. The
+people having been again assembled on the parade after divine service,
+the proclamation was read and the settlers commanded to fell all the
+trees around the town without the forts and barricades. No attempt was,
+however, made upon the town, either by the Indians or French during the
+winter. These hostilities were being carried on by the Government of
+Canada, while the two Crowns were nominally at peace, under pretence
+that the Treaty of Utrecht only ceded to the Crown of Great Britain the
+peninsula of Nova Scotia proper.
+
+The Governor deeming it expedient that some permanent system of judicial
+proceedings to answer the immediate exigencies of the Colony should be
+established, a committee of Council was accordingly appointed to examine
+the various systems in force in the old Colonies. On 13th December, Mr.
+Green reported that after a careful investigation, the laws of Virginia
+were found to be most applicable to the present situation of the
+province. The report was adopted. It referred principally to the
+judicial proceedings in the General Courts, the County Courts, and other
+tribunals.
+
+Before concluding this chapter, which comprehends all that can be
+collected relative to the affairs of the settlement during the first
+year of its existence, it will be proper to observe that in founding
+the City, the spiritual wants of the settlers were not lost sight of by
+the British Government. Preparatory to the embarkation of the settlers,
+a letter was addressed by the Lords of Trade and Plantations to the
+Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, dated
+Whitehall, April 6th, 1749, recommending to the Society to appoint
+ministers and school-masters for the new settlement at Chebucto, and for
+such other townships or settlements as should from time to time be
+formed in Nova Scotia, and requesting the Society to make some
+provisions for them until arrangements should be made for their
+sufficient support, by grants of land, etc.[20] The Society resolved
+immediately to act on this recommendation, and undertook to send six
+clergymen and six school-masters, when the settlements should be formed.
+The first missionaries appointed under this arrangement, were the Rev.
+William Tutty, of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and the Rev. Mr. Anwell,
+who both came out with the settlers in June, 1749. Mr. Tutty officiated
+in the open air until the necessary church accommodation could be
+obtained. On laying out the town, a spot was assigned by Government for
+the church. The site was first selected at the north end of the Grand
+Parade, where Dalhousie College now stands, but it was changed
+immediately after for the present site of St. Paul's Church, which was
+erected at the expense of Government and ready for the reception of the
+missionary, who preached his first sermon there on the 2nd day of
+September, 1750. The pews and inside finish were not completed for
+several years after. The name of Mr. Tutty does not appear among those
+of the settlers who came with Cornwallis. He probably, however,
+accompanied him. Mr. Anwell came with the expedition, but his name does
+not again appear; he died shortly after his arrival. Mr. Tutty spoke
+German and administered the Lord's Supper to the German settlers in
+their own language. The other missionary, J. Baptiste Moreau, who came
+out as school-master, and afterwards went to England for ordination,
+returned to the settlement and went down to Maligash with the Germans,
+1752. Mr. Halstead was the school-master in charge of the Society's
+schools at Halifax during the first two or three years.
+
+[Footnote 20: A copy of this letter will be found in the appendix.]
+
+Governor Cornwallis in 1749, assigned the lot at the south-west corner
+of Prince and Hollis streets for a Protestant Dissenting Meeting house.
+The old building known as Mather's, or as it was afterwards called St.
+Matthew's Church (destroyed by fire in 1859,) was soon after erected on
+this site. It was appropriated originally to the Congregationalists,
+many of whom came from New England to settle in Halifax. It was called
+Mather's Church after the celebrated Cotton Mather, one of the leading
+divines of that denomination at Boston, in early days. The Presbyterians,
+and all who did not belong to the Established Church, attended divine
+service in this building. The Rev. Mr. Cleveland, who came from one of
+the old colonies, was the first minister who officiated in this
+building. It afterwards fell into the hands of the Presbyterians and
+became the property of the Church of Scotland, and the name of Mather's
+was changed to that of St. Matthew. This old Church was destroyed by
+fire, which consumed a large portion of the buildings in Hollis Street,
+in 1859. The lot of ground on which it stood was afterwards sold to Mr.
+Doull, who erected the fine stone store thereon, now known as Doull and
+Miller's building.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+
+The winter of 1749-50, as has been before mentioned, was spent in
+continual apprehension of Indian and French invasion, and in
+preparations to receive the enemy. On the 7th January, 1750, a number of
+the inhabitants petitioned that Martial Law should be declared, but the
+Governor and Council did not consider the danger so great or imminent as
+to make it necessary. However, stringent regulations with regard to the
+militia were enacted, and an ordinance was issued compelling all
+settlers able to bear arms between 16 and 60, to be formed into 10
+companies of 70 men each,[21] and a guard of -- officers and 30 men to
+assemble every evening near the parade to keep guard until sunrise, and
+all militia men called upon to labour at the fortifications, were to be
+allowed 1s. per day. Labourers were constantly employed in raising a
+barricade and continuing it to the water side, and block houses were
+erected between the forts.
+
+[Footnote 21: The Artificers formed one company by themselves, and the
+whole militia amounted to about 840 men. The Officers behaved well, but,
+says the Governor in his dispatch, "I cannot say so of the men."]
+
+During the winter intelligence frequently arrived from Minas, Pisiquid,
+and the eastern shore, of attacks being made by the Indians upon
+stragglers, and several young Acadians were brought from Minas to
+Halifax for trial, having been found in arms with the Indians. A large
+reward was offered for the apprehension of LeLoutre, the Indian
+missionary, and also L.10 sterling for every Indian scalp or Indian
+prisoner. Capt. Sylvanus Cobb, an active and bold sea captain from
+Massachusetts, was taken into Government employ, and sent to Chignecto
+with his armed sloop for the purpose of surprising LeLoutre and his
+gang, and afterwards to search the harbors along the coast for Indians,
+and bring with him all he captured as prisoners to Halifax. Troops under
+Capt. Bartilo and others were sent into the interior and other active
+proceedings taken by the Governor and Council during the months of
+January and February for the peace of the province. A courier having
+been stopped at Cobequid, Priest Gourard and the French Deputies, were
+all brought to Halifax, by Capt. Bartilo, for examination before the
+Governor and Council; Gourard was detained at Government House until the
+courier returned, but the deputies were dismissed. He disclosed the
+fact to the Council that the Mic-Mac Indians of Nova Scotia went every
+year to Quebec, to receive clothing from the French Government, and that
+LeCorn had made the French of Acadia take the Oath of Allegiance to the
+French King. Gourard on this occasion took the Oath of Allegiance to the
+Crown of Great Britain, and thereupon received a licence to officiate as
+Priest to the Acadians, and promised not to leave the province without
+special leave from the Governor.
+
+Among the municipal regulations this winter, was an ordinance that all
+persons found breaking the liquor license law, should be put one hour in
+the public stocks, and for the second offence receive twenty lashes.
+These severe regulations were found to be absolutely necessary, in
+consequence of the demoralized state of the settlement from settlers and
+others who infested the town and who were not settlers.
+
+On the 2nd February, 1750, an ordinance was passed in Council,
+prohibiting the recovery of any debt contracted in England or elsewhere
+prior to the establishment of the settlement or to the debtor's arrival
+in Halifax, in any Court of Law within the province, except for goods
+imported into the Colonies. There appears to have been some difference
+of opinion at the Board on the subject; the Council divided, and the
+ordinance was carried by a small majority.
+
+It was proposed in Council about this time, to build a quay along the
+shore in front of the town, but several merchants--Mr. Saul, Mr. Joshua
+Mauger and others, having applied for water lots, and liberty to build
+wharves on the beach, the subject was referred to Mr. Morris the
+surveyor, and Mr. Bruce the engineer. They thought the quay was a work
+of time and required means from England. Licences to build wharves were
+therefore granted, with a reservation of the right of the Crown in case
+the quay should be resolved on or the frontage required for government
+purposes. This scheme was afterwards abandoned by Government, and the
+licences remained unrepealed. At this period the line of the shore was
+so irregular, as in some places to afford only a footpath between the
+base line of the lots, which now form the upper side of Water Street and
+high water mark;[22] at the Market the tide flowed up nearly to where
+the [old] City Court House stood, forming a cove, the outlet of a brook
+which came down north of George Street. Near the Ordnance Yard another
+cove made in, and this part of the shore was low and swampy many years
+after the batteries were built.[23]
+
+[Footnote 22: According to the original plan of the Town published in
+October, 1749, a space appears to have been reserved between the line of
+the lots and the shore, but no Water Street was laid out--the upper side
+of the present Bedford Row being the western limit. There were five
+forts, having each four quadrangular blockhouses, with a barrack in the
+centre; these were connected by wooden palisades or pickets.]
+
+[Footnote 23: A number of licences to erect wharves and buildings along
+the beach had been granted by Government to individuals engaged in trade
+and the fishery, before the idea of a general Government breastwork had
+been abandoned. These titles continued to be held good; a number of
+wharf proprietors, however, obtained conformation grants from time to
+time as they required water extension. Mr. Charles Morris, the
+Surveyor-General, who had the sole management of the land office, in his
+reports to the Government, advised small spaces to be reserved on both
+sides in making these conformation grants as well as in subsequent water
+grants in fee, which have been found of much inconvenience to trade, and
+a drawback on the progress of the City. No reservation of water was
+originally made at the foot of the cross streets or hills. At the close
+of the last and the commencement of the present century, when
+conformation or extension water grants were asked for, he marked on his
+plans narrow strips or reservations on the sides of many of these water
+grants, which for there being in many instances inaccessible, have since
+proved of no value to the public and a great injury to the proprietors
+of water property.]
+
+The winter passed without any attack on the settlement, and the people
+were all quite healthy. The number of settlers was daily augmented by
+almost every vessel which arrived from New England and elsewhere; every
+thing required was provided for them, that they should be tolerably
+comfortable before the cold weather set in. The winter was very fine,
+very few extreme bad days, no heavy snow storms, the navigation never
+stopped in the slightest degree. More fine days and fewer bad ones (says
+the Governor) than I ever saw in winter. Spring opened early with fine
+warm days and thaw, and the fishing schooners began early in March to go
+upon the Bank.[24] The snow lay all the winter, from the middle of
+January; it was, however, only three feet deep in the woods. The healthy
+condition of the settlers may be inferred from there never being more
+than 25 in the hospital ship at any one time.
+
+[Footnote 24: Cornwallis' letter of 19th March.]
+
+By the 19th March, a place had been erected for a public Hospital, and a
+school building commenced for the orphan children. The French from the
+interior engaged freely for money to square timber for the erection of
+the blockhouses, and preparations were in progress for the completion of
+the Church.
+
+A meeting of the Governor and Council took place on 19th April, when the
+French Deputies again appeared with a petition to be permitted to sell
+their lands and leave the country. The names of these deputies were
+Jaques Teriot from Grand Pre, Francois Granger from River de Canard,
+Battiste Galerne and Jean Andre.
+
+Mr. Cornwallis was continually embarrassed by letters from the Board of
+Trade, finding fault with the expenses incurred in planting the
+settlement. L.40,000 had been voted by Parliament, and L.36,000 of excess
+had been demanded as a further vote; this could not be considered so
+great an expenditure under all the circumstances, as it included the pay
+and equipment of two regiments of infantry. In his replies, he says,
+"Not a pound shall be expended by me unnecessarily, but without money
+you could have had no town, no settlement, and indeed no settlers. 'Tis
+very certain that the public money cleared the ground, built the town,
+secured it, kept both soldiers and settlers from starving with cold, and
+has brought down above 1000 settlers from the other Colonies. Lots in
+Halifax are now worth 50 guineas. If there was no public money
+circulating, lots would be given for a gallon of rum. The money is laid
+out in building forts, barracks, store houses, hospitals, churches,
+wharves, etc., public works all that seem absolutely necessary.
+According to your Lordship's directions, I have discharged the two
+Government Apothecaries and shall discharge some of the Surgeons' Mates
+that may be spared. As for the saw mill, we never had one board from
+it--it has been a constant plague from the beginning. Thirty men have
+been constantly kept there ever since the affair of the Indians. Gilman
+has behaved so ill I shall have to discharge him from all service. I
+have laid in a quantity of lumber in the King's yard this spring at a
+reasonable price. For want of stock I have been sometimes obliged to pay
+L.5 per M. The settlers have paid L.6. I have got them lately at L.3 10s.,
+L.3 and L.2 15s. No new boards are given to settlers."
+
+The salaries to the public officers of Cornwallis' Government appear
+exceedingly small in comparison with the arduous duties which devolved
+upon them in organizing the settlement. His Aides-de-Camp, Capt. Bulkely
+and Mr. Gates,[25] had no allowance except some trifling commission on
+the issue of molasses and spirits.
+
+[Footnote 25: This was the well-known Horatio Gates, afterwards a
+Revolutionary General.]
+
+In June, 1750, the Governor and Council assigned as a site the spot on
+which the [old] City Court House stands, for a market for black cattle,
+sheep, etc., and made market regulations. In July, the settlers were
+ordered to clear the streets in front of their respective lots to the
+centre. They had begun to clear George's Island and to erect
+block-houses. Seven 32-pounders had been mounted upon it, and a palisade
+carried all around the works. The frame of the Church, which had been
+brought from Boston, was erected and was being covered in, the estimated
+cost of finishing the edifice being L.1000 sterling. The temporary
+barricades were removed, and the palisades carried completely round the
+town. 30,000 bricks had been manufactured in the neighbourhood and found
+very good. The meeting house for Dissenters had not yet been commenced.
+The town was increasing every day in settlers and the number of its
+houses, but no improvement of the lands in the neighbourhood had been
+made beyond a few small gardens. The fishery was prosperous and produced
+25,000 quintals the first year.
+
+In the month of August, 1750, three hundred and fifty-three settlers
+arrived in the ship Alderney; and in September following, three hundred
+German Protestants, from the Palatinate, in the ship Ann. The Governor
+and Council were embarrassed in providing for their support, and found
+it necessary to enter into pecuniary arrangements with the merchants of
+the town, who at this early period had formed themselves into an
+association for the benefit of trade. Those who came in the ship
+Alderney, were sent to the opposite side of the harbour, and commenced
+the town of Dartmouth, which was laid out in the autumn of that year. In
+December following, the first ferry was established, and John Connor
+appointed ferryman by order in Council.
+
+In the spring of the following year the Indians surprised Dartmouth at
+night, scalped a number of settlers and carried off several prisoners.
+The inhabitants, fearing an attack, had cut down the spruce trees around
+their settlement, which, instead of a protection, as was intended,
+served as a cover for the enemy. Captain Clapham and his company of
+Rangers were stationed on Block-house hill, and it is said remained
+within his block-house firing from the loop-holes, during the whole
+affair. The Indians were said to have destroyed several dwellings,
+sparing neither women nor children. The light of the torches and the
+discharge of musketry alarmed the inhabitants of Halifax, some of whom
+put off to their assistance, but did not arrive in any force till after
+the Indians had retired. The night was calm, and the cries of the
+settlers, and whoop of the Indians were distinctly heard on the western
+side of the harbour. On the following morning, several bodies were
+brought over--the Indians having carried off the scalps.[26] Mr. Pyke,
+father of the late John George Pyke, Esq., many years police magistrate
+of Halifax, lost his life on this occasion. Those who fled to the woods
+were all taken prisoners but one. A court martial was called on the 14th
+May, to inquire into the conduct of the different commanding officers,
+both commissioned and non-commissioned, in permitting the village to be
+plundered when there were about 60 men posted there for its protection.
+
+[Footnote 26: The Governor in his letter to England mentions 4 men
+killed, 6 soldiers prisoners who were not upon guard, and our people
+killed 3 Indians, and had they done their duty well, might have killed
+many more.]
+
+There was a guard house and small military post at Dartmouth from the
+first settlement, and a gun mounted on the point near the saw mill (in
+the cove) in 1749. One or two transports, which had been housed over
+during winter and store ships were anchored in the cove, under the cover
+of this gun, and the ice kept broke around them to prevent the approach
+of the Indians. The attempt to plant a settlement at Dartmouth, does not
+appear to have been at first very successful. Governor Hobson in his
+letter to the Board of Trade, dated 1st October, 1753, says, "At
+Dartmouth there is a small town well picketed in, and a detachment of
+troops to protect it, but there are not above five families residing in
+it, as there is no trade or fishing to maintain any inhabitants, and
+they apprehend danger from the Indians in cultivating any land on the
+outer side of the pickets."
+
+There is no record of any concerted attack having been made by the
+Indians or French on the town of Halifax. Many stragglers were cut off
+during the first years of the settlement, particularly along the western
+side of the Basin, where the best firewood was to be obtained. It was at
+length found necessary to send out an armed body when fuel or lumber was
+required. The enemy usually retired before a regular organized force.
+The Ranger companies under Goreham and Bartelo, were most efficient for
+this purpose; they were usually recruited in New England, where men for
+that service were more readily found.
+
+The German settlers who came in the ship Ann, were employed in the
+public works at 2s. per day, besides a supply of beer and other liquors
+to each. It was decided that all settlers who came in the previous year,
+should cease to draw provisions after the 15th September, 1750. This
+order was afterwards repealed on 29th, and it was determined that all
+settlers already in the town or who should come before 1st December,
+should be entitled to one year's provisions from the time of their names
+being entered on the victualling book.[27]
+
+[Footnote 27: See victualling list in the appendix.]
+
+It was the intention of Government that the Germans should be sent into
+the interior of the province; but they having arrived so late in the
+season, and the want of a sufficient supply of provisions then in store
+to sustain them through the winter rendered it impossible, and they were
+retained in the town. They were very sickly, many of them old and unfit
+for settlers, and their passages not being paid, and there being no
+person to purchase them, they were employed on the public works to work
+out their passage money.
+
+About this period a gloom was cast over the settlement by the news of
+the murder of the Hon. Edward How, one of the Council at Chignecto.
+"Captain How was employed on the expedition to Chignecto as knowing the
+country well and being acquainted both with the Indians and the
+inhabitants, and furthermore he knew personally their leaders, LeCorne
+and LeLoutre. His whole aim and study was to obtain a peace with the
+Indians, and get the English prisoners out of their hands, for which
+purpose he often had conferences with the French officers under a flag
+of truce. LeCorne one day sent a flag of truce by a French officer to
+the water side, a small river which parts his people from the British
+troops. Capt. How and the officers held a parley for some time across
+the river. How had no sooner taken leave of the officers than a party
+that lay in ambush fired a volley at him and shot him through the heart,
+an instance of treacherous brutality not to be paralleled in history,
+and a violation of a flag of truce, which had ever been held sacred, and
+without which all faith is at an end, and all transactions with an
+enemy."--[Cornwallis' letter 27th November.]
+
+The spring of 1751 the five acre lots on the Peninsula were laid out;
+the people engaged in clearing the land. The uncertainty from surprise
+by Indians, however, much retarded the work; a large space, however, was
+cleared around the town before winter set in.
+
+Another vessel having arrived on the 10th June, with German Palatine
+settlers, they were directed to be employed at Dartmouth in picketing in
+the back of the town. In July, the arrival of 200 more was reported, and
+they were ordered to be placed at the head of the N. W. Arm and mouth of
+the Basin; and those who owed work for their passage, were directed to
+picket in their stations. Monsieur Dupacquir, who had engaged to bring
+out 300 Swiss, brought but twenty this year, but more were expected in
+the following spring.
+
+Ninth July, a proclamation issued to forfeit all lots of the town
+settlers who only put up slight frames of houses, unless they
+immediately proceeded to board them in and finish them as dwellings.
+
+On the 18th June, Jas. Stephens and Wm. Harris were hanged for
+house-breaking; this was the second public execution which took place in
+the town.
+
+William Piggot had a license granted him to open a coffee house on the
+8th April the same year.
+
+In January of this year the Council passed a series of regulations for
+the General Court and County Courts, and ordered them to be published by
+the Provost Marshal by reading the same after the beat of drum through
+the settlement, and on the first day of the next sitting of the General
+Court and County Courts.
+
+The only matters further recorded worthy of notice during the year 1751,
+was the dismissal of Mr. Otis Little, the Commissary of Stores, for
+remissness in his office, and the resolution of the Governor and Council
+to pay a draft for L.882, sent from Quebec, for the ransom of English
+prisoners taken by the Indians and carried to Canada. It appeared that
+Lt. Hamilton and upwards of sixty officers, soldiers and settlers had
+fallen into the hands of the savages, and Priest LeLoutre had agreed to
+ransom them for the sum above mentioned.
+
+It may here be mentioned that several batteries have already been
+erected on George's Island,[28] and expensive earth works had been
+thrown up.
+
+[Footnote 28: This Island is called in the old French maps Isle Racket
+or the Snow Shoe Island, being in the shape of a snow shoe.]
+
+Towards the close of the year Mr. Joshua Mauger, a gentleman from
+England, who came out at the commencement of the settlement to trade and
+distil rum for the soldiers, was charged by government with having
+attempted to make Halifax the repository for Louisburg merchandize,
+brought up secretly and to be carrying on an illicit traffic, he being
+at the time agent victualler to Government. Governor Cornwallis, upon
+information, caused Mr. Mauger's stores to be searched for contraband
+articles brought from Louisburg. Much discussion ensued, and the
+settlement was for some time thrown into commotion, by what Mr. Mauger
+called in his letter to England, the high-handed proceedings of the
+Governor.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+
+In January, 1752, Mr. Collier, who had been acting as Chief Justice, and
+Captain Frotheringham, were called to the Council in place of Mr.
+Salisbury and Col. Horseman, who had returned to England. On 3rd
+February, a public ferry was established between Halifax and Dartmouth
+and John Connors appointed ferryman for three years, with the exclusive
+privilege, and ferry regulations were also established. At the same
+sitting of the Council, an order was passed for the recording of deeds
+and mortgages, making all papers unrecorded void against those which had
+been registered. Col. Horseman's stone building was purchased for a
+prison in place of that before used.
+
+April 29th, Charles Morris, James Monk, John Duport, Robert Ewer, Joseph
+Scott, John Wm. Hoffeman and Leonard Christopher Redolf were appointed
+Justices of the Peace. It was resolved in Council at their sitting on
+12th June, that a lottery should be held for building a Light House near
+Cape Sambro, to raise L.450. One thousand tickets at L.3 each. Prizes from
+one of L.500 to L.7 the lowest. Two hundred prizes, in all amounting to
+L.3000, 15 per cent. to be deducted from the prizes, to be drawn publicly
+in the Town House at Halifax, under the direction of managers to be
+appointed by Government.
+
+The winter of 1751-2 had been severe, but the harbour had not been
+frozen or at all impeded by ice, and the spring opened early, and
+preparations for prosecuting the fishery were soon in active operation.
+
+The Government mills at Dartmouth, under charge of Captain Clapham, were
+sold at auction in June. They were purchased by Major Gilman for L.310.
+
+16th July--An order passed to strike off the victualling lists all the
+German and Swiss settlers, who had arrived in the Speedwell.
+
+In the spring of 1752, a number of settlers arrived in the Nancy, under
+the charge of Lt. Young. About the same time the Marquis DeConte, a
+Sicilian nobleman, and a number of other foreign settlers, came to
+Halifax from the island of Tercera, one of the Azores, and settled in
+the town.
+
+Governor Cornwallis having obtained permission to resign the
+Government, the Hon. Peregrine T. Hopson, was appointed his successor,
+and was sworn into office before the Council on Monday, 3rd August. Mr.
+Cornwallis, however, did not leave the province until after the 10th of
+October, as he appears to have attended the Council held on that
+day.[29]
+
+[Footnote 29: On September 29th, 1752, the first fire regulations were
+published at Halifax, among which are found the following: Two or three
+Magistrates may order a house to be pulled down or blown up to stop a
+fire, the owner to be indemnified by the house owners of the Town. The
+fire wards to be appointed by the Justices of the Peace, each to carry a
+red staff 6 feet long, with a bright brass spear 6 inches long on it;
+and other regulations. This custom is still kept up in the City, or was
+until very lately.]
+
+In September, 1752, John Baptist Cope, commonly called Major Cope, a
+Mic-Mac chief, head of the Shubenacadie Indians, came in with terms of
+peace, which were agreed to. This bears date the 15th September, in that
+year. Immediately after this document was signed, Cope left town in a
+vessel, having requested Capt. W. Piggot should be sent to Indian
+Harbour, to meet the Indians there, to ratify the Treaty. Mr. Piggot was
+accordingly dispatched, and brought up with him two or three Indians,
+who appeared before the Council, after which they were sent back to
+Beaver Harbour, under the conduct of Mr. Piggot, with blankets,
+provisions, etc. The terms of the Treaty were agreed to and confirmed in
+Council, and the whole was engrossed on parchment and ratified on 22nd
+November, 1752. The names of the Indian delegates on this occasion were,
+Andrew Hodley Martin, Gabriel Martin and Francis Jeremiah. Mr. Saul
+received directions to issue provisions, according to the allowance of
+the troops for six months, for 90 Indians, that being the number of the
+tribe under Cope, occupying the eastern part of the province.
+
+This treaty does not appear to have been respected by the Indian Chief,
+who we find, not more that eight months after its ratification, refusing
+to respect the pass of Governor Hopson to one Anthony Cartel, who had
+been captured by the Indians, in one of the harbours eastward of
+Halifax, and carried through the country to Shubenacadie, the
+head-quarters of Major Cope, from whom he was ransomed by a French
+inhabitant. It would appear that the terms of amity, entered into by
+Cope and his men with the Government at Halifax, had been in some manner
+without the sanction of Abbe LeLoutre, who, when Anthony Cartel was
+brought before Count Raymond at Louisburg, was present, and as Cartel
+expresses it, inveighed bitterly against Governor Cornwallis, and said
+if he wanted peace he ought to have written to him, and not to have
+treated with the tribe of Indians. That he, Cartel, might depart, having
+been ransomed, but that the first Englishman he caught should be
+retained until he, LeLoutre, had full satisfaction for himself and his
+Indians.
+
+In April following, two men named John Connor and James Grace, arrived
+at Halifax in an Indian canoe, bringing with them six Indian scalps.
+They informed the Council that they and two others, having put into a
+place between Tor Bay and Country Harbour, in a schooner, were captured
+by the Indians, and carried ten miles into the country, where their two
+companions were murdered; that they had surprised the Indians at night,
+killed several, whose scalps they secured, and having escaped to the
+seaside, seized a canoe, and made their way to Halifax. Along the coast,
+both east and west from Halifax, Indian massacres had been frequent.
+Those persons engaged in the fishery, who were compelled to land for
+wood and water, were chiefly the sufferers.
+
+Much had been said and written in Europe at the time, relative to the
+aggressions of the French, during the suspension of hostilities between
+the two nations. The Indians, from their religion and trading
+intercourse, more favourable to the French in Canada and Acadia, were
+made use of to harass the British settlers, who (though the two nations
+were then at peace) were looked upon with a jealous eye by the resident
+French population. A French writer, (I refer to a little work, now a
+scarce book, published during the second siege of Louisburg), states
+that the English neglected to cultivate an acquaintance with the manners
+and customs of the Indians, and it was therefore not surprising at the
+time, that they should show less affection towards them than towards the
+French, who had great regard to their humours and inclinations.
+
+"So strong is their aversion to despotic power," says the author, "that
+force will never do; they will yield to nothing but persuasion. Though
+they know nothing of precepts or subordination, yet they enjoy almost
+every advantage derived from well-regulated authority. Their laws and
+customs appear impressed on their hearts. In order to gain an ascendancy
+over them, you must gain their esteem, for they never confide in a
+person whom they do not value, and this esteem is very difficult to
+obtain."
+
+The savages were exasperated against the English by a speech delivered
+by Count Raymond, at a meeting of the chiefs, in which, to suit his own
+purposes, he depicted the most frightful cruelties perpetrated by the
+English.
+
+During the Indian hostilities, opposition on the part of the Colonists
+was altogether of a defensive nature. The regular troops, as well as the
+undisciplined militia, proving unfit for such warfare, it was found
+necessary to employ the New England Rangers. These were volunteers from
+the New England provinces, accustomed to Indian warfare, many of them
+Indians and half-bloods. They ascended the rivers, penetrated into the
+heart of the province, and attacked the enemy in their strongholds. The
+Indians finding they were opposed by men equally accustomed to the
+forest with themselves, soon found it their interest to make peace with
+the British.[30]
+
+[Footnote 30: Governor Cornwallis reduced the Rangers. He thought
+Goreham very incompetent to command them.]
+
+In 1758, it was found necessary to procure the services of 250 of these
+Rangers from New England, by promises of high pay and other advantages.
+Long accustomed to the border war with the Indians and French of Canada,
+they had become well disciplined, and accustomed to hardships and
+fatigue, and were perhaps at this time superior to all other provincial
+troops in America. The Provincials were troops raised in the Colonies at
+the expense of the Provincial Government, and were distinct from the
+Rangers, who were independent companies paid by the British Government.
+They served at Havannah, at Louisburg in the first siege under
+Pepperell, and with Wolfe at Louisburg and Quebec, and afterwards served
+to form the groundwork of Washington's army in 1775.
+
+After the fall of Fort William Henry in 1758, it was said that the
+Marquis de Montcalm sent a number of prisoners taken at that place, in a
+vessel to Halifax. They were Provincial soldiers, chiefly from the New
+England provinces. This was said to have been an attempt to introduce
+the small pox into Halifax, many of the men being ill of the disorder on
+their embarkation. Providence, however, frustrated this benevolent
+design. The prisoners being kept on low diet, half starved, and exposed
+to the cold, soon recovered, while the French in charge of the vessel,
+having indulged in the use of wine and strong fare, were thrown down
+with the disease, and nearly all perished. The vessel was brought into
+port by the prisoners.[31]
+
+[Footnote 31: This story was related by the late Titus Smith, who
+received it from his father.]
+
+In the spring of 1751, nine hundred and fifty-eight Protestant German
+settlers arrived, and in the following year 1000 more.[32] The latter
+were from Montbeliard, of the Confession of Augsburgh, and were placed
+under the spiritual charge of the Rev. J. B. Moreau. They had been
+induced to emigrate by promises from King George II, which it is said
+were never realized. Considerable difficulty appears to have been
+experienced by the Government in providing a suitable situation for
+settling so large a number of persons. The original design with regard
+to the foreign Protestants was to place them in the interior of the
+country, on the lands unoccupied by the French Acadians, it being
+supposed that their proximity to and intercourse with the French, would
+be the means of lessening the bad feeling which had been fostered by
+emissaries from Canada. The project was unfavorably received by the
+Acadians. There were, however, other difficulties in the way of its
+accomplishment, of a particular nature, which compelled the Government
+to abandon the object. The want of sufficient provisions to maintain so
+many settlers through the winter, the lateness of the season, and the
+helplessness of a large portion of the Germans, who were unfit for
+labour, induced the Government to place them in the neighbourhood of
+Halifax. It was at first proposed in Council to send them to the
+opposite side of the harbour over against George's Island, and Captain
+Morris was sent to survey the grounds. The mouth of Musquodoboit River
+was also suggested, and a survey of that part of the country ordered,
+but the distance from Halifax and the danger of the Indians, rendered
+the scheme impracticable. "All I could do," says the Governor, "was to
+build boarded barracks for them. They must be sustained by Government
+until they are capable of raising something of their own; most of them
+are poor and wretched, and have scarce a farthing of money among them."
+
+[Footnote 32: The names of the settlers who arrived after June and July,
+1749, are not to be found among the records of the country.]
+
+These people had been collected together by a Mr. Dick, the Government
+agent for that purpose. He had persuaded these who came out this year
+to sell everything they possessed even to their bedding, before going on
+board; and they stated that owing to the want of bedding and other
+conveniences, many of them died on the passage and since their arrival.
+Many of these people are represented as very old, and as objects fitter
+to be kept in almshouses, several of them above 80 years of age. The
+Governor in his letter to the Board of Trade, says, "On the 26th
+September last, when the last of these settlers were landed, there were
+30 of them who could not stir off the beach, and among the children
+there were 8 orphans, who in twelve days increased to 14 by the death of
+their parents. These had to be removed to the public orphan house, and
+had the best care taken of them." Many of these settlers became
+discontented with their condition, and went off to the Island of St.
+John, where they endeavoured to settle themselves. The difficulty of
+procuring provisions was very great. The Government appears to have been
+altogether dependent on the contracts of Althorp and Hancock of Boston,
+and Delaney and Watts of New York, for the necessary supplies for the
+settlement.
+
+In June, 1753, about 1500 of these German settlers embarked for Malagash
+Harbour, west of Mahone Bay, where they afterwards built the town of
+Lunenburg. They were accompanied by a company of Rangers under Major
+Goreham. The expedition was placed under the command of Col. Charles
+Lawrence. There were also some regular troops, under Major Patrick
+Sutherland, who took a very active part in planting the settlement.
+Lieutenant John Creighton, of Warburton's Regiment, also accompanied the
+German settlers, and also the Rev. J. H. Moreau, who officiated as their
+minister.
+
+The Lunenburg settlers were placed under similar regulations with those
+at Halifax, and received Government allowance for several years after
+their arrival at Malagash.
+
+After the removal of the Germans from Halifax to Lunenburg, there were
+but 15 German families left in the north suburbs. Not knowing any
+English, they formed themselves into a separate congregation for
+religious worship, and built themselves a small house upon the German
+burial ground on Brunswick street, in which they had prayers every
+Sunday. In 1760, a steeple was built on this house, and the next year
+the Rev. Dr. Breynton, Rector of St. Paul's, preached there for the
+first time, and it was on that occasion dedicated by the name of St.
+George's Church. The congregation followed the English Church rules of
+doctrine and appointed their Elders and Vestry. This old building still
+remains in its primitive state, the only monument now remaining of the
+old German settlement, called Dutchtown.
+
+In October, 1752, Mr. Cotterall was appointed to the Council, and John
+Duport sworn in Clerk of the Council. An order in Council and
+proclamation appeared on the 14th of November, forbidding persons from
+assembling or carrying about effigies on the anniversary of the holiday,
+called Gunpowder Treason, being the 16th of November, according to the
+alteration of the style.
+
+At the Council held on the 22nd December, 1752, the Justices were
+ordered to look out for a proper place for a bridewell or workhouse, and
+to form a plan for the building of a block-house for that purpose, and
+to obtain an estimate of the probable expense, and to report rules and
+regulations for the government of the same. The Constables were to go
+about the streets on Sundays to prevent disorders, and to make a report
+to the Justices in the evening after divine service, and to apprehend
+disorderly persons during the night. Proprietors of land were obliged to
+fence their quota; on failure, to be liable to an action for the
+recovery of the charges for fencing the same.
+
+All proprietors of land upon the peninsula of Halifax were directed to
+clear half their lots by 1st May, 1753, to clear the remainder and fence
+the whole by 1st May, 1754, otherwise the lots would be forfeited and be
+disposed of to others who would improve them. And an order was made for
+permission to John Connors, to assign the Dartmouth Ferry to Henry Wynne
+and William Manthorne.
+
+Among the local events recorded this year, was a robbery in one of the
+King's storehouses, which was broken open on the night of the 26th
+October. There was also a cartel published by Governor Hopson, for the
+exchange of prisoners with the French Government in Canada.
+
+The most important circumstance of the year, however, was a charge
+against the Justices of the Inferior Court of Common Pleas, sent in to
+the Council by a number of the most influential inhabitants, charging
+them with partiality, and praying for a public hearing. This document
+was presented to the Council in December, and was signed by Joshua
+Mauger, Joseph Rundel, Isaac Knott, John Grant, Francis Martin, Edward
+Crawley, Richard Catherwood, Robert Campbell, William Nesbitt, John
+Webb, William McGee, Sebastian Zouberbuhler, Samuel Sellon and Isaac
+Deschamps. These charges came on for hearing before the Council on 3rd
+January following; they consisted of ten distinct charges against
+Charles Morris, James Monk, John Duport, Robert Ewer and William Bourn,
+Esquires, Justices of the Inferior Court of Common Pleas, for the Town
+and County of Halifax, and were signed by the following inhabitants:
+
+  Joshua Mauger,
+  S. Zouberbuhler,
+  Samuel Sellon,
+  Edward Buckleton,
+  James Porter,
+  Daniel Wood,
+  Jonathan Gifford,
+  William Schwartz,
+  Edward Crawley,
+  William Jeffray,
+  Vere Rous,
+  Francis Martin,
+  John Brooks,
+  Henry Wilkinson,
+  William Nesbitt,
+  John Woodin,
+  James Ford,
+  George Featherstone,
+  Thos. Mattison,
+  Joseph Antony,
+  Alex. Kedy,
+  James Fullon,
+  William Murray,
+  Louis Triquet,
+  William Clapham,
+  John Webb,
+  Robert Catherwood,
+  John Walker,
+  Geo. Peter DeBreg,
+  Richard Hollis,
+  Henry Sibley,
+  Edward O'Brien,
+  Henry O'Brien,
+  Thos. Wynne,
+  John Grant,
+  William Vanselson,
+  Cheyne Brownjohn,
+  Richard Tritton,
+  Edward Lukey,
+  Cyrus Jannin,
+  John Willis,
+  Roger Hill,
+  Js. Deschamps,
+  Robert Grant,
+  William McGee,
+  Joseph Rundel.
+
+This affair arose from a dispute which occurred between the Government
+and Captain Ephraim Cook, who had been discharged from the Commission
+of the Peace by Governor Cornwallis for bad behaviour, and appears to
+have been the result of party feeling.
+
+It resulted in additional numbers being added to the bench of
+Magistrates, and the Governor and Council availed themselves of this
+affair to urge upon the Government the necessity of having a Chief
+Justice.
+
+The necessity of a properly organized Militia force being kept up, had
+become apparent, in consequence of the continual threats of hostility on
+the part of the Indians and native French; it was therefore resolved on
+22 March, 1753, that a Militia should be raised and established for the
+security of the Province, and a proclamation was accordingly issued,
+compelling all persons (except foreigners, who were to be placed
+elsewhere) between the ages of 16 and 60, to serve in the Militia.
+
+On the first day of June, another proclamation was issued for a muster
+of the Militia. Those of the south suburbs to assemble within the
+pickets opposite the end of Barrington Street, near Horseman's Fort.
+Those of the north suburbs, between the Grenadier Fort and Lutteral's
+Fort, and those of the town on the esplanade, near the Citadel Hill.
+
+On the 12th of April, 1753, Glaude Gisigash, an Indian who styled
+himself Governor of LaHave, appeared before the Council, and having
+declared his intention of making peace, terms of amity were drawn up and
+signed by the Governor and the Indian Chief, on the part of himself and
+his people. The terms were the same as those made with Major Cope, and
+it was arranged that some of his tribe should come up and ratify the
+treaty.
+
+Governor Hopson went home on leave in the autumn of 1753, and the
+government was administered by Col. Lawrence. In one of his last letters
+to the Board of Trade, in reference to the disturbed state of the
+country, Governor Hopson says, "Your Lordships may imagine how
+disagreeable it is to me to see His Majesty's rights encroached upon,
+and those encroachments openly avowed and supported by the Governors of
+Canada and Louisburg, when it is not in my power to prevent it. I have
+barely a sufficient force to protect the settlers from the insults of an
+Indian war, under pretence of which the French take all opportunity to
+commit hostilities upon His Majesty's subjects. I am informed that the
+French have often been mixed among them in the expeditions, and am
+convinced past doubt that they are fed and protected from our pursuit,
+and are encouraged to disturb us as openly and in as great a degree as
+in time of war."
+
+There were three still houses in Halifax in 1753. Mr. Best the master
+mason, and Mr. Clewley the master carpenter, having been ordered to
+inspect them. The return was as follows:
+
+  Mr. Richard Bowers, 2 stills in Granville Street.
+  Wm. Murray, 1 still in Grafton Street, reported not safe.
+  Jonathan Gifford, 1 still in Barrington Street.
+
+October 16th, Mr. John Greenwood presented a petition to the Council,
+stating that he had paid passage for 12 men, 1 woman and 2 children,
+foreign settlers, with the Governor's leave. They engaged to serve him
+for a year, but having been removed to Lunenburg by the Governor's
+orders, he lost their services; he was allowed L.79 5s., the labour of 12
+men for 96 days.
+
+Governor Hopson took leave of the Council on 26th October, and received
+an address on his departure. He sailed for England on the 2nd November
+following.
+
+On the 16th November, two Indians appeared before the Council, who had
+been sent from Lunenburg by Col. Sutherland. They stated they were of
+the tribe of Cape Sable Indians, which consisted of about 60 people with
+two chiefs; that Baptiste Thomas, one of their priests, was one of their
+chiefs, and the other Francis Jean de Perisse was not a chief, but
+deputed by the other chief. They stated that they had never joined with
+the other Indians to molest the English; that on the contrary they had
+always exhibited a friendly spirit, in consequence of which they had
+never received any assistance from the French. The Council gave them
+2000 pounds of bread, 3 barrels of pork, 20 blankets, 30 pounds powder,
+some shot, tobacco and other articles, also two gold-laced hats for
+their chiefs, and one silver-laced for the deputy.
+
+The close of this year was occupied by the Governor and Council, in
+investigation of the riots which occurred at Lunenburg, known as the
+Hoffman Rebellion. It was found necessary to send Col. Monkton with a
+body of regular troops to suppress the riots. Mr. Hoffman, the supposed
+ringleader, was brought to Halifax and imprisoned on George's Island.
+He was afterwards tried and sentenced to a fine of L.100 or two years
+imprisonment.
+
+It may be proper to advert to the religious condition of the settlement
+at this period. The greater portion of the inhabitants were at this time
+of the Church of England. The Protestant Germans had nearly all united
+themselves to that Church, and sought missionaries from the S. P. G.
+Society.
+
+The Rev. John Breynton succeeded Mr. Tutty in St. Paul's. In 1752, he
+reported that half of the population had professed themselves members of
+the Church, and that the actual communicants were between 500 and 600.
+
+Mr. Breynton established an Orphan House, and the Orphan School was
+under his superintendence. In 1753, fifty poor children were diligently
+instructed. Ralph Sharrock was the school-master. In 1753, the Rev.
+Thomas Wood from the Province of New Jersey, was appointed to assist Mr.
+Breynton, and he remained jointly in charge with Mr. Breynton until
+1763, when he was removed to Annapolis.
+
+It may here be observed, that on the establishment of Representative
+Government at Halifax, in 1758, among the first acts of the Assembly,
+was that for the support of Religious Worship, which contained a clause
+for the free toleration of all Protestant dissenters, whether Lutherans,
+Calvinists, etc., completely exempting them from all charges for the
+support of the Established Church. By this act, the right of the
+parishioners of St. Paul's and all future parishes, to present their own
+minister to the ordinary for induction was declared, and immediately
+after its publication, the parishioners of the parish of St. Paul's, in
+the Town of Halifax, presented the Reverend John Breynton and the
+Reverend Thomas Wood as joint Rectors, or "Rector and Vicar," as they
+were called, to the Governor, who immediately went through the form of
+induction, a ceremony thought necessary in order to entitle them to
+privileges of incumbents. The record of this fact will be found in the
+correspondence of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel at that
+period.
+
+During the winter of 1753-4, there had been no disturbance from the
+Indians, and the Government availed themselves of the opportunity of
+sending out proper persons to make a survey of the country around. The
+winter was mild and the frost not so severe as usual or of so long
+continuance. The valley of the Shubenacadie had been examined, but it
+was not found available for settlement, being the principal resort of
+the Indians under Cope. The Township of Lawrencetown including
+Chezzetcook, had also been undertaken, and further grants of land in
+that quarter of the country were sought for in the following spring.
+
+The desertion of many of the lower orders of the German settlers at
+Lunenburg is mentioned; they appear to have gone over to the French.
+Governor Lawrence in his letter to the Board of Trade, August 1st, 1754,
+speaking of the French, says, "They have not for a long time brought
+anything to our markets, but on the other hand have carried everything
+to the French and Indians."
+
+At this time the land was being cleared for the Battery at the east side
+of the harbour, the site probably of the present eastern battery. A fort
+was also in progress of erection at Lawrencetown when the settlement was
+progressing, not having been disturbed by the Indians. This settlement
+had been formed by Governor Lawrence in consequence of the good meadow
+lands at the head of the harbour, and he granted the township to 20
+proprietors and built a blockhouse for their protection. But the
+undertaking was not prosperous, and finally failed to answer the object
+intended, owing to its exposed situation and the distance from Halifax.
+
+The arrival of the Vulture, sloop-of-war, Capt. Kenzey, from the Bay of
+Fundy, produced much excitement in the Town; she brought several
+prisoners charged with murder, who were lodged in jail to take their
+trial before the General Court.[33]
+
+[Footnote 33: Mr. Nisbett was Attorney General at the time. He had been
+acting in that office since the Spring of 1752.]
+
+Benjamin Street, Samuel Thornton and John Pastree, were placed on their
+trial for the murder of one of the midshipmen and a sailor of the
+Vulcan. It appeared on the trial that a schooner, of which the parties
+charged were part of the crew, commanded by one Hovey, belonging to
+Boston or some part of New England, was found trading in the Bay of
+Fundy and supplying the French with provisions, etc. Capt. Kenzey sent a
+boat aboard Hovey's shallop, under the idea that he had contraband goods
+on board. The crew refused to allow the man-of-war boat to come
+alongside, and fired into her, killing Mr. Jolly and wounding several
+others. Hovey, the master, appears to have gone below and hid himself
+during the whole affair. He was discovered in his berth by the officer
+in command of the man-of-war boat, after the sloop had been captured.
+This affair occurred in July, 1754, and the trial took place before the
+Chief Justice in Michaelmas Term of that year. This was the first
+sitting at which Chief Justice Belcher presided. The three prisoners
+were acquitted of the murder, but it would appear they were found guilty
+of the minor offence, as they were sentenced to six months imprisonment,
+and afterwards placed on board a man-of-war (1755). Joseph Hovey, the
+master, was discharged, the grand jury refusing to find a bill of
+indictment against him.
+
+The following appointments were made by the grand jury in Michaelmas
+Term, 1754: Gaugers of Casks, Paul Pritchard and Lewis Piers; Surveyors
+of Pickled Fish, Henry Ferguson and Daniel Hills; Cullers of Dry Fish,
+Charles King and E. Gerrott; Cullers of Hoops and Staves, Dennis
+Heffernan and Benoni Bartlett; Surveyors of Lumber, etc., Joseph Scott
+and Joseph Marshall; Surveyors of Cordwood, Samuel McClure, Josiah
+Milliken and Joseph Wakefield.
+
+On Monday 14th October, 1754, Jonathan Belcher, Esq., was sworn in Chief
+Justice. The Court then adjourned to the Court House, where His
+Majesty's Commission was read, appointing Lt. Governor Lawrence,
+Governor General of the province. Mr. Belcher's appointment bears date
+in July. At the commencement of Michaelmas Term, the following
+ceremonies and procession were observed, the first of the kind ever seen
+in Nova Scotia. On the first day of Michaelmas Term, the Chief Justice
+walked from the Governor's house honoured by the presence of His
+Excellency Charles Lawrence, Esq., Lieutenant Governor, and accompanied
+by the Honourable the Members of H. M. Council, proceeded by the Provost
+Marshal, the Judge's tipstaff, and other civil officers, the gentlemen
+of the Bar attending in their gowns, and walking in procession to the
+long room at Pontach's, where an elegant breakfast was provided, where
+the Chief Justice in his scarlet robes, was received and complimented in
+the politest manner, by a great number of gentlemen and ladies, and
+officers of the Army. Breakfast being over, they proceeded with the
+commission before them, to church, where an excellent sermon was
+preached by the Rev. Mr. Breynton, from these words: "I am one of them
+that are peaceable and faithful in Israel." A suitable anthem was sung,
+after which they proceeded to the Court House, which upon this occasion
+was very handsomely fitted up, where the Chief Justice being seated with
+his Excellency the Lieutenant Governor on his right hand under a canopy,
+the clerk of the Crown presented His Majesty's commission to the Chief
+Justice, appointing him to be Chief Justice within the province, which
+being returned, and proclamation for silence being made, the same was
+read, and directions were given by the Chief Justice for the conduct of
+the practitioners, and the Grand Jury appearing in Court upon the return
+of the precept, were sworn and charged by the Chief Justice, and the
+business of the day being finished, the Court adjourned. His Honor the
+Chief Justice, accompanied and attended as before, returned to the
+Governor's house. A few days after Mr. Chief Justice Belcher, the
+Provost Marshal, the gentlemen of the Bar, and other officers of H. M.
+Supreme Court, and the gentlemen of the grand jury, waited on his
+Excellency the Lieutenant Governor, when the Chief Justice, in his robes
+of office, addressed his Excellency in the name of the whole, as
+follows:
+
+"SIR,--We esteem it our indispensable duty to testify our zeal, as Chief
+Justice, provost marshal, grand jurors, practitioners and officers of H.
+M. Supreme Court of judicature, for the interest of this province, and
+the protection of its laws, our attachment to your person, and our
+respect and gratitude for your eminent services, by expressing our joy
+in His Majesty appointing you to the chief command of this his dominion
+of Nova Scotia. We shall ever consider it as essential to our fidelity
+in the execution of the laws, to exert our most vigilant endeavors for
+the ease and success of your administrations, and not only to suppress
+any measures subversive of your consultations for the public good, but
+at all times affectuate the means prescribed by you for the prosperity
+of the province. Our solicitude for the advancement of justice under the
+laws, cannot be more fervently expressed, than by the tender of our
+ardent wishes for your being and happy continuance in the chief chair of
+this Government."
+
+To which his Excellency the Lieutenant Governor was pleased to make the
+following answer:
+
+"Mr. Chief Justice and gentlemen of the Supreme Court and grand jury:
+
+"I have the highest sense of this testimony of your zeal for the public
+welfare and your esteem for me. I should be much wanting in my duty if I
+did not embrace this opportunity of returning my thanks for the late
+pious, learned and eloquent charge from the Bench, and I doubt not,
+gentlemen, but your vigilance and fidelity in the service of your
+country will have its desired effect.
+
+"While I have the power to sit in the chair, be assured the authority of
+Government shall be ready to support the law, for the law, gentlemen, is
+the firm and solid basis of civil society, the guardian of liberty, the
+protection of the innocent, the terror of the guilty, and the scourge of
+the wicked.
+
+                                              "CHARLES LAWRENCE."
+
+Governor Lawrence in his letter of 12th January, 1755, says, "I am now
+preparing to build three batteries of 10 guns each in front of the town,
+and contemplate finishing them in good time. These batteries were
+erected along the line of the shore. The middle or King's battery stood
+where the Queen's wharf now is, there was another at the present
+Ordnance Yard, another near the site of Fairbanks wharf, and a fourth at
+the present Lumber Yard, which latter still remains."
+
+The batteries along the front of the town were completed during the
+summer of 1755, and a plan of them sent to England in June of that year.
+They were twelve feet in height above high water mark, two hundred and
+forty feet in length, and sixty-five in breadth. The parapet raised on
+these was seven feet high, and the materials consisted of logs and
+timber framed and filled up with gravel, stones, earth and sand. The
+material consisted of 9500 logs of 25 feet, 1280 tons of square timber
+and 25,000 tons weight of gravel and earth, the whole expense about
+L.5,300. The work was commenced in January, 1755, and completed late in
+the summer. 20 guns were mounted on these three batteries in July of
+that year--the other batteries were afterwards added.
+
+An attempt was made this year to involve the Government in a dispute
+with the Indian tribes. Paul Laurant, an Indian Chief of the Mic-Mac
+tribe, appeared before the Council on 12th February, 1755, and informed
+them that he and another Indian Chief named Algamud, had set out from
+Beausejour for Halifax in order to treat of peace, but that the Chief
+had fallen sick at Cobequid and had intrusted him with the proposals.
+They demanded the whole eastern section of the Province, from Cobequid
+to Canso, to be set apart for them as feeding and hunting grounds. Being
+asked what security he could give that the Indians would keep the peace,
+he said he could say nothing to that, being only desired to bring in the
+terms. The Council dismissed him with a promise of an answer in writing.
+An answer in writing was drawn up and signed by the Governor on 13th
+February, 1755, which expressed a willingness on the part of the
+Governor and Council to allow them such lands as would be sufficient for
+their purposes. It mentioned the perfidious breaches of all former
+treaties on the part of the Indians, and where their conduct was
+complained of that the Tribes themselves had disallowed all authority on
+the part of their Chiefs to make such treaties, and that the Governor
+and Council demanded a full attendance of Chiefs before them, with full
+power to treat, before any further proceedings could be taken.
+
+On the 3rd and 4th July, the Council was engaged with the French
+Deputies, again on 14th, 15th and 28th same month.
+
+The defence of the settlement was the next subject of deliberation and
+the protection from the incursions of the French along the Bay of Fundy
+and from Louisburg, both nations being at the time arrayed against each
+other in open warfare.
+
+On the 18th February, 1755, Mrs. Green, wife of Hon. Benj. Green, and
+her family, Captain Horatio Gates and Mrs. Gates, with Captain Hale and
+their servants and baggage, were received on board Captain Rogers' sloop
+for Boston. Captain Gates had been one of the Aides-de-Camp of Governor
+Cornwallis, he was afterwards a General in the American Revolutionary
+Army.[34]
+
+[Footnote 34: See Biographical note in the last Chapter.]
+
+The loss of the Mars, a 70 gun ship, occurred off the harbour in May,
+1755. It was in an easterly gale and supposed to be the fault of the
+pilot. Guns and crew were all saved. The Mars rock at the western
+entrance of the bay marks the spot. The guns and stores were brought to
+Halifax. Admiral Holborn's letter announcing the loss of the ship bears
+date the 28th May, off Halifax Harbour.
+
+30th December, 1755, Montague Wilmot and Charles Morris, having been
+appointed to the Council, were sworn in. The other members were John
+Collier, Mr. Cotterell, Robert Monkton and Captain Rous.
+
+A number of French prizes, taken by the fleet under Admiral Boscawen,
+were this summer brought into Halifax. There were in these 19,998
+gallons of rum and brandy.
+
+A Mr. Ellis had for several years held the office of Governor of Nova
+Scotia, and received the emoluments, but never came out. Lt. Governor
+Lawrence received the appointment of Governor-in-Chief on the
+resignation of Mr. Ellis, and Colonel Monkton became Lt. Governor; their
+commissions were read and they sworn into office on 23rd July, this
+year.
+
+The following census of the town appears to have been taken about 1755
+or 1756:--
+
+  Masters of families paying poor tax               256
+  Male children between 12 and 21 years of age      182
+  Male children under 12                            291
+  Transient persons who pay no taxes                108
+                                                    ---
+                                                        837
+
+  Married women                                     241
+  Girls unmarried above 12 years old                261
+  Girls under 12 years of age                       345
+  Women servants                                     71
+                                                    ---
+                                                        918
+                                                       ----
+                                                       1755
+
+The only other event of this year worthy of notice was the following
+melancholy affair detailed in Col. Sutherland's letter from Lunenburg,
+dated 12th September. "Yesterday," he says, "I received the melancholy
+account of Mr. Payzant's house being burned in Mahone Bay, and that he
+himself and other people who were with him, were killed by the Indians.
+I immediately sent out an officer and party, which returned this
+morning, by whom I am informed that on Payzant's Island the house is
+burned, he with another young man killed and scalped, a woman servant
+and child also killed and scalped near the water side. His wife and four
+children missing. The young man was son to a family which lived on
+Captain Rous's Island. As his hands were tied the gentlemen immediately
+conjectured some further mischief was done there, and on their arrival
+they found the man thereto belonging, likewise scalped. It appears that
+Captain Rous's is the most advanced settlement, that they first came
+there and took the boy to conduct them to Payzant's." Mr. Payzant came
+to this country with a strong recommendation from Mr. Pownall, secretary
+to the Board of Trade. The death of James Payzant, Esquire, a clerk in
+the office of the Secretary of State, of the age of 100 years is
+announced in the London Gazette for 1757. This was probably the father
+of the gentleman who came out to Halifax, to whom Mr. Secretary
+Pownall's recommendation referred.
+
+1756. January 26th, the term of Henry Wynne and William Manthorn's
+licences of the Dartmouth and Halifax ferry having expired, John Rock
+petitioned and obtained the same on the terms of his predecessors.
+
+On the 30th June, 1757, Lord Loudon arrived at Halifax with the troops
+from New York, destined for the invasion of Cape Breton.
+
+Saturday, 16th July, 1757, His Excellency acquainted the Council that
+the Earl of Loudon had this day represented to him that a fever had
+broken out among the troops, under His Lordship's command, occasioned by
+the great quantities of rum that were sold to the soldiers by unlicensed
+retailers, and if continued must prove of fatal consequences to the
+service; and unless steps were immediately taken to effectually stop the
+same, he would feel himself justified in ordering all liquors found in
+the possession of such unlicensed retailers to be destroyed. The Council
+empowered the Provost Marshal and his deputies to enter such houses,
+seize the liquors and place them in the King's store until the army and
+navy departed.
+
+On the 1st November, 1757, the grand jury of the County of Halifax
+petitioned the Governor and Council on behalf of the inhabitants of the
+town, that the town should be put into some state of defence "for the
+preservation of the place, the inhabitants, their families and effects."
+They stated that the property, etc., was insecure from the want of
+proper defences; that the people were willing to assist in the work, and
+intimated that if their prayer could not be heard, humbly beg that they
+"may immediately know it in order to take the first opportunity of
+convoying themselves, their families and effects, to a place of safety
+in some of the neighbouring Colonies." A previous petition had been
+presented to the Governor, to which no answer had been returned. The
+names attached to the petition were, Robert Saunderson, Joseph Rundell,
+John Anderson, Paul Pritchard, Hugh McCoy, Joseph Fairbanks, William
+Schwartz, Robert Campbell, William Pantree, John Killick, John Brooks,
+Henry Wilkinson, Walter Manning, John Slayter, Richard Catherwood,
+Joseph Pierce, Alexander Cunningham, Richard Tritson, Jonathan Gifford
+and Benjamin Leigh.
+
+The boundaries of the Township of Halifax were settled by order in
+Council 20th May, 1758, as follows: That until said township can be more
+particularly described, the limit thereof shall be deemed to be as
+follows:
+
+To comprehend all the lands lying southerly of a line extending from the
+westernmost head of Bedford Basin, across the northerly head of St.
+Margaret's Bay, with all the Islands near to said land, together with
+the Islands called Cornwallis Island,[35] Webb's and Rous' Island.[36]
+
+[Footnote 35: Now McNab's.]
+
+[Footnote 36: Now known as Lawlor's and Devil's Islands.]
+
+Minutes of Council 21st June, 1758: Mr. Josiah Marshall proposed to
+build a workhouse, 50 feet long, 20 feet wide and 8 feet high, in the
+town. The timber to be laid close, with a roof double boarded and
+shingled; to have 4 windows on each side, each window to have nine panes
+of glass and three iron grates; to have a staircase in the entry and a
+whipping post. The building to be placed on a good dry wall. Mr.
+Marshall's tender for L.200 sterling, finding materials and labour, was
+accepted.
+
+To Charles Morris, Joshua Mauger and Charles Proctor, Esquires.
+"Whereas, it has been thought proper to convert to the use of the
+public, a piece of land called Goreham's Point and the lands next
+ajacent, lying in the north suburbs of Halifax, formerly allotted to
+sundry persons, who have cleared and improved the same and erected some
+buildings upon them; they were directed to value the lands and
+proportion each owner's extent therein, and report to His Excellency.
+Dec. 9th, 1758."
+
+This is the site of the Commissioners' House in the present Dockyard.
+
+December 9th, 1758. Peter Marquis de Conte and Gravina, convicted for
+intent to commit rape on a child under the age of ten years, was
+sentenced by the Court to walk between the hours of 11 and 12 this day
+from the north to the south side of the Parade, and from thence to the
+jail with a paper placed on his breast with his crime inscribed thereon,
+and to be confined for three months and fined thirty pounds; to remain
+in jail till the same be paid. Governor Lawrence remitted the first part
+of this sentence. The Marquis de Conte was a Sicilian nobleman; he had
+been an officer in Goreham's Rangers.
+
+December 29th, 1758. It appears by an advertisement of this date, that
+Governor Lawrence had wells sunk and pumps erected as reservoirs against
+fires, and that they had been damaged by some unknown person. His
+Excellency caused them to be put in repair.
+
+Governor Lawrence, in his letter to the Board of Trade, 3rd November,
+1759, mentions that the masonry of Sambro Light House had been some time
+finished, and that the lantern was then in progress of erection. That a
+chart of the harbour was also in progress, as also proper directions for
+piloting in ships with safety. Copies of these directions were enclosed
+in his letter.
+
+It appears that in the year 1758, the Governor appropriated out of the
+old crown duty money for the Light House L.1,000, for the Work House
+L.500, for the Church L.400, and for the Meeting House L.100.
+
+  Again in 1760, for the Light House L.987   5s.   5d.
+                              "        452  10    10
+                              "        635   6     8
+                                      ----  --    --
+                                    L.2075   2s.  11d.
+
+For the Work House L.5,456, for the Church L.350 18s. 6d., Meeting House
+L.174 0s. 4d., Jail L.208 11s. 9d.
+
+Captain Rous was placed in charge of the Light House, a post which he
+occupied for many years. This was not Captain John Rous, the member of
+Council, but a relative of his from New England.
+
+21st December, 1758. The Governor and Council appropriated the sum of
+L.400, raised by duties on liquors, towards the church in Halifax, under
+the direction of Benjamin Green, John Collier, Charles Morris, Robert
+Saunderson and Henry Newton, commissioners for that purpose.
+
+[Extract of letter from Louisburg, June 9th.]
+
+"Admiral Saunders, with the squadron under his command, arrived in good
+condition on the 21st April off Louisburg, but on account of ice
+blockading the harbour, was obliged to bear away on the 26th for
+Halifax, whence he arrived on the first of May."
+
+June 16th, 1759. Peter Marquis de Conte and Gravini, was released from
+his imprisonment, he having paid his fine. This gentleman died at
+Halifax. His will is recorded in the probate office.
+
+Thursday 16th August, 1759, William Cotteral, Robert Grant and Montague
+Wilmot, Esquires, Councillors, being absent from the Province, the
+Governor appointed Richard Bulkeley, Thomas Saul and Joseph Gerrish, who
+were this day sworn in and took their seats.
+
+February, 1760, two Indian Chiefs attended the Council, and were
+presented with laced blankets, laced hats, etc. They were informed that
+the same would be sent to the Chief of the St. John's Indians, and that
+the treaty of peace would be ready to be signed to-morrow, and if the
+wind was favourable they should embark on Sunday.
+
+In Council 11th March, 1760, the Governor appointed the Hon. Jonathan
+Belcher, Benjamin Green, John Collier, Charles Morris, Richard Bulkeley,
+Thomas Saul and Joseph Gerrish, Esquires, and William Nesbitt, John
+Duport, Joseph Scott, John Creighton, Sebastian Zouberbuhler, Edward
+Crawley, Charles Proctor and Benjamin Gerrish, Esquires, to be justices
+of the peace for the town and county of Halifax. Charles Morris, John
+Duport, Joseph Scott, Joseph Gerrish and Edward Crawley, Esquires, to be
+justices of the Inferior Court of Common Pleas for the county of
+Halifax, to the several of whom His Excellency then administered the
+oath requisite.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+
+Notwithstanding the advantages held out by Government to the settlers at
+Halifax, and the repeated large grants of money by Parliament, the
+people were rapidly removing to the old Colonies. Little progress had
+been made in clearing the country. The fishery, one of the main
+inducements of the settlement, was almost altogether neglected, and the
+population was reduced to much less than half its original number. They
+subsisted chiefly on the money expended by the Army and Navy, and were
+dependent on Boston for their provisions and many other necessary
+supplies.
+
+In 1755, Dr. Breynton, the minister at St. Paul's, estimated the
+inhabitants of Halifax at 1,300, eight hundred of whom professed
+themselves members of the Church of England; and again in 1763, eight
+years later, according to the Doctor's returns to the Propagation
+Society, the number was still found not to exceed one thousand and three
+hundred souls; nine hundred and fifty of them being of the Church of
+England, and three hundred and fifty Protestant Dissenters and Roman
+Catholics.
+
+Up to the year 1757, the enormous sum of L.560,000 sterling had been
+expended on the settlements, and though in some respects the Colony had
+been considered a failure, yet in a military point of view it was of
+incalculable importance to Great Britain, and to its position as a naval
+and military depot may be ascribed in a great measure the downfall of
+the French power in America.
+
+On 30th June, 1757, Lord Loudon with his transports and 12,000 regulars
+and provincials arrived at Halifax, and on July following, Admiral
+Holborn arrived with his fleet. This armament, which was destined for an
+attack on Louisburg, left Halifax early in August, but having proved a
+failure the fleet returned to England in September, but Loudon returned
+with his army to New York; they both left Halifax on the same day, 16th
+August. Holborn arrived at Louisburg on 20th, where finding the French
+fleet superior to his own, he continued to cruise off Louisburg harbour
+until 24th September, when he encountered a severe gale of wind which
+scattered his fleet, several ships were lost, eight sail got safe to
+Portsmouth, and the rest got to New York. This powerful armament
+consisted of 13 sail of the line--the Newark 80 guns, Invincible 74,
+Grafton 68, Terrible 74, Northumberland 68, Captain 68, Bedford 64,
+Orford 68, Nassau 64, Sunderland 64, Defiance 64, Tilbury 64, Kingston
+60, Windsor 54, and the Sutherland 50, with several others which
+afterwards joined them, and 16 smaller vessels of war. The naval forces
+amounted 10,000 men, and the land forces to 12,000, six thousand of whom
+were provincial troops. Loudon left three regiments at Halifax, and
+several of the vessels remained to winter here.
+
+In May of this year the Governor and Council offered a bounty for sowing
+land with grass on the peninsula of Halifax, also for the erection of
+stone fences around the lots, and for raising grain and potatoes.
+
+Loudon was succeeded in the supreme command by Abercrombie, another
+incompetent--a debilitated old man who remained in command for a short
+time. He was succeeded by Sir Jeffrey Amherst.
+
+In the following spring about 12,000 troops arrived at Halifax, under
+the command of General Amherst. They were soon followed by Admiral
+Boscawen from England with a large fleet consisting of 23 ships of the
+line and 18 frigates. This great fleet arrived in Halifax harbour in
+May, 1758, accompanied by 120 transports. The land forces amounted to
+12,260 men. On Sunday, 28th May, they set sail from Halifax, 157 vessels
+in all. They were met by General Amherst, with part of the force, as
+they went out of the harbour. Governor Lawrence accompanied the army and
+took command of one of the Brigades, Colonel Monkton being left in
+command during his absence.
+
+After the siege, which was protracted for two months, part of the fleet
+and army returned to Halifax, and some of the vessels remained to refit.
+The colony was sacked for provisions and the town turned into a camp for
+the troops. A number of the provincial soldiers and others, having
+enriched themselves with the spoils at Louisburg, became settlers in the
+town. All the ammunition and stores, with a quantity of private
+property, were removed to Halifax, and the town once again began to
+assume a prosperous appearance.
+
+This year was also memorable as the one in which Representative
+Government was established in Nova Scotia. The subject of calling a
+Legislative Assembly had undergone much discussion. It had been
+represented by the Governor and Council, to the authorities in England,
+that such a step at that particular time would be fraught with much
+danger to the peace of the colony. Chief Justice Belcher, however,
+having given his opinion that the Governor and Council possessed no
+authority to levy taxes, and their opinion being confirmed in England,
+it was resolved in Council on 3rd January, 1757, that a representative
+system should be established and that twelve members should be elected
+by the province at large, until it could be conveniently divided into
+counties, and that the township of Halifax should send four members,
+Lunenburg two, Dartmouth one, Lawrencetown one, Annapolis Royal one, and
+Cumberland one, making in all twenty two members, and the necessary
+regulations were also made for carrying into effect the object intended.
+
+Much discontent prevailed in the town, and also in other parts of the
+province, in consequence of the opposition of Governor Lawrence to the
+calling of a Representative Assembly. Hitherto the Government had been
+carried on solely by the Governor and Council, who possessed both
+Legislative and Executive authority. Under the Royal instructions the
+Governor was directed to call a Representative Assembly as soon as the
+circumstances of the country would permit, but the Governor was of
+opinion that it would be injudicious to proceed to a popular election
+until the country was better prepared for it. After repeated
+remonstrances from the people of Halifax and some pressure from his
+Council, it was on the 7th January resolved in Council that an assembly
+should be called, and a plan was drawn up and submitted to the Board of
+Trade for the sanction of the home government. We find, however, that in
+February following it was resolved by the inhabitants of Halifax to
+petition the Crown against the conduct of Governor Lawrence, not only as
+regards his unwillingness to establish a representative government, but
+his oppressive and overbearing conduct in other respects to many of the
+leading inhabitants. This petition was entrusted to one Ferdinando
+Paris, a gentleman in London, accompanied by affidavits and a power of
+attorney, conferring on him authority to represent the subscribers
+before the Privy Council and the Board of Trade and Plantations. A
+subscription was set on foot, and about L.120 sterling subscribed, to
+meet the expenses of the application to Government. These documents were
+certified by Chief Justice Belcher as authentic, on 14th March. As these
+proceedings bear date in February, 1757, it is probable that the
+resolution of the Council of the 7th January had not been made known.
+The petition and power were signed by the following residents of the
+town who reputed themselves as a committee appointed by the people for
+the purpose of forwarding their views: Robert Saunderson, William
+Pantree, Malachi Salter, Jonathan Binney, Otto Wm. Schwartz, Robert
+Campbell, Henry Ferguson and John Grant. These papers were also
+accompanied by a copy of an address from the people of Halifax to Lt.
+Governor Robert Monkton, praying that certain sums of money, collected
+as rum duties, etc., might be expended on the fortifications of the town
+as a protection to the inhabitants, and offering to contribute both
+labour and money for the purpose. It also complains of the "miserable
+management of those who have had the direction of the defences." This
+petition bears date 19th October, in the same year. The language of one
+of the letters addressed to Mr. Paris, the request on the subject of the
+Halifax grievances and the overbearing military rule of Governor
+Lawrence, bespeak much excitement to have existed in the town on the
+subject. The feeling appears to have prevailed principally among the
+leading inhabitants. We find that the list above referred to was signed
+by Mr. Binney, Mr. Salter, Mr. Pantree, Mr. Schwartz, Dr. Grant, Mr.
+Saunderson, Mr. Fairbanks, Mr. Robt. Campbell, Mr. Butler, Mr. Suckling,
+Mr. Vanput, Mr. G. Gerrish, Mr. Gibbon, Mr. Wiswell, Mr. Mason, and many
+others.
+
+On the first of November following, the Grand Jury of Halifax petitioned
+Governor Lawrence that some immediate steps may be taken to fortify the
+town so that the inhabitants might be placed in a more secure position
+in case of invasion. They refer to a petition presented to Lt. Governor
+Monkton on the same subject, to which no reply had been made, and
+concluded by asking that they might know without further delay what they
+were to expect; that if no further security is to be provided for the
+settlement they may have an opportunity of conveying themselves, their
+families and effects to a place of greater safety in some of the
+neighbouring Colonies. The names of the Grand Jury were Robert
+Saunderson, Joseph Rundell, John Anderson, Paul Pritchard, Hugh McKay,
+Joseph Fairbanks, William Schwartz, Robert Campbell, William Pantree,
+John Killick, John Brooks, Henry Wilkinson, Walter Manning, John
+Slayter, Richard Catherwood, Joseph Pierce, Alexander Cunningham,
+Richard Tritton, Jonathan Gifford and Benjamin Leigh.
+
+On Monday, the 2nd of October, 1758, the newly elected members met in
+the Court House in Halifax, pursuant to summons from the Provost
+Marshall; their names were as follows:
+
+  Joseph Gerrish,   }
+  Robert Saunderson,}
+  Henry Newton,     } Esquires.
+  William Foy,      }
+  William Nesbitt,  }
+  Joseph Rundell.   }
+
+  William Best,     }
+  Alexr. Kedie,     }
+  Jonathan Binney,  }
+  Henry Ferguson,   }
+  George Suckling,  }
+  Robert Campbell,  } Gentlemen.
+  Willm. Pantree,   }
+  Joseph Fairbanks, }
+  Philip Hammond,   }
+  John Fillis,      }
+  Lambert Folkers,  }
+  Philip Knout.     }
+
+They sent Messrs. Nesbitt, Newton and Rundell, to wait on the Governor,
+who sent Messrs. Morris and Green from the Council to swear them in.
+They then chose Robert Saunderson their speaker, which was confirmed by
+the Governor, who addressed them as follows: "Gentlemen of the Council
+and House of Representatives: His Majesty having been most graciously
+pleased by his royal instructions to his Governors of this Province to
+direct the calling an assembly of the freeholders to act in conjunction
+with his Governor and Council as the Legislative Authority, when such a
+measure should be found essential to his service; I am to assure you
+that it is with particular pleasure I now meet you convened in that
+capacity, in consequence of a plan some time since formed here for that
+purpose, with the advice and assistance of His Majesty's Council, and
+by me transmitted to the Lord Commissioner for Trade and Plantations to
+be laid before His Majesty for his approbation.
+
+"Gentlemen of the House of Representatives:
+
+"I entertain the most sanguine hopes that you are come together
+unanimously disposed to promote the service of the Crown, or in other
+words, the real welfare and prosperity of the people whom you have the
+honour to represent, in every point to the utmost of your authority and
+capacity.
+
+"This, I presume, you will conceive is justly to be expected, not only
+from the immediate regard due to the Civil Rights and Interests of your
+constituents, but likewise from the unspeakable obligations you are
+under to demonstrate in their behalf your dutiful sense of His Majesty's
+paternal concern for the prosperity and security of those his subjects
+in those distinguishing marks of his royal favour and protection which
+we have from time to time so happily experienced in the fleets and
+armies sent out for our immediate preservation when we were under the
+most imminent danger of being swallowed up by a merciless enemy; also in
+the ample supplies of money for so many years annually granted for the
+support and encouragement of this infant colony; and moreover still, in
+the continuance of His Majesty's royal bounty for that purpose, when
+from the seeming inclination of the inhabitants to have an assembly
+convened some time ago, it might have been presumed, and indeed by an
+article of His Majesty's Instructions, which I shall order to be laid
+before you, it has been judged that the Colony has become capable of
+providing for the necessary support of government here, as has been
+usual in all His Majesty's other American Dominions.
+
+"Gentlemen of both Houses:
+
+"As my Military occupation requires my attendance as early as possible
+upon the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces to the Westward, and as the
+Lieutenant Governor is now necessarily employed, and will be for some
+time to come, upon an enterprise of importance in a distant part of the
+province, there is not at present an opportunity of entering upon such
+particulars as might otherwise call for your attention; I am therefore
+earnestly to recommend to your serious consideration the expediency, or
+rather the necessity of unanimity and dispatch in the confirmation of
+such Acts or resolutions of a legislative nature, as the Governor and
+Council under His Majesty's Royal Instructions have found expedient,
+before the forming of an assembly and indispensably necessary for
+promoting the welfare and peaceable Government of this people.
+
+"You may depend upon it, Gentlemen, on my return to the Government you
+will find me perfectly disposed to concur with you in enacting such
+further laws, making such amendments to the present ones, and
+establishing such other regulations as shall appear upon more mature
+deliberations to be consistent with the honour and dignity of the Crown
+and conducive to the lasting happiness of His Majesty's subjects where I
+have the honour to preside.
+
+                                              "CHARLES LAWRENCE."
+
+The House then resolved that the members should all serve without pay
+for the session. The calling of the Legislature had been delayed till
+the autumn in consequence of both the Governor and Lt. Governor being
+absent with the Army at Louisburg. Governor Lawrence came up to Halifax
+from Louisburg specially to meet the Legislature.
+
+The Governor in his letter to the Board of Trade about this time noticed
+particularly the serious effects on the settlement of the enormous
+importation and retail of spirituous liquors, and expressed a hope that
+the Legislature would check it.
+
+On 2nd July, 1761 (second session) the House voted L.50 for a public
+clock in the Town.
+
+The following year (1759) Halifax was again the rendezvous for part of
+the fleet and army both before and after the siege of Quebec; not a few
+of the more enterprising settlers followed the camp and enriched
+themselves during the war, Admiral Darell with 4 ships of the line
+arrived in Halifax Harbor in April and left for the St. Lawrence on 5th
+May.
+
+At the news of the victory, the town was illuminated, and fire works,
+bonfires and other public entertainments lasted several days.
+
+Between the years 1759 and 1763 the harbor had been the constant resort
+of the squadrons under Lord Colville and others; the place was
+enlivened by the presence of a large army and navy, and at the close of
+the war several gentlemen of condition were induced to become settlers.
+
+Peace having been proclaimed in 1763, the 28th day of December of that
+year was solemnized at Halifax as a day of thanksgiving on account of
+the termination of the war. Though the town possessed all the advantages
+to be derived from the presence of the naval and military forces, the
+resident population did not increase. From the notitia parochialis of
+the Rev. Dr. Breynton, the Rector of St. Paul's, the number of
+inhabitants in the town did not exceed 1300 souls. However, in 1769, six
+years after, the Doctor makes the following return: Inhabitants in and
+about Halifax including Garrison, Acadian French and fishermen, by the
+late public survey 5000 souls, of which 200 are Acadians and 55
+protestant dissenters. The number of births that year was 200 and the
+deaths 190.
+
+Among the local occurrences of the year 1759, was the trial of Thomas
+Lathum, baker, for the murder of Lieutenant Collins of the Royal Navy.
+It appeared that Mr. Collins, Captain Sweeney, Doctor Johns, Mr. Fulton
+and others of the Navy, had been sipping at the house of one John Field,
+and late in the evening proposed to go out in search of some women with
+whom one of them had made an engagement. They knocked at the door of one
+Hewitt, and inquired for Polly. On being refused admission, it appeared
+that Thomas Lathum, the brother-in-law of Hewitt, who lived in the
+neighbourhood, hearing the noise, came to his own door and demanded of
+the gentlemen in the street whether they intended to rob Mr. Hewitt.
+They replied that they were gentlemen and not robbers. Some further
+words provoked a scuffle, in which Fulton was dragged by Lathum into his
+house. The affair terminated in Lathum discharging a gun after the
+party, and mortally wounding Collins. Captain Sweeny had previously
+called the guard, who shortly after the affair arrived and took Lathum
+into custody. Lathum was tried on the 24th April, 1759.
+
+The names of the grand jury, who found the bill of indictment, were
+Michael Francklin, foreman, Charles Proctor, Abraham Bowyer, Walter
+Manning, James Quinn, Nathan Nathans, J. Pernette, John Craig, Terrence
+Fitzpatrick, John Kerby, Jonathan Pierce, James Porter, Henry Sibley,
+J. Flanagan, Michael Moloney, Robert Cowie, Charles Terlaven, Jonathan
+Gifford and James Browne.
+
+On the 11th March, 1760, the following gentlemen were appointed Justices
+of the Peace for the county of Halifax, viz.: The Hon. Jonathan Belcher,
+Hon. Benjamin Green, Hon. John Collier, Hon. Charles Morris, Hon.
+Richard Bulkeley, Hon. Thomas Saul, Hon. Joseph Gerrish, William
+Nesbitt, John Duport, Joseph Scott, John Creighton, Sebastine
+Zouberbuhler, Edward Crawley, Charles Proctor and Benjamin Gerrish, and
+on 30th December following, Malachi Salter, Alexander Grant, Johnathan
+Binney and John Burbidge were added to the number. Messrs. Morris,
+Duport, Scott, Gerrish and Crawley were appointed Justices of the
+Inferior Court of Common Pleas.
+
+Governor Lawrence, who had been for 7 days ill, died of inflammation of
+the lungs on the morning of the 19th October, 1760. The Council were
+immediately summoned, and Chief Justice Belcher sworn in to administer
+the Government. A question had arisen on a previous occasion, between
+Mr. Belcher and Mr. Green, as to the eligibility of the Chief Justice to
+the office of administrator of the Government, which was decided in
+favour of the Chief Justice, but some years after, the question was
+determined by the British Government declaring that the two offices of
+administrator of the Government and Chief Justice, should never be held
+by the same person.
+
+It was resolved in Council, that the funeral of the late Governor should
+be at the public expense, and a monument to his memory was afterwards
+voted by the Assembly to be placed in St. Paul's Church.[37]
+
+[Footnote 37: The inscription to be placed on this monument is given at
+full length in the Gazette of that day, but it was not to be found among
+those which cover the walls of old St. Paul's. There is, however, an
+escutcheon with the arms of Lawrence on the east gallery.]
+
+The funeral of Governor Lawrence took place on the Thursday following,
+24th October, at 4 p. m. The procession began from Government House as
+follows:--
+
+The Troops in Garrison, the Military Officers, two field pieces 6
+pounders, the Physicians, the ministers, the corpse in a coffin covered
+with black velvet, and the pall, to which were affixed escutcheons of
+His Excellency's arms, supported by the President and the rest of His
+Majesty's Council.
+
+The Mourners, the Provost Marshall, the House of Assembly, the
+Magistrates, the Civil Officers, the Freemasons and a number of the
+inhabitants. The Bearers, Clergy, Physicians and all Officers, Civil and
+Military had linen and cambric hat-bands.
+
+The corpse was preceded near the church by the orphans singing an
+anthem. The pulpit, reading desk and the Governor's pew, were covered
+with black and escutcheons, and a most pathetic Funeral Sermon was
+preached by the Reverend Mr. Breynton, Rector of the Parish, after which
+the corpse was interred on the right side of the Communion Table.
+
+Minute guns were fired from one of the batteries, from the time the
+procession began, until the interment, when the whole was concluded with
+three volleys from the troops under arms.
+
+The Supreme Court, which began on Tuesday following, was hung in
+mourning and escutcheons.
+
+The following fulsome eulogium, to the late lamented Governor, appeared
+in the newspapers of the day: "The Lieutenant Governor was possessed of
+every natural endowment and acquired, accomplishment necessary to adorn
+the most exalted station, and every amiable quality that could promote
+the sweets of friendship and social intercourse of human life.
+
+"As Governor, he exerted his uncommon abilities with unwearied
+application, and the most disinterested zeal in projecting and executing
+every useful design that might render this Province and its rising
+settlements flourishing and happy. He encouraged the industrious,
+rewarded the deserving, excited the indolent, protected the oppressed
+and relieved the needy. His affability and masterly address endeared him
+to all ranks of people, and a peculiar greatness of soul made him
+superior to vanity, envy, avarice or revenge.
+
+"In him we have lost the guide and guardian of our interests, the
+reflection on the good he has done, the anticipation of great things
+still expected from such merits, and circumstances which, while they
+redound to his honour, aggravate the sense of our irreparable
+misfortune."
+
+About the end of October, Commodore Lord Colville arrived in the harbor
+with the Northumberland and three other ships of the line and several
+frigates from Quebec. The Sloop-of-War England also arrived from England
+with dispatches and next day sailed for Louisburg and Quebec. Several
+transports also came in about the same time with Col. Montgomery's
+Highlanders to relieve the two battalions of the 60th Royal Americans.
+
+Among the advertisements in the Halifax Gazette of 1st November, 1760,
+is the following:
+
+"To be sold at public auction, on Monday the 3rd of November, at the
+house of Mr. John Rider, two Slaves, viz.: a boy and girl, about eleven
+years old; likewise, a puncheon of choice old cherry brandy, with sundry
+other articles."
+
+1759. Among the town officers nominated by the Grand Jury this year
+were, John Fillis, Richd. Wenman, Richd. Gibbon and Wm. Schwartz as
+Commissioners of the poor for the town.
+
+Surveyors of Highways, Chas. Morris, Esq., Chas. Proctor, Esq., Mr. Wm.
+Prescott and Mr. John Rider.
+
+This year an Act of the Legislature was passed to regulate the Sambro
+Light House at the entrance of Halifax Harbor, which had been erected
+the previous year at the expense of L.1000. The Work House was also
+erected this year. Firing guns within the town and peninsula was
+forbidden in 1758 under a penalty.
+
+The accession of King George the Third was proclaimed at Halifax on the
+11th February, 1761, with great ceremony. The proclamation was first
+read at the Court House door,[38] then at the north gate of the
+town,[39] at Government House, at the south gate,[40] and lastly on the
+Parade, where the troops were drawn up and a salute fired by the
+artillery. Lord Colville's fleet being in the harbour at the time, "each
+ship fired a Royal Salute, beginning with his Lordship's flagship the
+Northumberland."
+
+[Footnote 38: Now Northup's corner, Buckingham and Argyle Streets.]
+
+[Footnote 39: At this period there was a fence on the north side of what
+is now called Jacob St. and a gate near the opening of Brunswick St., in
+front of the North Barrack old parade, some say further north.]
+
+[Footnote 40: The situation of the south gate is uncertain: there were
+several south gates. It was along Salter Street, probably in a line with
+the old forts known as Luttrell's and Horseman's Forts.]
+
+The order of the procession on this occasion was as follows:--1st, A
+Company of Grenadiers; 2nd, Constables of the Town; 3rd, Magistrates;
+4th, Civil Officers of Government; 5th, Constables; 6th, The Provost
+Marshall with two deputies on horseback; 7th, a Band of Music; 8th,
+Constables; 9th, The Commander-in-Chief of the Province, the Honorable
+Jonathan Belcher, with Admiral Lord Colville and Colonel Foster,
+commandant of the Garrison, and the members of His Majesty's Council;
+10th, the Speaker and the members of the House of Assembly, followed by
+the principal inhabitants. At three o'clock the company waited on the
+Commander-in-Chief at Governor Lawrence's head tavern, where a very
+elegant entertainment was provided for them, and after dinner His
+Majesty's health was drunk under Royal Salute from the Batteries, also
+other toasts, and the evening concluded with great rejoicings and
+illuminations, bon-fires and artificial fire works, played off by the
+Royal Artillery. A sermon was afterwards ordered to be preached (13th
+February, 1761) in St. Paul's Church, on account of the decease of the
+late King, and all public amusements were ordered to cease for one month
+from that day. The 17th was accordingly set apart and the sermon
+preached by the Rev. T. Wood, the Curate. Part of St. Paul's church was
+hung in black, and minute guns were fired for an hour and a half, and
+the flags on the Citadel and George's Island were half-mast during the
+day.
+
+On the 11th day of February, 1760, two Indian Chiefs of the
+Passamaquoddy and St. John River tribes, came to Halifax with Colonel
+Arbuthnot and appeared before the Council, and by their interpreter,
+settled with the Governor terms of peace, renewing the Treaty of 1725
+and giving hostages for their good behaviour. At their request truck
+houses were established at Fort Frederick. Benjamin Gerrish, John
+Collier and Thomas Saul were appointed a Committee to prepare the Treaty
+in French and English, which was to be taken back with them to be
+ratified by their tribes. It was arranged that Colonel Arbuthnot should
+accompany them, and that they should be sent back at the public expense,
+after which His Majesty's health was drunk and the Chiefs returned to
+the quarters assigned them by the Governor. On the 13th the Treaty was
+ratified in Council and the Indians and the Governor and Council settled
+the table of the prices to be established at the truck houses. The
+Indians stated that the number of their tribes, men, women and children,
+was about 500. During the sitting of the Council on the 13th, Roger
+Morris, one of the Mic-Mac Indians, appeared and brought with him three
+Frenchmen who were lately arrived from Pictou, and another Indian called
+Claude Renie, who said he was Chief of the Tribe of Cheboudie Indians.
+He stated that he had left 70 of his people at Jeddore; the men were out
+killing moose and their families were in want of provisions. It was
+arranged that provisions should be sent to them and that the men should
+forthwith come up and conclude a peace.
+
+Treaties of peace were afterwards concluded on 10th March following with
+three Mic-Mac Chiefs, viz., Paul Laurent, chief of the Tribe of LaHave,
+Michael Augustine, chief of the Tribe of Richibucto, and the
+before-mentioned Claude Renie, chief of the Cheboudie and Musquodoboit
+Indians; the treaty was signed in Council on that day and they received
+their annual presents. Another treaty of peace was signed in Council on
+15th October, 1761, with Jannesvil Peitougawash, Chief of the Indians of
+the Tribe of Pictock and Malogomish, and the merchants and traders were
+notified that the Indian trade to the eastward would be thrown open
+under regulations in the following spring. The following summer Joseph
+Argunault, Chief of the Mongwash Indians, with a number of followers,
+appeared before the Council and executed a final Treaty of peace. The
+members of Council and Legislature, with the Magistrates and public
+officers, attended on the occasion.
+
+The Abbe Mallaird being introduced, interpreted the treaty to the Chief,
+who was then addressed by the Hon. Mr. Belcher, the Commander-in-Chief.
+The treaty was respectively signed by the Commander-in-Chief and the
+Indian Chief, and witnessed by the members of the Council present, the
+Speaker of the Assembly and Mr. Mallaird.[41] The Chief then addressed
+Mr. Belcher in the following manner: That he had formerly paid obedience
+to another King, but that he now acknowledged King George 3rd for his
+only lawful Sovereign, and vowed eternal fidelity and submission to him;
+that his submission was not by compulsion, but that it was free and
+voluntary with his whole heart, and that he should always esteem King
+George 3rd as his good father and protector. That he now buried the
+hatchet in behalf of himself and his whole tribe, in token of their
+submission, and of their having made a peace which should never be
+broken upon any consideration whatever. The Chief then laid the hatchet
+on the earth, and the same being buried the Indians went through the
+ceremony of washing the paint from their bodies, in token of hostilities
+being ended, and then partook of a repast set out for them on the
+ground, and the whole ceremony was concluded by all present drinking the
+King's health and their Haggas. This ceremony is said to have been
+performed in the Governor's garden, westward of the old English burial
+ground, where the Court House now stands. Benjamin Gerrish, Esquire, was
+appointed Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and additional truck houses
+were built and other arrangements made throughout the Province for more
+effectually carrying on the Indian trade.
+
+[Footnote 41: NOTE.--This document is not to be found among the papers
+preserved in the Secretary's office at Halifax.]
+
+On the 30th December, 1760, Malachi Salter, Alexander Grant, Jonathan
+Binney and John Burbidge were appointed Justices of the Peace for the
+Town of Halifax. Mr. Burbidge was a member of Assembly; he afterwards
+removed to the country and settled in Cornwallis township, where his
+descendants now remain.
+
+The French having invaded the British settlements in Newfoundland, and
+captured the fort of St. John, a council-of-war was called at Halifax,
+for the purpose of consulting on means of the defence of the town in
+case of an attack. This Council was composed of Lt. Governor Belcher,
+Col. Richard Bulkely, Halifax Militia, Major General Bastead of the
+Engineers, Col. William Foster, Lt. Col. Hamilton, Lt. Col. Job Winslow,
+and the Right Honorable Lord Colville, commander-in-chief of the
+squadron. They met on the 10th July, 1762, and continued their sittings
+until 17th August. They recommended to Government the embodying a
+portion of the militia force, and that the Batteries on George's Island,
+Fort George, Point Pleasant and East Battery should be put in repair and
+guns mounted, and the erection of such works around the town and at the
+Dockyard as might be considered necessary for the protection of the
+place. The whole to be placed under the superintendence of General
+Bastead of the Engineers. Some of the old works were put in repair and
+others added on this occasion, but the cause of alarm having subsided,
+further expense was deemed unnecessary.
+
+At the first settlement it had been found necessary to occupy not only
+every elevated position in the vicinity, but also large spaces around
+the town as at first laid out, for the purposes of defence and other
+military objects. After the necessity for those defences had ceased, it
+frequently occurred that the military commanders would lay claim to the
+grounds as military property, and in this way obstacles had continually
+arisen to the extension of the town, a grievance which has continued to
+be felt until the present time. Those whose duty it was to plan and lay
+out the town appear to have been guided more with a view to the
+construction of a military encampment than that of a town for the
+accommodation of an increasing population. The narrow blocks and small
+dimensions of the building lots have been found to be a continual
+drawback on the comfort, the health and the convenience of the
+inhabitants, and of late years these inconveniences have been severely
+felt in the business parts of the city. This, however, was not the case
+in laying out the north and south suburbs; here the lots were of ample
+dimensions, and though the streets were not of the width frequently met
+with in modern cities, yet of sufficient dimensions to ensure comfort.
+It is to be regretted that the town and city authorities, during the
+last 35 years, have not, as in other places, exerted their authority in
+the arrangement and laying off of building lots, and by wholesome
+regulations, prevented the crowding of buildings on pieces of land not
+sufficiently deep to admit of proper ventilation. It is also a matter of
+the utmost importance to the future welfare of the city that those lands
+now in the hands of the military and naval boards in various directions
+around the city which are not immediately required for military works
+should be handed over to the Civil Government for public promenades and
+other useful purposes.
+
+July 18th, 1768. The Chiefs of the tribes of Indians of St. John's
+River, named Pierre Thomas and Ambroise St. Aubon, appeared before the
+Council with the following requests: They said the use of rum and
+spirituous liquors was too common among them, and requested that a
+remedy might be thought of to prevent it. They also required lands for
+cultivation, and that they should not be required to bear arms in case
+of war with any of the European powers. That some further regulations of
+prices in their traffic should be made, and several other matters, all
+of which appear to have been granted them. They desired to return home
+as soon as possible, that their people might not be debauched with
+liquor in the town.
+
+This year (1768) Mr. Joshua Mauger retired from the office of Agent of
+the Province in London. Mr. Mauger came up from Louisburg with the army
+and resided in the town as a distiller of rum, and followed the camp for
+several years. He received grants of land from the government in various
+parts of the province. The bench at the south-west extremity of
+Cornwallis Island, now known as McNab's Island, was named after him. Mr.
+Mauger was afterwards elected a member of the British Parliament.
+
+In the month of May of this year was presented to the Legislature the
+celebrated revolutionary document known as the Massachusetts or Boston
+Letter. This was a letter addressed by Speaker Cushin of the House of
+Representatives at Boston, to the Speaker of the Assembly in Nova
+Scotia. It bears the date February 11, 1768, and was on the subject of
+the differences existing between the British Government and the American
+Colonies, then on the eve of revolt. This letter is couched in very
+moderate but firm language; it appears to have been received, however,
+with great indignation by the House, who declined to have it read. A
+memorial was presented to the Governor and Council in March, 1767, by
+Colonel Dalrymple, then commander of His Majesty's troops at Halifax,
+complaining of the undue occupation of grounds about the town, on which
+there had been palisaded forts and lines of defence. It appeared that
+Governor Lawrence had granted certain small tracts of land on which a
+palisaded line of defence had formerly been, and that such tracts of
+land could not be supposed to come into use on any future occasion for
+fortifications. That Colonel McKellan of the Engineers had advised the
+situation of the Work House with an enclosure, in the front of said
+line, and that a whole bastion of two curtains of Lutterell's fort were
+covered by it, and that Governor Lawrence had further laid out more of
+such grounds on which part of the palisading of Horseman's Fort formerly
+stood, all of which it appeared he did by an undoubted right of the
+power given him by the King's Commission, to erect and demolish
+fortifications, and therefore to convert the ground to other uses, it
+being no more serviceable for the former purposes. But it also appeared
+that none of the Barracks were ever granted or admitted into private
+occupation. That Governor Lawrence had admitted the occupation of some
+of the ground reserved for fortification, on condition it should be
+surrendered when the King's service should again require it, by which it
+was evident that the King's rights in their lands had been sufficiently
+secured. Horseman's fort occupied the ground in the vicinity of the
+present Roman Catholic Cathedral. Lutterell's fort stood where the old
+Poor House and County Jail formerly stood. In June, 1763, the Council
+recommended the Governor to make a grant of the Common for the Town of
+Halifax to trustees for the benefit of the inhabitants. The Trustees
+were John Collier, Charles Morris, Richard Bulkeley, William Nesbitt,
+Charles Proctor and Richard Best. Some question having arisen as to the
+limits of the common, the Council were unanimously of the opinion that
+the lands which had been granted without the town were not within the
+limits of the Common as appeared by the plan thereof laid before the
+Lords of Trade, and which had not been disapproved of by their
+Lordships. No copy of this plan is now to be found.
+
+The number of families residing in and around the town in 1763 was
+estimated at 500, which would make the population about 2500 souls.
+There was also supposed to be, at this time, about one thousand Acadian
+French in and about the town.
+
+In June, 1763, the Hon. Montague Wilmot was sworn in Lieut. Governor in
+place of Mr. Belcher. In the following year he received the appointment
+of Governor-in-Chief.
+
+On the 29th day of September, 1766, the Germans, who had been located to
+the west of the peninsula, the settlement now known as the Dutch
+Village, petitioned the Government that a convenient road should be laid
+out for them to their settlement. The Surveyor was ordered to report on
+the petition. He reported that he found the road from the north German
+lots to the southward of George Bayers' stone wall, now laid out, in the
+most convenient place, and that the road should be at least four rods
+wide. That from George Bayers' stone wall the road should be on the
+south side of said wall and thence to run until it meets the public road
+leading to the town.
+
+About this time, at the request of the Magistrates, the Hospital was
+granted for an alms house. This hospital was established very early for
+the use of the settlers, and stood on part of the land now occupied by
+the Government House, to the north of that building.
+
+The church of St. Paul's had now been for some years finished, and the
+Town and vicinity had been, by an Act of Legislature, constituted into
+a parish with corporate powers in the church wardens and vestry. After
+the death of Mr. Tutty, the Reverend Thomas Wood, from the Province of
+New Jersey, was appointed to assist Dr. Breynton, and he and the doctor
+were jointly inducted into the parish in 1758; Dr. Breynton as rector,
+and Mr. Wood as vicar or curate, to assist. Mr. W. continued at St.
+Paul's until 1763, when he was removed to Annapolis Royal with the
+consent of the Governor and the church wardens and vestry, when the
+whole duties of the Mission at Halifax devolved upon Mr. Breynton. Mr.
+B. was in the habit of officiating to the Germans in their own language.
+In 1761, he preached in German and English to the small congregation in
+the old Dutch church in Brunswick Street, on occasion of its being
+dedicated as the church of St. George. In 1770, at the solicitation of
+the Governor and Council, the Chief Justice and the congregation of St.
+Paul's, he received from the University of Cambridge the degree of D.
+D., to which he was entitled from his standing in the University. Early
+in his ministry the Doctor established in the Town an orphan school, and
+provided for the tuition of 50 poor children, through the assistance
+afforded him by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. Mr. Ralph
+Sharrock, a discharged soldier, was his first schoolmaster. In 1776, Dr.
+Breynton mentions in his report to the Society, having administered the
+Lord's Supper to 500 men of the Baron de Seiltz's German regiment in
+their own language "whose exemplary and regular behaviour" he says, "did
+them great honour." The following extract from a document, in reference
+to Dr. Breynton, said to have been written by a Dissenter, is given by
+Mr. Hawkins, from the records of the Propagation Society: "As a person
+who, during a residence of upwards of twenty years in this Province, has
+deservedly gained the good will and esteem of men of all ranks and
+persuasions. He preaches the Gospel of peace and purity, with an
+eloquence of language and delivery, far beyond anything I ever heard in
+America." He lived to a good old age, preserving the esteem of his
+fellow townsmen to the last. He appears to have lived on terms of
+Christian fellowship with the clergy of other denominations, as we find
+that at the annual meeting of the Church Society, which took place in
+St. Paul's in 1770, the dissenting ministers all attended at the Church
+to hear the doctor preach his Visitation Sermon. One of the last acts
+of his ministry was the establishment of a Sunday School in the city.
+This was about 1783, perhaps a little later, and was the first Sunday
+School instituted in Nova Scotia.
+
+In the month of July, 1769, a large number of Indians, many of whom at
+this time appear to have been Protestants, attended divine service in
+St. Paul's Church, when prayers were read by the Reverend Thomas Wood,
+in the Mic-Mac language, the Governor and many of the principal
+inhabitants being present. The Indians sang an anthem both before and
+after the service. Before the service began a Chief came forward, and
+kneeling down, prayed for the prosperity of the Province and the
+blessing of Almighty God on King George, the Royal family and the
+Governor of the Province. He then rose up, and Mr. Wood, who understood
+the language, at his desire explained the prayer in English to the whole
+congregation. When service was ended the Indians returned thanksgivings
+for the opportunity they had of hearing prayers in their own language.
+In the following year Mr. Wood again performed divine service at Halifax
+in the Mic-Mac language at the residence of Colonel Joseph Gorham, where
+a number of Indians were assembled. He had obtained great influence with
+the Indians through his friendship with the Abbe Maillard, and
+particularly from his behaviour to him a little before his death. He was
+in consequence frequently called on both by the Indians and French to
+baptize their children and visit the sick in the absence of a priest of
+their own church. In one of his letters to the Society for the
+Propagation of the Gospel, in 1762, he mentions having attended the Abbe
+Maillard during his illness of several weeks, and at his request, the
+day before his death read to him the office of visitation of the sick in
+presence of many of the French, and having performed the funeral service
+of the Church of England, in French, on his remains in the presence of
+the principal inhabitants of Halifax and a number of French and Indians.
+The Governor and all the public functionaries attended the funeral of M.
+Maillard, who was highly esteemed and beloved in the community, and the
+members of His Majesty's Council were the pall bearers.[42]
+
+[Footnote 42: It must be understood that M. Maillard did not leave the
+Roman Catholic Church, but there being no priest of his own persuasion
+in Halifax at the time, he availed himself of the pious offices of his
+friend, Mr. Wood, whom he no doubt esteemed as a good Christian.]
+
+Mr. Wood was shortly after removed to Annapolis Royal, where he died in
+the year 1778. While there he applied himself to a closer study of the
+Mic-Mac language, and by assistance of papers left him by M. Maillard
+was enabled to prepare a Mic-Mac grammar and dictionary. He sent the
+first volume of his grammar, and a Mic-Mac translation of the Creed and
+Lord's Prayer to England in 1776. He continued occasionally to minister
+to the Indians in their own language until his death.
+
+February 26th, 1769. Halifax harbour was so full of ice that vessels
+could not come in, which had not been the case for (says the Gazette for
+that day) ten years. The cold was intense, snow between four and five
+feet deep in the woods and on the peninsula, an instance of which had
+not been known for several years.
+
+May 9th, 1769. Major Leonard Lockman died after a lingering illness in
+the 73rd year of his age; he was interred under the old German church in
+Brunswick Street, and a monument to his memory, with coat of arms, is
+yet to be seen in that church. Major Lockman was one of the leading
+settlers among the Germans. The street running between the German lots
+and Water Street in the north suburbs bears his name.
+
+In the fall of this year the town was visited by a severe gale of wind
+from the S. W., which caused the destruction of much property and some
+loss of life.
+
+Among the principal merchants in Halifax in 1769, the Hon. John Butler,
+uncle to the late Hon. J. Butler Dight, Robert Campbell on the Beach,
+John Grant, Alexander Brymer, Gerrish and Gray appear most prominent.
+Among the shopkeepers and tradesmen who advertized during the year were,
+Robert Fletcher on the Parade, Bookseller and Stationer, Andrew Cunod,
+Grocer, Hammond and Brown, Auctioneers, Robert Millwood, Blockmaker, who
+advertized best Spanish River Coal at 30s. per chaldron.
+
+The period between 1770 and 1776 was one of great public excitement,
+emissaries from the revolted colonies were numerous, and the Governor
+and Council deemed it expedient as early as 1770, to prohibit all public
+meetings of a political nature.[43] The same spring the general
+election took place, after which the House sat for fourteen years
+without being dissolved.
+
+[Footnote 43: Among the various exhibitions of public feeling at this
+period was the erection of a gallows, on the Common, with a boot
+suspended from it as a token of disapprobation of Lord Bute's
+Government.]
+
+In 1771, Governor Lord William Campbell issued a proclamation forbidding
+horse races as tending to gambling and idleness.
+
+October 8th, 1773. Governor Legge was sworn into office.
+
+The subject of fortifying the town came under the consideration of the
+Council in the following year. It was considered that the ground being
+rocky in many places around the town, it would not admit of
+entrenchments being made, and that the only practical fortifications
+would be temporary blockhouses and palisades, and it was resolved that
+the Engineers under Col. Spry do immediately proceed to fortify the Navy
+Yard in that manner, which may be defended by the people of the town,
+and afford a retreat for them. Any attempt at fortifying the Citadel
+Hill this season was thought to be out of the question, the season being
+too late, the scarcity of workmen very great, and there being no troops
+for its defence.
+
+The Governor proposed and it was agreed in Council to collect a force of
+1000 men with pay and provisions, and that four companies of light
+infantry now forming at Lunenburg be ordered up, and that 100 Acadians
+from Clare and Yarmouth, and two light companies from Kings County do
+march immediately to Halifax. The public authorities appear to have been
+kept in a constant state of apprehension of invasion, while a continued
+suspicion of many of the leading inhabitants being favourable to the
+revolt, seemed to have taken possession of the mind of Governor Legge,
+who, having differences of opinion with some of his officials,
+attributed their disagreement with him on subjects of finance, etc., as
+marks of disloyalty. He at length became so obnoxious to those in
+authority, that it was deemed advisable to remove him from the
+Government. His quarrels with Jonathan Binney, Governor Francklin and
+other leading men of the town, are disclosed in the official letters and
+minutes of Council of that day.
+
+It was found necessary to remove the Military Stores to George's Island
+for safety, and additional batteries were erected there. The officers of
+the Town Regiment of Militia were called on to subscribe the Oath of
+Allegiance before going on duty. Those who subscribed were Col. Butler,
+Major Smith, Captains Vanput, Brown, Finney and Millet, Lieutenants
+Pyke, Piers, Solomon, Clarke and Fletcher, Second Lieutenants Tritton,
+Jacobs, Schwartz and Kerby, and Adjutant Peters. Among them we recognize
+several family names, the grandsires of some of our present citizens.
+
+Among the magistrates appointed in 1771 were Joseph Gray, John Amiel and
+Captain Thompson of His Majesty's Ship Mermaid.
+
+The bureau of Governor Legge, at the Government House, was broken open
+in 1744, and a reward of L.100 was offered for the detection of the
+thief.
+
+The condition of the Orphan House, and the children therein, was
+considered bad, and an order was issued for immediate steps to be taken
+for its being put on a better footing.
+
+During the winter of 1774, Sambro Light House was without light for five
+successive nights in consequence of Mr. Woodmass, the contractor, not
+having sent down a supply of oil, for which he was dismissed by Order of
+Council.
+
+The following year William Nesbitt, speaker of the House of Assembly,
+was appointed Custos of Halifax County, and the names of Thomas Bridge
+and Thomas Proctor added to the Commission of the Peace.
+
+Col. Butler, commanding the militia force, reported that the sickness in
+the town, together with the daily labour of the inhabitants, rendered it
+difficult to make up the number of men ordered for the town guard, which
+duty the people considered a hardship. The guard was accordingly ordered
+by the Council to be discontinued.
+
+The scarcity of provisions in the town was at this time so great that
+the government found it necessary to dispatch the Snow Elizabeth to
+Quebec for flour for the inhabitants.
+
+The impressment of men for the Navy had been a great grievance; the
+trade of the country was not only injured, but the town was becoming
+deprived of fish and fuel in consequence of the scarcity of fishermen
+and labourers. The merchants petitioned the Governor and Council on the
+subject. The memorial was sent to the naval commander of the station; it
+does not appear, however, that any further attention was paid to the
+remonstrance.
+
+In September, 1775, it was proposed to throw up some temporary works in
+addition to the old works on Citadel Hill, and to entrench about the
+naval yard. On consideration, it was thought too late in this season to
+do any earth work on Citadel Hill. Col. Spry, however, proposed the
+erection of Blockhouses in the neighbourhood of the town. It is probable
+the old Blockhouses at Fort Needham and Three Mile House, the remains of
+which are within the recollection of many of our citizens, may have been
+originally constructed about this time. They were in full repair during
+the war of 1812.
+
+A continual influx of strangers from the old colonies caused Martial Law
+to be proclaimed on the 30th of November of this year, and it was deemed
+necessary by the Council that a proclamation should be issued requiring
+all persons not being settled inhabitants of the town, who had arrived
+since September, to give notice of their arrival and names to two
+Magistrates, and all inn and tavern keepers were required to report
+arrivals at their houses, and vessels were forbidden entering the North
+West Arm without license. One thousand militiamen were ordered for the
+defence of the town. The constant arrival of loyalist refugees from the
+revolted colonies, during this and subsequent years, rendered provisions
+scarce, and in addition to these troubles, the small-pox broke out in
+the town about the middle of July. The King's troops had all been
+removed from Nova Scotia to the revolted provinces, and the Governor was
+informed by the home authorities that no troops could be spared, and
+that the inhabitants themselves must defend the town. The town guard was
+accordingly again composed of militia.
+
+1775. The fifth General Assembly held this year its seventh session from
+12th June to 20th July. Mr. Nesbitt was Speaker. Chief Justice Belcher
+presided at the quarter sessions this summer, and gave a very loyal
+address to the Magistrates and public functionaries present; all
+Magistrates and town officers took the Oath of Allegiance. The general
+feeling throughout the town appeared to have been eminently loyal; some
+of the leading citizens, however, though firm in their allegiance to the
+British Crown, yet thought that self government in the Colonies in
+fiscal matters was the correct policy. This threw several under
+suspicion; Mr. John Fillis, Mr. Malachi Salter and Mr. Smith, who were
+natives of Boston, were among the number.
+
+Mr. Legge, the Governor, proposed to raise a regiment in Halifax, to be
+commanded by himself, but was unsuccessful owing to his unpopularity.
+
+In the autumn of the previous year, a difficulty had arisen regarding
+the importation of some tea, in which Mr. Smith and Mr. Fillis were
+concerned; and it having been understood that Fillis had said the
+measures of Government were oppressive, these two gentlemen were ordered
+to be removed from all offices under Government. The year previous a
+quantity of hay belonging to Joseph Fairbanks, intended for the King's
+service, had been burned. Some one in Halifax sent to Boston a statement
+charging Fillis and Smith as being privy to the act. They complained to
+the House of Assembly, then in session, when the following resolution
+was passed: That this House do esteem Mr. Fillis and Mr. Smith to be
+dutiful and lawful subjects to the King, etc., and that the "House is
+unanimously of opinion that the said reports are base, infamous and
+false, and that the authors thereof merit punishment." The garrison
+having been reinforced by King's troops, the Governor concluded on
+bringing no further drafts of militia to the town.
+
+1776. This was a memorable year for Halifax. The British forces under
+General Howe having evacuated Boston, a fleet of three men-of-war and 47
+transports arrived in the harbour on 30th March, with troops and a
+number of inhabitants of Boston. These were followed on 1st April by
+many more transports, nearly 100 in number, with the remainder of Howe's
+army and a number of Loyalist refugees. Howe demanded accommodation for
+200 officers and 3000 men, and about 1500 loyalists with their families,
+with supplies of fresh provisions, etc. Rents of houses in the town were
+consequently doubled and the town soon presented the appearance of a
+military camp.[44] Many complaints appear against the soldiers for
+pulling down the fences and demolishing the stone walls on the
+peninsula. One Christopher Schlegall had been killed in one of the
+numerous affrays with the soldiers. Three soldiers were arrested and
+tried for murder, but no convictions occurred. Several persons were
+called on to give security for their good behaviour in the town.
+
+[Footnote 44: The engravings of the town published in 1777 show the
+Common, west of the Citadel, and Camp Hill covered with tents, where a
+large part of the troops appear to have been encamped.]
+
+Among the events of this year was the appearance in one of the Halifax
+newspapers of copies of treasonable articles from the Rhode Island and
+Boston papers. The printer was brought before the Council and
+reprimanded and cautioned against permitting any such publications again
+to appear in his paper.
+
+The names of the Members of Assembly for Halifax County and Town in 1776
+were Wm. Nesbitt and Henry Smith, and Thomas Bridge and Joseph
+Fairbanks. Mr. Fenton was still Provost Marshall with jurisdiction
+throughout the province, there being then no County Sheriffs at this
+time. Henry Newton was Collector of Customs at Halifax, James Burrows,
+Comptroller, Lewis Piers, Gauger of Liquors, etc.
+
+The Magistrates of the town were John Creighton, John Burbidge, Malachi
+Salter, Benjamin Green, John Cunningham, George Cotnam, John Newton,
+Winkworth Tonge, Jos. Desbarres, Charles Morris, Junior, George Smith,
+J. Gray, Giles Tidmarsh, George Deschamps, Dan. Cunningham, Thomas
+Proctor and Thomas Bridge.
+
+The death of Chief Justice Belcher occurred this year. Mr. Morris, one
+of the assistant judges, was appointed to fill the office of Chief
+Justice until another should be appointed.
+
+1777. The jail at Halifax was at this time in a very insecure condition.
+Criminals were continually escaping from it, several of whom had been
+found guilty of being in arms against the King. The jailor was infirm
+and his wife took charge. There were no regulations enforced for
+visiting the prisoners at night, and the shackles on the prisoners were
+found not to be sufficient. The Provost Marshall was suspended and Mr.
+Bridge appointed to act in his place.
+
+Malcolm McIntyre, Thomas Crow, John Chalk, John Sewlock, Samuel Miller,
+Robert McMullen, Tulley McKilley, Cornelius O'Brien, Thomas Whitteny,
+John Cribben and John McIntyre, all fishermen of Herring Cove, were this
+year rewarded for attacking and taking a shallop and apprehending seven
+persons, being part of the crew of an American privateer which had been
+driven on shore and destroyed by the armed brig Hope, off Canso, from
+which they had made their escape in the shallop.
+
+1778. The names of John Hosterman, Thomas Stevens and Edmund Phelan
+appear as Commissioners of the Poor, John Woodin, Keeper of the Poor
+House, and Thomas Brown, Schoolmaster at Halifax.
+
+On the 13th July, 1779, the Revenge, privateer, Capt. Sheppard of
+Halifax, was taken and destroyed by two American armed vessels. In
+December following, H. M. Sloop-of-War North and the armed sloop St.
+Helena, in coming into the harbour from Spanish River, Cape Breton, the
+night being very dark and a south-east storm, were driven on shore about
+a league from the light house; both were lost and 170 persons perished.
+
+1780. This year the following gentlemen were in the Commission of the
+Peace at Halifax: William Nesbitt, Winkworth Tonge, John Burbidge,
+Benjamin Green, John Cunningham, John Newton, Isaac Deschamps, William
+Russell, W. Phipps, J. F. W. Desbarres, Charles Morris, junior, George
+Smith, Enoch Rust, Joseph Gray, Giles Tidmarsh, John Fillis, George
+Deschamps, Daniel Cunningham, Thomas Proctor, Thomas Bridge, George
+Sherlock and John George Pyke.
+
+A public slaughter house was erected this year in the town and John
+Woodin, senior, made keeper.
+
+March 12, 1780. John O'Brien advertizes as keeper of the tavern known as
+the Golden Ball, formerly kept by Edward Phelan. The Golden Ball was
+situate at the corner of Hollis and Sackville Streets, opposite the
+building now called Variety Hall, occupied by W. Harrington. The hotel
+called the Pontac, at the corner of Duke and Water Streets (now Roger
+Cunningham's corner) was at this time kept by one Willis. It was here
+the Town Assemblies, Public Balls and Entertainments were held.
+
+The Court House stood at the north-east corner of Buckingham and Argyle
+Streets, where the store of Messrs. Northup & Sons now is. Chief Justice
+Belcher presided here when first appointed. This building was, some
+years after, burned down and the lot on which it stood, sold.
+
+On the 15th January, this year, the town was illuminated and there were
+great rejoicings throughout the day for the success of the British
+troops in Georgia.
+
+The Governor being informed from England that a large armament was
+fitting out at Brest, it was resolved in Council that the town militia
+should be called out for duty and a portion of the country militia got
+ready to march to Halifax if required. General McLean, then in command
+of the Garrison, was directed to put the fortifications in working
+order. The Halifax militia was employed in the erection of bomb
+batteries. Drafts of militia from the country came down and were
+employed for three weeks on the works.
+
+At this period the means of communication between this country and
+England had been very uncertain. The intercourse of Halifax with the old
+colonies having been cut off, Governor Sir Richard Hughes urged on the
+British Government the necessity of a line of packets being established
+between Halifax and England. Several privateers, during this and the
+following years, were fitted out at Halifax to cruise in American
+waters. The Revenge, Capt. James Gandy, and the Liverpool, Capt. Young,
+the former mounting 30 and the latter 8 guns, sailed for Halifax early
+this spring. They were accompanied by the Halifax, Robert E. Foster,
+master, owned and fitted out by Alexander Brymer, one of the principal
+merchants of the town.
+
+The 18th of January being the Queen's birthday the citizens and militia
+had a Ball at Willis' rooms in the Pontac.
+
+In May, the Revenge brought in a richly laden Snow, bound from Cadiz to
+Chesapeake Bay, the Blond Frigate and an armed sloop both brought in
+American prizes.
+
+For several years two large ships, the Adamant and St. Lawrence, were
+regular traders between Halifax and Great Britain. They were regular in
+their trips, spring and fall, and the merchants of Halifax depended
+chiefly on them for their supplies of British merchandize.
+
+A government armed vessel called the Loyal Nova Scotian, and several
+other small vessels, were kept to cruise off the mouth of the harbour to
+prevent surprise from the pirates and privateer cruisers which infested
+the coast. Several were captured and brought into Halifax during this
+and the two following years.
+
+In May, 1779, an election for the County took place in Halifax. John
+George Pyke and Francis Boyd were the candidates. Pyke was returned.
+
+General McLean left Halifax in June with a force for the reduction of
+Penobscot. In August, a squadron, consisting of several men-of-war and
+some merchant vessels, among which were the Adamant and St. Lawrence,
+sailed from Halifax for his relief. The town continued to be infested
+with Press Gangs for the ships of war. The inhabitants complained to the
+Governor and Council. Several riots on the wharves having occurred in
+consequence of the press, proclamation was issued demolishing all
+impressments except under the sanction of the Governor and Council.
+
+October 26th, 1780. The committee of the House of Assembly, at this
+date, reported the sum of L.1500 to be granted for the erection of a
+"proper and convenient building in the town for a public school, and a
+sum not exceeding L.100 per annum for a master, and L.50 for an usher when
+the number of scholars shall exceed forty." The trustees were to be five
+in number, to be appointed annually by the government, and the L.1500 was
+to be raised by lottery. This lottery was carried into effect, but the
+building does not appear to have been erected. How the proceeds of the
+lottery were disposed of is not mentioned. The Halifax Grammar School
+had its origin from this proceeding. It was established in the old
+building at the corner of Barrington and Sackville Streets, from which
+it has only lately been removed to the private residence of the Rev.
+Doctor Gilpin, the Head Master. This building was originally occupied as
+a place for the meeting of the Legislature, and was previously at one
+time used as a Guard House. It appears to have undergone very little
+alteration since 1780, until sold a year or two ago. It is one of, if
+not the oldest building in the city, except St. Paul's Church, and the
+old Dutch Church on Brunswick Street. The Rev. William Cochran,
+afterwards Vice-President of King's College, was the first head master.
+He was succeeded by the Rev. George Wright, who was Garrison Chaplain
+and minister of St. George's. On his death, in 1819, the Rev. John
+Thomas Twining received the appointment. He retired from the school in
+1848, when the Rev. Edwin Gilpin, succeeded him.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+
+At the commencement of the year 1781 many of the Loyalist refugees who
+came to Halifax after the evacuation of Boston by the British Army, had
+left the town, and the price of provisions was beginning to come down.
+The constant influx of strangers, however, from the revolted colonies,
+with the prisoners taken in the prizes brought into the port by the
+privateers and ships of war, tended again to augment the population.
+Captains of men-of-war, when vessels were in port, in order to fill up
+their complements of men, undertook to impress in the streets of the
+town without authority from the civil magistrate. On the 6th January an
+armed party of sailors and marines assisted by soldiers and commanded by
+naval officers, seized in the streets of the town, some of the
+inhabitants and several coasters belonging to Lunenburg, who had come up
+in their vessels to sell their produce; bound their hands behind their
+backs, carried them through the streets and lodged them in the guard
+houses, from which they were conveyed on board the ships of war in the
+harbour. The Grand Jury were in session at the time and presented the
+outrage to the Sessions, who requested the Governor, Sir Richard Hughes,
+to interfere. The Governor issued his proclamation declaring all such
+impressments, without the sanction of the civil authority, to be illegal
+and an outrageous breach of the civil law, and calling upon all
+magistrates, etc., to resist such proceedings and to bring the offenders
+to justice. It does not appear, however, that the proclamation was
+sufficient to procure the release of the unfortunate coasters. The names
+of the Grand Jury on this occasion were William Meaney, William Graham,
+Robert Kitts, Peter McNab, John Boyd, William Mott, William Millett,
+junior, John Moore, William Carter, James Creighton, John Cleary,
+Richard Jacobs and Charles Hill.
+
+On the 13th January, this year, died Malachi Salter, Esq., aged 65
+years. He was one of the first members of Assembly for the town. His
+colleague in the representation was Joseph Fairbanks. Mr. Salter came
+from Boston to Halifax, very soon after the town was commenced, and
+carried on business as merchant. He is said to have visited Chebucto
+Harbour while engaged in the fishery, several years before the arrival
+of Cornwallis in 1749. The old building at the corner of Salter and
+Barrington Streets, formerly the residence of the late Hon. William
+Lawson, afterwards owned by John Esson, was originally built by Mr.
+Salter, and was his residence for many years. This is one of the oldest
+houses now remaining in Halifax. It received improvements, and was
+enlarged by Mr. Lawson, about 60 years ago.
+
+The School Lottery, before mentioned, was carried on this year. It was
+divided into two classes. The first to consist of 5000 tickets, at 20s.
+each, was advertised on the 25th September. The highest prize was L.2000.
+The prizes in all came to L.4,250, leaving a balance of L.750 for the
+purposes of the school.
+
+The most exciting occurence of the year was the arrival of the
+Charleston Frigate, the sloop Vulture, and the armed ship Vulcan, in
+July, after a sharp conflict with a French Squadron. The Charleston had
+left the harbour a short time before in convoy of some transports, and
+while out had taken several prizes, which had been sent in a few days
+previously. On the 10th July, the Charleston discovered near Spanish
+River, Cape Breton, two French Frigates, of 40 guns each. Captain
+Francis Evans, of the Charleston, having thrown out signals for the
+transports to make for a port, bore down upon the enemy. The Little
+Jack, convoy to the Quebec fleet, being in company, supported the
+Charleston and the Vulture. Some time after the action began, Capt.
+Evans being killed by a cannon shot, Lt. McKay, the succeeding officer
+of the Charleston, under the direction of Capt. Dennis George,[45] of
+the Vulture, continued the action with the greatest coolness and
+bravery. Nor was the Vulcan, armed ship, in the least deficient in
+giving signal proof of the resolute determination of the troops on
+board, under command of Capt. Ewatt, of the 70th Regiment. But
+notwithstanding the superiority of the French, after an obstinate
+resistance they were enabled to sheer off and bear away, and Capt.
+George conducted his much-shattered little squadron into Halifax
+Harbour. The Little Jack stuck to one of the French Frigates of 42
+guns, but was afterwards recaptured. On the 31st, the remains of Captain
+Evans, were interred with military honors, under St. Paul's Church,
+where his monument is still to be seen on the east side of the chancel.
+He was a young man of great promise, and his premature death was a loss
+to the service, and shed a gloom over the town, in which he had made
+many friends.
+
+[Footnote 45: Afterwards Sir Dennis George, Baronet. He was father of
+the late Sir Rupert D. George, Secretary of the Province for many years,
+and of Sir Samuel Hood George, who was for a short time member of
+Assembly for the County of Halifax. Capt. George married Miss Cochran,
+of Halifax.]
+
+This year (1781), Lord Charles Montague, who had been Governor of one of
+the West India Islands, arrived at Halifax, with 200 of his disbanded
+corps from Jamaica. This nobleman died at Halifax, from the effects of
+fatigue, in travelling over land from Quebec to Halifax, in winter. He
+was buried under St. Paul's Church, where a monument to his memory is to
+be seen near that of Capt. Evans. He was a younger son of Robert, Duke
+of Manchester.
+
+1782. The continual intercourse at this time carried on with the
+revolted colonies, rendered it necessary that a more strict system of
+inspection should be adopted with respect to vessels and passengers
+entering and leaving the port; accordingly Capt. Thomas Beamish was
+appointed Port Warden. His duty was to grant passes to all vessels and
+boats leaving, and to visit all those entering the harbour. No vessel or
+boat was allowed to pass George's Island, in the night time, or leave
+the harbour without sending a boat to the island, and also producing a
+pass from the Port Warden; and all vessels coming in were to be hailed
+from the island, and ordered to send their boat on shore to the Market
+Slip, or public landing, to be examined by the Port Warden before
+landing in any other part of the town. The Port Warden's office was in
+the old building which formerly stood at the corner now known as
+Laidlaw's Corner on Water Street, just above the Steamboat Wharf. At
+this time the water came up as far as the spot on the wharf, where Bauld
+and Gibson's store or shop now stands.
+
+The Governor, Sir Andrew Snape Hammond, went to England this year, and
+was succeeded by Governor Parr. He received a very flattering address
+from the inhabitants of the town. Hammond was esteemed a good Governor,
+and had gained the good will of the people by his courteous manners and
+desire to meet, as far as possible, the wishes of the inhabitants in all
+municipal matters.
+
+This summer 57 transports with troops, and the Renown, a fifty gun
+ship, put into Halifax on their way to New York and Canada. In October
+the Renown sent in a prize, laden with a rich cargo of silks, etc. The
+naval ships Adamant and St. Lawrence made their trips this season in 35
+days.
+
+Among the occurences this year was the conviction and sentence of a man
+named William McLean, for street robbery, and the murder of a Mrs. Ann
+Dunbrack in July, by persons unknown. The grand Jury recommended McLean
+to mercy, but the Governor and Council saw no reason to grant a
+reprieve, and he was executed. Street robberies were at the time of
+frequent occurence in the town.
+
+Articles of peace between Great Britain and the United States of America
+were signed in November of this year, and with France in January
+following.
+
+The principal public amusements in the town during the year were
+subscription assemblies, held at the Pontac, and at Mrs. Sutherland's
+Coffee House, every fortnight. The latter establishment was in Bedford
+Row, opposite the Commissary offices. The national societies dined
+together, and levees were held and parties given at Government House on
+all public holidays. The Garrison consisted of the 70th, 82nd and 84th
+Regiments, with Baron de Seitz's[46] Germans. Night riots were frequent,
+and continual complaints appear to have been made before the Sessions,
+of signs being removed from shops, and windows broken.
+
+[Footnote 46: Baron de Seitz died at Halifax in the following year. He
+was buried under St. Paul's Church with military honors, with his full
+uniform, sword and spurs, according to the ancient custom in Germany
+when the last Baron of the race dies. His monument, a quaint old German
+performance, may be seen in the east gallery of St. Paul's, with his
+armorial bearings, etc. Among his effects advertized for sale was his
+diamond ring and coach with 3 horses.]
+
+The views of the town and suburbs at this time show the fortifications
+at Citadel Hill, Fort Needham and Point Pleasant. They were supposed to
+have been taken by one Colonel Hicks, and were engraved and published in
+London. These views were mere outlines. Copies of them are to be seen at
+the Provincial Museum, where there are also a series of views, very
+neatly executed in copper plate, of the Government House, St. Paul's
+Church and other parts of the town. These latter were published about
+1776, some six or seven years before those of Colonel Hicks.
+
+Governor Parr and family came out in the ship St. Lawrence, and assumed
+the government in October.
+
+Benjamin Green, Esq., son of the Hon. B. Green, one of the first members
+of Council, was elected member of Assembly for the town in February,
+without opposition. Mr. William Shaw was at the time Sheriff of the
+County.
+
+In December, 1782, a large quantity of heavy ordnance was brought to
+Halifax from Charleston, South Carolina; also 500 refugees, men, women
+and children, arrived about the same date.
+
+In August, 1783, a number of Negro refugees arrived from New York. It
+was resolved that they should be settled in different parts of the
+Province; however, not a few remained in Halifax, and became servants
+and labourers.
+
+The Loyalists continued to come from the old Colonies, many of them in a
+destitute and helpless condition, until the population of the town was
+increased to three times its former number, and much temporary suffering
+in consequence prevailed. Yet many intelligent and enterprising settlers
+were at this period added to our population, giving new life and spirit
+to the town. Many spacious and commodious buildings began to be erected,
+taking the place of the low gamble-roofed and picketed buildings of an
+early day. It is very remarkable, however, that in the year 1791, only
+seven years after this great influx, the population had again so
+decreased as scarcely to exceed 5,000. In 1783, Governor Parr estimated
+the population at only 1,200. This was before the Loyalist emigration
+from New York. In 1784, one hundred and ninety-four Negro men, women and
+children arrived in Halifax from St. Augustin's, in a destitute
+condition; they did not remain in the town, but were distributed by the
+Government throughout the interior parts of the Province.
+
+Governor Parr in his letter to England of November 20th, 1783, says,
+"upwards of 25,000 Loyalists have already arrived in the Province, most
+of whom, with the exception of those who went to Shelburne, came to
+Halifax before they became distributed throughout the Province."
+
+Again in his letter of 15th January, 1784, he says, "In consequence of
+the final evacuation of New York,[47] a considerable number of refugee
+families have come to Halifax, who must be provided for at the public
+expense. They are in a most wretched condition, destitute of almost
+everything--chiefly women and children, all still on board the vessels,
+and I have not been able to find as yet any place for them, and the cold
+is setting in very severe."[48]
+
+[Footnote 47: New York was finally evacuated by the British Troops on
+the 25th November, 1783.]
+
+[Footnote 48: NOTE.--Tradition says that the town was then so crowded by
+refugees and soldiers, that the cabooses from the transports were
+removed from the vessels, and ranged along Granville Street in rear of
+Government House, for the accommodation of the people.]
+
+On the 20th October, 1784, an advertizement appeared in a Halifax paper,
+for sale, "All that land near the entrance of the harbour and opposite
+to Cornwallis' Island, called Mauger's Beach, containing by particular
+grant 5 acres according to the plan attached to the grant." This beach
+had been formerly occupied for curing fish, and had buildings erected
+thereon for that purpose.[49]
+
+[Footnote 49: The tower now on Mauger's Beach was not built until about
+the commencement of the present century.]
+
+The Penal Statutes had been repealed in 1783. The Roman Catholics in the
+town, chiefly emigrants from Ireland, having become numerous, purchased
+a piece of ground in Barrington Street, where they built a Chapel, which
+was dedicated to St. Peter. The frame was erected on 19th July, 1784,
+and many of the inhabitants, both Protestants and Roman Catholics,
+attended the ceremony. This building stood in from the street, directly
+opposite the head of Salter Street. It was painted red, with a steeple
+at the western end. It was removed in or shortly after Bishop Burke's
+time, on the completion of the new stone church, now St. Mary's. The
+Rev. Mr. Jones was the first officiating priest. The Rev. Edmund Burke,
+who came from Canada, officiated at St. Peter's for many years before he
+was appointed Bishop.
+
+A number of emigrants arrived in Halifax this year from England. Three
+hundred passengers came in the Sally transport, in a great measure
+destitute of clothing and provisions. Fresh provisions became very dear,
+and the merchants of Halifax had flour up to L.3 10s. per cwt. The
+Governor and Council, in consequence, ordered the admission of
+provisions from the United States to afford relief to the inhabitants.
+
+The House of Assembly was dissolved this year; it had sat fourteen
+years without being dissolved, in consequence of the American troubles.
+The only alteration in the Halifax representation was the return of
+Capt. William Abbott for the County. Mr. Francis Green, second son of
+old Councillor Green, was again chosen Sheriff of Halifax in 1784.
+
+1785. January 3rd, Mr. Sampson Salter Blowers, a barrister from Boston
+who came among the Loyalists, was appointed Attorney General in the
+place of Mr. Gibbons, who had received the appointment of Chief Justice
+for the Island of Cape Breton, then a separate province.
+
+The Orphan house being no longer in use, was ordered to be let on a
+lease for one year.[50]
+
+[Footnote 50: The locality of this orphan house is uncertain.]
+
+In September, 1785, a number of whalers from Nantucket came to Halifax;
+three brigantines and one schooner, with crews and everything necessary
+for prosecuting the whale fishery, which they proposed to do under the
+British flag. Their families were to follow. A short time after they
+were joined by three brigantines and a sloop from the same place.
+
+On the twentieth of October following, the Chief Land Surveyor was
+directed to make return of such lands as were vacant at Dartmouth to be
+granted to Samuel Starbuck, Timothy Folger, and others, from Nantucket,
+to make settlement for the whalers. The Town of Dartmouth had been many
+years previously laid out in lots which had been granted or appropriated
+to individuals, some of whom had built houses, and others though then
+vacant, had been held and sold from time to time by their respective
+owners. Most of these lots were reported vacant by Mr. Morris, the
+surveyor, and seized upon by the Government, as it is said, without any
+proceeding of escheat, and re-granted to the Quakers from Nantucket,
+which caused much discontent, and questions of title arose and remained
+open for many years after.
+
+At a Court of Admiralty held on Friday, the 27th August, 1785, for the
+trial of piracies committed upon the high seas, M. Buckley and Belitham
+Taylor were tried, committed and sentenced to death for running away
+with the schooner John Miller of Chedabucto and her cargo. Two men were
+also hanged this year for robbery committed to the eastward of Halifax.
+
+The death of the Chief Justice, Bryan Finucane, having occurred this
+year, Judge Isaac Deschamps filled the office until the appointment of
+Chief Justice Pemberton. Judge Finucane was buried under St. Paul's
+Church. His escutcheon is in the gallery.
+
+A general election occurred in 1785, when Mr. S. S. Blowers, John George
+Pyke, Richard John Uniacke and Michael Wallace were returned for the
+County, and John Fillis and William Cochran for the town.
+
+The whale fishery was the chief subject which engaged the attention of
+the public during the year. Much advantage was expected to accrue to the
+commerce of the place from the Quakers from Nantucket having undertaken
+to settle in Dartmouth. They went on prosperously for a short time,
+until they found the commercial regulations established in England for
+the Colonies were hostile to their interests, and they eventually
+removed, some of them, it is said, to Wales and other parts of Great
+Britain, where they carried on their fishery to more advantage.
+
+A petition was presented this autumn to the Governor and Council from a
+number of merchants, tradesmen and other inhabitants, praying for a
+Charter of Incorporation for the Town. This was the first occasion on
+which the subject was brought prominently before the public. It was,
+however, not deemed by the government "expedient or necessary" to comply
+with the prayer of the petition. The reasons are not given in the Minute
+of Council, which bears date 17th November, 1785. The names of the
+Councillors present were Richard Bulkeley, Henry Newton, Jonathan
+Binney, Arthur Goold, Alexander Brymer, Thomas Cochran and Charles
+Morris. The functions of His Majesty's Council at this period of our
+history embraced all departments of executive authority in the Colony.
+They were equally supreme in the control of town affairs as those of the
+province at large. The magistrates, though nominally the executive of
+the town, never acted in any matter of moment without consulting the
+Governor and Council. The existence of a corporate body having the sole
+control of town affairs would in a great measure deprive them of that
+supervision which they no doubt deemed, for the interest of the
+community, should remain in the Governor and Council.
+
+1786. It was customary at this period to celebrate the Royal birthdays
+and almost all public holidays by a levee at Government House, a review
+of the troops in garrison on the Common, and occasionally a public ball,
+either by the Governor at Government House or by the inhabitants of the
+town at the public assembly room. This custom continued in Halifax until
+about the year 1844 or 1845, when it was broken through by Governor
+Falkland. On the 18th June, 1786, Queen Charlotte's birthday was
+celebrated in the town by a levee and review, and in the evening by a
+ball in the old Pontac building. The confectionery on this occasion was
+very superb. It was prepared by one Signor Lenzi. The ball commenced at
+half-past eight, supper was announced by the elevation of a curtain that
+separated the two rooms. In the middle of the table there arose an
+artificial fountain, with the temples of Health and Venus at the top and
+bottom, all constructed of sugar. The Gazette of the time says, they
+"did not go home till morning."
+
+A regular post communication was opened this summer with Annapolis; a
+courier was engaged, who went through once a fortnight with the mail
+between Halifax and Annapolis. John Howe, who had lately come to Halifax
+from Boston and had established a newspaper, was at this time
+postmaster; he succeeded Mr. Stevens. The following spring (1786) the
+town was so enveloped in smoke for many days as almost to impede
+business, caused by a great fire which raged in the woods in the
+neighbourhood.
+
+On 10th October, 1786, arrived His Majesty's Ship Pegasus, commanded by
+His Royal Highness Prince William Henry. He was received at the King's
+Slip by Governor Parr and Major General Campbell, then in command of the
+Garrison, and conducted to the Government House, which stood in the
+square now occupied by the Province Building, where he was waited upon
+by the military and the principal inhabitants. The Prince expressed a
+desire that all display should be laid aside, but the people illuminated
+their dwellings, and by 8 o'clock the whole town was lighted and the
+streets crowded with people.
+
+In the Gazette of the 9th February, 1786, appears a resolution and
+engagement entered into by the merchants and others at a public meeting
+lately held in Halifax, wherein they pledged themselves neither to buy
+nor sell articles imported from the United States, prohibited by the
+Governor's proclamation. The document is signed by 75 persons.
+
+On 28th February, a German Society was formed in Halifax, when John W.
+Schwartz was chosen President, Doctor F. Gschwint, (pronounced Swint)
+Vice-President, Godfrey Schwartz Treasurer, Henry Uthoff Secretary. In
+1790 Adolphus Veith was secretary of this Society.
+
+On 4th March, the jail was broken open and the prisoners, six in number,
+all escaped, of whom five were re-taken. Mr. Green was then Sheriff.
+Inquiries were instituted, but no information obtained. The delapidated
+and insecure state of the jail at the time was the subject of public
+comment.
+
+The money collected for Liquor Licences in the town, between 31st May,
+1784, and 31st May, 1785, amounted to L.531. Mr. Francis Shipton was
+Clerk of Licences.
+
+Three vessels were fitted out during the summer of 1786 for the whale
+fishery,--the schooners Parr and Lively, and the ship Romulus.
+
+This year the merchants and shipowners formed themselves into a society
+called the Halifax Marine Association, for the benefit of trade. The
+following year Nova Scotia was erected into a Bishop's See. The Right
+Reverend Charles Inglis was appointed Bishop. He arrived from England on
+16th October, and made Halifax his residence.
+
+On the 3rd July, 1787, the Pegasus, frigate, commanded by Prince William
+Henry, arrived again at Halifax, 15 days from Jamaica. On Friday, at
+half-past two o'clock, the troops were drawn up in double line from the
+wharf to Government House. The Prince landed at the slip under a salute
+from the artillery on the King's Wharf. He was accompanied to Government
+House by the Governor and Council, where he received an address from the
+inhabitants. There was a dinner and ball at Government House in the
+evening, and a brilliant illumination of the town.
+
+This month two whalers returned bringing 1,060 barrels oil and 72 cwt.
+whalebone. It is not mentioned whether these vessels belonged to the
+Quakers or to some of the merchants of the town.
+
+On the 24th June, the Freemasons had a grand procession. They walked to
+St. Paul's Church, where they heard a sermon from the Rev. Mr. Weeks.
+The Prince reviewed the troops in garrison on 30th July, consisting of
+the 57th and 37th Regiments, and the first Battalion of the 60th
+Regiment.
+
+On the 7th July the fleet, consisting of the Leander, Commodore
+Sawyer--Pegasus, Prince William Henry--Ariadne, Capt. Osborne, the
+Resource, and the Brig Weazel, Commander Hood, fell down to the beach,
+intending to proceed to Quebec the first fair wind. They sailed on the
+14th. The Pegasus, with the Prince, returned to Halifax early in
+November. He received an address on the 6th, from the House of Assembly
+then in Session. At two o'clock on that day, the barge of the Pegasus
+with the Royal Standard flying, preceded by the Commodore in his barge,
+with his pendant, and the Captains of the other ships of war in their
+barges, proceeded slowly in procession from their ships to the King's
+Wharf, where the party landed under a salute of 21 guns. They were
+received at the stairs by the Governor, Council and Assembly, and the
+troops, under General Ogilvie, being ordered up, they proceeded to
+Government House, where a number of members of the Legislature were
+presented to him. They then proceeded through the lines of troops to the
+Golden Ball,[51] where a handsome dinner was prepared, and where the
+Prince dined with the members of [52]Assembly and the principal officers
+of Government. He retired at 6 o'clock, after which a ball was given in
+the evening at Marchington's new building in Water Street, adjoining the
+Ordnance Yard, called the British Coffee House. The Prince entered the
+ball room a little after 8 o'clock, and at 12 the company were conducted
+into the supper room. The table was handsomely decorated and contained
+places for 200 people. The Prince is said to have displayed great
+affability in conversation on the occasion.
+
+[Footnote 51: S. W. corner of Sackville and Hollis Streets.]
+
+[Footnote 52: The House afterwards voted L.700 for the cost of the day's
+entertainments.]
+
+An Act was passed this Session authorizing the sale of the Orphan House,
+the Court House, the Public Slaughter House, and the Old Jail, and to
+erect a Jail, and also to erect on the Lower Parade a Public Hall, a
+Province House of Brick or Stone for the setting of the Legislature and
+Public Offices. The Commissioners appointed for this purpose were John
+Newton, Richard John Uniacke, John George Pyke and Mr. Taylor. Such
+parts of this Act as have been executed were afterwards repealed by Act
+of 1797.
+
+1788. An Election for Members for the Town took place this winter, which
+was attended with extraordinary excitement. On the 20th February the
+poll opened, at the Court House, in Halifax; the candidates were Mr.
+Charles Morris and Jonathan Sterns. It closed on the Friday following,
+when it stood: Morris, 415; Sterns, 274. Majority for Morris, 141. Mr.
+Morris was carried through the Town and then taken home to his father's
+house. Hand-bills had been posted up reflecting on the government.
+Serious riots at the election occurred and many persons were hurt, some
+of whom received fractures of the skull and other severe injuries. Armed
+persons paraded the Town assaulting individuals. As this was a very
+remarkable election, and resulted in more turbulence and riot than had
+ever before occurred in the town on such occasions, we here copy the
+following extract from Anthony Henry's _Gazette_ of 25th February:--"The
+unwearied and spirited exertions of a number of respectable gentlemen in
+a great measure calmed the minds of the people, and prevented their
+violence being carried to any very great length; nevertheless it was
+utterly impossible, in such confusion, to prevent many persons from
+being wounded and hurt, two of whom, we are sorry to inform the public,
+remain in a dangerous state; one having his skull fractured by some
+persons who rushed out of Laycock's house on the beach, and the other
+having been dangerously wounded by a shot from a window in the same
+house. We are likewise sorry to inform the public, that Mr. Benjamin
+Mulberry Holmes and his son, have been much beaten and abused by the
+populace on Friday night, and were it not for the very fortunate and
+timely interposition of Mr. Tobin's man and some others, it is probable
+they would have fallen a sacrifice to an enraged multitude."
+
+The excitement had been caused partly by certain proceedings on the part
+of the judges of the Supreme Court against Mr. Sterns and Mr. Taylor,
+two practising lawyers in the town, whose names had been struck off the
+roll by Chief Justice Deschamps. One of the gentlemen, Mr. Sterns, was
+the defeated candidate at the election.
+
+On the 3rd June, Bishop Inglis held his primary visitation of his
+Clergy, when he delivered a charge, received an address, and held a
+confirmation in the afternoon at St. Paul's, when one hundred and twenty
+young persons went through the ceremony of confirmation.
+
+A heavy rain-storm occurred on Saturday, 5th July, when the streets of
+the town were very much injured by the torrents of water which poured
+down the hills. It was estimated that the rainfall was upwards of 186
+tons of water to an acre, which, allowing the rain to have fallen
+equally on the whole peninsula, would make the fall of water on that
+small space equal to 345,000 tons, in four hours.
+
+July 30. Arrived five sail of whalers, having on board the following
+valuable cargoes:
+
+   Sloop "Watson," Danl. Ray, Master, 150 bbls. sperm, 50 do.
+       headmatter.
+
+   Brigt. "Lucretia," J. Coffin, Master, 250 bbls. sperm, 300
+       bbls. black oil, and 3000 cut bone.
+
+   Brigt. "Somerset," S. Gardner, Master, 230 bbls. sperm.
+
+   Brigt. "Sally," P. Worth, Master, 200 bbls. do.
+
+   Brigt. "Industry," W. Chadwick, Master, 84 bbls. do. 26 bbls.
+       headmatter, and 300 do. black oil, also 3000 cut bone.
+
+The "Andromeda," frigate, commanded by Prince William Henry, from
+England, arrived on 17th August, 1788; he was again received with the
+usual honours and the town was illuminated. The Prince attended a
+sham-fight on the Common, on 10th September, in which, the 4th, 37th,
+and 57th Regiments took part. Three soldiers were wounded by bursting of
+their muskets during the performance.
+
+On 21st October, the new Chief Justice Jeremiah Pemberton, took the
+oaths and his seat on the bench, and his patent was then read in open
+Court.
+
+Wednesday, Oct. 22nd, was launched at the south end of the town, a
+handsome brig, the property of Messrs. Gouge & Pryor; she was the first
+vessel of the size ever built in the town.
+
+The following gentlemen composed the Magistracy of the town this year,
+viz:--Benj. Green, John Cunningham, John Newton, Charles Morris, George
+Smith, William Sherlock, John George Pyke, Thos. Cochran, Anthony
+Stewart,[53] W. Taylor, Stephen N. Binney, J. M. F. Bulkeley, Revd.
+Michael Houseal, James Gautier, William Morris, Charles Morris, junior,
+Daniel Wood, junior; Matthew Cahill was High Sheriff.
+
+[Footnote 53: Anthony Stewart was a gentleman from the province of
+Maryland; he was the father of the late Judge James Stewart, who married
+a sister of the late Chief Justice Sir B. Haliburton and who died in
+1830, and was succeeded on the Supreme Court Bench by R. J. Uniacke,
+junior.]
+
+It appears that the rank of Esquire was not applied to any person, at
+this or any previous period, except Magistrates and high public
+functionaries, and persons to whom it was accorded in consequence of
+their personal wealth and rank in society. Being a member of the House
+of Assembly did not confer the title.
+
+There was then no regular police establishment in the town, the
+Magistrates, by turns, attended to police duties with the aid of the
+town constables, who were annually appointed. All special matters were
+discussed and settled at the special sessions, which was generally a
+private meeting of Magistrates in the back office in conjunction with
+the Clerk of the Peace. Criminal charges of a delicate nature, or when
+private character was likely to be affected, were usually investigated
+with closed doors, and no information made public until found to be
+necessary for the ends of justice. This system continued until Mr. John
+George Pyke received the appointment of Police Magistrate, about 60
+years since. His duties were merely to relieve the Magistrates from the
+more onerous duties of attending daily at the Police office. Colonel
+Pyke became incapacitated by age about the year 1825 or 6, when Mr. John
+Liddell was appointed, who had to his aid three or four Police
+Constables, two of whom had attended his predecessor, and the valuable
+assistance of David Shaw Clarke, the clerk of the peace. Such was the
+arrangement until the Act of Incorporation in 1848.
+
+The "Royal Gazette" was published by Anthony Henry, until about 1801,
+when it fell into the hands of Mr. John Howe, from Boston.
+
+The "Weekly Chronicle," another paper, was at this time established by
+Mr. William Minns, stationer, in Barrington Street, opposite the
+north-end of the Grand Parade. It was commenced in 1787, and continued
+to exist until about 1828 or 9.
+
+Among the merchants who advertized in these papers we find the names of
+James Vetch, opposite the woodyard; David Hall & Co., in Hollis Street,
+opposite Government House, (Crown Prince Building); and George Bell,
+Granville St. The shops appear to have contained both groceries and
+dry-goods, like the country stores of the present day. A. & R. Leslie
+were at the corner of Duke and Water Streets, near the Pontac. Lawrence
+Hartshorne, Hardware, corner of Granville and George streets, between
+the market house and the parade. This old corner, so many years known as
+Hartshorne & Boggs' corner, had a gun at the corner of the platform
+which extended down the hill to the lower corner, occupied by one Hart,
+a Jew, afterwards known as Martin Gay Black's, and now occupied by the
+new building of the Merchant's Bank; this walk was the resort of the
+merchants in the morning, and the fashionable and idle in the
+afternoons.
+
+1789. On the night of Friday, the 23rd January, Cochran's buildings, a
+range of three-storey buildings in the market square, were totally
+consumed by fire. Firewards were John Fillis, J. G. Pyke, R. J. Uniacke,
+Michael Wallace, Geo. Bell, Lawrence Hartshorne, William Lawlor, Charles
+Hill.
+
+On 9th February, an advertisement appeared in the "Gazette," as follows:
+"I am directed by His Excellency the Governor, to acquaint the several
+gentlemen called upon on Friday last to form a Fire Company, that he
+desires their attendance at the 'Golden Ball' on Thursday next, at
+twelve o'clock, to agree to rules and regulations. (Signed) Jas.
+Gautier."
+
+On 15th August, the jail was broken open, and a prisoner for debt, one
+Livesay, who had been imprisoned at the suit of William Stairs, escaped,
+for which Sheriff Green was prosecuted; Green stated that he had
+repeatedly represented to the Council the insecure state of the jail.
+Mr. James Clarke succeeded Mr. Green as Sheriff of Halifax, this year.
+
+The Dockyard at this period was in full operation. The Commissioner in
+charge was the Honorable Henry Duncan, who was also a member of His
+Majesty's Council. Doctor John Haliburton, father of the late Chief
+Justice Sir Brenton Haliburton, was Surgeon of the Naval Hospital, Mr.
+Provo Wallis was Master Superintendent, Elias Marshall, foreman of
+shipwrights, William Lee foreman of carpenters, Alexander Anderson and
+Provo F. Wallis, Chief Clerks.
+
+A great scarcity of bread was felt in the town this summer. Vessels sent
+to Canada for wheat, returned empty. On the 9th July, the Governor
+received a letter from the Governor of Canada, stating the great
+scarcity of provisions in the Province of Lower Canada or Quebec, that a
+famine was dreaded, and requesting him not to obstruct the exportation
+of corn and flour from Halifax to Quebec. But the Justices of the
+Quarter Sessions presented a memorial which had been laid before them by
+the bakers of Halifax, setting forth that there is not more of flour in
+the town than sufficient to provide bread for three or four days,
+whereupon it was ordered by the Council that no vessel be permitted to
+clear out with bread or flour to Quebec, except the brigantine "Ceres,"
+until further consideration.
+
+There were amateur theatrical performances this winter at the Pontac. It
+would appear that the old theatre in Argyle Street, in the recollection
+possibly of some of the oldest inhabitants, was in operation this year.
+We find plays advertized to take place there in February and March. This
+building stood on the spot on which the present Acadian School was
+afterwards erected. It was the only theatre in the town during the time
+of the Duke of Kent. It was afterwards occupied by Walter Bromley as a
+public school upon the Lancaster plan, until removed to make way for the
+present building, in the year 1816.
+
+The first Agricultural Society was formed in Halifax in the year 1789;
+the Hon. Richard Bulkeley was the first president, and Mr. James
+Clarke,[54] (afterwards Sheriff Clarke,) was the first secretary.
+
+[Footnote 54: Sheriff Clarke was father of the late David Shaw Clarke,
+for many years Clerk of the Peace, and one of the police Magistrates of
+the town.]
+
+The old Block House on the Citadel Hill being in a ruinous condition,
+was taken down this year, but the flag and signal staffs which were on
+it, were preserved.
+
+June 1, 1789. The old gaol and garden were offered for sale at auction.
+This old building was in Hollis Street, nearly opposite the present
+Halifax Hotel, and was formerly the property of the late Mr. Robert M.
+Brown.
+
+On the 16th June, in conformity with the Act of the Legislature formerly
+passed, the Governor was pleased to nominate Hon. Henry Newton, Hon.
+Thos. Cochran, James Brenton, John Newton and R. J. Uniacke, Trustees of
+a Grammar School forthwith to be erected in the town. "These gentlemen
+chose Mr. William Cochran, of Trinity College, Dublin, and lately
+Professor of the Greek and Latin languages in Columbia College, New
+York, to be master. Mr. George Glennie, who was regularly educated in
+the University of Aberdeen, to be usher, and Mr. Thomas Brown, already
+well known in this town, to be teacher of writing, arithmetic and
+mathematics. It is thought proper to give this early notification to the
+public, but until a suitable building can be provided, the school will
+be opened without delay in the room where the Assembly of the Province
+meets."
+
+The Legislature after this met in the building known as Cochran's
+building, which was erected at the Market Square after the fire before
+mentioned, and the old building appropriated permanently for the Grammar
+school, which remained so until lately, when the school was removed to
+the private residence of Mr. Gilpin, the head master, and the old
+building sold.
+
+The following advertizement appeared in the "Royal Gazette":
+"Information for Masters of Vessels. The Block House on Citadel Hill,
+which was a conspicuous object, is removed, having been in a ruinous
+condition. The flag and signal staffs remain." "The hulk of the large
+ship, sometime since stranded at the back of Thrum Cap, was beaten to
+pieces in the last gale."
+
+On the 15th October, Charles Hill advertized for sale at auction, the
+ground where the Court House stood, now known as Northup's Corner;
+measuring on Buckingham Street, 94 feet, and on Argyle Street 43 feet.
+On the 17th July previous, the old Court House, and the building
+adjoining, known as Kirby's soap-house, and other buildings, were
+destroyed by fire.
+
+1790. In the month of July, this year, the whaling fleet arrived, after
+a successful voyage. The brig "Prince William Henry," Capt. Pinkham,
+with 110 barrels of sperm oil; brig "Hibernian," Capt. Worth, 100
+barrels sperm and 32 black oil; ship "Parr," Capt. Chase, 480 sperm and
+100 black oil, and brig "Harvest," Capt. Kelly, with 200 sperm. In
+August following arrived the "Romulus," with 170 bbls. sperm oil.
+
+Among the chief merchants of the town at this time were William Forsyth,
+Philip Marchington,[55] Brymer & Belcher, Hardware merchants,
+successors to Thomas Robie; Michael Wallace, retail store-keeper; James
+Moody, Hollis Street; Sabatier, Stewart & Co., Chas. Geddes, dry goods,
+lower side of the Parade; Richard Kidston, general merchandize; George
+Deblois, William Millet, Charles Hill, Hugh Kelley, all auctioneers.
+John W. Schwartz kept store at the corner of Granville and Buckingham
+Streets; Lawrence Hartshorne, at his corner, had a general assortment of
+cutlery, etc., D. Hall & Co., in Hollis Street, opposite Government
+House; Ann Bremner kept a dry goods shop at the north-west corner of the
+parade; Peter Lynch kept a hat store at the sign of the "King's Arms;"
+C. C. Hall & Co. was the chief dry goods store in the town; Benjamin
+Salter, Ship Chandlery, Water St.; John Fillis & Son and G. & J.
+Thirlock were among the wholesale dealers; Linnard & Young were the
+fashionable tailors; Richard Courtney had a shop at the lower side of
+the parade, William Sellon in Granville Street, King & Story in
+Marchington's buildings, John Butler Dight, wholesale store in
+Marchington's buildings; C. C. Hall & Co. had this year removed to
+Marchington building; Winkworth Allen, general dealer, in Cochran's new
+building. Mr. Wm. Millet the auctioneer, on the 9th Sept. advertized for
+sale, "a negro man and sundry other articles." In the following year,
+James Forman & Co. occupied a store on Copeland's wharf, also Benjamin
+Salter. The British Coffee house was kept by John Gallagher at the head
+of Marchington's wharf. Mrs. Sutherland's coffee house, was at this
+time, one of the chief places of resort for Public Committees and
+Societies, as well as for Public entertainments; concerts were held here
+throughout the winter, commencing in September. The Halifax Marine
+Society, which had been established in Halifax for several years, held
+their quarterly meetings at this house. There was a house of
+entertainment then kept on McNab's Island by one Mary Roubalet, for tea
+parties in the summer. It was called the Mansion House.
+
+[Footnote 55: Mr. Marchington was a Loyalist from New York. He commenced
+business in Halifax soon after his arrival, and accumulated a large
+landed property in the town. He owned all the land on the north side of
+the lane known by his name, leading from the ordnance into Argyle
+Street, since called Bell's Lane, also the wharf adjoining the Ordnance
+yard, long known as Marchington's wharf, afterwards the property of Tim
+Connors. He died at Halifax; he was the grandfather of Major Welsford,
+killed in the Crimean War, whose monument is to be seen in the old
+English burial ground.]
+
+On the 12th day of January, 1790, James Clarke and George Geddes, Church
+Wardens of St. Paul's, advertized that in consequence of the inclemency
+of the weather on Sunday there was so small an attendance in church,
+that the contributions towards the clothing of the children in the
+Sunday Schools in the town, were so small, that they desired to invite
+contributions from the inhabitants for the relief of the orphans and
+others attending the schools. In February following, the church wardens
+again advertized the distribution of clothing to the poor children of
+the Sunday Schools: 15 great coats, 64 shirts and shifts, 70 pairs
+stockings and 35 pairs strong shoes, which cost L.30 7s. 2d. The St.
+Paul's school had nineteen boys and sixteen girls in attendance.
+
+On the same day, there was a visitation of the Halifax Grammar School by
+the Governor, the Bishop, the Trustees and others. The attendance during
+the winter was usually about 60. The school was addressed on this
+occasion, by one of the elder boys, and after the examinations in the
+Latin classes, writing and arithmetic, several scholars repeated pieces
+and dialogues. Mr. Cochran was the headmaster; he shortly afterwards
+accepted the charge of the Academy at Windsor; and the Rev. George
+Wright was appointed in his place. His salary was L.150 per annum from
+the Legislature, with what he could get from the pupils. The number of
+scholars was 68. He states his loss in the shape of discount on his
+Treasury warrants amounted to from 15 to 20 per cent., in consequence of
+the delay in payment.
+
+The winter was very severe; The harbour was frozen over, and the
+destitute condition of the poor very great. The gentlemen amateurs of
+the theatre, sent L.25 to the Rev. Mr. Weeks, of St. Paul's, Dr. Andrew
+Brown, of the Presbyterian meeting house, and Mr. Houseal of St.
+George's in Dutchtown, for the poor of their respective parishes. The
+overseers of the poor, Jonathan Tremain, James Gautier, James Kerby and
+Andrew Belcher, met at the "Golden Ball," to assess the inhabitants of
+the town for the poor rates.
+
+The Court House having been destroyed by fire, the Quarter Sessions held
+their sittings on the 19th February, in the long room of the "Golden
+Ball," for the trial of offenders. The "Golden Ball" was kept by Edward
+Phelan this winter, who occupied the north end of the building as a
+store for general merchandise.
+
+An Act of the Legislature had been passed this year, and was published
+early in May, reciting that the destruction of the Court House by fire,
+and the inconvenient situation of the present Assembly House, made it
+necessary that a more suitable place should be provided, and the state
+of the Province finances not being such as to admit of the expense of
+erecting a proper and suitable building, it was therefore enacted, that
+Commissioners be appointed to treat with Thomas James and William
+Cochran, for their building opposite Government House, for L.200 per
+annum, and to expend L.100 in furniture for the purposes of the meeting
+of this Legislature and the Courts of Law. This building lately erected
+after the fire, stood on the spot now occupied by the new Dominion
+Public building, and continued to be the place of holding the General
+Assembly, the Courts of Law, etc., until the Province Building was
+completed for their reception in 1820. The building in which the
+Legislature formerly held its sittings, and which was now appropriated
+for the Grammar School, was this year repaired at the public expense.
+
+In June, the Grand Jury addressed Chief Justice Strange on his arrival
+from England. The names of the Jury were:--Richard Kidston, foreman,
+William Millet, Lawrence Hartshorne, Godfrey Schwartz, Winkworth Allen,
+John Davis, J. Forbes, James Lewis, Benjamin Salter, James Strachan,
+William Lawlor, Martin Shier, John Boyd and Alexander Copeland.
+
+In the autumn, the Secretary of the Province announced to the people of
+the town, that in the event of a war with Spain, and the withdrawal of
+the troops from the Province, it would be necessary to call out the
+Militia for the defence of the town, and the Colonels of regiments were
+called upon to hold themselves in readiness, and to make returns of the
+state and condition of their respective regiments.
+
+About this time, Captain Stack was a regular trader between this port
+and Ireland, and sold his cargoes of beef, salt pork, lard, etc., at
+auction, at Charles Hill & Co.'s rooms.
+
+The Halifax Bar addressed Chief Justice Strange, on his leaving for
+England on a visit, this autumn. The address was signed by S. S.
+Blowers, R. J. Uniacke, James Sterns, E. B. Brenton, James Stewart,
+Daniel Wood, Foster Hutchinson, J. Prout and W. H. O. Haliburton.
+
+At a Court of Quarter Sessions, held at Halifax, in June term of this
+year, the Sheriff, pursuant to law and by virtue of a warrant directed
+to him by the Justices of the Sessions, to lay out a road in the north
+suburbs of the town, reported that he had laid out the road by a jury,
+in the manner following, viz:--Beginning at the north-east corner or
+angle of Lot No. 2, on the road leading from the Dockyard to the Naval
+Hospital; thence to run north 28 west, 40 feet; thence north, 59 east,
+238 feet, which leaves a road of 40 feet wide, between Allbright's
+ground and the Hospital fence; thence north, 28 west, 660 feet; thence
+north 20 west, 664 feet to the road leading to Fort Needham, leaving the
+road 50 feet wide between the shore at the Narrows at high-water mark,
+and the Lots Nos. 3 and 4. This notice was published, that all persons
+who might think themselves aggrieved by the laying out of the road might
+have an opportunity of being heard before the sessions, on Tuesday, the
+5th September, 1790. It was signed by Thomas Wood, Clerk of the Peace.
+
+This road was intended as a continuation of Water Street northward, to
+meet the road which leads up from the water to Fort Needham, but it does
+not appear to have been on the line of the present road, but to have
+gone through the northern end of the Hospital grounds, along the water
+side, below the site of the old magazines.
+
+At the session of the House of Assembly in 1790, several articles of
+impeachment against the Judges of the Supreme Court, as before
+mentioned, passed the House, which were laid before the Executive
+Council by the Governor, on 7th April. It was proposed to suspend Chief
+Justice Deschamps and Judge James Brenton, in conformity with the
+request of the Assembly.
+
+1791. Governor Parr died on 25th November this year, in the 66th year of
+his age, and the ninth of his government. He was buried with military
+honours, under St. Paul's Church, on the 29th of the month. The
+procession moved from Government House to St. Paul's Church, in the
+following order:--All the Lodges of the Freemasons, (His Excellency
+having been the Grand Master,) the 20th regiment as the firing party,
+the Church Wardens, the Physicians of deceased, the Clergy, the Bishop,
+the body covered by a pall adorned by eight escutcheons, Pall-bearers,
+Hon. A. Brymer, Major Boyd, the Commissioner of the Dockyard, the
+Admiral, the Hon. S. S. Blowers, Hon. Thomas Cochran, Major Rawlinson,
+the General, the relatives and servants of deceased, particular friends,
+the Sheriff of the county, members of Council, viz., Morris, Bulkeley
+and Newton, Judges Brenton and Hutchinson, the treasurer of the
+province, the Speaker of the House of Assembly, Custos of the county and
+Justice Binney, Magistrates of the town, the bar, staff of the army,
+officers of the navy and army, officers of militia, gentlemen of the
+town, and the whole garrison all under arms, lining the streets. Minute
+guns were fired by the men-of-war in the harbor and by the Royal
+Artillery, during the procession. The service was performed by the
+bishop, Dr. Charles Inglis, and the body was buried under the middle
+aisle.
+
+During the autumn and winter, a number of black people from different
+parts of the province were brought to Halifax, to be removed to Sierra
+Leone. Michael Wallace was agent, who on 5th December, advertised for
+1000 tons of shipping, for the purpose. Ships "Venus," "Parr,"
+"Eleanor;" Brigs "Betsy," "Beaver," "Mary," "Morning Star," "Catherine,"
+"P. W. Henry;" Schrs. "Liberty," and "Two Brothers," the whole commanded
+by Lieutenant Clarkson, having on board the colored people, all sailed
+for Sierra Leone on 15th January, 1792. The hire and damages amounted to
+L.3965 8s. 0d. sterling. This expense was borne by the Sierra Leone
+Company. These colored people were chiefly those who came from the old
+provinces with the Loyalists. They formed a colony in Africa, called the
+"Nova Scotia colony,"[56] which still exists, and about 15 years since
+several old negroes were living who recollected the removal from
+Halifax, when children. The fleet arrived at their destination after a
+passage of 40 days. The number embarked was 1139. The day of arrival was
+28th March, and the 28th March in every year is still kept up by the
+adherents of the Lady Huntingdon Congregation at Sierra Leone, as the
+anniversary of the arrival of their fathers in the colony.
+
+[Footnote 56: Among these negroes was a coloured preacher, the Rev. John
+Marrant, who had been ordained in London in 1785, as a minister of Lady
+Huntingdon's connection. He laboured among the people of his own colour
+while in Nova Scotia, and having accompanied them to Sierra Leone,
+officiated among them there for several years. He returned to England,
+and died in 1791.]
+
+Until these Nova Scotian adherents of Lady Huntingdon's connection could
+erect a chapel for themselves in their new home, they united with the
+other coloured congregations of Methodists and Baptists. Mr. Zachary
+Macaulay, who was at one time Governor of this colony, says: "There were
+five or six black preachers among the Nova Scotians raised up from
+their own body, who are not without a considerable influence." Among
+these, was John Ellis, who was Superintendent of the churches; he was
+succeeded by Anthony Elliot, a young Nova Scotia negro; he acquired
+several of the native dialects and became an active Christian missionary
+in Africa. He died in 1854 at the advanced age of 80. Elliot followed
+the avocations of a fisherman and pilot as the means of livelihood, and
+on the Sundays he preached to the people the word of Life.
+
+The population of the city and suburbs, in 1791, had fallen to 4,897.
+
+The returns on the census this year, are as follows;--
+
+  1301 males over 16 years of age.
+   935   "   under  "      "
+  2209 females.
+   422 black people.
+
+The Agricultural Society of Halifax, offered premiums this year, and
+published a volume on husbandry.
+
+A gold medal and 10 guineas was offered for the best essay on the
+natural history of the Hessian fly, and the method of stopping its
+progress in the wheat crop. A volume of the Society's proceedings, was
+this year published at Halifax by John Howe.
+
+1792. On the 17th April news arrived of the appointment of Mr. John
+Wentworth as Governor. He had resided in Halifax for seven or eight
+years, having held the office of Ranger of woods and forests, and had
+been Governor of New Hampshire. On 12th May, the "Hussar," frigate,
+Capt. Rupert Denis George, arrived, having on board Governor Wentworth,
+etc. He landed at the King's wharf under a salute fired from the parade
+and a guard of honour from 21st regiment. On the 14th he was sworn into
+office. In the evening the town was brilliantly illuminated.
+
+On 17th August a fire broke out in the property of John Welner,
+soap-maker in Granville Street. Six tenements and the Ordnance
+laboratory were consumed; Welner and his wife, two aged persons, were
+burnt to death. The sum of L.140 was raised by subscription for the
+sufferers at the fire. The principal sufferers, however, declined to
+receive any aid, and a committee was appointed to examine the claims and
+distribute the fund.
+
+Folger and Starbuck, the Quaker whalers, who settled at Dartmouth a
+year or two since, left Halifax this year, for Milford Haven, in Great
+Britain, where they expected to carry on their whale fishery with
+greater facilities than at Dartmouth.
+
+Died at Halifax, on 27th September, 1792, Mrs. Hester Godfrey, aged 101
+years.
+
+The Grand Jury at Halifax, for 1792, were as follows, viz:--George
+Smith, foreman, Andrew Liddell, John Masters, Philip Marchington,
+Benjamin Mulberry Holmes, Rufus Fairbanks, Peter Smith, Michael Wallace,
+John Steeling, Richard Jacobs, John Kirby, Thomas Filles, Charles Hill,
+J. W. Schwartz, William Cochran, John Butler Dight,[57] Thomas Russell,
+Alexander Brymer, George Grant, William Williams and George Deblois.
+
+[Footnote 57: John Butler Dight was the nephew and heir of the Hon. John
+Butler, one of the early councillors. Under the will of his uncle, he
+assumed the name of Butler only and was afterwards know as John Butler
+Butler. He first was engaged in keeping a shop in the town; having
+acquired a fortune by the death of his uncle, he became a member of
+council and obtained a situation in the Commissariat department, after
+which he was removed to the seat of war with the army under Lord
+Wellington and others. Being owner of a large property near Windsor, he
+came back to Halifax in about 1833, and died at Windsor. He was the
+father of Colonel Edward S. K. Butler of 35th regiment, who afterwards
+settled and died at Windsor.]
+
+Several petitions were presented this year to the Governor and Council,
+from the merchants and others of Halifax, on the subject of trade
+regulations and the collection of debts. Among the signatures to these
+petitions, we find the names of James Forman & Co., James Moody, William
+Veitch, George Grant, Winkworth Allen, William Kidston, Samuel Rudolph,
+Benjamin M. Holmes, James and Alexander Kidston, Chas. Geddes, Wm.
+Forsyth & Co., Thomas Russell, Hall, Bremner & Bottomry, William Taylor,
+Burnes, Liddell & Co., P. Smith, Jonathan Masters, Williams & Lyons,
+Geo. Deblois, John Moody, and S. Hall & Co.
+
+Again 1793: Brymer & Belcher, Forman & Grassie, John Steeling, Jonathan
+Tremain, P. Marchington, Andrew Liddell, George Sherlocke, Francis
+Stevens, Geo. Bell, Geo. Moren, Edward Butler, Nathan Hatfield, Thomas
+Watson, Peter McNab, Benjamin Salter, Frederick Major and John Brown.
+
+The town Assemblies were held this winter in Mrs. Sutherland's rooms in
+Bedford Row, opposite the Commissary offices.
+
+On Thursday evening, Dec. 20th, 1792, Governor and Mrs. Wentworth gave a
+grand ball. The decorations in the supper room were very elegant. The
+ladies sat down and the gentlemen waited on them. Among the decorations
+were the exact representations of Mr. Jonathan Tremain's new flour mill
+at Dartmouth, of the windmill on Halifax Common. A model of the red
+light house at Shelburne, and the tract of new road from Pictou, was
+delineated in the most ingenious and surprising manner, as was also the
+representation of our fisheries.
+
+To all these inimitable ornaments, corresponding mottoes were attached,
+so that not only taste and elegance were conspicuous, but encouragement
+and genius were displayed. Such was the description of this affair as it
+appeared in the newspapers of the day.
+
+Cochran's buildings were again on fire, 30th January, 1793, but the fire
+was extinguished without much damage.
+
+War with France was announced by letters from the Secretary of State to
+the Governor, dated 9th February, 1793. Orders were also received to
+raise a provincial regiment. This regiment was to be called the Nova
+Scotia Fensibles; they were to be raised in Halifax, but were not to
+have half pay, and the Commissions were to be given to half pay
+officers. Young Haligonians were thus excluded. It was about the same
+time decided on embodying a part of the Militia force for the defence of
+the town. 1050 effective men were accordingly marched into the town from
+the country, who were to receive pay from the British Government while
+on duty. The Governor published his thanks to the militia on 2nd
+November, for the alacrity with which they obeyed his orders in marching
+to Halifax. By the month of May the number of men enlisted for the Nova
+Scotia regiment, amounted to 100, the enlistments were afterwards
+increased to 600 men.
+
+Apprehensions appear to have been entertained of an attack on the town
+by the French fleet. Every precaution appears to have been taken by
+Governor Wentworth for the protection of the Capital. In his letter to
+the Secretary of State of 23rd July, the Governor says, "In twenty
+minutes I could put under the command of General Ogilvie, 900 militia
+men, and in a few hours a second battalion of 600, who reside in the
+neighbourhood of the town."
+
+The Halifax Militia Artillery, commanded by Capt. J. Tremain was a most
+effective body of men. It had been this year formed and consisted of
+sixty freeholders of the town. The Town Regiment of Infantry was
+commanded by Col. John George Pyke. 550 men of the Town Militia assisted
+the Garrison in repairing and mounting the batteries on Citadel Hill
+and elsewhere. On the 2nd April, two French Prizes were brought into the
+harbour by H. M. Ship Alligator, with cargoes valued at L.40,000.
+
+Among the events of the War was an expedition fitted out at Halifax to
+attack the Island of St. Pierre, in Newfoundland. It consisted of the
+Alligator and Hussar, men-of-war, with a body of troops under General
+Ogilvie. Before leaving, the two ships of war received permissions from
+the Governor and Council to press through the town and complete their
+crews. The place surrendered without fighting, and the Governor, M.
+Danseville, with several hundred prisoners and stores were brought to
+Halifax. They landed on the 20th of June. Governor Danseville was placed
+on parole, and resided at Dartmouth for many years in the house known as
+Brook House, now or lately the residence of the Hon. Michael Tobin,
+junr., about a couple of miles or more from Dartmouth town. The old
+gentleman displayed some taste in beautifying the grounds at Brook
+House. He built a fish pond and laid out walks among the beech and white
+birch groves near the house. The pond still remains, but the walks and
+most of the trees have long since disappeared. He remained a prisoner
+with an allowance from Government until the peace of 1814, when he
+returned to his own country a zealous royalist. Mr. Mizanseau was his
+aide-de-camp; he married a farmer's daughter in the South East Passage,
+and left a family who bear his name in that neighbourhood.
+
+Governor Wentworth proposed to place the French prisoners who had been
+brought to Halifax from time to time, on an Island in the North West
+Arm, afterwards known as Melville Island, but the General preferred the
+Cornwallis [58]Barracks. The Island was not the property of the
+Government at this time, but hired by Governor Wentworth for this
+purpose of a prison. It afterwards became Admiralty property.
+
+[Footnote 58: NOTE.--Uncertain as to where the Cornwallis Barracks were
+situated.]
+
+A poll tax existed at this time. It had been imposed by Act of the
+Legislature in 1791. One shilling per head was imposed on all males
+above 21 years of age. The law also contained a tax on cattle, with an
+extra tax on certain trades and occupations. It was ostensibly for the
+purpose of reducing the provincial debt. It does not appear, however, to
+have been regularly collected in the town.
+
+1794. On the 10th May, His Royal Highness Prince Edward arrived at
+Halifax in the Blanche Frigate, twelve days from St. Kitts. He landed
+immediately under a salute of 21 guns.
+
+A levee took place on the 14th and an address was presented to him
+couched in the most fulsome and ridiculous language. On the 24th there
+was a garrison review under the command of General Ogilvie.
+
+On the 22nd January, the following year, he set out by land for Quebec.
+He was at Boston on 5th February, where he remained 10 days and then
+embarked for the West Indies. It appears, however, that he was in
+Halifax on 25th February.
+
+1794. This year a number of merchants of the town agreed to underwrite
+policies of insurance on vessels and goods, and appointed Benjamin
+Salter the broker, who, on the 10th May, advertised attendance every day
+during "change" hours at the "Coffee Rooms."
+
+The town was again harassed by press gangs from Admiral Murray's ship.
+The Admiral had persuaded the Governor and Council to allow him
+twenty-four hours power over the inhabitants to man his fleet--though
+Capt. Home had been previously refused the privilege in January.
+
+In December the Marine Society, which had been established by the
+merchants of Halifax several years previously, was re-modeled and
+extended in its operations. About this time a project had been formed by
+Governor Wentworth for uniting the waters of Halifax Harbor with the Bay
+of Fundy by a canal from the River Shubenacadie, and rendering the river
+navigable. Suggestions on the subject had been made to Governor
+Wentworth by persons whom he supposed competent to judge of the
+feasibility of the project, and was very sanguine of success in the work
+if not interrupted by hostilities. It does not appear, however, that any
+attempt was made this year towards effecting the object, but three years
+after (1797) the sum of L.250 was voted for a survey of the projected
+canal.
+
+All public lands in the town were this year granted to trustees. A grant
+of part of the King's Stores for a fishmarket was made, also the
+Province Building ground and the Grand Parade. The old English burial
+ground opposite the present Government House on Pleasant Street had been
+originally set apart, in 1749, as a general burial place for the
+inhabitants of the town. It consisted of two acres and a quarter, but
+the title had not passed out of the Crown. It was this year granted to
+the Church Wardens and Vestry of St. Paul's Parish. They have been
+considered to hold it in trust for the original purpose for which it was
+dedicated. The old poor house burial ground was also included in this
+grant.
+
+The French prisoners brought from St. Pierre and Miquelon, who had been
+lodged in the town with others who had been taken in prizes, were sent,
+in the month of July, to the Island of Guernsey.
+
+We find Captain George of the Hussar receiving permission from the
+Council to fill up the complement of his men by impressment. In July
+following a similar application from Capt. Knowles of the ship Daedalus
+was refused. Admiral Murray, it appears, obtained another license in
+September to press through the town for seven days.
+
+Commodore George informed the Governor that intelligence of the state of
+the defences of the town had been, or was likely to be, communicated by
+the French prisoners, through persons from the United States, to the
+French ambassador at Washington, and suggested an embargo on all vessels
+going to the United States for the present until he should receive
+intelligence from Admiral Murray. The Collector of the Customs at
+Halifax was accordingly ordered not to clear any vessels to the United
+States until further orders.
+
+The following gentlemen were added to the Magistracy of the town:
+Michael Head, M. D., George Sherlock, Francis Green, J. M. F. Bulkeley,
+J. B. Dight, John Phillips, M. D., Johnathan Tremaine. James Clarke was
+Sheriff. Among the advertisements which appeared in the newspaper this
+and the previous year was a notice that sedan chairs would stand for
+hire in Barrington Street, also at the Court House, for the convenience
+of the public. The principal merchants and ship owners in the town
+between 1787 and 1795 were Geo. Bell, Hardware and Glass Store in
+Granville Street, near the town guard, then kept in the old house behind
+Masons' Hall; Peter Smith, Wines & Groceries; James Veitch, Groceries
+and General Store, shop opposite the wood yard; David Hall & Co. Dry
+Goods Store in Hollis Street, opposite old Government House; Charles
+Handesayde, Boot & Shoe Maker in Granville Street; Alex. and Robert
+Leslie, Dry Goods Store at the corner of Duke & Hollis Streets, near the
+Pontac; Lawrence Hartshorne, Hardware Store at corner of Granville
+Street, between the Market House and the Parade; Wm. Forsyth & Co.,
+Importing Merchants; Linnard & Young, Tailors, in Marchington's
+Buildings, Upper Water Street; George DeBloise, General Dealer; John
+Butler Dight, Importing Merchant, and Winkworth Allen and the Messrs.
+Cochran. William Minns, Stationer, Benj. Salter, Importing Merchant,
+Chas. Geddis, Watch Maker & Jeweller, lower side the Parade; John Hill,
+Cutter, Hollis Street; Edmond Phelan, "Golden Ball" tavern, Hollis
+Street; Wm. Brindley, Wines, etc., Forman, Grassie & Co., Importing
+Merchants, store on the Long Wharf (late Copeland's); Hall, Bremner &
+Bottomley, Dry Goods, etc.
+
+Between '95 and '99. James Romans, Boot & Shoe Maker, corner of Duke &
+Granville Streets; Wm. Dickie, Dry Goods, Phebe Moody, Dry Goods,
+Matthew Richardson, General Store, Robert Chrisley, Dry Goods, John
+McMasters, Dry Goods, Edward King, Livery Stable, John Kidston, General
+Dealer.
+
+In 1798 the firm of L. Hartshorne & Co. was changed to Hartshorne &
+Boggs.
+
+Moody & Tidmarsh, Dry Goods, Thos. Wallace, Dry Goods, etc., opposite
+wood yard; J. Hemmington, Grocer, near the Navy Yard; Lyon & Butler,
+General Dealers, Saml. Leddiet, Soap Boiler from Liverpool, kept the
+London Porter House above the Grand Parade; Philip Garrell, Tailor,
+Fraser, Thom & Co., Importing Merchants, Marchington's Wharf; Robert
+Scaiff, successor to Wm. & Thos. Williams, Hardware, Jewellery, etc.,
+Forsyth, Smith & Co., Importing Merchants, James Leaver, Lower Water
+Street, Dry Goods, David Seabury, Auctioneer, Joseph Davis, Dry Goods,
+Michael Head, Apothecary, Saml. Hart, Dry Goods, D. Marshall and D.
+Fraser, both Importing Merchants, Wm. Annand, Groceries, etc., Saml.
+Greenwood, Mast Maker, Ed. Bartlett, Dry Goods, Marchington's Wharf;
+Jacob Miller & Son and Philis, Boyd & Philis, Importing Merchants,
+Tremain & Boggs, opposite the fuel yard, Hardware, etc., Thomas Roby,
+Merchant, Granville Street, Brymer & Belcher, John Grant, Wm. Forsyth &
+Co., Jonathan Tremain, Merchants, James Moody, Grocery & General Store
+keeper, Hollis Street, Michael Wallace, Wines, Groceries, etc. C. C.
+Hall & Co. appear to have been the leading dry goods shop keepers;
+their store was in Marchington's buildings near the Ordnance. Charles
+Hill, Auctioneer, James Forbes, Wine, Groceries, etc., Water Street,
+near Fairbanks' Wharf. Andrew Gallagher kept the British Tavern opposite
+Marchington's Wharf. Sabatier, Stewart & Co., General Merchants; their
+firm was dissolved in 1790. William Millett, Auctioneer, King & Stoe,
+Shop-keeper, No. 6 Marchington's buildings, near the British Tavern;
+Thomas Russel, shop-keeper, store near the Coffee House; Alex. Morrison,
+Bookseller, Thos. Donaldson, Confectioner, Etter & Tidmarsh, corner of
+the Parade, British Merchandise, D. Curry & Co., Dry Goods, James Frame,
+Cabinet Maker, Jonathan & John Tremain, Hardware, etc., David Rudolph,
+near the Golden Ball, Dry Goods & Groceries, Richd. Woodroffe, Furrier,
+near the South Barracks.
+
+1795. At the request of Prince Edward, the men of the Militia were
+employed on the fortifications in the neighborhood of the town during
+the summer. At this time the French prisoners in the town became very
+riotous; they were ordered to be removed to a place of confinement and
+none to be permitted at large. Several French prizes were brought in
+during the summer by Capts. Cochran and Beresford, of the Hussar and the
+Thetis, Sloops-of-War. An armed Snow named the Earl of Moira was kept by
+the Provincial Government for the protection of the coast. The most
+stirring event of the year was the arrival of the Hussar and Thetis
+after a long cruise bringing with them two French ships-of-war which
+they had captured; part of the enemy's squadron bound from the West
+Indies to Virginia.
+
+Several Halifax ship masters lost their vessels and were made prisoners
+by French privateers in 1795. The names of Capts. Jacobs, Lloyd, Ewing
+and John Pryor appear among them. They suffered much hard usage at
+Guadaloupe where they were detained. A project for building a bridge
+across the Narrows was contemplated about this time. A petition was
+presented to the House of Assembly dated 11th March, 1796, from a number
+of persons praying for an Act to authorize the building of a bridge
+across the Narrows.
+
+Between January, 1795, and January, 1796, the Halifax markets appear to
+have been well supplied. The newspapers of the day mention that 786 head
+of fat cattle, 30 cows and calves, besides sheep and swine had been
+brought into the town.
+
+1796. St. George's day was celebrated with much festivity by the
+English Society. They had a dinner in the evening at which Governor
+Wentworth and Prince Edward were present. Among the decorations were
+sixty variegated lamps. Genl. Ogilvie and Chief Justice Strange were
+among the guests. The Prince arrived and departed under a royal salute
+and, during the dinner, sat under a canopy of white satin and gold lace.
+
+During the spring of 1796 Halifax suffered from a scarcity of
+provisions. The inhabitants were indebted to Messrs. Hartshorne and
+Tremain, whose mills at Dartmouth enabled them, through the summer, to
+obtain flour at a reduced price and to afford a sufficient supply for
+the fishery.
+
+The 4th June, old King George's birthday, was celebrated this year with
+the usual ceremonies. There was a levee and a review of the troops, and
+Sir John Wentworth entertained the Prince and a number of the principal
+inhabitants at a Ball, when the old Government House was brilliantly
+illuminated. There was a dinner the same afternoon among the merchants
+at the British Tavern, Marchington's buildings.
+
+St. Patrick's day, this year, was also celebrated by a levee at the
+Government House and a dinner at Gallagher's hotel. The society sat down
+to dinner at five o'clock. His Royal Highness Prince Edward, Governor
+Sir John Wentworth, several members of Council, the Speaker and a number
+of members of the House of Assembly attended. The Prince and the
+Governor retired early, but the society kept up their festivities to a
+late hour.
+
+On July 21st, vessels arrived in the harbor with five hundred Maroon
+negroes from Jamaica. The Maroons were the descendants of a number of
+African slaves, who, when Jamaica was conquered from the Spaniards, took
+refuge in the Island. They continued in a state of insubordination, but
+occasionally made treaties with the English. At this time they were in
+open hostility, but had been conquered, and it was arranged that a
+number of them should be sent as settlers to Canada. They put into
+Halifax on their way. They were under the superintendence of Colonel
+Quarrell of Jamaica, who had letters from the Governor of Jamaica to Sir
+John Wentworth. Prince Edward was commander of the garrison at the time,
+and on inspecting the people was so much pleased with the athletic
+proportions of the young mulatto men that he proposed to detain them to
+work on the fortifications of the town, which were then in progress
+under his direction. The French squadron under Admiral Richery was then
+off the coast, and it was expected that he would visit Halifax. The
+fortifications at the mouth of the harbor having fallen into decay were
+under repair, but, not sufficiently forward to afford protection in case
+of an attack. The proposal was accepted by the Maroons; some were
+accordingly accommodated with sheds, and others placed in barns and such
+places of shelter as could be found in the town for their temporary
+accommodation. A number were sent to work on Citadel Hill, and one of
+the bastions there was called the Maroon Battery. The assent of the
+Secretary of State having been obtained for their settlement in Nova
+Scotia, land was assigned them in the Township of Preston. Col. Quarrell
+did not like the treatment they received. Many of the Maroons were
+permitted to come to town and seek work among the inhabitants. It was
+about this time that Sir John Wentworth proposed, as has been before
+mentioned, to open communication between Halifax and the River
+Shubenacadie which was to be performed by Maroon labor. This was the
+first proposal to be met with in reference to the Shubenacadie Canal
+which, in after years caused so much loss and suffering by its failure.
+Differences arose between Col. Quarrell and the Governor, the Maroons
+refused to work, and discontent increased. Sir John and Prince Edward
+had a project of forming them into a corps of militia, and bestowed
+militia commissions on several of the young men among the Maroons, and
+two of their leading men, Montagu and Johnson, were appointed Colonels.
+Jarret, Bailey, Mayers and others were made Majors and Captains, which
+gratified their vanity.
+
+The winter of 1796-7 was very severe, the want of provisions was felt,
+and the scarcity of flour threatened a famine in the town. The expenses
+of supplying these people had hitherto been borne by the Jamaica
+Government. Land had been purchased at Preston and the large building
+known as Maroon Hall, afterwards the property of Lieut. Katzmann, was
+erected as a residence for the superintendent. Some difficulties arose
+with the Jamaica Legislature. Quarrell left Halifax in the spring of
+1797, leaving the Maroons discontented and refractory. It was finally
+arranged that they should be sent to Sierra Leone. Eight years
+previously a number of negroes had been sent there from Halifax. The
+Maroons were to be united with them in the hope that the union would be
+a check on the turbulent conduct of the Nova Scotia colony, which at
+that time had been the source of some trouble to the Sierra Leone
+Company. They were accordingly embarked in the autumn of 1800, and
+arrived on the coast of Africa in October.
+
+Sir John Wentworth had received intelligence in September which led him
+to apprehend some attempt on Halifax by the French forces now in
+Newfoundland. At the close of the year the harbor defences were brought
+into good condition, and capable of affording a tolerable defence in
+case of invasion. Two press warrants were issued this year by the
+Council; one on 31st January to Admiral Murray for twenty-four hours in
+the town, and another in October to Admiral Vandiput for two months
+through the province.
+
+On the night of the 21st March a fire broke out in the range of houses
+opposite St. Paul's Church, in Barrington Street, which consumed the
+property of Dr. Greaves. The trees around the Church escaped uninjured.
+
+The sudden death of James Michael Freke Bulkeley, the Secretary of the
+province, on the 12th November, threw a gloom over the community. He was
+a young man of pleasing address and highly esteemed. He had been for
+some time member for the county, which he held in conjunction with that
+of Provincial Secretary. He had succeeded his father, Richard Bulkeley,
+in the office but a short time before his death.
+
+In November, the fleet, under Vice Admiral Vandiput, sailed from Halifax
+on a cruise. It consisted of the Resolution, 74, bearing the Admiral's
+flag, Capt. Ledmore; Assistance, 50 guns, Capt. Mowatt; Andromeda, 32
+guns, Capt. Taylor; Ceres, 32, Capt. Otway; Lynx, 18, Capt. Hall, and
+the Hunter, 18, Capt. Tucker.
+
+1797. During this summer the town was enlivened by the presence of four
+or five hundred embodied militia who did garrison duty. Several
+battalions were enrolled in the country with the intention of their
+being removed to Halifax for the protection of the town in the absence
+of the regular troops. They were, however, not required, and were
+discharged in the latter part of October by order of the Governor.
+
+At this time Dr. Robert Stanser was rector of St. Paul's, Dr. Archibald
+Gray, minister of St. Matthew's, at the corner, Mr. Michael Bernard
+Houseal, missionary to the Germans and minister of St. George's, north
+suburbs. Chief Justice Strange resigned this year and was succeeded in
+the office by Mr. Sampson Salter Blowers, who remained Chief Justice
+until 1835, when he was succeeded by Sir Brenton Halliburton. Chief
+Justice Blowers died in 1842, at the age of 100 years. His monument is
+in the south-east corner of the east aisle of St. Paul's. He built the
+house at the corner of Barrington and Blowers Streets, lately occupied
+by Mr. Romans as a hotel, and known as the Waverley House, where he
+resided for about thirty-five years.
+
+Mr. Shaw was Sheriff of Halifax this year; he was succeeded by Lewis M.
+Wilkins, afterwards a Judge of the Supreme Court, and father of the late
+Judge Wilkins of that Court.
+
+Prince Edward, who was Commandant of the garrison, appears to have
+patronized almost all the public entertainments in the town. He dined
+with the national societies, and honored the balls given by Governor
+Wentworth with his presence. His manners were affable, and he was, in
+consequence, quite popular with all classes in the town. He was very
+much affected by the sudden death of Lieutenant Charles Thomas of his
+own regiment, the 7th Fusiliers, who was accidentally shot by a brother
+officer while on a hunting expedition in August of this year. Lieut.
+Thomas was the son of Nathaniel Ray Thomas, a magistrate and collector
+of the customs of Windsor, and a cousin of Governor Wentworth. He was a
+favourite and protege of Prince Edward, who attended his funeral and
+erected a monument at his own expense over his grave.
+
+On the 23rd November, this year, H. M. Ship La Tribune, Capt. Baker, was
+lost in coming into the harbor. The following authentic account of this
+disaster is from the newspaper of the day:
+
+   "La Tribune was one of the finest frigates in His Majesty's
+   service, mounted 44 guns and had been lately captured by Captain
+   Williams in the Unicorn frigate. She was commanded by Captain S.
+   Barker, and sailed from Torbay the 22nd September, as convoy to
+   the Quebec and Newfoundland fleets. In Lat. 49 deg. 14' Long. 17
+   deg. 29' she fell in with and spoke His Majesty's ship
+   Experiment from this place, out 12 days. She lost sight of all
+   her convoy October 19th, in Lat. 46 deg. 16' Long. 32 deg. 11'.
+   On Thursday morning last, they discovered this Harbour about 8
+   o'clock. The wind being E. S. E. they approached it very fast,
+   when Captain Barker proposed to the master that they should lay
+   the ship to till they could obtain a pilot; the master replied,
+   'he had beat a 44 gun ship into the harbour--that he had been
+   frequently here and that there was no occasion for a pilot, as
+   the wind was fair.' Confiding in these assurances Captain Barker
+   went below and was for a time employed in arranging some papers
+   he wished to take on shore with him. The master in the meantime
+   taking upon himself the pilotage of the ship, and placing great
+   dependence upon the judgment of a negro man by the name of John
+   Casey, (who had formerly belonged here) whom he had placed
+   forward to con the ship. About 12 o'clock the ship had
+   approached so near the Thrum Cap Shoals, that the master became
+   alarmed and sent for Mr. Galvin the master's mate, who was sick
+   below. On his coming on deck he heard the man in the chains sing
+   out 'by the mark five,' the black man forward at the same time
+   singing out 'steady.' Galvin got on one of the carronades to
+   observe the situation of the ship, the master in much agitation
+   at the same time taking the wheel from the man who was steering
+   with an intent to wear ship, but before this could be effected
+   or Galvin able to give an opinion, she struck. Captain Barker
+   instantly came on deck and reproached the master with having
+   lost the ship. Seeing Galvin also on deck, he addressed him and
+   said (as he knew he had formerly sailed out of this harbour)
+   that he was much surprised that he could stand by and see the
+   master run the ship on shore. Galvin informed the Captain he had
+   not been on deck long enough to give an opinion. Signals of
+   distress were instantly made and answered by the military posts
+   and the ships in the harbour. Boats from all the military posts,
+   from His Majesty's ships and from the Dockyard, proceeded to the
+   relief of La Tribune. The military boats and one of the boats
+   from the Dockyard, with Mr. Rackum, boatswain of the Ordinary,
+   reached the ship; but the other boats, though making the
+   greatest exertions, were not able, the wind being so much
+   against them, to get on board. The ship was immediately
+   lightened by throwing all her guns, except one retained for
+   signals, overboard, and every other heavy article, so that at
+   about half-past eight o'clock in the evening the ship began to
+   heave and about nine she got off from the shoals. She had before
+   at about five or six o'clock lost her rudder, and on examination
+   it was now found that she had seven feet of water in the hold.
+   The chain pumps were immediately manned and such exertions made
+   that they seemed to gain on the leaks, and by advice of Mr.
+   Rackum the Captain ordered to let go the best bower anchor. This
+   was done but it did not bring her up. The Captain then ordered
+   them to cut the cable, and the jib and fore topmast stay sail
+   were hoisted to steer by. All this time the violent gale, which
+   had come on from the south east, kept increasing and carrying
+   them to the western shore. In a short time the small bower
+   anchor was let go, at which time they found themselves in about
+   thirteen fathoms water. The mizzen mast was then cut away. It
+   was now about ten o'clock, the water gaining fast on the ship,
+   little hope remained of saving the ship or their lives. At this
+   critical period Lieut. Campbell quitted the ship. Lieut. Nooth
+   was taken into the boat out of one of the ports. Lieut. James of
+   the Royal Nova Scotia Regiment, not being to be found was so
+   unfortunate as to remain, and to the great distress of his
+   worthy parents and friends shared the general fate. From the
+   period when Lieut. Campbell quitted the ship all hopes of safety
+   had vanished, the ship was sinking fast, the storm was
+   increasing with redoubled violence, the rocky shore to which
+   they were approaching resounding with the tremendous noise of
+   the billows which rolled toward it, presented nothing to those
+   who might survive the sinking of the ship, but the expectation
+   of a more painful death from being dashed against those
+   tremendous precipices, which even in the calmest day it is
+   almost impossible to ascend.
+
+   Dunlap, one of the survivors, informs us that at about
+   half-past ten, as nearly as he could conjecture, one of the
+   men who had been below came to him on the forecastle and told
+   him the ship was sinking; in a few minutes after, the ship
+   took a lurch as a boat will do when nearly filled with water
+   and going down; immediately on which Dunlap began to ascend
+   the fore shroud, and at the same moment casting his eyes
+   towards the quarter deck saw Capt. Barker standing by the
+   gangway and looking into the water, and directly after heard
+   him call for the jolly-boat. At the same time he saw the
+   Lieutenant of Marines running towards the taffrail, he
+   supposed to look for the jolly-boat, as she had previously
+   been let down with four men in her--but instantly the ship
+   took a second lurch and sank to the bottom; after which
+   neither the captain nor any other of the officers was seen.
+   The scene, sufficiently distressing before, became now
+   peculiarly awful--more than 240 men, besides several women and
+   children were floating on the waves making their last efforts
+   to preserve their existence. Dunlap, whom we have before
+   mentioned, gained the fore top. Mr. Galvin, the master's mate,
+   after incredible difficulty, got into the main top--he was
+   below when the ship sank, directing the men at the chain pump.
+   He was washed up the hatchway, thrown into the waist and from
+   thence into the water, and his feet as he plunged, struck a
+   rock. On ascending, he swam to gain the main shrouds when he
+   was suddenly seized hold of by three men--he was now afraid he
+   was lost. To disengage himself from them he made a dive into
+   the water which induced them to quit their hold. On rising
+   again he swam to the shrouds and arrived at the main top and
+   seated himself on an arm-chest which was lashed to the mast.
+
+   From the observations of Mr. Galvin from the main-top and Mr.
+   Dunlap in the fore-top, it appears that near one hundred
+   persons were for a considerable time hanging to the shrouds,
+   the tops and other parts of the wreck; but from the extreme
+   length of the night and the ferocity of the storm nature
+   became exhausted, and they kept at all periods of the night
+   dropping off and disappearing. The cries and groans of the
+   unhappy sufferers, from the bruises many of them had received
+   and as their hopes of deliverance began to fail them, were
+   continued through the night; though as morning appeared from
+   the few that then survived they became feeble indeed. The
+   whole number saved from the wreck amounted to eight persons
+   and several of them so exhausted as to be indifferent whether
+   they were taken off or not. Mr. Galvin mentions that about
+   twelve o'clock the mainmast gave way; at that time he supposes
+   there were on the main-top and on the shrouds upwards of forty
+   persons. By the fall of the mast the whole were again plunged
+   into the water, and of that number only nine besides himself
+   regained the top. The top rested upon the main yard, and the
+   whole remained fast to the ship by some of the rigging. Of the
+   ten persons who regained the main-top four only were alive
+   when morning appeared. Ten were at that time alive on the
+   fore-top, but three of them had got so exhausted and had
+   become so unable to help themselves that before any relief
+   came they were finally washed away; three others perished, and
+   four only were also finally left alive in the fore-top. The
+   place where the ship went down was only about three times her
+   length to the southward of the entrance into Herring Cove. The
+   people came down in the night to the point opposite to which
+   the ship sunk and kept large fires, and were so near as to
+   converse with the people in the wreck.
+
+   The first exertion that was made for their relief was by a
+   boy, thirteen years old, from Herring Cove, who ventured off
+   in a small skiff by himself about eleven o'clock the next day;
+   and this truly deserving young lad with great exertions and at
+   extreme risk to himself ventured to approach the wreck and
+   backed in his little boat so near to the fore-top as to take
+   off two of the men, for the boat could not with safely hold
+   any more; and here a trait of generous magnanimity occurred
+   which deserves to be noticed. Dunlap and Munroe had,
+   throughout this disastrous night providentially preserved
+   their strength and spirits beyond their unfortunate
+   companions, and had endeavoured to cheer and encourage them as
+   they found their spirits sinking; they were now both of them
+   able to have stepped into the boat and put an end to their own
+   sufferings, but their other two companions, though alive, were
+   unable to help themselves. They lay exhausted on the top,
+   wished not to be disturbed, and seemed desirous to perish as
+   they lay. These generous fellows hesitated not a moment to
+   remain themselves on the wreck and to save, though against
+   their will, their unfortunate companions. They lifted them up
+   and by the greatest exertions got them into the little skiff,
+   and the manly boy rowed them triumphantly to the Cove and
+   instantly had them conveyed to a comfortable habitation. After
+   shaming, by his example, older persons who had larger boats,
+   he put off again in his little skiff, but with all his efforts
+   he could not then approach the wreck. His example, however,
+   was soon followed by the men in the Tribune's jolly-boat and
+   by some of the boats of the Cove, and by their joint exertions
+   the eight men were preserved, who, with four that escaped in
+   the jolly-boat make the whole number of survivors of this fine
+   ship's company.
+
+   Some have been disposed to blame Capt. Barker as exhibiting
+   too much obstinacy in not abandoning the ship and preserving
+   his crew, as a violent storm was evidently approaching, but on
+   examining the men who have survived we find (though other
+   officers in the same situation might have formed a different
+   judgment) that the conduct of Capt. Barker was throughout the
+   trying scene completely cool and collected. Though from the
+   manner in which the ship had been run ashore, no blame could
+   attach to him, yet he could not reconcile it to himself to
+   lose so fine a ship without making every exertion to save her.
+   Having by the greatest efforts considerably lightened her, he
+   had reason to suppose she might get off before high water. She
+   made no water while she lay aground, there was therefore great
+   hopes, if she could not that night have been got up the
+   harbour that she might with safety have been brought to anchor
+   and have rode out the gale. When she finally got off,
+   universal joy was diffused throughout the ship--every man
+   thought the object of their joint efforts was attained--but
+   the rapid manner in which the water poured into her, soon
+   damped their joy and plunged them into despair. Had the ship
+   been finally saved by the great exertions which were made to
+   effect it, every man would have praised Capt. Barker, and,
+   notwithstanding those exertions failed, we think we may justly
+   say, in the language of Mr. Addison,
+
+    "'Tis not in mortals to command success
+      Barker did more; he did deserve it"
+
+   To his memory therefore and that of his brave
+   fellow-sufferers, the commiseration of their countrymen is
+   justly due. From every generous heart they will receive that
+   commiseration; and while the mind runs over the whole trying
+   scene the tears which must involuntarily flow will embalm
+   their memory.
+
+   Having closed the general scene, we think it will not be
+   unacceptable to our readers if we notice the conduct of some
+   individuals. A quartermaster belonging to the ship, by the
+   name of McGregor, had his wife on board; they were a
+   respectable couple and greatly attached to each other.
+   McGregor from his affectionate solicitations for her safety,
+   endeavoured to persuade her, while the ship lay on the shoals,
+   to go ashore in one of the boats which came off from the
+   Island, as his mind would be more at ease, could he put her in
+   a place of safety. To his solicitations she replied, 'that she
+   never would abandon him; if it was his lot to perish, she
+   wished not to survive him.' Finding it in vain to urge her
+   further, he desisted from the attempt and she afterwards
+   shared the common fate. A considerable time after the ship had
+   foundered a man was discovered swimming towards the wreck. On
+   his approaching near it was found to be McGregor; he informed
+   his comrades who were hanging by the wreck, that he had swam
+   towards the shore; that he had ventured as far as he could
+   with safety into the surf, and found if he went further he
+   should be dashed to pieces, and he cautioned them all to avoid
+   making a like attempt, but if possible to hold by the wreck.
+   He himself gained the main shrouds and remained there till the
+   mast gave way, and then met the same fate as his unfortunate
+   consort, whose death he was continually deploring while on the
+   shrouds.
+
+   Dunlap relates another instance which occurred, which though
+   it may appear ludicrous after the distressing scenes we have
+   noticed, is so descriptive of that cool thoughtlessness of
+   danger which so often distinguishes our British tars that it
+   would be inexcusable to omit it. Daniel Munroe, one of the
+   survivors had as well as Dunlap got into the fore-top. After a
+   while he disappeared and it was concluded that he had been
+   washed away with many others; after an absence from the top of
+   about two hours, he suddenly popped his head up through the
+   lubber hole to the surprise of Dunlap, who enquired where he
+   had been; he said he had been cruising about for a better
+   berth; and it appeared that, after swimming about the wreck
+   for a considerable time, he had returned to the fore shrouds,
+   and crawled in on the cat-harpins and had actually been to
+   sleep there more than an hour, and he said he was and really
+   appeared to be greatly refreshed.
+
+   Mr. Brennan of the Dockyard, who had gone aboard with Mr.
+   Rackum, after the sinking of the ship, had got on the maintop
+   and remained there till the mainmast gave way and was never
+   after seen.
+
+   While noticing the immediate disasters of the ship, we
+   forebore to mention the fate of one of the boats which had
+   gone from George's Island. About nine o'clock as the ship went
+   off, the boat got under the ship's bow and was upset; by this
+   circumstance a part of the men, consisting of two sergeants
+   and four privates of the Royal Nova Scotia Regiment were
+   unfortunately drowned; the remainder were taken up by the boat
+   belonging to the Eastern Battery. Too much praise cannot be
+   given to the men who manned these boats, and particularly to
+   Sergt. Bourke, and the boat's crew who persevered in following
+   the ship, and finally brought off Lieuts. Campbell and Nooth
+   of the Royal Fusiliers.
+
+   Great praise is also due to the dock-yard boat which carried
+   Mr. Rackum on board. They followed the ship at a short
+   distance till she foundered, and with extreme difficulty at
+   length reached Herring Cove. We are sorry to mention that Mr.
+   Rackum, whose exertions on board La Tribune to preserve the
+   ship were gratefully acknowledged, perished with the unhappy
+   ship's company.
+
+   Having mentioned all the disastrous circumstances which have
+   attended this distressing scene, it is with pleasure we now
+   notice the attention which has been paid to the widows and
+   children of the unfortunate sufferers. His Royal Highness
+   Prince Edward with that uniform generosity which has
+   distinguished his Royal Highness during his residence in this
+   province, directed immediate provision to be made for the
+   bereaved families, and there is reason to hope through his
+   Royal Highness' representations, that provision will be made
+   as permanent as their sufferings. Actions like these dignify
+   even kings and add splendour to the highest rank.
+
+   Besides the attention shown by his Royal Highness a liberal
+   subscription has been made by the garrison and gentlemen of
+   the town for the widows of the soldiers who were drowned and
+   for the men who manned the boats.
+
+   There is another instance of generosity, which the occasion
+   seems to require, and it seems to be the earnest wish of the
+   men who were saved from the wreck; it is that some reward may
+   be bestowed on the boy who first came off to them. They
+   attribute in a great measure their deliverance to him, and
+   they mention with the warmest gratitude, not only his
+   exertions to save them from the wreck, but his kind and
+   hospitable attention to relieve them after they had reached
+   the Cove. Surely if a subscription were set on foot there is
+   not a man in the country who would not give something to
+   reward and encourage so young an instance of humane and heroic
+   magnanimity.
+
+   Mr. Club, the master of La Tribune, was master of the Active,
+   frigate when she was run ashore on the Island of Anticosti.
+
+   Mr. Fennel, first lieutenant, and Mr. Galvin, the master's
+   mate, were both formerly prisoners at Guadeloupe with Colonel
+   Wetherall, and were all for a considerable time chained by the
+   legs together. Lieut. Fennell declared to Lieut. Campbell that
+   his only motive in coming out in La Tribune was to have the
+   pleasure of seeing Colonel Wetherall; and such appears to have
+   been the attachment of Galvin to Lieut. Fennel that, though he
+   speaks with becoming feeling of the fate of the ship's
+   company, the loss of Lieut. Fennell seems peculiarly to affect
+   him. On enquiring of him if he saw Lieut. Fennell after the
+   ship sunk, he replied, he did not, for if he had, though he
+   was himself in a place of apparent security, he would again
+   have risked his life to preserve him, and would have effected
+   it or perished with him. A similar attachment to each other
+   appears among the men who have survived the wreck, and these
+   circumstances unite to prove that the virtues which render
+   human beings the most pleasing are those they are taught in
+   the trying school of adversity.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+   List of the officers lost in La Tribune:--Captain, Scory
+   Barker; First Lieutenant, Thomas Fennel; Second do., Thomas
+   Clarke; Third do., Thomas Sheirp; Master, James Clubb;
+   Lieutenant Marines, James Cregg; Surgeon, ---- Jones; Purser,
+   ---- Stanford; Carpenter, James Jurd; Boatswain, John
+   Franklin; Master's Mate, William Stacey; Midshipmen, John
+   Dennington, Charles Belcher, John Clowdsley, William Crofton,
+   ---- Nops; Captain's Clerk, William Foley; Surgeon's Mate,
+   James Mulquinney; Gunner, William Thomas.
+
+   List of officers and men saved from La Tribune:--John Galvin,
+   Master's Mate; Seamen, Abraham Wanhill, James Crawford, Robert
+   Parker, Daniel Monroe, E. Knowles, Richard Best, James Green,
+   Henry Husley, Chris. Dowling, Robert Dunlap and John White.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+   We have been favored with the following extract of General
+   Orders dated Halifax, November 26, 1797:
+
+   Lieutenant General, His Royal Highness Prince Edward thinks it
+   his duty to return his particular thanks to Lieutenants
+   Haliburton, Campbell and Nooth of the Royal Fusiliers, also to
+   the several non-commissioned officers and privates of the
+   Royal Nova Scotia Regiment, who manned the boats sent to give
+   assistance on Thursday last to His Majesty's frigate Tribune,
+   unfortunately wrecked by getting on shore at the mouth of this
+   harbour.
+
+   His Royal Highness most sincerely laments the loss of Lieut.
+   James and two non-commissioned officers with four privates of
+   the Royal N. S. Regiment, who were unfortunately drowned in
+   executing the first of all duties, that of giving succor to
+   brother officers and men in distress.
+
+   His Royal Highness directs that the Commissary-General will
+   serve free rations to the widows of the non-commissioned
+   officers and privates lost, as follows:--
+
+   To the wife of Sergt. Baker, and two children, two rations.
+
+   To Sergt. Mullen's wife, one ration.
+
+   To the wife of John Bush and two children, two rations.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+   Tuesday last the body of Lieut. James was found and brought up
+   to town to his disconsolate parents--and Wednesday was
+   interred with military honors."
+
+Michael Wallace was appointed Treasurer of the Province in October of
+this year on the resignation of Benning Wentworth. Mr. Wallace remained
+treasurer until 1827 or 1828, when he was succeeded by his son. Mr.
+Wallace administered the government as senior councillor several times
+during the absence of the Governor, Sir James Kempt.
+
+The old playhouse lot in Argyle Street was granted, about this time, to
+James Putnam, from whom it came into possession of the trustees of the
+Acadian School. The grant from the Crown of part of the King's Stores
+for a fishmarket, before referred to, was, on 29th August, signed by the
+Governor and the Prince as commander in chief of the troops. This is
+what was called the new fishmarket. The old market had formerly been
+private property, and the rents of stalls at this time were received by
+Mr. Cochran, but it was subject to town regulations. Commissioners were
+about the same time appointed to purchase land and to erect buildings
+for the accommodation of the Legislature and Courts of Justice as soon
+as peace should occur and the price of labor should be lower. The Act
+formerly passed for erecting buildings for this purpose on the "lower
+parade" was repealed, and that of 1797 was amended in 1799 and the
+Commissioners were directed to purchase land in the south suburbs, and
+build a Government House.
+
+The winter of 1797-8 was again very severe. The heavy falls of snow
+rendered the road from Halifax to Windsor impassable. The Prince ordered
+the troops to clear the road between the town and his residence on the
+Basin. The supply of fat cattle from the country for the troops was
+retarded for a long time by the state of the roads.
+
+It was proposed to raise a fund in the town to be at the disposal of
+Government for the purposes of war. The inhabitants subscribed a sum
+approaching L.4000 towards this fund; the officers of the Royal Nova
+Scotia Fencible Regiment, L.200. The boys of the Grammar School
+contributed about L.24, and the regiment in garrison and the officers in
+the public departments, including the contributions of the Nova Scotia
+Regiment, amounted to L.2097. Much enthusiasm on the subject prevailed,
+and great loyalty was displayed by the people.
+
+A general fast was proclaimed on 21st May, which was kept at Halifax
+with much solemnity.
+
+A commission was issued in July to William Forsyth, Andrew Belcher,
+William Cochran, Lawrence Hartshorne, Charles Hill, Richard Kidston,
+John Bremner, William Sabatier and Michael Wallace, as directors for the
+Shubenacadie Canal. A survey and report was made by this committee which
+was printed and published.
+
+There were several regular traders at this time between Halifax and
+Boston. The principal and most regular one was the Schooner Nancy,
+Captain Tufton.
+
+In the month of January, 1798, a boat arrived in the harbor with Capt.
+Wyatt and several passengers of the Brig Princess Amelia, bound to
+Halifax, which had been wrecked on the south side of Sable Island on 9th
+November. The wreck had been reported by an American schooner, who saw
+signals of distress on the Island. Sir John Wentworth immediately sent a
+vessel to the Island with clothing and provisions for the relief of the
+sufferers. Capt. Wyatt equipped his long boat and, having got over to
+the north side of the Island, embarked with four of his crew and Lieut.
+Cochran of the Fusiliers, one of the passengers, intending to seek
+relief. He arrived safe in one of the harbors to the eastward of
+Halifax, where he obtained a pilot who brought him to Halifax. Capt.
+Parker, who had charge of the vessel sent to the Island, brought off the
+remainder of the crew and passengers in safety.
+
+1798. On the 8th August, this year, Prince Edward received an injury by
+a fall from his horse while riding on one of the streets in the town.
+The horse broke through a defective wooden bridge over one of the street
+gutters. The horse rolled over him hurting one of his legs; it did not,
+however, prevent him from attending to his military duties. He was
+recommended by the physicians to go to England for further advice. An
+address subscribed by about four hundred of the inhabitants was
+presented to him on his departure, which took place on the 21st October,
+when he embarked in H. M. Ship Topaz, Captain Church. The House of
+Assembly had previously voted five hundred guineas to purchase a star of
+the order of the Garter to be presented to His Royal Highness.
+
+Among the events of the year was the arrival in the harbor, in November,
+of the United States Squadron, consisting of the Sloop-of-War Herald,
+Capt. Stevens, and the Pickering, Capt. Chapman, with the Brig Commerce,
+Capt. Childs. Salutes were exchanged, and the captains landed and paid
+their respects to the Governor, Admiral and General, and were hospitably
+entertained. The United States was at this time at war with France.
+
+On the 25th November news of Nelson's victory at the Nile arrived in
+Halifax. The town was illuminated in the evening. Salutes were fired and
+other demonstrations of joy occurred throughout the day. A number of
+prizes were brought into the port during this autumn.
+
+Mr. James Stewart, afterwards Solicitor-General, was this year elected
+without opposition for the county.
+
+On the 25th September a tremendous hurricane visited Halifax and
+continued through part of the night. Nearly all the wharves in the town
+were swept away, and most of the shipping in the harbor damaged. The
+tide rose to an unprecedented height, overflowed Water Street and did
+much damage to property. The water came up to the old market house where
+the city brick building now stands. The market wharf and King's wharf
+were partially destroyed, and the market slip or public landing swept
+away. The loss of property in the town, including the shipping, was
+estimated at above L.100,000.
+
+Among the names of persons engaged in business in the town this year we
+find, James Kidston, Wholesale and Retail Dealer, Matthew Richardson, at
+the foot of Prince Street, James Moody and James Tidmarsh just entered
+into co-partnership; Forman & Grassie, Fraser, Thom & Co., Shipping
+Merchants, Lyon & Butler, Shopkeepers, near the market house; Thomas
+Moody, Dry Goods, etc., corner of Marchington's wharf; James Leaver,
+opposite the Dartmouth Mill Flour Store, in Water Street; John
+McMasters, Benjamin Etter, Watchmaker and Hardware Store at the corner
+of George and Barrington Streets, lower side of Grand Parade
+(Crosskill's corner); Phoebe Moody, Dry Goods, opposite the Parade, in
+Barrington Street. In the following year the names of Jonathan and John
+Tremain, Samuel Hart, Tremain & Boggs and William Annand appear.
+
+The members of Assembly for the county were: Michael Wallace, Jonathan
+Sterns, Lawrence Hartshorne and Charles Morris. Mr. Sterns was replaced
+by James Stewart.[59] William Cochran and J. G. Pyke were still members
+for the town. Mr. Benning Wentworth was Provincial Secretary. The Hon.
+Richard Bulkeley, the senior councillor, was Grand Master of the Masons.
+
+[Footnote 59: NOTE.--Mr. Stewart was the son of Anthony Stewart, before
+mentioned, a Loyalist gentleman from Maryland. He was Solicitor General
+and afterwards a Judge of the Supreme Court. He married a sister of the
+late Chief Justice, Sir B. Haliburton. Judge Stewart's residence was the
+yellow brick house at the corner of Pleasant Street and Morris Street,
+afterwards the residence of Mr. Alexander Stewart, Master of the Rolls,
+but not related to Judge James Stewart. The late Reverend James Stewart,
+of Dartmouth, was his grandson.]
+
+The papers of the day are filled with long advertisements about the
+Government Lottery.
+
+1799. The chief event which occupied the attention of the good people of
+Halifax during the autumn of this year was the arrival and movements of
+His Royal Highness Prince Edward, who had now been created Duke of Kent.
+Having received the appointment of commander-in-chief of the troops in
+British North America on 6th September, he arrived in H. M. Ship
+Arethusa, Capt. Wooley, forty-three days from England. The Prince landed
+in state. A procession of boats was formed from the frigate to the
+King's Wharf under a royal salute from the ships, and on reaching the
+wharf, by a salute from the Citadel. A double line of soldiers,
+including the militia, lined the street from the King's Wharf to
+Government House, through which the procession passed. The Governor and
+Council, Admiral Vandiput, General Ogilvie, the officers of the staff
+and public departments and a number of the principal citizens, attended.
+On his arrival at Government House the bells of St. Paul's and the old
+Mather Meeting House rang out a merry peal, and a large number of the
+inhabitants crowded around to bid him welcome again to Halifax. In the
+evening, bonfires were lit on the Grand Parade in honor of his arrival.
+The Duke soon after removed to his villa on the Basin, six miles from
+town. This beautiful little retreat had been erected by Prince Edward on
+the land of the Governor, Sir John Wentworth. The grounds were laid out
+and improved at considerable expense under his direction. The Rotunda,
+or music room, on the opposite side of the road, next the water,
+surrounded by the rich foliage of the beech groves, and surmounted by a
+large gilded ball, flashing in the sunlight, presented a beautiful and
+picturesque appearance on the approach to the Lodge. The villa was built
+altogether of wood, consisting of a centre of two stories containing the
+hall and staircase, with a flat roof. There were two wings containing
+the Duke's apartments. In the rear was a narrow wooden building with
+pointed gothic windows, resembling a chapel, containing the kitchen and
+offices, which extended some distance southward beyond the main
+building. The grouping of the beech and birch trees in the lawn and
+around the house was well arranged. They were the original forest trees,
+selected and permitted to stand in clearing away the space for the
+buildings. The rooms were not spacious, and the ceilings low, which
+appears to have been the fashion of building in Halifax at the time. The
+woods around were very beautiful. They were traversed by walks, and in
+several places by a carriage road with vistas and resting places where
+little wooden seats and several imitation Chinese temples were erected.
+Several of these small summer houses were in existence in 1828, and
+probably later, and portions of them could be seen through the openings
+in the trees on passing the main road. The Duke erected a range of low
+buildings on the edge of the Basin, a little to the north of the
+Rotunda, which were occupied by two companies of his regiment, and
+contained the guard room and a mess room for the officers. This building
+was afterwards known as the Rockingham Inn, a favourite resort in
+summer, when tea and ginger beer were to be had under the piazza which
+ran along the edge of the water. This hotel acquired the name of the
+"Rockingham," having been for a long time after the Prince's departure
+the place of meeting of the Rockingham Club. This club was established
+either while the Duke was resident here, or very soon after his leaving
+for Canada. It was composed of Governor Wentworth, the members of His
+Majesty's Council, the Admiral of the station, several of the principal
+military officers, and a number of the leading citizens of Halifax. Dr.
+Stanser, rector of St. Paul's, was one of its members; also the Hon.
+Andrew Belcher, both of whom had villas on the Basin, the former at
+Sherwood, afterwards the property of the late Mr. Thos. Kenny, and the
+latter at Birch Cove, now in the occupation of the family of the late
+Peter Donaldson.
+
+The Rockingham Club was partly literary and partly social. The members
+dined together at the hotel, which was styled the Rockingham House, in
+compliment to Sir John Wentworth, the head of whose family, the Marquis
+of Rockingham, was about that time in, or at the head of the British
+Ministry. The large room which extended along the south wing of the
+building, east and west, with the end to the water, was hung with the
+portraits of many of the members of the club painted by Field, a
+portrait painter of considerable talent who, at that time and for
+several years after, resided in Halifax, and from whose brush the
+portraits of many of the then principal citizens and their ladies still
+remain.[60]
+
+[Footnote 60: Among Field's portraits remaining in Halifax, are those of
+the Hon. Michael Wallace, Hon. Wm. Lawson, Hon. Andrew Belcher and Mrs.
+Belcher, Bishop Charles Inglis, Rev. Dr. Archibald Gray and Mrs. Gray,
+the late Andrew Wright, of the firm of Belcher & Wright, and his sister
+Mary, the Dr. W. J. Almon, and others. That of Sir John Wentworth, a
+full half length, the best performance of Field in this country, was
+removed from the Rockingham to Government House by Sir John after the
+club had been dissolved, and became Government property. It was
+afterwards removed to the Province Building, whence it was taken some
+years ago, and is said to have fallen into private hands, having been
+either lent or given away by order of one of the gentlemen who, some
+years ago, occupied the office of Provincial Secretary. It is to be
+hoped that ere long it will find its way back to its place in the
+Building.
+
+That of Commissioner Inglefield, also a member of the club, hung for
+many years over the mantle piece of the committee room of the
+Legislative Council Chamber, but was afterwards presented to the late
+Admiral Inglefield, father of Sir Edward Inglefield, lately Admiral on
+this station.]
+
+In 1799 the prices of provisions in Halifax markets were as follows:
+Beef, by the quarter, from 4d. to 5d. per pound, pork, 6d., mutton, 7d.
+to 8d., veal, 8d. to 9d., fowls, from 3s. to 4s., oats, 2s. 6d. and 3s.,
+butter, 1s. 3d. and 1s. 6d.
+
+In 1798 the number of illegitimate children in the Halifax Poor House
+was fourteen, in 1799, seventeen, and in 1800, fifteen. The total cost
+of the establishment during the three years was L.570 16s. 1d. Fines
+received at Halifax, 1798, L.60; 1799 and 1800, L.82 10s. Fresh Water
+Bridge was renewed and completed in 1798.
+
+In 1799 the Legislature made some amendments to the Act for the erection
+of public buildings. The Commissioners appointed by the Governor and
+Council were authorized to purchase land for the site of a new
+Government House. The old House to be appropriated to the House of
+Assembly and Courts of Law. The Commissioners were Messrs. Wallace,
+Cochran, Hartshorne, and John Beckwith. The House of Assembly voted
+L.10,500 for the building, etc. The old Government House having been
+found unfit for the accommodation of the Legislature, was sold and the
+block of buildings known as Cochran's, before mentioned, was leased this
+year for L.300 per annum for the accommodation of the Law Courts, the
+Legislature, and the public offices connected with the Provincial
+Government. Commissioners were also appointed to build a new market
+house for the butchers and for a vegetable market. This was the wooden
+building which was removed during the administration of Governor
+LeMarchant, to make way for the present brick structure. A clerk of the
+market was appointed. There being then no convenient accommodation for
+the vegetable market, the country people were permitted to sell in the
+streets and the square in front of the market house.
+
+This has once more become the custom; the portion of the new market
+appropriated to the country people having been lately taken for city
+offices. The want of sufficient space in the central parts of the town
+for the convenience of markets and the erection of public buildings, has
+been always an impediment to the improvement and embellishment of the
+city. The small dimensions of the lots as originally laid out, being
+only forty feet by sixty, and the short space between the streets, the
+narrow spaces allowed for the public landings, and the small size of the
+water grants for the erection of wharves in the old town, have been a
+continual drawback to the convenience of trade and the progress of
+improvement in front of the town. And it is a subject of regret that at
+the present day so little attention is paid by the public authorities to
+the future welfare of the city in respect to laying off building lots
+and streets by private owners and speculators.
+
+The regular packet between Halifax and Boston, the Schooner Nancy,
+usually occupied three days in her trips. She was commanded by Capt. J.
+Huxford. He was afterwards known in Halifax as Crazy Huxford. He was on
+board the Shannon, frigate, in the engagement with the American ship
+Chesapeake, and had been wounded in the head, from which he never fully
+recovered. He was one of the best pilots on the coast and was, until his
+death, a naval branch pilot attached to the Dockyard. When under the
+influence of liquor he became frantic and was continually shouting
+through the streets of the town without hat or coat. This poor old man
+died about twenty-five or thirty years ago at a very advanced age.
+
+In May the small pox made its appearance in the town and strict
+quarantine regulations were enforced. Dr. Gschwint (pronounced Swint)
+was appointed health officer.
+
+The elections took place this autumn. Messrs. William Cochran and John
+George Pyke were again returned. The former polled 104 votes and the
+latter 346. At this time the electors were confined to freeholders only.
+The franchise was not altered till about the year 1836. Mr. Cotnam
+Tonge, Edward Mortimer, Messrs. Fulton and Morris were elected for the
+county. Only two resident in the town succeeded, Tonge and Morris;
+Wallace, Stewart and Hartshorne were rejected by the Pictou votes.
+
+On Saturday, the 11th August, attempts were made by persons unknown to
+set fire to the Dockyard, Government house and the engine house. The
+Governor and Council offered a large reward for discovery. A night
+patrol of militia and inhabitants was ordered out under the
+superintendence of the magistrates.
+
+The Rev. Bernard Michael Houseal, minister of St. George's, in the north
+suburbs, died on the 9th March, this year, in the seventy-second year of
+his age. He was a native of the Duchy of Wurtemberg, was educated at one
+of the German universities, and was esteemed a good scholar and a pious
+minister of religion. He had been chosen by the learned consistory of
+Stuttgart for the ministry of the Lutheran Church, and embarked for
+America in 1752. After being several years in the ministry he took
+charge of a congregation of Germans in New York, and came with the
+Loyalists to Halifax in 1783. He was buried in the old German burial
+ground attached to his church in Brunswick Street, and his tombstone
+remains there. Mr. Houseal was succeeded in the Church of St. George by
+the Rev. George Wright, who was also principal of the Halifax Grammar
+School and chaplain to the garrison. The Round Church, in Brunswick
+Street, was at this time only in process of erection and was not
+finished until the year 1811, or thereabouts.
+
+On the 30th October, H. M. Ship Porcupine, Capt. Evans, arrived from New
+Providence, having on board the Duke of Orleans and his two brothers,
+the Duke of Montpensier and Count Beaujolie, attended by Count Montjoye.
+They had been waiting for a passage to England and had proceeded here in
+the Porcupine in hope of meeting with an opportunity of going to Europe.
+Finding no immediate opportunity to England, they both took their
+passage in a merchant ship for New York. Though considered as prisoners
+on parole, they dined with the Governor, and paid a visit to the Duke of
+Kent at the Lodge. They also attended a public ball at Government House
+on the 17th November. The Duke of Orleans was afterwards elected to the
+French throne as Louis Philippe, King of the French, and eventually died
+in exile in England. After he became king, on meeting with several
+persons from Nova Scotia, he very kindly enquired after several
+gentlemen of Halifax by name and spoke with much feeling of the kindness
+he experienced while in Halifax. On arrival he was found to be in very
+straitened circumstances and the Duke of Kent was believed to have given
+him pecuniary assistance to enable the party to proceed on their voyage.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+
+1800. At the commencement of the century Halifax presented a prosperous
+condition. The population now approached 9,000. Trade was brisk, and the
+place was enlivened by a large garrison and the presence of a Prince of
+the Blood Royal. The harbor was the resort of the fleet and was the
+principal station of the naval commander. The war was at its height and
+the Prize Court in full operation. Several privateers had been fitted
+out by the merchants of the town and captures of French vessels were
+frequent, though the trade of the port occasionally suffered from the
+French cruisers on the coast. Among the captures from the enemy at the
+time, the most remarkable was that of two prizes, one French and one
+Danish, brought in by Captain William Pryor, commander of the Privateer
+Nymph, of Halifax.
+
+Several public buildings were commenced this spring. On the 5th June the
+Prince laid the corner stone of the Masonic Hall. His Royal Highness was
+Grand Master of the Masons of Lower Canada, and acted for the Hon.
+Richard Bulkeley, Grand Master of Nova Scotia, when age and infirmities
+prevented him from attending. A masonic procession was formed and the
+ceremony is said to have been one of the finest which Halifax ever
+witnessed. The band of the Prince's own regiment, the 7th Fusiliers,
+performed under the direction of Mr. Selby, organist of St. Paul's, one
+of the craft.
+
+On the 10th April, Sir John Wentworth laid the corner stone of the Round
+Church (St. George's) in Brunswick Street. The Legislature this session
+voted L.500 towards its completion. The land on which the church was
+erected had been purchased some time previously by the Committee of
+Superintendence. The design is said to have been the work of the late
+John Merrick and Mr. J. Fliegar of the Surveyor General's department,
+and for some years surveyor to Governor Wentworth while Surveyor General
+of Woods and Forests in Nova Scotia. St. George's old church, then known
+as the Dutch Church, was at this time occupied by the congregation of
+the north suburbs, many of whom were the descendants of the first German
+settlers. Though always an independent congregation, it had been
+considered part of the parish of St. Paul's, the whole Township of
+Halifax having been originally included in that parish, and it continued
+so until legally erected into a separate parish by the name of St.
+George's parish, under the Act of the Legislature passed for that
+purpose in 1827. The Rev. George Wright was at this time minister of St.
+George's congregation. He had lately succeeded Mr. Houseal, who was
+styled Missionary to the Germans.
+
+A sum of money, as we have seen, had been voted by the Legislature for
+the erection of a Government House. Much discussion had arisen in the
+House of Assembly and with the Executive authorities, the funds to be
+appropriated for this purpose, and some difference of opinion existed
+regarding the site for the building. It was finally arranged that it
+should be placed in the field between Hollis and Pleasant Streets, to
+include the site of the old hospital. The corner stone of this edifice
+was laid by the Duke of Kent on the 11th of September. A procession was
+formed which proceeded from the old Government House, accompanied by a
+band of music, and the ceremony was concluded by a prayer by the Rev.
+Doctor Robert Stanser, Rector of St. Paul's. Isaac Hildrith was the
+architect, and John Henderson chief mason. No building since erected in
+Halifax exceeds Government House in neatness of design and solidity of
+workmanship. Some of the old brick buildings now remaining in the city
+were erected by Mr. Henderson.
+
+The old market house was taken down this year and the new one commenced.
+This old market occupied the site of the recent City Court House. The
+new one was erected in the open space opposite the King's wharf, where
+the new brick market house now stands. It was a flat-roofed wooden
+building intended to accommodate the butchers only. A pitched roof was
+afterwards put on this building. There was a small green market built at
+the same time next the north line of the fuel yard, which was afterwards
+removed. These buildings were erected at the expense of Government, the
+sum of L.2,252 having been granted by the House of Assembly to be
+appropriated to the erection of this new meat market, also to the repair
+and extension of the market slip or public landing, and for the
+fish-market, and, at the same time, L.250 was voted to the heirs of the
+late Joseph Gerrish who claimed some interest in a portion of the old
+market house lot. A small piece of ground at the corner of the military
+fuel yard, next to the new market house, was about the same time
+purchased from Mr. Kidston who then occupied it for weigh scales and
+other purposes. The Grand Jury refused to accept the grant from the
+Crown of the old market house lot in the way it had been drawn by the
+Secretary of the province. The Council declined to make the alterations
+in the grant required, and concluded that the old building and the lot
+should remain under the control of the Commissioners of Public Markets,
+and ordered the old buildings to be taken down and the ground leased.
+
+In March the House of Assembly was in session. The elections of Mr.
+Tonge for the County and Mr. Pyke for the Town were declared void by the
+House in consequence of some defect in their qualifications. On the 9th
+April following, the new election for the town took place, and on the
+14th, Andrew Belcher was returned by a majority of 65 votes. Mr. Michael
+Wallace was returned for the County. Mr. Tonge, having been also chosen
+by a country constituency, fell back on the double return and retained
+his seat. On the 12th March, the House attended at St. Paul's church in
+a body, when the Rev. Dr. Stanser, then chaplain, preached before them.
+
+This summer His Royal Highness the Duke of Kent took his final departure
+from Halifax. The usual addresses were presented by the House of
+Assembly, His Majesty's Council and the people of the Town. He embarked
+in H. M. Ship Assistance on the 3rd August, and sailed on the 4th. His
+embarkation was attended with full military ceremony, the troops lining
+the streets. His Royal Highness, accompanied by the Governor and Council
+and the principal Naval and Military Officers, proceeded on foot through
+the avenue formed by the troops to the King's Wharf, whence he reached
+the ship under salutes from the batteries, the artillery corps and the
+ships of war. Several of the old inhabitants not many years since
+recollected the scene, and could describe the feelings evinced by the
+townspeople on the occasion. His tall commanding figure in full military
+uniform, his hat surmounted by the lofty white plume, then worn by the
+fusiliers, could be seen above the heads of the surrounding crowd as he
+walked down the line with a smile of recognition for his friends, on
+passing them, amidst the plaudits of the crowd.[61] Though the Duke
+exhibited on all occasions the most kind temper in civil life, and his
+manner and conversation with those he liked almost amounted to
+familiarity, yet his sternness in military affairs never forsook him.
+Eleven soldiers had been sentenced to death for mutiny and desertion,
+and had been left by the Duke for execution, which was carried into
+effect under his orders a few days after he left our shores. On the 7th
+August, those unfortunates were brought out on the Common, dressed in
+white, with their coffins, accompanied by the Revd. George Wright, the
+Garrison Chaplain, and Doctor Burke, the Roman Catholic clergyman, in
+the presence of the whole garrison. Eight of them were reprieved under
+the gallows, and the three who belonged to the Newfoundland Regiment
+were hanged. Public feeling was against the Duke in this affair. It was
+thought that on the eve of his departure he should have granted a
+remission of the death sentence, which, as General Commanding, he had
+power to do, until the King's pleasure should be known. Three executions
+only a day or two after his departure, produced a disagreeable
+impression of His Royal Highness in the minds of the people of Halifax,
+who had just taken leave of him with so much kind feeling.
+
+[Footnote 61: NOTE.--After the Prince's departure Governor Wentworth
+occupied the Lodge on the Basin, which had been built on his land. He
+resided there for some time after retiring from the Government.]
+
+The Quarter Sessions having authorized the establishment of a military
+exercising ground on the north end of the Common, an act for which they
+had no authority, laid the groundwork of much dispute and controversy
+with subsequent military commanders, who on several occasions later
+undertook to interfere with the City authorities in beautifying and
+improving the Common.
+
+The death of the Hon. Richard Bulkeley, late Secretary of the Province,
+occurred this year; he was in his 83rd year. Mr. Bulkeley came to
+Halifax as Aide-de-Camp to Governor Cornwallis in 1749, and had twice
+administered the Government as Senior Councillor. Also that of Anthony
+Henry, the King's printer. He published the Royal Gazette at Halifax for
+about 40 years. John Howe was his successor in the office of King's
+printer.
+
+1801. Early this year it was proposed to establish a bank in Halifax by
+means of a joint stock company whose capital was to be L.50,000 in shares
+of L.100 each. A committee of management was named consisting of Edward
+B. Brenton, William Forsyth, Foster Hutchinson, Lawrence Hartshorne,
+James Forman, James Fraser and Captain John Beckwith. They required a
+monopoly, which was refused them by the House of Assembly, and the
+project fell through.
+
+The winter of 1800-1801 had been very sickly. Smallpox had made its
+appearance in town early in the autumn, and 182 persons had died of it
+between September, 1800, and the month of February following.
+
+Several fires occurred during the winter. Sir John Wentworth's stables
+at the lodge were burned down. The most disastrous fire which had
+occurred in the town for many years took place on the 5th February, when
+the block fronting the old Government House on Hollis Street was
+partially destroyed.
+
+On the 13th February this year, the society known as the Sun Fire
+Company was established at Halifax. It was, perhaps, the first Fire
+Company ever instituted in the town. Those known as the Phoenix Fire
+Company, the Hand and Hand and the Heart and Hand were of a subsequent
+date. The Sun Fire Company in the year 1810, included most of the
+principal inhabitants of the town. Their names will be found in the
+Appendix.
+
+1802. A considerable outlay of money appears to have been made on the
+streets of the town about this time. The commissioners appointed for
+this purpose were Charles Morris, J. G. Pyke, Lawrence Hartshorne,
+Michael Wallace and William Lyons. The expenditure this year on the
+streets amounted to L.930, and in the two succeeding years to L.696 and
+L.808. The sum of L.500 had been granted in 1801 towards the expense of
+paving some of the streets; the remainder probably was raised by
+assessment.
+
+The names of the town magistrates in 1802, were John Newton, Custos,
+Jonathan Binney, Geo. W. Sherlock, J. G. Pyke, Dr. Michael Head, W.
+Taylor, Stephen H. Binney, Jas. Gautier, Wm. Cochran, Charles Morris,
+Junior, Daniel Wood, William Thompson, Michael Wallace, Charles Hill,
+Richard Kidston, P. Marchington, Jonathan Tremain, James Clarke, William
+Schwartz, Hibbert N. Binney and John Bremner. These are the Magistrates
+for the County of Halifax. They all appear to have been residents in
+the town. Lewis M. Wilkins was Sheriff; John Newton and H. N. Binney
+were joint Collectors of the Customs; Daniel Wood, Inspector; John
+Cleveland, Collector of light duties; and John H. Fliegar, Gauger. The
+Firewards of the town were Mr. Pyke, Mr. Wallace, Mr. Hill, Mr.
+Cleveland, Mr. Clarke, William Millet, Elias Marshall, Thomas Fillis,
+Andrew Liddell, John Fillis, Wm. Lyons, Thomas Boggs, John Howe and
+Garret Miller.
+
+The Royal Nova Scotia Regiment on being disbanded this year, presented
+an address to Sir John Wentworth, their Colonel, in August. The names of
+the officers of this Regiment were Lt. Cols. Francis Kearney and Samuel
+V. Bayard,[62] Major Geo. Thesiger, Capts. John Solomon, Jones Fawson,
+Alexander Howe,[63] John Allen, William Cox and Joshua W. Weeks, Capt.
+Lieutenant John G. Degreben; Lieutenants Thomas Morris, Otto W.
+Schwartz, Phillip Kearney, Eric Sutherland, George H. Monk, Michael
+Pernette, Charles Rudolf, John C. Ritchie, John Emerson, Timothy
+Ruggles, Richard Green, Isaac Glennie, Hebbert Newton, Thomas A. C.
+Winslow, Alexander Hamilton, Charles W. Solomon and John Fraser; Ensigns
+James Moore, Robert Bayard, Henry Green, Thomas Wright, Richard Gibbons;
+Paymaster Benning Wentworth, Surgeon John Fraser.
+
+[Footnote 62: Col. Bayard retired from active service and settled in
+Annapolis County. He was the father of the late Dr. Bayard of St. John,
+and grandfather of the present Doctor William Bayard of that city.]
+
+[Footnote 63: Capt. Howe was a descendant of the Hon. Ed. Howe, one of
+Cornwallis' first councillors.]
+
+Governor Wentworth directed his reply to this address from "the Lodge."
+
+The population of Halifax had again decreased towards the end of the
+year 1802. The returns of the number of inhabitants in the town and on
+the peninsula were as follows:--
+
+                 Men.  Women. Boys.  Girls. Total.
+
+  Whites        1924    2489  1790    1669   7872
+  Blacks          96     166    81     108    451
+  In Naval Yard   25      36    27      27    115
+  Dutch Village   15      16    30      33     94
+                                             ----
+                  Total                      8532
+
+There were 1000 dwelling houses in the town and peninsula. In taking
+the census, the wards of the town were distinguished as follows: North
+Barracks Ward, Pontac Ward, Market House Ward, Governor's Ward, Meeting
+House Ward, South Barracks Ward, South Suburbs and North Suburbs.
+
+The sum of L.8,900 had been expended by the Commissioners on the building
+of Government House, and but the first story had been completed. Much
+dissatisfaction was expressed in the House of Assembly with the course
+pursued by the Commissioners. Belcher, Hutchinson, Cochran and Beckwith
+had kept no minutes of their proceedings. Wallace appears to have had
+the principal supervision. He was censured by the House for having acted
+without the concurrence of those associated with him, and for exceeding
+the limits prescribed him by law. But his zeal and ability were
+commended and no corrupt motives were attributed to him. In 1804 an
+additional sum of L.2,500 was voted to complete the building, a
+considerable sum having been voted and expended the previous year.[64]
+
+[Footnote 64: The building cost about L.18,000.]
+
+Several fires occurred in June which were supposed to be the work of
+incendiaries. It had been proved beyond all doubt that buildings in
+several parts of the town had been set on fire. A patrol of militia
+under Colonel Pyke was ordered to patrol the streets from sunset to
+sunrise, and all suspected persons who could not give a good account of
+themselves at night were ordered to be arrested. A reward of L.100 was
+offered for discovery, and several arrests were made. A boy who
+confessed to having attempted to set fire to the Dockyard was sent out
+of the province.
+
+On the 2nd September the 97th regiment arrived in the harbor and landed
+immediately at the King's Wharf. On the 14th the fleet arrived from
+Jamaica under the command of Commodore Baynton, consisting of the
+Cumberland, 74, Bellerophon, 74, Ganges, 74, Vanguard, 74, Goliah, 74,
+Thesis, 74, Elephant, 74 and the Pelican, Brig. The 7th regiment
+embarked shortly after, and the town people presented a farewell address
+to Col. Layard and Lieut.-Col. Edwards. In April the Governor and
+Council were prevailed on to grant a press warrant to Capt. Bradley of
+the Cambrian for ten days in the town to enable him to fill up the
+number of his crew, it being 50 short of its complement.
+
+The Rev. Dr. Burke was at this time Roman Catholic Vicar General of Nova
+Scotia under the Bishop of Quebec; he afterwards administered the
+Episcopal office in Halifax as Bishop of Zion. Dr. Burke was a gentleman
+of education and highly esteemed in the community.
+
+The death of a very aged inhabitant, John Murphy, occurred this year. He
+was 90 years of age, and had been one of the first settlers of the town.
+He had acquired a large property in fields in the south suburbs, where
+he kept a large number of cows, and for a great many years supplied the
+principal inhabitants with milk and butter. The fields extending
+northward from Smith's tan yard to the corner house formerly occupied by
+the late Sheriff Sawyer, were known formerly as Murphy's fields.
+
+1803. The following is an account of the butchers' meat sold in the
+Halifax market for six months commencing July 1st and ending December
+31st, 1802.
+
+               Sheep.  Calves.  Oxen.   Pigs.
+  July          785      264    157      --
+  Aug           964      147    186      --
+  Sept         1409       91    273      21
+  Oct          1017       85    224      76
+  Nov           928       78    465     407
+  Dec           883       --    614     692
+               ----     ----   ----    ----
+  Total        5986      665   1919    1196
+
+The above is exclusive of the meat issued under contract for the Navy,
+but it is to be assumed it included the Army contract.
+
+1804. This spring the House of Assembly recommended that the old market
+house should be taken down and a new building erected on the ground for
+the purpose of a County Court House and police office. This was the
+brick building lately used for city purposes. An Act was passed in 1804
+with that object.
+
+The trade of the port was much depressed this season by the number of
+captures made by the enemy, and from the low prices obtained for fish in
+the West India market, where the merchants of Halifax were undersold by
+U. S. fishermen.
+
+Among the events of the year was the arrival of several distinguished
+prisoners, among whom was General Brunet and suite, who put into Halifax
+on their way to England, having been made prisoners at St. Domingo.
+Governor Wentworth assigned them the old Rockingham Inn, near the
+Prince's Lodge on the Basin, as a place of abode while here. They were
+shortly after removed to England.
+
+In the autumn General Boyer, commandant of the garrison, undertook to
+try the metal of the Haligonians by causing a false alarm of invasion.
+The report was spread early in the morning that the French were off the
+harbor. Before 10 o'clock, A.M., about 1,000 militia men were embodied
+and at their respective posts. Two hundred of them were artillery men.
+The dress companies were all in uniform and fully equipped. Among the
+first who appeared on the parade ground with their guns were Parson
+Wright, head master of the grammar school, and the Solicitor General,
+James Stewart, better known as Judge Stewart.
+
+1805. Press warrants were granted by the Council on the 6th May to Vice
+Admiral Sir Andrew Mitchell, then in command of the station, for
+fourteen days. He afterwards demanded an extension of his warrant for
+six months, which was refused by the Council at their meeting on the
+18th. In their reply to the Admiral they mention that the number of
+seamen engaged in the West India trade, etc., had been so reduced by
+captures, imprisonment and other causes that there were not sufficient
+in the port to man the vessels, and that all the seamen to be found in
+the town would not now be enough to meet half the demand for one
+sloop-of-war in the fleet. Moreover, that there were many at the time in
+French prisons whose families were supported by charity in the town.
+This, together with the high rate of wages in the United States, had
+reduced the commerce of the port to the greatest necessity. Finally,
+that the execution of impress warrants on shore were attended with much
+disturbance and annoyance to the laboring poor and others not fit for
+service, and the Council were of opinion that it should only be resorted
+to on the most urgent occasions and when advantage from it was to be
+reasonably looked for.
+
+Mitchell, finding he could not prevail on the Council, undertook, in the
+following October, to send press gangs through the town without
+warrant. An armed party of sailors and marines from the Cleopatra,
+frigate, under the command of one or more officers, were sent out. The
+citizens resisted and a riot ensued, which resulted in the death of one
+person and the wounding of several others. One of these encounters
+occurred in the store of Messrs. Forsyth & Co., where a number of
+merchant sailors had secreted themselves. General Wentworth called a
+meeting of the Council on 23rd November, and it was ordered that the
+Solicitor-General should proceed to prosecute all persons belonging to
+the ships war who had been engaged in impressments. The Attorney
+General, R. J. Uniacke, Mitchell's father-in-law, was in England at the
+time, on leave of absence. The Admiral's gang had broken open the store
+of Forsyth & Co. under the pretense of looking for deserters, and Sir
+Andrew defended his conduct under the authority of a warrant from the
+Admiralty, but he was condemned in heavy damages for his illegal
+proceedings.
+
+The town artillery at this time consisted of three companies commanded
+by Captains Charles Morris, Bremner and Fillis, and there was another
+under Capt. McIntosh of Spryfield, which did duty at York Redoubt,
+composed principally of market fisherman who were regularly trained to
+battery exercises. Governor Wentworth appears to have been assiduous in
+his efforts to keep up the local defences of the town, and to have
+placed much reliance on the volunteer companies for that purpose.
+
+There was a plentiful harvest this year throughout the whole province.
+Provisions of all sorts were plentiful in the town, so much so that the
+arrival of the fleet and a large export to Bermuda and Newfoundland did
+not augment the prices. The importations of flour from the United
+States, both this and the following year, were very extensive.
+
+In October an unfortunate French prisoner named Pierre Paulin was
+executed on the common for the murder of a fellow prisoner. The Governor
+and Council refused to reprieve him.
+
+In December the town was illuminated and other joyful demonstrations
+made by the inhabitants on the news of the Battle of Trafalgar.
+
+1806. In the month of February, Lieut.-General Gardner, the commandant
+of the garrison, died at Halifax; his funeral was attended with much
+military pomp and ceremony. He was buried under old St. Paul's Church.
+
+A general election occurred in 1806, when Edward Mortimer of Pictou,
+Simon B. Robie, S. G. W. Archibald and William Lawson were returned for
+the county, and John George Pyke and Foster Hutchinson for the town.
+Cochran, the old member, petitioned against Lawson on the ground of
+qualification.
+
+The Government House remained still unfinished. The sum of L.4,292 had
+been expended on the building since the last session, which was L.2,000
+more than had been voted.
+
+On the 29th April Halifax was thrown into alarm by the appearance of a
+number of large vessels in the offing. Signal guns were fired from the
+alarm posts in the harbor, and the military and militia were under arms.
+There was another alarm of French invasion on or about the 20th May,
+when several large vessels were again reported off the harbor. The
+militia of the town were again assembled, but the greater part of them
+were without arms. Governor Wentworth had previously made several
+applications to the Imperial Government for arms for the Halifax
+Militia, but it does not appear that much attention was paid to his
+solicitations.
+
+Among the advertisements which appeared in the Gazette this year was
+notice of a periodical publication to be called the "Nova Scotia and New
+Brunswick Magazine or Historical Library," which was offered for sale at
+the book stores of Messrs. Morrison, Bennet, Edmund Ward and William
+Minns. Morrison kept his book and stationer's shop at the corner of Duke
+and Granville Streets, afterwards known as Joseph Robinson's hat store,
+now owned by Mr. Kiezer. He was succeeded in his business by George
+Eaton, who was the principal book seller and stationer in the town for
+several years. This old building, with others along the upper side of
+Granville Street was destroyed by fire about 1827. At this time there
+was a law in existence to prevent persons building wooden houses in the
+town above a certain height. The present wooden building at the corner
+was then erected under this law and did not exceed what by measurement
+was deemed one story and a half. Several stone and brick buildings were
+erected in consequence of this law. That to the south of Kiezer's corner
+occupied by Mr. Simonds and others, another in the same block built by
+the late William Macara, druggist, and the large double three story
+stone building in Barrington Street, nearly opposite St. Paul's, were
+all erected about this time by Mr. Matthew Richardson on the site of the
+late Andrew Belcher's garden. Several old gamble roofed houses, the
+remnant of the first settlement, were destroyed by the above-mentioned
+fire.
+
+On 22nd December, the American Government laid an embargo on all vessels
+within American ports bound to any foreign places, and the officers of
+the Customs throughout the States were directed to refuse clearances to
+all such vessels. This was a great check to trade, and Halifax felt the
+result in the scarcity of provisions and particularly of flour, which
+went up immediately to L.5 per bbl., the inhabitants having been in a
+great measure dependent on the States for that article.
+
+A sailor named John Wilson had been taken from the American Frigate
+Chesapeake on charges of mutiny and desertion. He was tried in Halifax
+by Court Martial on board the Flag Ship Belleisle on 26th August,
+condemned and executed 31st. Two other seamen were in October following
+executed on board the Jason, Capt. Cochran, for mutiny.
+
+The following list of town officers appointed by the Grand Jury for the
+Town in 1806, will be found interesting:
+
+  Halifax, Nova Scotia, }
+  March Term.           } COURT OF QUARTER SESSIONS.
+
+The Grand Jury present to the Worshipful Court the following as proper
+persons to serve as Town Officers for the ensuing year, in the different
+offices to which they are named, viz:
+
+William Lyon, County Treasurer; Henry Yeomans, Town Clerk; Samuel
+Muirhead, Stephen Oxley, Clerks of the Market; Richard Woodin, Michael
+Denny, William Hogg, Enoch Wiswell, Surveyors of Lumber and Fence
+Viewers; Joseph Hamilton, James Romans, Sealers of Leather; Nicholas
+Vass, Thomas Adams, Patrick Ryan, William Ford, John Knowdie, Frederick
+Stormy, Surveyors of Pickled Fish; Thomas Adams, William Ford, Cullers
+of Dry Fish; Nicholas Vass, William Ford, Frederick Stormy, Gaugers of
+Oil; John Fleigher, Gauger: Henry Shiers, Richard Woodin, William
+Graham, Measurers of Wood; Francis Le'Guire, Measurer of Wood and Coals
+for the Fuel Yard; Richard Woodin, Henry Shiers, William Graham,
+Measurers of Grain; Richard Woodin, Henry Shiers, William Graham,
+William Hogg, Measurers of Salt and Coal; John Brown, William Ford,
+Cullers of Hoops and Staves; James King, Edward King, Weighers of Hay;
+John Metchler, Surveyor of Bricks and Lime; W. G. Forsyth, Lawrence
+Hartshorne, John Sullivan, John William Morris, Hogreaves; John Phelan,
+Pound Keeper; Thomas Stone, John Atkins, John Mansfield, David Fletcher,
+William Shea, George Isles, Peter Laffen, Edward Herbert, John Clarke,
+Richard Munday, Henry Wright, Hugh Chisholm, Andrew Bowers, Francis
+Wade, Alexander Cummings, Patrick Tobin, Constables; Jacob Michael,
+Constable for Dutch Town; Peter Shaffro, Constable for Dutch Village;
+John Mc'Alpin, Overseer of Highways for Dutch Village and Pen.; Jacob
+Bower, George M'Intosh, Overseers for Harriot and Spryfields; William
+Adams, Constable for Harriot and Spryfields; Peter Vambolt, John
+Duffeney, Constables for Margaret's Bay; Christopher Boutteleer,
+Overseer of Highways for Margaret's Bay; Frederick Boutteleer, Measurer
+of Cordwood for Margaret's Bay; George Duffeney, Fence Viewer for
+Margaret's Bay; George Mc'Intosh, Overseer of Highways from Spryfield to
+Catch Harbour; William Keys, Overseer of Highways from Windsor Road to
+Gay's River; Robert Fletcher, Terence Canty, Constables for the
+Shubenacadie Fisheries; Edmund Bambrick, Jonathan Shelling, George
+Hiltz, Overseers of Roads from Sackville Bridge to the extremity of the
+County; Jacob Haverstock, Overseer of Roads from Nine Mile River to
+Hammond's Plain; George Dunn, George Hiltz, Surveyors of Lumber for Nine
+Mile River to Hammond's Plain and Windsor Road; Colin Grant, Christopher
+Shultz, Robert Anderson, Fence Viewers; Christopher Haverstock, Joseph
+Fielding, Jacob Pentz, Constables for Windsor Road and Hammond Plains;
+Henry Bambrick, George Fultz, Hogreaves; John Shultz, George Hershman,
+Hugh Bambrick, Assessors of the County Rates; Henry Miller, Pound
+Keeper; Edward Foster, Surveyor of Highways from Dartmouth Town Plot to
+the Basin; Samuel Hamilton, Constable from Dartmouth Town Plot to the
+Basin; Jon. Tremain, Sr., William Penny, Surveyors of Highways,
+Dartmouth Town Plot; David Larnard, Constable, Dartmouth Town Plot;
+James Munn, Pound Keeper, Dartmouth Town Plot; Henry Wisdom, Surveyor of
+Highways from the Ferry up the Preston Road to Tanyard; Mark Jones,
+Constable; John Wisdom, Hogreave; Mark Jones, Pound Keeper; George
+Simpson, Surveyor of Highways and Fence Viewer from Tanyard to
+Simpson's; Hugh Ross, Constable; Thomas Settle, Surveyor of Highways and
+Fence Viewer from Simpson's eastward to the new bridge; Philip Molyneux,
+Constable; Timothy Crane, Surveyor of Highways for all Preston, and
+Fence Viewer; John Richardson, Constable; Thomas Settle, Surveyor of
+Lumber and Bark; George Horn, Hogreave; John Stewart, Surveyor of
+Highways from Cole Harbour to Turner's; Robert Collins, Surveyor of
+Highways from Turner's to Jones'; Robert Turner, Constable; Peter
+Mc'Nabb, Surveyor of Highways, Eastern Passage; Benjamin Horn,
+Constable; Adam Archibald, Musquodoboit, Surveyor of Roads; William
+Gould, Constable; George M'Leod, Robert Nelson, Fence Viewers; Hugh
+Archibald, Pound Keeper; Archibald Crawford, Overseer of Roads for
+Meagher's Grant; Alex. Grant, Constable for Meagher's Grant; Peter
+Ogilvie, Overseer of Roads from Meagher's Grant to George Anderson's;
+Peter Gordon, Constable for Meagher's Grant to George Anderson's; Jacob
+Bayer, Overseer of Roads from Musquodoboit Harbour; John Turple,
+Constable for Musquodoboit Harbour; George Bayer, Overseer of Roads for
+Pitpiswick; George Baker, Constable for Pitpiswick.
+
+  March 5, 1806.                        WILLIAM LYON, _Foreman_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On 11th May, 1807, it having been reported to His Majesty's Council that
+the Grand Jury and Sessions had refused to accept a grant of the piece
+of land on which the old Market House stood, upon the conditions which
+had been inserted in the grant, (probably on it being vested in
+Commissioners) the Governor and Council refused to alter the grant, and
+if not accepted by the Session it was ordered that the old building be
+taken down and the ground cleared and remain under the control of the
+Commissioners of Public Markets. This was the site on which the late
+City Court House was afterwards erected.
+
+1808. In the month of April, 1808, the new Governor, Sir George Provost,
+arrived to take the place of Sir John Wentworth, who was allowed a
+retiring pension of L.500 per annum. He brought with him the 7th, the
+8th and the 23rd Regiments, consisting of about 3000 men, with Brigadier
+General Houghton. The Governor came in H. M. Ship Penelope. At six
+o'clock on the same evening of his arrival, he landed at the King's
+Wharf under a salute from the Batteries. Sir John Wentworth was at his
+villa on the Basin--the Prince's Lodge as it was called--when his
+successor arrived, and did not receive the official letter announcing
+his appointment until 18 days after the arrival of Sir George Provost.
+On the 13th April, Sir John came to town and the new Governor was sworn
+into office.
+
+It was deemed advisable that some trusty person should be sent to the
+United States to obtain information as to warlike preparations then
+progressing in that country. Mr. John Howe, the postmaster at Halifax,
+was chosen. He proceeded to Boston and afterwards visited other parts of
+the Union. Mr. Howe was again dispatched on a second mission late in the
+fall, and on his return made a report to the Lieutenant Governor.
+
+Mr. Samuel Hood George, afterwards Sir Samuel, came out with Sir George
+Provost. He was appointed Provincial Secretary, and afterwards
+represented the County of Halifax in General Assembly. He was the eldest
+son of Commodore Sir Denis George, who married Miss Cochran of Halifax,
+and succeeded his father in the Baronetcy. This young man died early of
+consumption, and was succeeded both in the Baronetcy and the office of
+Secretary by his youngest brother Sir Rupert D. George, who remained in
+office until responsible government was established in the province.
+
+The ships Milan, Observateur and Centurian were stationed at Halifax
+during the winter. The Centurian was the ship in which Lord Anson
+circumnavigated the globe. She remained in the harbour as a receiving
+and store ship for many years, and was broken up at the Dockyard
+somewhere between the years 1820 and 1823.
+
+Among the visitors to Halifax this year was the notorious Aaron Burr,
+late Vice President of the United States. He passed under an assumed
+name.
+
+1809. The winter of 1808-9 was remarkably severe. During the month of
+February the cold continued so long that the great expenditure of fuel
+was felt by all classes of the community. Much distress prevailed among
+the poor, and large sums of money were raised by subscription for their
+relief.
+
+An expedition had been fitted out at Halifax, under the command of Sir
+George Provost, for the capture of the French Island of Martinique. It
+was composed of the 7th, 8th and 23rd Regiments with a Brigade of
+Artillery. Having succeeded in this enterprise they returned to Halifax
+on the 15th April. The gentlemen of the town gave a ball at Mason Hall
+in honor of their return. Three soldiers of the 7th Fusiliers were the
+only men killed in the expedition, the place having surrendered
+immediately on the attack being made. A tablet to the memory of these
+three soldiers may be seen in the gallery of the Round Church in
+Brunswick Street.
+
+The Harbour was again this year the scene of another of those Naval
+executions, which were performed with so much severity during the time
+of war. A mutiny had occurred, or was supposed to have occurred, on
+board the Columbine on the 1st August, off St. Andrews. Four seamen and
+two marines were found guilty and executed on the 18th September. They
+were afterwards hung in chains on Meagher's Beach.
+
+One of the most atrocious cases of piracy and murder on record occurred
+this autumn on the coast to the eastward of Halifax. The vessel was the
+Three Sisters, of Halifax, owned by Jonathan and John Tremain, merchants
+of the town, commanded by Captain John Stairs, brother of the late
+Honorable William Stairs, formerly president of the Union Bank. She was
+on her way from Gaspe Bay to Halifax with a cargo of fish. Edward
+Jordan, who had been formerly owner of this vessel or in some way
+concerned with her, took passage for himself and wife and four children
+with Capt. Stairs for Halifax. The following account is taken from a
+Halifax newspaper of 16th October, 1809:
+
+   "MONDAY, OCTOBER 16, 1809.--The following are the particulars
+   received from Capt. Stairs, of the piracy and murder that took
+   place on board the schooner Three Sisters, belonging to this
+   place, some account of which we gave in our last.
+
+   "This most atrocious act of piracy and murder, of which none
+   could be guilty but the most diabolical incendiaries in human
+   shape, took place, as has been stated, on the 13th ult. off
+   Cape Canso, on the coast of this province, on board the
+   schooner Three Sisters, bound and belonging to this place from
+   the Bay Cheleaur. Edward Jordan, who has been represented as a
+   passenger, and who had some interest in the vessel, appears to
+   have been the exciter of this act of barbarity. Jordan having
+   corrupted the mate, Kelly, who joined him in effecting his
+   wicked intention, they secured the arms, and availing
+   themselves of that moment most likely to assist their horrid
+   design, which was when Capt. Stairs was below with one of his
+   men,[65] shot the other man who was on deck, and taking aim at
+   Capt. Stairs through the sky-light with a pistol, wounded him
+   in the face and shot the man who was near him in the breast.
+   Capt. Stairs immediately ran on deck, where he met Jordan with
+   a pistol in one hand and an ax in the other. Capt. Stairs then
+   retreated into cabin and searched for his pistols but found
+   them taken from his chest with a sword; finding himself
+   destitute of arms he again ascended the deck and saw Jordan
+   giving the fatal blow to the man who was on the deck, when he
+   turned from him and presented another pistol at Capt. Stairs,
+   which flashed when they closed and the pistol in the struggle
+   was thrown overboard. The man who had received the wound below
+   having reached the deck, made an effort to assist his captain,
+   but in his attempt, from weakness, fell on his face, where he
+   was shortly after dispatched with an ax by Jordan. In the
+   scuffle Capt. Stairs called upon his mate (Kelly) for
+   assistance, whom he perceived was in the act of loading
+   another pistol, but who made him no answer. At which time
+   Jordan's wife, a fit companion for so base a monster, attacked
+   him with a boat hook which he parried with his arm, and after
+   much exertion disengaged himself, and seizing one of the
+   hatches, jumped into the sea. The wind blowing a strong
+   breeze, the vessel soon left him to his precarious fate, where
+   he remained about three hours, when he was taken up by the
+   schooner Eliza Stoddard, of Hingham, in an almost lifeless
+   condition from wet and cold."
+
+[Footnote 65: Thomas Heath, who left a wife and two children in this
+town.]
+
+The vessel was captured and brought into Halifax, and Jordan and his
+wife placed on their trial before a special commission for the trial of
+piracies on the high seas on 15th November. The Commission of Judges who
+sat on this occasion were Lieut.-Gen'l Sir Geo. Provost, Vice Admiral
+Sir John Borlase Warren, Chief Justice Blowers; Councillors, Butler,
+Wallace, Brenton, Hill, Uniacke and Morris; Capt. Lloyd, R. N., Capt.
+Lord James Townshend, R. N. and Capt. Simpson, R. N., Sir Samuel Hood
+George, Provincial Secretary, T. N. Jeffery, the Collector of Customs.
+Doctor Cooke, the Admiralty Judge, refused to attend because the
+Commissioners would not allow him precedence of the Governor with a veto
+on the proceedings of the Court. No jury was called under this
+commission. Jordan was found guilty and sentenced to be hanged, which
+sentence was carried into execution on the beach some distance below
+Fresh Water Bridge, and the body was afterwards gibbeted on the shore
+some distance further down. The wife was acquitted, and a subscription
+was raised in the town to send her to Ireland. Dr. Burke, the Roman
+Catholic clergyman, Dr. Archd. Gray, minister of St. Matthew's, and Dr.
+Stanser, Rector of St. Paul's, acted as a committee for the purpose.
+The court assembled again a short time after, for the trial of the mate,
+Kelly, who was convicted, but afterwards pardoned.[66]
+
+[Footnote 66: A report of these trials was published in 1810 by Mr.
+Bagnall at the office of the newspaper called the "Novator," taken from
+the notes of two students at law, Charles R. Fairbanks, afterwards
+Master of the Rolls, and Andrew W. Cochran, who for many years was
+Secretary of the Province of Lower Canada and member of Council.]
+
+This being the 50th year of the reign of King George III, a jubilee was
+celebrated at Halifax on the 23rd October, with great ceremony.
+
+The market slip, the new fish market and meat market were all repaired
+and improved this year at the cost of L.571, L.500 of which had been voted
+by the Assembly for the purpose. The taxes gathered in the town for
+liquor licenses in 1809 amounted to L.1400.
+
+The Fire Insurance Association of Halifax was established on 24th April,
+1809. The first directors were Andrew Belcher, Charles Hill, Lawrence
+Hartshorne, Foster Hutchinson, James Fraser, George Grassie and H. H.
+Cogswell. Mr. J. H. Fliegar was secretary and the office was kept in his
+house in Hollis Street, where it continued to be kept for a great many
+years. He was succeeded by Mr. William Newton, at whose death Mr.
+Tremain was appointed.
+
+Meetings of the Committee on Trade were held during the autumn. The
+Halifax Marine Insurance Company first opened their office for business
+in Water Street, opposite the fuel yard, this year. The committee of
+management were George Grassie, Jesse Woodward, Garret Miller, James
+Kerby, Lawrence Doyle, Lewis E. Piers, John Osborne, Thomas Deblois and
+John Albro'.
+
+Among the merchants of Halifax at this time we find, in addition to the
+above, the names of Wm. Stairs, Wm. Bremner, Hartshorne & Boggs, at the
+old corner of George and Granville Streets, Kidston, Dobson & Co.,
+Richard Kenefick, who had lately brought out Irish linen goods, Forman &
+Grassie, Shipping Merchants; William Bowie, afterwards a partner of
+Stephen W. Deblois, and who lost his life in a duel with the late Judge
+Richard Uniacke, Alexander Izat, Dry Goods, at corner opposite two
+pumps, corner of Hollis and Duke Streets, now occupied by the People's
+Bank; Martin Gay Black, Dry Goods; Geo. N. Russell, afterwards Wallace &
+Russell, Hardware Merchant, corner of Hollis and Prince Streets, now
+occupied by the Union Bank building; Temple and Lewis E. Piers, Ship
+Chandlery. This firm several years later purchased the irregular shaped
+lot adjoining the City Court House lately occupied by Stairs, Son &
+Morrow, removed a range of one story buildings or sheds known as the
+Ratstail, and erected a building in which they carried on the ship
+chandlery business until the establishment was purchased by Mr. William
+Stairs. Henry Austin, afterwards a partner with William Stairs in ship
+chandlery, Water Street, south of the fuel yard, and John Owen, shop
+keeper and shipping merchant.
+
+There was a small newspaper, quarto size, called the "Novator"
+established or published at Halifax in 1809 by one James Bagnall in
+Sackville Street. It was not of long continuance.
+
+Jones Fawson was Sheriff of Halifax this year.
+
+From the commencement of the year 1810 until the month of April, 1812,
+there was a constant apprehension of a rupture with the United States.
+The garrison and navy enlivened the town by their frequent balls and
+festivities. The Rockingham Club, before mentioned, continued to have
+their weekly dining on Saturday at the old Rockingham Hotel on the
+Basin. It was then customary for the merchants and other principal
+inhabitants, occasionally to give public dinners to the generals,
+admirals and principal officers of both army and navy. These dinners, as
+well as those of the National Societies, were held at the old Mason
+Hall, that building then containing the most spacious and convenient
+room in the city.
+
+In January, 1811, the merchants of Halifax petitioned the King, through
+the Lieutenant-Governor, to permit the coal mines in Nova Scotia to be
+opened and worked under regulations. A proposal was made this year for
+the formation of a Joint Stock Bank. The books for subscription were
+opened at the office of Henry Yeomans, insurance broker, and were first
+signed on 13th February by the Committee of Trade, consisting of William
+Sabatier, Andrew Belcher, John Black, James Fraser, George Grassie,
+Charles R. Prescott and John Pryor. No further proceeding appears to
+have been taken towards this object.
+
+Much suffering as usual among the poor prevailed this winter. A society
+for the relief of the poor had been formed, which distributed during the
+year ending 9th February, 1811:
+
+  285 cords wood which cost              L.994
+  860 lbs. sugar                            49 15 6
+  111   "   tea
+  702   "   rice
+  236   "   flour
+  1560 loaves bread to 255 persons          36
+                                         ----------
+                                        L.1079 15 6
+
+Eighty-four persons in distress, with their families, and others, in
+Halifax, Preston, Dartmouth, Chezzetcook, Windsor Road and Lawrencetown,
+with several families in Digby and Shelburne, were relieved at the time
+from the same funds.
+
+  Subscriptions raised for the above purposes       L.255
+  Donations from individuals, &c.                     384
+                                                     ----
+                                                    L.639
+
+The committee in charge of this fund and its distribution were Edwd. B.
+Brenton, Revd. Robert Stanser, Revd. Archibald Gray, W. J. Almon, M. D.,
+Hibbert N. Binney, John Lawson, Treasurer.
+
+On Wednesday the 19th February, a public fast was proclaimed throughout
+the Province, which was observed at Halifax, with due solemnity.
+
+Two fires occurred this year, one at Commissary Buildings on Hollis
+Street, the spot on which the Bank of Nova Scotia stands, on 18th April,
+and the other at Bellemont, Mr. John Howe's residence at the North West
+Arm, on 6th May. Both buildings were saved.
+
+The office of the Nova Scotia Marine Insurance Company was kept by Henry
+Yeomans, broker, of the Company. A new Marine Insurance Office had been
+started in February; George Grassie was Chairman of the Committee of
+Management, and John Bonnett was Secretary.
+
+
+THE PROVINCE BUILDING.
+
+Decisive measures were adopted this session by the Legislature for the
+erection of a building for the accommodation of the legislative bodies,
+the courts of law and the public offices, on the site of the old
+Government House on Hollis Street. Commissioners were appointed and
+plans and elevations prepared or procured by Mr. John Merrick. Chief
+Justice Blowers, Mr. Speaker Wilkins and Judge Hutchinson has the
+planning of the interior arrangements, and George Grassie, Winkworth
+Allen and John Merrick were the commissioners to erect the building. Mr.
+Richard Scott was the builder employed to conduct the work. The building
+was fully completed and finished, ready for the sittings of the Courts
+and Legislature, in 1820, at the cost of L.52,000.
+
+A new steeple and an addition of 16 feet to the northern end was added
+to old St. Paul's Church this year, at the cost of L.1000, granted by
+Government, L.500 from a fund known as the Militia Arms Fund, and the
+remainder from funds arising out of the forfeited estate of one Jonathan
+Clarke. Hibbert N. Binney and H. H. Cogswell were the churchwardens.
+Their advertizement for tenders for the work appears in the Gazette. The
+sum of L.500 from the Arms Fund was at the same time granted to St.
+George's Church towards finishing the interior of that building. These
+works were commenced this year, but were not finished until late in
+1812. But one capital criminal conviction is recorded in 1811, that of
+one Sarah Wilson for burglary. She was sentenced to death, but
+afterwards reprieved.
+
+On the 27th May the sloop of war, Little Belt, Capt. Bingham, arrived
+from a cruise. She reported having fallen in with the United States
+frigate, President, by whom she was fired into, and had sixteen men
+killed and twenty-one wounded, and the rigging of the ship much cut up.
+The two nations being at peace at the time, the affair caused much
+excitement in Halifax. Explanations were offered on the part of the
+Captain and Officers of the U. S. frigate, which only tended to show the
+bitterness of feeling which shortly afterwards manifested itself in open
+hostilities. Early this season non-intercourse was established between
+the United States and Great Britain.
+
+Sir George Provost was now appointed to the chief command in Canada. The
+inhabitants of Halifax presented a congratulatory address on his
+promotion on the 19th August. He sailed for Quebec on the 25th, and Sir
+John Cope Sherbroke, his successor, arrived with his family from England
+on 16th October following in the ship Manilla.
+
+On 26th September a poll was opened by Capt. Jones Fawson, then Sheriff,
+for the election of two members for the town and four for the county.
+John Pryor, John Geo. Pyke and William H. Taylor were nominated; the
+latter retired and the two first were declared elected. The four old
+members for the county were returned. Mr. William Sabatier was nominated
+but afterwards retired from the contest.
+
+The merchants of Halifax, on 20th July, petitioned the Governor
+respecting the state of trade, etc., stating that they were agreed to
+take gold and silver coins at the following values, viz: A Guinea, L.1 3
+4, Halifax currency; a Johannes, at L.4; a Doubloon, at L.3 17 6; an
+Eagle, at L.2 10; the old French Guinea, at L.1 2, and all the other
+decimal parts of the same coins at a proportional value; English and old
+French Crowns, at 5s. 6d; Spanish Dollars, (including those which
+heretofore passed current at 4s.) at the rate of 5s. At this time
+British silver was unknown at Halifax--Spanish silver was the current
+coin. It came up from the West Indies and Spanish America in the course
+of trade, and the British Government found it more convenient for
+various reasons to pay their troops stationed here in Spanish silver
+than to import British coin for that purpose.
+
+The names attached to this petition were William Bowie, Garret Miller,
+Starr & Shannon, Charles Loveland, Moody & Sinclair, Alexander McDonald,
+William A. Black, Martin Gay Black, John Albro, Charles Boggs, Henry
+Ford & Co., Henry Austin, Michael Forrestall, Jonathan and John
+Tremaine, John W. Pyke, Matthew Richardson, Richard Tremain, Samuel
+Head, M. D., Kidston, Dobson & Telford, H. Taylor, John Liddell & Co.,
+Capel Hines, Jas. Ewing, George W. Mitchell, Prescott Lawson & Co.,
+James Fraser, Winkworth Allen, Smith & Thom, Scaiffe & Baine, R. Lyon,
+Sr., Andrew Belcher, Forsyth, Black & Co., Lawrence Hartshorne, Charles
+Hill, Forman Grassie & Co., John Lawson, James Leaver, William Minns,
+John Osborne and John Owen.
+
+A proposition concerning some alteration in Water Street, near the
+Ordnance Yard, was made by Captain Gustavos Nichols of the Royal
+Engineers. It was understood that the town would not agree to the
+proposal unless the Military authorities surrendered a road in
+continuation of Hollis Street, southward. The subject had been mooted
+for a long period previous to this time, but no arrangement could be
+agreed on between the military and the town authorities. Captain
+Nichols' letter makes an offer according to the plans therein enclosed.
+This letter and plans are not now forthcoming among the City or
+Provincial Records, and therefore the particulars of the proposition
+made by the Engineer Department cannot now be understood. Copies of
+these plans may possibly exist at the Lumber Yard and Engineers' office.
+
+On the 17th March, the Irish Society celebrated the anniversary of St.
+Patrick this year by a dinner at Mason Hall, which was attended by the
+Governor, General Balfour, Commissioner Inglefield, Judge Croke, the
+Captains of the Navy in port and the Staff of the Garrison, etc. The
+Hon. Charles Morris was President, and Samuel Hood George, afterwards
+Sir Samuel, was Vice. The dinner was at five o'clock, the fashionable
+hour in those days. The Governor and principal guests retired at nine.
+The rest of the company sat late, but the utmost harmony and good
+feeling prevailed. These national festivals were better attended in
+those days, when no political animosities existed to disturb the harmony
+of the good people of Halifax.
+
+On the 11th May, there was a public examination of the Halifax Grammar
+School under old parson Wright--a ceremony in which the inhabitants at
+this period took much interest. On this occasion Mr. Edward Monk, son of
+Judge Monk, took the first prize; Lewis M. Wilkins, the late Judge, won
+the second, and the third was given to James Bailey, and the fourth to
+Edward Fairbanks, a brother of S. P. Fairbanks, Esq., and of the late
+Judge Charles R. Fairbanks, Master of the Rolls.
+
+A Company was formed this year, in Halifax, for prosecuting the
+codfishery. The managers were John Lawson, Henry H. Cogswell, William
+Pryor, Garret Miller, John Brown, John William Morris and Charles
+Loveland. A large capital was raised in shares of L.50 each.
+
+On the 20th November, the fleet sailed for Bermuda, consisting of the
+Flag Ship of Admiral Sawyer, the Spartan and Melampus, Frigates; the
+Atalanta, Ratler and Indian, Sloops-of-War.
+
+At the commencement of the year the following Ships of War, under the
+command of Sir John Borlase Warren, were on this station, viz.:
+Swiftsure, 74; Guerriere, 40; Melampus, 36; Aeolus, 39; Cleopatra, 32;
+Euridice, 24; Little Belt, 22; Halifax, 18[67]; Indian, 18; Emulous, 18;
+Atalanta, 18; Colibre, 18; La Fantome, 18; Plumper, 12 and the
+schooners Vesta, Juniper, Holly, Barbare, Bream, Cuttle and Chub. The
+old Centurian was the receiving ship; she remained for many years off
+the dockyard. The Pyramus was afterwards used as a receiving ship for
+the fleet lately sold and broken up; she was an old-class 50 taken from
+the Danes at the capture of Copenhagen.
+
+[Footnote 67: This brig was the only vessel of war ever built at the
+Halifax Dockyard.]
+
+The Eighth and Ninety-eighth British regiments, the Nova Scotia Fencible
+Infantry, with a battery of Artillery and a company of Engineers
+composed the Garrison of Halifax. Captain Philip Van Cortlandt was Town
+Major, and Stephen Hall Binney, Barrack-master. The former was succeeded
+by Lieutenant John McColla as Town Major, who resided in Halifax for a
+number of years, and was Adjutant General of the Provincial Militia.
+Major-General Balfour[68] commanded the Garrison. Captain J. N.
+Inglefield, R. N.,[69] was Commissioner of the Dockyard, and Mr. P. F.
+Wallis, first clerk. Mr. W. was father of Admiral Sir Provo Wallis, who
+distinguished himself in the action of the Shannon and Chesapeake.
+
+[Footnote 68: General Balfour was this year removed to New Brunswick,
+where he died Lieutenant Governor of that Province.]
+
+[Footnote 69: Commissioner Inglefield was grandfather of Vice Admiral
+Sir Edward A. Inglefield, lately in command of the Squadron at Halifax.]
+
+A Marine Humane Society existed at Halifax in 1811. Their drags, for the
+recovery of drowned persons, were advertised as being lodged in the
+respective stores of Hon. And. Belcher, John Pryor, John Brown, Samuel
+Muirhead and John Starr.
+
+The 30th September was marked by a severe gale of wind from the S. E.,
+by which many of the wharves in the town were ripped up and much damage
+done to the shipping in the harbour and along the coast.
+
+The year terminated by a proclamation opening the Port of Halifax to
+vessels of neutrals. The proclamation bears date the 24th December.
+
+Among the deaths recorded this year was that of James Gautier, Esq., for
+many years clerk of His Majesty's Council and keeper of the public
+records in the Secretary's office. He died poor. The Legislature voted
+L.30 to defray the expenses of his funeral. He left no family.
+
+The principal retail merchants in the town at this time were Martin Gay
+Black, Smith & Thom, Carret & Alfort at the corner lately occupied by
+Messrs. Duffus; John Liddell & Co., H. Ford, McDonald & Co., Robert
+Lyon, W. Bremner, John Lawson, Kidston, Dobson & Telford, Scaiffe &
+Bain, Thomas Heaviside, James Fraser, Arthur Brymer, all Dry
+Goods--Moody & Sinclair, C. & R. Hill & Co., Red store, road leading to
+Dockyard, Thomas Leaver and William Remmington, all Auctioneers, William
+Minns and Geo. Eaton, Stationers. Mr. Minns occupied the old building in
+Barrington Street below the Parade, opposite Dalhousie College, where he
+died about 1825. He conducted a paper called the Weekly Chronicle for
+above 20 years. Windham Madden and William Conroy kept Livery Stables.
+
+1812. Orders had been issued early this season to put the Forts in
+repair; the works on the Citadel Hill having again fallen into a
+dilapidated condition. Captain Nichols, commanding the Royal Engineers,
+made an elaborate report, and operations were commenced forthwith under
+his superintendence. The United States had now declared war. Commodore
+Rogers, in command of an American Squadron, had fallen in with the
+British Frigate Belvidere, 36 guns. She sustained the attack for two or
+three hours and at length got off with the loss of several of her crew
+killed, the Captain and 22 wounded. The Belvidere came into the harbor
+on the 27th June, and on the following evening a special dispatch
+arrived from the Governor of New Brunswick with intelligence of the
+Declaration of War. Sir John immediately made the necessary arrangements
+for calling out the militia. All able-bodied men between 18 and 50 were
+to be billetted for service and a portion of them to be immediately
+embodied. This was arranged by Order in Council dated 28th June. The
+Belvidere, after she had escaped from the American Squadron, captured
+three American merchant vessels which she brought in with her. Halifax
+being the headquarters of the Naval force under Admiral Warren, who had
+upwards of 60 pendants under his command, prizes now began to be brought
+into port. The Court of Admiralty under Judge Croke was in active
+operation, and the newspapers of the day appear filled with
+advertizements of sales of prizes and prize goods. Cartels frequently
+came and went between Halifax and the American ports for the exchange of
+prisoners. With all this bustle of business money became plenty, and the
+foundations of small fortunes began to be laid by the Crown lawyers and
+the prize agents. The presence of a large army and navy caused much
+dissipation in the town. Festivities of all kinds prevailed.
+Subscription assemblies at Mason Hall were kept up during the winter
+under the management of Mr. Jeffery, Collector of the Customs, Capt.
+Brenton, of the navy, and Lieut.-Col. Robertson, of the garrison. Dinner
+parties at Government House, and balls and levies on state days, with
+the frequent rejoicings on the news from time to time of the success of
+the British Armies, both in Europe and America, completed the round of
+Halifax festivities.
+
+The capture of the British ship Guerriere, a first class frigate
+commanded by Capt. Dacres, belonging to the Halifax squadron, by the
+Americans, in August, caused much talk and excitement throughout the
+community. Capt. Dacres, a young and inexperienced officer, it was
+thought had surrendered too early to the enemy. He had only left the
+harbor a short time when he lost his ship.
+
+In July, a press warrant was granted to Rear Admiral Sawyer for 48
+hours. Desertions from the navy were frequent and large offers were
+reported to have been made by the enemy for such able seamen as would
+come over to the American navy. The Commander-in-Chief, in consequence,
+found it necessary to publish a proclamation at Halifax offering the
+King's pardon to all who had deserted, on their returning to their duty.
+Letters of Marque against the Americans were ordered in Council on 31st
+July, and all vessels were prohibited from leaving the port without
+special license, for the space of one month.
+
+The old Halifax Artillery Company was at this time a very popular corps,
+and included many of the young merchants as well as tradesmen of the
+town. It was at one time supposed that the property owned by those whose
+names were on its roll comprised no small part of the wealth of our
+town.
+
+An Act of the Legislature was passed this year regarding that part of
+the public road or highway which leads from Fort Massey to the
+exercising ground on the Commons. His Majesty's service required that
+this piece of road should be enclosed for the purpose of enlarging the
+Artillery Park. It was therefore enacted that when the officers of His
+Majesty's Ordnance should have laid out a new road agreeable to the plan
+submitted to His Excellency Sir John Cope Sherbrooke, and filed in the
+Surveyor General's office, measuring fifty feet in breadth, through the
+field of John George Pyke, and shall have procured a release from Mr.
+Pyke, and shall have completed said new road, that the Engineer should
+take in 310 feet in length of that part of said road which now leads
+from Fort Massey to the exercising ground on the Common, forever for the
+Ordnance Department at Halifax. The new road to be substituted therefor.
+
+1813. The arrival of DeWatteville's regiment of Germans in May on their
+way to reinforce the army at Quebec, and of the American ship Volante
+with a valuable cargo and mounting 21 guns taken by H. M. Brig Curlew,
+Capt. Michael Head,[70] and the accession of the 64th Regiment to the
+strength of the garrison were the chief events during the spring of
+1813.
+
+[Footnote 70: Brother of the late Dr. Samuel Head of Halifax.]
+
+On Sunday morning, the 6th, June, the inhabitants of Halifax were
+surprised by the arrival of His Majesty's Ship Shannon, Capt. Broke,
+with her prize the United States Frigate Chesapeak, Capt. Lawrence. The
+engagement which was said to be the result of a challenge on the part of
+Capt. Broke, took place off Boston Harbor a very short time after the
+Shannon left Halifax. The enemy surrendered after about 20 minutes
+fighting. Capt. Broke ran his ship in upon the Chesapeak, and captured
+her with his boarding party who, "rushing upon the enemy's deck, carried
+away everything before them with irresistible fury." Capt. Lawrence, and
+his First Lieutenant, Ludlow, were killed; the latter died at Halifax on
+the 13th June. The engagement was one of the most bloody on record. The
+Shannon had 30 men killed and 57 wounded, and the Chesapeak 74 killed
+and above 100 wounded, all within the short space of little more than
+fifteen minutes. When the ships came up the harbor the decks were being
+swabbed and the scuppers ran quite red. Numbers of the inhabitants of
+the town put off in boats and visited the ships. Though the bodies of
+the slain had been nearly all removed from sight, yet the marks of the
+slaughter were terribly conspicuous. Mr. Provo Wallis, a Halifax man,
+one of the Lieutenants of the Shannon, brought in the prize. He received
+his promotion as Commander soon after, and later became a full Admiral
+and Knight Grand Cross of the Bath. On the 8th, the funeral of Capt.
+Lawrence took place. The body was landed under minute guns from the
+ships and the procession proceeded from the King's Wharf to the old
+English Burial Ground attended by an immense concourse of people. The
+coffin was covered by the U. S. colours and six British Post Captains
+bore the pall. The 34th Regiment formed the firing party. The officers
+of the garrison, His Majesty's Council, the principal civil officers and
+heads of departments, and all the officers of the navy in port followed
+in procession, the American officers walking next the coffin.
+
+On the 10th August, following, an American Brig with a flag of truce
+arrived for the bodies of Capt. Lawrence and Lieutenant Ludlow, which
+were taken up and carried to their native country. That of Capt.
+Lawrence lies in the yard of Trinity Church, Broadway, New York, where
+his tomb is to be seen on the left of the entrance.
+
+A memorial of the merchants of Halifax, numerously signed, was presented
+to the Colonial Secretary through the Governor, complaining of the
+permission of American vessels to resort to the British West Indies, and
+of the right of fishery conceded to the Americans by the Treaty of 1783,
+and praying that the interests of Nova Scotia might be considered in any
+future negotiations. Among the principal signers were William Sabatier,
+John Black, John Pryor, Geo. Grassie and Enos Collins. At this time the
+English Government was very jealous of British Colonial rights, and was
+ready to fight in their defence.
+
+The town and its vicinity had for the last two years abounded with
+French prisoners of war. Those taken from American prizes now increased
+the throng. A prison had been erected at Melville Island, at the head of
+the North West Arm, for their accommodation, and soon became crowded.
+Many of the French sailors were ingenious workers in wood and bone, and
+made articles of use as well as ornament, which they sold to the
+numerous visitors who were freely permitted access to Melville Island.
+It was the favorite resort of the young people on Sundays and holidays,
+where a pleasant hour could be passed in conversing with the French
+prisoners and examining their toys. The French naval officers were on
+parole of honor, and resided in Dartmouth and Preston. They spent their
+time chiefly in field sports, occasionally visiting Halifax, where they
+mixed freely in society. M. Danseville, the Governor of St. Pierre and
+Miquelon, resided in the house near Preston lately owned by the Hon.
+Michael Tobin, known as the Brook House, where he entertained his
+friends with great politeness and hospitality. Many of the French
+prisoners were permitted to come to town and work for the inhabitants. A
+number of our own Halifax people were at this time languishing in French
+prisons. The sum of L.130 sterling was subscribed in Halifax for their
+relief, and remitted to England in the month of July of this year.
+
+Great quantities of prize goods were sold at auction this year, taken
+principally from American vessels. The American trade was terribly cut
+up by the British cruisers. On one occasion we find advertised for sale
+at public auction by order of the Court of Vice-Admiralty, dated 19th
+March, twelve full-rigged ships, eight brigs, seven schooners and ten or
+twelve small vessels, with their cargoes.
+
+On 7th September, the merchants of Halifax petitioned the Governor and
+Council for permission to export to the States portions of the prize
+goods as being particularly adapted to the American market. The
+following names, among others, appear attached to this petition: John
+Lawson, Temple F. & Lewis E. Piers,[71] Jas. Forman, Samuel Head, M. D.,
+Hartshorne, Boggs & Co., James and Michael Tobin, James Hamilton, Roy
+Leslie & Co., Carrett & Alport, Scaiffe & Bain, G. Grassie, James Ewing,
+William Annand, Matthew Richardson, William Phillips, James Russell,
+Miles W. White, Smith & Thom, John Brown, W. H. Reynolds & Co., Harding
+& Hill, A. McDonald, Henry Ford, Stephen W. DeBlois & Co., Wm. Bremner,
+John Moody & Co., Collins & Allison,[72] Henry Austin, William Stairs,
+Richard Tremain & Co., G. N. Russell, Jonathan & John Tremain.
+
+[Footnote 71: Messrs. Piers were the grandsons of Mr. L. Piers, who came
+with Cornwallis in 1749. Descendants of Temple F. Piers still reside in
+Halifax.]
+
+[Footnote 72: This firm was Hon. Enos Collins and Joseph Allison, both
+of whom became members of His Majesty's Council. They succeeded to the
+business of Prescott & Lawson on the wharf afterwards known as Collins'
+wharf, where Mr. Collins, in 1823, built the range of stone stores, a
+part of which is occupied by the Halifax Banking Company.]
+
+On the 7th September, Sir Borlase Warren with his fleet arrived in
+Halifax Harbor in eight days from the Chesapeake. The fleet consisted of
+the St. Domingo, 74 guns, Diadem, 64, Diomede, 50, Junon, 38, Romulus,
+36, Success, 32, Fox, 32, Nemesis, 28, Loupcervier, 18, Mariner, 15,
+Highflyer, 10, and several transports.
+
+The following passage from Murdoch's history affords a lively picture
+of the condition and aspect of Halifax at this period, drawn no doubt,
+in some measure from his personal recollection:
+
+   "The effects of the war upon the people of Halifax were very
+   marked. Our harbor had become the temporary home of the ships
+   of war, and the place where their prizes were brought and
+   disposed of. Our youths were eager to participate in the path
+   that seemed to lead by a few steps to honor, glory, and
+   fortune; and indeed when it is borne in mind that several
+   Halifax lads rose to be admirals, we can hardly wonder at the
+   school-boys' desire to wear the white stripe on his collar,
+   and the ivory-handled dirk that indicated his authority to
+   command men. The little capital, then occupying a restricted
+   space, became crowded. Trade was active, prices rose. The
+   fleet increasing, provisions were in great demand, and this
+   acted as a large bounty in favor of the agriculturist and the
+   fisherman. Rents of houses and buildings in the town were
+   doubled and trebled. A constant bustle existed in our chief
+   streets, cannon were forever noisy; it was a salute of a
+   man-of-war entering or leaving, practising with guns or
+   celebrating something or somebody. There is another side to
+   this picture which must not be omitted. The moral condition of
+   the town had become dreadful in the extreme. Eight or ten
+   thousand soldiers, sailors, and prisoners of war let loose in
+   a little town of less than 10,000 inhabitants can well be
+   imagined."
+
+The upper streets were full of brothels; grog shops and dancing houses
+were to be seen in almost every part of the town. A portion of Grafton
+Street was known under the appellation of Hogg Street from a house of
+ill-fame kept by a person of that name. The upper street along the base
+of Citadel Hill between the north and south barracks was known as "Knock
+him Down" Street in consequence of the number of affrays and even
+murders committed there. No person of any character ventured to reside
+there, nearly all the buildings being occupied as brothels for the
+soldiers and sailors. The streets of this part of the town presented
+continually the disgusting sight of abandoned females of the lowest
+class in a state of drunkenness, bare headed, without shoes, and in the
+most filthy and abominable condition.
+
+The Acadian School was this year established by Walter Bromley, Esq., on
+the Lancaster system. It was intended chiefly for the instruction of the
+poor. Mr. Bromley had been paymaster of the 23rd Fusiliers, and having
+retired from the army while that regiment was in garrison at Halifax,
+devoted all the energy of his philanthropic mind to the amelioration of
+the condition of the poor. He first opened his school on 13th January,
+1814 in the old building in Argyle Street, then lately used as a theatre
+for amateur performers, where he held Sunday school for poor children of
+all denominations and had a large class of blacks, both children and
+adults, to whom he devoted particular attention. Many colored men and
+women who afterwards became valuable servants, and some of whom entered
+into business in Halifax, owed their success and subsequent christian
+life to the exertions of Mr. Bromley. His labors to improve the
+condition of the Mic-mac Indians will be remembered by not a few
+individuals now living. His house was open to them at all times, where
+those who were not addicted to the habitual use of spirits were
+hospitably treated, clothed and furnished with means of following their
+hunting and other occupations. This continued until he left the country.
+The old play house having fallen into decay, the present stone building
+was erected on its site in 1816 and apartments for Mr. Bromley were
+therein provided. A printing press which had been established by him at
+the Acadian School became the means of disseminating his views regarding
+education throughout the province, and his little pamphlets, entitled
+Appeals to the People of Great Britain on behalf of the Indians of Nova
+Scotia, were very forcible and touching. The first edition of T. C.
+Halliburton's history of Nova Scotia was issued from Bromley's press in
+1824. When Bromley left Halifax in 1828, the poor lost a true friend and
+the Indians their chief patron.
+
+Halifax was visited by a great gale of wind in the autumn of 1813. The
+Gazette of the 19th November says:
+
+   "On Friday evening last, a most tremendous gale, or rather
+   hurricane from the south-east, rushed up the harbor with such
+   destructive violence as has not been witnessed since the
+   tornado which happened in September, 1798. The lapse of little
+   more than one short hour left but few vessels at their anchors
+   and of those scarcely one that had not sustained material
+   injury. Its utmost fury being felt about dead low water, less
+   damage was sustained by the wharves and stores than might
+   otherwise have been expected, but several shallops and small
+   craft were sunk, and many others wrecked and torn by the sea.
+   H. M. Ships St. Domingo, Hogue, Maidstone, two brigs and a
+   schooner were driven on shore. Fourteen other men of war,
+   including small ones, suffered by vessels being driven against
+   them. The Barossa, Diadem and the old Centurian suffered
+   least. There were forty-six merchant vessels, transports and
+   prizes, all large vessels except about seventeen, stranded;
+   most of them having been got off again. Twenty-four, including
+   store ships and transports, suffered more or less injury, and
+   a brig, a transport and one or two sloops sank and were
+   totally lost. Several schooners were sunk at Prospect, and two
+   large vessels were reported overset off the harbor. A number
+   of lives were lost during the gale, and many seamen badly hurt
+   on board the ships of war."
+
+Among the deaths recorded this year was that of James Creighton,
+Esq.,[73] in his 81st year. He was the son of one of the settlers who
+came with Governor Cornwallis in 1749, and had acquired a large property
+in the neighborhood of the town which was inherited by his son who was
+the ancestor of the family of that name now in the city. The fields in
+the north suburbs adjoining the common were for many years known as
+Creighton's fields; long since laid off into building lots, including
+the streets known as Maynard Street, Creighton Street and Bauer Street,
+etc.
+
+[Footnote 73: Mr. Creighton was not related to Lieutenant Creighton, who
+afterwards settled in Lunenburg and was known as Col. Creighton. He came
+out, however, in company with him in the same vessel, being friends;
+they were both from the same part of England.]
+
+The death of Sir Samuel Hood George, Provincial Secretary of the
+Province, took place this year in England, where he went for the benefit
+of his health. He died of consumption in the 24th year of his age.
+
+In the month of January, 1813, a murder was committed on the Market
+Wharf, which caused considerable excitement in the town. About 7 o'clock
+on Monday evening, January 25th, five soldiers, having had some dispute
+with the shallop men on the wharf, attacked them with their bayonets and
+badly wounded four men, Frederick and Henry Publicover, Cornelius Uhlman
+and George Teele. The main guard from the King's Wharf being called out,
+three of the soldiers were secured. Henry Publicover died of his wounds
+and the Coroner's Jury brought in a verdict of wilful murder against
+some persons unknown. One of those who had been apprehended, a young
+soldier named Oliver Hart, was tried and convicted of the murder at the
+Easter term of the Supreme Court, but was afterwards pardoned by the
+Governor. Much dissatisfaction existed in the community in consequence
+of the termination of this affair.
+
+In the month of March the crew of a Spanish schooner, the Serifina, was
+brought into Halifax. They had killed six of their fellow-sufferers upon
+the alleged necessity of saving their own lives by subsisting on the
+flesh of those they killed. Investigations were entered into, the result
+of which does not appear.
+
+The Commissioners of Streets for the town were appointed on the 12th
+May. They consisted of James Forman, John Albro, Michael Tobin,
+Frederick Major, James Fraser and John Allen. The three former remained
+in office until about 1829 or 1830, when a new system was inaugurated
+under the management of H. H. Cogswell and others. Matthew Forrester was
+the Overseer and Superintendent of Streets under the Commissioners for
+many years. The old Commissioners, a short time before their retirement,
+undertook to remove all obstructions to side paths; many old houses
+stood on banks with cellar doors projecting into what was supposed to be
+part of the street. Others again were approached by flights of steps,
+all of which were removed to the detriment of many buildings in the
+suburbs. At this time the town was adorned in many places by ranges of
+trees in the sides of the streets. St. Paul's Church was surrounded by
+large old willow trees; a range of fine old willows extended from
+William Pryor's corner down the eastern side of Hollis Street past the
+Lumber Yard Gate. A fine range of willows of less dimensions also ran
+along that part of Argyle Street between the late H. H. Cogswell's stone
+house and the residence of the late R. J. Uniacke, since sold for a
+country market. Again in Poplar Grove, and the old Grenadier fort house
+which stood on the site of the present Trinity Chapel in Jacob Street,
+on both sides of Brunswick Street, particularly on the east side, there
+were several fine clusters of Lombardy poplar trees of gigantic size,
+several being in front of the residence of James Kirby. There were also
+some fine trees in other parts of the town. These were all cut down
+without mercy by Mr. Forrester, under the directions of the
+Commissioners before the year 1830, and the lower stairs of a number of
+buildings were buried in levelling the streets. Albermarle and Grafton
+Streets were at this time in a very rough condition, particularly the
+former, where banks of earth and stones were to be seen in the centre of
+the street, sufficient in some places to obstruct carriages. These were
+removed by the new Commissioners.
+
+The town was at this time supplied with water by public wells and pumps
+in various parts of the town. A pump stood at the north end of the
+Province Building Square, in George Street, known as Black's pump;
+another at the south end of the square; another, known as the White
+pump, stood in the centre of Prince Street, where it is crossed by
+Albermarle Street; this was one of the last to be removed. There were
+two known as the Sisters at the corner of Duke and Hollis Streets, near
+the site of the building occupied by the People's Bank. There were four
+or five along the east side of Brunswick Street, one at the foot of
+Cornwallis Street, and a number in the south suburbs and other parts of
+the town; also two in Barrington Street in front of the Parade.
+
+1814. During the winter of 1813-14 some distress existed among the poor
+in the upper streets. This part of the town was chiefly occupied by
+people of the lower order, and in consequence of the war had become a
+resort for soldiers and sailors. Barrack Street, before mentioned, was
+known as "The Hill" and was as well known through His Majesty's
+dominions for its evil reputation as the worst haunts of Plymouth or
+Portsmouth in England.
+
+On the 25th February a public fast was proclaimed by the Governor, after
+which we do not find any further proclamations of this kind for many
+years.
+
+A press warrant was granted to Rear Admiral Griffiths on 28th February,
+when many of the idle and worthless vagabonds of the town were happily
+secured for His Majesty's service, where they would be brought under
+wholesome restraint.
+
+It had been arranged this spring that a residence for the Admiral of the
+station should be erected. The British Parliament had granted the sum of
+L.3000 for this purpose, which being found insufficient, the House of
+Assembly of this province voted L.1500 towards its completion. A site was
+selected in the field between the Naval Hospital grounds and Gottingen
+Street, and the present building known as Admiralty House was commenced
+this year, but not finished until some time after. Why the local funds
+of the province should have been devoted to this purpose does not
+clearly appear.
+
+The arrival of the English packet on 21st May furnished news of the fall
+of Napoleon Bonaparte and the entry of the allied armies into Paris. It
+being Sunday, the event was celebrated all Monday by a military review
+with salutes, and the whole town was illuminated in the evening. A
+military band performed during the evening on the flat roof of the old
+market house, long since removed to make way for the present brick
+structure, and the streets were crowded to a very late hour. The
+merchants and many of the principal inhabitants met at the Exchange
+Coffee House and other places, where hot suppers were consumed in honor
+of the occasion.
+
+Among the captures this year was that of the American privateer, Snap
+Dragon, six guns and 70 men, brought in by H. M. Sloop, Martin on 5th
+July, taken off Sambro Light, and on the 13th, the United States Sloop
+Rattlesnake, 18 guns, by the Leander frigate, taken near Shelburne
+Harbor. About the same time 340 British prisoners were brought to
+Halifax in Cartels from Salem in Massachusetts. The Rattlesnake was
+afterwards sold and fitted out as a privateer by merchants in Liverpool,
+Queens County.
+
+The British forces having captured Washington in August, 1814, a large
+number of black slaves, of both sexes, from the plantations along the
+Potomac and Chesapeake Rivers, who had deserted their masters, took
+refuge on board the British men-of-war while they laid in Chesapeake
+Bay. Sir George Cochran, the naval commander, sent them on to Halifax,
+where many of them arrived in September, following in a transport ship
+and the Brig Jasper. They were afterwards located at Preston and
+Hammond's Plains. Many of the domestic slaves remained in the town as
+servants, attaching themselves to the inhabitants. Those who went to the
+country, being unused to cold and hard labor, were unable even with the
+assistance of the Government allowance to make their living; soon became
+paupers and a burden to the community, a condition in which their
+children and grand-children largely remain. At the close of the war a
+quantity of American soldiers' uniforms, taken at Castine, in Maine,
+were served out to the Chesapeake negroes. Their grotesque appearance in
+the blue and yellow coats, occasionally intermixed with the green and
+red facings of the corps called the York Rangers, (at the peace
+disbanded in Halifax,) must be within the recollection of many of our
+old inhabitants.
+
+The grand event of this year for Halifax was the fitting out of the
+expedition for the invasion of the State of Maine. This expedition
+consisted of the 29th, 60th, 62nd and 98th British Regiments, with
+artillery and some militia. The two brigades were commanded by Major
+Goslin and Colonel Douglas; the whole being under the command of
+Lieutenant-General Sir John Cope Sherbrooke. Rear Admiral Griffiths
+commanded the squadron, which was composed of 3 seventy-four gun ships,
+the Bulwark, Dragon and the Spencer, with two brigs, a schooner and ten
+transports. Castine was taken on 1st September, and the town of Michias
+by Lieut.-Col. Pilkington, on the 11th. Thus all the State or District
+of Maine fell into the hands of the British as far west as the old
+bounds of Acadia. This territory was originally part of Nova Scotia, and
+at the peace of 1783 had been conceded to the Americans through the
+ignorance and imbecility of Lord Gambier, who had been intrusted by the
+British Ministry with the settlement of our lines. The British
+Government was erroneously induced to relinquish this conquest at the
+close of the war, a policy which has deprived this Dominion of the
+fairest timber lands of New Brunswick, and caused the loss of the most
+direct line of communication between the Canadian provinces through
+British territory, a loss which the whole expense incurred by the
+British Government during the war could not now repay. Sir John, having
+left a garrison to take care of his conquest, soon returned with his
+little army to Halifax. Several Halifax merchants availed themselves of
+the opening afforded to make money, sent agents with supplies of goods
+to establish shops at Castine, etc. The British authorities collected
+the Revenue of Maine while in occupation, which amounted to a
+considerable sum of money. This fund was placed by the colonial minister
+in the hands of the Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia, who appropriated
+it in various ways as he thought most for the benefit of the country. It
+was from this fund that Dalhousie College was afterwards built and
+endowed by the Earl of Dalhousie, who succeeded Sir John Cope Sherbrooke
+in the government, the Legislature of the Province having been induced
+to vote the sum of L.5,000 currency towards the same object.
+
+In the autumn the small pox made its appearance in Dartmouth and Preston
+and was very fatal among the Chesapeake negroes.
+
+The old Rockingham Club, which in the days of Prince Edward and Sir John
+Wentworth dined periodically at the Rockingham Hotel on the Basin, had
+ceased to exist, but it appears to have revived about this time under
+the name of the Wellington Club. A dinner at the Rockingham by the
+Wellington Club was announced in the papers of 26th August to take place
+on the 30th instant at half past four o'clock. Five o'clock was the
+fashionable dinner hour. The Governor's dinner cards of this date were
+all for that hour.
+
+The old Rockingham was destroyed by fire nearly half a century ago. It
+stood on the shore of the Basin, a short distance north of the Rotunda.
+After the departure of the Prince it became a house of entertainment,
+kept successively by Graves, Paine and others. It was a favorite resort
+being a convenient distance from town. The approach from the post road
+was by a carriage drive next to the Rotunda, between two beech trees,
+from which hung suspended a sign with the Wentworth Arms. When destroyed
+it was the property of the estate of David Muirhead.
+
+In September the body of General Ross, who had been killed before
+Baltimore, was brought to Halifax for interment. He was buried in the
+old English burial ground with all military honors. No monument to his
+memory appears in St. Paul's Church.
+
+On the 24th November, the Man-of-War Brig Fantome, 18 guns, went on
+shore at Prospect. She soon went to pieces, as also a schooner which
+accompanied her. No lives were lost.
+
+The merchants presented several petitions to the Governor this year
+relative to the trade of the port. The following names appear appended
+to these petitions, among which we will find those of many of our
+principal citizens whose faces were once familiar to many now living:
+
+James Forman,[74] Belcher & Wright,[75] John Clarke, William Rudolf,
+John Stayner, Rufus G. Taylor, William Strachan, William Young, Jr.,
+Austin & Stairs,[76] Jessie Woodward, Richard Kidston, Lawrence Doyle,
+John Carrol, Henry Yeomans, Francis Stevens, Benjamin Etter, John
+Merrick, W. C. Wilkie, Charles Boggs, And. Smith, William Duffus, James
+Kerby, Charles Tropolet. Again, Thomas Wallace, Bowie & DeBlois,[77]
+Hosterman & Etter, John & David Howe,[78] W. A. & S. Black,[79] James
+Baine, Martin Gay Black, Duncan McColl, Thomas Cleary, Robert Phelon,
+Levi Moses & Co., and John A. Barry.[80]
+
+[Footnote 74: For many years Custos of the County.]
+
+[Footnote 75: Hon. Andrew Belcher, son of the first Chief Justice and
+member of Council. His partner, William Wright, was son of old Parson
+Wright of the Grammar School. Neither left male descendants in Nova
+Scotia.]
+
+[Footnote 76: Hon. Wm. Stairs, Sr., afterwards in Council.]
+
+[Footnote 77: William Bowie, killed in a duel with R. J. Uniacke.]
+
+[Footnote 78: Both brothers of the late Hon. Joseph Howe, Provincial
+Secretary, etc.]
+
+[Footnote 79: Hon. William A. Black of the Legislative Council.]
+
+[Footnote 80: Mr. Barry was afterwards in the House of Assembly for
+Shelburne; died at LaHave aged 80 years.]
+
+The Province Building and the Admiralty House were both slowly
+progressing during the summer and autumn.
+
+Halifax did a brisk trade during the period of the American War. The
+following list of exports for the year 1813 is given by Murdoch in one
+of his notes: Vessels, 412; Tons, 54,457; men, 2,868; Boards and Plank,
+1,881,722 feet; Staves, 232,562; Dry Fish, 82,059 quintals; Pickled Fish
+in tierces, 408; Barrels, 29,829; Smoked Herring in barrels, 142; Boxes,
+6,425; Fish Oil, 49,668 gallons.
+
+1815. The winter of 1814-15 was more severe than the previous one. The
+small pox had broken out in the town and many persons died of it. A
+number of the black refugee negroes had been, about the month of May,
+after the removal of the prisoners, placed on Melville Island. They were
+all vaccinated to prevent the spread of the disease among them. They
+remained here for a short time until they could be located in the
+country.
+
+The treaty of peace between Great Britain and the United States was
+ratified in February 1815, and executed at Ghent on the 24th December
+following. An immediate exchange of prisoners took place after the
+ratification, and many seafaring men belonging to Halifax, who had been
+confined in American prisons, were restored to their homes. Peace was
+proclaimed at Halifax on 3rd March. This spring an Act of the
+Legislature passed for establishing a Bridewell or House of Correction
+in Halifax. It was placed under the control of the sessions, and the old
+gamble-roofed building formerly used as a poor house, then situated at
+the western end of the space known as the old poor house grounds, was
+taken for the purpose and fitted up with cells, etc., for the prisoners.
+This building was taken down, having ceased to be used after the
+erection of Rock Head Prison and the Provincial Penitentiary on the
+North West Arm. It was one of the oldest buildings in the town
+afterwards, and was in early days the residence of Mr. Wenman, the
+keeper of the Asylum. When it was first built is uncertain, but being
+situate within the lines of the old forts, was probably a military
+residence of some sort during the first five or six years of the
+settlement.
+
+A regular police court was this summer established in the brick Court
+House. John George Pyke, John Howe and John Liddell were appointed
+police magistrates. Mr. Pyke had long been custos of the county, and he
+and subsequently Mr. Liddell gave regular attendance at the office. Mr.
+Pyke was allowed eleven shillings and eight pence per day, and had three
+police constables at his command, with the additional assistance of
+Hawkins, a colored gentleman, who dressed in an old military uniform
+with cap and feathers, usually escorted the criminals to and from the
+workhouse, and when occasion required inflicted his 39 lashes on
+juvenile offenders at the old whipping post, which stood at the
+south-west corner of the building opposite Messrs. Stairs' office--a
+system of punishment less expensive than paying their board and lodging
+for eight or ten weeks from the taxes of the citizens.
+
+The Spring of 1815 was very backward. The Basin had been frozen up all
+winter, and was not free from ice until the month of June. On the first
+of June the harbor was full of ice so as for an hour or two to impede
+the progress of the ferry boats. It was partially collected from loose
+ice which came down the Narrows from the Basin, and some drift ice which
+was brought in in the night previously from the sea by the tide and
+southerly wind.
+
+There were two ferries at this time. The upper ferry was conducted by
+John Skerry, whose memory is still cherished by many, both in Dartmouth
+and Halifax, as one of the most obliging and civil men of his day.
+Skerry's wharf in Dartmouth was a short distance south of the steam boat
+wharf. The other ferry was the property of Mr. James Creighton, known as
+the Lower Ferry, situate to the south of Mott's Factory. It was
+conducted for Mr. Creighton by deputy and was afterwards held under
+lease by Joseph Findlay, the last man who ran a ferry boat with sails
+and oars in Halifax Harbor. These ferry boats were furnished with a lug
+sail and two and sometimes four oars. They were large clumsy boats, and
+occupied some thirty or forty minutes in making the passage across the
+harbor. There were no regular trips at appointed hours. When the boat
+arrived at either side the ferryman blew his horn (a conch shell) and
+would not start again until he had a full freight of passengers. The
+sound of the conch and the cry of "Over! Over!" was the signal to go on
+board. The boats for both ferries landed at the Market Slip at Halifax.
+An act of the Legislature had been obtained this session to incorporate
+a Steamboat Company with an exclusive privilege of the ferry between
+Halifax and Dartmouth for 25 years. They could not succeed in getting up
+a company, steam navigation being then in its infancy, and in the
+following year had the act amended to permit them to run a boat by
+horses to be called the Teamboat. This boat consisted of two boats or
+hulls united by a platform with a paddle between the boats. The deck was
+surmounted by a round house which contained a large cogwheel, arranged
+horizontally inside the round house, to which were attached 8 or 9
+horses harnessed to iron stanchions coming down from the wheel. As the
+horses moved round, the wheel turned a crank which moved the paddle. It
+required about twenty minutes for this boat to reach Dartmouth from
+Halifax. It was considered an immense improvement on the old ferry boat
+arrangement, and the additional accommodation for cattle, carriages and
+horses was a great boon to the country people as well as to the citizens
+of Halifax, who heretofore had been compelled to employ Skerry's scow
+when it was found necessary to carry cattle or carriages from one side
+of the harbor to the other. The first trip of the Teamboat was made on
+the 8th November, 1816. The following year an outrage was committed
+which caused much excitement and feeling in the town. All the eight
+horses in the boat were stabbed by a young man named Hurst. No motive
+for this cruel act could be assigned, drunkenness alone appearing to be
+the cause. The culprit was tried for the offence and suffered a lengthy
+imprisonment. Mr. Skerry kept up a contract with the Company for several
+years, until all differences were arranged by his becoming united with
+the Company, and after a short time old age and a small fortune,
+accumulated by honest industry, removed him from the scene of his
+labors. The teamboat after a year or two received an addition to her
+speed by the erection of a mast in the centre of the round house, on
+which was hoisted a square sail when the wind was fair, and afterwards a
+topsail above, which gave her a most picturesque appearance on the
+water. This addition considerably facilitated her motion and relieved
+the horses from their hard labor. As traffic increased several small
+paddle boats were added by the Company, which received the appellation
+of Grinders. They had paddles at the sides like a steamboat, which were
+moved by a crank turned by two men. In 1818 the proprietors of the old
+ferries petitioned the House of Assembly against the Teamboat Company
+using these small boats as contrary to the privilege given them by the
+Act of Incorporation. It afterwards became a subject of litigation until
+the question was put an end to by Mr. Skerry becoming connected with the
+Company. Jos. Findlay continued to run his old boats from the south or
+lower ferry until about the year 1835.
+
+On the 3rd August, the Man-of War Brig Vesta arrived from England with
+the news of the Battle of Waterloo. The town was illuminated in honor of
+the victory, and the inhabitants kept up their rejoicings till a late
+hour in the evening. Preparations were made for a public dinner on the
+occasion, which took place at Mason Hall on the 15th. The Attorney
+General, R. J. Uniacke, took the chair and James Forman was
+Vice-President. The committee of management were Doctor William B.
+Almon, John Pyke, eldest son of old John Geo. Pyke, the custos. David
+Shaw Clarke, G. Lewis and John Howe, junior, John Albro, Thomas
+Heaviside, Edward Alport, Joseph Allison and William Bowie were the
+Stewards. Subscriptions had been opened throughout Great Britain and the
+Colonies for the families of those soldiers who were killed and wounded
+in the action. The Town of Halifax including the garrison and public
+officers contributed the large sum of L.3,800.
+
+This year an Act of the Legislature passed for regulating the
+appointment of Trustees and Master for the Grammar School of Halifax.
+The first Act establishing this school bears date 1780.
+
+The refugee Negroes brought to Halifax by Admiral Cockburn had been in a
+great measure a burden upon the community. A proposition was made this
+year by the British Government to remove them to a warmer climate, but
+no steps appear to have been taken to effect the object. Had this
+suggestion been carried out at the time much suffering would have been
+spared to these poor people, and the inhabitants of Halifax relieved
+from a burden.
+
+On 26th February a resolution passed the House of Assembly directing the
+commissioners of the poor to cause an account to be taken of the number
+of black persons in the Town and the environs, who were brought to this
+country from the United States of America. The following return, dated
+March 6th, was signed by Richard Tremaine, Chairman of the Committee:
+
+                           Men.  Women.  Children.  Total.
+  In the Town of Halifax   179    56       101       336
+  Windsor Road              11    14        26        51
+  Dartmouth and Preston    ...    ..       ...       270
+  Mr. Fairbanks' Estate
+    at Lake Porter         ...    ..       ...        27
+                                                     ---
+                                                     684
+
+The men and women with families were generally in need; none appear to
+have been located at Hammonds Plains at this time.
+
+James Archibald was tried for the murder of Captain Benjamin Ellenwood
+of Liverpool, N. S., before Chief Justice Blowers, in Easter term of the
+Supreme Court at Halifax this year. He was convicted and executed soon
+after on the Common.
+
+Another attempt to incorporate Halifax was now made. It will be seen
+that in 1785 the merchants of the town suggested the subject for the
+consideration of the Governor and Council, but they disapproved of the
+measure; again in 1790, the Speaker of the House of Assembly, in
+consequence of complaints regarding the settlement of the poor and the
+necessity of a police force, etc., drew up the following resolution,
+which was passed: "Resolved, that it be recommended to this House to
+present a humble address to His Excellency the Lieutenant Governor, to
+request that he will be pleased to grant a charter to the Town of
+Halifax for incorporating the same, and enabling the inhabitants thereof
+to make such by-laws as shall be sufficient to regulate the police of
+said town." No step, however, was taken by the Governor and Council
+relative to this resolution.
+
+The merchants of the town had a meeting on the subject in 1816, which
+resulted in a definite proposition being made, in which all the details
+of the proposed charter were fully set out in a pamphlet of some length.
+
+The following preface or introduction to this pamphlet affords a sketch
+of the plan proposed:
+
+   INTRODUCTION.
+
+   The following plan for regulating the municipal affairs of
+   this town has been drawn up in the form of a charter, as the
+   clearest and best method to express the extent of the proposed
+   improvements. The objects have been pointed out by a thorough
+   investigation into the various modes of conducting the public
+   business; which was entered into in consequence of a
+   presentment made by the Grand Jury to the Court of Quarter
+   Sessions in the December Term of 1812. The Court having
+   appointed six different investigating committees of the
+   Magistrates to meet the various objects contemplated by the
+   grand Jury, their several reports combined clearly prove the
+   necessity of some reform; but as it would now become an
+   invidious as well as a useless task, to point out the
+   _prevailing errors_ of the present practice, which are but too
+   evident to admit of a doubt, the gentlemen who have undertaken
+   the task of sketching out the _means of improvement_, have
+   left it to the Public to compare the one with the other.
+
+   It will be perceived by a perusal of the following sheets,
+   that the Charter has but two leading objects--to establish
+   regularity in business, and to define and extend the powers of
+   the Magistrates and Grand Jury (acting as a Common Council) to
+   the same limits as (and not a step beyond) the powers granted
+   to all corporations within the King's Dominions.
+
+   The only novelty introduced is that of preserving a gradual
+   change of the ruling members of the corporation, without
+   incurring the unpleasant duty of the electing system. This is
+   done by the appointment of ten magistrates to act as trustees,
+   two of whom will go out and two others come in annually, and
+   the appointment of the Grand Jury of the existing year, (or if
+   it is preferred that of the last year, or a draft from the
+   whole list until it is gone through), to act as a Common
+   Council.
+
+   By these means the whole of the leading members of the
+   community (likely to take an active part in the affairs of the
+   town) will, in turn, partake of the duties of a respectable
+   office, and become intimate, and thereby feel interested in
+   its affairs. The various articles of consumption and of
+   commerce will be better inspected than they are at present;
+   the revenues will be regularly attended to, and every
+   desirable improvement in possession of other similar
+   communities in His Majesty's Dominions will in time, no doubt
+   be adopted.
+
+   The provisions of the Charter have been selected and drawn up
+   with the utmost care to avoid objections by an attentive
+   reference to the London, Philadelphia, New York and New
+   Brunswick Charters, and the East Company's by-laws; and the
+   whole is arranged and worded agreeably to the most approved
+   forms, in order to obviate any difficulties on the part of
+   Government, or from local partialities.
+
+   In debating the merits of the following pages, these three
+   queries will naturally occur to and guide every reflecting
+   mind:
+
+   1st. Whether the present management requires any improvement?
+
+   2nd. If so--is this an effectual plan?
+
+   3rd. If not--what is better?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+   N. B. When the terms of the Charter are agreed on and assented
+   to by His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor, it is proposed
+   to apply to His Excellency to grant it for a term of three or
+   five years by way of trial; during which period such
+   amendments may be made to it as experience shall point out to
+   be necessary;--after which, if it proves acceptable to the
+   inhabitants, application may be made to renew it for another
+   term of a few years, for the purpose of improving it still
+   further, as its deficiencies may appear; then the Charter may
+   be made perpetual if the inhabitants approve of it. It will be
+   necessary to have an Act of the General Assembly to confirm
+   the Charter when first granted, and on every renewal of it.
+
+Mr. Sabatier and a few others were principally concerned in endeavoring
+to forward the object, but the Governor and Council appear to have been
+still influenced the belief that their own supervision of local affairs
+was preferable and better suited to the circumstances of the town at
+that time.
+
+It will be seen that in the plan proposed the idea of a popular election
+of members of the corporation was not even thought of either by the
+Government or the people of the town.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+
+1816. Soon after the peace the prosperity of Halifax began to wane. The
+price of provisions and all the necessaries of life, the value of real
+estate and the high rents of houses in the town all became more or less
+affected by the scarcity of money arising from the withdrawal of the
+troops and navy and the sudden alterations in trade. The reaction was
+not fully realized until about two years after peace was proclaimed,
+when the rapid fall off in the value of real estate and the sudden check
+given to commercial pursuits was found to have reduced many speculators
+to poverty.
+
+Sir John Cope Sherbrooke having been appointed Governor General of
+Canada, the principal inhabitants of the town gave him a farewell dinner
+on 25th June. It was presided over by Chief Justice Blowers and the vice
+chair was occupied by Michael Wallace, the treasurer of the province. An
+address, largely signed by the inhabitants, was presented to the
+Governor on his departure. Sir John had rendered himself very popular in
+Halifax by his affable manners and his prompt and decisive way of
+treating all matters brought to his notice by the citizens. He embarked
+at the King's wharf on Thursday, 27th June, under a salute from the
+batteries and the cheers of the inhabitants.
+
+The rough condition of the streets of the town at this period rendered
+immediate and extensive improvements necessary. Those in the least
+frequented parts of the town had been so much neglected that in many
+places they were impassable from the accumulation of rubbish and the
+broken condition of the wooden platforms or bridges at the gutters and
+crossings. In many places the streets were overgrown at each side with
+grass except in the centre. Brunswick Street, though one of the
+principal highways of the town, was overgrown at each side with grass.
+Many of the old Dutch houses then still remaining in this street stood
+on banks a few feet above the sidewalk and where there were no buildings
+rough stone walls or fences marked the line of the street. Water
+Street, from the continual traffic and wear during the period of the
+war, had been worn into holes and was in wet weather almost impassable
+from the accumulation of mud, particularly between the Ordnance Yard and
+the foot of Prince Street. The market square at this time, as also that
+portion of Water Street between Collins' Wharf and the King's Wharf, was
+much lower than at present. It was found necessary to pave this portion
+of Water Street, which was accordingly accomplished during the years
+1816 and 1817. The pavement, which was with round stones, extended from
+the Ordnance to Black and Forsyth's Wharf, (later Mitchell's) at the
+foot of Prince Street. The Provincial Legislature contributed the sum of
+L.1,200 towards the work, and the expense of flagging the sidewalks was
+charged to the owners of property fronting on the street. About the year
+1835 this pavement had so sunk down as to be no protection from the
+accumulation of mud. The lower part of the market square bordering on
+Water Street and the way leading to the market slip or public landing
+were raised about five feet. Between 1820 and 1824 new Street
+Commissioners were appointed. The Macadamizing system begun to be
+introduced and extensive improvements in the way of levelling the
+streets and filling up hollow places were proceeded with.
+
+The Acadian School, conducted by Walter Bromley, had now been under way
+for about three years. It was inspected on 31st July. There were 400
+children in attendance. On this occasion Mr. Bromley stated that since
+the opening of the school in 1813, eight hundred and ninety-three
+children had received instruction there, and about one hundred
+apprentices and colored children in the Sunday schools. The latter were
+under the special superintendence of Mr. Bromley himself, who devoted
+all his leisure to the instruction of the black children and others who
+could not attend school throughout the week. The small sum of L.200 was
+voted annually by the Legislature in aid of this school. Subsequently a
+grant of money was made by the Assembly to the National School, which
+was about this time set on foot on the Madras system, under the auspices
+of the Bishop and members of the Church of England in Halifax, who had
+lately erected the large three-story building in Argyle Street, opposite
+the parade, for the purpose. In 1818 this school had 117 children in
+attendance. The daily attendance at these two schools exceeded 500,
+which was a large number considering the extent of the population at
+this period.
+
+The appointment of Dr. Robert Stanser, Rector of St. Paul's, to the
+Bishopric of Nova Scotia, vacant by the death of Bishop Charles Inglis,
+took place in 1817. Interest had been made with Lord Bathurst, the
+Colonial Secretary, and the Archbishop of Canterbury to have Dr. John
+Inglis, son of the late Bishop, appointed to the See. The appointment
+was said to have been arranged in favor of Dr. Inglis, but a
+recommendation from both branches of the Legislature then in session in
+favor of Dr. Stanser, their Chaplain, prevailed, and Dr. Inglis was
+appointed Rector of St. Paul's, vacant by the elevation of Stanser to
+the Bishopric. Dr. John Inglis proved a highly popular Rector; his bland
+manners and kind disposition rendered him a favorite with all classes
+and denominations, and when he afterwards, in 1825, obtained the
+Bishopric he carried with him to England addresses in his favor not only
+from his own parishioners, but largely signed by his friends among other
+denominations.
+
+The remains of the old Bishop were brought to town from Aylesford, where
+he died, and buried under St. Paul's Church on the 29th February. The
+funeral was attended by the Governor, Sir J. C. Sherbroke, Sir John
+Wentworth, the retired Governor, His Majesty's Council and a large
+assemblage of the citizens. A monument to his memory is on the west side
+of the chancel of the church.
+
+On the morning of the 18th April great excitement prevailed throughout
+the town in consequence of a murder which had been committed in one of
+the streets during the previous night. Capt. Westmacott of the Royal
+Engineers who, as officer of the night, was going his rounds on
+horseback to visit the guards, met two men in Sackville Street whom he
+challenged in consequence of their suspicious appearance. They
+immediately attacked him and by a sudden effort threw him from his
+horse, having first wounded him fatally with a bayonet. He lingered
+until the 4th day of May, when he died. The murderers were soon after
+discovered and proved to be two soldiers, deserters from one of the
+regiments in garrison. They had been stealing fish through the night
+from a store on one of the wharves. They were identified by the Captain
+and, being tried and convicted of the murder, were executed on the
+Common.
+
+The Nova Scotia Fensible Regiment, after the close of the war, remained
+in Canada for some time. Early in June of this year they embarked at
+Quebec for Halifax. The transport in approaching Halifax ran upon a reef
+of rocks known as Jeddore ledges, which lies off the harbour of that
+name eastward from Halifax. The weather was calm and the troops were
+landed in safety, with the exception of four private soldiers, two women
+and several children, but with the loss of considerable part of the
+baggage. It was found on landing the men that the tide was rising, and
+that in all probability the greater part of the ledge would be covered
+at high water. It was proposed that the women and children should be
+first landed and placed on the higher part of the rock. But on the
+soldiers perceiving that Colonel Darling, who commanded the Regiment,
+and several of the officers were intending to avail themselves of the
+higher parts of the ledge, immediately declared that all officers should
+be compelled to remain with their respective companies and share the
+fate of their men. One officer, a captain, is said to have shown
+symptoms of impatience or something worse on the occasion, and abandoned
+his wife and family and his men, seeking shelter for himself on the
+rocks amidst the reproaches and jeers of his comrades. The Regiment was,
+however, successfully landed on the ledges, chiefly through the heroic
+exertions of the Adjutant-Lieutenant Stewart, who volunteered to carry a
+cable from the bowsprit of the ship to the rock, when having there made
+it fast the sailors were enabled to construct means for landing men in
+safety. Part of the Regiment was brought to Halifax in coasting vessels
+about the first July, and others found their way by land, having been
+brought on shore from the rocks by the fishermen of the neighbourhood.
+Col. Darling and some others being displeased at all the credit of the
+exploit being attached to Lt. Stewart, who was probably not a favorite
+of the Colonel, brought him to a Court-Martial for some trifling offence
+supposed to have been a breach of orders, and it is said he was
+compelled to leave the Regiment.
+
+Two very extensive fires occurred at Halifax this year. One on the 8th
+October, remembered as the "Haliburton" fire in consequence of the
+brick building at the corner of Hollis and Sackville Streets owned by
+Mr. George Haliburton, having been the first house consumed. The fire
+destroyed nearly the whole block from Haliburton's corner to where Mrs.
+Howard's new stone building stands, on the east or lower side of Hollis
+street. All the buildings on Sackville Street down to the corner known
+as Reynolds' corner, and the whole of the buildings on the upper or
+Western side of Bedford Row were consumed. The fire commenced at ten
+o'clock in the evening and continued to rage until six o'clock next
+morning. It was considered the most disastrous fire that had ever
+occurred in Halifax. The old buildings were all of wood except
+Haliburton's corner house. The block was soon rebuilt with a better
+description of buildings. Mr. W. K. Reynolds erected a fine stone store
+at the corner of Sackville Street and Bedford Row, which still remains;
+this was far the finest store in Halifax at the time. A range of brick
+buildings along Bedford Row were at the same time erected by the late
+Nicholas Vass. Haliburton's corner was also rebuilt of brick, and the
+buildings on Hollis street, the property of Mr. LeNoir and others, were
+built about the same time by the late Judge William Hill and his brother
+T. T. Hill, then both at the Halifax Bar. Several old wooden houses were
+pulled down during the fire by order of the firewards to prevent the
+spread of the fire. The town was assessed to pay the damage. The other
+fire was on Water Street at Creighton and Grassie's wharf. It occurred
+in the night of 17th December, during very cold weather. All the stores
+at and near the head of the wharf were consumed, and the fire extended
+to buildings on the opposite side of the street. Mr. Grassie rebuilt
+with brick and stone, and afterwards lined the shutters of his new store
+with sheet iron.
+
+The Earl of Dalhousie, a Scotch nobleman, who had distinguished himself
+in the Spanish campaign as a general of Division under Lord Wellington,
+had been appointed to succeed Sir J. Cope Sherbrooke in the Government.
+He arrived in Halifax on 24th October, 1816, in the Frigate Forthe. Lord
+and Lady Dalhousie, immediately after their arrival, landed in state and
+proceeded to the Council Chamber under a salute from the Citadel
+attended by the heads of Departments, civil and military, when the Earl
+was sworn into office in presence of His Majesty's Council. The troops
+lined the way from the King's wharf to Cochran's building where the
+Council Chamber was then situated.
+
+There had been no theatrical performances worthy of mention in the town
+since the Duke of Kent's old theatre in Argyle Street had been
+appropriated to the school under Mr. Bromley. In the autumn of this year
+a company of players, Messrs. Price, Chamock, Placide, etc., fitted up
+an old store on Fairbank's wharf as a theatre. Placide, Price and Mrs.
+Young were considered good performers and attracted large audiences. At
+the close of their career the manager got into jail for debt, when
+Placide, the best comic actor of the company, distinguished himself by
+escaping from prison and passing the sentry at the jail gate in the
+night, who supposed it was a Newfoundland dog, Mr. Placide being famous
+for imitating the bark and whine of the canine species.
+
+1817. The winter of 1816-17 was much more severe than that of the
+preceding year. The south-east passage was closed with ice all winter,
+and the ice remained until late in April. Great distress prevailed in
+the town as usual among the laboring classes during this winter, which
+was also the case throughout the whole Province. The sum of L.600 was
+contributed this winter by the inhabitants of Halifax for the support of
+destitute emigrants who had been brought up from Newfoundland.
+
+An attempt was made by the Legislature in their session of 1817 to
+relieve the pressing necessities of the county by an Act authorizing the
+Governor and Council to procure copper coin to the value of L.2,000 to be
+issued from the provincial treasury. The Act was disallowed by the
+Colonial Secretary in England. No good reason appears to have been
+assigned for its rejection. The circulating medium at this time in the
+town and throughout the country was Spanish doubloons, old Spanish
+dollars, pistareens and other small Spanish coins, with a mixed
+collection of copper coinage, English and Spanish, with all kinds of
+half-penny tokens issued by private individuals in the town. No British
+coinage ever reached Halifax except the old English Guinea. The troops
+were paid in old Spanish money, which was brought from South America and
+the West Indies by the merchants in exchange for their cargoes of fish
+with occasional importations of Spanish silver by the British
+Government for the troops, etc. An issue of paper money was at this time
+made under an Act of the province.
+
+It was in the year 1817 that the project was first broached for the
+establishment and erection of a college on the Grand Parade.
+
+The sum of L.9,750 was then remaining in the hands of the Governor from
+the revenues collected at Castine while the State of Maine was in the
+hands of the British troops. This sum Lord Dalhousie obtained the
+permission of the Colonial Secretary to appropriate towards the erection
+of a college in Halifax on the model of the Scotch Universities. The
+professors were to receive moderate salaries. The students were not to
+reside in the college building, but only to attend courses of lectures
+which were to be open to all students and all else who might feel
+disposed to purchase tickets for the courses.
+
+This winter the theatre on Fairbanks' wharf was again in operation and
+as attractive as ever. Miss Powell was at this time giving lessons in
+dancing. She gave her spring ball at Mason Hall on 21st May. This lady,
+who was patronized by the fashionable part of the community, was the
+daughter of Mr. Powell who conducted the theatre in Argyle Street when
+under the patronage of the Duke of Kent. She lived many years in Halifax
+and died at an advanced age, having been dependent on the charity of her
+friends for several years before her death.
+
+The naval force on the station had now been reduced to a few ships under
+the command of Rear Admiral Sir David Milne, father of Vice-Admiral Sir
+Alexander Milne, who some time since commanded on the North American
+Station. Sir David's flagship was the Leopard, Frigate.
+
+It may here be noticed that the British and Foreign Bible Society had
+lately organized a branch in Halifax. The second annual meeting of the
+branch society took place on the 5th May. It was attended by the Earl of
+Dalhousie, who occupied the chair, and a number of officials. The chief
+speakers on the occasion were Judge James Stewart, the Rev. Dr.
+Archibald Gray, of St. Matthew's, and Judge Wilkins. Martin Gay Black
+was treasurer and Walter Bromley, secretary. Mr. Black continued to act
+as treasurer of this society to the year of his death. The Speaker of
+the House of Assembly and a number of the members of the House were
+also present on this occasion.
+
+The great destitution of the laboring part of the population during the
+winter, as usual, rendered it necessary on behalf of the Commissioners
+of the Poor for the town to call on the inhabitants for contributions in
+addition to the annual poor rate assessed. The poor house at Halifax was
+then, as has been the case frequently since, the receptacle for
+transient paupers from the country, and the sum of L.300 was voted this
+year by the House of Assembly towards the expenses of the establishment.
+
+The charitable societies of St. Patrick and St. Andrew dined together on
+the respective anniversaries of their patron saints. Richard J. Uniacke,
+the Attorney General, occupied the chair at the St. Patrick's dinner,
+and Dr. Samuel Head the Vice. The Governor, Mr. Philip Woodhouse, the
+Commissioner of the Dockyard, the Bishop of Nova Scotia, the Commanding
+Officers of the Garrison and other distinguished guests were present at
+both dinners.
+
+A fire occurred in the southern part of Granville Street this winter,
+which destroyed the chocolate manufactory of Mr. John Ferguson and his
+dwelling house. The fire companies of Halifax at this time were,
+perhaps, the most useful institutions in the community. These companies
+consisted of several hundred gentlemen each, who formed themselves into
+a company for the purpose of rendering assistance at fires. Each member
+provided himself with a leather cap, two or three buckets, canvas bags,
+etc., on which were painted the name of the owner and device of the
+company. The members were elected by ballot. They held quarterly
+meetings and occasionally dined together, and gave annual balls at Mason
+Hall. The Heart and Hand and the Hand in Hand Companies were the oldest,
+but the Sunfire Company was the most exclusive. The Phoenix Company
+was also very efficient, being composed chiefly of young tradesmen of
+the town. The Engine Company was a very ancient institution, and
+tolerably efficient, considering the kind of machinery they had to work
+with. The Axe Company, as now, was composed of carpenters and others
+suitable for such work at fires. It was customary for the soldiers in
+garrison to turn out at fires and form lines with the inhabitants for
+the conveyance of water by buckets, handed through the lines from the
+harbor or the wells and tanks of the town. One feature which is now
+never seen at fires was the guard which was furnished by the military to
+take charge of the property removed to the streets from the burning
+houses. Scarcely a pile of furniture or goods could be observed without
+a sentry over it with fixed bayonet pacing up and down. The supply of
+water was principally drawn from the wells and pumps which were kept in
+order by the Magistrates of the town. These pumps have been before
+noticed. The inhabitants of the suburbs, however, depended for good
+water on their private wells. Almost every house in Brunswick and
+Lockman Streets had a good well in the garden or near the house. The
+north suburb lots were of very large dimensions; fruit gardens were
+numerous; the plum, the Dutch cherry and red and black currants were
+raised in abundance. The caterpillar and other vermin which now infest
+the fruit gardens had then not been imported.
+
+Among the names of merchants who were carrying on business this year in
+Halifax we notice those of John Pryor, father of the late City Judge,
+Henry Pryor, William Strachan, White, Creighton & Co., Ironware
+Merchants, Wallace & Russell, Hardware and Wines, at the corner of
+Hollis and Prince Streets, now occupied by the Union Bank; Prescott &
+Calkin, Fruits, etc., in Granville Street; James Leishman & Co., Woolen
+Ware, lately from Glasgow; Hartshorne, Boggs & Co., Hardware, etc., at
+the old stand, corner of Granville and George Streets, and S. & W.
+DeBlois at the opposite corner. The firm of Hartshorne & Boggs existed
+for many years. The head of the firm, the Hon. Lawrence Hartshorne,
+retiring from business, the name was altered to Boggs & Hartshorne; the
+late Thomas Boggs became head of the business and Lawrence Hartshorne,
+Jr., afterwards County Treasurer, was junior partner. The business
+continued until the old corner building was taken down, about the year
+184-, and replaced by the fine stone edifice erected by Mr. George E.
+Morton on the site.
+
+Scarff & Bain, afterwards James Bain[81] & Co., carried on an extensive
+importing business at the corner now occupied by W. & C. Silver. James
+Romans, Boots and Shoes, who succeeded Mr. McNab at the old corner of
+Granville and Prince Streets, lately owned by Mr. Robert Romans, who
+succeeded his father in the business; John Witham and Thomas Donaldson,
+the former Groceries and Wines, the latter Confectionery, were
+fashionable resorts on the lower side of Granville Street. Mrs. Jane
+Donaldson carried on the business after the death of her husband and
+finally retired to her residence at Birch Cove on the Basin, which had
+been purchased from the late Andrew Belcher on his leaving the province
+for England. Sherwood, which was built by Bishop Stanser, was also the
+property of Mrs. Donaldson. The late William Donaldson afterwards sold
+it to Thomas Kenny, Esq. James Donaldson, the brother of Donaldson of
+Granville Street, was also a Confectioner and carried on business at the
+corner of George and Barrington Streets, now occupied by Cragg Bros.,
+opposite the Parade, and was afterwards succeeded by the late Adam
+Esson. The principal auctioneers were Bowie & DeBlois, Moody & Boyle,
+Fillis & Perkins, and Charles Hill & Co. The latter carried on business
+in Bedford Row near the corner of Sackville Street. Among the dry goods
+stores were Israel Allison & Co., Carnot & Alport, where Mr. Duffus
+afterwards erected his stone building; Thomas Cleary, M. G. Black,
+Winkworth Allen & Co., in Cochran's Buildings near the market. Among the
+importing and West India merchants, Abram Cunard & Co., Lawrence Doyle,
+Collins & Allison, Collins' Wharf; James Forman, Sr., James and Michael
+Tobin, Tobin's Wharf; Thom, Salter & Co., Ship Chandlery.
+
+[Footnote 81: Mr. Bain married a daughter of the late Benjamin Salter
+and grand daughter of Malachi Salter, one of the first Members of
+Assembly for Halifax, the ancestor of Mr. Benjamin Salter of this city.]
+
+A court for the summary trial of actions in the town was established
+this year. The Commissioners named by the Governor and Council were
+James Forman, Richard Tremain, William Minns, Charles Boggs and James
+Tobin. The Commission bears date in April of this year.
+
+In addition to the public schools before mentioned, Mr. Thomas Crosskill
+kept a good school for young men in rear of the Acadian School, entrance
+from Barrington Street; his classes were more advanced than those of Mr.
+Bromley. Mr. Addison kept his classical academy in Marchington's Lane.
+There were several schools for young girls. Miss Wenman kept a school
+for small children in Granville Street; she was one of those who were
+burned out in the great fire before mentioned. Mrs. Henry in Barrington
+Street and Mrs. McCage, for young ladies, also in Barrington Street, in
+the brick house lately the property of Mrs. Doctor Slayter.
+
+On the 25th April, 1818, a public meeting was called to petition the
+British Government to make Halifax a free port so that foreigners might
+have access and take cargoes of the produce of the country or
+merchandise imported into it; accordingly, on the 27th May, an order of
+the Prince Regent in Council was obtained making Halifax and St. John,
+New Brunswick, free ports. Halifax was declared by proclamation of the
+Governor bearing date August 13th.
+
+At the request of the inhabitants of the town an Act of the Legislature
+was obtained this year authorizing the leasing of 25 acres of the Common
+for a period of 999 years at a small ground rent. The lots were each 60
+feet in front by 330 feet deep. These lots were gradually disposed of
+and the broad street known as Spring Garden Road was laid out with the
+lots fronting on it. Very few of these lots were built on at first, and
+not until many years after was there any appearance of improvement in
+this part of the town. The only residence westward of the General's
+quarters was the house of old Colonel Pyke, the Police Magistrate, which
+stood in the field next his brewery.
+
+About this time the late John Stayner, of Water Street, commenced to
+erect the building known Brookside, afterwards the residence of the late
+Hon. Joseph Allison. Many years afterwards John Spry Morris, the
+Surveyor General, erected the building, and planted the trees, lately
+occupied by D. Cronan. The fields on the west side of Queen Street,
+opposite the General's quarters, known as Pedley's Fields, or
+Smidtville, were not then built upon and the whole space from the
+present line of Queen Street to the Tower Road was occupied as pasture
+for cattle. Queen Street led up to Fort Massey military burial ground;
+it was covered with grass and seldom used except for military funerals.
+
+Owing to the frequent alarms of fire and other disturbances in the town
+this winter, the Magistrates made application to the Legislature for an
+Act to establish a night watch, and accordingly, on the 5th May, a
+nightly watch was established by order of the Governor and Council for
+three months.
+
+During the spring of 1818 and the previous autumn, several vessels
+arrived in this port with emigrants from Europe, many of whom were found
+to be in a most destitute condition. They could not be permitted to
+remain a burden on the town and the Governor and Council advanced funds
+to assist their removal to the country, and Mr. Samuel Cunard and Mr.
+Michael Tobin were intrusted with the funds for the purpose.
+
+"On the 9th February there remained of these emigrants in town only 20
+families and 30 single men. Their distress and that of the humbler
+classes in the town this winter induced the Governor to place L.100 more
+in the hands of Messrs. Tobin and Cunard to be used by them to mitigate
+the suffering of the poor in general. They, in consequence, established
+for a time a public soup house, beginning with 50 gallons of soup a day;
+but in three days they were obliged to double the quantity, finding that
+50 pounds beef and vegetables, producing 100 gallons a day, did not more
+than answer the demand. The fitting up of the place and eight days'
+issue cost over L.50, and they supposed the money would be all gone in a
+fortnight more. They attended constantly in person at the daily issues
+and say that 500 daily partook of the gift. They estimated that L.200
+more would be required to keep up the establishment until the pressure
+of want should be alleviated in some other way. The first L.50 was paid
+out of the Arms Fund, L.100 from the Treasury, and the House voted L.200
+on 10th February for temporary relief of the poor at
+Halifax."--[Murdoch.]
+
+Eight armed fishing vessels were seized this summer by the ships of war
+on the station, and brought into the Harbor of Halifax. Five were
+released and three condemned in the Court of Vice-Admiralty.
+
+A general election occurred this year. The poll for the County and Town
+of Halifax was opened at the County Court House on Monday, 15th June,
+and continued until Wednesday, when one of the candidates, Mr. Richard
+Kidston, having withdrawn, the other two, Mr. John Albro' and Mr. H. H.
+Cogswell were returned. Capt. Thomas Maynard, R. N., was Sheriff this
+year. He resided in the old house in Jacob Street formerly known as the
+Grenadier Fort, which stood on the spot where the Trinity Church has
+since been erected.
+
+Among the events of the year worthy of notice was the appearance of
+Anthony H. Holland, proprietor of the Acadian Recorder newspaper, (which
+had been established in 1813) at the Bar of the Assembly to answer
+charges of having published severe animadversions on public affairs,
+particularly from some remarks relative to Edward Mortimer, one of the
+County members, for which Mr. Holland suffered a short imprisonment.
+This affair, with the letters of Agricola, which now began to appear in
+the same paper brought that paper into public notice.
+
+A Bill was introduced into the House of Assembly this session by Mr.
+Shaw, who resided near the Three Mile House, for lighting Water Street,
+but it does not appear that the object was effected.
+
+Paper money, issued from the Provincial Treasury, had been for some time
+in circulation and had to some extent taken the place of the Spanish
+Silver, which had been, heretofore, the only circulating medium in the
+town.
+
+During the month of February this year, the harbor was blocked up with
+float ice as far down as George's Island. Between 13th and 20th, persons
+crossed from Dartmouth on the ice at the Narrows.
+
+In the "good old days when George the Third was king," his birthday, the
+4th June, was celebrated with great enthusiasm at Halifax. A levy at
+Government House, a review of the troops, and sometimes the militia on
+the common, and a royal salute from the Battery and shipping in harbor,
+terminating with a ball in the evening.
+
+This year the officers of the 3rd Halifax militia regiment gave a dinner
+at the Exchange Coffee House in the large room lately occupied by the
+Corporation as a Council Chamber. The North British Society also dined
+together on St. Andrew's day at Mason's hall. Lord Dalhousie, and all
+the heads of departments, civil and military, and Bishop Burke attended.
+Judge Brenton Halliburton was President, and Geo. Mitchell
+Vice-president.
+
+Dr. Burke had been officiating priest at St. Peter's, the old Roman
+Catholic church which stood on the present St. Mary's grounds at the
+head of Salter Street. He was this year appointed Bishop for this
+province under the title of Bishop of Zion. He was consecrated at
+Quebec on the 5th July. Dr. Burke was a very popular clergyman, was
+highly thought of in the town and was very remarkable for his
+hospitality, great benevolence, and Christian self-denial and care for
+the poor. Though on several occasions engaged in theological
+controversies with Dr. McCulloch of Pictou and others, he never
+permitted those differences of opinion to interfere with that kindly and
+gentlemanly intercourse with his friends for which he was so remarkable.
+
+On the 15th December this year the Agricultural Society of Nova Scotia
+was inaugurated at a public meeting held at Masons' Hall. The Earl of
+Dalhousie presided, the Hon. S. B. Robie, Judge Brenton Halliburton,
+Rev. Dr. Inglis, afterwards Bishop, and S. G. W. Archibald addressed the
+meeting. Resolutions were passed for the organization of the society,
+Lord Dalhousie appointed President, and John Young, the author of the
+letters of Agricola, was appointed Secretary with a good salary. Chief
+Justice Blowers was named as Vice-president, and a Committee of twenty
+named to manage the business.
+
+Mr. Placide's theatre at Fairbanks' wharf was again in full operation
+this winter; Mrs. Young was the favorite actress, and young Mr. William
+Blake, a native of the town who joined the Company, acquired much
+popularity. Mr. Blake afterwards visited Halifax as manager of a company
+of play actors, about 1830 or '31.
+
+Mr. John Black[82] and James Fraser, two wealthy Halifax merchants, were
+this year appointed to His Majesty's Council. Mr. Black was senior
+member of the firm of Black, Forsythe & Co., afterwards known as Fiddis,
+May & Robinson. This business was carried on for many years on the wharf
+at the foot of Prince Street, lately the property of George Mitchell.
+Mr. Fraser[83] carried on business near Commercial wharf. His residence
+was on the upper side of Water Street nearly opposite his place of
+business. His garden extended into Argyle Street, and occupied the
+space on which the Salem Chapel stood.
+
+[Footnote 82: Mr. Black's daughter was the wife of the late Hon. Jas. B.
+Uniacke. Mr. B. built the handsome stone mansion near Government House
+in Hollis Street, afterwards the residence of Bishop Binney. The granite
+with which this house was built was brought from Aberdeenshire. Mr.
+William Black, his son, removed to Scotland.]
+
+[Footnote 83: The Hon. James Fraser married a daughter of Mr. DeWolf of
+Windsor, his eldest son James D. Fraser, was for many years member of
+Assembly for Windsor, and his second son was Dr. Benjamin D. Fraser, of
+Windsor. His eldest daughter married Hon. Chas. Gore, afterwards Gen.
+Sir Chas. Gore. G. C. B., and her daughter married the Earl of Errol, a
+Scotch peer. Another daughter became the wife of the Right Rev. Dr.
+Suther, Bishop of Aberdeen.]
+
+  CENSUS OF THE TOWN OF HALIFAX, TAKEN 1816-17.
+
+  Men, 3114, males under 16 years of age, 2120, Total males       5234
+  Females, total                                                  5177
+                                                                 -----
+                                                                 10411
+  Colored population, males 391, females 324                       745
+                                                                 -----
+  Total population of the town                                   11156
+
+  MEMO:--Population in 1752,--4249.
+             "      "  1791,--4897.
+
+In the spring of 1819 the excavations at the north end of the Grand
+Parade were commenced for the erection of Dalhousie College. A grant
+under the great seal of the province, of a part of the parade ground had
+been made to Trustees as a site for the college in August 1818. The
+Legislature at their sitting in February, voted L.2000 towards the
+erection of the building and a sum of L.3000, part of the Castine fund
+before mentioned, was also appropriated to the building, the balance
+together with an additional vote of L.2000 from the province being
+invested for the support of the college.
+
+The space known as the Grand Parade had been reserved for military and
+other necessary purposes on laying out the town in 1749. It had never
+been military property or claimed by the military authorities, but was
+originally reserved as a place of muster for the militia of the town,
+though used also by the King's troops for mounting guard. An old
+building originally erected on the upper side of the space next Argyle
+Street for an Artillery barrack, was remaining there as late as 1777,
+and ranges of cannon appear in front of it in the old pictures of the
+town about that date. Prince Edward when General Commanding at Halifax
+had the parade ground walled up and a new rail or fence erected. The
+surface was levelled and the wall built at the north end bringing the
+surface high above Duke and Barrington streets; ice houses were built
+under this wall which were occupied by Mrs. Jane Donaldson, Confectioner
+of Granville street. This wall was removed to make way for the
+foundation of the college building. It had always been asserted as a
+right on the part of the inhabitants of the town, that a free,
+unobstructed way for foot passengers should be kept open across the
+centre of the old parade from one part of George street to the other,
+and wooden steps had been provided soon after the wall along the upper
+side had been erected and a gate and turn stile at the town side for the
+accommodation of the public.[84] There was a high wooden rail around the
+parade painted red.
+
+[Footnote 84: The Grand Parade as it is called, like other spaces
+reserved in 1749 for public purpose, such as the old burial ground,
+public landing, the common, etc., had been used for the purpose to which
+it was originally appropriated but the title had been supposed not to
+have passed out of the Crown. Towards the close of the last century it
+was thought advisable to vest all the public property in Trustees under
+several grants from the Crown for that purpose; accordingly a grant was
+made of the parade ground to certain public officials and their
+successors in office, to be held by them for the public purposes for
+which it had been originally reserved. This grant with all the others
+had been constructed under the supervision of old Attorney General
+Uniacke and of Chief Justice Blowers, but it having been afterwards
+discovered that none of the public officials to whom it was granted
+possessed the corporate powers and therefore had no succession in law,
+and the original incumbents at the time of the grant being all dead, it
+was concluded that the title had lapsed to the Crown. Lord Dalhousie,
+Mr. Wallace and a few others in their exuberant zeal for the erection of
+a college on the Scotch model, undertook to have another grant from the
+Crown passed of the whole or part of the parade ground to the Governors
+of the College, reserving, it is understood, certain privileges over a
+portion of the ground to the public.
+
+The Governors of Dalhousie College claimed under this grant. The City
+contends that the old grant was not forfeited and that this space among
+other public property appertaining to the town was under the Act of
+Incorporation turned over to the city. That in order to create a legal
+forfeiture there must be process of Escheat gone through, and further,
+that though the public functionaries to whom it was granted were not
+possessed of corporate rights or had any succession of their offices in
+law, yet the fact of their having been by Royal patent constituted
+trustees of the property, by inference of law the Crown intended to make
+them a corporation for that particular purpose, and that their
+successors in the various offices they held, or the successor of any one
+of them, would possess the power of supporting the grant. Otherwise the
+object of the Crown in making the grant would be defeated, and as Crown
+grants are always constituted in law most favorably for the Crown, it
+might be inferred that the Crown intended to support its grant by
+constituting those public officers and their successors in office a
+corporation with succession for that special purpose. Later the dispute
+was settled by private arrangement.]
+
+The Province Building being now finished, the Courts of Justice and the
+Public Offices were removed from Cochran's building, and the
+Legislature, which met on the 11th February, took possession of the
+chambers appropriated to the Council and Assembly with all due ceremony.
+
+The reduction of the Dockyard establishment this year was a great loss
+to the town. A large force of workmen were discharged, many of whom were
+thrown out of employ without any provision from government.
+
+The project for the removal of the Dockyard to Bermuda was found in many
+respects not to have realized the advantages contemplated by the change.
+It was removed at the time that one of the Admirals on the Station had
+taken offence at some occurrences in the town and had used his influence
+to effect the change.
+
+A few years afterwards the Shears, a gigantic apparatus at the Dockyard,
+for throwing down vessels, was demolished. The Shears was a very
+conspicuous object, and stood so high that it could be seen from most
+parts of the town. It is still in the recollection of many of our older
+citizens. The Royal Standard floated from the staff which surmounted the
+Shears on the King's and Queen's birthdays and other public holidays.
+The Dockyard of Halifax, as mentioned in a previous chapter, was first
+established in the year 1758. The present wall was first erected in 1769
+and bears the date of 1770 over the gate, but it has been improved and
+some portions rebuilt since that time.
+
+Anthony H. Holland built a paper mill at the head of the Basin this
+year, on the stream near the opening of the Hammonds Plains Road. The
+paper made here was used for his newspaper, and the various pamphlets
+which issued from Holland's press and occasionally by other newspapers.
+It was of a very inferior quality. The brown paper, however, used for
+shop purposes, was of a tolerably good description. It was the first
+paper manufactory set on foot in Nova Scotia. It was kept up for many
+years after the death of Holland.
+
+On the night of the 11th of November a fire broke out in the Naval
+Hospital adjoining the Dockyard, which destroyed several buildings. In
+consequence of the removal of the Naval Station the space remained
+unbuilt on for many years.
+
+The Magistrates of the town, in session in December, voted a portrait of
+Chief Justice Blowers. It was painted by a Mr. Drake in full dress, wig,
+and scarlet gown. This picture occupies a place in the Legislative
+Chamber, with that of Chief Justice Sir Thomas Strange, by Benjamin
+West, late President of the Royal Academy.
+
+Among the promotions which appeared in the Royal Gazette this year we
+find the appointment of Mr. Hibbert N. Binney[85] to His Majesty's
+Council.
+
+[Footnote 85: Mr. Binney was a native of the town. He was the father of
+the late Edward Binney and Grandfather of the late Bishop of Nova
+Scotia. His residence was at the corner of Hollis and Salter Streets,
+opposite that of the late Honorable William Lawson. The old house was
+removed some years since to make way for a range of wooden three-story
+buildings, erected by Henry G. Hill, along the east side of Hollis
+Street. Mr. Binney was many years Collector of Imports and Excise at
+Halifax.]
+
+An event occurred in the month of July which cast a gloom over the whole
+community. Mr. Richard J. Uniacke, junior son of the Attorney-General of
+that name, a member of the Bar, in his address to the jury at a trial
+before the Supreme Court, made some observations offensive to Mr.
+William Bowie, of the firm of Bowie and DeBlois; a challenge from Mr.
+Bowie was the consequence, and on the morning of Wednesday, following
+the 21st July, the community was startled by the announcement that Mr.
+Bowie had been mortally wounded. The duel was fought in the grove at the
+Governor's north farm, near the Lady Hammond Road. Mr. Bowie was carried
+to the house at the corner, then or afterwards occupied by Mrs. McNeil
+as a tea house, where he died in a few hours, the bullet having entered
+his right side below the rib. Mr. Uniacke and the two seconds, Stephen
+W. DeBlois and Edward McSweeny, were indicted for murder and tried the
+same term, and were acquitted by the jury of the capital offence. This
+was the first criminal trial of importance which took place in the
+Province Building. The Court Room at the time, now the Legislative
+Library, comprised the three rooms overhead, lately used by the keeper
+of the building. A large gallery then surrounded the Court Room on three
+sides. This gallery was removed in 1827 or 1828, the height of the Court
+Room reduced, and the upper space made into three rooms, which were
+appropriated to the Law Library, Admiralty Records, etc. This
+unfortunate duel excited much feeling in the town, and some blame was
+attached to the seconds who promoted or advised the parties to fire a
+second time, when a reconciliation might have been effected. The
+combatants were both gentlemen highly esteemed for their amiable
+qualities. Bowie was a handsome young man and very popular for his
+social qualities. He was buried from his lodgings in town, and his
+funeral was said to have been more numerously attended than any within
+the recollection of the oldest inhabitants. Mr. Uniacke afterwards
+became a Judge of the Supreme Court. The recollection of the sad event
+is supposed to have shortened his life. He died at the early age of 45.
+Judge Uniacke was one of the handsomest men Halifax ever produced, was
+more popular than any other of his family, several of whom were in
+public positions.
+
+1820. On 7th April, King George IV. was proclaimed at Halifax. The
+ceremony was performed by the Governor, Council, and such Members of the
+House of Assembly as remained in town, together with the Magistrates,
+the Grand Jury, and a number of private citizens, proceeding to the
+Council Chamber, where the proclamation was signed by the Governor,
+Councillors, and others. David Shaw Clarke, the Clerk of the Peace,
+acted as Herald, accompanied by the High Sheriff in a carriage, escorted
+by a body of troops. The proclamation was read by the Herald in the
+Market Square, at St. Paul's Church, and on the Military Parade in
+Brunswick Street in front of the officers' old barracks. A royal salute
+was fired and the procession then returned to the Province Building,
+where the proclamation was again read. The Royal Standard, which had
+been flying on the citadel, was then lowered to half-mast and minute
+guns fired from George's Island, there being none mounted on the hill at
+the time on account of the decease of the late King George III. Sermons
+were preached in all the places of worship and the inhabitants of the
+town went into mourning.
+
+The House of Assembly being dissolved by the death of the Sovereign, a
+public meeting of the freeholders of the Township was held at the
+Exchange[86] Coffee House on the 3rd May for the nomination of the
+candidates to represent the town. Richard Tremaine, Esq., was called to
+the chair. Mr. Stephen W. DeBlois nominated John Pryor and George
+Grassie. Mr. Cogswell, the former member, retired, also Mr. James Forman
+and Mr. John Young, both of whom had been suggested. John Albro', one of
+the former members, led the poll at the close of the election, Pryor and
+Grassie stood even. Captain Maynard, the Sheriff, made a special return
+of the facts. It was said that the last vote polled was that of the
+Sheriff, who first declared the poll closed and then voted for Mr.
+Grassie, which placed the candidates even. On the validity of his vote
+rested the question of the majority. The election lasted three days and
+closed on Saturday evening. At the close the poll stood, Albro, 453;
+Grassie and Pryor, each 395. Freeholders or owners of real estate only
+had the privilege of voting at this period. The new House met on 12th
+November following, and Mr. Pryor having died in the interim the House
+ordered the return of Mr. Grassie.
+
+[Footnote 86: The building afterwards used as the City Hall was then
+called the Exchange.]
+
+William Lawson, Simon B. Robie, Samuel G. W. Archibald, and George Smith
+were returned for the County. Mr. Robie was elected Speaker of the new
+House. Mr. Smith resided in Pictou, the other three in Halifax. Pictou
+and Colchester then formed part of the County of Halifax.
+
+The walls of the new College had now been built up even with the
+surface of the parade ground, and it was arranged that the corner stone
+should be laid with proper ceremony by Lord Dalhousie, the patron and
+originator of the scheme. Accordingly, on the 22nd May, 1820, the troops
+in the garrison were turned out and formed a double line from the
+Province Building to the Grand Parade. The Freemasons, under the Grand
+Master, John George Pyke, proceeded from Mason Hall along Barrington
+Street and formed a square on the Parade. About 2 o'clock, Governor
+Dalhousie, the Admiral, the officers of the Governor's Staff, with the
+Members of His Majesty's Council, the Magistrates of the town, and a
+number of leading inhabitants, proceeded through the line of troops to
+the south-east corner of the building. Dr. J. T. Twining, the Grand
+Chaplain, offered a prayer, after which a brass plate containing the
+necessary inscriptions and a quantity of coins, were placed under the
+stone, after which the Earl addressed the meeting and explained the
+objects contemplated in erecting the college. The stone was then laid
+with all due Masonic ceremony. A royal salute was fired from the forts
+and the whole was concluded by a ball and supper at Government House.
+
+On the 24th May, the corner stone of St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church
+was laid with full religious ceremonies by Bishop Burke. The old church
+of St. Peter, usually known as "the chapel" was a small wooden building
+painted red. It stood opposite the head of Salter Street, inside a rail,
+and was approached by a gate and turn stile. This old building was the
+first Roman Catholic place of worship in Halifax. It was built some time
+between 1785 and 1790. It was removed soon after the new building was
+ready for occupation.
+
+On the 29th November, Bishop Burke died in the 78th year of his age. He
+was laid out in state in his Episcopal robes and mitre for several days.
+Bishop Burke was succeeded by Dr. Fraser, Bishop of Tanen in partibus.
+He resided at Antigonish. Mr. Miniot was parish priest at this time; he
+was succeeded by Mr. O'Brien and afterwards by Mr. Lochnan, etc., until
+the appointment of Bishop Walsh. The St. Mary's Cathedral crept on
+slowly for many years for want of funds, but was finished according to
+the original plan about the time of the appointment of Bishop Walsh.
+
+The Earl of Dalhousie having been appointed Governor General of Canada
+on the death of the Duke of Richmond, a farewell ball was given to him
+and his Countess by the officers of the garrison on 28th May, and on
+31st the inhabitants presented him with an address. On the first of
+June, his successor in the Government, Sir James Kempt, arrived at
+Halifax in the Phaeton, frigate, Capt. Montague, 42 days from England. He
+landed at the King's Wharf, and was driven to Government House. At 3
+o'clock the same day he went to the Council Chamber, where he was sworn
+into office.
+
+On the 5th, Lord Dalhousie embarked for Canada. The flank companies of
+the First Halifax Regiment of Militia, under the command of Capts. John
+Liddell and John Pyke, attended on the wharf as a guard of honor. Sir
+James Kempt brought with him as A. D. C., Major Charles Gore, afterwards
+General Sir C. Gore, G. C. B., Lord Frederick Lenox, a younger son of
+the Duke of Richmond, who lately died in Canada, and Major Couper,
+afterwards Sir George Couper, Comptroller of the Household of the
+Duchess of Kent, the Queen's mother. Sir James Kempt was one of Lord
+Wellington's Officers in the peninsular war. He commanded a brigade at
+the Battle of Waterloo, and after the death of Sir Thomas Picton, the
+General of Division, who was killed early in the action, the command of
+the division fell to him.
+
+The only other occurrences worthy of notice during this year were the
+dinner given to Governor Dalhousie by the inhabitants of the town, which
+took place at Masons' Hall on 17th June, the Hon. Michael Wallace in the
+chair, and John George Pyke, Vice. Sir John Wentworth, Baronet, the
+former Governor, died this year at his residence, Mrs. Flieger's, Hollis
+Street. His death took place on 8th April. He was in his 84th year. He
+was succeeded in his Baronetcy by his son, Charles Mary Wentworth, a
+native of Halifax, who had retired to England, where he held some
+subordinate office under Government. At his death, unmarried, the title
+became extinct. By his will, he gave the old villa and grounds on the
+Basin, built by the Duke of Kent, to Mrs. Gore, the novelist, who was a
+distant relative of his family.
+
+A Fair and Cattle show was held by the Agricultural Society on 6th
+September on Camp Hill. The Governor distributed the prizes. John
+Young, John Albro', William Young, John Starr, Peter McNab and Frederick
+Major, Esquires, were Judges of the cattle.
+
+1820-21. This winter was, if anything, more severe than the three
+preceding. Early in January the harbor became frozen over, and by the
+20th the ice extended to Meagher's Beach and was sufficiently strong to
+bear sleighs. By the 27th the ice formed a firm bridge between Halifax
+and Dartmouth, over which a continuous line of sleighs, teams and foot
+passengers might be seen on market days. Skating and sleighing parties
+were numerous. The Governor, Sir James Kempt, drove tandem almost to
+McNab's Island, and the double sleigh of Judge Brenton Halliburton, in
+passing over a weak spot in the ice, fell through but was rescued
+without damage to the horses or the ladies in the sleigh. The navigation
+was completely stopped for several weeks. A passage was, however, cut
+from Cunard's wharf to the mouth of the harbor with much labor and
+expense, to permit the Government Brig Chebucto to proceed on her
+cruise. This little brig was owned by A. Cunard & Sons, and was employed
+by the Imperial Government in cruising along the shores of the province
+to protect the fishery, and at the same time to enable the officers of
+Government to visit the outposts, and was occasionally employed on
+special service to proceed to Quebec and other places with despatches,
+etc. The channel through the ice by which this vessel was taken out, and
+which ran along close to the wharves, was afterwards kept open while the
+ice remained, and a boat and two rafts were used to convey over
+passengers and sleighs.
+
+On the 17th September, a fire occurred in the town, which destroyed
+nearly all the buildings on the eastern side of Barrington Street,
+between Sackville Street and Blowers Street and extended back into
+Granville Street, where several houses were consumed. Most of the
+buildings destroyed were old and delapidated except those at the corner
+of Granville and Sackville Streets occupied by Mr. Liswell's Bakery,
+etc. There were in all about 24 houses consumed. A large portion of the
+burned district remained for many years after unbuilt upon.
+
+It was customary at this time for the dress companies of the militia to
+give balls. On 23rd January the Grenadier and Light Companies of the 1st
+Halifax Regiment gave a ball at Mason Hall at which 300 persons were
+present. The regiment was commanded by Hon. T. N. Jeffery, the Collector
+of the Customs, who had only lately succeeded old Col. J. G. Pyke in the
+command. John Liddell commanded the Grenadiers and Brevet Major John
+Pyke, the Light Company. Lieut.-Col. Richard Tremain commanded the Town
+Artillery.
+
+The condition of the transient poor of the town was very sad this
+winter. An organized system of relief known as the Poor Man's Friend
+Society, was instituted. The town was divided into wards, and three or
+four gentlemen volunteered in each ward to visit the poor throughout the
+winter months. A soup house was established, and other arrangements made
+to meet the objects intended. This society continued for about six or
+seven years. In 1824 Beamish Murdoch was its secretary. The following
+year William Young (the late Chief Justice) was acting secretary.
+
+A large issue of paper money by the province took place in 1820. Silver
+change was almost driven out of circulation by the issue of small notes,
+many at one dollar, at 2s. 6d., and even at 1s. 3d. These notes were
+issued by private individuals upon their own credit and responsibility.
+Those of William Lawson and Adam Esson were the most numerous. The
+doubloon was at this time established at L.4 currency, and the Spanish
+dollar at five shillings. The price of flour had fallen to twenty-seven
+shillings and six pence per barrel.
+
+An anonymous pamphlet was published from the press of A. H. Holland,
+charging the magistrates of the town with malpractices, which caused
+much excitement. It was discovered to have been written by Mr. William
+Wilkie, of Halifax. He was indicted for libel, tried at the Easter term
+of the Supreme Court, found guilty and sentenced to two years
+imprisonment with hard labor in the House of Correction. This was
+esteemed a most tyrannical and cruel proceeding on the part of the
+government. The pamphlet was a very paltry offence, such as at the
+present day would be passed over with contempt. Wilkie, though not a
+person of much esteem, yet being a member of a respectable family in the
+community, should have been spared the indignities thrown upon him by
+Chief Justice Blowers and the other Judges of the Supreme Court. After
+the sentence was known, the sympathy in his favor was very general
+throughout the town.
+
+The reaction after the peace had reduced the price of agricultural
+produce, not only in Halifax but throughout the province. The West India
+trade, then the chief branch of commerce, had begun again to be
+prosperous, and the merchants were looking forward to profitable
+voyages. But the value of real estate had so fallen that sales were made
+in the body of the town for much less than half the cost of the
+buildings. This state of things continued for several years, and very
+few new buildings were erected between 1819 and 1823. The population was
+about 15,000, but the number of houses did not exceed 1,600.
+
+The market square at this period presented a very different appearance
+from what it does at present. A low wooden building stood on the site of
+the present brick market house. The roof was originally flat and
+afterwards a pitched roof was added. The butchers' stalls in this old
+building were very convenient, perhaps more so than those in the new
+market house. The cellars of this building fronting on Water Street were
+let for the benefit of the town, and the south end was, some time after
+this, occupied by Mr. Alexander McLeod as a liquor store and grocery for
+many years. The ground in front of the market wharf and market slip was
+much lower than at present, and also that part of Water Street between
+the old City Court House and Stayner's Wharf, all which was filled up
+about 1830 or, perhaps, a year or two later. A range of shops under the
+Court House before this alteration in the streets afforded a large
+revenue to the town, but their value as places of business was destroyed
+when the street was raised, and though partially occupied afterwards,
+they proved damp and unfit for storage of goods. The truckmen, who were
+then very numerous, ranged their trucks and carts in lines in the square
+fronting the meat market (there being no other stand allowed) and in
+cold weather they might be seen, in the afternoons, when not engaged in
+trucking, amusing themselves with the game of football. Two liquor
+stores, one at the head of the market, on Beamish's Wharf, and the other
+at the opposite corner, now known as Laidlaw's corner, kept by Samuel
+and David Muirhead, were the chief places where spirits and beer were
+retailed to the truckmen and fishermen. In front of these shops were
+ranges of apple and cake stalls kept by old women, where also gull eggs
+and lobsters boiled hard could be had by the fishermen and shallop men
+from the wharves. The red woollen night cap was generally worn in those
+days by the market fishermen and the people from the coasting vessels.
+
+The sidewalks throughout the town with the exception of part of Water
+Street, were all of wood. The old platform on George Street, between
+Granville and Hollis Streets, was known as Hartshorne's platform.
+Messrs. Hartshorne & Boggs occupied a range of wooden buildings at the
+corner of Granville Street, since replaced by the stone building erected
+by George E. Morton and now occupied by Knowles' Bookstore. On the lower
+corner, known as Martin Gay Black's corner, there stood an old
+gamble-roofed house on a high green bank occupied by Mrs. Hart as a dry
+goods store, and afterwards by T. & S. Greenwood, watchmakers. This old
+building was about this time replaced by another which afterwards made
+way for the handsome free stone building erected by the late Martin Gay
+Black.[87] This platform was the resort of merchants and others who
+congregated there in the mornings for a short walk and to talk over the
+news. A large ship gun did duty as a post at Hartshorne & Boggs' corner,
+and another at Black's, and formed a nucleus for loungers--not smokers,
+for smoking was strictly prohibited in the streets of Halifax at this
+time by the Magistrates of the town. Opposite, near the Province
+Building rail, was the old town pump mentioned above, known as Black's
+pump, remarkable for its good water, where dozens of boys and girls
+might be seen towards evening getting water for tea. The old wooden
+range known as Cochran's building, which occupied the site of the
+present Dominion building, had been only lately evacuated by the
+Legislative Assemblies and the Courts of Law, and was now being fitted
+up for shops. Among those who first occupied shops in this building were
+Winkworth Allen, who afterwards went to England, Mr. David Hare, who
+afterwards became the purchaser of the property; W. A. Mackinlay, on the
+north side, and Clement H. Belcher, at the north-west corner, both well
+known stationers and booksellers, occupied their respective shops a
+long time, the latter for more than twenty years. At the opposite
+corner, to the south, on Hollis Street, stood a large three story
+building erected by the late James Hamilton, who carried on an extensive
+dry goods business. It was afterwards sold to Burns & Murray, who
+erected the present handsome freestone edifice on the corner. Mr.
+William A. Black kept his watchmaker's establishment at the corner
+below, now occupied by the P. Walsh Hardware Co. The old Halifax Journal
+office occupied a wooden building at the corner of George and Granville
+Streets, where the stone store of T. & E. Kenny now is. Mr. Benjamin
+Etter had his watchmaker's shop at the corner of George and Barrington
+Streets, now known as Crosskill's corner, in the same old wooden
+building which has since undergone extensive alterations. Mrs. Donaldson
+carried on the confectionery business at the corner opposite and was
+succeeded by Adam Esson. There were two Donaldsons, both confectioners,
+whose wives carried on the business after the death of their husbands
+and accumulated large properties, usually known as upper and lower
+Donaldson's; the latter was in Granville Street and was the most
+fashionable, being patronized by the military and navy officers during
+the war. The parade ground was surrounded by a high wooden rail painted
+red and had a gate and two turn stiles opposite George Street; the
+latter for foot passengers who claimed the right to pass across the
+ground to the steps which led up into Argyle Street, and which still
+remain. John Howe kept the Post Office in the old building opposite the
+parade later occupied by Mr. Brander, Cabinet Maker. The late Matthew
+Richardson a year or two later erected the three story stone building
+next to Mrs. Donaldson on the site of the Hon. Andrew Belcher's garden,
+which occupied an open space south of Donaldson's or Esson's corner. Mr.
+Belcher had, a few years before this, left Halifax to reside in England.
+His residence was in Granville Street, the same building formerly owned
+and occupied by the late Doctor Hoffman a short distance south of
+Kenny's buildings and his garden extended in rear fronting on Barrington
+Street. No part of the city has undergone greater changes since this
+time than Granville Street. From George Street northward all the old
+houses on both sides have been replaced by lofty buildings with some
+rare exceptions. Between Romans' corner and the Ordnance Square, the
+street at this time was elevated about 20 or 25 feet above the present
+level. It was cut down about the year 1830 or 31, (perhaps a little
+earlier) and the old shabby buildings on the upper side removed, and
+those on the lower side had an additional story added to them below in
+consequence of the street being lowered. The whole of this part of
+Granville Street has been since twice destroyed by fire and replaced by
+the present buildings, at a cost and in a style far beyond the
+requirements of the city. Proceeding southward along Hollis Street from
+the Province Building, both sides as far as Sackville Street were
+occupied by a range of small low buildings. At the corner now occupied
+by the Queen stone building, there stood an old gamble roofed house of
+one story with a little shop at the corner occupied by a worthy old man,
+James Smith, who held the office of Deacon of St. Matthew's Presbyterian
+Church, opposite. The other deacon was James Dechman, senior, who was
+for many years keeper of the town clock, and resided in the clock
+building. These two old worthies have long since gone to their rest. The
+latter was father of the late James Dechman, of Halifax, master
+carpenter, who died at an advanced age some years ago at his residence
+in Bishop Street. The Rev. Dr. Archibald Gray[88] was minister of St.
+Matthew's at this time. His place of residence was the old house in
+Granville Street, opposite the Province Building, now known as the
+Acadian Hotel. Several buildings both in Hollis and Granville Streets,
+remnants of the first settlement, stood on high grassy banks with
+porches and steps outside and cellar doors on the side of the bank with
+plank platforms over the gutters; the porches and steps frequently
+projecting out on the side path.
+
+[Footnote 87: This fine stone building has been since pulled down and a
+new building for the accommodation of the Merchants' Bank now occupies
+the corner.]
+
+[Footnote 88: Dr. Gray married a daughter of Dr. Michael Head and was
+father of the late James F. Gray, of the Halifax Bar, many years Clerk
+of the House of Assembly.]
+
+The Hon. John Black, a short time previous to the year 1821, built the
+fine granite building in Hollis Street north of Government House,
+afterwards the property of his son-in-law, Hon. James B. Uniacke, since
+the residence of the Bishop of Nova Scotia. The old house within the
+railing at the upper corner of Hollis & Salter Streets, lately owned by
+Mr. Esson, was then the residence of Hon. William Lawson. It was
+originally built by Malachi Salter about 1760, perhaps before. At the
+opposite corner stood the residence of the Hon. Hibbert N. Binney,
+since removed. At the other corner Mr. Charles R. Fairbanks, some time
+Solicitor-General, afterwards Master of the Rolls in Chancery,
+son-in-law of Mr. Lawson, had just erected the fine brick building since
+occupied as a boarding school for young ladies. The late Samuel Lydiard
+Brewer built the iron stone house of three stories south of Mr. Binney's
+residence about the same time. The residence of the Hon. Michael
+Wallace, Treasurer of the Province, was in Hollis Street immediately
+opposite the Government House. It was a wooden building and considered a
+first class residence in its time; now altered into two separate
+dwelling houses. Trees were common in the streets of Halifax at this
+period as has been before mentioned. The stone building in Morris
+Street, the residence of Chief Justice Sir Brenton Halliburton, then
+Judge Halliburton, had been erected some years before this. Judge
+Stewart, his brother-in-law, built the yellow brick building at the
+north-west corner of Hollis & Morris Streets, now the residence of a
+gentleman of the same name, son of Hon. Alexander Stewart, late Master
+of the Rolls and Judge of Admiralty. The Hon. Thos. N. Jeffery,
+Collector of the Customs, built and resided in the building later
+occupied by Mrs. James Donaldson. The late Bishop Inglis, then Rector of
+St. Paul's, owned and occupied the low wooden building nearly opposite
+Mr. Jeffery's, since the residence of Mr. Hagarty. At the corner,
+opposite Judge Stewart's, was the old gamble roofed house, the residence
+of James B. Franklin, son of Governor Franklin. This old fashioned house
+still remains as one of the few relics of the early town. The Hon.
+Charles Morris built a handsome wooden dwelling house on the south side
+of Morris Street, between Hollis and Water Streets, afterwards the
+property of Hon. S. G. W. Archibald, Attorney-General and Speaker of the
+House of Assembly; since his death occupied as a boarding house. The
+late John Trider about the same time built his rough stone house at
+Freshwater Bridge. The late John Tremain had a Ropewalk adjoining his
+residence on the south side of the road leading up from Freshwater
+Bridge, now known as Inglis Street. This property was afterwards
+purchased by James Forman, Junior, and the old ropewalk building
+removed. The residence of Major Bazelgette at the head of this street
+had been originally constructed by John Trider from the materials of the
+old Government House which had been removed and the materials sold to
+make way for the foundation of the Province Building. It afterwards
+became the property of the late John Moody, a merchant in the town, who
+sold it to Major Bazelgette about the year 1817 or 1818, who added to
+the building and improved the grounds. Mr. Moody purchased the adjoining
+grounds and erected a new house; after his failure his residence was
+purchased by Hon. Enos Collins, who improved the property and beautified
+the surrounding grounds.
+
+Old Fresh Water Bridge, so well known in former times, crossed the
+stream from Smith's Tanyard nearly in the same place as the present
+abutment. It was a rickety old wooden structure with a rough curb or
+rail. It was a favorite resort of the young of both sexes on Sundays and
+summer evenings, and the old wooden rail was covered with names and
+initial letters carved with the pen knife by visitors. The walk down
+Pleasant Street and up the road now known as Inglis Street and round the
+new road, as the Tower Road was then called to Pyke's Bridge, and thence
+down Spring Garden Road to Government House, was the fashionable
+promenade for all classes on Sundays and holidays. The old English
+Burial ground was then surrounded by a high, rough stone wall, built
+without mortar, which was removed some years after the new cemetery on
+Camp Hill was consecrated. The Governor's garden up Spring Garden Road
+adjoining the burial ground extended as far as the General's quarters. A
+portion of this field was taken for the site of the new Court House and
+County Jail. The new Poor House in the opposite space, then lately
+erected, was a rough stone building whitewashed on the outside, but the
+Work House or House of Correction was the old gamble roof building
+probably originally erected as a soldiers' barracks in the days of the
+forts, and afterwards used as a Poor House. All these buildings have
+been since removed and the ground sold to private speculators, a step
+much to be regretted, as the space was very extensive and the most
+eligible situation for a public building in the whole city.
+
+The Poor House Burial Ground, at the corner opposite the present new
+Court House, was at this time a standing nuisance in consequence of the
+want of drainage and the careless manner in which bodies of paupers were
+interred. After the law for closing all places of burial in the city had
+been carried into operation, this open space was planted with trees and
+ground carted in to fill up hollow places, and a substantial wall built
+around it. The old tan Yard of Andrew and John Smith was then one of the
+most picturesque and secluded spots in the neighborhood of the town. The
+stream which turned their mill passed down from the south common through
+Smith's Fields, where it formed a pond near the town road, known as the
+mill dam, for many years the resort of skaters in winter, continuing
+south-eastward to Freshwater Bridge and passing through a range of
+willow trees, some of which may still be seen above the present bridge.
+Southward from old bridge the road was at this time but a footpath
+winding along the shore to Steele's Pond, beyond which it was passable
+for carriages. At a very early period, however, there had been a broad
+carriage road all along the shore to Point Pleasant, but the earth had
+fallen in or been washed away by the tide. Black Rock, a point running
+out south from Trider's old lime kiln, was then, and for many years
+after, the resort of bathers. There was a fine gravel beach outside the
+old Freshwater Bridge leaving a large expanse of gravel when the tide
+was out. It was customary for gentlemen's servants, truckmen and others
+who came morning and evening to water their horses in the stream above
+the bridge to ride their horses in the surf at low water.
+
+That part of the city known as Schmidtville, or Pedley's Fields, west
+from Queen Street and the General's quarters, was not laid out into
+building lots until many years after the period we are now describing.
+
+The stone house at the corner of Prince and Argyle Streets, opposite the
+south-west angle of St. Paul's Church, was originally the mansion of the
+Hon. Richard Bulkeley, and is, perhaps, now the oldest stone building in
+Halifax; it was purchased about 1818 by H. H. Cogswell, who improved the
+old house and resided there until his death in 1854. The stone house at
+the opposite corner was built after the close of the war by Dr. William
+J. Almon. It afterwards became the residence of his son, Matthew Byles
+Almon, who sold it to Dr. Daniel McN. Parker. Proceeding southward along
+Argyle Street at the next corner was the handsome residence of Hon.
+Richard John Uniacke, who held the office of Attorney General for a
+great number of years. This was a wooden building of three stories
+originally with a flat roof and a parapet all around with ornaments in
+the shape of urns at the corners and in the centre. A roof was put on
+this building about the time of the death of old Mr. Uniacke, and the
+parapet removed. At the south termination of Argyle Street stood the
+residence of Mr. Alexander Creighton, a small low house, and along
+Blowers Street, to the west, was a low range of wooden buildings which
+had been a soldiers' barracks or guard house. The late Chief Justice
+Blowers, about the commencement of the present century, erected the
+large wooden building at the corner of Barrington Street, adjoining the
+Roman Catholic property, as a residence. After his death it was sold and
+became a hotel under the name of the Waverley House. It has since been
+purchased and attached to the Roman Catholic church property.
+
+In the year 1821 there were no houses in Gottingen Street, north
+suburbs, except the stone house at the corner of the lane leading
+westward, some years before built by Major McCola, Town Major of
+Halifax, since owned by Mr. R. Duport. A wooden house, a short distance
+north of it, built by Peter Hay, Mason, and the old hipped roofed
+building at the corner of Gerrish Street, known as the North Pole, still
+standing. Mr. Lewis Demolitor had then lately built a large house at the
+northern extremity of Brunswick Street, which at that time was
+considered a very wild speculation. This is the same house lately the
+residence of the Hon. Senator Northup. The late Benjamin Etter also,
+about this time, built himself a residence at the corner of North
+Street, afterwards the mansion of the late Hon. William A. Black.
+Captain Michael Head, R. N., occupied the two story house to the
+westward of W. A. Black's property, which a few years before had been
+built by the late William Rudolf, of Halifax, and was afterwards the
+residence of Commissary General, W. H. Snelling, and afterwards by John
+Northup; now or lately known as Belle-Air. Lockman Street then could
+boast of very few buildings and was so grown up with grass as in some
+places only to afford a narrow path in the centre for pedestrians and
+occasionally a stray carriage. The original Lockman Street extended only
+from North Street to Gerrish Street, in the rear of what was called the
+Dutch Lots; it was afterwards continued southward by consent of the
+north suburb lots, as far as Cornwallis Street. The old house, formerly
+the residence of Major Leonard Lockman, a German officer, one of the
+original settlers, for whom the street was called, stood on the western
+side near the northern extremity of the street. It became very
+delapidated and was removed some years ago.
+
+In the 1818, or perhaps as late as 1820, that part of the north common
+known as Camp Hill, since appropriated as a public cemetery, as also all
+the swampy space westward of the drill ground, was in a state of nature,
+covered with cradle hills, laurel bushes and ground juniper. The
+butchers' boys kept their sheep there, and in autumn the swampy portions
+afforded to the sportsmen good ground for snipe, plover and curlew. An
+old building, known as the St. Andrew's Cross, stood on the hill at the
+corner where Quinpool Road, so-called, now meets the common. On the
+opposite side an old two story house called Quinpool, which had been the
+residence of a Mr. O'Brien, stood in a field to the north of the road.
+This old house became uninhabited and was afterward taken down by Dr.
+Cogswell, the proprietor of the property, when he divided the fields
+into building lots. There were two main roads leading from town to the
+Basin, both meeting at what was called the Three Mile House, a building
+erected by Mr. Shaw, a member of Assembly, as a hotel, afterwards known
+as Increase Ward's country house. The Wistermont Road was known as the
+Blue Bell Road from a very old house with a swinging sign which stood at
+the corner before you arrive at the Willow Park property. Mr. John
+Young, known as the author of the letters of Agricola, had then lately
+purchased this latter place, had improved the house and gardens, and was
+commencing to work it as a model farm. Further north were the old Dutch
+farms of Philip Bayer and Jacob Shefforth on either side of the road,
+surrounded by groups of old willow trees. The Bayer's house has
+disappeared, but that of the Shefforth family fell to the late Mr. Henry
+Vieth, who repaired the old buildings. The other road, known as the Fort
+Needham or Lady Hammond Road, was a prolongation of Gottingen Street.
+After passing the farms of the late John and James Merkel, it turned to
+the westward down the hill to the shore of the Basin at the Three Mile
+House. The Kempt Road had not yet been opened though for some time in
+contemplation. Two block houses, the remnant of the old fortifications
+of Halifax, overlooked these roads. The first or nearest blockhouse, was
+at Fort Needham on the hill south of the Governor's north farm. The
+other surmounted the hill just above the cottage of the late John Steel,
+called Three Mile Cottage, at the termination of the Blue Bell Road,
+near the present Three Mile Church. The old house at the Governor's
+north farm known as Lady Hammond's house was then in good repair, since
+fallen down. This house was erected by Lieut. Governor Hammond as a
+country residence for his family. The north farm, as it was called,
+extended eastward to the shores of the narrows and included the beech
+grove near the old railway station. This beautiful grove has been lately
+cut up by one of the Government Railway Superintendents who caused
+building lots to be laid off and sold in the grove. This fine collection
+of trees has been carefully preserved for nearly a century, and had been
+the scene of many festivities, and was associated with very many
+pleasing events in the minds of the older citizens.
+
+The common was the usual resort of a large portion of the inhabitants on
+a Sunday afternoon during the summer months. It had been the custom for
+many years, and had continued to be so until discontinued by Governor
+Maitland, for the whole garrison, which usually consisted of service
+companies of three regiments, a part of artillery, and a company of
+sappers and marines, to parade on the common every Sunday afternoon at
+three o'clock during the summer season. The Governor and his staff
+attended and the whole brigade, with their regimental colors, and the
+artillery, with their field pieces, formed a line and were inspected by
+the Governor or Commander-in-chief, after which they marched around the
+drill ground, passing before him at slow time, saluting him in open
+column of companies. No booths, however, were allowed on the common for
+the sale of refreshments except on the King's and Queen's birthdays,
+when grand reviews came off.
+
+Sunday presented a gay scene at Halifax in those days. There being then
+no garrison chapel for the troops, the regiments in garrison, preceded
+by their brass bands playing, marched in full dress to St. Paul's and
+St. George's churches amid the ringing of bells and the sound of martial
+music. The carriage of the Governor (who was then always a general
+officer) in full military costume, with his aides-de-camp, drove up to
+the south door of St. Paul's, the whole staff having first assembled
+under the portico which then ran along the southern end of the church.
+His Excellency, followed by a brilliant display of gold lace and
+feathers, the clank of sabres and spurs, and the shaking of plumed hats
+of so many officers, many of whom were accompanied by their ladies, on
+entering the church, presented a most brilliant spectacle. All this was
+followed by the old Chief Justice Blowers in his coach and livery, the
+carriage of the Admiral, and those of several members of Council. All
+being seated and the body of the church full of fashion and dress, the
+peal of the organ began to be heard and the clergy in surplice and hood
+(he who was about to preach, however, always in the black gown)
+proceeded from the vestry up the east side aisle to the pulpit, preceded
+by a beadle in drab and gold lace, carrying a large silver headed mace,
+who, after the clergy had taken their seats, deliberately walked down
+the aisle again to the vestry with his mace over his shoulder. The
+Rector, Dr. John Inglis, usually preached in the morning, and the
+Curate, Mr. J. T. Twining, performed the service. They were frequently
+accompanied by other church clergymen on a visit to town, and in Lord
+Dalhousie's time, his Chaplin, the Rev. Isaac Temple, always took part
+in the service, frequently preaching in the afternoon at 3 o'clock. On
+the sermon in the morning being concluded, the troops marched back to
+barracks and the general and staff returned to Government House, where
+they partook of luncheon, and were again in requisition by 3 o'clock for
+the grand review of the troops on the common. There were no evening
+services in the churches and meeting houses in those days, except with
+the Methodists, who were quietly doing their work in the old Argyle
+Street meeting house, under the Rev. Wm. Black.
+
+The police of the town were conducted by one paid magistrate and one
+unpaid assistant, together with the clerk of the peace and three police
+constables, afterwards increased to four. Old Colonel Pyke presided as
+Chief Magistrate for many years, and was usually to be seen sitting in
+the little police office in drab knee breeches with gray yarn stockings
+and snuff colored coat. Age and infirmity having at last compelled him
+to retire, Mr. John Liddell, the second in command, was appointed Chief
+Police Magistrate by Sir James Kempt.[89] David Shaw Clarke had been
+for some years Clerk of the Peace. He was a member of the Bar and
+particularly well qualified for the office he held, the duties of which
+he performed with much satisfaction to the public. He was very
+remarkable as being the most corpulent man in town. The late Samuel
+Muirhead, who kept a liquor shop at the head of the Market Wharf, was
+next in size to Mr. Clarke. Muirhead died in 1820, and Clarke, from that
+time to the day of his death, had no competitor. No man was better known
+or more popular for about thirty years in Halifax than David Shaw
+Clarke. He was succeeded in his office by his son James Stewart Clarke.
+
+[Footnote 89: Governors had a voice in all appointments at this time.]
+
+Drunken people were frequently to be seen in the streets in those days,
+yet the peace of the town was tolerably well preserved by the three or
+four police constables. Old Jock Henderson was very corpulent, but his
+great knowledge of his profession rendered him an exceedingly useful
+officer. Jack Mahar was celebrated as a detective, but king alcohol at
+last put an end to his usefulness. The practice of publicly whipping
+thieves had almost altogether gone out of fashion by this time, though
+occasionally resorted to at the work house. Among the town oddities was
+Constable Hawkins. He was a negro, one of those who were brought from
+the Chesapeake by Admiral Cockburn. He had been for some years employed
+at the work house to do the whipping. He was usually dressed in an old
+military green uniform, epaulets, plumed cap, with red sash, and on
+state occasions, a sword. With constable's staff in hand, this worthy
+might be seen in the morning at the opening of the police office,
+escorting prisoners down George Street to the office for examination,
+accompanied by a mob of boys. Among the other curiosities of the town
+was old Ben Myers, usually known as Major Ben. This old fellow, an
+idiot, was dressed in a long tailed red coat of a fashion then long
+obsolete, a cocked hat and long white feathers hanging over his
+shoulder, and on particular occasions, a star on his breast and a sword
+and sash. He was the messenger of the poor house and Bridewell and came
+down to the market every morning with his wheelbarrow in which he
+brought back supplies for the establishments.
+
+The troops mounted guard every morning on the Grand Parade and went
+through the salute and troop before relieving guard. This formed a great
+attraction to strangers and people from the country. The band usually
+played for half an hour before the ceremony of inspecting the guards
+commenced. At sunset and at gun fire, at eight o'clock in the evening,
+the drum and fife proceeded from the town clock, in Barrack Street, to
+Government House or the General's quarters, and back again to the
+barracks. This had been an ancient custom in the Halifax garrison and
+was partly kept up until about the year 1845. Guard mounting on the
+parade at 10 o'clock in the morning during summer continued until
+Governor Le Marchant left Halifax in 1856.
+
+One feature of the town which frequently afforded amusement to visitors
+must not be omitted. The negro population of Hammonds Plains and
+Preston, the latter particularly, had been, after the peace, supplied
+with the American uniform coats taken at Castine or somewhere in Maine
+in the year 1813. The sky blue coats with red and sometimes yellow
+facings, in conjunction with old torn and patched trousers of every
+description, presented the most grotesque appearance. A short time
+before this a fensible regiment known as the York Rangers, having been
+disbanded in the town, their old green uniforms, faced red, and the
+sugar loaf shaped caps, were given to the negroes, who presented the
+most ridiculous appearance on market days.
+
+M. Geneni kept dancing school at Mason Hall and gave many pleasant
+school balls in the winter season to the great delight of the young
+people. M. Perro, a polite old French naval officer, was most popular as
+a teacher of French and was much esteemed in the community. M.
+Chenalette was the most famous confectioner ever known in Halifax. In
+his latter days he kept his establishment in Sackville Street, opposite
+Bedford Row, and was celebrated for his French cordials and fancy
+confectionery. Such was Halifax in 1821 and thereabouts.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+FORTIFICATIONS AND DEFENCES OF THE TOWN--PUBLIC BUILDINGS, ETC.
+
+
+From the year 1749 to '54 or '5, the defences of the town consisted of
+palisades or pickets placed upright, with block houses built of logs at
+convenient distances. This fence extended from where the Roman Catholic
+Cathedral now stands to the beach south of Fairbanks' wharf, and on the
+north along the line of Jacob Street to the harbor. These palisades were
+in existence in 1753, but were removed at a very early period, not being
+within the recollection of the oldest natives of the town living in the
+year 1825.
+
+A large portion of the front of the present Citadel Hill was originally
+private property; a small redoubt stood near the summit with a flag
+staff and guard house, but no traces of any regular or permanent
+fortification appear until the commencement of the American Revolution.
+There were several block houses south of the town--at Point Pleasant,
+Fort Massey and other places. A line of block houses was built at a very
+early period of the settlement, extending from the head of the North
+West Arm to the Basin, as a defence against the Indians. The foundation
+of the centre block house was still to be seen in 1848 in the hollow
+below Philip Bayers' pasture. During Governor Lawrence's time, the
+Indians made an attack upon the saw mills at the head of the North West
+Arm, which stood near the site of the present mills, and murdered three
+men; their bodies were buried by the soldiers near one of the block
+houses, and were three times dug up by the Indians in defiance of the
+guard, for the purpose of securing the scalps. These block houses were
+built of square timber, with loop-holes for musketry,--they were of
+great thickness, and had parapets around the top and a platform at the
+base, with a well for the use of the guard.
+
+In 1755, four batteries were erected along the beach--the centre one,
+called the middle or Governor's Battery, stood where the Queen's Wharf
+now is, being then directly in front of Government House; another where
+the Ordnance Yard was afterwards built, called the Five or Nine-gun
+Battery; the third was situated north of the present Fairbanks' wharf;
+and the fourth called the South or Grand Battery, still in existence at
+the Lumber Yard. They were composed of stone and gravel, supported by
+cross logs, covered with earth and planted with grass, having
+battlements in front and the two ends, elevated about twenty or
+twenty-five feet above the water. These fortifications were removed
+about the year 1783, and the grounds appropriated to their present
+purposes. The Ordnance Yard, then a swamp around the battery, and the
+King's Wharf, were both filled up and levelled by stone and rubbish
+removed from the five-acre lots of the peninsula which were beginning to
+be cleared about this time.
+
+There were block houses along the beach, near the Dock Yard wall, built
+by Col. Spry about 1775. The drawings of the town, published about the
+year 1774 or '6, show a strong fortification on George's Island.[90] It
+was not until the commencement of the revolutionary war that regular
+works appear to have been constructed for the defence of the town and
+harbor. About the year 1778, the Citadel Hill appears to have been, for
+the first time, regularly fortified; the summit was then about eighty
+feet higher than at present; the works consisted of an octangular tower
+of wood of the block-house kind, having a parapet and small tower on top
+with port holes for cannon--the whole encompassed by a ditch and
+ramparts of earth and wood, with pickets placed close together, slanting
+outwards. Below this there were several outworks of the same description
+extending down the sides of the hill a considerable distance.
+
+[Footnote 90: We have seen that Governor Cornwallis, at the very
+commencement of the settlement, selected George's Island as the most
+eligible position for the fortification. Prisoners were sent here at a
+very early period.]
+
+Fort Massey, George's Island and the East Battery exhibit the same kind
+of fortifications in the pictures of the town made about 1780. At the
+latter place there was a barrack, afterwards rebuilt by the Duke of Kent
+about 1800.
+
+During the American Revolutionary War, Colonel Spry, the chief
+engineer, erected a battery and several small block houses near the old
+Dutch Church in Brunswick Street. Several fields on the north and east
+sides of the Citadel were then taken by government and equivalents given
+to the owners. There was another block house at the extremity of
+Brunswick Street, in the field adjoining the present Admiralty grounds;
+the first were demolished about 1783, and part of the land granted by
+the Crown as a parsonage lot for the minister of the Germans, but the
+latter remained many years after till it fell into decay.
+
+The Lumber Yard, Ordnance Yard and King's Wharf were all commenced about
+the same time, (1784 or '5) but the present buildings were put up at a
+much later date. The north barracks were built soon after the
+settlement. The buildings known as the south barracks were erected under
+the directions of the Duke of Kent, as also the north barracks,
+destroyed by fire some years ago.
+
+During the revolutionary war the main guard house stood on the spot now
+occupied by the Mason Hall. It was used as a military post at a very
+early period, as the French prisoners from Annapolis, etc., were lodged
+there. The guard house was removed over ninety years ago, and the
+present building afterwards erected.
+
+A building called the Military Office stood at the south corner of the
+market wharf, near where the main guard house now is. It was used as a
+military office until 1790, or perhaps later. At this time a guard was
+kept at the Prince's old playhouse, where the Acadian School now stands.
+
+The house lately owned by Capt. Maynard, where the Trinity Chapel now
+stands, in Jacob Street, was a barrack as early as 1769. It was the site
+of one of the old block-house forts erected at the first settlement. It
+continued to bear the name of the Grenadier Fort until removed to make
+room for the present brick edifice known as Trinity Church.
+
+The old wooden fortifications were removed from Citadel Hill about the
+time Prince Edward was Commander-in-Chief.
+
+The hill had been cut down and ramparts of earth constructed mounting
+five or six guns at each angle, with a deep ditch. There were also
+covered ways and passages leading into the fort; willow trees were
+planted round the ramparts, and the whole was surrounded by a picket
+fence. The remains of this work were removed at the commencement of the
+present fortifications. Much of the old work was performed by the
+militia drafts from the country, embodied at Halifax at the close of the
+last century, particularly in 1793, during Sir John Wentworth's
+administration, and at subsequent periods. The Maroon negroes from
+Jamaica were for a short time engaged on these works.
+
+The towers on George's Island,[91] Point Pleasant, the East Battery,
+Meager's Beach and York Redoubt were built at the commencement of the
+present century. The Prince established signal stations between Halifax
+and Annapolis, the first post being on the hill behind his residence on
+Bedford Basin. He levelled the ground called the Grand Parade, and it is
+said, built the walls at the north-east and south-west angles. The Chain
+Battery at Point Pleasant was first constructed, it is said, by Lord
+Colville, in or about 1761. The present ring bolts were put down the war
+of 1812-15. The old block house at Fort Needham and that on the hill
+above Philip Bayers' farm on the road leading to the Basin, called the
+Blue Bell Road, were built during the American Revolution, and
+re-constructed during the Prince's time. They were there in 1820, but
+soon after fell into decay, being composed of square timber only. All
+the other block houses had disappeared many years previous to that date.
+The building used as an army hospital, which stood on the north slope of
+Citadel Hill, in rear of the north barracks, since destroyed by fire,
+was erected as the town residence of Edward, Duke of Kent, when
+commander of the forces. The low range of buildings since used as
+barrack stores and as a military library, were his stables and offices.
+His residence was a very elegant building with a portico supported by
+Corinthian pillars in front, all which remained for many years after it
+became an hospital. About the same time he built his villa on the Basin,
+the ruins of which were to be seen a few years ago. The Rotunda, or band
+room, still remains. The lands where the buildings stood were the
+property of Sir John Wentworth, the Governor, to whom he left it on his
+removal from the garrison. The old Rockingham Inn was his guard house,
+since burned down.
+
+[Footnote 91: Lately removed.]
+
+In the year 1765 there were two hospitals in the north suburbs, near
+the beach at the foot of Cornwallis Street, called the Red and Green
+Hospitals. They were there in 1785. One stood on the site of the present
+North Country or Keating's Market, the other on property now owned by
+the heirs of late H. H. Cogswell.
+
+Until the year 1780 the streets of the town were in a very rough
+condition, and some of them least frequented were impassable for
+carriages, from stumps of trees and rocks. As early as 1761, there was a
+good road to Point Pleasant;--it was a continuation of Water Street, and
+said to have passed through or near the present Lumber Yard grounds,
+following the shore of the harbor.
+
+In 1764 the people of the north suburbs applied to the Governor and
+Council to call their settlement Gottingen. The name soon fell into
+disuse; the main street obtained the name of Brunswick Street, the rear
+street only retaining that of Gottingen.
+
+The first Government House was erected soon after the town was laid out;
+the frame and materials were brought from Boston, and the apartments
+prepared for the reception of the Governor early in October. He held a
+council there on the 14th of that month. It was a small low building of
+one story, surrounded by hogsheads of gravel and sand, on which small
+pieces of ordnance were mounted for its defence. It stood in the centre
+of the square now occupied by the Province Building. About the year 1757
+or '8, this little cottage was removed to give place to a more spacious
+and convenient residence. It was sold and drawn down to the corner of
+George Street and Bedford Row, opposite the south-west angle of the City
+Court House, and again, about 1775, removed to the beach and placed at
+the corner of the street leading to the steam boat landing, where it
+remained until 1832, when the present building, occupied lately by
+Thomas Laidlaw, was erected on the site. The new Government House was
+built during the time of Governor Lawrence. Lord William Campbell built
+a ball room at one end, and several other improvements were made to the
+building by subsequent governors. It was surrounded by a terrace neatly
+sodded and ornamented. The building was of wood, two stories high. The
+office of Capt. Bulkeley, the Secretary, stood at the north-east angle
+of the square inside the rails. Prince Edward resided in this house with
+Governor Wentworth in 1798. This old house was pulled down about the
+commencement of the present century and the materials sold to Mr. John
+Trider, Sr., who used them in the construction of the building on the
+road leading to the tower at the head of Inglis Street, formerly owned
+by Colonel Bazelgette, and afterwards the residence of the late Mr.
+George Whidden.
+
+St. Paul's Church is now, perhaps, the oldest building remaining in
+Halifax. It was erected at the expense of government in the year 1749,
+and was esteemed one of the best constructed wooden buildings in
+America. The oak frame and materials were brought from Boston, and the
+building was ready for divine service by the autumn of 1750. It received
+an addition to the north end with a new steeple somewhat similar to the
+old one in the year 1812. The first sermon was preached in this building
+by the Rev. Mr. Tutty[92] on 2nd September, 1750. It remained in nearly
+all respects as at its first erection until certain late alterations
+have changed its appearance, particularly an addition to the south end
+from which the fine old altar window, with its Doric pillars and small
+panes has been removed to make way for a large Gothic window full of
+painted glass, altogether incompatible with the architecture of the
+building itself. The old escutcheons in the galleries have been
+permitted to remain. The walls below are covered with monuments and
+tablets recording the deaths of governors, military commanders, who fell
+during the old American and French wars, and not a few of our leading
+citizens. The most conspicuous are those of Governors Sir John
+Wentworth, Wilmot, Lawrence, and Sir John Harvey, Capt. Evans of the
+ship Charleston, who was killed off the coast of Cape Breton in defence
+of a convoy against a superior French force, Lord Charles Montague, late
+Governor of Georgia, who died of fatigue after a journey in winter from
+Quebec to Halifax by land, the Right Rev. Charles Inglis, first Bishop
+of Nova Scotia, and his son Dr. John Inglis, third Bishop of the
+Diocese, Baron De Seitz, who commanded the Hessian troops in the old
+war, General McLean, the Hon. Richard Bulkeley, Attorney General
+Uniacke, with a number of others of lesser note. The first organ was
+purchased, partly by private subscription, during the incumbency of Dr.
+Breynton, about 1765. It was replaced by a new one about 1829, but the
+old case of Spanish walnut was preserved.[93]
+
+[Footnote 92: Mr. Tutty usually officiated on the parade in the open air
+until the church was sufficiently advanced to enable him to hold service
+in it.]
+
+[Footnote 93: This organ has been lately removed to Trinity Chapel, in
+Jacob Street.]
+
+The old German church of St. George, in Brunswick Street, bears the date
+1760 on its spire. It was originally erected by private subscription
+among the German settlers of the north suburbs in or about the year 1752
+or '3. After the removal of the Germans to Lunenburg there were but
+fifteen families of Germans remaining in the north suburbs. This small
+congregation, not knowing any English, erected the building on the
+German burial ground as a school house and chapel. The present steeple
+was erected in 1760, and the following year the building was dedicated
+as a church by Dr. Breynton of St. Paul's, after which the congregation
+followed the forms of the Church of England. Dr. Breynton on that
+occasion preached in German and in French, after which he addressed the
+congregation in English. In 1783 Rev. Bernard Houzeal, a Lutheran
+minister, came to Halifax among the Loyalists from New York and, having
+been ordained a minister of the Church of England by the Bishop of
+London, became the minister of St. George's, receiving a stipend from
+the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign parts. He died
+about the close of the last century, a few years after the present round
+church, known as St. George's, was erected, and Mr. Gray was appointed
+to the charge, after which service in the old church was discontinued.
+It was then appropriated as a school house. About the year 1833 or '4 it
+underwent a thorough repair which was superintended by several persons
+in the parish who were descendants of the original German settlers.
+
+Old St. Matthew's was coeval with the first settlement of Halifax.
+Governor Cornwallis assigned a lot at the south-west corner of Prince
+and Hollis Streets for a dissenting meeting house in 1749. It was built
+soon after at the expense of government, and was called Mather's Church
+in compliment to the memory of Dr. Cotton Mather, the celebrated New
+England Congregationalist divine, by the dissenters then in the town,
+who were principally from New England and of that denomination. The Rev.
+Aaron Cleveland, from New England, was the first minister who officiated
+in this building. The Presbyterians from Scotland and the North of
+Ireland, having become numerous in the town, soon amalgamated with the
+American dissenters, and gradually obtained exclusive possession of the
+building, after which it received the appellation of St. Matthew's
+Church. The late Rev. Mr. Russell, father of the late George N. Russell,
+of Halifax, officiated there for some time after it became Presbyterian.
+Dr. Archibald Gray was the officiating minister there for about twenty
+years; he was succeeded by Rev. Ebenezer Renny, Rev. Mr. Knox, and
+finally by Rev. John Scott, the last minister who preached in the old
+building which was burned in the great fire which destroyed a
+considerable portion of Hollis Street, on New Year's day, 1859. The lot
+of land on which it stood was, some years after, sold to Doull & Miller,
+who erected there a large stone warehouse, which is one of the neatest
+and most substantial buildings in the city.
+
+The first market house occupied the site of the brick building lately
+used for the City Courts and offices. It was built soon after the
+settlement. A balcony ran along the lower side which was used by
+merchants, etc., as a public promenade. About the commencement of the
+present century the remains of this old building were removed to make
+way for the brick edifice. The upper portion of the new building was let
+as a public coffee house; the large room now used as a City Council
+Chamber was appropriated for public meetings, festivals, etc., and the
+south end, above the police office, was occupied for many years as the
+Exchange or Merchants' Reading Room.
+
+The first court house in Halifax, as before mentioned, stood at the
+corner of Buckingham and Argyle Streets, where Northup's store and
+country market stood later. Chief Justice Belcher held his court there
+in 1755, and the first Representative Assembly held their session there
+in 1758. It was destroyed by fire about the year 1783. Chief Justice
+Belcher resided in the old house in Argyle Street to the north of the
+old Methodist meeting house, formerly owned by the Rev. William Black,
+Methodist minister. This building, at the time of its removal, was one
+of the very few old buildings then remaining in the town. It was taken
+down some years ago and a range of shops and a market house now occupy
+its site. The old Zoar chapel, the cradle of Methodism in Halifax, has
+been lately turned into shops.
+
+The stone house at the corner of Prince and Argyle Streets, opposite the
+south-west angle of St. Paul's Church, was originally built by the Hon.
+Richard Bulkeley, the first Provincial Secretary, and was his residence
+for many years. It was purchased by the Hon. H. H. Cogswell about 1818,
+and since his death has undergone extensive alterations to render it
+suitable for a public hotel. It is known as the Carlton House. There is
+an old house still standing on the western side of Grafton Street, in
+Letter ----, Forman's Division, which was the residence of William
+Nesbitt, the Attorney General of Nova Scotia and Speaker of the
+Assembly, in 1760. After the death of Mr. Nesbitt, towards the end of
+the last century, it fell to his daughter, Mrs. Swann. This old lady
+died there nearly 80 years ago and the property was afterwards sold. The
+street was cut down about 50 years since and a story or breast work was
+erected on the street under this little old cottage which may yet be
+seen projecting from the main building, presenting the appearance of a
+balcony. The residence of Richard Gibbons, formerly Attorney General,
+stood at the corner of Buckingham and Grafton Streets, formerly known as
+George Isles' corner; it was lately taken down and replaced by a range
+of brick buildings now owned by Mr. Maloney. This was also one of the
+remnants of the first settlement of the town. The building at the corner
+of Barrington and Sackville Streets, formerly occupied as the Halifax
+Grammar School, is also a very old building. The House of Assembly held
+its sittings there in 1765, perhaps earlier. After the court house was
+burned down the Supreme Court met there for several years. It was also
+used at one time for a guard house. It was devoted to the purpose of a
+school on the establishment of the Halifax Grammar School in 1785.
+
+Houses of entertainment were numerous and well kept at an early period.
+The Great Pontack was a large three-story building, erected by the Hon.
+John Butler, uncle to the late John Butler Dight, previous to 1757, at
+the corner of Duke and Water Streets, afterwards known as Michael
+Bennett's corner, now Cunningham's corner. It was the principal hotel in
+1764. In 1769 it was kept by John Willis. The town assemblies and other
+public entertainments were held at the Pontack in 1758.[94]
+
+[Footnote 94: Among the annual festivals of the old times, now lost
+sight of, was the celebration of St. Aspinquid's Day, known as the
+Indian Saint. St. Aspinquid appeared in the Nova Scotia almanacks from
+1774 to 1786. The festival was celebrated on or immediately after the
+last quarter of the moon in the month of May. The tide being low at that
+time, many of the principal inhabitants of the town, on these occasions,
+assembled on the shore of the North West Arm and partook of a dish of
+clam soup, the clams being collected on the spot at low water. There is
+a tradition that during the American troubles when agents of the
+revolted colonies were active to gain over the good people of Halifax,
+in the year 1786, were celebrating St. Aspinquid, the wine having been
+circulated freely, the Union Jack was suddenly hauled down and replaced
+by the Stars and Stripes. This was soon reversed, but all those persons
+who held public offices immediately left the grounds, and St. Aspinquid
+was never after celebrated at Halifax.]
+
+The Crown Coffee House, frequented by country people, was kept by
+William Fury in 1769 on the beach near the Dockyard. Jerusalem Coffee
+House occupied the northern extremity of the block near the Ordnance
+Yard, opposite Collins' wharf, between Hollis Street and Collins' stone
+stores. It was built by the Hon. Thomas Saul as a private residence
+about 1753 and afterwards occupied by the Hon. Alexander Brymer; some of
+the rooms were highly finished and ornamented with carved work, and the
+whole establishment was on a scale beyond any other private residence in
+the place. It was let out for a coffee house about 1789, or perhaps
+earlier. This old building was destroyed by fire in 1837. The present
+stone store known as the Jerusalem Warehouse occupies the site of the
+old mansion.
+
+Public Gardens were much in fashion between 1753 and '80. Adlam's garden
+was an extensive enclosure south of the Citadel, near the present
+Artillery Park and south barracks. It was opened to the public,
+contained a pavilion and a great variety of fruit trees and shrubs. The
+Artillery Park was then kept on the Grand Parade; the Artillery Barracks
+stood in a line with the late engine house; the Parade was not levelled
+at that time; a foot path from George Street passed through the centre,
+and the descent at the north-east corner was very abrupt.[95] Spring
+Garden was another place of public resort in 1768. At this time there
+was a Provincial Gardener, who received an allowance of L.32 10s. per
+annum.[96] About 1764, Mr. Joseph Gerrish, of His Majesty's Dockyard,
+laid out an extensive garden in the north suburbs and imported fruit
+trees at great expense. This was a private enclosure, extending from
+Lockman Street to the beach, south of the Dockyard; his dwelling house
+stood in the centre and faced the harbor. Part of the old wall, a year
+or two since, was to be seen in Lockman Street. The old Governor's
+gardens, west of the English burying ground, were well kept up for about
+30 years. There was a large summer house in the centre.
+
+[Footnote 95: Whether there was a passage for carriages across the
+Parade does not appear; probably not, as it was used for a public parade
+ground in 1749.]
+
+[Footnote 96: Probably employed at the Governor's gardens.]
+
+Mr. Grant, the victualling agent, had a large fruit garden south of
+Government House, where St. Matthew's Manse now stands, extending from
+Hollis to Pleasant Streets. It was surrounded by a stone wall.
+Ornamental trees were, at an early period, very numerous in the suburbs,
+particularly in the south, and tended much to the beauty and comfort of
+the town. The poplar trees which stood in front of the residence of the
+late James Kerby and others, in Brunswick Street, and the willows on the
+eastern side of the street, near the round church, are within the
+recollection of many of the old inhabitants. The fine old willow trees
+which occupied both sides of Argyle Street near the residence of the
+late Attorney General Uniacke, those at the south end of Hollis Street,
+near the Lumber Yard, and those around St. Paul's Church, are also still
+within the recollection of many. These trees were all cut down by the
+Commissioners of Streets in 1829 and 1830, because they grew on the side
+paths and were therefore deemed an encroachment on the public highway.
+Halifax was thus denuded of its shady walks by the gentlemen of taste
+who constituted the Commissioners of Streets at that period. Within the
+last few years several attempts have been made to re-produce trees on
+the sidewalks, but with partial success, there being no protection
+afforded to them by the city authorities.
+
+Before the year 1760, the houses were generally built of square and
+round timber, some with small pickets placed upright between the stubs
+of the frame, and the whole covered over with clap boards; they were
+usually of one story with a hipped roof, the shops and half doors with
+no glass, swinging signs, and wooden shutters opening downwards, on
+which goods were exposed for sale. Several of these old houses were in
+existence in 1850, windows and doors being altered.
+
+In 1768 and '77, there were lamp posts at all the principal corners,
+the town being then lighted at the public expense.
+
+The Dutch in the north suburbs usually built with the ends of their
+houses to the street; those of the better sort had ornamental windows
+and heavy cornices with weathercocks, One or two of these old houses
+were to be seen in Brunswick Street about thirty-five years ago. Among
+the old houses which have now disappeared was one which stood in the
+field opposite the lower wharf, near Point Pleasant; it was built about
+1770, and occupied by General Fanning about 1783.
+
+A year or two after the settlement Mr. Gerrish built several small stone
+houses near the tower; the clearance east of the pine woods is still to
+be seen; they were occupied for a short time by the settlers from the
+north of Ireland who went to Cobequid.
+
+A large wooden building stood in the centre of the enclosure now
+occupied by Government House, built before the American Revolution, and
+used as a residence for field officers and other military purposes. The
+public hospital stood on part of the land now occupied by Government
+House to the north of the present house; it was afterwards sold;
+probably the spot on which St. Matthew's church now stands.
+
+The first jail stood where the late Mr. Robert Brown's house in Hollis
+Street stood, opposite the Halifax Hotel; the jail was kept there till
+1787, or thereabouts. In 1777, the Provost Marshal was suspended from
+his office in consequence of the repeated escape of prisoners from this
+building.
+
+In 1752, government purchased a small stone house built by Col. Horseman
+for a prison, probably a military one; this was near where St. Mary's
+Cathedral now stands.
+
+One remnant of the first settlement, now forgotten, was an old hardwood
+tree which stood on the beach, just above high water mark, at the corner
+of the Market Slip; this tree was used as a public gallows from 1749,
+and was there within the recollection of one or two aged persons living
+in 1825; it was cut down about 1763, but the stump remained until 1784
+or '5.
+
+The progress of crime between 1749 and '54, was perhaps less rapid than
+might have been expected among a population of 5,000 or 6,000, composed
+of such materials. During the first five years there were fifty
+criminal trials on record, many convictions for grand larceny, which was
+then the subject of capital punishment. After the appointment of Chief
+Justice Belcher, convictions were less frequent; most of the executions,
+as in the time of the general court, were for stealing or receiving
+stolen goods.
+
+The Dockyard was first established at Halifax in 1758. It was extended
+and improved in 1769. The date over the gate is 1770. The walls have
+since undergone several renewals.
+
+The Town Clock was erected early in the present century jointly by the
+garrison and the town. The merchants of Halifax raised a subscription
+towards the object. It was placed at the head of George Street for the
+convenience of the inhabitants. It was managed by the garrison. The late
+James Dechman, senior, was keeper, and resided in the clock for many
+years; he died about 1829 or 1830.
+
+According to the plan of the town made by Col. Desbarres in 1779 or '80,
+and published in his nautical charts in 1781, there was a nine-gun
+battery about where the Ordnance wharf now is, and the five-gun battery
+a little to the north, but on an angle with the other. Gerrish's wharf,
+since known as Marchington's wharf, was immediately north of the
+five-gun battery, and Joshua Mauger's wharf at the foot of Jacob Street.
+Proctor's wharf appears to have been situated near where Cunard's old
+wharf now is. The old market wharf, known as Fredericks' wharf, and
+afterwards as Beamish's wharf, was as at present. Fillis' wharf appears
+to have been that now known as Mitchell's, south of the Queen's Wharf.
+Terrance Fitzpatrick's wharf was situated about the spot now occupied by
+Esson & Boak's wharf. Crawley's was to the south of the latter, and
+Collier's about where Pryor's wharf now is.
+
+There was a battery at the Commissioners' point at the south end of the
+Dockyard, and the storekeeper's wharf ran out to the south of the
+Commissioners' point somewhere, apparently, in the vacant space between
+the Dockyard and West's property. Joshua Mauger's Distillery was
+situated between the Dockyard and the present hospital grounds. Guns
+were mounted on the careening wharf. Three batteries with ditches and
+enclosures were formed by Col. Spry, Chief Engineer, on the lower side
+of Brunswick Street; one on the corner of Brunswick and North Streets,
+one on the south corner of Dockyard Lane, and the other down Gerrish
+Street below the Dutch burial ground. It was generally understood that
+these works were on the opposite or western side of Brunswick Street,
+but Desbarres' plan places them on the east side. The works on Citadel
+Hill appear to consist of a small enclosure, but no regular
+fortifications appear.
+
+
+EARLY PRINTING IN HALIFAX.
+
+In 1751 printing was first introduced into Nova Scotia. The first press
+was established at Halifax, and there was not a second in the province
+until 1766. Bartholomew Green, Jr., was the grandson of Samuel Green, of
+Cambridge, Massachusetts, and was of the firm of Green, Bushell & Allen,
+of Boston. He removed to Halifax with a press and type in August, 1751.
+He died about six weeks after his arrival, 52 years of age.
+
+John Bushell, who had been the partner of Green in Boston, immediately
+succeeded him in Halifax. He printed for the government, and in March,
+1752,[97] published the first newspaper printed in Nova Scotia. The work
+for government was inconsiderable, but was the chief support of Bushell.
+He was a good workman but had not the art of acquiring property, nor did
+he make the most economical use of the little which fell into his hands.
+Bushell died in February, 1761. The proclamation published by Governor
+Lawrence in 1758 for the settlement of the French lands on the Basin of
+Minas was printed by John Bushell. Anthony Henry succeeded Bushell as a
+printer at Halifax. He was a German, and had lived some time with a
+printer, but had left his master and became a fifer in one of the
+provincial regiments. With this regiment he came to Nova Scotia, but
+some time after obtained his discharge. There was then no printer in the
+province, and his pretensions to skill in this art greatly facilitated
+his release from the army. There appears, however, to have been a
+printing office at Halifax in March, 1756, conducted by one Isaac Ourry.
+Henry began business with the press and type which had been used by
+Bushell. He published the Gazette. The government, through necessity,
+gave him some work which was badly executed. This paper was edited for
+some time by the Hon. Richard Bulkeley, Secretary of the Province.
+
+[Footnote 97: See Thomas' History of Printing in America.]
+
+In 1766 a printer with a new and good apparatus came from London and
+opened another printing house. He published a newspaper and was employed
+by government. Henry, who had been inattentive to his affairs, did not
+despond at the prospects of a rival, but, much to his credit, exerted
+himself and did better than before. After a few years' trial, his rival,
+not finding the business so profitable, nor place agreeable, sold out
+his paper, and Henry was again the only printer in the province. He
+procured new type and a workman better skilled than himself. His
+printing from this time was executed in a more workmanlike manner. He
+remained without another rival until the British army evacuated Boston,
+in March, 1776, when the printers in that town who adhered to the Royal
+cause were obliged to leave that place, and they, with other refugees,
+came to Halifax. Henry continued printing until his death. He possessed
+a fund of good nature, and was of a very cheerful disposition. He died
+December, 1800, aged 66 years.
+
+Robert Fletcher arrived at Halifax from London in 1760, with new
+printing materials and a valuable collection of books and stationery. He
+opened a book store and printing house near the parade, published a
+newspaper and printed for the government. Until this time there had been
+no book store in the province. Fletcher executed his printing with
+neatness, and raised the reputation of the art in Nova Scotia. He
+remained in Halifax until 1770, then sent his printing materials to
+Boston for sale and went into other business.
+
+Alexander and James Robertson, who had been printers in New York,
+Norwich and Albany, went to Shelburne, in Nova Scotia, in 1783, where
+they printed a newspaper. John Howe began printing in Halifax in 1776,
+and was publisher of the Gazette in 1801. Howe commenced the Halifax
+Journal in 1780. In 1790 his office was at the corner of Sackville and
+Barrington Streets. This paper was afterwards purchased and carried on
+by John Munro; his office was where Mr. Kenny's new stone building now
+is, at the corner of George and Granville Streets. The weekly Chronicle
+was set on foot by William Minns, a Loyalist settler, in 1786, and was
+continued until 1828. Mr. Minns kept a stationer's shop in Barrington
+Street, below the parade. This paper had the Star and Garter at its
+heading.
+
+Henry's printing office was in Grafton Street, in rear of the residence
+of the late Attorney General Richard John Uniacke, where his descendants
+resided for many years. There was another printing office in the same
+street, further north, which is represented in the engraving of the town
+in 1776 with a steeple surmounted by a hand holding a pen.
+
+After the peace of 1784, printing found its way into the Province of New
+Brunswick.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+
+The following short sketch of some of the persons who took a lead in
+establishing the Colony, has been compiled chiefly from public records:
+
+The Honorable Edward Cornwallis, the first Governor and
+Commander-in-Chief, was a younger son of Charles, third Baron Cornwallis
+by Lady Charlotte Butler, daughter of Richard, Earl of Arran and uncle
+to the celebrated Duke of Ormonde. He was born in 1713, was member of
+Parliament for the borough of Eye in 1749, and was elected member for
+the city of Westminster in 1753, shortly after he returned from Halifax.
+He married the same year, a daughter of the late Lord Townshend, but
+left no children. He was afterwards raised to the rank of Major General
+and appointed Governor of Gibraltar. General Cornwallis was twin brother
+of Dr. Frederick Cornwallis, Archbishop of Canterbury.
+
+The gentlemen who composed the first Council were Paul Mascarene, Edward
+How, John Gorham, Benjamin Green, John Salisbury and Hugh Davidson.
+
+Col. Mascarene was a native of Castras in the south of France, was born
+in the year 1684. His parents were Huguenots and were compelled to fly
+from their native country on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes when
+all Protestants were driven from France. He made his way to Geneva at
+the age of 12, where he received his education. He afterwards went to
+England, where he received a commission in the British army in 1708. He
+was appointed Captain in 1710 and ordered to America, where he joined
+the regiment raised in New England for the taking of Port Royal. He was
+at the capture of Annapolis Royal that year, and was for some time
+commander of the garrison as senior major of the regiment. On the death
+of Colonel Armstrong he became Lieutenant-Colonel of the regiment under
+General Phillips, and was third on the list of councillors in 1720, when
+the first Council was organized in Nova Scotia. In 1740 he was
+appointed Lieut.-Governor of the fort, and administrated the government
+of the Province until the arrival of Cornwallis in 1749. He remained in
+command at Annapolis after the settlement at Halifax, and was
+subsequently engaged as agent of the British Government in arranging
+treaties with the Indians of New England and Acadia in 1751. He retired
+from active duties and died a Major General in the British army at
+Boston, on 20th January 1760. He left a son and daughter. His son was
+said to be living in New England in 1835, at a very advanced age. The
+late Judge Foster Hutchinson, of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia and
+the late Deputy Commissary General William Handfield Snelling, were his
+grandsons. His great-grandson, Mr. W. Snelling Stirling, has his
+portrait, painted by Smybert of Boston about 1725.
+
+Benjamin Green was a native of the province of Massachusetts, born in
+1713, youngest son of the Rev. Joseph Green, minister of Salem, Mass.,
+and graduate of Harvard College. He was brought up as a merchant under
+his elder brother Joseph in Boston. In 1737 he married a daughter of the
+Honorable Joseph Pierce of Portsmouth. He accompanied General Pepperal
+to Louisburg in 1745, as Secretary to the expedition. After the capture
+of that place by the Provincial army, he remained there as Government
+Secretary and manager of the finances until Cape Breton was restored to
+the French, when he removed with his family to Halifax, and was
+appointed to the Council by Governor Cornwallis in July 1749. After the
+removal of Mr. Davidson he acted as Secretary of the province. He held
+several other important public offices, among which were those of
+Treasurer and Judge of the Court of Vice-Admiralty. On the death of
+Governor Wilmot in 1766, Mr. Green being then senior councillor, was
+appointed Administrator of the Government. He died at Halifax in 1772,
+in the 59th year of his age. His eldest son Benjamin succeeded him as
+Treasurer of the province. Benjamin Green, Junior, was father of
+Lieutenant William Green of the Navy, and Joseph Green and Henry Green
+of Lawrencetown, the latter left descendants at Lawrencetown. The second
+son of Governor Green was many years sheriff of Halifax, and having
+married a Boston lady, afterwards removed to that place. His daughter
+was married to Mr. Stephen H. Binney, son of Jonathan Binney of Halifax,
+whose descendants are numerous.
+
+John Salisbury was brother to Dr. Thomas Salisbury, the eminent civil
+lawyer in London. Lord Halifax was his friend and patron, and sent him
+out with Governor Cornwallis as one of his suite. He does not appear to
+have taken any active part in the settlement. He married a Miss Cotton,
+who brought him a fortune of L.10,000, which he spent in extravagance and
+dissipation. He returned to England in 1753, and died at Offley, the
+county seat of his relative Sir Thomas Salisbury in 1762. His only
+daughter was the celebrated Mrs. Thrale, the friend of Dr. Johnson,
+afterwards married to a Mr. Piozzi.
+
+Hugh Davidson also came out with Governor Cornwallis. He was the first
+Provincial Secretary; he returned to England in 1750 under charges of
+trading in the supplies and stores for the settlers. Governor Cornwallis
+in his letters to the Board of Trade, thought him innocent of the main
+charges made against him.
+
+Captain Edward How was a member of His Majesty's Council at Annapolis in
+1744. He was with Col. Noble at the affair at Minas and Grand Pre in
+1747, where he was severely wounded and taken prisoner by the French
+under DeCorne. He came down from Annapolis with Governor Mascarene in
+June 1749, and was sworn in a member of Cornwallis' first Council. He
+was well acquainted with the language of the Indians and their manners,
+and was sent on a negotiation to the French and Indians at Beaubasin in
+1751, where he was treacherously murdered by the enemy, though acting
+under a flag of truce, having been shot through the back from the bush.
+The French officers denied having anything to do with this disgraceful
+affair, and charged it on Mr. LeLutre, the Indian missionary, who it was
+said was jealous of Mr. How's influence with the Micmacs. His widow
+afterwards petitioned the government for pecuniary aid, in consequence
+of her husband's services, and for money advanced by him for public
+service. The late Richard W. How, captain in the 81st regiment, formerly
+of Halifax, was his grandson.
+
+Colonel John Goreham was a native of Massachusetts; he was with General
+Pepperal at the siege of Louisburg in 1745, as Lieutenant-Colonel of his
+father's regiment raised in Massachusetts. He afterwards had command of
+a company of Rangers at Annapolis and came down to Chebucto with his
+rangers to meet Governor Cornwallis in 1749. He took precedence next to
+Governor Mascarene at the council board. He is styled Captain Goreham by
+Mascarene and by Cornwallis in his commissions and correspondence. That
+of Lieutenant-Colonel was probably militia rank only. It is probable he
+returned to Boston soon after the settlement was formed as his name does
+not appear on the Council books after 1752. He had a brother, Joseph
+Goreham, who was also a member of Council in 1766; he afterwards
+attained the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in the British army. He was
+engaged in the border skirmishes on the isthmus from 1754 to about 1758,
+and was afterwards appointed Commandant at Newfoundland.
+
+Lieutenant-Colonels Horseman, Ellison and Merser, who were afterwards
+appointed to the Council, were the officers in command of the regiments
+which came from Louisburg. They all retired soon after to England.
+
+Charles Lawrence was a Major in Warburton's Regiment of Infantry. He
+came up with the army and was engaged during 1749 and '50 in the French
+wars at Cobequid. He acted as Brigadier General under Amherst at
+Louisburg; he was a member of the Council and sworn in Governor of the
+Province on the death of Governor Hobson; the first assembly was
+convened during his administration, (2nd October, 1758); he died
+unmarried on 11th October, 1759, it is said of an inflammation, caused
+by overheating himself at a ball at Government House; he was deeply
+respected by the whole community, and the Legislative Assembly caused a
+monument to be erected to his memory in St. Paul's church "from a
+grateful sense of the many important services which the Province had
+received from him during a continued course of zealous and indefatigable
+endeavors for the public good, and a wise, upright, and disinterested
+administration." This monument has now disappeared from St. Paul's
+Church. His escutcheon remains in the East Gallery. Lawrence, though an
+active and zealous governor, by his desire to favor the officers of
+Government with a partiality for his military friends, brought on
+himself an organized opposition from the leading inhabitants of the
+town, who petitioned the Home Government for redress of their
+grievances, which they in a great measure attributed to the Governor and
+his Lieutenant Colonel Monckton. His resistance to the desire to call a
+Legislative Assembly was among the chief charges against him. His death
+shortly after the petition put an end to the difficulties. He was
+succeeded by Judge Belcher as Administrator of the Government.
+
+Charles Morris was a native of England; he was Captain of Provincials
+under General Pepperal at the siege of Louisburg in 1745. He had been
+engaged by Governor Shirley of Boston in a survey of the interior parts
+of Nova Scotia with a view to British colonization, in 1745. He also
+commanded one of the Provincial Companies sent to Minas under Colonel
+Noble in 1747. He was in Halifax in 1749, and in company with Mr. Bruce
+the Military Engineer laid out the town and peninsula. He was appointed
+to the Council in 1755. Though Surveyor General of the Province he acted
+for some time as Judge of the Supreme Court during the time of Chief
+Justice Belcher, which offices were both afterwards filled by his eldest
+son Charles. Captain Morris died in 1781, and was succeeded in the
+office of Surveyor General by his son Charles, whose son, the Hon.
+Charles Morris, also filled the same office and was a Member of Council
+in 1808. He was the father of John Spry Morris, Esq., afterwards
+Surveyor General, who was the fourth in succession who had charge of the
+Surveying Department in Nova Scotia. There are numerous descendants of
+Captain Morris in Halifax.
+
+Jonathan Belcher, the first Chief Justice, was a native of
+Massachusetts, son of the Governor of that province, of an eminent
+colonial family; he was appointed Chief Justice of Nova Scotia in 1754,
+when a young man, and administered the government on the death of
+Governor Lawrence; Chief Justice Belcher arranged and revised the laws
+as they appear on our first Statute Book, and rendered good assistance
+to Governor Lawrence in founding the settlements at Horton, Cornwallis,
+Falmouth, &c., in 1758, '9, and 1760. Judge Belcher died poor; the
+Legislature voted a provision to his only daughter. His son, the
+Honorable Andrew Belcher, was for many years a resident in Halifax and
+member of Council.
+
+Captain Wm. Cotterell was the first Provost Marshal or Sheriff, (there
+being no county divisions at this time). He was succeeded in that office
+in 1750 by Captain Foy, who held that situation many years, and received
+a small pension on his retirement. Mr. Cotterel afterwards acted as
+assistant Provincial Secretary.
+
+William Nisbett came out with Cornwallis in 1749 as one of the
+Governor's clerks. He practised as an attorney and solicitor. He was
+appointed Attorney General on the resignation of Mr. Little, which
+office he held for 25 years. He was one of the first representatives in
+the General Assembly of 1758, and was elected speaker on 4th December
+1759. He continued in the Chair of the House (with the intermission of
+one session when sick) until 1783, when he retired on a small pension
+and died the following year aged 83. In 1763 he declined a seat in the
+Council. During the period of his being Speaker, the House sat for 11
+years without being dissolved. The old house in which Mr. Nisbett
+resided situated in Grafton Street, Block letter E, Collins' division,
+mentioned in a former chapter, still remains, though much changed by the
+cutting down of the street many years ago. He left no male descendants.
+His daughter, Mrs. Swann, died in the old Grafton street house about 60
+years ago.
+
+Archibald Hinshelwood was one of Governor Cornwallis' clerks, and
+performed the duties of Deputy Secretary with Mr. Cotterell and others
+for many years. Most of the drafts of the letters sent to England by the
+first three Governors are in his handwriting. He was elected a member of
+Assembly for Lunenburg in 1759 and again in 1765. Lord William Campbell
+the Governor appointed him to the Council in 1773, but he died before
+taking his seat. His property on Argyle Street after occupied by the
+City Water office fell to his nephew, (he having no children), who left
+two sons in the navy, both of whom died young. The old property was sold
+about 60 years since and purchased by Mr. W. A. Black, who resided there
+many years.
+
+Otis Little was Captain of one of the New England Independent Companies.
+He was probably a native of England. Being in England in 1749, he came
+out with Governor Cornwallis, who appointed him Commissary of Stores,
+from which office he was dismissed on suspicion of having traded in the
+supplies for the settlers. He acted as first Attorney General of the
+Colony, and was probably a lawyer by profession. He was the author of a
+well-written pamphlet on the resources of Nova Scotia, written in 1748,
+with a view to encouraging British emigration to the province. Capt.
+Little left a daughter, who died unmarried at Halifax early in the
+present century.
+
+John Baptiste Moreau, designated gentleman and schoolmaster in the book
+of the settlers, had been originally a Roman Catholic priest, and Prior
+of the Abbey of St. Matthew at Breste. He joined the expedition under
+Cornwallis in 1749, and went to Lunenburg with the settlers in 1752. He
+received ordination as a clergyman of the Church of England in 1750, and
+officiated to his countrymen and the Germans in the County of Lunenburg,
+where he died much esteemed and regretted in the year 1770. He left a
+son, Cornwallis Moreau, who was the first male child born in Halifax,
+and was called Cornwallis after the Governor. This old man was living at
+La Have, in Lunenburg County, in the year 1848, being nearly 100 years
+of age. He received pecuniary assistance from the Nova Scotia
+Philanthropic Society in that year.
+
+Doctor John Breynton came up from Louisburg with the army, where he had
+been acting Chaplain to the Forces. He succeeded Mr. Tutty at St. Paul's
+in 1751 or 1752, in conjunction with Rev. Thomas Wood. Mr. Breynton was
+inducted Rector in 1758 or '9, under the provisions of the Statutes of
+the Province, and Mr. Wood acted as Curate or Vicar. After Mr. Wood's
+removal to Annapolis in 1763, Mr. Joshua Wingate Weeks, from New
+England, became assistant minister at St. Paul's. Dr. Breynton received
+his degree of D. D. in 1770. He died in 17--, and was succeeded at St.
+Paul's, as rector, by the Rev. Doctor Robert Stanser, afterwards Lord
+Bishop of the Diocese. Dr. Breynton was esteemed an eloquent preacher,
+and was in the habit of addressing the settlers in English, French and
+German.
+
+John Creighton was an officer in the army. He served in the Dragoons at
+the Battle of Fontenoy. Having been discharged at the peace of Aix la
+Chappelle, he was placed on half pay as Lieutenant of Warburton's
+Regiment of Infantry, and came out with the expedition in 1749. Mr.
+Creighton was sent to Maligash with Col. Lawrence in 1752 to assist in
+forming the settlement at Lunenburg, where he continued to reside until
+his death, which took place in 1807. He was Colonel of the Militia,
+Judge of the Common Pleas, and for some time a member of His Majesty's
+Council, to which he was appointed in 1776. Col. Creighton was a native
+of the South of England. He left numerous descendants in this country.
+His youngest son, Col. Joseph Creighton, half pay of 56th Regiment of
+foot, died at Halifax about 1854. His grandson, the Hon. John Creighton,
+of Lunenburg, was a member of the Legislative Council. Mr. James
+Creighton, the ancestor of the family of that name now in Halifax, came
+out with Col. Creighton. It does not appear there was any relationship
+between them. Mr. James Creighton became one of the most thriving and
+influential settlers in the town, and was the ancestor of one of our
+most numerous and estimable families. Col. Creighton's daughters
+married, one to the late Judge Wilkins and another to Hon. Hibbert N.
+Binney, both of whom have left numerous descendants.
+
+Perigrin Thomas Hopson, the second Governor at Halifax, was
+Commander-in-Chief at Louisburg when that place was delivered up to the
+French after the Treaty of Aix la Chappelle. He came up with the army
+and was sworn in a member of Council in August, 1749. He succeeded to
+the government on the resignation of Governor Cornwallis in August,
+1753. He did not remain long at Halifax. In 1757 he was gazetted a Major
+General, and in the following year was appointed to the command of the
+forces destined for the West Indies. He died before Guadaloupe a short
+time before the Island was captured.
+
+John Collier was a Captain in the army and Member of Council in 1752. He
+was appointed by Governor Cornwallis one of the magistrates of the town,
+and had command of a section of the militia; one of the divisions of the
+town being named after him. He died at Halifax in 1769. It is uncertain
+whether he left any descendants.
+
+Richard Bulkeley accompanied Governor Cornwallis to Nova Scotia as one
+of his A. D. C. in 1749. He was appointed Secretary of the Province in
+or about 1759, which office he held until 1793 when, on his retirement,
+he was succeeded by his son, Michael Freke Bulkeley, who died a few
+years after his appointment, 1796. Capt. Bulkeley was called to His
+Majesty's Council in 1759, and as Senior Councillor, he administered the
+government on the death of Governor Parr, in 1791. He held, at various
+times, the offices of Judge of Admiralty, Brigadier General of Militia,
+and Grand Master of the Masons. He died December 7th, 1800, at the age
+of 83, beloved and respected by all classes throughout the province. He
+was justly esteemed the father of the settlement, being the only person
+of consideration then living who came in 1749. He had been twice
+married. His first wife was a daughter of Capt. Rouse, R. N.; she died
+in 1775. He had three sons, all of whom died before him. His residence
+was at the corner of Prince and Argyle Streets, opposite the south-west
+corner of St. Paul's Church. The old stone house built by him still
+remains; it was for many years the residence of the late Hon. H. H.
+Cogswell, and is now known as the Carlton House. Mr. Bulkeley was buried
+under St. Paul's Church. His escutcheon, with the bull's head crest,
+hangs in the west gallery. The Hon. Richard Bulkeley was the only person
+who ever held the rank of General of Militia in this country.
+
+Capt. Horatio Gates was A. D. C. to Governor Cornwallis with Capt.
+Bulkeley. He had been in command of an independent company of
+provincials in New York in the year 1737. After his arrival in Halifax
+he was employed for a short time in the country against the Indians and
+French. In 1762 he was appointed A. D. C. to General Monckton, with the
+rank of Major, and accompanied him in the expedition against Martinique.
+Gates was afterwards better known as a General in the American
+Revolutionary Army. Sir Robert Walpole, in a letter dated 1778, says
+Gates was the son of a housekeeper of the Duke of Leeds. Sir Robert was
+his God-father.
+
+Jonathan Binney was a native of Hull, a small village near Boston. He
+came to Halifax shortly after the settlement was formed, and was engaged
+in business. He was elected a Member of Assembly for the town in 1761,
+and in 1764 was elevated to the Council. In 1768 he was sent to the
+Island of St. John (now Prince Edward Island) as Second Judge of the
+Local Court, and afterwards held the offices of Collector of the Revenue
+at Canso and Collector of Imports and Excise at St. John Island. He was
+charged with errors in his accounts by Mr. Legge, the Governor of the
+province, under which he went to England in 1776, where he completely
+refuted the charges made against him. Mr. Binney married Hannah,
+daughter of Mr. Henry Newton, a Member of Council, and is the ancestor
+of the whole Binney family now in Nova Scotia.
+
+Joseph Fairbanks was from Massachusetts. He was one of the
+representatives in the first House of Assembly, summoned in 1758. Mr.
+Fairbanks left no children. His nephew, the late Rufus Fairbanks, became
+heir to all his property in Halifax, which at the time of his death was
+very considerable. Mr. Rufus Fairbanks was for many years one of the
+magistrates of Halifax; he married a daughter of Charles Prescott,
+sister to the Hon. Charles Prescott, of the firm of Fairbanks & McNab;
+of Hon. Charles R. Fairbanks, many years a Member of Assembly for
+Halifax and Judge of Admiralty and Master of the Rolls, and of Samuel P.
+Fairbanks, formerly Member for Queens County, with other children.
+
+Benjamin and Joseph Gerrish were both from New England. The former was a
+member of His Majesty's Council, appointed in 1768, and Agent for Indian
+Affairs in 1760. The latter was many years Naval Storekeeper at Halifax.
+He was also a Member of Council. His appointment to the Board bears date
+August 16th, 1759, from which he was suspended in 1762 for
+non-attendance. He died at Halifax in 1774. Mr. Joseph Gerrish built a
+residence in the north suburbs, south of the Dockyard, between Lockman
+and Water Streets, and had a fruit garden, the old stone wall of which
+remained on the east side of Lockman Street until about 1835. One of
+these gentlemen carried on business for some years in company with Mr.
+Gray, who was connected with him by marriage. Mr. Gray was father of the
+late Rev. Dr. Benjamin Gerrish Gray, minister of St. George's, and
+afterwards Rector of Trinity, St. John, New Brunswick, who was succeeded
+by his son, the Rev. Dr. William Gray, lately deceased. He was also
+ancestor of Mr. Charles Gray, British Consul at Virginia. The Hon. John
+Gray, of St. John, New Brunswick, and Benjamin Gerrish Gray, Esq.,
+barrister at law, of Halifax, are their descendants; one the son of Mr.
+Charles Gray, the other of Dr. William Gray. A Mr. John Gray came out
+with Governor Cornwallis in 1749 as a Deputy Secretary; probably Mr.
+Gray who was in partnership with Gerrish was the same person.
+
+Major Leonard Lochman, (spelt wrongfully Lockman) was a German doctor
+and practised his profession in early life. He came out with the
+settlers in 1749 and resided in the north suburbs, where he built a
+residence for himself and had a large garden. This old house was lately
+pulled down. It stood on the upper side of Lockman Street and was built
+with a hipped or gamble roof. He received the rank of Major in the army
+for services performed to the British Government. He died at Halifax,
+and was buried under the little old Dutch Church, in Brunswick Street,
+where his escutcheon and monument with armorial bearings are still to be
+seen. The street between Brunswick Street and the water, which was laid
+out between the German lots, was named Lockman Street in compliment to
+the Major, who was for many years a leading man in Dutchtown. It is not
+known whether he left any descendants in the province.
+
+The names of Jonathan Prescott, Malachi Salter, Richard Gibbons, Lewis
+Piers and Otto William Schwartz appear among the principal inhabitants
+of the town in 1750. Mr. Salter was from New England, had been
+extensively engaged in the fishery, and had visited Chebucto Harbor in
+1744, five years before the settlement, while on a fishing voyage along
+the coast. Chebucto was the frequent resort of Cape Cod and Marblehead
+fishermen previous to the settlement. He was a Member of Assembly and
+Justice of the Peace for the town in 1759. The old house at the corner
+of Salter and Hollis Streets, afterwards the residence of the Hon. W.
+Lawson, and later of Mr. Esson, was built by Mr. Salter and was his
+place of residence for many years. During the American revolt, Mr.
+Salter, with several other gentlemen of the town, became suspected of
+treasonable correspondence. He was twice under prosecution, but on a
+full investigation nothing appeared to have been said or written by him
+of sufficient moment to warrant the charges. Mr. Salter was the ancestor
+of the family of that name now remaining in Halifax. He died at Halifax,
+in January, 1781, aged 65.
+
+Mr. Gibbons was acting Attorney General for several years, and a leading
+practitioner at the Bar of Halifax. His son, Richard Gibbons, died at
+Sydney, Cape Breton, at an advanced age, where his descendants are
+numerous. The old gamble-roofed house at the corner of Buckingham and
+Grafton Streets, known as Isles' corner, lately pulled down, was the
+residence of Mr. Gibbons.
+
+John Duport was the English Attorney. He came out with the settlers in
+June, 1749, and in July following was appointed a Justice of the Peace.
+In 1752 he was made Judge of the Inferior Court of Common Pleas. He
+performed the duties of Secretary of Council for many years. He was sent
+as a Judge to St. John's Island in 1770, and was afterwards Chief
+Justice of the Island. Mr. Duport left a daughter married to Mr. P.
+Skey, of Falmouth, and a son who was in the army and was father of Mr.
+Robert Duport, later an officer in the Purveyor's department of the
+British Army. Judge Duport was much esteemed, and appears to have been
+an active public servant during the first twenty years of the
+settlement.
+
+Joshua Mauger was an English trader, who had been connected with the
+government contracts at Louisburg, and appears to have resided in
+Halifax for the purpose of commerce only. In 1751 he held the office of
+Agent Victualler for the navy at Halifax. In 1754 he had shops
+established at Pisiquid (Windsor), Minas (Horton), and other places,
+where he sold goods and spirits to the French and Indians. He had still
+houses in Halifax where he made rum which he supplied to the troops and
+the navy. Mr. Mauger had some difficulties with Governor Cornwallis
+regarding illicit dealing. He went back to England about 1761, and was
+appointed Agent of the Province in London, which he resigned in the
+following year, having secured a seat in the British Parliament. He
+owned much property in and about Halifax. The beach at the entrance of
+the harbor, extending westerly from Cornwallis, now McNab's Island, was
+originally granted to Mr. Mauger, and still bears his name.
+
+Michael Franklin was a merchant from England who settled in Halifax
+about 1752 or 1753. He was elected a Member of Assembly in 1759, and
+appointed to His Majesty's Council in 1762. In 1766 he received the
+appointment of Lieut.-Governor of the Province, which he held until
+1776, when he again took his seat at the Council Board. Governor
+Franklin was a most active and esteemed public officer. His name appears
+connected with almost all the transactions of importance which occurred
+in the town from 1763 to 1780. During the American Revolt, his exertions
+in support of British authority while administering the government, were
+in a great measure instrumental in preserving the tranquility of the
+province. He married a daughter of Mr. Boteneau, of Boston, whose wife
+was a daughter of Peter Faneuil of that city. He left several children.
+The late James Boteneau Franklin, for many years Clerk of the House of
+Assembly, was his eldest son. Mrs. Fitzgerald Uniacke was his
+grand-daughter.
+
+Lewis Piers was a grand-son of Sir Henry Piers, 1st Bart. of Tristernagh
+Abbey, Ireland.
+
+The Hon. Thomas Saul was the wealthiest and most enterprising merchant
+from 1749 to 1760.
+
+The names of Benjamin Gerrish, Charles King, Henry Ferguson, Joseph
+Fairbanks, William Piggot, William Fury, James Grant, Jacob Hurd, Daniel
+Shatford, Samuel Sellon, Charles Mason, Lewis Piers and Robert Campbell
+appear on the lists of the Grand Jury between 1751 and 1754.
+
+The following names appear on the register of early settlers:--Richard
+Wenman, Thomas Keys, John Edes, John Gosbee, Ralph Coulston, Edward
+Orpen, John Christopher Laurilliard, Philip Knaut, Peter Burgman, Otto
+William Schwartz, John Jacob Preper, John Woodin, Andrew Wellner,
+Christopher Preper, Simon Thoroughgood.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDICES.
+
+
+
+
+A.
+
+
+The following is a copy of the advertisement which appeared in the
+London Gazette, March, 1749:
+
+                                      WHITEHALL, 7th March, 1749.
+
+A proposal having been presented unto His Majesty for the establishing a
+civil government in the Province of Nova Scotia, in North America, as
+also for the better peopling and settling the said province, and
+extending and improving the fishery thereof by granting lands within the
+same, and giving other encouragement to such of the officers and private
+men lately dismissed His Majesty's land and sea service, as shall be
+willing to settle in said province. And His Majesty having signed his
+royal approbation of the report of the said proposals, the Right
+Honorable the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations do, by His
+Majesty's command, give notice that proper encouragement will be given
+to such of the officers and private men lately dismissed His Majesty's
+land and sea service as are willing to accept of grants of land, and to
+settle with or without families, in Nova Scotia. That 50 acres of land
+will be granted in fee simple to every private soldier or seaman, free
+from the payment of any quit rents or taxes for the term of ten years;
+at the expiration whereof no person to pay more than one shilling per
+annum for every 50 acres so granted.
+
+That a grant of ten acres over and above the 50 will be made to each
+private soldier or seaman having a family for every person including
+women and children of which his family shall consist, and from the
+grants made to them on the like conditions as their families shall
+increase, or in proportion to their abilities to cultivate the same.
+
+That eighty acres on like conditions will be granted to every officer
+under the rank of Ensign in the land service, and that of Lieutenant in
+the sea service, and to such as have families, fifteen acres over and
+above the said eighty acres, for every person of which their family
+shall consist.
+
+That two hundred acres on like conditions will be granted to every
+Ensign, three hundred to every Lieutenant, four hundred to every
+Captain, and six hundred to every officer above the rank of Captain. And
+to such of the above mentioned officers as have families, a further
+grant of thirty acres will be made over and above their respective
+quotas for every person of which their family shall consist.
+
+That the lands will be parcelled out to the settlers as soon as
+possible after their arrival, _and a civil government established,
+whereby they will enjoy all the liberties, privileges and immunities
+enjoyed by his Majesty's subjects in any other of the Colonies and
+Plantations in America, under His Majesty's Government, and proper
+measures will also be taken for their security and protection_.
+
+That all such as are willing to accept of the above proposals shall,
+with their families, be subsisted during the passage, also for the space
+of twelve months after their arrival.
+
+That they shall be furnished with arms and ammunition as far as will be
+judged necessary for their defence, with a proper quantity of materials
+and utensils for husbandry, clearing and cultivating the lands, erecting
+habitations, carrying on the fishery, and such other purposes as shall
+be deemed necessary for their support.
+
+That all such persons as are desirous of engaging in the above
+settlement do transmit by letter, or personally give in their names
+signifying in what regiment or company, or on board what ship they last
+served, and if they have families they intend to carry with them,
+distinguishing the age and quality of such person to any of the
+following officers appointed to receive and enter the same in the books
+opened for that purpose, viz.:--John Pownell, Esq., Solicitor and Clerk
+of the Repts. of the Lords Comrs. of Trade and Plantations, at their
+office at Whitehall; John Ressell, Esq., Comr. of His Majesty's Navy at
+Portsmouth; Philip Vanburgh, Esq., Comr. of His Majesty's Navy at
+Plymouth.
+
+And the proper notice will be given of the said books being closed as
+soon as the intended number shall be completed, or at least on the 7th
+day of April.
+
+It is proposed that the Transports shall be ready to receive such
+persons on board on the 10th April, and be ready to sail on the 20th,
+and that timely notice will be given of the place or places to which
+such persons are to repair in order to embark.
+
+That for the benefit of the settlement, the same conditions which are
+proposed to private soldiers and seamen shall likewise be granted to
+Carpenters, Shipwrights, Smiths, Masons, Joiners, Brickmakers,
+Bricklayers, and all other artificers necessary in building or
+husbandry, not being private soldiers or seamen.
+
+That the same conditions as are proposed to those who have served in the
+capacity of Ensign shall extend to all Surgeons, whether they have been
+in His Majesty's service or not, upon their producing proper
+certificates of their being duly qualified.
+
+By order of the Right Hon. the Lords Comrs. of Trade and Plantations.
+
+                          (Signed)      THOMAS HILL, _Secretary_.
+
+
+
+
+B.
+
+
+The following notices appear in the Gazettes and Magazines of the day:
+
+                                  LONDON, Saturday, July 1, 1749.
+
+Three vessels came up the river with about 300 German Protestants, who
+were ordered to remain at Lambeth and Vauxhall till they can be
+conveniently shipped to Nova Scotia.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                                          Friday 21st July, 1749.
+
+A great number of German Protestants from the Palatinate attended the
+Baron Munchausen, Chief Secretary for Hanover, with a petition
+soliciting a passage to Nova Scotia.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                                     Wednesday, 12th April, 1749.
+
+A great number of disbanded soldiers, discharged sailors, poor
+artificers, labourers, etc., who have accepted of His Majesty's grant of
+lands in Nova Scotia, attended at the Plantation Office in Whitehall,
+and received orders for admission, with their families and effects, on
+board the transports.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                                       WHITEHALL, April 18, 1749.
+
+Lieut.-Col. Cornwallis made Colonel and Commander of the Forces destined
+for Nova Scotia, with a salary of L.1000 per annum.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                                                     May 9, 1749.
+
+Hon. Edward Cornwallis to be Captain General and Governor-in-Chief in
+and over the Province of Nova Scotia or Acadia.
+
+
+
+
+C.
+
+
+Extract from a letter in the Gentleman's Magazine for 1749:
+
+                                         BOSTON, 10th July, 1749.
+
+We have advice that two French men-of-war of 80 guns, and 20 transports,
+with a Governor and troops for a garrison, have arrived at Louisburg.
+The French Government offered Governor Hobson to transport his garrison
+to Chebucto, which was accepted, and orders came to discharge the
+vessels taken up here for that service. Col. Cornwallis, Governor of
+Nova Scotia, arrived at Chebucto on 21st June[98] in the Sphinx, and
+Capt. Rouse in a sloop of war, and fifteen transports with 2000
+adventurers on board, whose first settlement will be at or near
+Chebucto, where the Governor intended to keep the transports till next
+year for the convenience of the people, especially the women and
+children, until houses are built. The same encouragement that has been
+given to the British disbanded soldiers is given to Governor Sherley's
+and Col. Pepperell's regiments. Rum was sold at Louisburg for 9d. per
+gallon, and molasses extremely cheap. The French lost a great number of
+men in their passage to Louisburg by the small pox, yellow fever, etc.,
+but the transports at Chebucto lost only one child.
+
+[Footnote 98: The memorandum on the first page of the register of
+settlers makes the date of Cornwallis' arrival the 8th June--the writer
+of this letter may have been misinformed.]
+
+
+
+
+D.
+
+
+The following account of the expenditure on the settlement for the year
+1749, was submitted to Parliament by the Lords Commissioners of Trade
+and Plantations:
+
+  Blankets, Woolens and Shoes for the settlers,
+      and presents for the Indians                  L. 1,325  4  8
+
+  Lines, Nets and Hooks for Fishery, Stationery,
+      Surveyors' Instruments, Bricks and Garden
+      Seeds                                            2,729 12  9
+
+  Lighterage and Shipping of the settlers, package
+      and charges of Hospital Stores, a Surgeon
+      with medicines by the Transport from
+      Liverpool, and the Union Snow                      336  0  3
+
+  Medicines, Sugar, Live Stock, for the voyage,
+      and Drugs, Instruments and necessaries for
+      the Hospital                                       680 14  8
+
+  French Bibles                                          102 17 10
+
+  Cash paid for victualling for settlers              12,068  5  6
+
+  Treasurer of the Navy's account for Bedding and
+      Victualling during voyage                        7,354 19  0
+
+  Ditto, on account of the Sarah, Transport, from
+      Liverpool                                           67 18  8
+
+  Treasurer of the Ordnance account for field
+      pieces, swivel guns, small arms and powder       3,592  4  4
+
+  Printing and incidental expenses by directions
+      of Lords Commissioners of Trade                    445 19 10
+
+  Ventilators for six Transports                         102 11  6
+
+  2 Fire Engines                                          72 16  0
+
+  Pay of Surgeons, Apothecaries, Midwife,
+      exclusive of what they received at Halifax         860  0  0
+
+  Silver and Gold carried out by the Governor          3,922  8  0
+
+  Bills of Exchange drawn by the Governor, the
+      account of the expenditure not yet received     11,452 13  4
+
+  Bills to Capt. Ives for a boat                          40  0  0
+
+  The Treasurer for Scales and Weights                    21  7  0
+
+  Bills drawn by Delancey & Watt, of New York, for
+      Silver sent to the Province                      5,523  5  9
+
+  Thomas Handcock, Esq., for Boards, Plank, 2
+      Schooners, Salt and Money shipped to
+      purchase materials for mills                     1,528 15  0
+
+  Bills drawn by S. Martin, from Boston                  576  8  6
+                                                      ------------
+                                                    L.52,804  2  7
+
+  To the Transport Service for conveying the
+      Settlers to Nova Scotia, etc.                   23,672  1  3
+                                                      ------------
+                                                    L.76,476  3 10
+
+  To Governor Cornwallis for personal outfit             500  0  0
+                                                      ------------
+                                                    L.76,976  3 10
+
+                                 (Signed)      CHRISTOPHER KILBY.
+
+Account submitted to Parliament by the Lords Commissioners the following
+year:
+
+  Blankets, Woolens and Shoes for settlers, and
+      presents for Indians                         L.  1,325  4  8
+
+  Supplies for Fishery, Surveyor's Instruments,
+      Bricks and Garden Seeds                          2,729 12  9
+
+  Lighterage and Shipping Settlers, package and
+      charges of Hospital Stores, etc.                   336  0  3
+
+  Medicines, Sugar, Live Stock, Drugs,
+      Instruments, etc., for Hospital                    680 14  8
+
+  French Bibles                                          102 17 10
+
+  Cash paid for Victualling Settlers                  12,068  5  6
+
+  Treasurer of the Navy's account for Bedding and
+      Victualling during voyage                        7,354 19  0
+
+  Ditto on account of Sarah, Transport, from
+      Liverpool                                           67 18  8
+
+  Treasurer of the Ordnance account for field
+      pieces, swivel guns, small arms and powder       3,592  4  4
+
+  Printing and incidental expenses by directions
+      of the Lords of Trade                              445 19 10
+
+  Ventilators for 6 Transports                           102 11  0
+
+  Two Fire Engines                                        72 16  0
+
+  Bill to Capt. Ives for a Boat                           40  0  0
+
+  The Treasurer for Weights and Scales                    21  7  0
+
+  Thomas Handcock, Esq.                                1,528 15  6
+
+  Pay of Surgeons, Apothecaries and Midwife,
+      exclusive of what they received at Halifax         860  0  0
+
+  To Transport Service for conveying settlers to
+      Nova Scotia                                     23,672  1  3
+
+  Fees thereon                                           147 19  9
+
+  Fees on money received from the Exchequer,
+      exclusive of the sums charged on the
+      foregoing articles                                 473  4  6
+
+  To Freight, Bed, Bedding and Cabins for 514
+      passengers on board the Alderney, Nancy,
+      Fair Lady and Two Friends, Transports, and
+      incidental expenses attending embarkation,
+      etc., etc.                                       3,144  4  4
+
+  To expenses repairing and fitting Sloop, New
+      Casco                                              833 19  6
+
+  Gratuities 322 Foreign Protestants from Holland        338  2  0
+
+  Cash paid on account of Victualling settlers         4,500  0  0
+
+  Cash to Treasurer of Ordnance for Bills drawn by
+      Governor                                         1,000  0  0
+
+  To Governor Cornwallis for the purchase of
+      stores, payment of officers, package of
+      stores, artificers and laborers, and
+      contingent expenses, exclusive of L.2,500
+      paid to his regiment for the four pence
+      stopped for provisions to 11th Sept., 1750      35,268  0  2
+
+  Lieut. Martin's disbursements at Boston, for
+      materials, vessels and stores                    6,503 18  2
+
+  To Apthorp & Handcock, disbursements at Boston,
+      for materials, vessels and stores                6,924 14  6
+
+  Thos. Gunter's Bills remitted him at Boston, on
+      account of Expedition to Chignecto               2,600  0  0
+
+  Benj. Green, Treasurer, by his account from
+      Sept. 20, 1750, to Nov. 30, 1750                 3,621 14  0
+
+  Richard Bulkley, Paymaster of Works, from 1st
+      August, 1750, to Nov. 30                         4,073 16  3
+
+  To hire of Transports retained in the service
+      and not paid by the Navy                         4,002  2  4
+
+  To Foreign Settlers employed in public works at
+      12d. per day, till the money advanced is
+      thereby reimbursed                               1,005  0  0
+
+  To Col. Phillips' (now Cornwallis') Regt., to
+      return deductions for provisions to
+      Christmas, 1750                                  3,919  5  8
+
+  To provisions supplied Cols. Warberton's and
+      Lascelles' Regts., Artillery Company,
+      Independent Companies, seamen in vessels,
+      laborers and artificers                         17,832  3  8
+
+  Victual and transporting Lascelles' Regt. from
+      Ireland                                          8,581  3  9
+
+  To Office of Ordnance for Timber, Materials and
+      Tools sent from Annapolis, hire of vessels,
+      magazine of powder and payment of officers
+      and artificers employed by the Board            10,417 15  3
+                                                    --------------
+                                                   L.173,838  2  3
+
+CR.
+
+  By account of Money granted by Parliament for
+      Nova Scotia Colony Regiment, March 23, 1748,
+      granted upon account towards the charge of
+      transporting to His Majesty's Colony of Nova
+      Scotia, and supporting and maintaining there
+      such reduced officers, etc., etc.            L. 40,000  0  0
+
+  1749. Granted upon account for defraying the
+      charges incurred by transporting to H. M.
+      Colony of Nova Scotia, and supporting and
+      maintaining settlers not provided for by
+      Parliament                                      36,476  3 10
+
+  1749. Granted on account for supporting,
+      maintaining and employing the settlers,
+      March 19, 1750                                  39,778 17  2
+
+  Exceedings                                          57,682 19  3
+                                                    --------------
+                                                   L.173,938  2  3
+                                                    --------------
+
+                                               CHRISTOPHER KILBY.
+
+The charge for contingencies, and the last charge of L.10,417 15. 3.,
+probably embrace the expenditure on Government buildings--the two
+churches of England, St. Paul's and St. Matthew's; also the
+fortifications and other government works then in progress.
+
+                                    WHITEHALL, February 20, 1750.
+
+  Estimate for 1751     L.74,970
+               1752       96,639
+               1753       58,559
+               1754       47,741
+               1755       55,799
+               1756       61,657
+               1757       40,068
+               1758       15,753
+               1759       13,081
+
+
+
+
+E.
+
+
+The following extracts are from the letters of a French officer after
+the siege of Louisburg:
+
+"The eyes of all Europe are fixed on this formidable armament; they have
+assembled an army of 22,000 men, 1600 brought from Europe, the remainder
+provincial militia, with a large train of artillery and munitions of
+war, 22 line of battle-ships and 200 transports. Yet Admiral Holburn,
+who appeared off Louisburg with 22 sail of men-of-war, took it into his
+head that our numbers were equal to his own, and has made his way back
+to Halifax. They will ask him there, why did you run away? Oh! says he,
+a superior force venit, vedit, fugit. It is vexatious that the first
+squadron which France has equipped since 1703 should be shackled with
+orders only to keep a look out. If ever there was a certainty of firing
+gunpowder to the renown of the white flag, it was on the 19th August,
+when Holburn appeared off Louisburg."
+
+In some of his subsequent letters he appears to give a very accurate
+account of the siege, and some facts relative to the war not to be found
+in any history of that period. In speaking of the landing of Wolfe at
+the head of the Highlanders and the American Light Troops--
+
+"It is the interest of the conquered not to diminish the glory of the
+victor, and besides it is our duty to do justice even to our mortal
+enemy, for which reason I confess that the English on this occasion
+behaved with such valor as before the event must have appeased temerity.
+Yet it must be allowed that at the same time the difficulty of the
+enterprise does them infinite honor, it saves ours; who would have
+forseen that they would have ventured to have climbed rocks till then
+rendered inaccessible, under a heavy fire from our batteries,
+notwithstanding their boats were every moment knocked to pieces in the
+surf, which drowned great numbers."
+
+In speaking of the capitulation he says:
+
+"Though reduced to the last extremity we demanded far more advantageous
+terms than we had reason to expect. After a consultation between Admiral
+Boscawen and General Amherst, an unconditional surrender was demanded.
+Dracourt, the Governor, extremely exasperated at those terms, resolved
+to hold out, but was compelled to give in on receiving a most peremptory
+petition on the part of the inhabitants, presented by M. Prevost. The
+capitulation was signed on 15th July, 1758, after a bloody siege of two
+months. On the day following, our troops were drawn up, and the colors
+and arms surrendered to General Whitmore, who took command of the town.
+The evening before the English took possession of the town, we suffered
+our soldiers to plunder the magazines, and the priests spent the whole
+night in marrying all the girls of the city to the first who would have
+them. No one here can perceive, at least by any personal inconvenience,
+that we are in a conquered town. The garrison has embarked with as much
+tranquility as if it had been going on a voyage of pleasure. Every
+soldier has taken away whatever belongs to him without suffering the
+least injustice. M. De Dracourt has received all the honors which a
+person of his rank deserved; Admiral Boscawen has shown all the respect
+to Madam De Dracourt as were due to her merits. This lady has performed
+such exploits during the siege as must entitle her to rank among the
+most illustrious of her sex, for she fired three cannon every day in
+order to animate the gunners. After the surrender she interested herself
+in behalf of all the unfortunates; in this number M. Maillet de
+Grandville was a striking instance of the instability of fortune. He
+left France at the age of 17, arrived at Quebec in indifferent
+circumstances; by his industry and application to business, he
+accumulated a vast fortune which enabled him to purchase the Lordship of
+St. Louis, which cost him 80,000 livres; but now, by the taking of
+Louisburg, he is left quite destitute with a numerous family."
+
+
+
+
+F.
+
+
+                                             HALIFAX, July, 1752.
+
+A list of the families of English, Swiss, etc., which have been settled
+in Nova Scotia since the year 1749, and who now are settlers in the
+places hereafter mentioned.
+
+
+  NORTH SUBURBS OF HALIFAX.
+
+  ========================+=========+=========+=========+=========+=======
+     HEADS OF FAMILIES.   |  Males  | Females |  Males  | Females |
+                          |above 16.|above 16.|under 16.|under 16.| Total.
+  ------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------
+  John Scutt              |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Edmund Dwight           |      1  |      2  |      1  |      2  |     6
+  Benjamin Brown          |      5  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  William Gindler         |      1  |      3  |      1  |      1  |     6
+  Samuel Shipton          |      3  |      3  |      3  |   ....  |     9
+  Charles Procter         |      2  |      2  |      5  |   ....  |     9
+  Jonathan Hoar           |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Gerchon Tuffs           |      1  |      2  |   ....  |      2  |     5
+  Preserved Cunnable      |      2  |      2  |   ....  |      2  |     6
+  William Bourn           |      9  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |    10
+  Matthew Barnard         |      2  |      3  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  William Rundal          |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Anthony Caverly         |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Charles Hay             |      2  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  Nathaniel Henderson     |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Henry Chadwick          |      2  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     4
+  Samuel Lyne             |      1  |      1  |      2  |      2  |     6
+  Thomas Fitzpatrick      |      1  |      1  |      3  |   ....  |     5
+  Judah Riger             |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Ezekiel Gilman          |      6  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     7
+  John Kinselagh          |      3  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  Benjamin Ives           |      5  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  Mrs. Decorot            |   ....  |      2  |      1  |      2  |     5
+  Josiah Crossby          |      1  |      1  |      1  |      2  |     5
+  William Harris          |      3  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     6
+  Benjamin Phippeny       |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     4
+  George Gerrish          |      3  |      1  |      1  |      5  |    10
+  Robert Norman           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  John Cox                |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Edward Bowden           |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  John Tongue             |      2  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     4
+  Samuel Tanner           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     4
+  Samuel Chandler         |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  George Sanders          |      2  |      1  |      2  |      1  |     6
+  John Christian Mulhlhe  |      2  |      3  |      2  |      1  |     8
+  Ernst Preper            |      2  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     4
+  Christopher Harness     |      1  |      1  |      1  |      3  |     6
+  Charles Robins          |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Ezekiel Wildman         |      3  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     5
+  Walter Motley           |      2  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     4
+  Charles Christ          |      2  |      2  |      1  |      2  |     7
+  Peter Schahlan          |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Peter Mozar             |      2  |      3  |      2  |      3  |    10
+  John Hoffens            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      3  |     5
+  Peter Wayte             |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Thomas Hay              |      3  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Jacob Cheney            |      2  |      1  |      1  |      2  |     6
+  John Jones              |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Mary Birin              |      1  |      1  |      2  |      1  |     5
+  Charles King            |      1  |      1  |      1  |      2  |     5
+  John Porter             |      1  |      1  |      1  |      4  |     7
+  Joseph Pratt            |      1  |   ....  |      1  |      1  |     3
+  Daniel Brewer           |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  William Hunstable       |      6  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     8
+  Benjamin Storer         |      3  |      1  |   ....  |      3  |     7
+  Jasper Battel           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     4
+  Ulrich Dithoe           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Hans. Geo. Kohl         |      2  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  Joseph Chadwick         |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Christopher Warner      |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  John Christopher Rodolph|      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  John Burger Erad        |      6  |   ....  |   ....  |      1  |     7
+  John A. Le Mand         |      3  |      1  |   ....  |      4  |     8
+  Ludovick Schnerr        |      1  |      2  |      2  |      1  |     6
+                          +---------+---------+---------+---------+-------
+                          |    139  |     75  |     42  |     63  |   309
+  ========================+=========+=========+=========+=========+=======
+
+
+  SWISS AND GERMANS IN THE NORTH SUBURBS.
+
+  ========================+=========+=========+=========+=========+=======
+     HEADS OF FAMILIES.   |  Males  | Females |  Males  | Females |
+                          |above 16.|above 16.|under 16.|under 16.| Total.
+  ------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------
+  Chs. Ludk. Hagelsieb    |      2  |   ....  |      1  |      2  |     5
+  John Peter Tahn         |      2  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     4
+  Michael Brier           |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Laurenz Busgler         |      4  |      3  |      2  |      3  |    12
+  Leonhard Urich          |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Jacob Craft             |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Wendal Ramjer           |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  George Storch           |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Peter Klattenburger     |      2  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     5
+  Michael Clouser         |      3  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Michael Morash          |      2  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     5
+  Jacob Schmidt           |      1  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Joseph Ley              |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Barthel Hans            |      3  |      3  |      1  |   ....  |     7
+  Jacob Moser             |      2  |      1  |      1  |      4  |     8
+  Conrad Hall             |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Jacob Hall              |      2  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     5
+  Joseph Bley             |      3  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     5
+  Michael Ley             |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Elizabeth Werner        |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     3
+  Magdalen Orell          |   ....  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Benedict Mayhofer       |      1  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Andreas Kalb            |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Adam Rundl              |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Ulrich Seeger           |      3  |   ....  |   ....  |      4  |     7
+  Daniel Schumaker        |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  John Jacob Schmidt      |      1  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Adam Luty               |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Conrad Mucher           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Godfried Knotz          |      3  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     6
+  Peter Lawner            |      2  |      2  |      1  |   ....  |     5
+  Godfried Torpel         |      2  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     5
+  Jacob Tanner            |      1  |      1  |      2  |      2  |     6
+  Johannus Buhofer        |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  George Nagel            |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Rudolph Pense           |      1  |      1  |      2  |      2  |     6
+  Adam Wambolt            |      2  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  Peter Wambolt           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Ruchart Schup           |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Michael Hagg            |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Michael Gimber          |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Adam Buhler             |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Andreas Young           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  ---- Beringer           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Casper Hickman          |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Henrick Oxner           |      2  |      1  |      1  |      3  |     7
+  Jean Mange              |      1  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     4
+  Casper Lehry            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Peter Estmann           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Johannus Lonus          |      1  |      1  |      4  |   ....  |     6
+  Loui Eouton             |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Casper Trillian         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Augustin Wolf           |      1  |      1  |      2  |      1  |     5
+  Anton Halton            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      3  |     5
+  Matthias Nagel          |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Franciska Schnider      |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |      1  |     2
+  Ludwig Koenig           |      2  |      1  |   ....  |      3  |     6
+  Nicholas Wolf           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Johannes Schroeder      |   ....  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Johannes Loesten        |   ....  |      3  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Utrick Klett            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Maria Schlitter         |   ....  |      2  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Johannus Miller         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      3  |     5
+  Johannes Hoaif          |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |      1  |     2
+  George Vogler           |      6  |      2  |   ....  |      4  |    12
+  Jacob Paulus            |      2  |      2  |      1  |      1  |     6
+  Conrade Werner          |      2  |      2  |      1  |      2  |     7
+  Matheus Finer           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Andreas Sronnagel       |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     4
+  Jacob Heish             |      2  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     4
+  George Polleber         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Christian Finis         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      3  |     5
+  Gotleib Schermuller     |      5  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     8
+  Adam Schmidt            |      3  |      1  |      1  |      2  |     7
+  Christian Perfek        |      1  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     4
+  Christian Ernst         |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Frederick Aurenburg     |      2  |      2  |      2  |      2  |     8
+  Nicholas Eggly          |      6  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     7
+  Henrick Kuhn            |      4  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     6
+  Ulrick Schenekill       |      2  |      3  |      2  |      1  |     8
+  Jacob Shaffhouser       |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Johannes Simon          |      1  |      2  |      1  |      1  |     5
+  Asmus Diel              |      5  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     7
+  Jacob Sperry            |      2  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  Adam Jung               |      4  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     7
+  Johann Jung             |      4  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     7
+                          +---------+---------+---------+---------+-------
+                          |     61  |     41  |     13  |     26  |   141
+  ========================+=========+=========+=========+=========+=======
+
+
+  SOUTH SUBURBS.
+
+  ========================+=========+=========+=========+=========+=======
+     HEADS OF FAMILIES.   |  Males  | Females |  Males  | Females |
+                          |above 16.|above 16.|under 16.|under 16.| Total.
+  ------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------
+  Mary Rance              |   ....  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     3
+  Thomas Latham           |      3  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  Jonathan Prescott[99]   |     11  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |    13
+  Joseph Kent             |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Edmund Crawley[100]     |      4  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     7
+  John Winiton            |      3  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     5
+  William Trefoy          |      4  |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |     5
+  Darby Cavanaugh         |      1  |      3  |      1  |      2  |     7
+  Edward Lush             |      5  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     7
+  Alice Twyny             |   ....  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  James Ridder            |      4  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  John Crooks             |      2  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     5
+  James Hickens           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  James Pierpont          |      1  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     4
+  John Shippey            |      2  |      3  |      2  |   ....  |     7
+  Peter, a negro          |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  John Call               |      2  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     5
+  Ruth Wheeler            |      5  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     7
+  Joseph Harris           |      8  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     8
+  Richard Peirie          |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Francis Coburne         |      5  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     8
+  Charles Terlaven        |      5  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     8
+  Darby Sullivan          |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  John Jackson            |      3  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     6
+  Gregory Ives            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Samuel Sellon           |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Isaac Underdunk         |      1  |      1  |      2  |      2  |     6
+  George Featherstone     |      1  |      1  |      1  |      2  |     5
+  Maurice Welsh           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Andrew Shepperd         |      2  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     4
+  William Mallus          |      4  |      1  |      4  |      1  |    10
+  Phillip Hammond         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     4
+  Solomon Reed            |      1  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     4
+  Joseph Evans            |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  John Walker             |      1  |      1  |      2  |      2  |     6
+  Thomas Nunan            |      3  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  George Knox             |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Joseph Gullison         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     4
+  Jason Chapman           |      3  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     6
+  Rebecca Baldwin         |      1  |      1  |      2  |      1  |     5
+  Richard Manning         |      3  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  James Cane              |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Dennis Hieffernon       |      2  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     5
+  William Wickham         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  John Rider              |      2  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     5
+  Josiah Marshall         |      2  |      2  |      2  |   ....  |     6
+  Joseph Pierce           |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  John Steel              |      4  |      3  |   ....  |   ....  |     7
+  Malachy Salter          |      3  |      2  |      1  |      2  |     8
+  Charles Kanier          |      3  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Jeremiah Rogers         |      3  |      1  |   ....  |      3  |     7
+  [101]Peter, Marquis     |         |         |         |         |
+      D'Conti and Gravina |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Samuel Cleveland        |      2  |      1  |      2  |      4  |     9
+  Richard Graham          |      2  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  William Nesbitt         |      4  |      3  |   ....  |   ....  |     7
+  Isaac Knott             |     12  |     16  |      2  |      1  |    31
+  Daniel Tappoon          |      3  |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |     4
+  Hannah Hutchinson       |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     2
+  Isaac Basset            |   ....  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     2
+  Thomas Clarke           |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Robert Davis            |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  William Lawson          |      1  |      1  |      2  |      1  |     5
+  John Eustace            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  John Miller             |      1  |      1  |      1  |      2  |     5
+  James Grimes            |      2  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     4
+  John Griffin            |      1  |      1  |      3  |      1  |     6
+  Joseph Mehany           |      2  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     5
+  Josiah Cleveland        |      1  |   ....  |      3  |      1  |     5
+  Felix McMehan           |      2  |   ....  |      2  |   ....  |     4
+  Josiah Nottage          |      3  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     6
+  Mathew Mullens          |      2  |      1  |      2  |      1  |     6
+  Henry Ferguson          |      5  |      2  |      3  |   ....  |    10
+  Jean Campbell           |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |      3  |     4
+  Ezekiah Averil          |      1  |      2  |      2  |      3  |     8
+  Thomas Hardin           |      1  |      1  |      2  |      1  |     5
+  Thomas Maggee           |      1  |      1  |      4  |      1  |     7
+  Robert Brooks           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  James Jordan            |      1  |      2  |      1  |   ....  |     4
+  John Poor               |      2  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     5
+  Thomas Lamb             |      1  |      1  |      2  |      2  |     6
+  Thomas Collicut         |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  John Barry              |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Maurice Driscoll        |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  John McCuller           |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Benjamin Child          |      2  |      1  |      2  |      2  |     7
+  William Wallace         |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  John Murphy             |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Henry Rigby             |      1  |      1  |      1  |      2  |     5
+  William Peters          |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  David Carmer            |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Patrick Mahoney         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Samuel Fulton           |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Dennis Sullivan         |      1  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Stephen Wisdoms         |      1  |      1  |      3  |      3  |     8
+  Richard ----            |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Bartholomew Calahan     |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Cornelius Crowley       |      3  |   ....  |      1  |      2  |     6
+  Nathaniel Millett       |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Peter Wallace           |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  John Slayter            |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Martin Ludovig          |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  John Wisdom             |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  George Cheshire         |      3  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  George Featherstone     |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Richard Sparks          |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Jacob Hurd              |      3  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  William Williams        |      3  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     5
+  Jedediah Harris         |      2  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     5
+  Abraham Slayter         |      3  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     5
+  Richard Winter          |      1  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  John Arbuckle           |      1  |      1  |      3  |      3  |     8
+  Perfect Miller          |      3  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  Mary Miller             |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     2
+  Samuel Greenfield       |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Moses Clarke            |      1  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  ---- Lewis              |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  William Matthews        |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  William Christopher     |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Thomas Walker           |      1  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     4
+  Daniel Hills            |      4  |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |     5
+  Richard Williams        |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Daniel Farrel           |      5  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     8
+  James Fullerton         |      1  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     4
+  Nathaniel Mason         |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Aaron Porter            |      4  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  Jacobus Derkindrekin    |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  William Seward          |      5  |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |     6
+  Joshua Orne             |      6  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     6
+  Elias Girott            |      3  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     5
+  Richard Wenman          |      3  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Daniel Shatford         |      1  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     4
+  Charles Henderson       |      5  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     6
+  Jonathan Harris         |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Patrick Cambell         |      3  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  Aaron Cleveland         |      1  |      1  |      1  |      2  |     5
+  James Monk              |      1  |      1  |      2  |      4  |     8
+  Samuel Crafts           |      7  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     8
+  William Russel          |     65  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |    66
+  Ann Wenmen, in Orphan   |         |         |         |         |
+      House               |      4  |      4  |     11  |   ....  |    19
+  Joseph Palmer, in       |         |         |         |         |
+      Hospital            |     21  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |    22
+  Michael Naddow          |      1  |    .... |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Joseph Gerrish          |     27  |    .... |      1  |   ....  |    28
+  Dennis Mehaney          |      1  |       1 |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  John Conway             |      1  |       1 |      3  |      1  |     6
+  Mrs. Taylor             |      1  |    .... |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Michael Lawler          |      1  |       1 |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Peter Murpil            |      1  |       1 |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  John Gallant            |     17  |       2 |      1  |      1  |    21
+  Nicholas Nagler         |      1  |       1 |      3  |   ....  |     5
+  I Swiss                 |      1  |       1 |      2  |   ....  |     4
+  Josiah Bracket          |      3  |       1 |      1  |   ....  |     5
+  ========================+=========+=========+=========+=========+=======
+
+[Footnote 99: Father of the late Hon. Charles Prescott.]
+
+[Footnote 100: Afterwards Member of Council.]
+
+[Footnote 101: A Sicilian Nobleman, who came with a number of settlers
+from the West Indies. He was afterwards a Lieutenant of one of the
+companies of Rangers.]
+
+
+  WITHIN THE TOWN OF HALIFAX.
+
+  ========================+=========+=========+=========+=========+=======
+     HEADS OF FAMILIES.   |  Males  | Females |  Males  | Females |
+                          |above 16.|above 16.|under 16.|under 16.| Total.
+  ------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------
+  Thomas Power            |     11  |      2  |      1  |      1  |    15
+  Joshua Mauger           |     14  |      3  |      2  |      1  |    20
+  William Steele, Esq.    |      2  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  Benjamin Gerrish        |      2  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  Robert Cowey            |      7  |      2  |      1  |      1  |    11
+  Abigail Ward            |   ....  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     2
+  William Austin          |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Thomas Matterson        |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Frederick Beeker        |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  William Schwartz        |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Isaac Deschamps         |      1  |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |     2
+  Madam D'Pacquet         |      3  |      5  |   ....  |      1  |     9
+  John Brown              |      2  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     5
+  Thomas Fulford          |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Lewis Pierce            |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Thomas Grenoak          |      1  |      2  |      2  |      2  |     7
+  Leonard Lockman[102]    |      5  |      4  |   ....  |   ....  |     9
+  William Ford            |      1  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  John Johnstone          |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Thomas Luke             |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Leonard Cotton          |      5  |      1  |      1  |      3  |    10
+  William and Edward      |         |         |         |         |
+      Nichols             |      3  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  James Brenock           |      1  |      2  |      1  |      1  |     5
+  Thomas Oakes            |      2  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     4
+  Mr. Wheyland            |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     3
+  John Wellenon           |         |         |         |         |
+      (Wellenor?)         |      1  |      1  |      3  |   ....  |     5
+  Thomas Price            |      1  |   ....  |      2  |   ....  |     3
+  Vernon Merefield        |      1  |      1  |      3  |   ....  |     5
+  John Brown              |      3  |      3  |      1  |   ....  |     7
+  Allen Usher             |      1  |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |     2
+  Jeremiah Fitzsimons     |      3  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     6
+  Daniel McCylster        |      2  |      1  |      3  |      1  |     7
+  John Panier             |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Peter Anchote           |      2  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  John Aubony             |      7  |      2  |      1  |   ....  |    10
+  David Loyd              |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Thomas Saul             |     10  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |    11
+  Alexander Keddy         |      1  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Jane Knight             |   ....  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     2
+  William Brew            |      1  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  John Marlow             |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Jacob Cone              |      2  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     5
+  George Twelve's wife    |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     3
+  John William Hoffman    |      2  |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Mr. Surget              |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  James Fitzgerald        |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  James Stewson           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  ---- Redman             |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  James Colbeck           |      1  |      2  |      2  |   ....  |     5
+  Alexander Abercrombie   |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  John Baxter             |      1  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     4
+  Giles Harris            |      3  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     6
+  William Pierce          |      1  |      2  |      2  |   ....  |     5
+  Edward Luky             |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  James Patfield          |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Widow Clerk             |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  William Davis           |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  ---- Melony             |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  John Steinford          |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  George Suckling         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Alexander Allen         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Widow Henry             |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     2
+  Thomas Frost            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Ephraim Cook            |     12  |      4  |   ....  |   ....  |    16
+  by Mr. Brown            |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |  ....
+  James Colvill           |      3  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     6
+  Thomas Moore            |      1  |      1  |      1  |      2  |     5
+  Joseph Maseen           |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Edward Potter           |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  China Brownjohn         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Francis Lock            |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Daniel Stewart          |      2  |      3  |      1  |      2  |     8
+  Robert Grant            |      3  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     6
+  John Stockley           |      1  |      3  |      1  |   ....  |     5
+  Edward Marguin          |      3  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  George Greenwood        |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  James Smith             |      1  |      1  |      2  |      1  |     5
+  John Collier, Esq.      |      2  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  William Piggott         |      7  |      1  |      3  |      4  |    15
+  William Best            |      6  |      2  |      2  |      1  |    11
+  William Henderson       |      3  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  Anne Woodside           |      2  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     5
+  John Connor             |      3  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  Richard Barry           |      2  |      3  |      1  |   ....  |     6
+  William Heyslup         |      1  |      2  |      2  |      2  |     7
+  John Peter De Brace     |      3  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  John Raet               |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  John Mundy              |      1  |      1  |      4  |   ....  |     6
+  Richard Stritton        |      1  |      2  |      1  |   ....  |     4
+  Joseph Churchill        |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Laurence Collins        |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  John Humphreys          |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Joseph Coeishton        |      6  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     7
+  Ebenezer Petty          |      1  |      2  |      1  |      2  |     6
+  Robert Bowden           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Thomas Newman           |      7  |      2  |   ....  |      2  |    11
+  William Griffin         |      3  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  James Euston            |      4  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  Thomas Hagan            |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Thomas Mannen           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Edward Butler           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  John Grant              |      3  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  Edward Orpin            |      4  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  John Vintenon           |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Thomas Branham          |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Henry Wilkinson         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     4
+  William Wright          |      1  |      1  |      1  |      2  |     5
+  Henry Wynn              |      4  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     6
+  Paul Pritchard          |      1  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     4
+  Alexander Forbes        |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  William White           |      3  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     6
+  John Hall               |      1  |      1  |      2  |      1  |     6
+  Thomas Wilder           |      5  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  Thomas Greensword       |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  George Nelson           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Robert Parfect          |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  William McCarty         |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  John Ewes               |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  James Fallon            |      5  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     8
+  William Johnson         |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Thomas Campbell         |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  James Porter            |      3  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     6
+  William Vanfelson       |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  James Ford              |      1  |      1  |      2  |      3  |     7
+  Robert Freeman          |      1  |      1  |      3  |      2  |     7
+  John Wooden             |      2  |      1  |      2  |      2  |     7
+  William Roacock         |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Peter Parkman           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Matthew Hopkins         |      1  |      2  |      2  |      1  |     6
+  James Douglass          |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  John Meeds              |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Mary Robertson          |      5  |      1  |      3  |   ....  |     9
+  Mary Williams           |   ....  |      3  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Nathan Nathans          |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  George Taylor           |      3  |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |     4
+  Patrick Furlong         |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  John Slayter            |      1  |      1  |      3  |   ....  |     5
+  John Ker                |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  John Clewley            |      8  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |    10
+  Garret Mead             |      2  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  Charles Mason           |      3  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     5
+  Matthew McNemara        |      3  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  George Frank            |      1  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     4
+  John Webb               |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Robert Ewer             |     14  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |    15
+  Peter Martin            |      1  |      4  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  Michael Mullineaux      |      1  |      2  |      1  |      2  |     6
+  Thomas Reeve            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  John Bohanan            |      1  |      1  |      2  |      1  |     5
+  ---- Ray                |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     3
+  Euste. Butter           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Thomas Golden           |      2  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  William Williams        |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Edward Lee              |      1  |      1  |      5  |   ....  |     7
+  James Bannerman         |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Richard Bulksley        |      3  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  John Franks             |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Christopher Cooke       |      1  |      1  |      1  |      3  |     6
+  Robert Dickie           |      2  |      2  |      2  |   ....  |     6
+  Joseph Wakefield        |      1  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     4
+  Thomas Bryant           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Edward L'Cras           |      3  |      3  |      1  |   ....  |     7
+  Lawrence Ren            |      1  |      2  |      2  |   ....  |     5
+  John Fenly              |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  William Walker          |      1  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Mr. Bruce               |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Thomas Rundal           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  ---- Wigel              |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Mark Cullymore          |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Nathaniel Gosford       |      2  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  John Naymers            |      1  |      2  |      3  |      2  |     8
+  Davis Townsend          |      1  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     4
+  John Cleary             |      2  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  John Kent               |      4  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  William Crafts          |      1  |      3  |      2  |      1  |     7
+  Rosana Scott            |   ....  |      3  |      2  |   ....  |     5
+  Patrick Britt           |      2  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     5
+  William Bearsto[103]    |      1  |      1  |      3  |      1  |     6
+  Joseph Ford             |      3  |      2  |      1  |      1  |     7
+  William Eaton           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  James Tate              |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Samuel Sprague          |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Stephen McKine          |      1  |      1  |      3  |      1  |     6
+  ========================+=========+=========+=========+=========+=======
+
+[Footnote 102: Leonard Lockman was a German. In early life he practised
+medicine. He afterwards held the rank of Major in the army, which he
+received for services rendered to the British Government. He came out
+with the settlers in 1749, and eventually settled in the North Suburbs.
+He died at Halifax, and was buried beneath the old German Church on
+Brunswick Street, where his monument still remains. Lockman Street was
+named after him.]
+
+[Footnote 103: Captain in the army.]
+
+
+  WITHIN THE PICKETS[104] OF HALIFAX.
+
+  ========================+=========+=========+=========+=========+=======
+     HEADS OF FAMILIES.   |  Males  | Females |  Males  | Females |
+                          |above 16.|above 16.|under 16.|under 16.| Total.
+  ------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------
+  James Vickars           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Joel Waterman           |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Catherine Austin        |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Andrew Maxwell          |      4  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     6
+  John Gaffer             |      2  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  Luke Shippey            |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Henry Sweetland         |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Jonathan Markham        |      3  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     4
+  Francis Porter          |      4  |      3  |   ....  |   ....  |     7
+  Matthew Corker          |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Thomas Landerkin        |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Griffin Jenkins         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Mary Hollowell          |   ....  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Edward Castle           |      6  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     7
+  Mrs. Whitehand          |      2  |      2  |      1  |   ....  |     5
+  John Crowley            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Philip Knaut            |      1  |      2  |      1  |   ....  |     4
+  Storker Nelson          |      3  |      2  |      1  |   ....  |     6
+  John Lowrey             |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Joseph Scott            |      2  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     4
+  Israel Abrahams         |      2  |      5  |      1  |      2  |    10
+  Thomas Ames             |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Thomas Dame             |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Benjamin Lee            |      1  |      2  |      1  |   ....  |     4
+  Mary Cooper             |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Michael Sexton          |      3  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  George Popplewell       |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  John Beswick            |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  John South              |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Richard Hollis          |      1  |      2  |      1  |   ....  |     4
+  Mr. Reynolds            |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  James Whellon           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      3  |     5
+  William Giles           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Frederick Barley        |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Ezekiel Budd            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Josiah Hardy            |      1  |      1  |      3  |      1  |     6
+  John Edmundson          |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  James Thompson          |      1  |      2  |      1  |   ....  |     4
+  Mary Webb               |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Timothy Cane            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  James Banfield          |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  James Babrig            |      3  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  Isaac Solomon           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  James Thorp             |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Samuel Blockden         |      1  |      2  |      2  |      4  |     9
+  Elizabeth Gunnel        |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |      2  |     3
+  Eleanor Cannon          |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |      1  |     2
+  Thomas Walker           |      3  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     5
+  Charles Morris          |      5  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     8
+  Josiah Millekin         |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  John Codman             |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Lewis Hays              |      2  |      2  |      1  |   ....  |     5
+  William Moore           |      4  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  William Cannon          |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Samuel McClure          |      1  |      2  |      1  |      1  |     5
+  Henry Fielding          |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Patrick Kennedy         |      2  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     5
+  John Walker             |      3  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     5
+  Benjamin Fogg           |      2  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     5
+  William Foye            |      2  |      4  |   ....  |   ....  |     6
+  Otis Little             |      4  |      2  |      1  |      1  |     8
+  Hugh Vans               |      3  |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |     4
+  Lewis Frignet           |      4  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     5
+  Joseph Antrims          |      2  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     5
+  Benjamin Green, Esq.    |      3  |      2  |      3  |      1  |     9
+  H. J. O'Brien           |      2  |      2  |      1  |      2  |     7
+  Bartholomew Kneeland    |      2  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Joseph Fairbanks        |      9  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |    10
+  James Fillis            |      1  |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |     2
+  John Rous               |      2  |      4  |      1  |      2  |     9
+  Joseph Rous             |      4  |      2  |      1  |   ....  |     7
+  John Greensword         |     17  |      4  |   ....  |   ....  |    21
+  William Fury            |      3  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     6
+  Debtors in Gaol         |     19  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |    19
+  Criminals               |      8  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     8
+  William Falkner         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  ========================+=========+=========+=========+=========+=======
+
+[Footnote 104: Between Buckingham Street and the present Blowers
+Street.]
+
+
+  ON SEVERAL ISLANDS AND HARBORS, EMPLOYED IN FISHERY.
+
+  =======================+=========+=========+=========+==========
+    HEADS OF FAMILIES.   |  Males  | Females |  Males  |  Females
+                         |above 16.|above 16.|under 16.| under 16.
+  -----------------------+---------+---------+---------+----------
+  ON CORNWALLIS ISLAND:  |         |         |         |
+    Capt. Joseph Rouse   |      4  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....
+     "    Mauger         |      7  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....
+     "    Cook           |      5  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....
+     ----  Bradshaw      |     16  |      1  |   ....  |   ....
+                         |---------|---------|---------|----------
+                         |     32  |      1  |   ....  |   ....
+  AT KETCH HARBOUR:      |         |         |         |
+    John Grace           |     10  |      2  |      1  |   ....
+    Capt. Gill           |      6  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....
+    ---- Brown           |      3  |      2  |      1  |   ....
+                         |---------|---------|---------|----------
+                         |     19  |      4  |      2  |   ....
+  AT SAMBRO ISLAND:      |         |         |         |
+    Capt. Matterson      |     21  |      1  |   ....  |   ....
+    Thomas Youngston     |      1  |      1  |      1  |     1
+                         |---------|---------|---------|----------
+                         |     22  |      2  |      1  |     1
+  AT ST. MARGARET'S BAY: |         |         |         |
+    Benjamin Frog        |     10  |      1  |      2  |   ....
+    James Ford           |     13  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....
+    Adam Clown           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     1
+    ---- Allen           |      5  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....
+                         |---------|---------|---------|----------
+                         |     29  |      2  |      2  |     1
+  =======================+=========+=========+=========+==========
+
+
+  LABORERS EMPLOYED IN HIS MAJESTY'S WORKS ON GEORGE'S ISLAND.
+
+  ========================+=========+=========+=========+=========+=======
+     HEADS OF FAMILIES.   |  Males  | Females |  Males  | Females |
+                          |above 16.|above 16.|under 16.|under 16.| Total.
+  ------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------
+  Richard Reeve           |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Thomas Leak             |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Patrick Hamilton        |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Cornelius Larigan       |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Laborers                |     11  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |    11
+  ========================+=========+=========+=========+=========+=======
+
+
+  AT THE BLOCK HOUSE AND THE ISTHMUS.
+
+  ========================+=========+=========+=========+=========+=======
+     HEADS OF FAMILIES.   |  Males  | Females |  Males  | Females |
+                          |above 16.|above 16.|under 16.|under 16.| Total.
+  ------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------
+  Adam Schafner           |      1  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Jacob Soloer            |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Johannes Frederick      |      1  |   ....  |      1  |   ....  |     2
+  Peter Moeser            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Richard Voleker         |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Adolph Henokel          |      1  |      1  |      2  |      2  |     6
+  Philip Krepof           |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Casper Meisner          |      1  |      3  |      2  |   ....  |     6
+  Johannus Hoars          |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Henrick Hiltz           |      2  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     4
+  Henrick Mertz           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Johanna M. Girtler      |   ....  |      2  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Margaretta Hoars        |   ....  |      1  |      2  |      2  |     5
+  Philip Sponnagel        |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Michael Westhoefer      |      1  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |     3
+  Wilhelm Wensell         |      1  |      2  |      2  |   ....  |     5
+  Johannes Forrokner      |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Ferdinand Schultz       |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Christian Schmidt       |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Johannus Schnok         |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Christopher Schafner    |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Lorentz Conrat          |      4  |      1  |      2  |      1  |     8
+  Jacob Brande            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Philip Winter           |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Johannus Knaut          |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Wenel Wust              |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  George Evalt            |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Adam Lehnhart           |      1  |      1  |      2  |      1  |     5
+  Conrad Graff            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Jacob Berger            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Philip Sigler           |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Frederick Heison        |      2  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     5
+  Henrick Lehn            |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Johannas Barget         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      2  |     4
+  Andrew Walter           |      1  |      1  |      1  |      1  |     4
+  Henrick Minok           |      2  |      1  |      1  |      2  |     6
+  Wilhelm Kuveller        |      1  |      2  |   ....  |      3  |     6
+  Adam Fileoh             |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Andrew Sauer            |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Eva Gibhart             |      1  |      4  |   ....  |      2  |     7
+  Peter Krauner           |      1  |      1  |      2  |      1  |     5
+  Jacob Seely             |      1  |      1  |      1  |      2  |     5
+  Adam Boettinger         |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Caspar Ditrich          |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Christian Gothart       |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Johannes Schmidt        |      1  |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  John Sebastian Nicolas  |      2  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     2
+  Ditrich Klauter         |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Ludovig Feller          |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Leonard Anton Freher    |      1  |      1  |   ....  |      1  |     3
+  Laurenz Lahn            |      2  |      1  |      2  |   ....  |     5
+  Andreas Velocker        |      1  |      2  |   ....  |      2  |     5
+  Ludovig Schnoer         |      2  |      1  |      1  |      2  |     6
+  Philip Hirchman         |      1  |      1  |      1  |   ....  |     3
+  Anna Luse               |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |      1  |     2
+  Caspar Qenok            |      1  |      1  |      2  |      1  |     5
+  Philip Rotehauser       |      1  |      2  |      1  |      2  |     6
+  Conrad Teele            |      1  |      1  |      1  |      2  |     5
+  Michael Merokel         |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  George Grant            |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  Partel Hoarse           |      2  |      5  |      1  |   ....  |     8
+  Alon Ostertay           |      1  |   ....  |   ....  |   ....  |     1
+  ========================+=========+=========+=========+=========+=======
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  =============================+=========+=====+=======+=====+=======+======
+                               |Families.|Males|Females|Males|Females|Total.
+                               |         |above| above |under| under |
+                               |         | 16. |  16.  | 16. |  16.  |
+  -----------------------------+---------+-----+-------+-----+-------+-----
+  Within the Pickets of Halifax|     468 | 846 |   622 | 279 |   285 | 2032
+  Within the North Suburbs     |     169 | 317 |   205 | 105 |   138 |  765
+  Within the South Suburbs     |     151 | 429 |   169 | 115 |   105 |  818
+  Within the Town of Dartmouth |      53 |  81 |    47 |  29 |    38 |  195
+  On several Islands and }     |         |     |       |     |       |
+    Harbors employed in  }     |         |     |       |     |       |
+    Fishery, etc.        }     |    .... | 168 |    13 |  18 |     3 |  202
+  On the Isthmus and the }     |         |     |       |     |       |
+    Peninsula of Halifax }     |      65 |  73 |    66 |  38 |    39 |  216
+                               +---------+-----+-------+-----+-------+------
+                               |     906 |1914 |  1122 | 584 |   608 | 4248
+  =============================+=========+=====+=======+=====+=======+======
+
+   906 families.
+  1914 males over 16.
+  1122 females over 16.
+   584 boys under 16.
+   608 girls under 16.
+
+  1914
+  1122
+  ----
+   792 excess of males over females (over 16).
+
+The foregoing is copied from a book in the Crown Land Office, having
+been in the Surveyor General's office, apparently, since 17th May, 1779,
+as the blank leaves contain memoranda of different warrants of survey
+from that date to June, 1781. Copied 4th December, 1862.
+
+
+
+
+G.
+
+
+_From the Gentlemen's Magazine, Vol. 20, 271._
+
+                          HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA, December 7, 1749.
+
+DEAR SIR,--I have at various times given you the last account I was able
+of the state of affairs in this Colony. The summer was beautiful beyond
+description and even the conception of those who are always confined
+within the liquid walls of Britain. As to the winter, which you know I
+always dreaded, I do assure you I have felt severer weather in England.
+The people acquainted with this climate say that it began this year
+sooner than was ever known in the memory of man, and assure me likewise
+that it will not be more severe than it has been already; if so, there
+is no danger to be apprehended from it. This you will readily grant when
+I tell you, notwithstanding the tenderness of my constitution, to which
+you are no stranger, that I have not added a single thing, not so much
+as a great coat, to my dress since I have been in this Province. When I
+look back upon the 21st June, the day of our arrival, I am astonished to
+see the progress made; there are already about 400 habitable houses
+within the fortifications and not less than 200 without. So surprising
+is the growth of this colony, so great the happiness of being ruled by
+one who has no other interest at heart but that of making thousands
+happy.
+
+From my soul I wish that all other governors would copy such an amiable
+example of imitation; he does not, like most others gripe and squeeze to
+accumulate a fortune; on the contrary, he derives no profit to himself
+from anything, but, with the most unexampled generosity, gives all
+places and commissions gratis to the most deserving, nor suffers his
+officers to take any fees at present. You know what an English rabble is
+(and the greatest part of this colony was such.) You know they are
+generally tumultuous, refractory, full of discontent and murmuring,
+capricious in demanding favors, not long satisfied with present
+concessions, and not seldom abusing them by restless importunity for
+more. Such generally is the rabble of mankind, and such were many of the
+settlers of this province, but by his prudent management and proper
+generosity, by his condescension, candor and affability, the Governor
+has charmed the tiger's fury and turned a sad tumultuous rabble into a
+tractable and quiet people. They now work with ten times the alacrity
+they did at first, are patient under disappointments, and when they meet
+with a repulse, they conclude their petitions to have been unreasonable,
+from a firm persuasion that His Excellency has their true interest at
+heart; they cannot ask with reason, but what he grants with pleasure.
+
+                                 Yours, etc., etc.,
+                                                 *  *  *  *  *  *
+
+
+
+
+H.
+
+
+COPY OF MINUTES OF COUNCIL OF 12TH JUNE, 1752, REGARDING THE ERECTION OF
+A LIGHT HOUSE AT SAMBRO.
+
+At a Council holden at the Govrs. House at Halifax, Fryday, June 12th,
+1752.[105]
+
+  PRESENT--His Excellency the Govr.
+  Benj. Green,   Wm. Steele,        } Esqrs.
+  John Collier,  Geo. Fotheringham, }
+
+Resolved, That, Whereas a Light house at the Entrance of the Harbor of
+Halifax, would be greatly beneficial to the Trade, Navigation, and
+Fishery of this Colony, and might be the means of preserving the Lives
+and properties of many of his Majesty's Subjects, and whereas altho'
+many persons might willingly contribute towards so good a Work without
+any Expectation of a Reimbursement, yet probably many may more readily
+be concerned therein, when attended with any hopes of promoting their
+own Interest at the same time.
+
+A Lottery, according to the following Scheme, be set on foot for raising
+a sum of L.450 towards building a Lighthouse at or near Cape Sambrough,
+(whereby, besides the advantages before mentioned,) a considerable
+number of Settlers will be usefully employed for some time, and a great
+& lasting Benefit to the province be gained, by a voluntary Tax upon
+those persons (amongst others) who at present contributed nothing
+towards the Expence of the Government whose protection & favour they
+enjoy.
+
+Scheme of a Lottery for raising L.450 towards building a Lighthouse at or
+near Cape Samborough:--
+
+The number of Tickets to be 1000 at L.3 each, L.3000.
+
+The number of Benefit Tickets to be 200, vizt.:
+
+    1 Prize of L.500        L.500
+    1 Ditto of   300          300
+    2 Ditto of   100 each     200
+    5 Ditto of    50 each     250
+   10 Ditto of    30 each     300
+   40 Ditto of    10 each     400
+  140 Ditto of     7 each     980
+    1 The first drawn          70
+  ---                       -----
+  200 prizes.              L.3000
+
+[Footnote 105: At a previous meeting of the Council held on the 3rd of
+February, a public ferry was established between Halifax and Dartmouth,
+and John Connor of the latter place appointed ferryman, with the
+exclusive privilege for 3 years to keep boats constantly passing and
+repassing, between Sunrise and Sunset, every day in the week, except on
+Sunday, when the boats should pass only twice--the ferriage to be 3d.,
+and 6d. after hours, for each Passenger, and a reasonable price to be
+paid for goods, other than baggage, etc., carried in the hand, which
+passed free.]
+
+Fifteen per cent. to be deducted from the fortunate Tickets, and the
+remainder to be paid, without any other Deduction, to ye possessors of
+the sd. Tickets, as soon as the drawing shall be over--To be drawn
+publickly in the Town House, at Halifax under the Direction of managers
+to be appointed by his Excelly. the Govr. as soon as all the Tickets
+shall be disposed of, and in case the said Tickets shall not be all
+disposed of, before ye 31st Augt. next, the money recd. for any sold to
+be repaid to the possessors thereof on Demand.
+
+                                                  ED. CORNWALLIS.
+
+
+
+
+I.
+
+
+_Governor Cornwallis[106] to Duke of Bedford._
+
+(COPY.)
+
+                                       CHEBUCTO, 22nd June, 1749.
+
+MY LORD DUKE,--
+
+I arrived here yesterday,--this morning a Sloop arrived from Mr. Hopson,
+which I am obliged to send to Boston in case any ship should be going
+thence to England. I would not neglect an opportunity of writing to your
+Grace. I met the "Fair Lady" storeship at sea the eleventh, after we had
+been from England four weeks, who told me the Transports arrived at
+Spithead the day before he sailed, and were to sail in three days after
+him, we were then off the island of Sable, and except the first eight
+days had met with contrary winds all the passage, besides we had steered
+our course for Cape Race but was forced off the banks by a gale of wind
+from the North West so that I had reason to think the Transports might
+be soon at Chebucto--we had nobody on board that knew anything of the
+coasts nor of the Bay of Funday, so were to cruize off the coasts till
+we met with a pilot, we made the Coast of Acadie the 14th, but met with
+no pilot till the 20th, when we met with a sloop from Boston to
+Louisburgh with two pilots on board, for the use of the Governor,--the
+wind not serving for the Bay of Funday, and the officers assuring me in
+case of foggy weather (not unusual upon those coasts) we might be a
+fortnight getting to Annapolis. The wind was fair for Chebucto, so I
+thought it advisable to go in there rather than risk the being some
+weeks, perhaps, after the settlers arrived. I could save the garrison
+of Louisburgh the bad and long navigation to Annapolis, so I sent to
+Governor Hopson that I was going for Chebucto and desired him to
+transport the garrison thither, imagining he had transports ready; by
+his sloop that came in this day I find him in great perplexity, the
+French arrived, and he no transports.--The Council of War it seems were
+of opinion that the orders from the Secretary at War did not empower him
+to hire transports, but to wait my arrival and that I was to send the
+transports that brought the settlers here. As I cannot know when the
+transports will arrive, in what condition, nor how many I can spare, I
+think it absolutely necessary for the service to send the sloop to
+Boston with orders to Apthorp and Hancock, who Mr. Hopson has
+recommended as the persons who have been always employed on the part of
+the Government, to hire vessels with all expedition for the
+transportation of these troops from Louisburgh to Chebucto. I send a
+letter by the same sloop to Colonel Mascarene in case he should meet at
+sea any vessel going to Annapolis. I likewise send a Frenchman that
+knows the country over land, by Minas to Annapolis. I have ordered
+Colonel Mascarene to come here with a quorum of the Council as soon as
+possible that I may open my commission, take the oaths and appoint
+another Council, according to His Majesty's instructions.
+
+[Footnote 106: The Honorable Edward Cornwallis was fifth son of Charles,
+third Baron Cornwallis, by Lady Charlotte Butler, daughter of Richard,
+Earl of Arran, and uncle to the celebrated Duke of Ormonde. He was born
+22nd February, 1712-13. He was Member of Parliament for the borough of
+Eye in 1749, and in 1753, shortly after his return from Halifax, he was
+elected for the city of Westminster. He married, the same year, a
+daughter of the late Lord Townshend, but left no family. In 1759 he was
+made a Major General, and was afterwards the Governor of Gibraltar.
+General Cornwallis was twin brother of Dr. Frederick Cornwallis,
+afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, and uncle of the Lord Cornwallis
+who defeated General Gates at Camden, South Carolina, in 1780, and
+afterwards surrendered at Yorktown, to the Revolutionary General
+Lincoln.--_Collins' and Debrett's Peerages._]
+
+I can give Your Grace little information as yet as to this country--the
+coasts are as rich as ever they have been represented. We caught fish
+every day since we came within fifty leagues of the coast, the harbor
+itself is full of fish of all kinds; all the officers agree the harbor
+is the finest they have ever seen--the country is one continual wood, no
+clear spot to be seen or heard of. I have been ashore in several
+places--the underwood is only young trees so that with difficulty one
+might walk through any of them; D'Anville's fleet have only cut wood for
+present use, but cleared no ground, they encamped their men upon the
+beach. I have seen but few brooks nor have as yet found the navigable
+river that has been talked of--there are a few French families on each
+side of the bay about 3 leagues off; some have been on board. As to the
+disposition of the French or Indians I can give Your Grace no account
+till I see Colonel Mascarene, when I shall write more fully and continue
+from time to time to acquaint Your Grace of our proceedings. I wish the
+French may not be uneasy at waiting so long on board for the evacuation
+of Louisburgh as it may be some time before Mr. Hopson will get
+transports--it will, I fear, retard the settlement.
+
+                                        I am &c.,
+                                                  ED. CORNWALLIS.
+
+  P. S.--I expect the transports daily.
+  His Grace the Duke of Bedford.
+
+(From the Duplicate.)
+
+We came to anchor in Merliguiche Bay, where I was told there was a
+French settlement. I sent ashore to see the houses and manner of living
+of the inhabitants--there are but a few families with tolerable wooden
+houses covered with bark, a good many cattle and clear ground more than
+serves themselves--they seem to be very peaceable, say they always
+looked upon themselves as English subjects, have their grants from
+Colonel Mascarene, the Governor of Annapolis, and showed an unfeigned
+joy to hear of the new settlement. They assure us the Indians are quite
+peaceable and not at all to be feared--there are none hereabouts.
+
+                                     I have, &c.,
+                                                  ED. CORNWALLIS.
+
+(From the Duplicate.)
+
+This Frenchman will be there in three or four days--'tis 25 leagues from
+hence to Minas, and the French have made a path for driving their cattle
+over here.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Governor Cornwallis to Duke of Bedford._[107]
+
+                                       CHEBUCTO, JULY 23rd, 1749.
+
+MY LORD,--
+
+My last to Your Grace was of June 22nd, a duplicate of which is
+enclosed,--the 27th, the transports appeared off the harbor and in a few
+days most of them got in. As their passage had been extremely good and
+none of them had in the least suffered, I found they would be ready to
+sail the moment the settlers should be put ashore. I despatched a sloop
+to Boston to countermand the order I had given, and sent to Mr. Hopson
+to let him know I would send in a few days transports to bring away his
+garrison. Mr. Hopson had wrote me that he had agreed with Desherbier,
+the French Commissary, to make use of the French transports upon
+condition that in case the English ships should arrive before they were
+all on board he should be at liberty to disembark them. I sent him one
+the 1st of July and four more, the largest of the fleet, the 5th. I own
+I was much disappointed in finding Mr. Hopson unprovided with transports
+as I never had the least intimation that he was to wait for the ships
+that should bring the settlers. I have an account from Boston of July
+3rd that my second order got there soon enough to prevent all but one
+from sailing, but as they were all hired this will cause some expense;
+they write me it will not be much.
+
+[Footnote 107: John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford, was appointed
+Secretary of State in 1747-8 and resigned the office in 1751. He was
+afterwards Minister Plenipotentiary to France. He died 1771.--_Collins'
+Peerage._]
+
+July 8, I received from Mr. Hopson copies of letters from Governor
+Shirley and Colonel Mascarene giving an account of the French having
+begun a settlement and a fort at the mouth of the St. John River. As my
+instructions direct me to prevent all such encroachments, and
+particularly mention that River as of the greatest consequence, I next
+day sent Capt. Rous of the Albany with a small sloop to attend him with
+orders to the commanding officers at Annapolis to furnish him with
+troops if demanded. Copies of my letter to Capt. Rous and one to the
+commander of St. John's, I send You Grace enclosed. I hope what I have
+done in this affair will meet with Your Grace's approbation. July 12th I
+heard from Governor Shirley, that he had sent the Boston to Annapolis to
+receive my instructions about the affair of St. John's. I sent Capt.
+Pearse the same directions I had given to Capt. Rous, and a copy of the
+declaration asserting His Majesty's rights. As to Port Mouton which is
+mentioned in these letters, I believe it was a mistake occasioned by the
+French having put in there in their way to St. John's.
+
+I shall now lay before Your Grace our proceedings at Chebucto.
+
+Colonel Mascarene arrived here on the 12th with five of the Council;
+next day I opened to them His Majesty's commission, and took the oaths;
+the day following I nominated the members of a new Council:
+
+  Colonel Mascarene.[108]  Mr. Benj. Green.
+  Capt. How.               Mr. Salisbury.
+  Capt. Gorham.            Mr. Davidson.
+
+[Footnote 108: Col. Mascarene was the Lieut. Governor of Annapolis;
+Capts. How and Gorham were two of his councillors. Mr. Green was
+secretary to Governor Hopson at Louisburg. Messrs. Salisbury and
+Davidson came out with Governor Cornwallis. Mr. Steel, afterwards added
+to the Council, was one of the settlers from England.]
+
+I have added since, Mr. Steel.
+
+As, perhaps, no copies were taken of the plans sent me of the harbor, I
+send along with this a copy of Durel's plan. Your Grace will see that
+the place I have fixed for the town is on the west side of the
+harbor--'tis upon the side of a hill which commands the whole peninsula
+and shelters the town from the north-west winds. From the shore to the
+top of the hill is about half a mile, the ascent very gentle, the soil
+is good, there is convenient landing for boats all along the beach and
+good anchorage within gunshot of the shore for the largest ships. In
+Durel's plan the two points that make the entrance to Bedford Bay are
+marked as the places proper to fortify, which is likewise taken notice
+of by Mr. Knowles. Their view must then have been to have the settlement
+within that bay. This would have been subject to great inconveniences.
+In the first place, it would be too far up for the fishermen, it being
+about five leagues from the entrance of the harbor to these points, and
+the beach all along as proper for curing their fish as can possibly be
+imagined, so that no fisherman would ever have thought of going within
+these forts--indeed no ships would choose to go so far, as no finer
+harbor can be than that of Chebucto, which reaches from these points to
+Sandwich River,[109] so that notwithstanding of any forts upon these
+points an enemy's fleet might lie secure and indeed block up all ships
+within the bay. The proper places to fortify for the defence of the
+harbor seem to be Sandwich Point and the bank opposite to it. George's
+Island lies likewise very convenient for a battery to defend both the
+harbor and the town. It contains about ten or twelve acres. It was there
+I landed the settlers from on board the ships sent to Louisbourg--I have
+now a guard there and stores, and propose to build a magazine upon it
+for powder.
+
+[Footnote 109: North-west Arm.]
+
+As there was not one yard of clear ground, Your Grace will imagine our
+difficulty and what work we have to do. However, they have already
+cleared above 12 acres and I hope to begin my own house in two days; I
+have a small frame and planks ready.
+
+The Indians are hitherto very peaceable, many of them have been here
+with some Chiefs; I made them small presents, told them I had
+instructions from His Majesty to offer them friendship and all
+protection and likewise presents which I should deliver as soon as they
+should assemble their tribes and return with powers to enter into treaty
+and exchange their French commissions for others in His Majesty's name.
+
+Three of the French Deputies have been here to know what is to be their
+condition for the future; I gave them copies of His Majesty's
+Declaration and copies of the Oath of Allegiance which I told them they
+must take without any condition or reservation, but in the same manner
+as His Majesty's English subjects;--they pretend their only difficulty
+is from fear of the Indians in case of a French war. I have ordered all
+the Deputies to come here and expect them in a few days. I think 'tis
+necessary to show them that 'tis in our power to master them or to
+protect them, and therefore I design to send as soon as possible two
+companies to Minas with orders to build a barrack and stay there the
+winter. I shall also send an armed sloop into the Bay of Minas to
+prevent all correspondence with the French by sea; another company I
+shall send to the head of the bay where the road to Minas begins. I
+propose, likewise, a blockhouse half way for the conveniency of
+travellers, and then to employ all the men I can get together, soldiers
+and inhabitants, to clear the road from hence to Minas; 'tis about 30
+miles in a direct line--whether this can be executed before winter I
+cannot say. Had the garrison of Louisbourg been arrived, they would
+have been of infinite advantage; at present I have only one company of
+Hopson's, one of Warburton's and 60 of Gorham's Rangers.[110]
+
+[Footnote 110: These Rangers came from Annapolis; they had been enlisted
+in New England and were chiefly composed of Indians of half blood.]
+
+A list of the civil officers I shall be able to send Your Grace by the
+next ships that sail, with an account of what further progress we shall
+have made.
+
+                                       I am, &c.,
+                                                  ED. CORNWALLIS.
+
+To His Grace the Duke of Bedford.
+
+
+
+
+J.
+
+
+NAMES OF THE MEMBERS OF THE SUN FIRE COMPANY OF HALIFAX IN THE YEAR
+1819.
+
+  John W. Pyke.
+  John Tremain.
+  Michael Tobin.
+  Stephen W. DeBlois.
+  Charles Hill.
+  John Owen.
+  Richard Tremain.
+  Henry Taylor.
+  J. E. Butler.
+  David Shaw Clarke.
+  James Grant.
+  James Kerby.
+  William Bowie.
+  Alexander Creighton.
+  John Letson.
+  Alexander Fiddis.
+  William Lawson.
+  Adam DeChezeau, Jr.
+  Andrew Smith.
+  John Liddell.
+  Joseph Dolby.
+  William Milward, Jr.
+  Azor Stephens.
+  Joseph Marchington.
+  Lawrence Hartshorne, Jr.
+  Robert Lyons, Jr.
+  John Howe, Jr.
+  James T. Alport.
+  Henry Austin.
+  John Carroll.
+  Joseph Allison.
+  Lewis E. Piers.
+  W. Bremner.
+  Samuel Story.
+  George N. Russell.
+  James Russell.
+  E. J. Hopson.
+  Samuel Cunard.
+  Enos Collins.
+  James Cogswell.
+  James Dupuy.
+  Lewis DeMolitor.
+  Temple F. Piers.
+  Edward Alport.
+  John Salter.
+  John Moody.
+  George Mitchell.
+  S. Morris.
+  John Ferguson.
+  W. N. Silver.
+  James Bain.
+  William K. Reynolds.
+  Charles Boggs.
+  Miles W. White.
+  A. McDonald.
+  H. Ford.
+  D. McColl.
+
+ABSENT MEMBERS.
+
+  P. Sennerats, London.
+  Mark Etter, Trinidad.
+  James Barlow, London.
+  John Telford, Scotland.
+  G. W. Anderson, Glasgow.
+  James Walker, Chester.
+
+MEMBERS LATELY DECEASED.
+
+  John Henry.
+  Thomas Leo DeWolf.
+  James Bell.
+  Robert Lyon.
+  Samuel T. Prescott.
+  Winkworth Allen.
+  John Buchan.
+  Thomas Austin, Jr.
+  Peter Bain.
+
+
+
+
+K.
+
+
+_From the Gentlemen's Magazine, Vol. 20, 1750. (June.)_
+
+The Town of Halifax is entirely built according to the plan given in our
+last February number, and many additional buildings are carrying on. The
+barracks for the soldiers are completed and the fort at the mouth of the
+harbor will soon be in a good posture of defence.
+
+The story in the papers of the Indians burning a town of 200 houses is
+without foundation.
+
+Major Lawrence, of Warburton's Regiment at Nova Scotia, appointed
+Lieut.-Col. of Governor Cornwallis' Regiment and Lieut. Governor of
+Annapolis Royal. (July number of the Magazine, 1750.)
+
+August, 1750. Halifax, Nova Scotia.--The fishery here is extremely good,
+one company only having 1400 or 1500 quintals of good dry fish ready to
+ship for a foreign market, and others also have been very successful.
+Mr. Brown, gardener to Governor Cornwallis, with his son and four
+others, going out two or three miles from the town, were beset by the
+Indians, who killed him and his son; the latter they buried, but the
+other body was found on the ground scalped, and brought hither and
+buried; the four others, it is feared, are killed or carried off. The
+Indians have also attacked and scalped seven men that were at work on
+the other side of the harbor. Parties are gone out to repel them.
+
+
+
+
+L.
+
+
+RETURN OF THE 1ST COMPANY OF HALIFAX VOLUNTEER ARTILLERY, UNDER THE
+COMMAND OF CAPTAIN RICHARD TREMAIN, 6TH JULY, 1812.
+
+  Peter Robb, Sergt. Major.
+  John Brown,   }
+  Wm. Forsyth,  }   Sergeants.
+  Thos. Fenerty,}
+  John Rogers,  }
+  Charles Dunbrack, }
+  Thomas Nelson,    } Corpls.
+  John D. Scott,    }
+  William Rudolf,   }
+  David Muirhead,     }
+  William Story, Jr., }   Bomb'rs.
+  Martin Piazza,      }
+  John Tremain.
+  Frederick Major.
+  William Gorham.
+  James McAllen.
+  John Miller.
+  William Bond.
+  John Peeples.
+  William O'Brien.
+  Alexander Smith.
+  George Morin.
+  Francis Story.
+  George Nock.
+  Samuel Lydiard.
+  Benjamin Marshall.
+  Benjamin Kingston.
+  Peter Hay.
+  Frederick Kringle.
+  John Henry.
+  William Smith.
+  Martin Gay Black.
+  Leslie Moffatt.
+  John Phillips.
+  Frederick Runvell.
+  Francis Muncey.
+  Robert Grinton.
+  George O'Brien.
+  Morgan Doyle.
+  Daniel Fraser.
+  Alexander May.
+  Thomas Gentles.
+  John Pendergrass.
+  William Stairs.
+  John N. Ford.
+  Nicholas Wright.
+  Samuel Black.
+  Azor Stevens.
+  Henry Monson.
+  Dennis Connor.
+  Paul Cermanatti.
+  Henry Wright.
+  Abner Stowell.
+  William Schwartz.
+  Peter McNab.
+  Thomas Muirhead.
+  Alexander Fiddis.
+  Herven Cameron.
+  Thomas Simmons.
+  William H. Barry.
+  John Hussey.
+  Thomas Richey.
+  John McPherson.
+  Fred'k John Knight.
+  John Cobb.
+  Thomas Smith, Jr.
+  Daniel Ferguson.
+  Charles W. Hill.
+  William Murray.
+  Thomas Beamish.
+  Nicholas Vass.
+  Alexander Clarke.
+  Joseph Lordley.
+  Henry Boyer.
+  John Bonnell.
+  Henry Warner.
+  David Hutton.
+  Ralph Turnbull.
+  Donald Fraser.
+  James Wilson.
+  John Forrest.
+  John F. Salter.
+  John Fillis.
+  Richard Scott.
+  William Strachan, Jr.
+  John Simpson.
+  Robert Fraser.
+  James Cogswell.
+  John Buchan.
+  Wyndham Madden.
+  James Leishman.
+  Hugh Gall.
+  Alexander Smith.
+  Joshua Lee.
+  Robert Field.
+
+  Halifax, July 6th, 1812.
+
+                                  Sgd.      RICHARD TREMAIN,
+                                                 _Capt. H. V. A._
+
+
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+
+Minor punctuation errors have been corrected without note.
+
+Inconsistent hyphenation, spelling, and capitalization have been left as
+in the original. Except for obvious errors (e.g. missing, extra, or
+transposed letters), incorrect and obsolete spellings have also been
+retained. Mathematical errors have not been corrected.
+
+In the plain-text versions, two oe-ligatures were changed to oe.
+
+The following changes were made to the text:
+
+p. 4: indispensibly to indispensably (indispensably necessary to the
+support)
+
+p. 8: De Anvilles' to D'Anville's, to correspond with the same passage
+quoted later in the book (D'Anville's Fleet have only cut wood for
+present use)
+
+p. 15: Grande to Grand (quartered at Grand Pre)
+
+p. 15: Footnote marker with no note attached removed (after "hired at
+fair wages to assist in the work.")
+
+Footnote 16 (originally on p. 15): Note. to NOTE.
+
+p. 26: embarassed to embarrassed (was continually embarrassed)
+
+p. 44: Surveyers to Surveyors (Surveyors of Pickled Fish)
+
+p. 45: Exellency to Excellency (his Excellency the Lieutenant Governor)
+
+p. 51: 6. to 6d. (for the Church L.350 18s. 6d.)
+
+p. 56: subscripton to subscription (A subscription was set on foot)
+
+Footnote 48 (originally on p. 86): extra "of" removed (the accommodation
+of the people)
+
+p. 60: parochials to parochialis (notitia parochialis)
+
+p. 82: $ to L. (The highest prize was L.2000.)
+
+p. 90: extra "in" removed (prisoners, six in number)
+
+p. 96: comformity to conformity (in conformity with the Act)
+
+p. 97: "Royal Gazette:" to "Royal Gazette":
+
+p. 97: Prince William Henry to "Prince William Henry" (The brig "Prince
+William Henry,")
+
+Footnote 55 (originally on p. 98): Crdnance to Ordnance; Oonnors to
+Connors
+
+Footnote 58 (originally on p. 106): Footnote marker was originally
+between dash and "Uncertain" instead of before "NOTE."
+
+p. 107: genera to general (as a general)
+
+p. 109: Hemmiongton to Hemmington (J. Hemmington, Grocer)
+
+p. 117: conmiseration to commiseration (commiseration of their
+countrymen)
+
+p. 118: pproaching to approaching (On his approaching near)
+
+p. 118: dist nguishes to distinguishes (so often distinguishes)
+
+p. 119: Halibur on to Haliburton
+
+p. 124: fvaourite to favourite (a favourite resort)
+
+p. 128: Beaujoile to Beaujolie (Count Beaujolie)
+
+p. 132: inh is to in his (in his 83rd year)
+
+p. 139: extra "the" removed (appeared in the Gazette)
+
+p. 150: extra "and" removed (and all the other decimal parts)
+
+p. 153: ballotted to billetted (billetted for service)
+
+Footnotes 74-80 (originally on p. 165): "NOTE.--" removed; these notes
+were originally grouped together into one paragraph
+
+p. 168: suing to using (using these small boats)
+
+p. 175: extra "to" removed (to the Bishopric)
+
+Footnote 84 (originally on p. 188): Parado to Parade (The Grand Parade)
+
+p. 190: Admirality to Admiralty (Admiralty Records)
+
+p. 192: eollege to college (erecting the college)
+
+p. 193: delapidaated to delapidated (old and delapidated)
+
+p. 197: neucleus to nucleus (nucleus for loungers)
+
+p. 205: aids-de-camp to aides-de-camp ( with his aides-de-camp)
+
+p. 206: asssembled to assembled (assembled under the portico)
+
+p. 211: woooden to wooden (old wooden fortifications)
+
+p. 214: Dorie to Doric (Doric pillars)
+
+p. 216: erecteed to erected (erected there a large stone warehouse)
+
+p. 218: stork to store (present stone store)
+
+p. 222: pretentions to pretensions (his pretensions to skill)
+
+p. 225: were to where (where he received his education)
+
+p. 229: a to as (as Judge of the Supreme Court)
+
+p. 231: Abbe to Abbey (Abbey of St. Matthew)
+
+p. 234: Storkkeeper to Storekeeper (Naval Storekeeper)
+
+p. 234: 1659 to 1759 (bears date August 16th, 1759)
+
+p. 237: Carles to Charles (Charles Mason)
+
+p. 239: seamen to seaman (private soldier or seaman)
+
+p. 242: off to of (Shipping of the settlers)
+
+p. 245: seige to siege (accurate account of the siege)
+
+p. 246-261: all repeated headings in tables removed (e.g. NORTH
+SUBURBS.--(CONTINUED.))
+
+p. 247: Rodoph to Rodolph (John Christopher Rodolph)
+
+p. 248: La renz to Laurenz (Laurenz Busgler)
+
+p. 248: E izabeth to Elizabeth (Elizabeth Werner)
+
+p. 248: U rich to Ulrich (Ulrich Seeger)
+
+p. 249: Johanues to Johannes (Johannes Hoaif)
+
+p. 268: soonas to soon as (should deliver as soon as)
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's History of Halifax City, by Thomas B. Akins
+
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