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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/38636-8.txt b/38636-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..03b4d79 --- /dev/null +++ b/38636-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6113 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Donahoe's Magazine, Volume XV, No. 3, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Donahoe's Magazine, Volume XV, No. 3 + Volume XV (Jan 1886-Jul 1886) + +Author: Various + +Release Date: January 21, 2012 [EBook #38636] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DONAHOE'S MAGAZINE, VOL XV, NO 3 *** + + + + +Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, JoAnn Greenwood +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: The following Table of Contents has been added (not +present in the original). Remaining transcriber's notes are at end of +text.] + +Pen Sketches of Irish Literateurs. III. Thomas Davis. 209 +Southern Sketches. XVIII. Havana. 215 +Our Gaelic Tongue. 222 +A Chapter of Irish History in Boston. 223 +Interest:--Savings Banks. 228 +Bay State Faugh-a-Ballaghs. III. 229 +Capital and Labor: Philosophy of "Strikes." 232 +Senator Hayes. 235 +Saints and Serpents. 237 +The Poems of Rosa Mulholland. 248 +About Critics. 256 +The Celts of South America. 258 +Encyclical: Quod Auctoritate, Proclaiming an Extraordinary Jubilee. 259 +England and Her Enemies. 264 +Ireland: A Retrospect. 266 +Jim Daly's Repentance. 268 +What English Catholics are Contending for, and What American + Catholics Want. 276 +Ingratitude of France in the Irish Struggle. 277 +O'Connell and Parnell--1835-1886. 278 +Juvenile Department. 279 +Notes on Current Topics. 289 +Personal. 300 +Notices of Recent Publications. 301 +Obituary. 302 + + + + + DONAHOE'S MAGAZINE. + + Vol. XV. BOSTON, MARCH, 1886. No. 3 + + "The future of the Irish race in this country, will depend + largely upon their capability of assuming an independent + attitude in American politics."--RIGHT REV. DOCTOR IRELAND, + _St. Paul, Minn._ + + + + +Pen Sketches of Irish Literateurs. + +III. + +THOMAS DAVIS. + + +The name of Thomas Davis is identified with the rise and progress of +Irish ballad literature. The sound of his spirit-stirring lyre was the +irresistible summons that awoke the sleeping bards of Irish song, bade +them tune their harps in joyous accord, and fill the land with the +thrilling harmony of a new evangel. At the touch of O'Connell, his +country shook off the torpor produced by the drug of penal proscription, +under which she had so long lain listless, almost lifeless. It fell to +the lot of the young Irelanders to perfect the work so successfully +begun; to raise her from the ignoble dust; to teach her the lesson of +courage and self-confidence, and quicken her footsteps in the onward +march for national independence. Thomas Davis was the acknowledged +organizer and leader of this band of conspiring patriots. By birth and +education he was well fitted for the position which he held. His father +was the surviving representative of an honored line of English +ancestors. His mother's genealogy extended back in titled pedigree to +the Atkins of Forville, and to the great house of the O'Sullivans. Davis +was born at Mallow, County Cork, in the year 1814. His early life gave +little indication of future distinction. At school he was remarkable for +being a dull boy, slow to learn and not easy to teach; but in this +respect he resembled many of his countrymen, who, from being +incorrigible dunces, rose to subsequent eminence and repute as great +orators, great poets and great patriots. Goldsmith, while at school, was +seldom free from the cap of disgrace; Sheridan's future was spoken of by +his early preceptor with doleful misgivings and boding shakes of the +head; Curran, till late in life, was known as "Orator Mum." Even at the +Dublin University, from which he graduated in 1835, Davis was remarkable +for being shy and self-absorbed, a quiet devourer of books, and a +passive on-looker in the rhetorical contests, at that time so dear to +enthusiastic young Irishmen. Until the year 1840 he did not seem to be +influenced by any settled code of political convictions. Indeed, his +outward appearance and demeanor betokened more of the English +conservative than of the Irish enthusiast. But a friend, who, in 1836 +sat by his side in an English theatre, remembered to have seen the tears +steal silently down his cheeks at some generous tribute paid on the +stage to the Irish character. In the year 1838, he was called to the +bar; and in 1840, became a member of the Repeal movement. During the +discussions which took place in Conciliation Hall, he still maintained +the policy of a simple listener; but in the intervals of debate his mind +was quietly developing new methods of work, new systems to be adopted in +promoting the national cause. The popular taste needed education. Once +made conversant with the history of their country, the people would +acquire a knowledge of their true position, would know how to act in +seconding the efforts of their leaders. The dull should be made +thoughtful, the thoughtful made studious, the studious made wise, and +the wise crowned with power. In the year 1842, his plans took practical +shape, when, in conjunction with Charles Gavan Duffy and John Dillon, he +founded the _Nation_ newspaper. This was the initiative step to his +subsequent brilliant career as a poet and patriot. + +Popular poetry was one of the agents depended on by the new editors to +infuse a larger spirit of nationality among the people. There being none +at hand to suit the exact purpose, they set about making it for +themselves. In this way originated that beautiful collection of rebel +verse now known wherever the English language is spoken as the _Spirit +of the Nation_. Until necessity compelled him to write, Davis never knew +that he possessed the poetic faculty in a very high degree. The +following exquisitely Celtic ballad was his first contribution to the +poet's corner of the _Nation_, a lament for the ill-fated Irish +chieftain, Owen Roe O'Neill: + + "Did they dare, did they dare, to slay Owen Roe O'Neill!" + 'Yes, they slew with poison him they feared to meet with steel.' + "May God wither up their hearts! May their blood cease to flow! + May they walk in living death, who poisoned Owen Roe. + + Though it break my heart to hear, say again the bitter words." + 'From Derry against Cromwell, he marched to measure swords; + But the weapon of the Saxon met him on his way, + And he died at Clough-Oughter, upon St. Leonard's day.' + + "Wail, wail ye for the Mighty One! wail, wail ye for the Dead; + Quench the hearth, and hold the breath--with ashes strew the head. + How tenderly we loved him! how deeply we deplore! + Holy Saviour! but to think we shall never see him more. + + "Sagest in the council was he,--kindest in the hall, + Sure we never won a battle--'twas Owen won them all. + Had he lived--had he lived--our dear country had been free; + But he's dead, but he's dead, and 'tis slaves we'll ever be. + + "O'Farrell and Clanrickard, Preston and Red Hugh, + Audley and McMahon, ye are valiant wise and true; + But--what, what are ye all to our darling who is gone? + The Rudder of our Ship was he, our Castle's corner-stone! + + "Wail, wail him through the Island! weep, weep for our pride! + Would that on the battle-field our gallant chief had died! + Weep the victor of Benburb--weep him, young men and old; + Weep for him ye women--your Beautiful lies cold! + + "We thought you would not die--we were sure you would not go, + And leave us in our utmost need to Cromwell's cruel blow-- + Sheep without a shepherd, when the snow shuts out the sky-- + O! why did you leave us, Owen? Why did you die? + + "Soft as woman's was your voice, O'Neill! bright was your eye. + O! why did you leave us, Owen? why did you die? + Your troubles are all over, you're at rest with God on high; + But we're slaves and we're orphans, Owen!--why did you die?" + +Unlike the ordinary poetaster, Davis wrote with a mission to fulfil, +with a set purpose to accomplish. He did not teach merely because he +wished to sing, but he sang because he wished to teach. His poetry was +to serve a purpose as distinctly within the domain of practical politics +as a party pamphlet, or a speech from the hustings. If the people had +hitherto depended almost exclusively for information on the spoken word +of a few popular orators, how much more effective would not the good +tidings of hope be, when given with rhetorical elegance, set in glorious +song, and placed within purchaseable reach of all. Hitherto the genius +of Melancholy presided over the fount of Irish song. The future was +looked forward to with hopeless dread, or sullen recklessness. The +present was only spoken of to enhance by shadowy contrast the grandeur +of a golden age, that seemed to have passed away forever. Moore's poetry +was the wail of a lost cause, the chronicle of a past, whose history was +yet recorded throughout the country in ruined abbeys, where the torch of +faith and learning was kept from dying out; in ivied castles, from which +the mustered manhood of a nation's strength had gone forth to scare the +Viking from her soil. Poor Mangan's vision of the past might be +predicated as an ideal picture of this lamented epoch:-- + + "I walked entranced + Through a land of morn, + The sun, with wondrous excess of light, + Shone down and glanced + O'er seas of corn, + And lustrous gardens aleft and right; + Even in the clime + Of resplendent Spain, + Beams no such sun upon such a land; + But it was the time + 'Twas in the reign, + Of Cáhál Mor of the Wine-red Hand." + +Davis, and the school of poets whom he led, indulged little in +unpractical dreams and purposeless regrets. For the first time, the +longings of the present and the hopes of the future were spoken of +encouragingly. If, at judicious intervals, the pictures of Ireland's +golden era were uncovered, it was to stimulate existing ardor--not to +beget reverie; to develop latent faculties of work, and not to enfeeble +by discouragement the thews and sinews of national life already +beginning to thrive in busy usefulness. Freedom was to be purchased at +any risk. Davis might never live to see its realization, but he could +insure its nearer approach. His first duty, assisted by his zealous +co-partners, was to educate, to place in the hands of the people, the +means of enjoying those privileges which the leaders had set themselves +to win. Gradually but surely the good work progressed. The life of +"Treeney the Robber," the "Irish Rogues and Rapparees," the astounding +adventures of the "Seven Champions of Christendom," the pasquinades of +"Billy Bluff," and "Paddy's Resource," began to pall on the taste of the +peasantry, when, by degrees, they became acquainted with the authentic +history and the glorious traditions of their country. Sketches of Irish +saints and scholars, whose fame for sanctity and learning throughout +Christendom rivalled that of St. Benedict as a founder, and St. Thomas +of Aquino as a subtle doctor, appeared week by week in the characters of +Columbanus and Duns Scotus, Kilian and Johannes Erigena, Colman and +Columbkille. Among other schemes he planned the publication of one +hundred cheap books to be printed by Duffy, materials for which were to +be sought for in the State paper office of London, the MSS. of Trinity +College Library, and the valuable papers still preserved in Irish +convents at Rome, Louvain, Salamanca, and other places on the continent. + +The great secret of Davis's success was his energy, which nothing could +suppress or diminish--neither the imprisonment of his co-laborers, the +fatigue and anxiety of unassisted endeavor, or the clash of party +strife. From his teachings sprang two schools of workers, alike in the +ends which each proposed to win, but differing in the methods adopted +for its attainment. The one, the pronounced literateurs of the _Nation_; +the other, the organizers who propounded throughout the country the +doctrines enunciated by the official organ. The historic _Nation_ was +the great channel through which the current of politics sped with a +precipitous force, that nothing could withstand. From the date of its +first edition it had become universally popular. Even those whose +political views were at variance with its teaching were glad to be able +to purchase a sheet whose literary excellence elicited their surprise +and admiration. But it was among the common people that it had its +widest circle of readers. On Sunday mornings while awaiting Mass before +the Chapel gate, or on winter evenings around the blacksmith's forge, +the peasants would assemble to hear one of their number read aloud rebel +verse and passionate prose, the high literary value of which they knew +almost instinctively how to appreciate. Though sold at sixpence a copy, +a high figure for a weekly newspaper, especially so for the people who +were to be its immediate supporters, it had a wonderful circulation, +even in the poorest districts. Dillon, one of its founders, writing to +its editor, Gavan Duffy, from a poor village in Mayo, said: "I am +astonished at the success of the _Nation_ in this poor place. There is +not a place in Ireland perhaps a village poorer than itself, or +surrounded by a poorer population. You would not guess how many +_Nations_ came to it on Sunday last! No less than twenty-three! There +are scarcely so many houses in the town!" Two of the greatest critics, +that ever presided over the domain of letters, spoke enthusiastically of +the poetry which was selected from its columns, and which has since been +printed and sold by the tens of thousands. Macaulay confessed he was +much struck by the energy and beauty of the volume. Lord Jeffrey, in a +fit of playful confidence, said that he was a helpless victim "to these +enchanters of the lyre." The "_Spirit of the Nation_" was as +uncontestably the typical poetry of Ireland, as the songs of Burns set +forth the national sentiment of Scotland. The poetry of Davis, in a +marked degree, is characterized by all the distinctive qualities of the +Celtic race,--impulsive ardor, filial affection, headlong intrepidity, +mirth and friendship, all imperceptibly interwoven with a thread of +chaste melancholy, and all subordinated to feelings of Christian faith +and reverence. It was his patriotic endeavor to restore the old Irish +names of places, and by degrees replace them in permanent usage. How +well he succeeded in handling phrases in the Irish vernacular, without +marring the most euphonious rhythm, may be seen in the following piece, +_O'Brien of Arra_. + + "Tall are the towers of O'Kennedy-- + Broad are the lands of MacCaura-- + Desmond feeds five hundred men a-day; + Yet here's to O'Brien of Arra! + Up from the castle of Drumineer, + Down from the top of Camailte, + Clansmen and kinsmen are coming here + To give him the _cead mile failte_. + + "See you the mountains look huge at eve-- + So is our chieftain in battle; + Welcome he has for the fugitive, + Usquebaugh, fighting and cattle! + Up from the Castle of Drumineer, + Down from the top of Camailte, + Gossip and alley are coming here + To give him the _cead mile failte_. + + "Horses the valleys are tramping on, + Sleek from the Sassenach manger; + Creaghts the hills are encamping on, + Empty the bawns of the stranger! + Up from the Castle of Drumineer, + Down from the top of Camailte, + Kern and bonaght are coming here + To give him the _cead mile failte_. + + "He has black silver from Killaloe-- + Ryan and Carroll are neighbors-- + Nenagh submits with a fuililiú-- + Butler is meat for our sabres! + Up from the castle of Drumineer, + Down from the top of Camailte, + Ryan and Carroll are coming here + To give him the _cead mile failte_. + + "T'is scarce a week since through Ossory + Chased he the Baron of Durrow-- + Forced him five rivers to cross, or he + Had died by the sword of Red Murrough! + Up from the Castle of Drumineer, + Down from the top of Camailte, + All the O'Briens are coming here + To give him the _cead mile failte_. + + "Tall are the towers of O'Kennedy-- + Broad are the lands of MacCaura-- + Desmond feeds five hundred men a-day; + Yet here's to O'Brien of Arra. + Up from the Castle of Drumineer. + Down from the top of Camailte, + Clansmen and kinsmen are coming here + To give him the _cead mile failte_." + +_The Battle of Fontenoy_ is the corner-stone of the fame of Thomas Davis +as a poet. No greater battle-ballad has ever been written. Beside it the +ballads of Campbell are scarcely perfect. Davis and Campbell are each +typical of a distinct school of painting. Davis entered into minute +detail with the love of a pre-Raphaelite; Campbell wields the brush +after the manner of one of the old masters. Unhappily for his country +Davis died almost suddenly in the year 1845. He had not the happiness to +see the beneficial results, which ensuing years brought to the work, +which he was the first to begin. His character might be pithily +expressed in the words which he poetically wished might be inscribed on +his tomb: "He served his country, and loved his kind." A warm heart, and +a stainless name, shed lustre on the chivalrous patriot. An earnest +Protestant, he was no bigot. Of gentle birth and rearing, he never +narrowed his prejudices to petty distinctions of class or creed; but +threw in his individual help with the humbler striving of sturdy +commoner and frieze-coated peasant. The measure of national advancement, +which he accomplished, did not die with him, but lives to our time. It +would require little space to prove here that the literary societies, +the political club assemblies, the societies for the promotion of the +Irish language and industries, the discipline of national unity, which +controls the whole Irish movement in our day, are but the practical +sequence of the lessons which Davis and his party taught and +perpetuated. And if the hour is now at hand when the hard-fought battle +of a century is to be decided for us in glorious victory; if to us it is +given, through the efforts of the gallant patriots who still continue +the good fight, to set the banner of victory on the temple of national +independence, history yet survives and points its backward finger in +abiding gratitude to the unforgotten workers, who laid the foundation of +the citadel, which we are to open and inhabit. + + JAMES H. GAVIN. + + * * * * * + +Human nature is a greater force even than laws of political economy, and +the Almighty Himself has implanted in the human breast that passionate +love of country which rivets with irresistible attraction the Esquimaux +to his eternal snows, the Arab to his sandy desert, and the Highlander +to his rugged mountains.--_Joseph Chamberlain._ + + + + +Southern Sketches. + +XVIII. + +HAVANA. + + +After resting in my novel couch that evening, and experiencing no hurt +from the so-called formidable mosquito of the West Indies, I started +next morning, after a ten-o'clock breakfast of poached eggs, fried +plantains, meats of various kinds spiced with garlic, fruits, and other +nice things, to the Plaza de Armas, which is a beautiful square, and +only a couple of blocks from the Hotel de Europa. Towards evening the +Plaza presents a glittering sight. Its handsome palm-trees, roses, +Indian laurels, flowering shrubs, piers, railings, and statue of +Ferdinand, form a grand combination. The rambler to whom such scenes are +new, sinks almost unconsciously into a seat, and surrenders himself to +the irresistible influence of the music, fragrance and brilliancy of the +place. The military band discourses soft and delicious music. Soldiers +in gay uniforms, civilians in handsome dresses, and carriages containing +the wealthiest and handsomest of Havana's daughters, fill the square, +and one delightful stream of chat and laughter continues till the +performance is ended. The fine palace of the captain-general, the +beautiful chapel, El Templete (erected in honor of Columbus), the +university attached to the Church of St. Domingo, and several stores and +exchange offices border the Plaza. The scene is tropical, the moon's +clear beams mingle with the lamplight, and the sense of tranquility, +happiness, and repose, which characterizes the place and the crowds, +gives one a foretaste of Paradise. A very old tree stands in front of +the temple, and here it was that the first Mass was celebrated in the +island. The palace of the captain-general is two stories high, painted +light green, having a magnificent colonnade around the lower story, and +an elegant piazza around the upper one. On visiting it next day, I was +politely escorted by an officer through flights of marble staircases, +embellished with statuary and flower vases, into the presence of the +captain-general. He led me by vast, rich corridors to saloons +embellished with green furniture, marble floors, rich vases, walls full +of paintings, mirrors and statues. The ceilings were ornamented with +exquisite mosaics. The despatch apartment, dining-room, and chapel were +reached through splendid arches and highly-wrought pillars. Chandeliers +of exquisite design and great value added to the splendor of the +saloons. In winter the captain-general resides in the city palace; but +in summer he takes up his abode at the quinta, or country seat, outside +the town. A few minutes walk from here will take you to the cathedral, +which is a ponderous, time-worn building, constructed of a kind of +yellow stone, which has become mottled by age. I noticed doves cooing in +its heavy old window-sills. Though the exterior is plain, the inside of +the building is grand. Its floor is of marble, its walls are highly +frescoed, and its pillars are very lofty and round. The high altar is +of porphyry, and when I visited it, itself and the body of the church +were undergoing repairs. A feature which is sure to interest every +traveller, is a simple slab in the wall of the chancel to the left of +the sanctuary. Behind this, rests the remains of the illustrious +Columbus. A feeling of reverence and awe took possession of me as I +recalled the religious and brave career of that wonderful man, who, from +first to last, clung so strong to his holy faith. A courteous sacristan +next showed me the beautiful vestments and sacred vessels in use at the +cathedral. Chief amongst those was a remonstrance to hold the Blessed +Sacrament during processions like those of Corpus Christi. It stood six +or seven feet high, and was made of pure silver, enriched here and there +with gold and precious stones. It was a perfect representation of a +gorgeous gothic cathedral. The priests connected with the church are +very courteous and hospitable, and are but a short distance from the +seminary, to which I next bent my footsteps. + +This is a sombre and massive edifice. After passing a huge gateway, I +entered a large courtyard, which was ornamented with big, flowering +plants and Indian laurels. Fifty or sixty grand pillars supported +piazzas around the court. The porter brought to me the director of the +seminary, who proved to be a young and very agreeable priest. He offered +me the hospitalities of the seminary, and asked me to take a look at the +house. He could converse fluently in English, having been several years +in the United States. I learned from him that this institution, like the +cathedral, was about three hundred years old, that the majority of +candidates for holy orders were young men, natives of the Island, and +that such was not the case till recently, as in the past all the +aspirants for the ministry came directly from Spain. The faculty of the +house demanded postulants of a high standard, as could be seen from the +fact that out of twenty-four who applied for admission on the previous +year only nine were received. + +While walking with the reverend director on one of the verandas +overlooking the court, my attention was drawn to the students who came +out of their class-rooms to take recreation. They were all very handsome +young men. Five Lazarist priests and two lay professors take charge of +the house and classes. The course includes the sciences of the schools, +humanities, philosophy and theology. The class-rooms, refectory, library +and halls of the house were lofty and very well kept. The dormitory, two +hundred feet long, was finely situated, and had sixteen large windows +looking out upon the bay, forts, ships and hills. The students retire to +rest at nine o'clock and get up at five in the morning, when they make +their meditation and assist at Mass. They partake of a little bread and +coffee at 6.45 A.M., dine at 11.30 and sup at 7 P.M. Such, also, is the +custom of the Spanish seminaries. + +After leaving this institution, I pursued a northern course, passing by +huge barracks, in front of which soldiers were keeping guard. The palace +of the general of engineers stands in this vicinity. I had the pleasure +of an introduction to the commander, Signor Jose Aparicio y Beltram, a +Spanish gentleman of great courtesy and intelligence. He showed me all +that was interesting in this grand building of pillars, saloons and +courts. + +The city prison is situated about ten minutes' walk from this spot, and +is a very large, two-storied building, resembling a palace more than a +jail. On introducing myself, and presenting a card from the +adjutant-general, I was very politely received by Signor Jose Gramaren y +Voreye, chief of the prisons of the Isle of Cuba. The interior of the +prison is entirely unlike anything of the sort in the United States. The +prisoners, about two hundred in number, committed for political and +criminal offences, are confined in large, unfurnished rooms, whose +floors are of stone, and whose only ornaments are iron posts and chains. +Sad-looking, half-naked creatures stared at me in silence as I entered, +and then resumed their walks and conversation. Separate wards were +reserved for the Chinese and Negro offenders, and a large, neat chapel, +where Mass was celebrated every Sunday, was at hand for the +accommodation of all. The prison is situated in the new part of the +city, on a magnificent, wide street, lined with trees. This carries you +directly to one of the most superb promenades and drives in the +town--viz: the Parque de Isabella 2d. Here the wealth and beauty of +Havana turn out, especially in the evenings, to take the fresh air, and +exhibit themselves in splendid carriages behind prancing steeds. The +finest theatres and hotels of the city are in this neighborhood, and the +scene towards evening becomes quite fairy-like owing to the multitudes +of lights that fall on statues, fountains, gay promenaders, flowers and +palms, which stretch away for an immense distance. Here soldiers, +sailors and civilians mingle, now walking, now resting on iron seats +near flowery bowers. Members of the municipal police go by, dressed in +dark uniforms, carrying swords, whistles and batons. Some of the night +police stroll along in the evening, in black uniforms, bearing red lamps +and lancers. Crowds of people, who remain in-doors during the intense +heat of the day, come to the Parque at dusk to breathe the cool air, and +listen to the music of the military band, that plays every second night +near the principal statue and fountain. + +A little beyond the Parque towers aloft the grand new city market (Plaza +de Vapor), one of the finest in the world, adorned in front by a noble +colonnade. The numerous and handsome stalls are filled with goods of all +kinds; and among the most attractive of the displays are the rich, +luscious and lovely fruits of the island. This edifice is well worth +seeing. The Campo de Marte and the Paseo de Tacon, in this neighborhood, +are magnificent drives. The latter leads out to the suburbs, and beyond +the quinta, or country residence of the captain-general. Next day I +resolved to see the Casus de Benefecentia, which is situated at the +north-west of the city, in front of the ocean. It is the most famous +benevolent institution in Cuba, and is under the charge of the Sisters +of Charity. It consists of a file of buildings, of solid masonry painted +a tawny brown. After knocking at an immense door, I was admitted by the +porter, who introduced me to the director of the institution. He has a +smattering of English and was very polite. + +Signor Antonio Gorherti introduced me to several of the good sisters, +who were dressed in white caps and blue habits. We walked through the +grounds of the institution. These were very large and highly ornamented. +Twenty-four sisters dwelt in the house. The building had two divisions, +one for females and the other for males. The majority were destitute +orphans of both sexes, the rest were infirm adults. The entire number of +its inmates was about seven hundred. We went through the Baptistry, +which was fifty or sixty feet high, and entered the chapel, which had a +beautiful gallery and mosaic ceiling, then passed through a private +chapel where the Blessed Sacrament was kept. All these were finely +embellished with paintings. The large wards and dormitories were kept +scrupulously clean, and provided with numerous nurses, who received +thirty dollars a month in gold for their services. Every attention is +paid to the sick, and the best physicians are daily in attendance. +Sister Josepha, who had charge of the girls, showed me some very +beautiful embroidery and fancy work made by them. They presented many +gifts to the captain-general, who was a liberal patron of the +institution. The physical as well as religious and moral training of the +children was creditably attended to; all looked in fine health and +enjoyed good food, as well as the refreshing breezes of the sea, which +swept through the grounds. Their knowledge of the Christian truths was +excellent, and no wonder, as the educational system practised by the +sisters was exceedingly interesting, simple and comprehensive. The boys +and girls were formed into various religious sodalities, and I was +perfectly charmed with the manner in which so many, of almost every +color, united in singing sacred hymns in the Spanish language. + +It would take pages to describe the attractions of this institution +which commanded the respect and sympathy of all classes in Havana. +Though chiefly sustained by the government, still it often receives +magnificent bequests. One gentleman left the establishment two hundred +thousand dollars. His name will ever be held in grateful remembrance. +The untiring zeal of the good sisters makes the institution a perfect +success. On my return to the hotel, I dropped into the fish market which +adjoins the cathedral. The display of the finny tribe here was perfectly +gorgeous. Fish of every color, beautifully striped, and with glittering +scales, lay on the benches, after having lately been snatched from the +transparent Cuban waters. They presented a tempting sight to the crowd +of hungry darkies who lounged around the stalls. + +After a rest and an elaborately compounded dinner of fruits, vegetables +and meats, all savored with garlic and spices of various kinds, and +having been regaled with the rest of the guests, during its course, by a +band of music, I resolved to go and see the quinta, or suburban +residence of the captain-general. The drive to this place by the Paseo +de Tacon is very beautiful and refreshing. On entering the suburbs it is +lined with handsome villas and closely packed houses, which soon give +way to isolated mansions, green fields, blooming gardens and tropical +trees. The grounds of the captain-general are adorned by a splendid +entrance, grand walks, flower beds and avenues of palm trees. As I +sauntered along the gravel walks I noticed all kinds of cacti, roses, +cocoa and royal palms. On calling on the captain-general's widow I was +warmly welcomed by Signor Juan Batalla, the major-domo, and his lady, +both good Catholics. They kindly accompanied me through the grounds. I +saw great masses of dahlias, fuchsias, colens, kaladimus, and century +plants flourishing here in their warm native soil. Down a short distance +from the house we came upon a lovely cascade which threw its silvery +spray over numbers of blossoming vines. It seemed almost impossible to +check (if one barbarously desired to do so) the growth and beauty of the +flowers that lined the smooth, clear canal below the waterfall. Hundreds +of dresinas, other rare plants, and sweet-scented flowers made the air +heavy with their fragrance, while the lofty Indian laurels and palms +looked down like lords on the dwarf beauties growing at their feet. All +kinds of ducks sported in the canal, and tame deer browsed near its +banks. Signor Juan pointed with pride to a ceiba tree, about a hundred +feet high, and enthusiastically remarked what a brave one it was, since +it stood there since the time of Columbus. After taking along with me a +few mementos from the signor, I quitted this enchanting spot with +feelings of regret and returned to the city. + +The Church de Mercede which I next visited, is the handsomest in Havana. +It stands at the south-east of the city, and exteriorly presents a very +noble and finished appearance. I saw it on Quinquagesima Sunday, when +the devotion of the Forty Hours was in progress. The church, at the +Solemn High Mass (8 A.M.), was filled to overflowing, and the music, +which was rendered by a very large orchestra, was very fine. The +interior of the church was remarkable for its artistic beauty. Under the +faithful direction of the Lazarist Fathers, who came to Havana in 1863, +this edifice was carried to its present state of completion. The +building measures two hundred feet long by about ninety wide. Its grand +high altar and eight side ones force themselves upon your view by their +essential splendor, yet the extravagant and costly drapery of the +statuary on most of them, though agreeable to the Spaniards, is hurtful +to the taste of one coming from the United States. On the left of the +high altar stands a magnificent one of our Lady of Lourdes. The side +walls all around are grandly frescoed, and the ceiling is painted a +beautiful sky blue, with white clouds here and there, out of which peep +lovely bright angels. The oil paintings on the side walls of this church +must have cost thousands of dollars each, they are so large, richly +mounted and life-like in their execution. The grand altar, like the +church, is Corinthian in shape, and literally glittered with lights on +the morning I saw it. A great, high, solid ornament rested over the +reredos, looking like a papal tiara resplendent with gems. The marble +altar steps and pillars of light green shooting up to the roof, the +beautiful velvet sanctuary carpet and the crimson damask curtains +hanging from the side walls of the sanctuary gave a superb effect to the +full front view. The white and gold tabernacle, adorned with delicate +crimson lace, looked magnificent as the mellow sunlight flooded it. The +large congregation were wrapped up in devotion, and listened with great +attention and delight to a sermon on faith which was powerfully +delivered in Spanish by one of the Lazarist Fathers. When the Mass +ended, I accompanied the Fathers to their modest, neat rooms, where I +was delightfully entertained. These priests displayed a great amount of +knowledge and refinement. Though few could speak English, yet all could, +of course, converse in Latin, and this tongue they uttered with great +accuracy and fluency. I will always remember the kindness of these +priests and the grandeur of their sacred temple. + +The palace of the admiral, which I visited on the following day, is a +very handsome structure, built in Grecian style and painted a delicate +light blue. It stands near the custom-house and faces the bay. On +introducing myself, and presenting the card of the adjutant-general, I +was courteously conducted to the side of an officer by one of the guards +at the gate. The officer soon led me up a flight of marble stairs +through grand, lofty antechambers into the presence of the admiral, a +tall, handsome old gentleman. He welcomed me very cordially, and +introduced me to his son, a noble-looking young man dressed in the +uniform of a superior officer. The latter was not long resident in Cuba, +having recently arrived from Spain. He conversed very pleasantly in +English about the United States, Cuba, and other topics; then showed me +through the house, which contained magnificent apartments all furnished +in regal style. The chapel was gorgeous. + +After leaving the palace of the admiral, where I was so kindly treated, +I went to the arsenal, the extensive grounds, pretty church and military +stores of which are well worth noticing. A short distance from here and +you come to the military hospital. This is an immense establishment, +surrounded by a strong, thick wall, of a light brown color. Its many +gates were guarded by armed sentinels. On inquiring for the Padre Curé, +I was shown to his presence by a guide in military uniform. The Padre +was a large, good-natured-looking person. He was seated at his desk, +over a volume, when I entered. The appearance of his room showed that +the occupant was a student and a business man. The walls were lined with +books, and materials suited to his sacred calling were here and there +systematically fixed. Padre Toaquin Salvadorez received me like a +generous-hearted, highly-cultivated gentleman. After a brief chat, he +led me through the hospital. We passed through numerous offices, where +we saw the superior and directors of the institution. Signors Don +Antonius Pardinas, J. A. Salazaro, Don Edwardo Crespo and Don Jose Yara +Goza, were wonderfully polite and pleasant gentlemen. We entered the +wards of the hospital, which are attended by the Sisters of Charity. +Almost every bed was occupied by a sick soldier. Most of them were young +men not long from Spain, who came to serve the kingdom on a foreign +territory. The marks of fever and wounds lay heavy upon them. I noticed +sick soldiers and sailors, reading, writing and dozing. Several walked +along the corridors dressed in long, white gowns, slippers and turbans, +directing a nod and a smile to us as they passed by. The good Father +informed me that over one thousand were confined in the hospital, +attended by twenty-four nurses, who spared neither time nor effort to +make them comfortable. + +The rooms were large, airy and full of the odor of tropical fruits and +flowers. Beautiful religious pictures hung in several places and good +pious books were abundant. The officers' rooms had a large quota of +patients. All were brought by sickness to a level with the commonest +soldier. We went through the surgical rooms, where operations were wont +to be performed. We entered the chapel, a richly adorned and commodious +one, where the good sisters so often knelt to pray for the poor +invalids. Large, cooling arches spread away before us, and courtyards +full of flowers and gushing fountains gave refreshment and rest to the +inmates of this vast institution. The good Father showed me immense +cellars which contained barrels full of drugs of all kinds. The +establishment had three drug stores, all of which were busy supplying +the sick with medicines. A proof of the remarkable care taken by the +doctors and sisters of the sick in this hospital, may be seen from a +report made by a board of investigation which visited Havana in 1880, to +inquire into the yellow fever. During the year, 1360 of the army were +seized with this disease, 956 outlived it and 411 died, 3 remaining in a +doubtful condition. Out of the 174 seized by the disease in the navy, +109 lived and 64 died, 1 remaining in a doubtful state. Out of a total +of 1541 invalids 1069 lived and 475 died, 4 remaining in a doubtful +condition, thus producing a proportion of 30 to 6 signed by 36 Havana +doctors for the army, 4 for the navy, 4 apothecaries, 3 priests and 3 of +the military administration. + +Father Salvadorez pointed out to me immense stores as we walked along, +where great quantities of dry goods were piled up so as to provide the +sick with clothing and bandages, also immense stores in which groceries +of every kind were packed. The ambulance department, where everything +needed for sick soldiers could be had, was well worth seeing, also the +rest of the rooms and stores in connection with the building. The insane +department contained but one unhappy case. He was a young man with pale +face, long, black, flowing hair, and dark eyes full of sadness that +stared at us gloomily as we went in. A few words of cheer from the Padre +encouraged him, so he smiled, nodded his head, and then retired to a +corner of his cell. Father Salvadorez receives a salary of two thousand +dollars a year, and each of his assistants gets one thousand dollars. A +military attendant is attached to each. It is, indeed, a delightful +treat to form the acquaintance of the Padre and the officers of the +military hospital. If the stranger knows a little Latin, Italian, or +Spanish, he can chat with them, and get a good deal of information. +Their expressive gestures will go a good way to supply their lack of +English. It afforded me no small share of pleasure to meet at the +hospital, among the thirty-four sisters in charge, a novice who had +recently arrived from Cork, Ireland. She was the only Irish one among a +number of French and Spanish sisters, but certainly not the least loved. +After passing a few delightful hours of inspection, I bade adieu to the +Padre, whom I promised to meet at the university next day. On the +following morning, at nine o'clock, I heard him deliver a grand essay in +defence of the Syllabus, before a very large and attentive assemblage of +students. + +After viewing the chief features of interest in Havana, I bade the city +good-by, and set out for Matanzas, to see its famous Yumuri Valley and +caves of Bellamare (of the beautiful sea). + + REV. M. W. NEWMAN. + + * * * * * + +Enjoy present pleasures in such a way as not to injure future ones. + + + + +Our Gaelic Tongue. + + It is fading, ah, 'tis fading like the leaves upon the trees! + It is dying, sadly dying, like echoes 'mong the trees! + When the last breath of Autumn sighing on the breeze. + + The places now that know it, it soon shall know no more; + It has vanished, it has vanished, like some loved one gone before. + No more is it spoken as it was in the days of yore. + + It is sinking, slowly sinking, into its silent grave at last, + To live but in the memory as a relic of the past; + Our olden time is sinking by time and wrong harassed. + + And the land that gave it birth it will leave forevermore; + No more the hills re-echo to its music as of yore, + Amid the ancient ruins pining, an exile on its native shore. + + It was spoken ere the Grecian or the Persian felt the chain, + Ere Christianity's light arose to educate and tame + The fierceness of the pagan, and free the world again. + + Its youth beheld the Semite on Irish coasts a guest, + Whose manhood saw the empire of the Cæsars sink to rest + In its old age, as a patriarch sinks silently to rest. + + In royal hall and peasant home its accents oft had rung; + Oft the glories of his native land the enraptured minstrel sung, + To king and nobles gathered round, in his wild, sweet, native tongue. + + Ah, sacred tongue, that oft has borne the message from above! + Ah, pleasing tongue, whose murmurs soft, like the cooing of the dove, + To patriots united it bore words of sweetest love. + + It was the tongue the apostle spoke in the days of long ago; + In it the priest advised his flock in the penal days of woe; + Its wild huzza at Fontenoy dismayed and beat the foe. + + Our Keltic tongue is dying and we stand coldly by, + Without a pang within the heart, or a tear fall from the eye, + Without a care to save it, or e'en a mournful sigh, + + To see it thus receding as the sunlight on the sea. + Oh, rescue it 'ere 'tis too late; oh, raise your might to free + The language of our fathers, from dark oblivion's sea. + + Shall it no more be spoken on Eire's fertile plain? + Shall not her sons aspire no more to rend the iron chain, + And light the fires of freedom that smouldered in its train? + + Oh, mute, forsaken tongue, must a captive's fate be thine, + Crushed by a despot's sceptre, but to be the sign + Of a ruined country, a desecrated shrine. + + Phenix of the fire and storm, shall it arising in its strength, + Spurning the galling, servile yoke, gloriously be at length, + Immortal and unconquerable, the language of Juvent. + + Worcester, Mass. J. SULLIVAN. + + + + +A Chapter of Irish History in Boston. + + +The _Boston Herald_ gives us a fair history of the ancient and honorable +Charitable Irish Society, which we cheerfully reproduce:--Within a few +weeks, probably at the annual meeting in March, action will be taken by +the members of the Charitable Irish Society looking to the proper +observance of the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of that +organization, which is one of the oldest in the country. The history of +the Society is a most interesting one, so much so that when Dr. Samuel +A. Green was mayor of the city, he requested that copies of the printed +records be deposited in the library at the Harvard University, with the +Massachusetts Historic Genealogical and Boston Historical Society, and +in the principal public libraries of the State. The motive underlying +the formation of the Society was very explicitly set forth when the +original members assembled and prepared the preamble to the rules and +orders, which declared that "Several Gentlemen, Merchants and others, of +the Irish Nation, residing in Boston and in New England, from an +Affectionate and Compassionate concern for their countrymen in these +Parts, who may be reduced by Sickness, Shipwreck, Old Age and other +Infirmities and Unforeseen Accidents, Have thought fit to form +themselves into a Charitable Society for the relief of such of their +poor and indigent Countrymen, without any Design of not contributing +toward the provision of the town poor in general as usual. And, the +Society being now in its Minority, it is to be hoped and expected that +all Gentlemen, Merchants, and others of the Irish Nation or Extraction +residing in or trading to these Parts, who are lovers of Charity and +their Countrymen, will readily come in and give their Assistance to so +laudable an undertaking." A remarkable provision of the by-laws, as +originally drawn, was the restriction that only Protestants should be +admitted to membership; but there are good grounds for believing that +Roman Catholics were admitted as early as 1742, and it is known that +prominent persons of that faith were members in 1770. The preserved +records do not show when Catholics were first admitted to membership; +but when the constitution was revised in 1804, the restricted clause was +repealed. The by-laws at first were few in number and very + + +Suggestive of the Times. + +The quarterly dues were two shillings, with "2 Shillings additional for +the Expenses of the House. The dues were to be paid into the treasurer's +hands when the members were called by their respective names, and all +persons on the calling of the List to keep their Seats to prevent +disturbance. And, further, that all members residing in Boston and not +attending at said quarterly meetings, but sending their quarterize, +shall also send 1 shilling for the good of the stock." "Expenses of the +house" suggests that, while the proceedings at meetings were in +progress, the members enjoyed "potheen," or something as exhilarating, +for another by-law provided that "no Person call for or order any drink +into the room where said Society is, except the President, who, or some +Person appointed by him, is to keep an acct. of the Liquor, and to take +care that the same do not exceed two Shillings for each member present." +Decorum and order were enforced at the meetings under a by-law which +provided that "if any Member offer any Indignity to another, or shall +Swear or Curse in said Society, such Member so offending shall pay as a +Fine to the Fund of said Society the Sum of Ten Shillings, and such +Member refusing to pay such Fine after being adjudged culpable by a +Majority of the Members present, such Person shall be excluded from said +Society." Four years after the founding of this Society, interest in the +meetings began to flag, and it was voted that the fine for +non-attendance should be five shillings, unless the member absenting +himself gave a reasonable excuse therefor. At one time, six o'clock in +the evening, was the hour set for assembling. There were some members +who worked at their trades well up to that time of day, and could not +get to their homes without danger of being fined in meeting for absence, +and, consequently, they appeared in their working clothes. This +necessitated a new by-law in 1744, providing that "All Members who +appear at the Annual and Quarterly Meeting to be Decent and Clean, +without Capps or Aprons." Notifications of meetings were called +"warnings," and members were warned in whatever way the secretary +desired. In 1768 it was thought that two shillings' worth of beer and +tobacco was rather too much for any one man to drink and smoke at a +meeting, and it was voted that "there shant be above 1 s. 4 d. a man +spent at a meeting before the Business of the evening be over and the +reckning called & settled; and that a clarke be chosen Each Evening to +settle the reckning," etc. The Society had no regular place of assembly, +but met around wherever it could. From the 21st of February, 1775, till +the 26th of October, 1784, the Society did not meet, owing to many of +the members being in the Continental Army, + + +Serving under Gen. Washington. + +On the evening of the reassembling of the Society after the War of the +Revolution, the President delivered an address in which he said: +"Gentlemen, Members of the Charitable Irish Society: I congratulate you +on this joyful occasion, that we are assembled again after ten years' +absence occasioned by a dreadful and ruinous war of eight years; also +that we have conquered one of the greatest and most potent nations on +the globe so far as to have peace and independency. May our friends, +countrymen in Ireland, behave like the brave Americans, till they +recover their liberties." It has long been a custom to invite to the +annual dinner of the Society, representatives of the Catholic and +Protestant clergy, and as far back as 1797 the committee having the +entertainment in charge was "authorized to admit such gentlemen as may +appear proper subjects for the celebration, they paying their own club." +In 1798 the members were not "warned" for the August meeting because the +contagion raged, and the members were principally out of Boston. In +October of the same year, they were not warned, "Because the Contagion +was not entirely eradicated and the Members not generally Returned." In +June, 1799, the secretary was a little nettled because he had no +company at the meeting, and he made as a record: "President, +Vice-President and all the members absent except the secretary. +Therefore, all business is suspended until the next meeting." For a year +or more afterward, the meetings were not well attended. In April, 1808, +an election of officers and other business was being disposed of, when +the proceedings terminated very abruptly, and the record gives the +reason as follows: "Fire is cried and bells ringing; the Society +disperse." By 1810, the material in the organization began to grow +again, and the meetings were held at the Old Exchange coffee house. +Twenty years later. Gallagher's Howard Street House was the popular +place of rendezvous, and it was here that a vote was passed providing +standards and banners for the Society. One of the most memorable events +recorded, took place on the 22d of June, 1833, when "thirteen marshals +conducted the Society to the lodgings of the President of the United +States, at the Tremont House, to pay their respects." President James +Boyd of the Society delivered an address of welcome, and President +Andrew Jackson replied as follows: "I feel much gratified, sir, at this +testimony of respect shown me by the Charitable Irish Society of this +city. It is with great pleasure that I see so many of the countrymen of +my father assembled on this occasion. I have always been proud of my +ancestry, and of being descended from that noble race, and rejoice that +I am so nearly allied to a country which has so much to recommend it to +the good wishes of the world. Would to God, sir, that Irishmen on the +other side of the great water, enjoyed the comforts, happiness, +contentment and liberty that we enjoy here. I am well aware, sir, that +Irishmen have never been backward in giving their support to + + +The Cause of Liberty. + +"They have fought, sir, for this country valiantly, and, I have no +doubt, would fight again were it necessary; but I hope it will be long +before the institutions of our country need support of that kind. Accept +my best wishes for the happiness of you all." The members of the Society +were about to withdraw when President Jackson took Mr. Boyd by the hand +and said: "I am somewhat fatigued, sir, as you may notice; but I cannot +allow you to part with me until I again shake hands with you, which I do +for yourself and the whole Society. I assure you, sir, there are few +circumstances that have given me more heart-felt satisfaction than this +visit. I shall remember it with pleasure, and I hope you, sir, and all +your Society will long enjoy health and happiness." The next event of +interest was the appearance of the Society in the procession on the +occasion of services commemorative of Gen. Lafayette, September 6, 1834, +"With a standard bearer and ten marshals, who decorated themselves with +the medals of the Society, and a special badge provided for the occasion +in honor of Gen. Lafayette, and bearing his likeness." The centennial +celebration was another red letter event. J. Boyd, the President, +delivered an oration at Masonic Hall. Governor Edward Everett, Mayor +Samuel Atkins Eliot, and other distinguished gentlemen being present as +invited guests, and these gentlemen also attended the banquet in the +evening and delivered addresses. In 1841 the Society began to meet at +the Stackpole House, which stood on the south-west corner of Milk and +Devonshire Streets, where the Post-office building now stands. The +Parker House has been the place of meeting for about thirty years, +beginning in 1856. Efforts have frequently been made to detach the +Society from Parker's; but the memories of good times and old faces has +so entwined the Society to that "tavern," that it has been impossible +thus far to effect a separation. In addition to the officers usually +elected in societies, namely, president, vice-president, secretaries, +treasurer and directors, the Charitable Irish Society adheres to the +old-time custom of electing a "keeper of the silver key," who is also +chairman of the board of directors. The silver key is not a myth, as +many of the new members of the organization, as well as other persons, +have supposed. It is made of coin silver, after the style of the +old-fashioned iron keys used to lock the main front doors of places of +business and family mansions, some of which are yet to be seen in houses +fifty or more years old. It is about seven or eight inches long, and +weighs between a quarter and half a pound. This key is preserved in a +velvet-lined case, and is one of + + +The Treasures of the Society. + +Its utility is described in the thirteenth section of the original rules +and orders, as follows: "The key keepers are to attend gentlemen and +others, natives of Ireland, or of Irish extraction, residing in these +parts, or transients, to acquaint them with the charitable design and +nature of this Society, and invite them to contribute by the formality +of delivering them a silver key, with the arms of Ireland thereon; and +if any person do refuse the same, they are to return their names at some +subsequent quarterly meeting." The records do not show that at any time +in the history of the Society has the key keeper had occasion to report +the name of anybody for refusing to contribute to charity. There are +also other relics and devices, all of which are in the possession of the +treasurer, who gives bonds for the safe-keeping of the same. The device, +or coat-of-arms, of the Society, represents an eagle with outstretched +wings, holding in one claw a liberty pole, surmounted by the cap of +liberty, and in the other a "sprig of shamrock." Pendant from the +eagle's neck is a shield, with an Irish harp and a shamrock in the +centre, around which is the legend: "Charitable Irish Society." Beneath +the device is the Society's motto: "Fostered under thy wings, we will +die in thy defence," and above are the dates of the founding (1737) and +incorporation (1809) of the Society. The banner of the organization is +now exhibited on but one day of the year, March 17, when it is given a +place as near the head of the banquet table as possible. By a rule of +the Society, the charity was formerly limited to forty shillings for any +one person at any one time, and there is no doubt that a great deal of +good was done. The growth of public and private charitable institutions +and associations had the effect, twenty or twenty-five years ago, of +leaving the Society with little or nothing to do, as its members were +nearly all associated with other charities, which covered the ground +more fully and promptly. Not for many years, however, has a record of +dispensed charity been kept. All cases are referred to the board of +directors, and upon investigation, if found worthy, the keeper of the +silver key and the treasurer have been instructed to aid the person +asking assistance. The impression has gone abroad, so quietly and +unostentatiously has the work been done, that the Society gives nothing +in charity. An incident touching this fact is related by one of the +officers. A respectable and intelligent mechanic, a brass finisher, +applied for relief. He had a wife and four children in Dublin. He was +out of employment there and came to America to get work. He had heard +that + + +His Family Were Suffering. + +He did not ask to be sent to them because he had nothing to give them. +He could get employment in New York, and soon would earn enough to +bridge over their necessities. He had called at a newspaper office in +Boston to ascertain where he could find a charitable Irish society to +help him, and was informed that "there was such a society in existence, +but that it was charitable only in name." The man found his way to the +keeper of the silver key eventually, and his immediate wants were +supplied, and he was given transportation to New York. Before the train +rolled out of the depot, he informed the member of the Society, who was +seeing him off, that he had paid another visit to the newspaper office, +and informed the people there that they had been misinformed; that "The +Charitable Irish Society was charitable not only in name, but in deed, +and in a direction, too, not covered by other charities of a private +nature." He felt it a duty incumbent on him to correct the +misapprehension, and, having done so, he bade them good day. This case +is only one of many that might be cited. Among the presidents of the +Society were some of the best known descendants of Irishmen in Boston. +The presidents for the last fifty years are as follows: + + 1835--John O. Park. + 1836--James Boyd. + 1837--James Boyd. + 1838--Daniel O'Callaghan. + 1839--Daniel O'Callaghan. + 1840--Wm. P. McKay. + 1841--Wm. P. McKay. + 1842--John C. Tucker. + 1843--John C. Tucker. + 1844--Terence McHugh. + 1845--Terence McHugh. + 1846--Terence McHugh. + 1847--Patrick Sharkey. + 1848--John Kelly. + 1849--John Kelly. + 1850--John Kelly. + 1851--Patrick Donahoe. + 1852--James Egan. + 1853--Dennis W. O'Brien. + 1854--Patrick Donahoe. + 1855--Thomas Mooney. + 1856--John C. Crowley. + 1857--John C. Crowley. + 1858--John C. Crowley. + 1859--Patrick Phillips. + 1860--Hugh O'Brien. + 1861--Hugh O'Brien. + 1862--Cornelius Doherty. + 1863--James H. Tallon. + 1864--Patrick Harkins. + 1865--Michael Doherty. + 1866--Charles F. Donnelly. + 1867--Charles F. Donnelly. + 1868--John M. Maguire. + 1869--John M. Maguire. + 1870--John Magrath. + 1871--John Magrath. + 1872--Thomas Dolan. + 1873--Thomas J. Gargan. + 1874--Thomas J. Gargan. + 1875--Bernard Corr. + 1876--Patrick A. Collins. + 1877--Patrick A. Collins. + 1878--Joseph D. Fallon. + 1879--Edward Ryan. + 1880--Patrick F. Griffin. + 1881--Patrick F. Griffin. + 1882--Thomas Riley. + 1883--W. W. Doherty. + 1884--Timothy Dacey. + 1885--Dennis H. Morrissey. + +For several years past the subject of erecting a suitable building in +which the Society should have a meeting place of its own, with rooms for +reading and social purposes for young men of the present and coming +generations, and also small halls for other Society meetings, has been +under consideration. The project seemed visionary till this year, when a +committee was appointed to raise a fund for the purpose. This committee +has given the subject most careful consideration, and intends by means +of a series of entertainments this winter, to establish a foundation on +which to build a fund for the erection of the structure proposed. When +the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary is about to be observed, it is +intended to invite President Cleveland to be the Society's guest, and +the occasion will, without doubt, be one of great interest. + + + + +Interest:--Savings Banks. + + +The _Catholic Review_: Interest to be at all justifiable ought to +consider a number of elements, which in the case of most of our Catholic +churches in great cities like New York, Boston, Brooklyn or +Philadelphia, are largely in favor of the church corporations. _Lucrum +cessans_ will justify interest; but just now where else can a gain of +four-and-half per cent. be combined with absolute safety. _Damnum +emergens_ justifies interest; but in the present condition of affairs, +with bank presidents looking for investments at two per cent., and +telling depositors that the mere safe keeping of their deposits is +interest enough, where does the loss of profit arise? "Danger of the +investment" justifies interest; but is it not ridiculous to say that any +bank imperils money lent to a Catholic church in New York or Brooklyn on +a first mortgage? The fact is, such an investment is only equalled in +security by a United States bond; it may not be as easily negotiable, +but it is just as safe. It ought to cost very little more. + +Priests to whom the second of January and first of July are sad days, +and who for weeks and even months previous are persecuted by the +necessity of begging from and irritating their congregations by painful +appeals for money to pay these dreadful interests, have asked the +_Catholic Review_ again and again to draw popular attention to the high +rate that is charged for such loans. We do so. But having done our duty +in this respect, we think we ought to add that it belongs to themselves +to deal effectively with the whole question, the very outside limits of +which we can only touch upon. Six per cent., that some of them pay, +would pay for many a Catholic teacher in a parochial school. How are +they to secure a reduction? We think a business-like and amicable +discussion of the whole question would convince the banks that property +such as a church is entitled to consideration not accorded to private or +business property. We do not now refer to motives of charity or +religion, but of pure business. No doubt some bankers will say, at +first, that "the thing cannot be done." Well, the example of the +Trustees of St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York, is a good one. When their +demand for a just reduction was, as we think, foolishly, refused, they +had no difficulty in transferring their mortgage. If half a dozen strong +churches took up the question, they would, we predict, bring all +opponents to time. It is worth talking over. Still more, it is worth +acting upon. Many a church that is now paying six per cent. could employ +six additional teachers if it had to pay only three per cent. interest. + + + + +Bay State Faugh-a-Ballaghs.[1] + +III. + +THE SECOND IRISH MASSACHUSETTS REGIMENT--THE TWENTY-EIGHTH TO THE +FRONT--ANOTHER CHAPTER ABOUT OUR RACE IN THE WAR OF THE UNION. + + +"To the troops (the Irish Brigade) commanded by General Meagher, was +principally committed the desperate task of bursting out of the town of +Fredericksburg and forming under the withering fire of the Confederate +batteries, to attack Marye's Heights, towering immediately in their +front. Never at Fontenoy, Albuera or at Waterloo was more undaunted +courage displayed by the sons of Erin than during those six frantic +dashes which they directed against the almost impregnable position of +their foe.... The bodies which lie in dense masses within forty yards of +the muzzles of Colonel Walton's guns are the best evidence what manner +of men they were who pressed on to death with the dauntlessness of a +race which has gained glory on a thousand battle-fields, and never more +richly deserved it than at the foot of Marye's Heights on the 13th day +of December, 1862." + +Of this brigade of five regiments the Twenty-Eighth Massachusetts +Volunteers, Colonel Richard Byrnes, was the second Irish regiment raised +in Massachusetts in defence of the Union in 1861. The tribute above +quoted is the testimony of the war correspondent of the _London Times_, +the files of which are to be found in our Boston Athenæum. He was the +famous Dr. Russell, the Crimean and other wars' correspondent of the +_London Thunderer_. He should surely be a judge of heroic service and +undaunted bravery. He was an eye-witness, as was the writer of these +lines, of what he speaks, and could with great truth form a personal +knowledge of the facts, and with ocular proof depict the thrilling and +tragic drama enacted on the bloody slopes of Fredericksburg, Va., on +that midwinter day. The nature of the ground on the left bank of the +Rappahannock afforded ample views of the scenes being enacted on the +other side, and it requires no difficult stretch of the imagination or +of the sympathies of humanity to enter into the feelings of men, who, +seeing this fearful havoc of their Federal comrades, awaited their turn +for Burnside to order them, "his latest chance to try," across the +ensanguined river. When the order did come for the fresh Irish troops, +it was only to find themselves mingled in the slaughter with their prone +dead and dying comrades from the old Bay State, the Twenty-Eighth +Massachusetts, distinguishable by the fresh and natural sprigs of green +with which they had on that fateful morning decorated their military +caps, but which were now in too, too many cases, crimsoned with blood +and brains, or embedded in the crushed skulls of the gallant heroes, +who, only a few short hours before, so jauntily wore them. + +[Illustration: COL. RICHARD BYRNES.] + +"Why should we be sad, boys, whose business it is to die!" sung Wolfe at +Quebec. The strain was melancholy and its vein mercenary. It was not the +business of these gallant citizen soldiers to die. They should have +lived to see a country restored to peace and greatness as a proof of +their patriotism, valor and sacrifices. "But," says Dr. Russell in +another part of his Fredericksburg letter to the _London Times_, "that +any mortal men could have carried the position before which they were +wantonly sacrificed, defended as it was, it seems to me idle for a +moment to believe." And these valiant, adopted citizens of the Republic +hesitated not to obey the cruel order to charge and charge again and +again up to those impregnable works with a fortitude and persistence +that could not possibly be expected from troops who adopted the trade of +soldier and "whose business it was to die."[2] + +On another occasion, General Hancock said of a charge in which the +Twenty-Eighth Massachusetts participated: "I have never seen anything so +splendid." He was a judge of what a good charge consisted. Great credit +is most justly due to Colonel Richard Byrnes, of whom a most excellent +likeness is herewith presented, and of whom the writer will have +something more to say before he finishes a brief record of this famed +Irish-American Regiment. + +The evidences of fine discipline and military bearing given by the first +Irish regiment, the Ninth Infantry, organized in Massachusetts, and +which, when it went to the front sustained so admirably those earlier +promises to the great satisfaction of the national and state +authorities, prompted the latter to form a second similar corps. +Accordingly Gov. Andrew and Gen. Schouler consulted with the Right Rev. +Bishop Fitzpatrick of the Boston diocese and Mr. Patrick Donahoe with +this view. The outlook was favorable and the state officials received +patriotic and most cheerful assurances from these and other +Irish-American gentlemen taken into counsel on the subject. The +authority of the general government was at once secured and the +formation of the Faugh-a-Ballaghs, to be numbered the Twenty-Eighth +Massachusetts Infantry Volunteers, was speedily begun. An announcement +appeared in _The Pilot_ stating that on September 28, 1861, the war +office sanctioned the formation of the regiment to be commanded by +Colonel Thomas T. Murphy of the Montgomery Guard of New York, and +accordingly recruiting was begun with head-quarters at 16 Howard Street, +Boston. An address was issued which spiritedly set forth that for this +Irishmen and sons of Irishmen, should rally forth for their country's +cause, "now that Governor Andrew has been granted authority to raise +another Irish regiment.... This is to afford an opportunity to all those +whose allegiance, patriotism and home welfare all combine to enlist +their sympathies for the country of their adoption and the safety and +protection of the Union; to unite one and all to uphold its integrity +and render it inviolable for future ages. Signed Patrick Donahoe and Dr. +W. M. Walsh." Among the gentlemen authorized to recruit for it, were +Messrs. Alexander Blaney of Natick, Florence Buckley of South Natick, E. +H. Fitzpatrick of New Bedford, Owen E. Neale of Fitchburg, S. W. Moore +of Marlboro', C. W. Judge of Haverhill and Daniel O'Donovan of the same +locality, Martin Kirwin of Lawrence, A. A. Griffin of East Cambridge, +John Riley of Worcester, Paul Eveny of Salem, and Lieutenant Ed. F. +O'Brien of Burlington, Vt. + +The nucleus of the Faugh-a-Ballaghs was rendezvoused at Camp Cameron, +Cambridge, where the good, pious and patriotic Rev. Father Manasses +Dougherty of St. Peter's Church, Concord Avenue, ministered to the +spiritual and many of the temporal wants of the sick and the well until +a regular chaplain was assigned to the command. Many a gallant soldier +who, shortly afterwards, sank into a bloody grave, recalled with love +and veneration the tender and manly ministrations of this dear Soggarth +Aroon. A chaplain of the regiment, Father McMahon, is now the bishop of +the diocese of Hartford, Conn. Among the first acts of Company A, +Captain William Mitchell commanding, was to pass, by a unanimous vote, +the resolve: "That in consideration of the untiring zeal and patriotic +feelings of Mr. Patrick Donahoe in prompting and aiding the organization +of the Second Irish Massachusetts Regiment (the Twenty-Eighth) this +company will, hereafter, be known and called the Donahoe Guard." This +paragraph was further supplemented with the assurance from the company +to the patriotic gentleman whom they had named as patron, that their +conduct as soldiers and Irishmen in the field would never give cause of +disgrace to the name they had thus, with so much hearty unanimity, voted +to assume. Here let us for the close of this chapter leave the "boys," +many of whom are looking forward to a glorious future in which the fate +of their native Ireland is romantically blended. How often have they +thrilled with martial fervor, as they read or heard Thomas Davis's +Fontenoy, that famed Fontenoy, which would have been a Waterloo, + + "Were not those exiles ready then, fresh, vehement and true." + +Ah, yes, they will learn the science of war and if fate reserves them in +the glorious fight for the Union, their practical knowledge, their +tested courage will then be used by the grace of the God of Hosts to +help free their native land. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] Clear the Road. + +[2] At this battle of Fredericksburg, the Nineteenth Massachusetts +Volunteers, for the time being, became the Faugh-a-Ballaghs--"clear the +road." It was they that went in boats across the river and with +assistance cleared the Confederates from the rifle pits in the lower +streets of the town, and thus admitted the laying of pontoon bridges +over which passed the troops to charge the Heights. The Nineteenth had +many Irishmen in it. + + + + +Capital and Labor: Philosophy of "Strikes." + + +What the _land question_ was to the agricultural population of Ireland, +the labor question _is_ to the toiling masses of the United States--who, +in one or another form of manufacturing industry, in mines and shops, or +public employment, are honestly striving to "earn their bread by the +sweat of their brow." + +In the case of the Irish people the question was one of life and death, +or, what was practically the same, starvation or exile. + +An alternative so monstrous and so pitiful is not presented in the +United States to those who toil; but the conditions and prospects +presented to them are often harsh and bitter. + +We have seen in the instances of labor strikes, and by the simultaneous +suspension of work in the great mills and factories, that tens of +thousands of men accustomed to subsist by the returns of their daily +toil, have been reduced, with their families, to want and wretchedness. + +The accounts given in the public journals of the sufferings in Ohio and +Pennsylvania during the recent strikes amongst the miners, recalls the +widespread, and, in instances, awful distress which prevailed in the +districts in question. + +The startling figures lately put forth by representatives of the Knights +of Labor, which is said to be a powerful and widely extended labor +organization, as to the number of unemployed men in the United States, +seem incredible in the face of the apparent activity of trade and the +general seeming prosperity; but there is no doubt the real figures are +great enough to excite deep concern on the part of the thoughtful and +reflecting observer. + +It does not require that one should be either a philosopher or a +communist to see in the prevailing conditions of the labor element in +the United States, that something is seriously out of gear. With capital +everywhere concentrating in the form of monopolies,--whether it be in +the consolidation of railroads and telegraphs, or in mills and mines +where products are "pooled," or yet in the colossal stores and +factories, on every hand is seen the strengthening and solidifying of +capital in the hands of the few. And this consolidation, it is plain, is +only effected by sweeping out or swallowing up smaller enterprises. This +is the logical and perhaps inevitable result of our modern social +system--in which wealth and "greed of gain" is held to be the chief end +of life. But, with this visible agglomeration of wealth in the hands of +the comparatively few, what is to be said of the conditions and +prospects of the laboring masses? If, happily, in the acquisition and +accumulation of wealth by monopolists, we could hope for the rules and +application of Christian principles and a realizing sense of Christian +duties in its employment and distribution, there would then be less +occasion for concern and apprehension in considering the problems +presented in the questions of "Capital and Labor." However seductive and +alluring may be the dreams and vagaries of latter-day theorizers, +inequality of social and worldly conditions is and will remain the rule. +_Utopia_ will remain in the books; it cannot be realized, in fact, under +the conditions of our or any other known civilization. It can and may be +realized, but in a form and fashion outside the ken of the modern +"philosopher,"--and that will be by the universal acceptance of Divine +law and the general practice of the Divine commands. + +The Ten Commandments and the Sermon on the Mount contain the solution of +all the problems with which we are concerned in the discussion of this +question. When capital recognizes and acts up to _the duties_ involved +in and implied by the possession of wealth, labor will recognize and +respect _the rights_ of capital. + +The philosophy of the question turns upon these two simple words, +"RIGHTS" and "DUTIES." + +Adam Smith says: "The property which every man has in his own labor, as +it is the original foundation of all other property, so it is the most +sacred and inviolable. The patrimony of a poor man lies in the strength +and dexterity of his hands; and to hinder him from employing this +strength and dexterity in what manner he thinks proper, without injury +to his neighbor, is a plain violation of this most sacred property." A +distinguished Catholic authority--Cardinal Manning--gives a more concise +definition--"the honest exertion of the powers of our minds and of our +body for our own good, and for the good of our neighbors." + +The rights of the workman to dispose of his own toil on his own terms +cannot be questioned, nor can his right to combine and unite with other +toilers for purposes of mutual protection be seriously questioned. +Indeed, such unions and combinations may be said to be a necessity in +the existing order. + +How is it possible except through such union and combination to resist +the power of great corporations and exacting monopolies, which, as a +rule, little regard the rights of the day laborer. Capital is protected +by its own innate power, by its influence over legislation and +legislative bodies, and by the readiness with which "pools" and +"combinations" are formed to its bidding; but in its control over labor +it is more powerful still by reason of the helplessness of the working +masses, who must work in order to live. An autocratic order from the +chief of some great corporation will sometimes reduce the wages of tens +of thousands of employés from ten to twenty per cent in one swoop. And +the tens of thousands have no redress or alternative unless to "strike." + +And here lies the difficulty. The public, as a rule, do not sympathize +with "strikes" and "strikers." Strikes are always inconvenient. They +upset the existing order, disturb business, and sometimes lead to +destruction of property. + +There is, and can be, of course, no justification for lawlessness. If +the rights of the workman to fix a price for his labor, and other +conditions as to the hours of his service, cannot be disputed, the equal +rights of the employers to fix the terms and price to be paid is no less +certain. Between these often irreconcilable conditions lie only +submission, strikes, or arbitration. The former is often expedient, the +second sometimes necessary, the last is always wise. A leading mine +owner, widely known for his uniform practical sympathy with his +operatives, and for his public spirit and high character, Col. William +P. Rend, of Chicago, has lately put forward, in several public +conventions representing the mining interests, a method of arbitration +which would be invoked in case of differences between employers and +operatives. + +The simple suggestion of arbitration as the true remedy carries on its +face the evident solution of this vexed labor problem. + +It is not necessary to suggest details. The fundamental idea is that all +differences may and ought to be reconciled by frank and honest +arbitration. Where employers will meet operatives on this half-way +neutral ground, an adjustment may be confidently looked for in most +cases. The arts of the demagogue and the threats of the socialists will +no longer be effective with the laboring masses. Where arbitration by +mutual agreement is not practicable, legislative "Boards of Arbitration" +could be appealed to; and these should be provided for by law in every +state. + +When corporations and individual employers shall, as very many to their +honor, be it said, undoubtedly do, show due regard and consideration for +the rights and necessities of workmen and operatives, there need be no +fear of the spectre of communistic disorder in the United States. Our +mechanics and workingmen are instinctively conservative and cannot be +led away permanently into dangerous societies and combinations, if only +capital will join in promoting the adoption of "arbitration" as the true +solution of the labor problem. + + WM. J. ONAHAN in _Scholastic Annual_. + + * * * * * + +A CURE for tight shoes--go barefoot. + + + + +Senator Hayes. + +A SKETCH OF HIS ANTECEDENTS IN IRELAND AND AMERICA--HIS BRILLIANT +ELECTION. + +[Illustration: HON. JOHN J. HAYES.] + + +Among the forty gentlemen elected to serve in the Senate during the +present term of the General Court of Massachusetts, we hesitate not to +predict that it will be found that Hon. John J. Hayes, the subject of +this brief sketch, will bring to bear upon such questions for +legislative consideration and action as may devolve upon him a most +intelligent culture, a well-developed business training and thorough +uprightness of purpose. In choosing him as their senatorial +representative, the voters of the Eighth Suffolk District, embracing +Wards Twenty-two, Twenty-three, Twenty-four and Twenty-five--all +combined, having a preponderating majority of Republican votes--have +exhibited the soundest judgment, we are confident, in the exercise of +citizen-franchise. Mr. Hayes' election was a well-considered rebuke to +the narrow systems of legislation prevalent in most of the New England +States. Hon. William H. Spooner, the district Senator of last year, is, +in private and business life, an honorable and esteemed gentleman; but +being an extreme partisan in politics and a zealot in sectional +legislative efforts, when a fitting candidate was offered at the last +election to oppose him, a gentleman of adequate views of the needs and +requirements of his fellow-citizens to confront him, the voters +hesitated not at the polls whom to choose. + +Among his fellow-citizens of Boston and vicinity, Senator Hayes is well +recognized as an uncompromising adherent of Home Rule principles in the +affairs of Ireland, his native land. These come naturally to him. His +father, Mr. John Hayes, now of Manchester, N. H., was a devoted +supporter of O'Connell and, though young in years, was in turn warmly +appreciated by the great liberator. From the most steadfast patriotism +he has never swerved, and the blood in his children's veins, with the +teachings he inculcated, impels them to tread in the same path of +patriotic purpose as their worthy sire. + +Our Senator was born in Killarney, Kerry, January 26, 1845. His +childhood saw many days amidst the inspiring scenes of this grand and +most lovely portion of Ireland. He was educated in Dublin. Mr. Hayes +entered for the civil service examination for the war office department +before the noted Military Institute of Stapleton of Trinity College, and +readily passed the first examination. Pending the usual delay preceding +the second examination, the Bank of Ireland threw their appointments +open to public examination, and John J. received the first of fourteen +appointments, several hundred persons being competitors for these +places. He was assigned to serve in the Dublin office of the Bank, and +subsequently found rapid advancement in the Gorey and Arklow branches as +cashier, and later in the same capacity in the respectively more +responsible branches of the Bank in Drogheda and Cork. Mr. Hayes growing +restive under the naturally slow advancement in the Bank's services, +accepted a tempting offer from one of the strongest banks in Canada and +reached Boston en route thereto. Here, however, he was met with a +business offer which induced him to pitch his fortune in Boston business +circles, and after a few years became the junior member of the firm of +Brown & Hayes, importers, exporters and commission merchants, Broad +Street, and where he still continues to do the same business. His firm +changed to Hayes & Poppelé in 1877 and as it is now to Hayes & Angle. + +Under the new organization of the School Board, Senator Hayes served +five years, from 1876 to 1880, during which he won deserved confidence +by his independence and unremitting watchfulness in school matters. +During these years he held several chairmanships and membership in +committees on accounts, salaries and other executive duties of the +board. He was a pronounced advocate of proper compensation to teachers +in which work he has always felt and shown a great and sympathetic +interest. From the advent of his services on the board, the teachers had +reason to know him as a friend, who would do battle for them against +reduction of their salaries, as was many times attested by his minority +reports and speeches in session. He resisted the attempts to do away +with the Suburban High Schools, and the residents of the sections where +they are located should feel indebted to his leading opposition to such +attempts for the retention of these suburban schools. + +Mr. Hayes has been a director in several insurance companies and has +been for many years on the executive committee of the Union Institution +for Savings. Senator Hayes resides in a handsome residence, surrounded +by ample grounds, in the Dorchester district, Ward Twenty-four. He is a +thorough Democrat in principle. It was, therefore, a most flattering +testimony to his personal popularity and of the great respect of his +usual political opponents that they voted for him. Particularly is this +the case in so far as his Dorchester Republican neighbors are concerned, +so many of these being of the ancient and wealthy families, descendants +of the earlier colonial settlers of Massachusetts Bay. The district also +embraces the homes of many retired merchants and strong business men of +Boston. In view of all the circumstances, Mr. Hayes' senatorial campaign +success, it must be conceded, was a most brilliant one. + + + + +Saints and Serpents. + + +Even among Catholics the story of St. Patrick's driving the snakes and +other reptiles out of Ireland has often been made the subject of, let us +say, good-natured jest. But, besides, among others than Irishmen the +legend has been laid to the score of the excessive credulity of +Irishmen. I myself have heard German Catholics instance this story as an +evidence of the excesses into which the Celtic mind is apt to run. And +yet, investigation shows that the Irish are not alone in their pious +belief. Father Chas. Cahier, a Jesuit, has compiled a work entitled +"_Caractéristiques des Saints dans l'Art Populaire_." It is a most +wonderful and valuable storehouse of information, illustration, and +explanation. Thus we find in that our saint is not only patron of +Ireland but also of Murcia in Spain, for the reason that on his feast, +17th of March, 1452, was won the battle of Los Alporchones. Turning to +the heading "Serpent," we meet with a long array of saints represented +in painting or sculpture with one or more of these reptiles in his +vicinity. Italy, Brittany, Germany, France, Syria, Egypt, and other +lands furnish legends as strange as that concerning our apostle. In +fact, comparatively small space is devoted to him by the erudite Jesuit. +He briefly says, "It is thoroughly admitted by the Irish that he drove +from their Isle the serpents and other venomous animals. It is even +added that the English have many times, but in vain, endeavored to +acclimate venomous animals in Ireland." In a footnote he continues as +follows: + + "A prose of Saint Patrick (in the _Officia SS. Patritii, + Columbæ, Brigidæ_, etc., Paris, 1620, in 16, p. 110-112) + says: + + "'Virosa reptilia + Prece congregata, + Pellit ab Hibernia + Mari liberata.' + + "Cf. Molan Hist. SS. Imag., lib. iii. cap. x. (ed. Paquot, p. + 265). _Nieremberg, De Miraculosis ... in Europa_, lib. ii. + cap. LXII. (p. 469, sq.); et cap. XVIII. (p. 429). + +"Nevertheless, Father Theoph. Raynaud (Opp, t. viii. p. 513) says that +this might have been a fact existing in Ireland previous to the days of +her apostle." + +In Jocelyn's "Life and Acts of Saint Patrick," Chap. CLXIX., we read, +"Even from the time of its original inhabitants, did Hibernia labor +under a three-fold plague: a swarm of poisonous creatures, whereof the +number could not be counted; a great concourse of demons visibly +appearing; and a multitude of evil-doers and magicians. And these +venomous and monstrous creatures, rising out of the earth and out of the +sea, so prevailed over the whole island that they not only wounded men +and animals with their deadly sting, but slayed them with cruel bitings, +and not seldom rent and devoured their members." + +Chapter CLXX. continues: "And the most holy Patrick applied all his +diligence unto the extirpation of this three-fold plague; and at length +by his salutary doctrine and fervent prayer he relieved Hibernia of the +increasing mischief. Therefore he, the most excellent pastor, bore on +his shoulder the staff of Jesus, and aided of the angelic aid, he by its +comminatory elevation gathered together from all parts of the island, +all the poisonous creatures into one place; then compelled he them all +unto a very high promontory, which was then called Cruachan-ailge, but +now Cruachan-Phadring; and by the power of his word he drove the whole +pestilent swarm from the precipice of the mountain headlong into the +ocean. O eminent sign! O illustrious miracle! even from the beginning of +the world unheard, but now experienced by tribes, by peoples and by +tongues, known unto all nations, but to the dwellers in Hibernia +especially needful! And at this marvellous, yet most profitable sight, a +most numerous assembly was present; many of whom had flocked from all +parts to behold miracles, many to receive the word of life. + +"Then turned he his face toward Mannia, and the other islands which he +had imbued and blessed with the faith of Christ and with the holy +sacraments; and by the power of his prayers he freed all these likewise +from the plague of venomous reptiles. But other islands, the which had +not believed at his preaching, still are cursed with the procreation of +those poisonous creatures." + +The Rev. Mr. O'Farrell, in his "Popular life of Saint Patrick," says, +"Rothe in his elucidations upon this passage of Jocelyn, compared this +quality bestowed upon Irish soil, through the prayers of Saint Patrick, +with that conferred upon Malta by the merits of Saint Paul, with this +difference, he adds, 'that while in Malta serpents, adders, and other +venomous reptiles, retain their life and motion, and lose only their +poisonous power, in Ireland they can neither hurt nor exist, inasmuch as +not only the soil but the climate and atmosphere, are unto them instant +death.'" + +Ribadeneira says that even the wood of Ireland is proof against +poisonous reptiles. He declares that King's College, Cambridge, is built +within of Irish oak, and consequently not even a spider can be found +within it. + +In the first volume of Chambers' "Book of Days" is told the story of the +attempt made by James Cleland, an Irish gentleman, in 1831, to +introduce reptiles into the Holy Isle. He bought half a dozen harmless +English snakes (_natrix torquata_) in Covent Garden market, London, and +turned them loose in his garden in Rathgael, County Down. Within a week +one was killed at Milecross three miles distant. A peasant who found one +and thought it an eel, took it to Dr. J. L. Drummond, the celebrated +Irish naturalist, and was horrified to learn that it was a genuine +serpent. There was great excitement, and it was fortunate for Mr. +Cleland that his connection with the affair was not known. One clergyman +preached on the discovery of the reptile as a presage of the millennium; +another saw a relation between it and the cholera-morbus. Some energetic +men took the matter in hand and offered a reward for the dead bodies of +the snakes. Three were killed within a few miles of the garden, and the +others were never fully accounted for. + +But to return to Father Cahier. He tells us of the following, depicted +in sacred art in close proximity to serpents. + +MOSES is not only represented raising the brazen serpent in the desert +to cure those who had been bitten by the reptiles (Num. xxi. 6-9), but +also casting his rod on the ground, that it may be changed into a +serpent--either at God's command before the burning bush as proof of his +divine mission (Exod. iv. 1-5), or before Pharaoh to obtain the +deliverance of the Israelites. (Exod. viii. 8-13.) + +SAINT PAUL THE APOSTLE. A viper hanging from his hand and which he is +shaking off into the fire. (Acts. xxviii. 3-6.) This event, which +occurred in the island of Malta, has given rise to a devotion greatly in +vogue, especially among the Greeks. Earth taken from a cavern, wherein +it is alleged Saint Paul took refuge after his shipwreck on the coast of +that island, is carried to a distance as a preservative against the bite +of dangerous beasts and against fevers. + +There was also in by-gone times a persuasion that any man born on the +25th of January (the day of the apostle's conversion) was guaranteed +against the reptile's tooth. + +SAINT ANDREW THE APOSTLE. His apocryphal legend relates, that he cast +out devils, under the form of serpents or dragons. (_Legend aur._, cap. +ii.) This is found represented amongst other places, on a stained-glass +window of the Cathedral of Chartres. + +SAINT PETER CELESTINE, Pope. I do not remember, says Father Cahier, ever +to have seen him painted with a dragon or a large serpent; but it is +probable that this may be met with, especially in Italy. For it is +related that, having retired into a grotto of the Abruzzi, he expelled +from it a venomous serpent, which had made great ravages in the +neighborhood. + +SAINT ROMAIN or ROMANUS, Bishop of Rouen; 24th of October, 639. His +dragon, or serpent, gave rise to an annual procession, during which a +prisoner was released in memory of the service rendered to the country +by the holy bishop. Father Cahier adds that this legend probably +allegorized the destruction of Paganism by the bishop's efforts in his +diocese. + +SAINT SPIRIDION, Bishop of Tremithontes in the island of Cyprus; 14th of +December, about 348. Offering a serpent to a poor man. + +He had a great reputation for charity, so the needy confidently applied +to him for aid. But one day when a beggar asked him for assistance, the +saint, who had nothing to give him, picked up a serpent, which the poor +man hardly cared to accept. Nevertheless, encouraged by the bishop, he +held his hand out; and the beast was converted into gold. (Surius, 14th +December.) + +SAINT NARCISSUS, Bishop of Gironu in Catalonia, and apostle of Augsburg; +18th of March, about 307. It is related in the country of the Julian +Alps that he destroyed a dragon, which was posted beside a spring, from +which all the inhabitants fled. + +SAINT AMAND, Bishop of Maestricht, and apostle of Flanders; 6th of +February, 675. While still a child, he drove, it is said, from the +island of Oye (near La Rochelle) a serpent which he met in his way. +(_Acta Sanctorum_, Februar., t. i, p. 849.) Father Cahier says that the +original is a dragon, which artists have converted into a serpent, and +that it is quite likely it symbolizes the idols overthrown by the +saint's apostolic labors in the country about Ghent. + +SAINT MODESTUS, Bishop of Jerusalem; 16th of December, seventh century. +Putting to death a serpent which infested a fountain; much like the +legend of Saint Narcissus. (Bagatta, _Admiranda orbis_, lib. vii. cap. +i, §. 19, No. 29.) + +SAINT HILARY, Bishop of Poitiers; 14th of January, about 368. Old +artists paint him with a staff around which is twined a serpent; or +serpents fleeing from that staff. This signifies, that during his exile, +he completely banished the reptiles which infested the island of +_Gallinaria_ in the Mediterranean, near Genoa (the Gallinara of the +present day). According to other versions he did not exactly rid the +entire island of those animals, but simply relegated them to a corner of +the land, where he planted his staff as a boundary which they were +nevermore to pass. (P. de Natal., libr. ii, cap. LXVIII.--AA. SS., +_Januar._, t. i, p. 792.) Cl. Robert quotes an epitaph on the doctor of +Poitiers, found, he says, in an ancient manuscript, although the style +gives little indication of the Middle Ages. + + "Hilarius cubat hac, pictavus episcopus, urna; + Defensor nostræ mirificus fidei. + Illius aspectum serpentes ferre nequibant, + Nescis quæ in vultu spicula sanctus habet." + +Might this be, asks Father Cahier, a way of expressing the fact that the +saint had banished Arianism from amongst his people? + +It is elsewhere shown that the dragons of many legions may be +interpreted by the overthrow and expulsion of Paganism, that is, the end +of Satan's reign over hearts. The serpent seems to have had something of +this symbolism in ecclesiastical monuments, except that sometimes, here +or there, it probably denotes heresy instead of idolatry. (Cf. Manni, +_Osservazioni istoriche sopra i sigilli antichi dei secoli bassi_, t. V, +sigill. 15.) + +SAINT PIRMIN, (_Pirminus_ or _Pirminius_) travelling bishop in Germany +(and a Benedictine, it is said); 3d November, 758. He is described as a +bishop of Meaux, who left his see in order to go and preach the Gospel +along the banks of the Rhine; and he is usually painted as putting a +multitude of serpents to flight. (_Calendar._ Benedict., 3d of +Nov.--Rader, _Bavaria Sancta_.) A sequence of Saint Gall (ap. Mone, +_Hymni ... media ævi_, t. III., p. 482, sq.) thus describes the marvel: + + "Hic Augiensem insulam + Dei nutu intraverat, + Quam multitudo pessima + Destinebat serpentium. + Intrante illo ... + Statim squammosus + Hestinanter exercitus + Aufugit, ampli lacus + Natatu tergus + Tegens per triduum." + +Amongst other abbeys of his foundation, he established that of Reichenau +in the island of Constance, vanishing from the island the vipers or +adders which had enormously multiplied in it. The legend even goes on to +say that, for three days, the surrounding water was covered with these +reptiles which forsook their old abode. + +Was this story the legend or the consequence of an invocation of Saint +Pirmin against unwholesome drinks? Besides people recommended themselves +to this saint against the plague and the consequences of dangerous food. +Furthermore, his dalmatic and his cincture were considered powerful to +assuage the sufferings of pregnant women. An ancient seal of Saint +Pirmin is found with these two verses used in certain provinces of +Germany: + + "Sanctificet nostram sanctus Pirminius escam, + Dextera Pirmini benedicat pocula nostra." + +SAINT SAMSON, Bishop of Dol, in Brittany; 28th of July, about 564. Some +say he slew a dragon, and Father Cahier says this may be symbolic of the +many victories he gained over the enemy of men. According to several, it +was a serpent which he drove from a grotto on the banks of the Seine +(Cf. Longueval, _Histoire de l'Eglise gallicane_, livre IX.) + +SAINT MELLON (Mélon, _Mellonus_, _Mallonus_, _Mello_, _Melanius_?) first +Bishop of Rouen; 22d of October, about 214. A serpent of which his +legend speaks may be only the dragon of the saints who preached the +Gospel to idolatrous nations. An old office of his says: + + "Manum sanat arescentem + Morsum curat, et serpentem + Sese cogit perdere." + +His legend further relates that he overthrew in the city of Rouen the +idol _Roth_, and that the devil complained to him of the trouble he had +caused in his empire. (AA. SS. _Octobr._, t. IX., p. 572, sq.) + +SAINT CADO (or Kadok, Cadout, Cadog, Catrog-Doeth, Cadvot), bishop and +martyr in Brittany; 1st of November, about 580. The Bretons relate that +on a little island off the coast of Vannes, between Port-Louis and +Auray, he drove the serpents away and they never appeared there again +(_Vie des Saints de la Bretagne_, p. 666). The island retains the name +of Enis-Cadvod or Inis-Kadok, that is, the island of Saint Cado. + +A SAINT PATERNUS, bishop, whom Father Cahier cannot locate, is mentioned +as having warded off the bites of serpents. He cannot say, too, but that +there is more of symbolism than of real history in the story. + +SAINT PEREGRINUS, bishop, martyred at Auxerre, 16th of May, third +century, driving out serpents. Though one may consider this +representation a manner of expressing the earnestness he displayed in +extirpating idolatry from the people of Auxerre, it is admitted that in +the Nivernais country (especially at Bouhy where he took refuge), +serpents are never seen. People even come to the church of that village +to take earth out of a hole habitually dug _ad hoc_; and that earth is +carried away as a preservative against the bite of reptiles. It is +besides regarded as an understood fact at Bouhy that a certain family +there always has the figure of a serpent on the body of some one +belonging to it. They are, according to the story, the descendants of a +pagan, who, striving to drive the saint away by hitting him with a whip, +saw the lash change into a serpent which "landed" near the rock where +Saint Peregrinus had sought refuge against persecution. + +SAINT HONORATUS OF ARLES, or OF LERINS; 16th of January, about 430. When +he retired into the island which still bears his name, near the coast of +Provence, vainly was it represented to him that it was a receptacle of +venomous animals. The man of God exactly wanted a shelter, a refuge from +all visitors, and drove out all the serpents which had long multiplied +there without any obstacle. A palm-tree is still shown there, on which, +it is alleged, our saint waited until Heaven came to his aid, by having +the waves sweep away all that "vermin" which had rendered the island +uninhabitable until then. (Surius, 16 Januar.; and AA. SS. _Januar._, t. +II., p. 19.) Observe that the islands of Saint-Honorat and +Sainte-Marguerite are held in that country to have formed but one in +olden days, which was the real Lerins, Pliny and Strabo to the contrary +notwithstanding. + +SAINT PROTUS OF SARDINIA, priest; 25th of October, under Diocletian. He +was martyred with the deacon Saint Januarius and Saint Gavinus, a +soldier converted by them. Protus, exiled at first to the island of +Asinara(?) drove from it, it is said, all the venomous beasts. Many even +would have it that this privilege was extended to the whole of Sardinia, +for which, however, Father Cahier says he would not make himself +responsible. (Cf. _Hagiolog. italic._, t. II., p. 256). Hence a reptile +is often represented at the feet of the saint, while artists often +associate him with his two companions in martyrdom. In this case they +may be easily distinguished by their costumes of priest, deacon, and +soldier, which indicate the profession of each. + +SAINT FLORENCE OF NORCIA (_Florentius_ or _Florentinus_), monk; 23d of +May, about 547. He has been confounded, rightly or wrongly, with Saint +Florence of Corsica. But Saint Gregory the Great (_Dialog._, III., 15, +ed Galliccioli, t. VI., p. 202) speaks of him only as a simple monk, and +relates that he destroyed a multitude of serpents by his prayer. + +SAINT FLORENCE OF GLONNE, priest, patron of Saumur and Roye; 22d of +September, fourth century. He is sometimes said to have thrown a dragon +or serpent into the Loire, but the Bas-Bretons give the credit to Saint +Mein, abbot of Gaël, who lived more than a century later. + +SAINT AMANTIUS OF CITTA-DI-CASTELLO, priest; 26th of September, towards +the end of the sixth century. He became famous in his lifetime by +numerous miracles, especially by delivering the people of the country in +which he dwelt from serpents. (Gregor. M., _Dialog._, III., 35. Brantii +_Martyrol poeticum_.) + +SAINT JULIUS, priest; 31st of January, about 399. The island of Orta, +near Novara, was delivered by him from a quantity of serpents when he +went there to build the last church he erected. According to some, these +reptiles, put to flight by the holy man's blessing, plunged into the +lake; others say that the serpents took refuge on Mount Camocino near +there, but that they never hurt any one any more. (Labus, _Fasti_, 31 +gennajo.--AA. SS. Januar., t. II., p. 1103.) The lake of Orta is still +called _Lago de san Giulio_, by the people of the country around Milan. + +SAINT MAGNUS (_Magnoaldus_), abbot of Fuessen, and apostle of Algan; 6th +of September, about 660. At Kempten this saint is credited with having +expelled venomous animals; as for the dragon, he is said to have caused +its death by his prayers at _Æqui caput_. However this may be, his staff +was employed at Abthal against field rats, and in Brisgan against all +kinds of insects that might injure the crops. (Cf. Wilh. Mueller, _Gesch +... der altdentschen Religion_, p. 113.--_Calendar. benedict._, 6th of +Septembr.--Rader, _Bavaria sancta_.) + +SAINT DIDYMUS, in the East. Father Cahier cannot say whether it is +Didymus of Alexandria (28th of April) or Didymus of Laodicea (11th of +September). Several modern German authors, copying one another, say that +he is represented walking on serpents and nailed to the cross. Either, +says Father Cahier, I greatly mistake, or the martyr of Laodicea, who +was torn on a stake (_Menolog. græc._, t. I., p. 29,) is confounded with +the hermit of the same name who used to walk amongst the most dangerous +reptiles (scorpions, horned vipers, etc.), without ever being injured by +them. (Rosweyde, _Vitæ PP._, p. 479.) + +SAINT PHOCAS OF ANTIOCH, in Syria, martyr; 5th March, time disputed. He +is famed in the East as a signal protector against the bite of reptiles. +These reptiles are often represented near the church which is dedicated +to him, because it is acknowledged that they lose their venom as soon as +they approach it, and that those bitten by them there recover health. +(Cf. _Martyrol. Rom._, 5 mart.) + +SAINT CHRISTOPHER OF LYCIA, martyr; 25th of July, about 560. A serpent +is sometimes placed near him, either because reptiles were used without +effect to torture him, or on account of some miracle due to his +intercession long after his death. (AA. SS. _Jul._, t. VI., p. 137-139.) +Father Cahier adds, in a note, if, as Servius says, the word _anguis_ +was used to denote reptiles which live in water, consequently amphibious +animals, it becomes easier to understand that inundations may have been +expressed by a dragon or a serpent; so many writers have thought, the +Bollandists amongst others. So, in many cases, it may have been a +symbolic picture, whose significance was lost in the lapse of time. A +serpent near Saint Christopher might indicate that the saint had crossed +deep water. + +SAINT LEONTIUS, martyr; honored at Muri in Switzerland, as one of the +soldiers of the Theban legion. A serpent is given him as attribute, with +a little phial. Father Cahier says he has failed to discover the +significance of the emblems. + +SAINT AMABLE OF RIOM, priest; 19th of October, fifth century. Near him +serpents and venomous animals, because it is said that he drove all +maleficent beasts out of the neighborhood of Riom. + +SAINT BRIAC, abbot; 17th of December, about 609. He banished a serpent +with the sign of the cross. This saint met a man who was already stung +by a dangerous reptile and fleeing from the animal, which was in pursuit +of him. The servant of God, by giving his blessing, cured the wounded +man and put the animal to flight. (_Vies des Saints de la Bretagne._) + +SAINT MAUDEZ, hermit; 18th of November, seventh century. Driving out of +an island, in which he had established his hermitage, a number of +reptiles that lived in the place. The custom is preserved in Brittany of +using earth taken from the island as a remedy for serpents' bites. +(_Vies des Saints de la Bretagne_, p. 724, 725.) + +SAINT JOHN OF REOMEY, founder of this abbey, which afterwards took the +name of Montier-Saint-Jean; 28th of January, about 545. He is generally +represented beside a well and holding a sort of dragon chained. His +legend relates that he caused the death of a basilisk which made the +water of a well or fountain dangerous. (_Calend. benedict._, 28 januar.) +Sometimes instead of this dragon (winged) there is placed near him a +chained serpent. (Cf. Aug. de Bastard, _Mémoire sur les crosses_, p. +776.) + +SAINT BEAT OR BEATUS OF VENDOMOIS, hermit; 9th of May, year difficult to +determine. The story goes that, finding a reptile in the grotto into +which he desired to retire, near the Loire, he drove the animal out with +the sign of the cross. (AA. SS., _Maii_, t. II., p. 365. D. Piolin, +_Hist. de l'Eglise du Mans_, t. I., p. 62.) + +SAINT LIFARD (_Liphardus_, _Liethphardus_), hermit, afterwards abbot at +Meun-sur-Loire; 3d of June, about 540. Near him in pictures is a staff +planted in the earth, and bitten at top by a serpent, which is broken in +the middle of the body. It is related that near his cell an enormous +serpent prevented the people of the locality from having access to a +fountain. Urbitius, a disciple of the holy man, ran one day to him, +telling him that he had met the dreadful reptile. Lifard smiled and bade +Urbitius be ashamed of his lack of faith, and gave him his staff with +orders to plant it in the ground in front of the beast. This being done, +and while the hermit was praying to God, the monster sprang upon the +staff, which he bit with madness. The weight of the monstrous beast made +it burst in the middle, and the country was delivered from him. (Surius, +3 jun.) + +Outside of France, this is sometimes represented by an empaled dragon +from which issue a number of little dragons flying away. (_Calendar. +benedict._, 4 jun.) + +SAINT LEONARD THE YOUNGER, abbot of Vendeuve; 15th of October, about +570. He is represented with a serpent near him, because one of these +serpents having crawled towards the holy man while he was at prayer, +stopped without being able to hurt him. He is also represented with a +serpent dying at his feet or twined around his body. (AA. SS., Octobr., +t. VII., p. 48, sq.) It is asserted that a serpent has never since +appeared in that place. + +SAINT MEMIN (or Maximin), abbot of Micy; 15th of December, 520. He is +painted holding a serpent, because he is said to have driven a dangerous +reptile from the banks of the Loire. (Aug. de Bastard, _Crosses_, p. +776.) + +SAINT DOMINIC OF SARA, abbot of the order of Saint Benedict; 22d of +January, about 1031. A present of fish sent to the holy man having been +abstracted on the way, the rogues were rather surprised to find only +snakes instead of the fish they had stolen. (_Calendar. benedict._, 22 +januar.,--Brantii, _Martyrol. poetic._) + + "Qui missos sancto pisces abscondit, in angues + Mutatos, rediens vidit et obstupuit." + +SAINT VINCENT OF AVILA, with Saint Sabina and Saint Christeta, his +sisters; 27th of October, under Diocletian. The bodies of these martyrs +having been abandoned to beasts of prey, an enormous serpent protected +their remains from any insult. A Jew, even, who had come to see the +corpses, ran such danger from the reptile that he made a vow to receive +baptism. (_Espana sagrada_, t. XIV., p. 32.) + +SAINT GORRY (Godrick, Godrich, _Godricus_), hermit in England; 21st of +May, 1170. He put himself under the direction of the monks of Durham, +and passed the latter part of his life in a solitude. He is represented +surrounded by serpents, because those venomous animals gathered around +him and did him no harm. (_Calend. benedict._, 29 mai.--AA. SS., _Maii_, +t. V., p. 68, sqq.) + +The Blessed BONAGIUNTA MANETTI, Servite and first general of his order; +31st of August, 1257. Father Cahier says that in France pictures of the +Servites are seldom found, and then with no particular emblem. He, +however, found one in which the blessed Bonagiunta is blessing loaves +which break, and bottles from which serpents escape. In the art of the +Middle Ages a serpent is the emblem of poison, and so it seems to be +here. As the holy man, while asking alms for his community, did not +hesitate to rebuke sinners, he gave offence to a Florentine merchant. +Pretending to be repentant and charitable, he sent poisoned bread and +wine to the Servite monastery. The Blessed Bonagiunta received the man +who brought the pretended alms, and said to him, "I know well that thy +master would take my life. But tell him that no evil will happen us, and +that death will soon strike himself." The prophecy was accomplished. +(Cf. Brocchi, _Vite dei SS. Fiorentini_, t. I., p. 246.) + +SAINT HELDRADUS, abbot of Novalèse (13th of March, 875), is said to have +expelled the serpents that infested the valley of Briançon where the +saint wanted to establish a colony of his monks. (AA. SS., Mart., t. +II., p. 334.) + +SAINT THECLA, virgin and martyr; 23d of September, Apostolic age. This +saint is called a martyr, and even the first of martyrs, because +although her life was not taken in torments, she seems to be the first +Christian woman who was given over to the barbarity of Pagan public +power. It is related that she was thrown into a ditch filled with +vipers, but a ball of fire fell from heaven and killed all those +venomous animals. So she is sometimes painted with a fiery globe in her +hand or near her. Father Cahier adds that her Acts have not come to us +with sufficient indications of authenticity; but the church, in her +prayers for the dying, retains the memory of the three tortures (flames, +wild beasts, and venomous animals), from which the saint was delivered +by assistance from on high. She prays: "As thou didst deliver that most +blessed virgin Thecla from three most cruel torments, so vouchsafe to +deliver the soul of this Thy servant," etc.[3] + +SAINT CHRISTINA, virgin and martyr in Tuscany; 24th of July, towards the +end of the third century. Same attribute and same reason as for as Saint +Thecla. (Bagatta, _Admiranda orbis_, lib. VII., cap. I., 19, No. 3.) + +SAINT ANATOLIA, virgin, martyred with Saint Audax, 9th of July, about +250. She was confined in a narrow dungeon, with a venomous serpent, +which was expected to kill her. When it was thought that she was slain, +Audax, one of those Marsi who prided themselves on being able to charm +reptiles, was sent into the prison. But the virgin was unhurt, and the +serpent flung itself on the pretended charmer, who was delivered only at +Anatolia's command. Audax was converted to Christianity, and gave his +life for Jesus Christ some time after the death of the saint, who was +pierced by a sword. (_Martyrol. Rom._, 9 Jul.--Bagatta, _Admiranda +orbis_, lib. VII., cap. I., § 19, No. 17.) + +SAINT VERENA, virgin at Zurzach in Switzerland; 1st of September, about +the beginning of the fourth century. At her prayer, it is said, a +quantity of venomous serpents forsook the country and flung themselves +into the Aar. + +SAINT VERDIANA (_Viridiana_), virgin of the Third Order of Saint +Francis, or of Valeambrosa at Castel-Fiorentino; 13th of February, 1242. +Living as a recluse with serpents. She imposed this sort of penance on +herself to overcome the horror that reptiles excited in her, and took +care to feed these strange guests herself so that they would not go +away. (Bagatta, _l. c._, ibid., No. 27.) + +SAINT ISBERGA, (_Itisberga_), a hermit virgin near Aire in Artois, +afterwards abbess; 21st of May, about 770. As daughter of Pepin and +sister of Charlemagne, she is often represented with a crown and a +mantle covered with fleurs-de-lis. But she is particularly distinguished +by another emblem. An eel is put in her hand, sometimes on a dish, and +for this reason: A powerful prince had asked Isberga's hand in marriage; +but in order to preserve the vow of virginity which she had made, she +besought God to send her some disease which would disfigure her. Her +face was soon covered with pustules, and the suitor no longer insisted +upon marrying her. Heaven then revealed to Isberga that she would be +cured by eating the first fish that would be caught in the Lys. The men +whom she sent for that purpose toiled long without succeeding in taking +anything but an eel, along with which they brought up in their nets the +body of Saint Venantus, a hermit (the saint's director), who had been +slain and cast into the river by the princess's lover, for he blamed the +hermit for the resolution taken by the virgin whose hand he sought in +marriage. The discovery of the body brought the crime to light, and made +known the sanctity of Venantus, to whose merits Isberga ascribed the +efficacy of the fish in delivering her from disease. (AA. SS. _Maii_, t. +V., p. 44.--Dancoisne, _Numismatique béthunoise_, p. 165, sqq.) + +SAINT ENIMIA OF GEVANDAN, virgin; 6th of October, about the seventh +century. She, too, is depicted with a serpent because she is said to +have delivered the country from that dangerous animal. (AA. SS. +_Octobr._, t. XI., p. 630, t. III., p. 306, sqq.) + +SAINT CRESCENTIAN; 1st of June, 287. Coins of Urbino represent him armed +cap-a-pie, on foot or on horseback, and killing a dragon with his lance, +or carrying a flag; at other times he is seen in deacon's costume, +trampling a serpent under his feet. He is said to have been a Roman +soldier, and to have introduced the Gospel into Citta-di-Castello. +(Brantii _Martyrolog. poeticum_, 1 jun: + + "Letifero Crescentinus serpente Tipherni + Occiso, gladio victima cæsa cadit.") + +Turning to another part of Father Cahier's work, we find that the +following saints are also represented with serpents: + +SAINT JOHN THE EVANGELIST; 27th of December. He is represented holding a +sort of chalice surmounted by a little serpent or a dragon. The Golden +Legend says, that, to prove the truth of his teaching, he was compelled +to drink poison. Some of it was first given to two men condemned to +death and they died on the spot. The saint made the sign of the cross +over the cup, drank, suffered no inconvenience, and then restored the +two dead men to life. Father Cahier adds that this story seems to have +given rise to the custom especially prevalent among Germanic nations of +drinking to friends' health under pretense of honoring Saint John. He +says that this custom has sometimes been put under the protection of +Saint John the Baptist, but that it is not probable the Germans would +have cared about putting their _healths_ put under the protection of a +saint who drank only water. + +SAINT CHARITON, hermit and abbot in Palestine; 28th of September, about +350. Near him is represented a serpent plunging its head in a cup. A +native of Lycaonia, and released by the Pagans after being tortured for +the faith, he went to Jerusalem, where he was taken by robbers, and +confined in the cave which was their retreat. A serpent came and drank +out of the vase in which their wine was, at the same time poisoning it +with his venom, and the robbers died in consequence, whereupon the saint +made the cave the cradle of a monastery. (_Menolog., græc_, t. I., p. +73.) + +SAINT POURCAIN (_Portianus_), abbot in Auvergne; 24th of November, about +540. He is represented with a broken cup from which emerges a serpent. +King Thierry I. was ravaging Auvergne, and the holy abbot went to +intercede with him for the poor people. The King was still asleep when +he came, and the principal officer offered him a drink, which he refused +because he had not yet seen the king or celebrated the office. Pressed, +however, he blessed the vase which was brought him, it broke, and a +serpent came out of it. The whole court considered that he had been +saved from poison. (Gregor. Turon., _Vitæ PP._, cap. V.) + +SAINT JOHN OF SAHAGUN, Hermit of Saint Augustine; 12th of June, 1497. He +is represented amongst other ways, with a cup surmounted by a serpent. +This is because he was really poisoned by a dissolute woman in revenge +for the conversion of her lover by the saint and his consequent +dismissal of her. (AA. SS. _Jun._, t. II., p. 625.) + +SAINT LOUIS BERTRAND, Dominican; 10th of October, 1581. A cup with a +serpent indicates that in his missions in America he had poison given +him more than once by the Pagans, without being injured by it. + + TH. XR. K. + +FOOTNOTE: + +[3] It is curious that our English prayer-books leave out that word +"three." The French follow the original Latin.--TR. + + + + +The Poems of Rosa Mulholland.[4] + + +Miss Rosa Mulholland has at last been induced to gather her poems into a +volume which will be dear to all lovers of poetry into whose hands it +may fall. No person with the faintest glimmering of insight into the +subtle mechanism of literary composition in its higher forms could study +the prose writings of the author of "The Wicked Woods of Tobereevil," of +"Eldergowan," and many other dainty fictions, without being sure that +the writer of such prose was a poet also, not merely by nature but by +art; and many had learned to follow her initials through the pages of +certain magazines. The present work contains nearly all of these +scattered lyrics; and, along with them, many that are now printed for +the first time combine to form a volume of the truest and holiest poetry +that has been heard on earth since Adelaide Procter went to heaven. + +The only justification for the too modest title of "Vagrant Verses," +which gleams from the cover of this pretty volume, lies in the fact that +this most graceful muse wanders from subject to subject according to her +fancy, and pursues no heroic or dramatic theme with that exhaustive +treatment which exhausts every one except the poet. The poems in this +collection are short, written not to order, but under the manifest +impulse of inspiration, for the expression only of the deeper thoughts +and more vivid feelings of the soul. Except the fine lyrical and +dramatic ballad, "The Children of Lir," which occupies eight pages, and +the first five pages given to "Emmet's Love," none of the rest of the +seventy poems go much beyond a page or two, while they range through +every mood, sad or mirthful, and through every form of metre. + +We have named the opening poem, which is an exquisitely pathetic +soliloquy of Sarah Curran, a year after the death of her betrothed, +young Robert Emmet--a nobler tribute to the memory of our great orator's +daughter than either Moore's verse or Washington Irving's prose. But the +metrical interlacing of the stanzas, and the elevation and refinement of +the poetic diction, require a thoughtful perusal to bring out the +perfections of this poem, which, therefore, lends itself less readily to +quotation. We shall rather begin by giving one shorter poem in full, +taken almost at random. Let it be "Wilfulness and Patience," as it +teaches a lesson which it would be well for many to take to heart and to +learn by heart:-- + + I said I am going into the garden, + Into the flush of the sweetness of life; + I can stay in the wilderness no longer, + Where sorrow and sickness and pain are so rife; + + So I shod my feet in their golden sandals, + And I looped my gown with a ribbon of blue, + And into the garden went I singing, + The birds in the boughs fell a-singing too. + + Just at the wicket I met with Patience, + Grave was her face, and pure and kind, + But oh, I loved not her ashen mantle, + Such sober looks were not to my mind. + + Said Patience, "Go not into the garden, + But come with me by the difficult ways, + Over the wastes and the wilderness mountains, + To the higher levels of love and praise!" + + Gaily I laughed as I opened the wicket, + And Patience, pitying, flitted away. + The garden glory was full of the morning-- + The morning changed to the glamor of day. + + O sweet were the winds among my tresses, + And sweet the flowers that bent at my knees; + Ripe were the fruits that fell at my wishing, + But sated soon was my soul with these. + + And would I were hand in hand with Patience; + Tracking her feet on the difficult ways, + Over the wastes and the wilderness mountains, + To the higher level of love and praise! + +The salutary lesson that the singer wants to impress on the young heart, +is here taught plainly and directly even by the very name of the piece. +But here is another very delicious melody, of which the name and the +purport are somewhat more mysterious. It is called "Perdita." + + I dipped my hand in the sea, + Wantonly-- + The sun shone red o'er castle and cave; + Dreaming, I rocked on the sleepy wave;-- + I drew a pearl from the sea. + Wonderingly. + + There in my hand it lay: + Who could say + How from the depths of the ocean calm + It rose, and slid itself into my palm? + I smiled at finding there + Pearl so fair. + + I kissed the beautiful thing, + Marvelling. + Poor till now I had grown to be + The wealthiest maiden on land or sea, + A priceless gem was mine, + Pure, divine! + + I hid the pearl in my breast, + Fearful lest + The wind should steal, or the wave repent + Largess made in mere merriment, + And snatch it back again + Into the main. + + But careless grown, ah me! + Wantonly + I held between two fingers fine + My gem above the sparkling brine, + Only to see it gleam + Across the stream. + + I felt the treasure slide + Under the tide; + I saw its mild and delicate ray + Glittering upward, fade away. + Ah! then my tears did flow, + Long ago! + + I weep, and weep, and weep, + Into the deep; + Sad am I that I could not hold + A treasure richer than virgin gold. + That Fate so sweetly gave + Out of the wave. + + I dip my hand in the sea, + Longingly; + But never more will that jewel white + Shed on my soul its tender light. + My pearl lies buried deep + Where mermaids sleep. + +Some readers of this MAGAZINE are, no doubt, for the first time making +acquaintance with Miss Mulholland under this character in which others +have known her long; and even these newest friends know enough of her +already to pronounce upon some of her characteristics. She is not +influenced by the spell of modern culture which has invested the poetic +diction of recent years with an exquisite expressiveness and delicate +beauty. But, while her style is the very antithesis of the tawdry or the +commonplace, she has no mannerisms or affectations; she belongs to no +school; she does not deem it the poet's duty to cultivate an +artificial, _recherche_, dilettante dialect unknown to Shakespeare and +Wordsworth--if we may use a string of epithets which can only be excused +for their outlandishness on the plea that they describe something very +outlandish. Her meaning is as lucid as her thoughts are high and pure. +If, after reading one of her poems carefully, we sometimes have to ask +"What does she mean by that?" we ask it not on account of any obscurity +in her language, but on account of the depth and height of her thoughts. + +The musical rhythm of our extracts prepares us for the form which many +of Miss Mulholland's inspirations assume--that of the song pure and +simple. Those last epithets have here more than the meaning which they +usually bear in such a context; for these songs are not only eminently +singable, but they are marked by a very attractive purity and +simplicity. There are many of them besides this one which alone bears no +other name than "Song." + + The silent bird is hid in the boughs, + The scythe is hid in the corn, + The lazy oxen wink and drowse, + The grateful sheep are shorn. + Redder and redder burns the rose, + The lily was ne'er so pale, + Stiller and stiller the river flows + Along the path to the vale. + + A little door is hid in the boughs, + A face is hiding within; + When birds are silent and oxen drowse, + Why should a maiden spin? + Slower and slower turns the wheel, + The face turns red and pale, + Brighter and brighter the looks that steal + Along the path to the vale. + +Here and everywhere how few are the adjectives, and never any slipped in +as mere adjectives. Verbs and nouns do duty for them, and the pictures +paint themselves. There is more of genius, art, thought, and study in +this self-restraining simplicity than in the freer and bolder eloquence +that might make young pulses tingle. + +This remarkable faculty for musical verse seems to us to enhance the +merit of a poem in which a certain ruggedness is introduced of set +purpose. At least, we think that the subtle sympathy, which in the +workmanship of a true poet links theme and metre together, is curiously +exemplified in "News to Tell." What metre is it? A very slight change +here and there would conform it to the sober, solemn measure familiar to +the least poetical of us in Gray's marvellous "Elegy in a Country +Churchyard." That elegiac tone already suits the rhythm here to the +pathetic story. But then the wounded soldier, who, perhaps, will not +recover after all, but may follow his dead comrade--see how he drags +himself with difficulty away from the old gray castle where the young +widow and the aged mother are overwhelmed by the news he had to tell; +and is not all this with exquisite cunning represented by the halting +gait of the metre, in which every line deviates just a little from the +normal scheme of five iambics? + + Neighbor, lend me your arm, for I am not well, + This wound you see is scarcely a fortnight old, + All for a sorry message I had to tell, + I've travelled many a mile in wet and cold. + + Yon is the old gray château above the road, + He bade me seek it, my comrade brave and gay; + Stately forest and river so brown and broad, + He showed me the scene as he a-dying lay. + + I have been there, and, neighbor I am not well; + I bore his sword and some of his curling hair, + Knocked at the gate and said I had news to tell, + Entered a chamber and saw his mother there. + + Tall and straight with the snows of age on her head, + Brave and stern as a soldier's mother might be, + Deep in her eyes a living look of the dead, + She grasped her staff and silently gazed at me. + + I thought I'd better be dead than meet her eye; + She guessed it all, I'd never a word to tell. + Taking the sword in her arms she heaved a sigh, + Clasping the curl in her hand, she sobbed and fell. + + I raised her up; she sate in her stately chair, + Her face like death, but not a tear in her eye. + We heard a step, a tender voice on the stair + Murmuring soft to an infant's cooing cry. + + My lady she sate erect, and sterner grew, + Finger on mouth she motioned me not to stay; + A girl came in, the wife of the dead I knew, + She held his babe, and, neighbor, I fled away! + + I tried to run, but I heard the widow's cry. + Neighbor, I have been hurt and I am not well: + I pray to God that never until I die + May I again have such sorry news to tell. + +The next piece we shall cite has travelled across the Atlantic, and come +back again under false pretences, and without its author's leave or +knowledge. Some years ago an American newspaper published some pathetic +stanzas, to which it gave as a title "Exquisite Effusion of a Dying +Sister of Charity." One into whose hands this journal chanced to fall, +read on with interest and pleasure, feeling the verses strangely +familiar--till, on reflection, he found that the poem had been published +some time before in _The Month_, over the well-known initials "R. M." As +the American journalist named the Irish convent where the Sister of +Charity had died--not one of Mrs. Aikenhead's spiritual daughters, but +one of those whom we call French Sisters of Charity--the reader +aforesaid went to the trouble of writing to the Mother Superior, who +gave the following explanation: The holy Sister had been fond of reading +and writing verse; and these verses with others were found in her desk +after her death and handed over to her relatives as relics. They not +comparing them very critically with the nun's genuine literary remains, +rashly published them as "The Exquisite Effusion of a Dying Sister of +Charity." The foregoing circumstances were soon afterwards published in +the _Boston Pilot_; but the ghost of such a blunder is not so easily +laid, and the poem reappears in _The Messenger of St. Joseph_ for last +August, under the title of "An Invalid's Plaint," and still attributed +to the dying Nun, who had only had the good taste to admire and +transcribe Miss Mulholland's poem. In all its wanderings to and fro +across the Atlantic many corruptions crept into the text; and it would +be an interesting exercise in style to collate the version given by _The +Messenger_ with the authorized edition which we here copy from page 136 +of "Vagrant Verses," where the poem, of course, bears its original name +of "Failure." + + The Lord, Who fashioned my hands for working, + Set me a task, and it is not done; + I tried and tried since the early morning, + And now to westward sinketh the sun! + + Noble the task that was kindly given + To one so little and weak as I-- + Somehow my strength could never grasp it, + Never, as days and years went by. + + Others around me, cheerfully toiling, + Showed me their work as they passed away; + Filled were their hands to overflowing, + Proud were their hearts, and glad and gay. + + Laden with harvest spoils they entered + In at the golden gate of their rest; + Laid their sheaves at the feet of the Master, + Found their places among the blest. + + Happy be they who strove to help me, + Failing ever in spite of their aid! + Fain would their love have borne me onward, + But I was unready, and sore afraid. + + Now I know my task will never be finished, + And when the Master calleth my name, + The Voice will find me still at my labor, + Weeping beside it in weary shame. + + With empty hands I shall rise to meet Him, + And when He looks for the fruits of years, + Nothing have I to lay before Him + But broken efforts and bitter tears. + + Yet when He calls I fain would hasten-- + Mine eyes are dim and their light is gone; + And I am as weary as though I carried + A burthen of beautiful work well done. + + I will fold my empty hands on my bosom, + Meekly thus in the shape of His Cross; + And the Lord, Who made them frail and feeble, + Maybe will pity their strife and loss. + +It might have been expected that so skilful an artist in beautiful words +would be sure occasionally to find the classic sonnet form the most +fitting vehicle for some rounded and stately thought. About half a dozen +sonnets are strewn over these pages, all cast in the true Petrarchan +mould, and all very properly bearing names of their own, like any other +form of verse, instead of being labelled promiscuously as "sonnets." The +following is called "Love." What a sublime ideal, only to be realized in +human love when in its self-denying sacredness it approaches the divine! + + True love is that which never can be lost: + Though cast away, alone and ownerless, + Like a strayed child, that wandering, misses most + When night comes down its mother's last caress; + + True love dies not when banished and forgot, + But, solitary, barters still with Heaven + The scanty share of joy cast in its lot + For joys to the beloved freely given. + + Love, smiling, stands afar to watch and see + Each blessing it has bought, like angel's kiss, + Fall on the loved one's face, who ne'er may know + At what strange cost thus, overflowingly, + His cup is filled, or how its depth of bliss + Doth give the measure of another's woe. + +As this happens to be the solitary one among Miss Mulholland's sonnets, +which in the arrangement of the quatrains varies slightly from the most +orthodox tradition of this pharisee of song, I will give another +specimen, prettily named "Among the Boughs." + + High on a gnarled and mossy forest bough, + Dreaming, I hang between the earth and sky, + The golden moon through leafy mystery + Gazing aslant at me with glowing brow. + And since all living creatures slumber now, + O nightingale, save only thou and I, + Tell me the secret of thine ecstacy, + That none may know save only I and thou. + + Alas, all vainly doth my heart entreat; + Thy magic pipe unfolds but to the moon + What wonders thee in faëry worlds befell: + To her is sung thy midnight-music sweet, + And ere she wearies of thy mellow tune, + She hath thy secret, and will guard it well! + +Unstinted as our extracts have been, there are poems here by the score +over which our choice has wavered. Our selection has been made partly +with a view to the illustration of the variety and versatility displayed +by this new poet in matter and form; and on this principle we are +tempted to quote "Girlhood at Midnight" as the only piece of blank verse +in Miss Mulholland's repertory, to show how musical, how far from blank, +she makes that most difficult and perilous measure. But we must put a +restraint on ourselves, and just give one more sample, of the +achievements of the author of "The Little Flower Seekers" and "The Wild +Birds of Killeevy," in what an old writer calls "the melifluous meeters +of poesie." This last is called "A Rebuke." Was there ever a sweeter or +gentler rebuke? + + Why are you so sad? (_sing the little birds, the little birds_,) + All the sky is blue, + We are in our branches, yonder are the herds, + And the sun is on the dew; + Everything is merry, (_sing the happy little birds_,) + Everything but you! + + Fire is on the hearthstone, the ship is on the wave, + Pretty eggs are in the nest, + Yonder sits a mother smiling at a grave, + With a baby at her breast; + And Christ was on the earth, and the sinner He forgave + Is with Him in His rest. + + We shall droop our wings, (_pipes the throstle on the tree_,) + When everything is done: + Time unfurleth yours, that you soar eternally + In the regions of the sun. + When our day is over, (_sings the blackbird in the lea_,) + Yours is but begun. + + Then why are you so sad? (_warble all the little birds_,) + While the sky is blue, + Brooding over phantoms and vexing about words + That never can be true; + Everything is merry, (_trill the happy, happy birds_,) + Everything but you! + +The setting of these jewels is almost worthy of them. The book is +brought out with that faultless taste which has helped to win for the +firm of No. 1 Paternoster Sq., such fame as poets' publishers. A large +proportion of contemporary poetry of the highest name, including till +lately the Laureate's, has appeared under the auspices of Kegan Paul, +Trench & Co., who seem to have expended special care on the production +of "Vagrant Verses." + +And now, as we have let these poems chiefly speak for themselves, enough +has been said. We do not hesitate to add in conclusion, that those among +us with pretensions to literary culture, who do not hasten to contribute +to the exceptional success which awaits a work such as even our brief +account proves this work to be, will so far have failed in their duty +towards Irish genius. For this book more than any that we have yet +received from its author's hand--nay, more than any that we can hope to +receive from her, since this is the consummate flower of her best +years--will serve to secure for the name of Rosa Mulholland an enduring +place among the most richly gifted of the daughters of Erin. + + Dublin, 1886. REV. MATTHEW RUSSELL, S. J. + + * * * * * + +CONFIDENCE is a plant of slow growth in an aged bosom. + +FOOTNOTE: + +[4] "Vagrant Verses." By Rosa Mulholland. London: Kegan Paul, Trench & +Co. + + + + +About Critics. + + +A critic is a judge: and more, he is a judge who knows better than any +author how his book should have been written; better than the artist how +his picture should have been painted; better than the musician how his +music should have been composed; better than the preacher how his sermon +ought to have been arranged; better than the Lord Chancellor how he +should decide in Equity; better than Sir Frederick Roberts how he should +have pursued Ayoob Khan; better than the whole Cabinet how they should +govern Ireland; and far better than the Pope how he should guard the +deposit of faith. This, no doubt, needs a high culture, a many-sided +genius, and the speciality of an expert in all subjects of human +intelligence and action. But all that goes for nothing with a true +critic. He is never daunted; never at a loss. If he is wrong, he is +never the worse, for he criticises anonymously. Sometimes, indeed, the +trade is dangerous. A well-known author of precocious literary +copiousness, whose volumes contain an "Appendix of Authors quoted" +almost as long as the catalogue of the Alexandrian Library, was once +invited, maliciously we are afraid, to dine in a select party of +specialists, on whose manors the author had been sporting without +license. Not only was the jury packed, but the debate was organized with +malice aforethought. Each in turn plucked and plucked until the critic +was reduced to the Platonic man--_animal bipes implume_. + +Addison says, somewhere in the _Spectator_, that ridicule is assumed +superiority. Criticism is asserted superiority. Sometimes it may be +justified, as when the shoemaker told Titian that he had stitched the +shoe of a Doge of Venice in the wrong place. Sometimes it is not equally +to be justified, as in the critics of the Divine Government of the +world, to whom Butler in his "Analogy" meekly says that, if they only +knew the whole system of all things, with all the reasons of them, and +the last end to which all things and reasons are directed, they might, +peradventure, be of another opinion. + +There are some benevolent critics whose life is spent in watching the +characters and conduct of all around them. They note every word and tone +and gesture; they have a formed, and not a favorable, judgment of all we +do and all we leave undone. It does not much matter which: if we did so, +we ought not to have done it; if we did not, we ought to have done so. +Such critics have, no doubt, an end and place in creation. Socrates told +the Athenians that he was their "gadfly." There is room, perhaps, for +one gadfly in a city; but in a household, wholesome companions they may +be, but not altogether pleasant. These may be called critics of moral +superiority. Again, there are Biblical critics, who spend their lives +over a text in Scripture, all equally confident, and no two agreed. An +old English author irreverently compares them to a cluster of monkeys, +who, having found a glowworm, "heaped sticks upon it, and blowed +themselves out of breath to set it alight." We commend this incident in +scientific history to whomsoever may have inherited Landseer's pallet +and brush, under the title of "Doctors in Divinity," for the Royal +Academy in next May. + +This reminds us of the historical critics who have erected the treatment +of the most uncertain of all matters into the certainty of science, by +the simple introduction of one additional compound, their own personal +infallibility. The universal Church assembled in Council under the +guidance of its Head does not, cannot and what is worse, will not, know +its own history, or the true interpretation of its own records and acts. +But, by a benign though tardy provision, the science of history has +arisen, like the art of extracting sunbeams from cucumbers, to recall +the Church from its deviations to the recognition of its own true +misdeeds. Such higher intelligences may be called and revered as the +Pontiffs of the Realm of Criticism. + +We are warned, however, not to profane this awful Hierarchy of superior +persons by further analysis. We will, therefore, end with three canons, +not so much of criticism as of moral common sense. A critic knows more +than the author he criticises, or just as much, or at least somewhat +less. + +As to the first class: Nothing we have said here is _lèse majesté_ to +the true senate of learned, patient, deliberate, grave, and kindly +critics. They are our intellectual physicians, who heal the infirmities +of us common men. We submit gladly to their treatment, and learn much by +the frequent operations we have to undergo. If the surgeon be rough and +his knife sharp, yet he knows better than we, and the smart will make us +wiser and more wary, perhaps more real for the time to come. There is, +indeed, a constant danger of literary unreality. A great author is +reported to have said: "When I want to understand a subject, I write a +book about it." Unfortunately, great authors are few, and many books are +written by those who do not understand the subject either before or +after the fact. The facility of printing has deluged the world with +unreal, because shallow, books. Such medical and surgical critics are, +therefore, benefactors of the human race. + +As to the second class, of those who know just as much as the author +they criticise, it would be better for the world that they were fewer or +less prompt to judge. The assumption of the critic is that he knows more +than his author; and the belief in which we waste our time over their +criticisms is that they have something to add to the book. It is dreary +work to find, after all, that we have been reading only the book itself +in fragments and in another type. + +But, lastly, there is a class of critics always ready for anything, the +swashbucklers of the Press, who will write at any moment on any subject +in newspaper, magazine, or review. Wake them out of their first sleep, +and give them something to answer, or to ridicule, or to condemn. It is +all one to them. The book itself gives the terminology, and the +references, and the quotations, which may be re-quoted with a change of +words. We remember two criticisms of the same work in the same week: one +laudatory, especially of the facility and accuracy of its classical +translations; the other damnatory for its cumbrous and unscholarlike +versions. The critic of the black cap was asked by a classical friend +whether he had read the book. He said, "No, I smelt it." This +unworshipful company of critics is formidable for their numbers, their +vocabulary, and their anonymous existence. Their dwelling is not known; +but we imagine that it may be not far from Lord Bacon's House of Wisdom, +the inmates of which, when they "come forth, lift their hand in the +attitude of benediction with the look of those that pity men." + + HENRY EDWARD, Cardinal Archbishop, in _Merry England_. + + + + +The Celts of South America. + + +The exiles of Erin wandering far from their native land, are always sure +to make their presence felt. Their power is well known in the United +States; and it is, therefore, gratifying to note the progress which the +Irish race is making amongst the people of South America, and especially +in the Argentine Republic. To our countrymen is mainly due the +development of the sheep-farming industry, which is carried on to a +greater extent than in this country or Australia. Many of them number +their acres by thousands and their flocks by hundreds of thousands. And +the pleasure which the knowledge of this prosperity gives us is +exceedingly increased by the many evidences in which we observe that +National spirit and feeling is strong, active and energetic amongst +them. In their educational institutions, and notably in Holy Cross +College at Buenos Ayres, the study of Irish history is made a special +and prominent subject of attention. In the capital, too, an Irish +Orphanage has been established, where, under the kindly care of Father +Fitzgerald, the children of the dead Irish exiles are lovingly tended +and preserved from contaminating influences. In the breasts of the +Irishmen of the River Platte there is love for the Old Land as warm and +generous as can be found in the green and fertile plains of Meath or +Tipperary. There are young men born in this country of Irish parents who +are deeply read in Irish history, and who follow with loving anxiety the +progress Ireland is making on the road to liberty. There are nearly a +quarter of a million of Irishmen in the Argentine Republic, and they may +always be relied on to aid their kindred in the Old Land. The chain of +Irish loyalty to Ireland is complete around the world. + + * * * * * + +The Parisians, with that fine appreciation of the fitness of things for +which they have always been famous, have changed the adjective _chic_, +by which they used to describe the attributes of the "dude" (male or +female), for the more expressive one _bécarre_. As the latter word is +usually interpreted "natural," it would seem that our French cousins, in +their estimate of the "dude" species, agree with the Irish, who, +disliking to apply the epithet "fool" to any one, invariably designate a +silly person as a "natural." + + + + +ENCYCLICAL[5] + +(QUOD AUCTORITATE) + +PROCLAIMING AN EXTRAORDINARY JUBILEE. + +[Illustration] + + TO OUR VENERABLE BRETHREN, THE PATRIARCHS, PRIMATES, + ARCHBISHOPS, BISHOPS AND OTHER ORDINARIES OF PLACES HAVING + GRACE AND COMMUNION WITH THE APOSTOLIC SEE, + +POPE LEO XIII. + + +_Venerable Brethren, Health and Apostolic Benediction._ + +What we have twice already by Apostolic authority decreed, that an +extraordinary year of jubilee should be observed in the whole Christian +world, opening for general welfare those heavenly treasures which it is +in our power to dispense, we are pleased to decree likewise, with God's +blessing, for the coming year. The usefulness of this action you, +Venerable Brethren, cannot fail to understand, well aware as you are of +the moral condition of our times: but there is a special reason +rendering this design more seasonable perhaps than on other occasions. +For having in a previous encyclical taught how much it is to the +interest of States that they should conform more closely to Christian +truth and a Christian character, it can readily be understood how +suitable to this very purpose of ours it is to use what means we can to +urge men to, or recall them to, the practice of Christian virtues. For +the State is what the morals of the people make it: and as the goodness +of a ship or a building depends on the goodness of its parts and their +proper union, each in its own place, similarly the course of government +cannot be rightful or free from obstacles unless the citizens lead +righteous lives. Civil discipline and all those things in which public +action consists, originate and perish through individuals: they impress +on these things the stamp of their opinions and their morals. In order, +therefore, that minds may be thoroughly imbued with those precepts of +ours, and, above all, that the daily life of the individual be ruled +accordingly, efforts must be made to the end that each one shall apply +himself to the attainment of Christian wisdom, and also of Christian +action not less publicly than privately. + +And in this matter efforts must be increased in proportion to the +greater number of dangers that threaten on every side. For the great +virtues of our fathers have declined in no small part: passions that +have of themselves very great force have through license striven to +still greater: unsound opinions entirely unrestrained or insufficiently +restrained are becoming daily more widespread: among those who hold +correct sentiments there are many, who, deterred by an unreasonable +shame, do not dare to profess freely what they believe, and much less to +carry it out: most wretched examples have exercised an influence on +popular morals here and there: sinful societies, which we ourselves have +already designated, that are most proficient in criminal artifices, +strive to impose on the people and to withdraw and alienate as many as +possible from God, from sacred duties, from Christian faith. + +Under the pressure of so many evils, whose very length of duration makes +them greater, we must not omit anything that affords any hope of relief. +With this design and this hope, we are about to proclaim a sacred +Jubilee, admonishing and exhorting all who have their salvation at heart +to collect themselves for a little while and turn to better things their +thoughts that now are sunken in the earth. And this will be salutary not +only to private persons but to the whole commonwealth, for the reason +that as much as any person singly advances in perfection of mind, so +much of an increase of virtue will be given to public life and morals. + +But the desired result depends, as you see, Venerable Brethren, in great +measure on your work and diligence, since the people must be suitably +and carefully prepared in order that they may receive the fruits +intended. It will pertain, therefore, to your charity and wisdom to give +to priests selected for the purpose the charge of instructing the people +by pious discourses suited to common capacity, and especially of +exhorting to penance, which is, according to St. Augustine, "The daily +punishment of the good and humble of the faithful in which we strike our +breasts, saying: forgive us our trespasses." (Epist. 108.) Not without +reason we mention, in the first place, penance and what is a part of it, +the voluntary chastisement of the body. For you know the custom of the +world: it is the choice of many to lead a life of effeminacy, to do +nothing demanding fortitude and true courage. They fall into much other +wretchedness, and often fashion reasons why they should not obey the +salutary laws of the Church, thinking that a greater burden has been +imposed on them than can be borne, when they are commanded to abstain +from a certain kind of food, or to observe a fast on a few days of the +year. Enervated by such mode of life, it is not to be wondered at that +they by degrees give themselves up entirely to passions that call for +greater indulgence still. It is proper, therefore, to recall to +temperance those who have fallen into or are inclined to effeminacy; and +for this reason those who are to address the people must carefully and +minutely teach them what is a command not only of the law of the gospel +but of natural reason as well, that every one ought to exercise +self-control and hold his passions in subjection; that sins are not +expiated except by penance. And that this virtue may be of enduring +character, it will not be an unsuitable provision to place it as it were +in the trust and keeping of an institution having a permanent character. +You readily understand, Venerable Brethren, to what we refer; namely, to +your perseverance--each in his own diocese--in protecting and extending +the Third, or _secular_, Order of St. Francis. Surely, to preserve and +foster the spirit of penance among Christians, there will be great aid +in the examples and favor of the Patriarch Francis of Assisi, who to the +greatest innocence of life joined a studious chastisement of himself so +that he seemed to bear the image of Jesus Christ crucified not less in +his life and customs than in the signs that were divinely impressed upon +him. The laws of that order, which have been by us suitably tempered, +are very easily observed; their importance to Christian virtue is by no +means slight. + +Secondly, in so great private and public needs, since the whole hope of +salvation lies in the favor and keeping of our Heavenly Father, we +greatly wish the revival of a constant and confiding habit of prayer. In +every great crisis of the Christian commonwealth, whenever it happened +to the Church to be pressed by external or internal dangers, our +ancestors raising suppliant eyes to Heaven have signally taught in what +way and from whence were to be sought strong virtue and suitable aid. +Minds were thoroughly imbued with those precepts of Jesus Christ, "Ask +and it shall be given you;" (Matt. vii. 7.) "We ought always to pray and +to fail not." (Luke xviii. 1.) Consonant with this is the voice of the +Apostles, "pray without ceasing;" (1 Thessal. v. 17.) "I desire, +therefore, first of all that supplications, prayers, intercessions and +thanksgivings be made for all men." (1 Tim. ii. 1.) On this point John +Chrysostom has left us, with not less acuteness than truth, the +following comparison: as to man, when he comes naked and needing +everything in the world, nature has given hands by the aid of which to +procure what is necessary for life, so in those things that are above +nature, since of himself he can do nothing, God has bestowed on him the +faculty of prayer by the wise use of which he may easily obtain all that +is required for salvation. And in these matters let all of you +determine, Venerable Brethren, how pleasing and satisfactory to us is +the care you have, with our initiative, taken to promote the devotion of +the Holy Rosary, especially in these recent years. Nor can we pass over +in silence the general piety awakened in the people nearly everywhere in +that matter: nevertheless the greatest care is to be taken that this +devotion be made still more ardent and lasting. If we continue to urge +this, as we have more than once done already, none of you will be +surprised, understanding as you do of how much moment it is that the +practice of the Rosary of Mary should flourish among Christians, and +knowing well, as you do, that it is a very beautiful form and part of +that very spirit of prayer of which we speak, and that it is suitable to +the times, easily practiced, and of most abundant usefulness. + +But since the first and chief fruit of a Jubilee, as we have above +pointed out, ought to be amendment of life and an increase of virtue, we +consider especially necessary the avoidance of that evil which we have +not failed to designate in previous Encyclical letters. We mean the +internal and nearly domestic dissensions of some of our own, which +dissolve, or certainly relax, the bond of charity, with an almost +inexpressible harm. We have here mentioned this matter again to you, +Venerable Brethren, guardians of ecclesiastical discipline and mutual +charity, because we wish your watchfulness and authority continually +applied to the abolition of this grave disadvantage. Admonishing, +exhorting, reproving, work to the end that all be "solicitous to +preserve unity of the spirit in the bond of peace," and that those may +return to duty who are the cause of dissension, keeping in mind in every +step of life that the only-begotten Son of God at the very approach of +his supreme agonies sought nothing more ardently from his Father than +that those should love one another who believed or were to believe in +him, "that they all may be one as thou, Father, in me, and I in thee, +that they also may be one in us." (John xvii. 21.) + +Therefore trusting in the mercy of Almighty God and the authority of the +blessed Apostles Peter and Paul, of that power of binding and loosing +which the Lord has conferred on us though unworthy, we grant to each and +every one of the faithful of both sexes a plenary indulgence according +to the manner of a general Jubilee, on the condition and law that within +the space of the next year, 1886, they shall do the things that are +written further on. + +All those residing in Rome, or visiting the city, shall go twice to the +Lateran, Vatican and Liberian Basilicas, and shall therein for awhile +pour out pious prayers for the prosperity and exaltation of the Catholic +Church and the Apostolic See, for the extirpation of heresies and the +conversion of all the erring, for concord of Christian Princes, and the +peace and unity of the whole people of the faith, according to our +intention. They shall fast, using only fasting food (_cibis +esurialibus_), two days outside of those not comprehended in the Lenten +indult, and outside of other days consecrated by precept of the Church +to a similar strict fast; besides they shall, having rightly confessed +their sins, receive the Holy Sacrament of the Eucharist, and shall +according to their means, using the advice of the confessor, make an +offering to some pious work pertaining to the propagation and increase +of the Catholic Faith. Let it be free to every one to choose what pious +work he may prefer; we think it well however to designate two specially, +on which beneficence will be well bestowed, both, in many places, +needing resources and aid, both fruitful to the State not less than the +Church, namely _private schools for children_ and _Clerical Seminaries_. + +All others living anywhere outside of the city, shall go _twice_ to +three churches to be designated by you, Venerable Brethren, or your +Vicars or Officials, or with your or their mandate by those exercising +care of souls; if there are but two churches in the place, _three +times_; if but one, _six times_, all within the above-mentioned time; +they must perform also the other works mentioned. This indulgence we +wish also applicable by way of suffrage to the souls that have departed +from this life united to God by charity. We also grant power to you to +reduce the number of these visits according to prudent judgment for +chapters and congregations, whether secular or regular, sodalities, +confraternities, universities, and any other bodies visiting in +procession the churches mentioned. + +We grant that those on sea, and travellers when they return to their +residences, or to any other certain stopping-place, visiting _six times_ +the principal church or a parochial church, and performing the other +works above prescribed, may gain the same indulgence. To regulars, of +both sexes, also those living perpetually in the cloister, and to all +other persons, whether lay or ecclesiastic, who by imprisonment, +infirmity, or any other just cause are prevented from doing the above +works or some of them, we grant that a confessor may commute them into +other works of piety, the power being also given of dispensing as to +Communion in the case of children not yet admitted to first Communion. +Moreover to each and every one of the faithful, whether laymen or +ecclesiastics, secular and regular, of whatsoever order and institute, +even those to be specially named, we grant the faculty of choosing any +confessor, secular or regular, among those actually approved; which +faculty may be used also by religious, novices and other women living +within the cloister, provided the confessor be one approved for +religious. We also give to confessors, on this occasion, and during the +time of this Jubilee only, all those faculties which we bestowed in our +letters Apostolic _Pontifices maximi_ dated February 15, 1879, all those +things excepted which are excepted in the same letters. + +For the rest let all take care to obtain merit with the great Mother of +God by special homage and devotion during this time. For we wish this +sacred Jubilee to be under the patronage of the Holy Virgin of the +_Rosary_, and with her aid we trust that there shall be not a few whose +souls shall obtain remission of sin and expiation, and be by faith, +piety, justice, renewed not only to hope of eternal salvation, but also +to presage of a more peaceful age. + +Auspicious of these heavenly benefits, and in witness of our paternal +benevolence, we affectionately in the Lord impart to you, and the clergy +and people intrusted to your fidelity and vigilance, the Apostolic +Benediction. + +Given at Rome at St. Peter's the 22d day of December, 1885, of Our +Pontificate the Eighth year. + + LEO PP. XIII. + + * * * * * + +A GALLANT SOLDIER REWARDED.--The friends of Colonel John G. Healy, of +New Haven, Conn., especially the Irish National element with which the +Colonel has been prominently identified for many years, will be +gratified to learn of his appointment to a responsible position at +Washington. The newly-elected Doorkeeper of the House of +Representatives, Colonel Samuel Donelson, of Tennessee, at the instance +of his friend, Congressman Mitchell, of New Haven, has appointed Colonel +Healy to the position of Superintendent of the Folding Room of the House +of Representatives, a place of more responsibility and consequence than +any in the House, except alone that of the Doorkeeper. It is very +pleasant to see Tennessee thus extending the hand of fellowship to +Connecticut, and we are certain that the citizens of Irish birth and +extraction feel grateful to Colonel Donelson and to the popular and able +Representative of the Second Congressional District of Connecticut for +this recognition of a gentleman who has given the best years of his +mature life to every patriotic movement for the land of his fathers. + +FOOTNOTE: + +[5] Translated for the _Catholic Universe_ by Rev. Dr. Mahar from the +Latin text of the _Osservatore Romano_, Dec. 25, 1885. + + + + +England and Her Enemies. + +A FRENCH VIEW OF PERILS ENCOMPASSING THE GREAT BRITISH EMPIRE. + + +Are the English so strong, so sure of their power, so thoroughly +convinced of their superiority that they can afford to display so much +disdain toward a great nation? Truly, the sun does not set on the +possessions of the Empress of India, who counts millions of subjects in +five parts of the world; but is this necessarily a sign of strength? The +power of Charles V. encompassed the world, and we all know what became +of his vast empire. But we foresee the objection to this comparison. It +is that the power of Charles V. and Philip II. was mined by a secret and +almost invisible enemy--an idea, a principle--liberty of conscience--and +that Queen Victoria is not menaced by any such enemy. Indeed! But a +small fact--the assassination of an Irishman of the most ignoble +kind--affords ample food for reflection, and cannot fail to inspire +grave doubts regarding the solidity of the British Empire. In spite of +all the efforts of the English police, Carey, their unworthy protégé, +was tracked, seized, and slain by a secret power. The Government of +Queen Victoria, with all its resources, was not able to find a corner of +the globe, however remote, where the life of the informer could be +beyond the reach of the Irish counter-police. + +The thing that renders this secret power so dreadful is that it exists +wherever the Empress of India has subjects. In every English city, in +every English colony, at the Cape, in Australia, in Canada as in India, +in China as in America, in France as in Japan, wherever a British +tourist travels, wherever an English missionary preaches, wherever an +English merchant trades, the secret Irish enemy lurks ready to +assassinate if he receives the order. The English may laugh at him or +may become exasperated by him; but if England should become engaged in a +foreign war could she consider without a shudder the incalculable +dangers to which this enemy within might expose her--an enemy that will +stop at nothing, that nothing can terrify, for he offers his life as a +sacrifice, and that nothing can reconcile, for he is the personification +of deadly hatred? For our part we know well that if France held within +her borders millions, or even thousands, of men animated by such a +spirit we would tremble for the future of our country. + +But besides this irreconcilable Ireland that is everywhere, that sits in +Parliament and there makes and unmakes majorities, and consequently +cabinets, and that would betray the nation, if it saw fit, even in the +centre of the national representation, it seems to us that the +Australian colonies also are likely one day to take a notion to become +independent; that the colonies in Southern Africa are rapidly becoming +disaffected; that the inhabitants of India are demanding autonomy in a +tone that would become very menacing if Russia should come nearer to +Cabul--and she is plainly enough moving in that direction; and that +Egypt is beginning to get restless and to show herself a little +ungrateful, as if she cannot clearly understand the utterly +disinterested intentions of Lord Dufferin. What would England do if upon +two or three of these territories revolts should come simultaneously? +The thing may be improbable, but not impossible. And what would England +do if, taking advantage of these revolts, a great European power should +declare war against her? What would she have done in 1857 if Russia had +been in a position to give assistance to Nana Saïb? Such things have +been seen in history. + +To face such dangers--the danger of war, the danger of revolt, the +danger of conspiracy--a large army composed of the most steadfast troops +would be necessary. Where can England get that army? Her present forces +are hardly sufficient in time of peace. She finds it impossible to +retain the old soldiers in her service. A sufficient number of recruits +cannot be obtained to fill up the gaps, and it appears to be impossible +to stop the desertions that are constantly thinning the ranks. In vain +the pay of the soldier is raised. The English workman refuses to enlist. +It is, then, to the Irishman that recourse must be had. Trust that +Irishman! + +The British Government is unable to raise an army of more than three +hundred thousand men, counting the Indian troops, whose fidelity is, +perhaps, not beyond all suspicion; and three hundred thousand soldiers +to defend an empire the most populous and the most widely scattered that +has ever been seen on the face of the globe count for very little. Of +course, there is the fleet, which is superb. But what could the fleet do +against an enemy invading India by land? Of what use was it against the +Boers or against Cetywayo? Of what use would it be against even a very +inferior fleet that used torpedos as the Russians did on the Danube? + +All these things considered, it seems to us that if the English would +calmly consider their own situation they would become less arrogant in +their international relations. We don't ask any more of them, for we +have no desire to obtain from them any service whatsoever. We wish +simply to be able to live with them and with their government on terms +of courteous politeness. + + _Republique Française_ + + * * * * * + +M. Gounod, when lately at Reims, had been asked by the Archbishop to +compose a Mass in honor of Joan of Arc. Some further details have since +reached us as to the offer and acceptance of the happy suggestion. M. +Gounod declared that he would compose within the year not a Mass, but a +cantata on the life and martyrdom of the Maid of Orleans, the words to +be drawn from Holy Scripture. He said, moreover, that his hope would be +to return to Reims and to compose the music--the spirituality, +tenderness, and animation of which all lovers of Gounod will seem to +feel in advance--in the cathedral itself and close to the altar where +the blessed and miraculous young creature knelt in tears to offer her +victory to God. + + + + +Ireland: A Retrospect. + + +In the early days of the Land League, the cry throughout Ireland was for +compulsory sale of the landlords' interest to the State at twenty years' +purchase of the valuation, the occupiers to become tenants of the +government for a fixed number of years until their yearly payments had +cleared off both the principal and interest of the sum advanced to the +landlords. Famine had made its appearance in many parts of the country, +and the peasantry would be glad to be rid of the incubus of landlordism +at any cost. The landlords scoffed at the proposal, and it was well for +the tenants that they did not accept it. Foreign competition was but +then in its infancy, and the prices of agricultural produce were not +going down by leaps and bounds as they have been in 1884 and 1885. The +yearly instalments the tenantry would have to pay to the State could not +be met out of the produce of the land at present prices, if twenty +years' purchase of Griffith's valuation had been accepted by the +landlords. At the present time the majority of tenants in Ireland (and +perhaps in England), taking into consideration the depression in +agriculture, and the probable higher taxation of land in the near +future, would think fifteen years' purchase too much for the fee simple +of the land. It is pretty certain that when the land question comes to +be finally settled, very few Irish landlords' interests can realize more +than fifteen years' purchase on the valuation. In 1880, they were, with +few exceptions, blind to the changes going on at their very doors, and +struck out for their old rack-rents by threats of eviction and law +proceedings. Instead of meeting their tenantry half way, they set the +crow-bar brigade to work, and the numbers evicted were so appalling, +that Mr. Parnell's party prevailed on the late government to pass +through the Commons the Compensation for Disturbance Act, the result of +which would be to suspend all evictions until a Land Bill was passed. +But the landlords got their friends in the House of Lords to throw out +the bill, and kept on impressing on the late government the necessity +for coercion. The effect of the action of the Lords was stupefying on +the middle classes, who saw that the last chance of a peaceable +settlement was gone, and the half-starved peasantry were stung to +madness at the thought of the revival of the eviction scenes of 1847 and +1848. Then sprung up a crop of outrages which became systematic where +they had been isolated, and the agrarian war was really upon us. + +The landlords proceeded with their evictions, and the peasantry +retaliated by outrage until the Liberal government, having failed to +pass their ameliorative measure, was forced to have recourse to +coercion. The first Coercion Act of the Liberals was passed before the +Land Bill, and thus Ireland was whipped first and caudled afterwards. +Mr. Forster "ran in" his twelve hundred Suspects, and the result was an +increased crop of outrages, and that the Invincibles lay in wait twenty +times to murder him. The Suspects were generally the more respectable of +the middle classes in the villages and towns--men whose interest it was +to check outrage--who were marked down by the finger of landlordism as +sympathizers with their brethren on the land. Then came the suppression +of the Land League (1881), and the retaliating No-Rent Manifesto, which +was not generally obeyed--chiefly through the influence of religion. +There was suppressed anger and hatred of the ruling class throughout the +land, and the people would not assist the police (who attacked their +meetings and bludgeoned or stabbed them into submission) in tracking +murderers or incendiaries. All this time the landlords kept on evicting, +and calling through the English Press for still sterner repression of +the right of public meeting, and the result was that secret societies +multiplied and flourished. Religious influences could cope with a +No-Rent Manifesto, but were almost powerless in grappling with secret +societies. If the late Cardinal McCabe denounced them in the Cathedral, +a large portion of the congregation rose up ostentatiously and withdrew. +The voices of the national leaders who had restrained the people were +gagged--Davitt in Portland, Parnell in Kilmainham. Things were going +from bad to worse; the tension of public feelings was growing tighter +day by day; the landlords were evicting apace and gloating over their +victims, and saw not that such a state of siege could not last forever. +And it appears Mr. Forster was so infatuated as to believe that it +needed only a few months more of his stern rule to break the spirit of +the Irish people. A glimmering of the true state of affairs had, +however, begun to dawn upon his colleagues, and Mr. Forster succumbed at +last to the incessant attacks of the remnant of the Nationalist members, +who did not give him a chance of depriving them of their liberty by +setting foot in Ireland, and to the vigorous criticism of the _Pall Mall +Gazette_. + +The Suspects were released and there was joy throughout Ireland. People +began to breath freely once more; for the reign of landlord terror and +peasant outrage seemed to draw near its close. The Land Act of 1880 had +begun to inspire the tenantry with hope, especially as the first +decisions of the commissioners gave sweeping reductions off the rents +hitherto paid. In May, 1882, things were looking brighter. It seemed as +if the Liberals had repented them of coercion, and that conciliation was +to be tried in Ireland. But the Invincibles, for whose creation Mr. +Forster's regime seems to be especially responsible, were not to be +placated so easily. The Phoenix Park butchery had already been +planned, and it was carried out with fiendish determination. The +civilized world was horror stricken. The cup of peace was dashed from +the lips of Ireland, and a cry of rage and despair resounded throughout +the country. It was heard from pulpit and platform, and echoed through +the Press of every shade of opinion. Many good men thought that now +England's opportunity for gaining the affections of the Irish people had +come at last; that by trusting to the horror of the Irish race for so +dastardly a crime, its perpetrators would be brought to the bar of +justice, and the victims avenged. But it was not to be so. In England +the general public seemed to believe that the Irish were a demon race, +who deserved to be chastised with scorpions, and knowing what was the +state of the public mind in Ireland after the Phoenix Park +assassinations, it would be hard to blame Englishmen for thinking as +they did in the face of such an appalling crime. The blood of Lord Fred. +Cavendish called aloud for vengeance, and the government passed the +Prevention of Crimes Act, the most severe of all the Coercion Statutes. + +It was a mistake to treat Ireland as if she sympathized with the +Phoenix Park butchery. Under the Crimes Act we had secret +inquisitions, informer manufacture by means of enormous bribes, swearing +away of the lives of innocent men by wretches, who were the scum of +society, jury packing to a degree unknown since 1848, conviction by +drunken juries, and even the starting of secret societies by ruffians +who were in the pay of the Executive. + +The people quickly lapsed into their old indifference as to aiding an +executive which used such base means of governing. It mattered little +that Earl Spencer's personal character was above suspicion. Under his +rule the lives and liberties of honest men were taken away by juries +packed with landlords, or their partisans, on the testimony of hired or +terrified wretches, who were generally the most guilty of the gangs that +were banded together for unlawful purposes during the land war. Earl +Spencer ruled by means which must necessarily have involved innocent men +in the punishment of the guilty, and his name is the best hated of all +the bad viceroys that ever ruled Ireland. + + J. H. + + + + +Jim Daly's Repentance. + + +When the story was told to me, I thought it infinitely sad and pathetic. +I wish I could tell it as I heard it, but having scant skill as a +narrator, I fear I cannot. I can only set down the facts as they +happened, and in my halting words they will read, I fear, but baldly and +barely; and if in the reading will be found no trace at all of the tears +which awoke in me for this little human tragedy, I am sorry, more sorry +than I can say, for my want of skill. Indeed, I would need to write of +it with a pen steeped in tears. It is the story of a hard and futile +repentance,--futile, in that amends could never be made to those who had +been sinned against; but surely, surely not futile, inasmuch as no hour +of human pain is ever wasted that is laid before our Lord, but rather is +gathered by Him in His pitiful hands, to be given back one day as a +harvest of joy. + +"Whisht, achora, whisht! sure I know you never meant to hurt me or the +child." The woman, childishly young and slight, who spoke was half +sitting, half lying in a low rush-bottomed chair, in the poor kitchen of +a small Irish farmhouse. Her small, pretty face was marked with +premature lines of pain and care, and now it was paler than usual, for +across eyebrow and cheek extended a livid, dark bruise, as if from a +blow of a heavy fist, and over the pathetic, drooping mouth there was a +cruel, jagged cut, this evidently caused by a fall against something +with a sharp, projecting point. By her side, in a wattled cradle, lay a +puny, small baby, about a year old, with its small blue fingers, +claw-like in their leanness, clutched closely, and with such a gray +shade over its pinched features that one might have thought it dying. +The young husband and father was cast down in an attitude bespeaking +utter abasement at his wife's knees, and his face was hidden in her lap; +but over the nut-brown hair her thin hands went softly, with caressing +tender strokings, and as the great heart-breaking sobs burst from him +the tears rolled one after another down her wan little face, while her +low, soft voice went on tenderly, "Whisht, alanna machree, whisht! sure +it's breakin' my heart ye are! Sure, how can I bear at all, at all, to +listen to ye sobbin' like that?" + +All the weary months of unkindness and neglect were forgotten, and she +only remembered that her Jim was in sore trouble--Jim Daly that courted +her, her husband, and her baby's father; not Jim Daly the good fellow at +the public-house, always ready to take a treat or stand one; always the +first in every scheme of conviviality, drowning heart and mind and +conscience in cheap and bad whisky; while at home, on the little +hillside farm, crops were rotting, haggard lying empty, land untilled, +and poverty and hunger threatening the little home, and day after day +the meek, uncomplaining young wife was growing thinner and paler, and +the lines deepening in her face where no lines should be. Three years +had gone by since the wedding-day that seemed but the gate of a happy +future for those two young things who loved each other truly, and almost +since that wedding-day Jim Daly had been going steadily downhill. Not +that he was vicious at all; he was only young and gay and good-natured, +and so sought after for those things, and he had a fine baritone voice +that could roll out "Colleen dhas cruitheen na mo" with rare power and +tenderness, and when the rare spirits who held their merry-makings in +the Widow Doolan's public-house nightly would come seeking to draw him +thither with many flattering words, he was not strong enough to resist +the temptation; and the young wife--they were the merest boy and +girl--was too gentle in her clinging love to stay him. So things had +gone steadily from bad to worse, and instead of only the nights, much of +the days as well were spent in the gin-shop, and at last the time came +when people began to shake their heads over bonny Jim Daly as a +confirmed drunkard, and the handsome boyish face was getting a sodden +look, and the once frank, clear eyes refused to look at one either +frankly or clearly, but shuffled from under a friend's gaze uneasily and +painfully. Last night, however, the climax had come when, reeling home +after midnight, the tender little wife, with her baby on her breast, had +opened the door for him, and had stood in the door-way with some word of +pain on her lips, and he feeling his progress barred, but with no sense +of what stood there, had struck out fiercely with his great fist, and +stricken wife and child to the ground. And Winnie's mouth had come with +cruel force against a projecting corner of the dresser, and his hand had +marked darkly her soft face, and she and the little son were both +bruised and injured by the fall. We have seen how bitter poor Jim's +repentance was when he came to himself out of his drunken sleep, and in +presence of it his wife, womanlike, forgot everything but that he needed +her utmost love and tenderness. But if she was forbearing to him out of +her great love, his little brown old mother, who had been sent for +hastily to her farm two miles away, spared not at all to give him what +she called the rough side of her tongue; and when the doctor came from +his home across the blue mountains, and shook his head ominously over +the baby, and dressing Winnie's wan face, said that the blow on the +forehead by just missing the temple had escaped being a deathblow, the +old woman's horror and indignation against her son were great. But the +doctor had gone now, with a kindly word of cheer at parting to the poor +sinner, and with an expressed hope of pulling the baby through by +careful attention and nursing. These it was sure to have, because Jim +Daly's mother was the best nurse in all fair Tipperary, and, despite the +very rough side to her tongue on occasion, the gentlest and most +kind-hearted. + +These two were alone now, and the room was quite silent except for the +man's occasional great sobs, and the low, sweet, comforting voice of the +woman. + +Presently the door opened again, this time to admit a priest, a hale, +ruddy-faced man of fifty or so, spurred and gaitered as if for riding, +who, coming to them quickly, with a keen look of concern and pain in his +clear eyes, and drawing a chair closer, laid one large hand on Jim's +bent head, while the other went out warmly to take Winnie's little, cold +fingers. "My poor, poor children!" he said, and under that true, loving +pity Winnie's tears began to flow anew. He was sorely troubled for +these; he had baptized them, had admitted both to the Sacraments, had +joined their hands in marriage, and he had tried vainly to stop this +poor boy's easy descent to evil; and now it had ended so. In the new +silence he was praying rapidly and softly, asking his Lord to make this +a means of bringing back the strayed lamb to His fold. Then he spoke +again:-- + +"Look up, Jim, my child; you needn't tell me anything about it, I know +all. Look up, and tell me you are going to begin a new life; that you +are going with me now to the altar of God, to kneel there and ask His +forgiveness, and to promise Him that you will never again touch the +poison that has so nearly made you the murderer of your wife and child. +It is His great mercy that both are spared to you to-day, and the doctor +tells me that he hopes to bring the baby through safely, so you must +cheer up. And it will be a new life, will it not, my poor boy, from this +day, with God's good help." + +And so Jim lifted his head, and said brokenly:-- + +"God bless you, father, for the kindly word. Yis, I'm comin' back to my +duty with His help, and I thank Him this day, and His blessed Mother, +and blessed St. Patrick, that they held my hand. Oh, sure, father, to +think of me layin' a hand on my purty colleen that I love better nor my +life, and the little weany child that laughed up in my face with his two +blue eyes, and crowed for me to lift him out of his cradle! But with the +help of God, I'm going to make up to them for it wan day. But, father, I +won't stay here where my family was always respectable and held up their +heads, to have it thrown into my face every day that I had nigh murdered +my wife and child. Sure I could never rise under such a shame as that. +Give me your blessin', father, for me and Winnie has settled it. I'm +goin' to Australia to begin a new life, and the mother's snug, and'll +keep Winnie and the child till I send for them, or make money enough to +come for them." + +The priest looked at him gravely, and pondered a few minutes before his +reply. + +"Well, I don't know but you're right. God enlighten you to do what is +for the best. It will be a complete breaking of the old evil ties and +fascinations, at all events, and, as you say, the mother'll be glad to +have Winnie and her grandson." + +And a week later, wife and child being on the high road to +convalescence, Jim Daly sailed for Australia. + +This was in February, and outside the little golden-thatched farmhouse +the birds were calling to one another, wildly, clearly, making believe, +the little mad mummers--because spring was riotous in their blood--that +each was not quite visible to the other under his canopy of interlaced +boughs, bare against the sky, but that rather it was June, and the +close, leafy bowers let through only a little blue sky, and a breath of +happy wind, and a blent radiance of gold and green, and that so they +must perforce signal to each other their whereabouts. Some in the thatch +were nest-building, but these little merry drones were swaying to and +fro on the bare boughs, delirious with the new delight that had come to +them, for spring was here, and there was a subtle fragrance of her +breath on the air; and all over the land, for the sound of her feet +passing, there was a strange stirring of unborn things somewhere out of +sight, and where she had trodden were springing suddenly rings and +clusters of faint snowdrops, and tender, flame-colored crocuses, and +double garden primroses, and the dear, red-brown velvet of the +wall-flowers lovely against the dark leaves. + +February again--but now far away from the mountain-side. In the city, +where no sweet premonition of spring comes with those first days of her +reign, and in the slums that crouch miserably about the stately +cathedral of St. Patrick's, huddling squalidly around its feet, while +the lovely tower of it soars far away into the blue heart of the sky. It +is a blue sky--as blue as it can be over any spreading range of solemn +hills, for poor Dublin has few tall factory chimneys to defile it with +smoke--and there are little feathery wisps of white cloud on the blue, +that lie quite calm and motionless, despite the fact a bright west wind +is flying. + +It is so warm that the window of one room in one of the most squalid +tenement houses of the Coombe is a little open, and the wind steals in +softly, and sways to and fro the clean, white curtains; for this room is +poor, but not squalid and grimed as the others are. The two small beds +are covered with spotlessly white quilts, and the wooden dresser behind +the door is spotless, with its few household utensils shining in the +leaping firelight; and opposite the window is a small altar, carefully +and neatly tended, whereon are two pretty statuettes of the Sacred Heart +and our Blessed Lady, and at the foot of these, no gaudy, artificial +flowers, but a snowdrop or two and a yellow crocus, laid lovingly in a +wineglass of water. + +It is all very clean and pure, but, alas! it is a very sad room now, +despite all that, because--oh, surely the very saddest thing in all the +sad world! there is a little child dying there in its mother's arms. And +the mother is poor little Winnie Daly, far from kindly Tipperary and the +good priest, and the pleasant neighbors who would have been neighborly +to her, and here, in the cruel city, she is watching her one little son +die. He is lying on his small bed, with his eyes closed--a little, +pretty, fair boy of seven--his breath coming very faintly, and the +golden curls, dank with the death-dew, pushed restlessly off his +forehead, and the two gentle little hands crossed meekly on each other +on his breast. His mother, her face almost as deathly in its pallor and +emaciation as his, is kneeling by the bed, her yellow hair wandering +over the pillow, her head bent low beside his, and her eyes drinking +thirstily every change that passes over the small face, where the gray +shadows are growing grayer. They have lain so for a long time, with no +movement disturbing the solemn silence, except once, when her hand goes +out tenderly to gather into it the little, cold, damp one. But she is +not alone in her agony. Two Sisters of Mercy, in their black serge +robes, are kneeling each side of the bed, and their sad, clear eyes are +very tender and watchful; they will be ready with help the moment it is +needed, but now the great beads of the brown rosary at each one's girdle +are dropping noiselessly through the white fingers, and their lips are +moving in prayer. One is strangely beautiful, with a stately, imperial +beauty; but it is etherealized, spiritualized to an unearthly degree, +and the flowing serge robes throw out that noble face into fairer relief +than could any empress's purple and gold brocade. Both women are +wonderfully sweet-faced: these nuns are always so pitying and tender, +because their daily and hourly contact with human pain and sin and +misery must keep, I think, the warm human sympathies in them alive and +throbbing always. Now there is a faint movement over the child's face +and limbs, and the tall, beautiful nun rises quickly, because, +well-skilled in death-bed lore, she sees that the end cannot be very far +off. His eyes open slowly, and wander a little at first; then they come +back to rest on his mother's face, and raising one small hand with +difficulty he touches her thin cheek caressingly, and then his hand +falls again, and he says weakly, "Mammy, lift me up." + +"Yes, my lamb," poor Winnie answers brokenly, gathering him up in her +arms and laying the little golden head on her breast. He closes his eyes +again for a minute, then reopens them, and his gaze wanders around the +room as if seeking something, and one of the nuns, understanding, goes +gently and brings the few spring flowers to the bedside; this morning +tender Sister Columba had carried them to him, knowing what a wonder and +happiness flowers always were to the little crippled child,--for Jim's +little lad was crippled from that fall in his babyhood. He lies +contentedly a moment, and then says weakly, the words dropping with +painful pauses between each,-- + +"Mammy, will there--be green fields in heaven--an' primroses--an' will I +be able--to run then? I wouldn't go to Crumlin last summer--with the +boys--'kase I was lame--but they got primroses--an' gev me some." + +And it is the nun who answers, for the mother's agonized white lips +only stir dumbly: "Yes, Jimmy, darling little child, there will be green +fields in heaven, and primroses, and you will run and sing; and our dear +Lord will be there and His Blessed Mother, and He will smile to see you +playing about His feet." + +Then she lifts the great crucifix of her rosary, and lays it for a +moment against the wan baby lips that smile gently at her, and the white +eyelids fall over the pansy eyes, and gradually the soft sleep passes +imperceptibly and painlessly into death. And one nun takes him out of +his mother's arms, and lays him down softly on the pillows and smooths +the little fair limbs, and passes a loving hand over the transparent +eyelids; and the other nun gathers poor Winnie into her tender arms, +with sweet comforting words that will surely help her by and by, but now +are unheeded, because God has mercifully given her a short +insensibility. And the nun turns to the other, with a little soft +fluttering sigh stirring her wistful mouth, and says, "Poor darling! the +separation will not be for long. Our dear Lord will very soon lay her +baby once more in her arms." + +A fortnight later a bronzed and bearded man landed on the quay of +Dublin. It was Jim Daly--a new, grave, strong Jim Daly, coming home now +comparatively a wealthy man, with the money earned by steady industry, +in the gold-fields. There he had worked steadily for three years, with +always the object coloring his life of atoning for the past, and making +fair the future to wife and child and mother, and the object had been +strong enough to keep him apart from the sin and riotousness and +drunkenness of the camp. He would have been persuasive-tongued, indeed, +among the wild livers who could have persuaded Jim Daly to join in a +carousal. But the worst living among the diggers knew how to come to him +for help and advice when they needed it; and many a gentle, kindly act +was done by him in his quiet unobtrusive manner, with no consciousness +in his own mind that he was doing more than any other man would have +done. + +He had never written home in all those years, though the thought of +those beloved ones was always with him--at getting up and lying down, in +his dreams and during the hours of the working day. At first times were +hard with him, and for three years it was a dreary struggle for +existence; and he could not bear to write while every day his feet were +slipping backward. Then came the rush to the gold-fields, and he, coming +on a lucky vein, found himself steadily making "a pile," and so +determined that when a certain sum was amassed he would turn his steps +homeward; and because postal arrangements in those days were so +precarious, and the time occupied by the transit of a letter so long, he +had then given up the thought of writing at all, watching eagerly the +days drifting by that were bringing him each day nearer home. In his +wandering life no letter had ever reached him; but he never doubted that +they were all quite safe; in that little peaceful hillside village, and +cluster of farmsteads, life passed so innocently and safely; the people +were poor, but the landlord was lenient, and they managed to pay the +rent he asked without the starvation and misery that existed on other +estates; and apart from the pain and destitution and sin of the towns, +the little colony seemed also to be exempt from their diseases, and the +little graveyard was long in filling up; the funerals were seldom, +unless when sometimes an old man or woman, come to a patriarchal age, +went out gladly to lay their weary old bones under the long grasses and +the green sorrel and the daisy stars. + +This had all been in his day, and he did not know at all how things had +changed. First, after he sailed, things had gone fairly; Winnie had +grown strong again, and even when his silence grew obstinate, no shadow +of doubt crossed her mind; she was so sure he loved her, and she knew he +would come back some day to her. The first cloud on the sky came when +the baby developed some disease of the hip, the result of the fall, and +it refused to yield to all the doctor's treatment; indeed it became +worse with time, and as the years slipped by, the ailing, puny babe grew +into a delicate, gentle child, fair and wise and grave, but crippled +hopelessly. Then, the fourth year after Jim went, there came a bad +season, crops failed, and the cow died; and then, fast on those +troubles, the kind old landlord died, and his place was taken by a +schoolboy at Eton, and, alas! the agency of his estates placed in the +hands of a certain J. P. and D. L., tales of whose evictions on the +estates already under his charge had made those simple peasants shiver +by their firesides in the winter evenings. Then to this peaceful +mountain colony came raising of rents like a thunder-clap, followed soon +by writs, and then the Sheriff and the dreadful evicting parties. And +one of the first to go was old Mrs. Daly; and when she saw the little +brown house whereto her young husband, dead those twenty years, had +brought her as a bride, where her children were born, and from whose +doors one after the other the little frail things, dead at birth, had +been carried, till at last her strong, hearty Jim came--when she saw the +golden thatch of it given to the flames, the honest, proud old heart +broke, and from the house of a kindly neighbor, where neighbor's hands +carried her gently, she also went out, a few days later, to join husband +and babes in the churchyard house, whence none should seek to evict +them. And the troubles thickened, and famine and fever and death came; +and then the good priest died too--of a broken heart, they said. And so +the last friend was gone--for the people, with pain and death shadowing +every hearthstone, were overwhelmed with their own troubles--and poor +Winnie and the little crippled son drifted away to the city. + +And at the time all those things were happening, Jim Daly used to stand +at the door of his tent in the evening, gazing gravely away westward, +his soul's eyes fixed on a fairer vision than the camp, or the gorgeous +sunset panorama that passed unheeded before the eyes of his body. He saw +the long, green grasses in the pastures at home in Inniskeen. And he saw +Winnie--his darling colleen--coming from the little house-door with her +wooden pail under her arm for the milking, and she was laughing and +singing, and her step was light; and by her side the little son, with +his cheeks like apples in August, and his violet eyes dancing with +pleasure, and the little feet trotting, hurrying, stumbling, and the fat +baby hand clutching at the mother's apron, till, with a sudden, tender +laugh she swung him in her strong young arms to a throne on her +shoulder, wherefrom he shouted so merrily that Cusha, the great gentle +white cow, turned about, and ceased for a moment her placid chewing of +the cud, to gaze in some alarm at the approaching despoilers of her +milk. + +Oh, how bitterly sad that dream seems to me, knowing the bitter reality! +That in the squalid slums of the city, the girl-wife was setting her +feet for death; that the little child, crippled by the father's drunken +blow, had never played or run gladly as other children do--never would +do these things unless it might be in the wide, green playing-fields of +heaven. + +I will tell you how he found his wife. It was evening when he landed at +the North Wall, and he found then that till morning there was no train +to take him home; and with what fierce impatience he thought of the +hours of evening and night to be lived through before he could be on his +way to his beloved ones, one can imagine. Then he remembered that by a +fellow-digger, who parted with him in London, he had been intrusted with +a wreath to lay on a certain grave in Glasnevin; and with a certain +sense of relief at the prospect of something to be done, he unpacked the +wreath from among his belongings on his arrival at the hotel, and, +ordering a meal to be ready by his return, he set out for the cemetery. + +It was almost dusk when he reached it, and not far from closing-time, +and, the wreath deposited, he was making his way to the gate again. +Suddenly his attention was caught by a sound of violent coughing, and +turning in the direction from which it proceeded, he saw a woman's +figure kneeling by a small, poor grave. For the dusk he could hardly see +her face, which also was partly turned away from him; but he could see +that her hands were pressed tightly on her breast, as if striving to +repress the frightful paroxysms which were shaking her from head to +foot. + +Jim was tender and pitiful to women always, and now with a thought of +Winnie--for the figure was slight and girlish-looking--he went over and +laid his hand very gently on the woman's shoulder, saying, "Come, poor +soul! God help ye; ye must come now, for it's nigh on closin'-time; and, +sure, kneelin' on the wet earth in this raw, foggy evenin' is no place +for ye, at all, at all." + +The coughing had ceased, and as he spoke she looked up at him wildly. +Then she gave a great cry that went straight through the man's heart; +she sprang up, and, throwing her thin arms round his neck cried out: +"Jim, Jim, me own Jim, come back to me again! Oh, thank God, thank God! +Jim, Jim, don't you know your own Winnie?" for he was standing stupefied +by the suddenness of it all. Then he gathered the poor, worn body into +the happy harborage of his arms, and, for a minute, in the joy of the +reunion, he did not even think of the strangeness of the place in which +he had found her; and mercifully for those first moments the dusk hid +from him how deathly was the face his kisses were falling on. Then, +suddenly, with a dreadful thunderous shock, he remembered where they +were standing, and I think even before he cried out to know whose was +the grave, that in his heart he knew. + +I cannot tell you how she broke it to him, or in my feeble words speak +of this man's dreadful anguish; only I know that with the white mists +enfolding them, and the little child lying at their feet, she told him +all. + +"An', darlin', I'm goin' too," she said, "an' even for the sake of +stayin' wid you I can't stay. I'm so tired-like, an' my heart's so empty +for the child; an' you'll say 'God's will be done,' won't ye, achora? +And when the hawthorn's out in May, bring some of it here; an', Jim +darlin', I'll be lyin' here so happy--him an' me, an' his little curly +head on my breast, an' his little arms claspin' my neck." + +He said, "God's will be done," mechanically, but I think his heart was +broken; no other words came from his lips except over and over again, +"Wife and child! wife and child! My little crippled son! my little +crippled son!" + + KATHARINE TYNAN, in _League of the Cross_. + + + + +What English Catholics are Contending for, + +AND WHAT AMERICAN CATHOLICS WANT. + + +Mr. A. Langdale in a letter to the _London Daily News_ puts the Catholic +view upon the education question with accuracy and yet with refreshing +terseness. "We can accept," he writes, "no compromise, and must have our +own Catechism, taught to our own children, in our own schools, by our +own masters. We will accept a 'conscience clause,' and open our schools +to all comers, and, as a fact, do. We will open our schools to +Government inspection, and gladly abide by payments by results. All we +desire is a fair field and no favor. One thing we can't and won't do, +and that is to suffer our children to receive religious instruction +which is not our own, and equally to accept teaching as a system in +which religious teaching is not included. Now there are doubtless a +great many who think we ought to be contented with unsectarian religious +instruction, and some who even utter something of not having any Popery +taught. Quite so, and to the end of all time the opinion of some will be +opposed to the opinions of others. Well, we say our religion is at +stake, and we can accept no less, and it is oppression and tyranny to +deprive us of our rights. We pay our taxes, we pay our rates, we even +provide our own schools, we educate our own teachers, and subscribe +largely to our schools, all under Government approval, and we submit to +a conscience clause. All we ask is that our secular teaching shall, +under Government inspection, be paid for at the same rate as similar +teaching is paid for in any other school. We say this is our first and +paramount interest and liberty; to refuse it is persecution. I and +thousands more are true Liberals heart and soul, and yet are forced to +go as a matter of primary duty and do violence to every wish of one's +heart, and support a Tory solely because the Liberal candidate refuses +to recognize any Denominational system. It is no Liberty, but a cruel +imposition of a religious intolerance." + + + + +Ingratitude of France in the Irish Struggle. + + +Not the least remarkable, though perhaps accountable, feature of the +present Anglo-Irish crisis is to be found in the thinly disguised +hostility with which our struggle for independence is viewed by the +nations of Europe. One might at first be inclined to think that +gratitude to the countrymen of those splendid fellows, without whose +heads and hands the long series of English triumphs since 1688 over her +bitterest foe had ne'er been broken, would have secured for us, if not +encouragement, neutrality on the part of France. Not so, however. Spain +alone, of European States refuses to take sides against us (Russia, for +obvious causes, cannot be regarded as unbiassed); and Spain, as many of +us know, claims a kinship with Ireland hardly less strong, if more +legendary, than that which exists between America and England. As a +matter of fact, our precious "sister" has been plying the hose with +exceptional success. She has so saturated and stunned the Continental +public with the thick stream of falsehood about Ireland and her people +that the poor creature, half befuddled by the whole business, commits +itself to approval of an act which calm reflection might convince it was +indefensible. This gullible public has been taught by England to believe +that we are a race of treacherous and incorrigible savages, ignorant of +and indifferent to the common decencies of life; a nation of brawlers +and beggars, loafers and drunkards. We are, moreover, in sympathy with +those scourges of its own lands, the Communist, the Nihilist, the +Socialist. What wonder then, that it should consider the humiliation of +England, gratifying though it might be in itself, even a boon too dearly +purchased at the price. We think it well that Irishmen should be +constantly reminded of the degree in which they are indebted to their +neighbor. But in doing so, we deem it of importance to guard ourselves +carefully from misconception. Nothing is further from our desires than +to keep an old sore running, simply to gratify an unchristian passion +for revenge. Quite the contrary. At the same time we hold that in laying +bare the hideous malice, the systematic meanness, with which our pious +master has smirched the name of Ireland before the eyes of the world, we +shall be deservedly rebuking an amiable but spiritless class, whose meek +outpourings have become a nuisance. We would advise persons of this +class to bear two things in mind. In the first place, that after the +cession of an Irish Parliament (yielded, of course, only as the +alternative to rebellion), the initiative towards reconciliation must be +made by England, which is in the wrong, not by Ireland, that has +suffered from the wrong. Secondly, that partnership in business does not +necessarily imply either friendship or affection in private. Those who +are most strongly opposed in politics and religion often pull well +together when there is no help for it, and when they see that to do so +is for the promotion of their mutual interests. So may it be with +nations; and so, please God, will it be with Ireland and England, until +that day when the latter is able to come forward and say to us, "I +restore to you your escutcheon, which, trampled and spat upon by me of +yore, I have since by my tears washed whiter than the driven snow." + + _Dublin Freeman's Journal._ + + + + +O'Connell and Parnell--1835-1886. + + +"History repeats itself. Fifty years ago English parties found +themselves in the presence of difficulties similar to those by which +they are confronted to-day. The general election of 1835 left O'Connell +master of the situation, as the general election of 1885 leaves Mr. +Parnell. Then England returned 212, Ireland 39, and Scotland 13 Tories, +making a total of 364 members who were prepared to support the +government of Sir Robert Peel. On the other side, England returned 99 +Whigs, 189 Radicals and Independents; Scotland, 10 Whigs, 30 Radicals +and Independents; Ireland, 22 Whigs, acting mainly with O'Connell, and +44 Repealers, acting directly under him; thus making a total altogether +of 349 anti-Ministerialists. But between the members of the Opposition +so formed there was no cohesion. O'Connell stood aside from Whigs, +Tories and Radicals, awaiting the arrangement of the terms on which his +alliance was to be secured. Of the 219 Radicals and Independents elected +at the polls only 140 could be relied on to support a Whig +administration, and the result was that, so far as England and Scotland +were concerned, the Tories had a working majority of 15. Thus: Tories, +264; Whig-Radical Coalition, 249; Tory majority, 15; Irish in reserve, +66. Here was 'an extraordinary state of parties,' to use the language of +the _Edinburgh Review_; 'an awful situation,' to adopt the phraseology +of the _Times_. 'O'Connell would be real Prime Minister,' roared the +Thunderer of Printing-House Square, if Whigs and Tories did not loyally +unite to put him down. One thing, in the opinion of the _Times_, was +clear--no English party ought to touch 'the Repeal rebel,' 'the +unprincipled ruffian,' 'the demon of malignity and anarchy,' in whose +hands the people of Ireland had been forced to place the destinies of +their wretched country." + +The above is from the _Dublin Freeman_. Catholic emancipation was then +the burning question, and O'Connell triumphed. To-day the question is +Legislative Independence for Ireland. Will it be a triumph? The struggle +of desperation will not, we hope, have to answer. + + * * * * * + +With true orators success is won by the long-continued work which +supplies the hard facts and telling truths for which eloquent words are +but the vehicle. Powder, no doubt, is very useful in war; it makes the +most noise, but it is the bullets and shells that silence the +enemy.--_Rev. William Delaney, S. J._ + + + + +JUVENILE DEPARTMENT. + + +THE DAISY AND THE FERN. + + The day was hot, the sun shone out + And burned the little flowers, + Who earthward drooped their weary heads, + And longed for cooling showers. + + One little daisy, hot and tired, + And scorching in the sun, + Had altered much, for fair was she + When the morning had begun. + + "Come, put yourself beneath my shade!" + A graceful fern thus spake, + "For if you stay out there, dear flower, + You'll shrivel up and bake." + + So daisy leaned towards the fern + And hid beneath her shade, + And on the fern's cool, mossy root + Her burning petals laid. + + No sunlight fell on her, but, oh! + The poor fern had it all; + She drooped down low, and lower still, + Who once was straight and tall. + + "Daisy," she said, "I'm dying fast, + My life is near its end, + My time with you is almost past, + So farewell, little friend." + + Then daisy wept, her tears ran down + Upon the poor fern's root; + A thrill of fast returning life + Through the languid fern did shoot. + + Full soon she grew quite fresh again, + No longer did she burn; + For little daisy's tears of love + Had saved the dying fern. + + MAUD EGERTON HINE, a child of less than eight years old. + + * * * * * + + +CHEMISTRY OF A HEN'S EGG. + +Before proceeding to inquire into the interior composition of the egg, +we will consider the exterior covering, or the shell--the physical and +chemical structure of which is exceedingly interesting and wonderful. +The white, fragile cortex called the shell, composed of mineral matter, +is not the tight, compact covering which it appears to be; for it is +everywhere perforated with a multitude of holes too small to be +discerned by the naked eye, but which, with the aid of a microscope, are +distinctly revealed. Under the microscope the shell appears like a +sieve, or it more closely resembles the white perforated paper sold by +stationers. Through these holes there is constant evaporation going on, +so that an egg, from the day that it is dropped by the hen, to the +moment when it is consumed, is losing weight and diminishing in volume. +This process goes on much more rapidly in hot weather than in cold, and +consequently perfect eggs are not so readily procured in summer as in +winter. If, by any means, we stop this evaporating process, the egg +remains sound and good for a great length of time. Covering the shell +with an impervious coat of varnish, or with mutton suet or lard, aids +greatly in their preservation. The substance used to stop transpiration +must not be soluble in watery fluids, or liable to be removed. By +chemical agencies, that is, by actually filling up the little holes in +the shell by lime placed in solution (the solution holding the proper +chemical substances to form an impervious coating of carbonate of lime +over the entire surface), we have preserved eggs for months, and even +years, in a sweet condition. Not long ago, eggs broken in a laboratory +in Boston were found to be quite fresh, which, according to the +memorandum made upon the vessel, were placed in the solution four years +ago. + +[Illustration] + +The shell of the egg is lined upon its interior everywhere with a very +thin but pretty tough membrane, which, dividing at or very near the +obtuse end, forms a small bag which is filled with air. In new-laid eggs +this follicle appears very little, but it becomes larger when the egg is +kept. In breaking an egg, this membrane is removed with the shell to +which it adheres, and therefore is regarded a part of it, which it is +not. + +The shell proper is made up mostly of earthy materials, of which +ninety-seven per cent is carbonate of lime. The remainder is composed of +two per cent of animal matter and one of phosphate of lime and magnesia. +Carbonate of lime is the same material of which our marble quarries and +chalk beds are composed: it is lime, or oxide of calcium, combined with +carbonic acid, and is a hard, insoluble mineral substance, which does +not appear to form any portion of the food of fowls. Now, where does the +hen procure this substance with which to form the shell? If we confine +fowls in a room and feed them with any of the cereal grains, excluding +all sand, dust or earthy matter, they will go on for a time and lay +eggs, each one having a perfect shell made up of the same calcareous +elements. Vanvuelin, the distinguished chemist, shut up a hen ten days +and fed her exclusively upon oats, of which she consumed 7,474 grains in +weight. During this time four eggs were laid, the shells of which +weighed nearly 409 grains: of this amount 276 grains was carbonate of +lime, 17-1/2 phosphate of lime, and 10 gluten. But there is only a +little carbonate of lime in oats, and from whence could this 409 grains +of the rocky material have been derived? The answer to this question +opens up some of the most curious and wonderful facts connected with +animal chemistry, and affords glimpses of many of the operations of +organic life, which, to the common mind, seem in the highest degree +paradoxical and perplexing. The body of a bird, like that of a man, is +but a piece of chemical apparatus made capable of transforming hard and +fixed substances into others of a very unlike nature. In oats there is +contained phosphate of lime, with an abundance of silica; and the +stomach and assimilating organs of the bird are made capable of +decomposing or rending asunder the lime salts and forming with the +silica a silicate of lime. + +This new body is itself made to undergo decomposition, and the base is +combined with carbonic acid, forming carbonate of lime. The carbonic +acid is probably derived from the atmosphere, or more directly, perhaps, +from the blood. These chemical changes among hard, inorganic bodies are +certainly wonderful when we reflect that they are brought about in the +delicate organs of a comparatively feeble bird, under the influence of +animal heat and the vital forces. They embrace a series of decomposing +and recomposing operations which it is difficult to imitate in the +laboratory. + +In the experiment to which allusion has been made, the amount of earthy +material found in the eggs and the excrement of the hen exceeded that +contained in the food she consumed. This seems paradoxical, and can only +be explained upon the ground that birds as well as animals have the +power, in times of exigency, of drawing upon their own bodies for +material which is required to perform necessary functions. + +The shell of an ordinary hen's egg weighs about one hundred and six +grains, that is, the inorganic portion of it; and if a bird lays one +hundred eggs in a year, she produces about twenty-two ounces of nearly +pure carbonate of lime in that period of time, which would afford chalk +enough to meet the wants of a farmer, or perhaps even of a house +carpenter of moderate business, for a twelvemonth. + +If a farmer has a flock of one hundred hens, they produce in egg shells, +about one hundred and thirty-seven pounds of chalk annually; and yet not +a pound of the substance, or perhaps not even an ounce, exists around +the farm-house within the circuit of their feeding grounds. This is a +source of lime production not usually recognized by farmers or hen +fanciers, and it is by no means insignificant. The materials of the +manufacture are found in the food consumed, and in the sand, pebble +stones, brick-dust, bits of bones, etc., which hens and other birds are +continually picking from the earth. + +The instinct is keen for these apparently innutritious and refractory +substances, and they are devoured with as eager a relish as the cereal +grains or insects. If hens are confined to barns or outbuildings, it is +obvious that the egg-producing machinery cannot be kept long in action, +unless the materials for the shell are produced in ample abundance. + +Within the shell the animal portion of the egg is found; which consists +of a viscous, colorless liquid called albumen, or the _white_, and a +yellow globular mass called the vitellus, or _yolk_. The white of the +egg consists of two parts, each of which is enveloped in distinct +membranes. The outer bag of albumen, next the shell, is quite a thin, +watery body, while the next which invests the yolk, is heavy and thick. +But few housekeepers who break eggs ever distinguish between the _two +whites_, or know of their existence even. + +Each has its appropriate office to fulfil during the process of +incubation or hatching; and one acts in the mysterious process as +important a part as the other. If we remove this glairy fluid from the +shell and place it in a glass, and plunge into it a strip of reddened +litmus paper, a blue tinge is immediately produced, which indicates the +presence of an alkali. The alkali is soda in a free condition, and its +presence is of the highest consequence, for without it the liquid would +be _insoluble_. A portion of the white of an egg, when diluted with +water, and a few drops of vinegar or acetic acid added to it, undergoes +a rapid change. The liquid becomes cloudy and flocculent, and small bits +of shreddy matter fall to the bottom of the vessel. This is pure +albumen, made so by removing the soda held in combination by the use of +the acid. A pinch of soda added to the solid precipitate redissolves it, +and it is again liquid. There is another way by which the albumen is +rendered solid: and that is by the application of heat. Eggs placed in +boiling hot water pass from the soluble to the insoluble state quite +rapidly, or, in other words, the albumen both of the white and yolk +becomes "coagulated." + +No contrast can be greater than that between a boiled and unboiled egg. +Not only is it changed physically, but there is a change in chemical +properties, and yet no chemist can tell in what the change consists. It +is true, the water extracts a little alkali, and a trace of sulphide of +sodium; but the abstraction of these bodies is hardly sufficient to +account for the change in question. + +The hardening of the albumen of egg by heat constitutes the cooking +process, and this deserves a moment's consideration. + +Great as is the physical difference between a fully cooked and an +uncooked egg, it is no less remarkable in the degree of digestibility +conferred upon it by the process. Uncooked, it passes by the most simple +processes of assimilation from the digestive to the nutritive and +circulatory organs, and is at once employed in nourishing or sustaining +the bodily functions. Unduly cooked, the egg resists the action of the +gastric juices for a long time, and becomes unsuited to the stomachs of +the weak and dyspeptic. A raw or soft-boiled egg is of all varieties of +food the most nourishing and concentrated; a hard-boiled egg is apt to +trouble the digestion of the strong and healthful, and its nutrient +properties are sensibly impaired. The yolk contains water and albumen, +but associated with these is quite a large number of mineral and other +substances which render it very complex in composition. The bright +yellow color is due to a peculiar fat or oil, which is capable of +reflecting the yellow rays of light, and this oil holds the sulphur and +phosphorous which abound in the egg. If the yolk be removed and dried, +and the yellow oil separated, it will be found to form two-thirds of the +substance. The whole weight in its natural state is about three hundred +grains, of which three-fifths is water; of the white more than three +quarters is water. + +The yolk and albumen of a fecundated egg remains as sweet and free from +corruption during the whole time of incubation as it is in new-laid +eggs, and there is but little loss of water; whereas an unfecundated egg +passes rapidly into putrefactive decay and perishes. + +Any one who eats three or four eggs at breakfast consumes that number of +embryo chicks. + +All the materials which enter into the legs, bones, feathers, bill, +etc., of the new-born chick, exist in the egg, as nothing is derived +from outside. The little creature which has just pecked its way out of +its calcareous prison-house, has lime and phosphorus in his bones, +sulphur in his feathers, iron, potash, soda and magnesia in his blood, +all of which mineral constituents come from the egg, and are taken into +the stomach when it is eaten as food. + +The valuable or important salts are contained in the yolk, and hence +this portion of the egg is the most useful in some forms of disease. A +weakly person, in whom nerve force is deficient and the blood +impoverished, may take the yolks of eggs with advantage. The iron +phosphoric compounds are in a condition to be readily assimilated, and +although homoeopathic in quantity, nevertheless exert a marked +influence upon the system. The yolks of eggs, containing as they do less +albumen, are not so injuriously affected by heat as the white, and a +hard-boiled yolk may be usually eaten by invalids without inconvenience. +The composition of a fresh egg, exclusive of the shell, may be presented +as follows: + + Water 74.0 parts. + Albumen 14.0 parts. + Oil or fat 10.5 parts. + Mineral Salts 1.5 parts. + ------ + 100 + +The whole usually weighs about a thousand grains, of which the shell +makes a tenth part. + +The chick-making materials, exclusive of water, form only one-quarter of +the weight of the liquid contents, or only about two hundred grains. + +This seems to be a small beginning upon which to rear a full-grown +rooster. The bulk or quantity as found in hens' eggs, and indeed in the +eggs of all birds, is wonderfully disproportionate to the size of the +mother bird. The laying of eggs must be regarded as a particularly +exhausting process, and yet fowls will keep it up for a long time and +not lose much in flesh. We have known a hen of the game variety which +has laid twenty-two eggs in twenty-two consecutive days, and they +average in weight one thousand grains each. This gives in amount +twenty-two thousand grains, or rather more than three pounds +avoirdupois, of which about two and a quarter pounds is water. The dozen +or more ounces of rich, nutritive material, parted with in twenty-two +days, would seem to be a prodigious draught upon the small physical +structure of the bird, but there were no indications of exhaustion. + +Whilst it is true that the quickening of an egg which results in the +birth of a chick, is no more marvellous a process or result than the +embryotic development of any creature endowed with the mysterious +principle of life, yet there are some circumstances connected with it +which make it a matter of greater perplexity and wonder. Here is an oval +white body consisting of a calcareous shell, within which there are some +semi-fluid substances, consisting mainly of albumen and water, without +any signs of life. In fact, there is no life; it is simply a mass of +dead, inanimate matter. Talk as much as we will about the germinal +principles involved in the structure of the egg, we are totally unable +to recognize it, or form any conception of its nature. + +There is no evidence of the presence of any germ or principle of life +whatever. The egg left to itself decays like other organized substances, +but with our assistance in simply transferring it to a place where the +temperature is in a certain uniform condition, in a few weeks, the +albumen, water, oil and mineral salts are transferred into a living +chick, which thrusts its little beak through the shell, and in ten +minutes is running about, almost able to take care of itself. + +Here is the development of life apparently without the agency of the +mother, and what a marvel! The chemist may place together in a body in a +warm place, just such elements or substances: he may carefully weigh the +water, the albumen, the phosphotic compounds, the sulphur, the iron, +soda, etc., and construct a very accurate egg mixture, but out of it all +there will never come a living chick. In this, we obtain some idea how +little we actually know about life, how dark is the region where the +life principle begins, or where the vital forces originate. The +indefatigable man of science has pushed his inquiries close up to the +boundary between the inanimate and the animate; but he has never been +able to obtain the least glimpse of anything upon the _life_ side of the +line. However great maybe our curiosity, our skill or knowledge in this +state of existence, there is not the least probability that we shall +ever be able to endow matter with life, or know much more than we do at +present of its origin or nature. + + * * * * * + +AUNTIE, to a little four-year-old who is resting his head on the +table--"Ah, Louis, you are sleepy; you will have to go to bed." "Oh, no, +auntie, I aren't sleepy; but my head is loose, so I laid it down here." + + * * * * * + + +HE WAS ONLY A NEWSBOY. + +It was a very small funeral procession that wended its way slowly from +the King's County Hospital to the Holy Cross Cemetery at Flatbush, New +York. There were no handsome carriages, no long string of hacks, only +the hearse containing a small, plain coffin, followed by a solitary +coach. But the mourning was just as sincere as at the largest and most +imposing funeral. And it was not confined to the four boys who +accompanied the body of their dearest friend to its last resting-place. +A hundred hearts were touched by grief. A hundred faces were wet with +tears. + +"It's only a newsboy," said a policeman. True, only a newsboy, a waif +from the streets of the great city. But no philanthropist was ever +kinder, no friend more true, no soldier braver, than little Joe +Flanigan. Every newsboy about the offices of New York's great journals +knew and loved him. All owed him a debt of gratitude for the many good +deeds he had done in his humble way. + +Little Joe first appeared on the streets of New York two years ago. He +was small and slight, with great brown eyes and pinched lips that always +wore a smile. Where he came from nobody knew and few cared. His parents, +he said, were dead and he had no friends. It was a hard life. Up at four +o'clock in the morning after sleeping in a dry-goods' box or an alley, +he worked steadily till late at night. He was misused at first. Big boys +stole his papers, or crowded him out of a warm place at night, but he +never complained. The tears would well up in his eyes, but were quickly +brushed away and a new start bravely made. Such conduct won him friends, +and after a little no other dared play tricks upon Little Joe. His +friends he remembered and his enemies he forgave. Some days he had +especially good luck. Kind-hearted people pitied the little fellow and +bought papers whether they wanted them or not. But he was too generous +to save money enough for even a night's lodging. Every boy who "got +stuck" knew he was sure to get enough to buy a supper as long as Joe had +a penny. + +But the hard work and exposure began to tell on his weak constitution. +He kept growing thinner and thinner, till there was scarcely an ounce of +flesh on his little body. The skin of his face was drawn closer and +closer, but the pleasant look never faded away. He was uncomplaining to +the last. He awoke one morning after working hard selling "extras," to +find himself too weak to move. He tried his best to get upon his feet, +but it was a vain attempt. The vital force was gone. + +"Where is Little Joe?" was the universal inquiry. Nobody had seen him +since the previous night. Finally he was found in a secluded corner, and +a good-natured hackman was persuaded to take him to the hospital in +Flatbush, where he said he once lived. Every day one of the boys went to +see him. One Saturday, a newsboy who had abused him at first and learned +to love him afterward, found him sitting up in his cot, his little +blue-veined hand stretched out upon the coverlet. + +"I was afraid you wasn't coming, Jerry," he said, with some difficulty, +"and I wanted to see you once more so much. I guess it will be the last +time, Jerry, for I feel awful weak to-day. Now, Jerry, when I die I want +you to be good for my sake. Tell the boys"-- + +But his message never was completed. Little Joe was dead. His sleep was +calm and beautiful. The trouble and anxiety on his wan face had +disappeared. But the expression was still there. Even in death he +smiled. + +It was sad news that Jerry bore back to his friends on that day. They +feared the end was near and were waiting for him with anxious hearts. +When they saw his tear-stained face they knew that Little Joe was dead. +Not a word was said. They felt as if they were in the presence of death +itself. Their hearts were too full to speak. + +That night a hundred boys met in front of the City Hall. They felt that +they must express their sense of loss in some way, but how they did not +know. Finally, in accordance with the suggestion of one of the larger +boys, they passed a resolution which read as follows:-- + + _Resolved_, That we all liked Little Joe, who was the best + newsboy in New York. Everybody is sorry he has died. + +A collection was taken up to send delegates to the funeral, and the same +hackman who bore little Joe to the hospital again kindly offered the use +of his carriage. On the coffin was a plate, purchased by the boys, whose +language was expressive from its very simplicity. This was the +inscription:-- + + LITTLE JOE, + Aged 14. + The Best Newsboy in New York. + WE ALL LIKED HIM. + +There were no services, but each boy sent a flower to be placed upon the +coffin of his friend. After all, what did it matter that Little Joe was +dead? + +He was only a newsboy. + +This is not a fancy sketch. Every word of the above story is true. + + * * * * * + +OFFICE BOY (to country editor): "A man was in while you were out, who +said he was the genuine John Wilkes Booth." + +Editor (hastily): "He's a fraud. You didn't give him anything did you?" + +Office Boy: "No. He left a dollar for a six months' subscription." + +Editor: "Well, well. And so John Wilkes Booth is still alive. It beats +all." + + * * * * * + + +AN UNWASHED PRINCE. + +The Crown Prince of Prussia, was always a very sensible man in the +management of his household, and he is ably seconded by his wife. On one +occasion the governor of his children came to him and said: + +"Your Highness, I must complain of the little Prince; he refuses to have +his face washed in the morning." + +"Does he?" answered the Crown Prince. "We'll remedy that. After this let +him go unwashed." + +"It shall be done," said the governor. Now the sentries have to salute +every member of the royal family--children and all--whenever they pass. +The day after, the little four-year-old Prince went out for a walk with +his governor. As they passed a sentry-box where a grim soldier stood, +the man stood rigid without presenting arms. The little +Prince--accustomed to universal deference--looked displeased, but said +nothing. Presently another sentry was passed. Neither did this one give +a sign of recognition. The little Prince angrily spoke of it to his old +governor, and they passed on. And when the walk was finished, and they +had met many soldiers, who none of them saluted the Prince, the little +fellow dashed in to his father exclaiming: + +"Papa--papa--you must whip every man in your guards! They refuse to +salute when I pass!" + +"Ah! my son," said the Crown Prince, "they do rightly; for clean +soldiers never salute a dirty little Prince." After that the boy took a +shower bath every morning. + + * * * * * + + +THE LEGEND OF THE WILLOW. + +One day a golden-haired child, who lived where no trees or flowers grew, +was gazing wistfully through the open gate of a beautiful park, when the +gardener chanced to throw out an armful of dry cuttings. Among them the +little girl discovered one with a tiny bud just starting. + +"Perhaps it will grow," she whispered to herself, and, dreaming of wide, +cool boughs and fluttering leaves, she carried it carefully home, and +planted it in the darksome area. Day after day she watched and tended +it, and when, by-and-by, another bud started, she knew that the slip had +taken root. + +Years passed, and the lowly home gave place to a pleasant mansion, and +the narrow area widened into a spacious garden, where many a green tree +threw its shadow. But for the golden-haired child now grown into a +lovely maiden, the fairest and dearest of them all was the one she had +so tenderly nourished. No other tree, she thought, cast such a cool, +soft shade; in no other boughs did the birds sing so sweetly. + +But while the tree lived and flourished, the young girl drooped and +faded. Sweeter and sadder grew the light in her blue eyes, till +by-and-by God's angel touched them with a dreamless sleep. Loving hands +crowned the white brow with myrtle, and under the branches she had loved +laid her tenderly to rest. + +But from that hour, as if in sorrow for the one that had tended it, the +stately tree began to droop. Lower and lower bent the sad branches, +lower and lower, until they caressed the daisied mound that covered her +form. + +"See!" said her young companions, "the tree weeps for her who loved it." +And they called it the Weeping Willow. + + * * * * * + +HOW TO BECOME PROSPEROUS. + +Let every youth be taught some useful art and trained to industry and +thrift. Let every young man lay aside and keep sacredly intact a certain +portion of his earnings. Let every one set out with a determination to +engage in business for himself as soon as he can. Begin in a small, safe +way, and extend your business as experience will teach you is +advantageous. Keep your own books and know constantly what you are +earning and just where you stand. Do not marry until in receipt of a +tolerably certain income, sufficient to live on comfortably. Let every +man who is able buy a farm on which to bring up his sons. It is from the +farm the best men are turned out, morally and intellectually. Bear in +mind that your business cannot be permanently prosperous unless you +share its advantages equally with your customers. + + * * * * * + +CHANGE THE SUBJECT.--"Always," said papa, as he drank his coffee and +enjoyed his morning beefsteak--"always, children, change the subject +when anything unpleasant has been said. It is both wise and polite." + +That evening, on his return from business, he found his carnation-bed +despoiled, and the tiny imprint of slippered feet silently bearing +witness to the small thief. + +"Mabel," he said to her, "did you pick my flowers?" + +"Papa," said Mabel, "did you see a monkey in town?" + +"Never mind that. Did you pick my flowers?" + +"Papa, what did grandma send me?" + +"Mabel, what do you mean? Did you pick my flowers? Answer me yes or no." + +"Yes, papa, I did; but I fout I'd change the subject." + + * * * * * + +The noblest mind the best contentment has. + + + + + DONAHOE'S MAGAZINE + + BOSTON, MARCH, 1886. + + NOTES ON CURRENT TOPICS. + + +ENLARGEMENT OF BOSTON COLLEGE. The increase in the number of students +has been so great during the past year that the president, Rev. E. V. +Boursaud, S. J., has concluded to add a new wing to the main building of +the college, as there are not a sufficient number of class rooms to +accommodate all. The foundation will be laid in the spring, and the wing +which is to extend into what now comprises the college garden, will when +completed contain a new chemical laboratory; accommodations for the +English department, which will be conducted as usual under Professor +Harkins, and an extension of Boston College hall. + + +RECONSECRATION OF ALTAR STONES.--The _Irish Ecclesiastical Record_ +states that an indult has been granted by Leo XIII. to the Most Rev. Dr. +McCormack, Bishop of Achonry, allowing him to consecrate at his +convenience the altars of his diocese which may need reconsecration, and +to use for this purpose the short form prescribed for the Bishop of St. +Paul's, Minnesota, U. S. America. He is also privileged to delegate a +priest to perform this ceremony. + + * * * * * + +Mr. Parnell said in the House of Commons that he had always believed +that if the principle were admitted that Ireland was entitled to some +form of self-government the settlement of details would not be found a +formidable task, and that there would be no great difficulty in securing +the empire against separation. He himself, although a Protestant, feared +no danger to the minority in Ireland from the Catholics. The whole +question was one of reasonable or exorbitant rents. He denied that the +National League encouraged boycotting. The Nationalists members, he +said, on seeing the manifest desire of England to weigh the Irish +question calmly, had resolved that no extravagance of word or action on +their part should mar the first fair chance Ireland ever had. + +Neither Liberals nor Parnellites appearing to be inclined to challenge +the government, Lord Randolph Churchill, secretary of state for India, +wished the House to clearly understand, that it would be impossible for +the present government ever to sanction an Irish Parliament. He added +that the government would be prepared, when the proper time arrived, +with a scheme to improve local government in Ireland. + + * * * * * + +Up to the present time the Canadian Militia Department has authorized +the payment of a fraction over $4,000,000 on the expenses of the +Northwest rebellion. + + +From the ancient Diocese of Clogher (Monaghan), established by St. +Patrick, two patriot priests have come to America to solicit aid in +building the Cathedral of Clogher. They are the Rev. Eugene McKenna, of +Enniskillen, and the Rev. Eugene McMahon, of Carrickmacross. It is a +notable fact that both are Presidents of the National League in their +parishes. The Bishop of Clogher, Dr. Donnelly, has always been a +patriot, and we trust that his missioners will receive a generous +welcome here, especially from the people of Monaghan, Fermanagh, Louth, +Tyrone and Donegal. Fathers McKenna and McMahon have received permission +from Archbishop Williams to solicit subscriptions in the Archdiocese of +Boston. + + +_Boston Herald_:--Mr. Gargan quoted for the benefit of England, in his +speech at Halifax, the French saying, that "You can do almost anything +with a bayonet except sit on it." The Republican administrations found +the bayonet prop under the carpet bag governments impossible to +maintain, and England cannot forever keep Ireland sitting on it. + + +THE CHARITY BALL.--The coming Charity Ball will be given on March 8, the +Monday evening before Ash Wednesday. The success of the ball is +dependent upon the noble exertions of friends. The large number of +destitute children cared for by the Home has necessarily increased the +expenses, and therefore the directors are anxious that the ball will be +financially successful. It must be gratifying to know that the Home has +been able to receive and care for over four hundred destitute children +during the past year, and provided good homes for three hundred and +ninety. All these children would have been compelled to seek refuge in +the city or State pauper establishments and lost to the Church, were not +the Home open to shelter and provide for them. + + +THE FRANCISCANS.--During its existence of six centuries, the Franciscan +Order has given to the church 247 saints and beati, 1,500 martyrs (2,500 +are found in the Menologia Franciscano), 13 Popes, 60 cardinals, 4,000 +archbishops and bishops, 6,000 authors. At present 2,500 Franciscans are +engaged in missionary work, and another thousand Capuchin Fathers may be +added to the number, in all, 3,500. + + +LITTLE SISTERS OF THE POOR.--The venerable founder of the Order of the +Little Sisters of the Poor, the Rev. Auguste Le Poilleur, of the diocese +of Rennes, France, has just celebrated the golden jubilee of his +ordination to the priesthood. The order was founded by him at St. Servan +in 1840; and to-day it possesses two hundred and ten houses in all parts +of the world, with about 3,400 sisters, who devote themselves to the +caring, feeding, and clothing of upwards of twenty-three thousand poor +and helpless fellow-creatures. His Holiness the Pope has written a +letter of congratulation to the pious founder. There are two +foundations of the Little Sisters in Boston, one on Bunker Hill, the +other, Boston Highlands. + + +JOHN SAVAGE.--Our old and venerated friend, John Savage, we regret to +see, is dying, out in Paris, far away from the land he loved so well, +and also from the home of his choice, the United States. The following +letter (written by John P. Leonard, to the Dublin _Nation_ of December +26th), shows that his visit to Paris has not been as successful as his +many friends and admirers would wish:-- + + _To the Editor of the Nation_: "Sir,--Mr. John Savage, our + patriotic countryman, who came to the Continent for his + health, was seized on Monday last with a paralytic stroke, + and has his right arm paralyzed. Mrs. Savage has been + untiring in her care of the patriot, who is attended daily by + the eminent physician, Dr. Ball, Professor of the Faculty of + Medicine, Paris, and also by his friend, the present writer. + Hopes are entertained of his recovery, and great regret is + expressed by all who know him here." + + J. P. L. + + +Mr. Philip A. Nolan, General Secretary of the Catholic Total Abstinence +Union of America, writes: "Within a month we may expect the promulgation +of the Decrees of the Baltimore Council, when it is the purpose of the +Executive Council to inaugurate such a crusade in America that before +long will sweep like the mighty armies of old across the entire +continent and be felt in the remotest parishes." Mr. Nolan is an +enthusiast in the cause of cold water, says _The Catholic Columbian_. + + +A Touching Custom prevails in many of the parishes of Normandy, where +the adult male population are for the most part engaged in the vocation +of fishing. When, as at certain seasons of the year, these poor +fishermen are far away from their homes, and unable to assist at Mass on +Sundays, each one's family has a candle burning in the church before the +statue of Our Lady, Star of the Sea. These candles represent the +husbands, sons, and fathers who at that moment are braving the terrors +of the deep, and the flame of each burning offering is the hymn and +prayer to Heaven on the part of the absent one. + + +_Catholic Columbian_:--It is something for us to be proud of that in +this great State of Ohio, where we form so small a minority of the +people, two of the members of the present Legislature chosen to receive +its honors are Catholics and Irishmen. In the organization of the House, +Hon. Daniel J. Ryan, of Scioto, was made President pro tem., and to the +same position in the Senate Hon. John O'Neill, of Muskingum, was called +by the voice of his party associates. May they both live to be +Governors! + + +LITTLE COMPANY OF MARY.--During his recent visit to Rome the +Cardinal-Archbishop of Sydney made the acquaintance of the Rev. +Mother-General of the Society of the Little Company of Mary, and also +had numerous opportunities of witnessing the good done by the sisters in +nursing the sick in their own homes; and his Eminence was so much +impressed by their work, that he applied to the Superioress for some +sisters to accompany him to Australia to carry on the work there, with +the result that six sisters are now in the diocese of Sydney. The +sisters have lost no time in commencing their good work, and they +announce that they are now fully prepared to receive invitations to +nurse the sick without distinction of creed, at their own residences in +any part of the city or suburbs. It is the rule of the sisters to remain +in constant charge of the patients in every kind of illness. + + +AMERICAN RENT PAYERS.--The _National Republican_, Washington, D. C., of +January 5, makes the following uncomfortable statement: "The generally +prevalent impression is that the farming of this country is really +carried on by farmers, who, in great measure, are the owners of the +farms they till. On the contrary, Mr. Thomas P. Gill, in the _North +American Review_, points out that at the census of 1880 there were found +to be 1,024,601 farms rented by tenants in the United States, and he +claims that in the five years since this census was taken the number of +tenant holdings has increased 25 per cent. raising the number of tenant +holdings at present in the United States to 1,250,000. In England, +Ireland, Scotland and Wales at the present day the total number of +tenant farmers is 1,069,127. So the United States contains 250,000 more +tenant farmers to-day than the three kingdoms and the principality +together. These statements are not radiantly cheerful. Our country is +being Europeanized at an uncomfortably rapid rate." + + +THE CHURCH IN THE UNITED STATES. Archbishops, 12; bishops, 62; priests, +7,296; ecclesiastical students, 1,621, of which the largest number, 335, +belong to the archdiocese of Milwaukee; churches, 6,755; chapels, 1,071; +stations, 1,733; diocesan seminaries and houses of study for regulars, +36; colleges, 85; Baltimore having the largest number, 8; academies, +618; New York having the largest number, 34; parochial schools, 2,621, +attended by 492,949 pupils; charitable institutions, 449. + + +GOOD FOR AN M. P.--The trustees of the fund subscribed to indemnify +William O'Brien, M. P., editor of Dublin _United Ireland_, against the +losses he sustained in the famous Bolton, French and Cornwall libel +suits, have published a balance sheet, which shows that the total amount +of the subscriptions received was £7,619. Of this £6,495 odd was +expended directly in litigation, and £98 went for miscellaneous expenses +and advertising. The balance of £1,025 was handed over by Mr. O'Brien, +for distribution among the poor of Mallow. + + +His Holiness the Pope has conferred on Prince Bismarck the ancient +Portuguese Order of Christ, which was founded by King Denis of Portugal +in 1317, and adopted by King John XXII. three years later. The +decoration, which is only conferred upon the most distinguished and +exalted persons, was accompanied by an autograph letter from his +Holiness. + + +Mr. Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, who, as a Conservative Catholic contested +North Camberwell at the recent Parliamentary election, in a forcible +letter to the _London Times_ gives his views on the Irish question. He +holds that there is no middle course now between Home Rule and martial +law, between Mr. Parnell Prime Minister at Dublin and Mr. Parnell a +traitor in the tower. And how long, he asks, would the country support a +policy of blood and iron? Would even the Whigs go through with it for +two sessions? I say no. One party or other would rebel, and we should +in the end be forced to give in shame what we could now give in honor. + + +CHURCH FREED OF DEBT.--The congregation of St. Ann's Church, Gloucester, +Mass., was informed by the priest in charge, the Rev. J. J. Healy, that +the church is now free of all indebtedness. The building was completed +in 1876 with the exception of the spire, which was added during the +summer of 1884. The church is built of granite, with a seating capacity +of about one thousand, and is valued at $100,000. The church will be +consecrated in July. + + +ST. PATRICK'S DAY IN BOSTON.--The Irish societies of Boston held a +meeting to decide the manner in which St. Patrick's Day should be +celebrated in this city. Fourteen societies, represented by sixty-two +delegates, were in attendance. President Edward Riley presided. The +motion made at a previous meeting to invite Dr. Croke, Archbishop of +Cashel, to lecture, in preference to having a street parade, was adopted +by a vote of thirty-eight to six, and the convention adjoined, subject +to the call of officers. Most Rev. Dr. Croke sent a despatch saying it +was impossible for him to accept the invitation. + + +HOME.--The annual meeting of the directors of the Home for Destitute +Catholic Children on Harrison Av., was held on the evening of the 14th +of January. During the past year 414 children were admitted into the +Home. Three died, two absconded, 401 were placed in families, and 186 +boys and girls remain in the Home. Since the Home was organized it has +received and provided for the large number of 6,364 poor children. The +officers of the corporation elected for the present year are: John B. +O'Brien, President; Charles F. Donnelly, Vice-President; P. F. Sullivan, +Treasurer; James Havey, Secretary; James W. Dunphy, John W. McDonald, +and John Miller, Executive Committee. + + +ADVICE TO YOUNG WOMEN.--A writer in a household periodical recommends +washing dishes as the best thing to put the hands in the soft and +pliable condition most favorable to piano practice. Mothers should give +this recipe a good long trial on their girls who assault the keyboard, +but shun the dish pan. + + +_Lake Shore Visitor_: Ambition, as it is now understood, is not made of +very stern stuff. There are men regarded as ambitious, who are puffed up +with vanity, and who look upon themselves as very important. Death would +make such men an irreparable loss to themselves, but not much of a loss +to any one or anything else. + + +A YEAR OF JUBILEE.--We give elsewhere the Encyclical of Our Holy Father +the Pope, proclaiming an Extraordinary Jubilee. The translation is made +by Rev. Dr. Mahar, for the _Catholic Universe_, Cleveland, O. + + +March is the month of St. Patrick. On the 17th, the children of Ireland, +wherever located, celebrate the day. Their hearts revert back to the +dear old land of their birth and the happy days of their childhood. + + "The lilies and roses abandon the plain; + Tho' the summer's gone by, yet the shamrock remains, + Like a friend in misfortune, it blooms o'er the snow; + Oh, my heart's in old Ireland wherever I go." + + +Hon. John Finnerty in a recent utterance said, after he had read the +Queen's speech, "The Irish people must make up their minds to meet the +English with a courage displayed by the American colonists in dealing +with the Queen's grandfather, George the Third. The Queen of England has +a personal grudge against Ireland because Dublin refused a site for the +statue of her husband, who once said of the Irish that they ought to +live on grass." + + +The first Hungarian Catholic church erected in America was recently +dedicated at Hazleton, Pa., by the Rt. Rev. Bishop O'Hara, of Scranton, +same State. + + +GRAND ARMY RECORD.--This is the name of an eight-page paper issued by +Thomas Keefe, at 31 Cornhill, Boston. As its name indicates, it is +devoted to the interests of the Grand Army of the Republic, all soldiers +and sailors of the late war, sons of veterans and the women's relief +corps. The price is only $1 a year. + + +NEWLY ARRIVED EMIGRANTS.--The Rev. John J. Riordan's efforts at forming +a home, employment, and inquiry bureau, to benefit friendless and poor +Irish immigrant girls and women, have met with wonderful success. +Matron Boyle moved from 7 Broadway, where the Mission of the Rosary was +started less than two years ago, to the home at 7 State Street, New +York, purchased for $75,000 by Father Riordan. This property consists of +a building and lot facing the Battery. On it Father Riordan expects +eventually to erect a chapel, mission and home. The money thus far +raised has come from 25-cent annual subscriptions. + + +John Kelly, the politician, is seriously ill at his residence in New +York. + + +Oliver Wendell Holmes attributes his years and good health to an early +morning walk or horseback ride before breakfast. He was naturally of a +delicate constitution, and when he married Doctor Jackson's daughter the +father-in-law said to him: "If you have the necessary physique to stand +horseback riding, do it: if not, take an early walk each day." He +scrupulously followed the advice. + + +Lord Erskine, while going circuit, was asked by the landlord of his +hotel how he slept. He replied dogmatically: "Union is strength, a fact +of which some of your inmates appear to be unaware; for had they been +unanimous last night they could easily have pushed me out of +bed."--"Fleas?" the landlord exclaimed, affecting great astonishment. "I +was not aware that I had a single flea in my house."--"I don't believe +you have," retorted his lordship, "they are all married, I think, and +have uncommonly large families." + + +JUBILEE YEAR.--See Encyclical of our Holy Father the Pope. Let every +Catholic in the land peruse it. + + +The Boards of Guardians throughout Ireland have resolutely set +themselves to the task of erecting laborers' cottages under the Laborers +Act. Here and there some of the landlords are obstructing the +performance of this good work, especially by resisting the extension of +taxation for the purpose over the unions at large. But the days of the +landlord's power on boards of guardians are very nearly at an end, and +they are fast retreating before the determined attitude of the national +guardians and the laborers, who are strenuously supported by the +organized public opinion of the country as expressed through the various +branches of the National League. + + +Farmers in Wales are now demanding a permanent reduction of twenty-five +per cent. in rents, fixity of tenure and compensation for making +improvements on their holdings. This is considerably in advance of what +the Irish farmers asked when they began their Land League movement; yet +they were denounced as plunderers by English writers who now say the +Welsh must get what they claim. + + +HELP THE PRISONERS.--Father Kehoe of St. Joseph's Cathedral, Columbus, +Ohio, who has charge of the Ohio State Penitentiary, appeals through the +_Columbian_ to those blessed with the means to send him some assistance, +be it ever so trifling, towards securing a better provision for the +religious interests of the Catholic prisoners in that institution. There +is surely no better way in which people can show proofs of their +benevolence in a good work, and none in which their charity is sure of +being more fruitfully exercised. The demands are more than ordinarily +urgent just now, and the Chaplain appeals with confidence to the people +and to Catholic publishers for their practical sympathy. He has the +consent and authorization of the Right Rev. Bishop of the diocese to +this course of procedure. Good books on any subject, pamphlets, +magazines, papers, etc., would be welcome additions to the Catholic +Prisoners' Library, which has been already established by the zeal of +former chaplains and by the generosity of subscribers. At present the +particular need is for prayer books or for funds that will enable Father +Kehoe to purchase a sufficient supply of these and other religious +articles. Donations of beads, scapulars, etc., would be most thankfully +received. + + +The new boot and shoe store of Brennan & Co., 21 Tremont Street, and 851 +Washington Street, Boston, announce a mark-down sale that merits +attention. For one month, they offer to sell all goods at 20 per cent. +discount from market rates. As the goods are of recent manufacture, and +therefore stylish and new, the sale is a _bona-fide_ one, and one where +bargains may be looked for. + + +OUR MAGAZINE.--Baltimore _Catholic Mirror_: DONAHOE'S MAGAZINE (Boston) +has occupied a field exclusive to itself from the start--it is the +popular magazine for the Catholic masses. It is not like those flimsy +ventures which, under the title of "popular," get the people's money +without giving them adequate returns. On the contrary, it is ample in +scope, and its well-stored pages are carefully selected by its veteran +editor. The leading article in its January issue is that on Cardinal +McCloskey, by John Gilmary Shea. + + +A Belfast paper says: "As regards opposition from the minority in +Ulster, it will soon subside. An Irish Parliament, once established, +will have no warmer supporters than Protestants of the North." The +Orangemen are but a small fraction of the Protestants of that part of +Ireland. + + +A BAD OUTLOOK.--At the present time there are in London about one +hundred and fifty thousand persons in want and penury. There are nearly +forty thousand men out of employment, and some ten thousand persons are +sunk so low, physically and mentally, that many of them are in dire +necessity, and were it not for the timely aid of the charitable, their +hard fate would soon increase the number of those who die from +starvation in the streets of the richest city in the world. + + +SMOTHERING CHILDREN.--In a recent inquest in London a physician +testified that the practice to which young mothers are addicted, of +lying over their infants at night, caused the death of about five +hundred children a year in London alone. + + +MUNSTER BANK.--Two of the directors of the late "Munster," have appeared +in the Bankruptcy Court:--William Shaw, whose indebtedness to the bank +is stated to amount to over £129,000; and Nicholas Dan Murphy, indebted +in the sum of over £24,000. A manager, other than Mr. Farquharson, who, +by the way, is _not_ dead, will probably find himself in the hands of +the liquidators before long. + + +TOBACCO.--The "paternal" government of Ireland prohibits the raising of +tobacco. Mr. Thomas Power O'Connor, Nationalist Member for Liverpool, +gave notice that he would introduce a bill to repeal the prohibition of +the cultivation of tobacco in Ireland. + + +Father Burke was often heard to say that he could never speak at home as +in America. "I never knew what freedom was," he declared, "until I set +foot on the emancipated soil of Columbia. Then I said, 'I am a free man, +and I will speak my soul.'" + + +President Cleveland has signed the Presidential Succession bill. The law +now lodges the presidential succession in the cabinet, and puts seven +men in the line of eligibility for the place. It so happens that all of +the present cabinet are Americans by birth, and over thirty-five years +of age. + + +The returns from the late ball of the Charitable Irish Society is +estimated to be about $800. At this rate it will take a long time to +build that hall. + + +The Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster has written to Rome in favor of +the canonization of Joan of Arc. + + +Says our esteemed contemporary, the _Catholic Record_, of London, +Ontario:--"The number of Catholics in the new British Parliament is 76, +the greatest since Emancipation. They are all Irishmen. The Anti-Irish +English "Cawtholics" could not elect a man in their own country to the +office of pound-keeper without the aid of the Irish whom they affect to +despise." + + +The California millionnaires set an example in charity that might well +be imitated by their Eastern contemporaries. At Christmas James C. Flood +donated $1,000 to the Catholic Orphan Asylum of San Francisco, and +$1,000 to the Catholic Orphan Asylum of San Rafael, Cal., and $500 to +the Magdalen Asylum, San Francisco. James Mervyn Donahoe donated $100 +apiece to the Catholic Orphan Asylum, Presentation Convent, and Youth's +Directory, all of San Francisco. Mrs. Maria Coleman $1,600 to the San +Francisco Catholic Orphan Asylum. A magnificent altar, composed of +Carrara marble and onyx, costing $5,000, has just been completed in St. +Joseph's Church, San Jose, Cal. It is the gift of Mrs. Catherine Dunne. + + +COLUMBUS.--It is announced from Corsica that the preparations for the +celebration of the fourth centenary of Christopher Columbus are far +advanced. The principal display will be made at Calvi. The latest works +of the Abbé Casanova, establish beyond doubt the fact that it was here +the illustrious navigator was born, and this opinion is shared by the +majority of Italian historians. The United States propose to take a +special part in the ceremonies, and it is expected that by a special +decree on that occasion the Corsicans will be declared American +citizens. + + +Father Burke had an ardent admiration for Cardinal Manning, saying on +one occasion that he was the greatest cardinal living in the church at +this day, dwelling on his activity, accomplishments, and readiness on +all public occasions; and also his capacity for every work to which he +turned his attention. + + +The Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus was celebrated at the Cathedral of +the Holy Cross, Boston, on the 17th of January, by the society of that +name. After the usual exercises, Rev. Father Bodfish, the director, gave +a brief review of the past year, and exhorted the members to persevere +in the good work which characterized its members. This is an excellent +society, and we would advise all, both young and old, to join it. Its +grand object is the discountenance of blasphemy, impurity and all the +vices to which poor human nature are addicted. The officers for the year +1886 are: Rev. Father Bodfish, director; Patrick Donahoe, president; +William Connolly, Treasurer; Andrew P. Lane, Secretary. + + +A London correspondent of the Dublin _Evening Mail_, writes of Mr. +Parnell:--"A friend tells me that one of the prettiest sights on the +Hastings promenade on Christmas Day was the Irish chief gamboling with +two little girls. One would have thought from his appearance that he had +no thought of a Constitutional crisis. His face 'sicklied o'er with the +pale cast of thought,' he seemed more like a modest usher of a school +frolicking with his master's children than the moving spirit of a +National rebellion." + + +Joseph Milmore, a well-known sculptor of Boston, died recently at +Geneva, Switzerland, whither he had gone for his health. He belonged to +a family of sculptors, the most distinguished of whom was Martin M. +Milmore, who died some three years ago. Joseph was engaged with his +brother Martin in many important works. Joseph Milmore was born in +Sligo, Ireland, and came to Boston when hardly more than a babe. At the +close of his school-life he became an apprentice to a cabinet-maker. +Later he engaged in marble cutting, and developed his taste for +sculptural work. His last work of consequence was on the statue of +Daniel Webster, at Concord, N. H. + + +The following Irish members returned to the new Parliament have declared +themselves in favor of women's suffrage, according to a list in the +_Women's Suffrage Journal_:--Joe Biggar, Cavan, West; Sir T. Esmonde, +Dublin County, South; E. D. Gray, Dublin City, St. Stephen's Green; T. +M. Healy, Monaghan, North; Londonderry, South; R. Lalor, Queen's County, +Leix; J. Leahy, Kildare, South; E. Leamy, Cork, North-East; J. McCarthy, +Longford, North; Sir J. McKenna, Monaghan, South; B. C. Molloy, King's +County, Birr; J. P. Nolan, Galway, North; W. O'Brien, Tyrone, South; A. +O'Connor, Donegal, East; T. P. O'Connor, Liverpool, Scotland, W. Galway +City; C. S. Parnell, Cork City; R. Power, Waterford City; J. E. Redmond, +Wexford, North; W. Redmond, Fermanagh, North; T. D. Sullivan, Dublin +City, College Green. + + +The Tory Ministry was defeated in England by a resolution offered by +Jesse Collings, an English reformer, the nature of which was, that a +certain amount of land should be set apart for the use of agricultural +laborers. On this minor English measure, the Salisbury government was +ingloriously defeated by a vote of 329 to 250. The Irish eighty-six +voted against the Tories, and thus ends this last attempt at coercion. +As Mr. Sexton said in his great speech, "Mr. Parnell was too old a +parliamentary bird to be caught with such thinly spread chaff as that." +Probably the Tories will adopt obstructive tactics. They hope, by +encouraging the Irish landlords to carry out ruthlessly wholesale +evictions, to provoke disorder and crime in Ireland, with a view to +compel Mr. Gladstone to revert to coercion, and so bring about a +conflict between the Liberals and the Irish party. This shameful scheme +will probably fail. The Parnellites will make vigorous efforts to +prevent disorder in Ireland, in order to give Mr. Gladstone a fair +chance. + + +Mr. Gladstone sees how the wind is veering, and begins to trim his +sails. He announces to his tenants reductions in their rent, varying +from twenty to thirty per cent. It is an ominous incident. Evidently, +the "Grand Old Man" is preparing to take off his coat to deal with the +land question, as well as with Home Rule. + + +The _Dublin Freeman's Journal_ says: The Queen's speech, opening +Parliament, was an opportune attempt to please both the Irish parties. +It has a tendency to propitiate the stronger party and disappoint the +Loyalists or Orangemen. + + +Justin McCarthy, M. P., says: It is out of the question for Mr. Parnell +to take a seat in the Gladstone cabinet. The conditions to be accepted +by the one could not be offered by the other. The Irish National members +regard the whole situation as satisfactory, and are convinced, that, no +matter who comes in, or who stays out, Home Rule is certain. + + +THE CUNARD LINE.--After the 17th of April, the Cunard Steamers will sail +weekly from Boston, on Wednesdays, in place of Saturdays as formerly. +The company have placed their best steamers on the Boston service,--the +OREGON, GALLIA, BOTHNIA, and SCYTHIA. With this fleet, Boston is the +place to get the most rapid passage between America and Europe. The +_Oregon_ is already favorably known to the travelling public for the +superiority attained in speed, and when running to or from Boston, will +certainly cross the ocean in six days. The _Oregon_, on her last trip +from New York to Queenstown, made the run in six days and seventeen +hours. + + +HOLYDAYS OF OBLIGATION.--According to the request of the Fathers of the +late Council of Baltimore, the Holy Father has intimated by letter to +the American Episcopate that the number of holydays of obligation, to be +observed by all Catholics in this country, has been reduced to the +following six, viz., Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin, +Nativity of our Lord, Ascension of our Lord, Circumcision of Our Lord, +Assumption of the Blessed Virgin, and the Feast of All Saints. The +Feasts of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin, Epiphany, and Corpus +Christi, as festivals of obligation, have been abrogated; but the +solemnity of the last-named feast the Holy Father desires to be +celebrated on the Sunday within its octave. This arrangement of feasts +makes the practice of their observance a general one. The days named are +of obligation in every diocese, and now every diocese has six holydays; +formerly, many had as many as nine. By lessening the number the Holy +Father made it certainly more easy for the laborer, who felt that he +could but poorly afford to observe the day, as his earnings were about +all he had. + + +CARDINALS.--_Lake Shore Visitor_: Just now we are having a few newspaper +Cardinals. Baltimore, Boston, and New York want the honor, and the +papers seem to think that there should be a proper selection made on the +part of the Holy Father. Chicago, St. Louis, San Francisco, and several +other small places have not been heard from yet. This country could +supply on newspaper more than enough of Cardinals. The Americans are by +no means greedy. + + +The lecture of Hon. A. M. Keiley, at the Boston Theatre, on Sunday +evening, January 31, in aid of the House of the Good Shepherd, netted +the handsome sum of over seven hundred dollars. + + +Vick's Floral Guide, for January, 1886, is beautifully illustrated. All +lovers of flowers, plants, etc., should procure this issue. Address, +James Vicks, Rochester, N. Y. + + +The _Catholic Mirror_, Baltimore, Md., has issued a supplement in the +shape of an annual for 1886. It is profusely illustrated and contains +besides the Almanac a good portrait of the Archbishop of Baltimore with +other engravings. + + * * * * * + + +The Papal Mediation. + +We give the text of the Sovereign Pontiff's proposal of arbitration +between Germany and Spain; so that it may be seen at a glance how +closely the protocol followed its suggestions, merely amplifying in a +technical and explicit sense the scheme of His Holiness: + + _Proposal of His Holiness Leo XIII., Mediator in the Question + of the Archipelago of the Carolines and the Palaos, pending + between Spain and Germany:_ + +The discovery made by Spain, in the sixteenth century, of the islands +forming the archipelago of the Carolines and the Palaos, and the series +of acts accomplished in these same islands by the Spanish government for +the benefit of the natives, have created, in the conviction of the said +government and of the nation, a title of sovereignty, founded upon the +principles of international law which are quoted and obeyed in our days +in similar cases. + +And, in fact, when we consider the sum of the above-mentioned acts, the +authenticity of which is confirmed by various documents in the archives +of Propaganda, we cannot mistake the beneficent course of Spain in +regard to these islanders. It is, moreover, to be observed that no other +government has exercised a like action towards them. This explains what +must be kept in mind--the constant tradition and conviction of the +Spanish people in respect to that sovereignty--a tradition and a +conviction which were manifested, two months ago, with an ardor and an +animosity capable of compromising for an instant the internal peace of +two friendly governments and their mutual relations. + +On the other hand, Germany, as well as England, declared expressly in +1875 to the Spanish government that she did not recognize the +sovereignty of Spain over these islands. The imperial government holds +that it is the effectual occupation of a territory which constitutes the +origin of the right of sovereignty over it, and that such occupation has +never been realized by Spain in the case of the Carolines. It has acted +in conformity with that principle in the Island of Yap; and in this the +mediator is happy to recognize--as the Spanish government has also +done--the loyalty of the imperial government. + +In consequence, and in order that this divergence of views between the +two States may be no obstacle to an honorable arrangement, the mediator, +having weighed all things, proposes that the new arrangement should +adopt the formulas of the protocol relating to the archipelago of Jolo, +signed at Madrid on the 7th of March last by the representatives of +Great Britain, of Germany and of Spain; and that the following points be +observed: + +1. Affirmation of the sovereignty of Spain over the Carolines and the +Palaos. + +2. The Spanish government, in order to render this sovereignty +effectual, undertakes to establish as quickly as possible in the +archipelago in question a regular administration, with a sufficient +force to guarantee order and the rights acquired. + +3. Spain offers to Germany full and entire liberty of commerce, of +navigation, and of fishery within the islands, as also the right of +establishing a naval and a coaling station. + +4. Spain also assures to Germany the liberty of plantation within the +islands, and of the foundation of agricultural establishments upon the +same footing as that of undertakings by Spanish subjects. + + L. CARDINAL JACOBINI, + _Secretary of State to His Holiness_. + + * * * * * + + +PRINCE BISMARCK TO THE POPE. + +_Sire_,--The gracious letter with which your Holiness has honored me, +and the high decoration accompanying it, gave me great pleasure, and I +beg your Holiness to deign to receive the expression of my profound +gratitude. Any mark of approbation connected with a work of peace in +which it has been given me to co-operate is the more precious to me +because of the high satisfaction it causes His Majesty, my august +master. Your Holiness says in your letter that nothing is more in +harmony with the spirit and nature of the Roman Pontificate than the +practice of works of peace. + +That is the very thought by which I was guided in begging your Holiness +to accept the noble employment of arbiter in the difference pending +between Germany and Spain, and in proposing to the Spanish Government to +abide by your Holiness's decision. The consideration of the fact that +the two nations do not stand in the same position towards the Church +which venerates in your Holiness her supreme chief never weakened my +firm confidence in the elevation of your Holiness's views, which assured +me of the most perfect impartiality of your verdict. The nature of +Germany's relations with Spain is such that the peace which reigns +between these two countries is not menaced by any permanent divergence +of interests, by rancours arising from the past, or by rivalry inherent +in their geographic situation. Their habitually good relations could +only be troubled by fortuitous causes or misunderstandings. + +There is therefore every reason to hope that your Holiness's pacific +action will have lasting effects, and first among these I count the +grateful recollection the two parties will retain of their august +mediator. + +For my own part I shall gladly avail myself of every occasion which the +fulfilment of my duties towards my master and my country may furnish me +to testify to your Holiness my lively gratitude and my very humble +devotion. + + VON BISMARCK. + + * * * * * + + +The Holy Father has sent to Senor Canovas del Castello the decoration of +the Order of Christ. Thus His Holiness pays a high compliment to both +the principal Ministers acting in the question of the Carolines, giving +priority to him (Bismarck) to whom the proposal of Papal mediation was +entirely due, and whose nation, it may be noted, has accepted the Pope's +decision with the best submission. + + +Bishop Reilly's (no relation to the Bishop of Springfield, Mass.), +diocese in Mexico, is in the hands of the sheriff. The Episcopal Church +of Mexico has been purchased by the Jesuits. Proselytizing in Catholic +countries is very extravagant zeal, observes the _Western Watchman_. + + +BLESSING THE THROAT.--The feast of St. Blase, occurred on the 3d of +February. St. Blase was Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia. He suffered in +the persecution of Diocletian. Agricalaus, the governor of Capadocia, +had him dragged from his cell, in the mountain of Argæus. Every effort +was in vain made by bribes and threats to induce him to sacrifice to the +gods. He was then scourged and lacerated with iron combs, but he +remained unbroken in his faith, and, at last, his head was cut off in +the persecution of the wicked Licinius, A.D. 316. His relics, famous for +miracles, were preserved until scattered during the crusades. Numerous +miracles in favor of those afflicted with sore throats and similar +diseases, are attributed to the intercession of St. Blase. The Church +sanctions the pious custom of the faithful in having their throats +blessed on his feast, and she prescribes a prayer invoking the +intercession of St. Blase. + + +The Irish Cause in Philadelphia, _I. C. B. U. Journal_: The day after +the defeat of the Salisbury ministry, Philadelphia held an Irish +Home-Rule meeting at Independence Hall. It was a town meeting of a +representative character. The Mayor presided. Leading citizens signed +the call. There was a great throng. Prominent men spoke. The money given +"on the spot" was $5,780. A Committee of Fifty was appointed to collect +more. A despatch was sent Parnell telling him that the citizens of the +city of American Independence, in sight of the Liberty Bell of 1775, the +Mayor presiding, had contributed over £1,100. The signers were mainly +merchants and journalists not before identified with the movement. It is +thought that ten thousand dollars will be raised for the Parliamentary +fund. + + * * * * * + + +English Cabinet. + +The new cabinet is officially announced as follows: + + Mr. Gladstone, prime minister and first lord of the treasury. + Sir Farrer Herschell, lord high chancellor. + Earl Spencer, lord president of the council. + Mr. H. C. H. Childers, home secretary. + Earl Rosebery, secretary for foreign affairs. + Earl Granville, secretary for the colonies. + Earl Kimberley, secretary for India. + Mr. H. Campbell-Bannerman, secretary of war. + Sir William Vernon Harcourt, chancellor of the exchequer. + The Marquis of Ripon, first lord of the admiralty. + Mr. J. Chamberlain, president of the local government board. + The Earl of Aberdeen, viceroy of Ireland. + Mr. G. O. Trevelyan, secretary for Scotland. + Mr. A. J. Mundella, president of the board of trade. + Mr. John Morley, chief secretary of Ireland. + + * * * * * + + +The Emperor of China has formally invited the Pope to open direct +relations between the Holy See and the Chinese Empire by the +establishment of a Papal embassy at Pekin. + + +Miss Gertrude G. McMaster, second daughter of James A. McMaster of the +New York _Freeman's Journal_, was invested with the black veil at the +Carmelite Nunnery, in Baltimore. Archbishop Gibbons performed the +ceremony. This is the third daughter of the veteran journalist that has +joined the various orders in the church. + + +Reports are again in circulation that Archbishops Gibbons of Baltimore, +and Williams of Boston, are to be among the new batch of cardinals that +are to be created at the coming consistory at Rome. It looks as if there +might be two princes of the church in the United States. The two B's, in +all probability, will be the honored Sees. + + +Gladstone has completed his cabinet, and is now in working order. The +_Dublin Freeman's Journal_, commenting on Mr. Gladstone's election +address to his constituents, says the prime minister explicitly +recognizes that no settlement of the land or education questions in +Ireland is possible without Irish self-government. + + +THE NEW SECRETARY FOR IRELAND.--New York _Evening Post_: Probably the +most difficult place of all to fill was the Irish secretaryship. +Considering the fate which has overtaken the last three secretaries--Mr. +Forster ruined politically, Lord Frederick Cavendish murdered and Mr. +Trevelyan undoubted discredited--any Englishman in public life, however +able or brave, might well shrink from taking the place. But if any +Englishman can succeed in it, Mr. Morley will. He has already, both as a +journalist and member of Parliament, achieved distinct success in +politics. He is a grave and weighty speaker, and, though not a +sentimental man, has, what we may call, a philosophic sympathy with +people of a different type of mind and character from the English, to +the want of which the English failure in the government of Ireland has +been largely due. He is favorable to Home Rule in some shape, and is +ready to listen to what the Home Rulers say, and consider it, and is not +likely when he gets to Dublin to put on the "English gentleman" air +which the Irish find so exasperating. On the whole, in fact, the new +cabinet is a considerable advance on its predecessor, as far as the +Irish question is concerned, especially. + + +MICHAEL DAVITT PRAISES GLADSTONE.--Michael Davitt, speaking at Holloway, +England, said he believed that Mr. Gladstone was the only English +statesman that had the courage and ability to grapple with the Irish +problem and establish peace between England and Ireland. The premier, +Mr. Davitt said, had already settled the question of religious +inequality, and had made an honest attempt to solve the land problem. +His failure to deal in a satisfactory manner with the latter question +was due to the fact that he had not gone to the root of the matter. + + +PARNELL--"Would you," said a member in the House after the defeat of the +Government, "under any circumstance accept the offer of the Chief +Secretaryship?" Mr. Parnell's reply was:--"Certainly not. To administer +any law an honest man must be in sympathy with it and believe it to be a +just and right law. Now, I am not in sympathy with the English rule of +Ireland, but believe it to be both unjust in itself and prompted by +alien feelings. Believing this, under no possible circumstances would I +have part or lot in administering it." + + +Martin I. J. Griffin in the _I. C. B. U. Journal_: Some time, in an +amusing hour, we give extracts from newspapers of forty or fifty years +ago, about the Irish "foreigners." It might teach a lesson to the sons +of the then assailed and the newcomers. Many of them are using language +about Poles, Hungarians, and the Chinese, just similar to the utterances +against the Irish years ago. As many Irish now feel against others, so +the "Americans" of that time felt against the Irish. If the Irish are +now just in their denunciations they may think less harshly of those who +maligned the Irish in the past. We Irish-blooded Americans must be +just. + + + + +PERSONAL. + + +Rt. Rev. Bishop Healy has arrived at Rome. + + +P. S. Gilmore gave two concerts in Madison Square Garden, New York, on +Sunday evening, February 21, in aid of the Parliamentary fund. + + +Sir Edward Cecil Guinness has given £2,500 to pay off the debt on the +Dublin Artisans' Exhibition, and to start a fund for the foundation of a +Technical School. + + +Mr. West, the British Minister at Washington, is a Catholic and attends +St. Matthew's Church. His pew is close to Lieut.-Gen. Sheridan's. + + +Thomas Russell Sullivan, President of the Papyrus Club of Boston, a +rising dramatist and novelist, is a descendant of Gov. Sullivan, the +first Governor of Massachusetts. + + +William Gorman Willis, a Kilkenny Irishman, 57 years old, who prepared +the version of "Faust," in which Henry Irving is now making such a +sensation in London, wrote "The Man o' Airlie," in which Lawrence +Barrett has achieved distinction. + + +Parnell will be forty years of age next June. He is a bachelor and leads +the simplest sort of life,--in lodgings, as a rule,--taking his dinner +at a hotel. His habits are so quiet that he and his sister Anna were +guests at the same hotel for weeks without knowing that they were under +one roof. + + +Rev. J. B. Cotter, ex-President of the Catholic T. A. Union of America, +is to deliver a series of free lectures on Total Abstinence, under the +auspices of the societies that comprise the Catholic T. A. Union of the +Archdiocese of Boston. The first of the series will be given in Tremont +Temple, Boston, Monday evening, February 15. The reverend gentleman is +devoting all his time to this worthy object, and should be welcomed by a +full house. + + +Mr. Thomas J. Gargan, of Boston, delivered an oration in Halifax, Nova +Scotia, before the Charitable Irish Society, of that city, on the +occasion of its one hundredth anniversary. The president of the +Charitable Irish Society of Boston, Mr. Morrissey, received a very +cordial invitation from the Halifax society to be present at the +anniversary, and replied that, in consequence of business here, he could +not attend. Mr. Gargan, however, an ex-president of the Boston +organization, was delegated to respond at the Halifax banquet for the +Charitable Irish Society of Boston. Mr. D. H. Morrissey, president of +the latter organization, has invited the president of the Halifax +society to attend the annual banquet at the Parker House, March 17. + + +Rev. Patrick Strain, pastor of St. Mary's Church, at Lynn, Mass., has +been presented with two elegant altar chairs, an easy chair and an altar +robe, in appreciation of his devoted labors during a pastorate of +thirty-five years. He went to Lynn from a charge at Chelsea in 1851. +Since he has been in Lynn he has raised upward of $200,000 for church +work. The old original wooden church is now replaced by a spacious brick +edifice. There is also a flourishing parochial school. + + +Rev. Father Nugent has retired from the chaplaincy of the prison at +Liverpool, where he has done so much good service for the last +twenty-two years. It is said that the retiring chaplain will enjoy a +well earned pension of £200 a year. During the twenty-two years of his +sacred ministry at Walton, over two hundred thousand prisoners have +passed under his charge. Who can tell the number that have been rescued +from a life of crime through his ministrations? + + +Hon. A. M. Keiley intends to settle in New York City and practice at his +profession of the law. On January 6th, he was admitted to practice at +the Bar of that State, by the General Term of the Supreme Court. His +standing as a lawyer was certified to by the Clerk of the Supreme Court +of Appeals of Virginia; and ex-Chief Justice Charles P. Daly vouched for +him as a moral person. As soon as he was sworn in, Mr. Keiley seconded +Mr. Algernon S. Sullivan's motion for the admission of Mr. T. McCants +Stewart, a colored lawyer from South Carolina. Mr. Stewart was +admitted. + + + + +NOTICES OF RECENT PUBLICATIONS. + + + _Thomas B. Noonan & Co., Boston._ + + THE ALTAR MANUAL for the use of the Reverend Clergy. Price 75 + cents. + +This very useful book contains Epistles and Gospels for the Sundays and +holydays. The Litanies, the Stations of the Cross, Litany and Prayers at +Forty Hours' Devotion, etc., the whole forming a compact volume of two +hundred and forty-one pages. Every clergyman in the country should +possess this excellent book. + + + _Excelsior Publishing House, N. Y._ + + LIFE OF PARNELL AND WHAT HE HAS ACHIEVED FOR IRELAND. By J. + S. Mahoney. Price 25 cents. + +This is a pamphlet of one hundred and forty pages, and contains a sketch +of the life of Parnell, with portrait. In it is introduced the +lieutenants of Mr. Parnell, with portraits--Dillon, Sullivan, Biggar, +Healy, Sexton, McCarthy, T. P. O'Connor, Edmund Dwyer Gray, William +O'Brien, Mayne, O'Gorman Mahan, Rt. Hon. Charles Dawson, with the names +of the Irish members of Parliament, etc., etc. It is just the book for +those interested in the great struggle for Irish Home Rule. + + * * * * * + + +MISCELLANEOUS. + +Père Didon, the eminent Dominican, is engaged in the preparation of a +work from which great things are expected. It is to be a refutation of +Renan's infamous "Vie de Jesu"--a work which, it is declared by the best +authorities, conduced more to the spread of infidelity than any that was +ever published. Père Didon has paid a long visit to the Holy Land in +furtherance of his researches, and intends to make another trip there +before he concludes them. The book will probably not be published for +six or eight months. + + +Messrs. John Murphy & Co., Baltimore, have issued a large type edition +of the Holy Way of the Cross, new type with new illustrations. It is a +great improvement on former editions. + + +HAVERTY'S IRISH-AMERICAN ILLUSTRATED ALMANAC, for 1886. Price 25 cents. + +Persons who invest a quarter in this book will get the worth of their +money. Stories, poetry, etc., etc. Address P. M. Haverty, 14 Barclay +Street, New York. + + +I. F. M. in _Catholic Universe_:--Writing of Catholic publications and +Catholic reading we are reminded of the fact that the Catholic public is +often really victimized in this very matter. Books are made up out of +old materials, a few facts are added on cognate subjects of present +interest, the volume is handsomely bound, and an agent goes about the +country selling the book, receiving payments in instalments and making +sixty per cent. on his sales. Such books ornament a table and are little +read; an incubus of instalments is laid on the buyer; he pays twice as +much as ought to be asked for the book and the sale of really valuable +and much cheaper books is prevented. We have seen handsomely bound +Bibles bought for fifteen and twenty dollars, and solely used for an +ornament, by poor people who could surely have made much better +investments in reading matter. What we say of Bibles may be said equally +of certain ponderous volumes containing the Life of the Blessed Virgin, +etc. Of course, these are grandly useful books in themselves; but when +so gotten up as to be unavailable except for ornament, and when creating +an obstacle to the purchase of books more easily and more generally +read, they do not serve Catholic interests. + + +Instructions and Prayers for the Jubilee of 1886. Published with the +approbation of his Grace, the Most Rev. Archbishop of New York. 32 mo, +paper, per copy, 5 cents; per hundred, $2.00. The same in German. +Benziger Brothers, Publishers, New York, Cincinnati, and St. Louis. + + +ST. VINCENT DE PAUL LIBRARY.--Instructions on the commandments and +sacraments. Translated from St. Francis Ligouri, by the late Rev. +Nicholas Callan, D. D., Maynooth. The title of this little book explains +its contents. It is the first of a series of instructive books to be +issued by the St. Vincent de Paul Publishing Co., Chicago, Ill. + + + + +OBITUARY. + +"After life's fitful fever they sleep well." + + +BISHOPS. + +We regret to record the death of the Most Rev. Dr. Errington, Archbishop +of Trebizond, which took place at Prior Park, Bath, England. The +deceased, who was uncle to Sir George Errington, was born in 1804, was +in early life senior priest at St. Nicholas's Church, Copperashill, +Liverpool, and at a later period had charge of St. Mary's Church, +Douglas. He was first bishop of Plymouth, having been consecrated on +July 25th, 1851. In April, 1855, he was translated to Trebizond, and was +succeeded in the See of Plymouth by the present bishop, the Rt. Rev. Dr. +Vaughan. Archbishop Errington was of a kindly and generous disposition, +and performed many sterling but unostentatious acts of charity. + +We regret to announce the death of the Most Rev. Dr. Conaty, Bishop of +Kilmore. He had been suffering from extreme weakness of the heart, which +was always a source of alarm to his physicians. Dr. M'Quaid was in +attendance, and as the cathedral bell was ringing its last peal for +twelve o'clock Mass, Dr. Conaty, so much beloved by his priests and +people, calmly breathed his last. Great was the sorrow in his cathedral +when Father Flood, the officiating priest told the people that their +good bishop was no more. The deceased was in his sixty-seventh year, and +was consecrated bishop in 1863. + +Most Rev. George Butler, D. D., bishop of Limerick, Ireland, died on the +3d of February. He was consecrated on the 25th of July, 1861. He +succeeded Most Rev. Dr. Ryan. + + * * * * * + + +PRIESTS. + +The Very Rev. Dr. McDonald, V. G., died recently at Charlottetown, P. E. +I. By his demise the church in the Maritime Provinces has lost a +scholarly and devoted priest. He was beloved by all classes in the +community. May he rest in peace! + +Rev. Vincent Devlin, S. J., died at Cincinnati, Ohio, on the 29th of +January. His brief life has been crowded with a phenomenal aptitude for +scholastic attainments, and he ranked very high in the line of +educational mission which he filled. Father Devlin was born in Belfast, +in 1856. He accompanied his parents to Chicago when very young, his +father, who still resides there, being John Devlin, senior member of the +wholesale grocery firm of John Devlin & Co. His preparatory education +for the priesthood was received at the Jesuit College, Chicago. He went +through his novitiate at Elorissant, Mo., and became a member of the +Jesuit order in 1871, and was ordained four years ago. For a number of +years he was professor of belles lettres at the St. Louis University, +and latter, of languages at St. Xavier's, in Cincinnati, at which latter +place he died almost in the pursuance of his professional duties. + +The Rev. Patrick Tracy, of the diocese of Waterford, Ireland, died +recently, aged seventy-three years. He was ordained in 1837, and up to +1848 was connected with the parish of Trinity Without, Waterford, as a +zealous and devoted missionary curate. He took an active and earnest +interest in the 1848 movement, and was intimately associated with the +late General T. F. Meagher, on which occasion, fortunately, his great +influence over the masses saved that city from a sanguinary conflict, as +the rescue of Meagher on the morning of his arrest was fully determined. +In other parishes of the diocese he was distinguished for his zeal and +charities, and had been a hard-working priest for nearly fifty years. + +The Rev. Father George W. Matthew, of St. Patrick's Church, Racine, +Wis., died on the night of the 27th of January, of cancer in the throat. +The disease was similar to that which caused the death of Gen. Grant. +The stricken priest was taken to Cleveland, O., three months ago, where +a delicate operation was performed, and a silver tube placed in his +throat. Upon his return to Racine he became very weak, and it was well +known to his friends that he could not possibly recover. He was one of +the most prominent Catholic priests in the State, and one of Racine's +honored and best men, and his death will be learned with sincere regret +and sorrow by all classes of people. He was born in New York City in +1833. + +Died, in Rochester, N. Y., on the 22d of January, Rev. Michael M. +Meagher, much lamented by all who knew him. Father M. was born in +Roscrea, County Tipperary, on the 1st of August, 1831; he was ordained +priest at Dunkirk, N. Y., by Bishop Timon on the 7th of September, 1862. +There was no priest more zealous, charitable and devoted to every duty +than the lamented Father Meagher, and that he is now reaping his eternal +reward is the fervent prayer of all who know and appreciate the many +noble qualities of head and heart of this good and holy priest. + +The death is announced of the famous Abbé Michaelis, director of the +College of Philosophy at Louvain, previous to the establishment of the +Belgian Kingdom in 1830. + +Rev. Joseph F. Gallagher, pastor of the Church of the Holy Name, of +Cleveland, O., and for twenty-one years one of the most prominent +priests of that diocese, died Saturday, Jan. 30, of pneumonia, aged +forty-nine years. + +The Rev. John Dunn, D.D., died suddenly at Wilkesbarre, Pa., recently, +of pneumonia, aged thirty-eight years. He was a pulpit orator of unusual +ability. In August, 1877, his name was heralded throughout the country. +The first of August was a very dark day for Scranton. The great strike +of the steel workers was at its height. At 11 A.M., the strikers, to the +number of five hundred, met in an open lot adjoining the silk mills. +Speeches of the most inflammatory character were made, and it was +finally resolved to march to the steel mill, burn it down, and then go +to the Dickson Iron Works and compel the men there to quit work. Mayor +McCune, summoning the whole police force and the militia to the rescue, +awaited the coming of the strikers, who were now turned into a howling +mob. Soon they appeared armed with sticks and stones, and when they +caught sight of the militia they commenced to hurl stones at them. Mayor +McCune mounted a box and read the riot act. This only infuriated the +mob, and the cry went up, "Kill the Mayor!" The greatest excitement +followed, and the mayor was in danger of his life, when Father Dunn, +then pastor of the Cathedral, arrived on the scene. He mounted the box +just vacated by the mayor and cried out: "Men, remember that you are +men!" These words and the sight of the priest came like a thunderbolt +upon the mob, and in an instant its fury was spent. Father Dunn then +told the strikers in words of glowing eloquence that nothing could be +gained by bloodshed and destruction of property. The mob then dispersed +and peace reigned once more. At a meeting of citizens held shortly +afterward, Father Dunn was thanked for the part he took in saving life +and property, and Mayor McCune presented him with a gold-headed cane. In +1879 Father Dunn entered the American College at Rome, where he remained +three years. He visited the Pyramids, and on St. Patrick's day unfurled +the flag of Ireland on one of them. Dr. Dunn also celebrated Mass on the +supposed site of the birthplace of the Saviour in Bethlehem. + +Rev. William Walter Power, pastor of St. Patrick's Church, Joliet, Ill., +died of Bright's disease in that city. He was for a short time pastor of +St. Patrick's Church, in Chicago, and was 55 years of age. + + * * * * * + + +BROTHER. + +Brother John Lynch, S. J., died at St. Mary's residence, Cooper St., +Boston. He was a native of the county Tyrone, Ire., born July 25, 1802, +and entered the Society of Jesus in 1837. He came to Boston with the +venerable Father McElroy in 1847, and has lived here ever since. As +sacristan of the church and procurator of the church and residence of +St. Mary's for thirty-nine years, he endeared himself to the clergy and +the people by his many virtues and great piety. May he rest in peace. + + * * * * * + + +SISTER. + +Sister Mary, of St. Odilla (Parson), of the Sisters of Our Lady of +Charity of the Good Shepherd, departed this life on the 10th of January, +at the monastery in Newark, N. J. May she rest in peace! + +Sister Mary Cecilia Moore, connected with the Academy of Notre Dame, +Lowell, died on the morning of January 16, aged forty years. She served +in Boston, East Boston and Lawrence. + +On Sunday, the 10th of January, Sister Monica (known in the world as +Miss Barbara O'Brien) died in the Ursuline Convent, Valle Crucis, near +Columbia, S. C. She was fifty-three years old, and had been a lay sister +for twenty-four years. May she rest in peace. + + * * * * * + + +LAY PEOPLE. + +DEATH OF HON. JOHN RYAN.--January 27, there died at his home in St. +Louis, Hon. John Ryan, a gentleman who is well known to many of the +older leading citizens of St. Louis. Mr. Ryan was born in Kilkenny, +Ireland, eighty years ago, and came in early manhood to the United +States, where, in Connecticut first, he soon achieved prominence in +public life. Migrating to the West he first settled at Decatur, Ill., +where he published a daily paper for some years as well as keeping up +his connection with the Irish newspaper press of the East. For seven +years he held the office of postmaster at Decatur, after which he came +to Missouri, where he served two terms in the State Legislature with +honor. The deceased gentleman leaves a widow and seven of the thirteen +children that were born to him, among these being Mr. Frank K. Ryan, the +attorney, formerly County Land Commissioner and recently elected to the +Presidency of the Knights of St. Patrick. The other surviving sons are +in business here. One of those deceased, Col. George Ryan, who was +killed at the head of his regiment, the One Hundred and Fortieth New +York, in Virginia, was a classmate at West Point of Governor Marmaduke. +And what is better than all, he was a true Irishman and devoted +Catholic, and as such was a shining example through life. In public life +he was above reproach and in private possessed all those endearing +qualities necessary to lasting friendship. He was, in the true sense of +the word, "self made," having acquired all he possessed through his own +endeavors. + +Mr. John McCane, Loyalist member of Parliament-elect for the middle +division of Armagh, is dead. Mr. McCane was the guarantor for Mr. Philip +Callan, in the latter's petition to unseat Colonel Nolan, the +Nationalist member of Parliament from the north division of Louth. + +Mr. William Doherty, who had been ill with heart disease for some time +past, died Saturday night, January 16, at his residence, 142 Edmonson +Avenue, Baltimore, in the eighty-sixth year of his age. + + * * * * * + + +THE ROYAL BAKER AND PASTRY BOOK.--A Royal addition to the kitchen +library. It contains over seven hundred receipts pertaining to every +branch of the culinary department, including baking, roasting, +preserving, soups, cakes, jellies, pastry, and all kinds of sweet meats, +with receipts for the most delicious candies, cordials, beverages, and +all other necessary knowledge for the _chef de cuisine_ of the most +exacting epicure, as well as for the more modest housewife, who desires +to prepare a repast that shall be both wholesome and economical. With +each receipt is given full and explicit directions for putting together, +manipulating, shaping, baking, the kind of utensils to be used, so that +a novice can go through the operation with success; while a special and +important feature is made of the mode of preparing all kinds of food and +delicacies for the sick. The book has been prepared under the direction +of Prof. Rudmani, late _chef_ of the New York Cooking School, and is the +most valuable of the recent editions upon the subject of cookery that +has come to our notice. It is gotten up in the highest style of the +printer's art, on illuminated covers, etc. A copy will be sent as a gift +to every reader of this MAGAZINE, who will send their address to the +Royal Baking Powder Co., 106 Wall Street, New York, who are the +publishers of the book, stating that they saw the notice in this +MAGAZINE. + +SECRET SOCIETIES.--A bold and noble stand against secret societies has +been taken by General Pacheco, the new President of the South American +Republic of Bolivia, and one which stamps him with the superiority of +Christianity and manhood among princes and rulers. He declares himself a +practical Catholic, and the unyielding foe of secret societies. Finding +that Freemasonry was making way in the Bolivian army he has issued the +following decree: "Bolivia being a Catholic country, and Freemasonry +being entirely at variance with the teachings of the Catholic religion, +no man will henceforth be allowed to hold an officer's commission in the +Bolivian army, who is known to belong to a Masonic lodge." + + * * * * * + + +Transcriber's Notes: + +Punctuation and obvious spelling errors repaired. Unusual period +spellings and grammatical usages were retained (e.g. Phenix, +millionnaires, ivied, employés, clock times using period rather than +colon). + +Beginning P. 289, "Notes on Current Topics" through the end of the text, +the original placed minor (shorter) thought breaks between each separate +entry, including single paragraph entries. Transcriber has retained only +the major thought breaks, and thought breaks indicating the beginning +and end of multi-paragraph entries. + +P. 223, "A Chapter of Irish History in Boston"--throughout this article, +the ends of sentences form the section heading for what follows. These +were retained as in the original, so the paragraphs before those section +headings do not show concluding punctuation. + +P. 242, "Asinara(?)"--this parenthetical question mark was present in +the original. + +P. 250, Change in stanza indentation retained as in original. + +P. 277, "in laying bare"--original reads "bear." + +P. 291, reference to Thomas Gill article in North American Review. Total +tenant farmers in United Kingdom corrected to 1,069,127 (original reads +1,079,127). United States tenant farmers in excess of that number +corrected to 250,000 (original reads 50,000). Corrections based on +review of referenced article as published (Thomas P. Gill, "Landlordism +in America," North American Review, Vol. 142, Issue 350, January 1886, +p. 52-68). + +P. 294, "line of eligibility"--original reads "illegibility." + +Both "farm-house" and "farmhouse", north-west and northwest were used +(different articles). + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Donahoe's Magazine, Volume XV, No. 3, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DONAHOE'S MAGAZINE, VOL XV, NO 3 *** + +***** This file should be named 38636-8.txt or 38636-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/8/6/3/38636/ + +Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, JoAnn Greenwood +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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No. 3, 1886, by various authors. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%;} + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both;} + +small { font-size:60%; } + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em;} + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both;} + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto;} + +ul li {list-style-type: none;} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; +} /* page numbers */ + +/* Vertical Spacing */ + +.bigskip { +padding-top: 1.25em;} + + +.blockquot { + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%;} + +.rspace {padding-right: 15%} + +.lspace {padding-left: 15%} + +.transnote {background-color:#EEE; color: inherit; margin: 2em 10% 1em 10%; +font-size: 80%; padding: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em; text-align: left;} + +.signature { + margin-right: 30%; + text-align: right;} + +.bbox {border: solid 2px; + margin-right: 25%; + margin-left: 25%;} + +.bbox2 {border: solid 2px;} + +.center {text-align: center;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +.caption {font-weight: bold;} + +ins {text-decoration:none; border-bottom: thin dotted gray;} + +/* Images */ +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center;} + +.floatl, .figleft { + float: left; + clear: left; + margin-left: 0; + margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-right: 1em; + padding: 0; + text-align: center;} + +/* Footnotes */ +.footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + +.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + +.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + +.fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: + none;} + +/* Poetry */ +.poem {width: 60%; margin: 0 auto;} + +.poem br {display: none;} + +.poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + +.poem span.i0 { + display: block; + margin-left: 0em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em;} + +.poem span.i2 { + display: block; + margin-left: 1em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em;} + +.poem span.i4 { + display: block; + margin-left: 2em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em;} + + .poem span.i10 {display: block; margin-left: 4em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i12 {display: block; margin-left: 5em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i6 {display: block; margin-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's Donahoe's Magazine, Volume XV, No. 3, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Donahoe's Magazine, Volume XV, No. 3 + Volume XV (Jan 1886-Jul 1886) + +Author: Various + +Release Date: January 21, 2012 [EBook #38636] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DONAHOE'S MAGAZINE, VOL XV, NO 3 *** + + + + +Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, JoAnn Greenwood +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="transnote">Transcriber's Note: The following Table of Contents has been added (not +present in the original). Remaining transcriber's notes are at end of text.</div> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Table of Contents"> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Pen_Sketches">Pen Sketches of Irish Literateurs. III. Thomas Davis.</a></td><td align="right">209</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Southern_Sketches">Southern Sketches. XVIII. Havana.</a></td><td align="right">215</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Our_Gaelic_Tongue">Our Gaelic Tongue.</a></td><td align="right">222</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#A_Chapter_of_Irish_History_in_Boston">A Chapter of Irish History in Boston.</a></td><td align="right">223</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Interest_Savings_Banks">Interest:—Savings Banks.</a></td><td align="right">228</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Bay_State_Faugh-a-Ballaghs1">Bay State Faugh-a-Ballaghs. III.</a></td><td align="right">229</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Capital_and_Labor_Philosophy_of_Strikes">Capital and Labor: Philosophy of "Strikes."</a></td><td align="right">232</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Senator_Hayes">Senator Hayes.</a></td><td align="right">235</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Saints_and_Serpents">Saints and Serpents.</a></td><td align="right">237</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#The_Poems_of_Rosa_Mulholland4">The Poems of Rosa Mulholland.</a></td><td align="right">248</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#About_Critics">About Critics.</a></td><td align="right">256</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#The_Celts_of_South_America">The Celts of South America.</a></td><td align="right">258</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#ENCYCLICAL5">Encyclical: Quod Auctoritate, Proclaiming an Extraordinary Jubilee.</a></td><td align="right">259</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#England_and_Her_Enemies">England and Her Enemies.</a></td><td align="right">264</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Ireland_A_Retrospect">Ireland: A Retrospect.</a></td><td align="right">266</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Jim_Dalys_Repentance">Jim Daly's Repentance.</a></td><td align="right">268</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#What_English_Catholics_are_Contending_for">What English Catholics are Contending for, and What American Catholics Want.</a></td><td align="right">276</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Ingratitude_of_France_in_the_Irish_Struggle">Ingratitude of France in the Irish Struggle.</a></td><td align="right">277</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#OConnell_and_Parnell_1835-1886">O'Connell and Parnell—1835-1886.</a></td><td align="right">278</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Juvenile_Department">Juvenile Department.</a></td><td align="right">279</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Notes_on_Current_Topics">Notes on Current Topics.</a></td><td align="right">289</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Personal">Personal.</a></td><td align="right">300</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Notices_of_Recent_Publications">Notices of Recent Publications.</a></td><td align="right">301</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Obituary">Obituary.</a></td><td align="right">302</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span></p> +<h1>Donahoe's Magazine.</h1> +<div class="center"><div class="bbox2"> +<span class="rspace">Vol. XV.</span>BOSTON, MARCH, 1886.<span class="lspace">No. 3</span></div> +</div> + +<blockquote><p>"The future of the Irish race in this country, will depend +largely upon their capability of assuming an independent +attitude in American politics."—<span class="smcap">Right Rev. Doctor Ireland</span>, +<i>St. Paul, Minn.</i></p></blockquote> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Pen_Sketches" id="Pen_Sketches"></a>Pen Sketches of Irish Literateurs.<br /><br /> +<small>III.<br /><br /> +THOMAS DAVIS.</small></h2> + + +<p>The name of Thomas Davis is identified with the rise and progress of +Irish ballad literature. The sound of his spirit-stirring lyre was the +irresistible summons that awoke the sleeping bards of Irish song, bade +them tune their harps in joyous accord, and fill the land with the +thrilling harmony of a new evangel. At the touch of O'Connell, his +country shook off the torpor produced by the drug of penal proscription, +under which she had so long lain listless, almost lifeless. It fell to +the lot of the young Irelanders to perfect the work so successfully +begun; to raise her from the ignoble dust; to teach her the lesson of +courage and self-confidence, and quicken her footsteps in the onward +march for national independence. Thomas Davis was the acknowledged +organizer and leader of this band of conspiring patriots. By birth and +education he was well fitted for the position which he held. His father +was the surviving representative of an honored line of English +ancestors. His mother's genealogy extended back in titled pedigree to +the Atkins of Forville, and to the great house of the O'Sullivans. Davis +was born at Mallow, County Cork, in the year 1814. His early life gave +little indication of future distinction. At school he was remarkable for +being a dull boy, slow to learn and not easy to teach; but in this +respect he resembled many of his countrymen, who, from being +incorrigible dunces, rose to subsequent eminence and repute as great +orators, great poets and great patriots. Goldsmith, while at school, was +seldom free from the cap of disgrace; Sheridan's future was spoken of by +his early preceptor with doleful misgivings and boding shakes of the +head; Curran, till late in life, was known as "Orator Mum." Even at the +Dublin University, from which he graduated in 1835, Davis was remarkable +for being shy and self-absorbed, a quiet devourer of books, and a +passive on-looker in the rhetorical contests, at that time so dear to +enthusiastic young Irishmen. Until the year 1840 he did not seem to be +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[210]</a></span>influenced by any settled code of political convictions. Indeed, his +outward appearance and demeanor betokened more of the English +conservative than of the Irish enthusiast. But a friend, who, in 1836 +sat by his side in an English theatre, remembered to have seen the tears +steal silently down his cheeks at some generous tribute paid on the +stage to the Irish character. In the year 1838, he was called to the +bar; and in 1840, became a member of the Repeal movement. During the +discussions which took place in Conciliation Hall, he still maintained +the policy of a simple listener; but in the intervals of debate his mind +was quietly developing new methods of work, new systems to be adopted in +promoting the national cause. The popular taste needed education. Once +made conversant with the history of their country, the people would +acquire a knowledge of their true position, would know how to act in +seconding the efforts of their leaders. The dull should be made +thoughtful, the thoughtful made studious, the studious made wise, and +the wise crowned with power. In the year 1842, his plans took practical +shape, when, in conjunction with Charles Gavan Duffy and John Dillon, he +founded the <i>Nation</i> newspaper. This was the initiative step to his +subsequent brilliant career as a poet and patriot.</p> + +<p>Popular poetry was one of the agents depended on by the new editors to +infuse a larger spirit of nationality among the people. There being none +at hand to suit the exact purpose, they set about making it for +themselves. In this way originated that beautiful collection of rebel +verse now known wherever the English language is spoken as the <i>Spirit +of the Nation</i>. Until necessity compelled him to write, Davis never knew +that he possessed the poetic faculty in a very high degree. The +following exquisitely Celtic ballad was his first contribution to the +poet's corner of the <i>Nation</i>, a lament for the ill-fated Irish +chieftain, Owen Roe O'Neill:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">"Did they dare, did they dare, to slay Owen Roe O'Neill!"<br /></span> +<span class="i0">'Yes, they slew with poison him they feared to meet with steel.'<br /></span> +<span class="i0">"May God wither up their hearts! May their blood cease to flow!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">May they walk in living death, who poisoned Owen Roe.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">Though it break my heart to hear, say again the bitter words."<br /></span> +<span class="i0">'From Derry against Cromwell, he marched to measure swords;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But the weapon of the Saxon met him on his way,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And he died at Clough-Oughter, upon St. Leonard's day.'<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">"Wail, wail ye for the Mighty One! wail, wail ye for the Dead;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Quench the hearth, and hold the breath—with ashes strew the head.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">How tenderly we loved him! how deeply we deplore!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Holy Saviour! but to think we shall never see him more.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">"Sagest in the council was he,—kindest in the hall,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Sure we never won a battle—'twas Owen won them all.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Had he lived—had he lived—our dear country had been free;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But he's dead, but he's dead, and 'tis slaves we'll ever be.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">"O'Farrell and Clanrickard, Preston and Red Hugh,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Audley and McMahon, ye are valiant wise and true;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But—what, what are ye all to our darling who is gone?<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The Rudder of our Ship was he, our Castle's corner-stone!<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span> +<span class="i0">"Wail, wail him through the Island! weep, weep for our pride!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Would that on the battle-field our gallant chief had died!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Weep the victor of Benburb—weep him, young men and old;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Weep for him ye women—your Beautiful lies cold!<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">"We thought you would not die—we were sure you would not go,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And leave us in our utmost need to Cromwell's cruel blow—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Sheep without a shepherd, when the snow shuts out the sky—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">O! why did you leave us, Owen? Why did you die?<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">"Soft as woman's was your voice, O'Neill! bright was your eye.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">O! why did you leave us, Owen? why did you die?<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Your troubles are all over, you're at rest with God on high;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But we're slaves and we're orphans, Owen!—why did you die?"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Unlike the ordinary poetaster, Davis wrote with a mission to fulfil, +with a set purpose to accomplish. He did not teach merely because he +wished to sing, but he sang because he wished to teach. His poetry was +to serve a purpose as distinctly within the domain of practical politics +as a party pamphlet, or a speech from the hustings. If the people had +hitherto depended almost exclusively for information on the spoken word +of a few popular orators, how much more effective would not the good +tidings of hope be, when given with rhetorical elegance, set in glorious +song, and placed within purchaseable reach of all. Hitherto the genius +of Melancholy presided over the fount of Irish song. The future was +looked forward to with hopeless dread, or sullen recklessness. The +present was only spoken of to enhance by shadowy contrast the grandeur +of a golden age, that seemed to have passed away forever. Moore's poetry +was the wail of a lost cause, the chronicle of a past, whose history was +yet recorded throughout the country in ruined abbeys, where the torch of +faith and learning was kept from dying out; in ivied castles, from which +the mustered manhood of a nation's strength had gone forth to scare the +Viking from her soil. Poor Mangan's vision of the past might be +predicated as an ideal picture of this lamented epoch:—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"I walked entranced<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Through a land of morn,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">The sun, with wondrous excess of light,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Shone down and glanced<br /></span> +<span class="i2">O'er seas of corn,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">And lustrous gardens aleft and right;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Even in the clime<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Of resplendent Spain,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Beams no such sun upon such a land;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But it was the time<br /></span> +<span class="i2">'Twas in the reign,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Of Cáhál Mor of the Wine-red Hand."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Davis, and the school of poets whom he led, indulged little in +unpractical dreams and purposeless regrets. For the first time, the +longings of the present and the hopes of the future were spoken of +encouragingly. If, at judicious intervals, the pictures of Ireland's +golden era were uncovered, it was to stimulate existing ardor—not to +beget reverie; to develop latent faculties of work, and not to enfeeble<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[212]</a></span> +by discouragement the thews and sinews of national life already +beginning to thrive in busy usefulness. Freedom was to be purchased at +any risk. Davis might never live to see its realization, but he could +insure its nearer approach. His first duty, assisted by his zealous +co-partners, was to educate, to place in the hands of the people, the +means of enjoying those privileges which the leaders had set themselves +to win. Gradually but surely the good work progressed. The life of +"Treeney the Robber," the "Irish Rogues and Rapparees," the astounding +adventures of the "Seven Champions of Christendom," the pasquinades of +"Billy Bluff," and "Paddy's Resource," began to pall on the taste of the +peasantry, when, by degrees, they became acquainted with the authentic +history and the glorious traditions of their country. Sketches of Irish +saints and scholars, whose fame for sanctity and learning throughout +Christendom rivalled that of St. Benedict as a founder, and St. Thomas +of Aquino as a subtle doctor, appeared week by week in the characters of +Columbanus and Duns Scotus, Kilian and Johannes Erigena, Colman and +Columbkille. Among other schemes he planned the publication of one +hundred cheap books to be printed by Duffy, materials for which were to +be sought for in the State paper office of London, the MSS. of Trinity +College Library, and the valuable papers still preserved in Irish +convents at Rome, Louvain, Salamanca, and other places on the continent.</p> + +<p>The great secret of Davis's success was his energy, which nothing could +suppress or diminish—neither the imprisonment of his co-laborers, the +fatigue and anxiety of unassisted endeavor, or the clash of party +strife. From his teachings sprang two schools of workers, alike in the +ends which each proposed to win, but differing in the methods adopted +for its attainment. The one, the pronounced literateurs of the <i>Nation</i>; +the other, the organizers who propounded throughout the country the +doctrines enunciated by the official organ. The historic <i>Nation</i> was +the great channel through which the current of politics sped with a +precipitous force, that nothing could withstand. From the date of its +first edition it had become universally popular. Even those whose +political views were at variance with its teaching were glad to be able +to purchase a sheet whose literary excellence elicited their surprise +and admiration. But it was among the common people that it had its +widest circle of readers. On Sunday mornings while awaiting Mass before +the Chapel gate, or on winter evenings around the blacksmith's forge, +the peasants would assemble to hear one of their number read aloud rebel +verse and passionate prose, the high literary value of which they knew +almost instinctively how to appreciate. Though sold at sixpence a copy, +a high figure for a weekly newspaper, especially so for the people who +were to be its immediate supporters, it had a wonderful circulation, +even in the poorest districts. Dillon, one of its founders, writing to +its editor, Gavan Duffy, from a poor village in Mayo, said: "I am +astonished at the success of the <i>Nation</i> in this poor place. There is +not a place in Ireland perhaps a village poorer than itself, or +surrounded by a poorer population. You would not guess how many +<i>Nations</i> came to it on Sunday last! No less than twenty-three! There +are scarcely so many houses in the town!" Two of the greatest critics,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span> +that ever presided over the domain of letters, spoke enthusiastically of +the poetry which was selected from its columns, and which has since been +printed and sold by the tens of thousands. Macaulay confessed he was +much struck by the energy and beauty of the volume. Lord Jeffrey, in a +fit of playful confidence, said that he was a helpless victim "to these +enchanters of the lyre." The "<i>Spirit of the Nation</i>" was as +uncontestably the typical poetry of Ireland, as the songs of Burns set +forth the national sentiment of Scotland. The poetry of Davis, in a +marked degree, is characterized by all the distinctive qualities of the +Celtic race,—impulsive ardor, filial affection, headlong intrepidity, +mirth and friendship, all imperceptibly interwoven with a thread of +chaste melancholy, and all subordinated to feelings of Christian faith +and reverence. It was his patriotic endeavor to restore the old Irish +names of places, and by degrees replace them in permanent usage. How +well he succeeded in handling phrases in the Irish vernacular, without +marring the most euphonious rhythm, may be seen in the following piece, +<i>O'Brien of Arra</i>.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">"Tall are the towers of O'Kennedy—<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Broad are the lands of MacCaura—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Desmond feeds five hundred men a-day;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Yet here's to O'Brien of Arra!<br /></span> +<span class="i6">Up from the castle of Drumineer,<br /></span> +<span class="i6">Down from the top of Camailte,<br /></span> +<span class="i6">Clansmen and kinsmen are coming here<br /></span> +<span class="i6">To give him the <i>cead mile failte</i>.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">"See you the mountains look huge at eve—<br /></span> +<span class="i2">So is our chieftain in battle;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Welcome he has for the fugitive,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Usquebaugh, fighting and cattle!<br /></span> +<span class="i6">Up from the Castle of Drumineer,<br /></span> +<span class="i6">Down from the top of Camailte,<br /></span> +<span class="i6">Gossip and alley are coming here<br /></span> +<span class="i6">To give him the <i>cead mile failte</i>.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">"Horses the valleys are tramping on,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Sleek from the Sassenach manger;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Creaghts the hills are encamping on,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Empty the bawns of the stranger!<br /></span> +<span class="i6">Up from the Castle of Drumineer,<br /></span> +<span class="i6">Down from the top of Camailte,<br /></span> +<span class="i6">Kern and bonaght are coming here<br /></span> +<span class="i6">To give him the <i>cead mile failte</i>.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">"He has black silver from Killaloe—<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Ryan and Carroll are neighbors—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nenagh submits with a fuililiú—<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Butler is meat for our sabres!<br /></span> +<span class="i6">Up from the castle of Drumineer,<br /></span> +<span class="i6">Down from the top of Camailte,<br /></span> +<span class="i6">Ryan and Carroll are coming here<br /></span> +<span class="i6">To give him the <i>cead mile failte</i>.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">"T'is scarce a week since through Ossory<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Chased he the Baron of Durrow—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Forced him five rivers to cross, or he<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Had died by the sword of Red Murrough!<br /></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[214]</a></span> +<span class="i6">Up from the Castle of Drumineer,<br /></span> +<span class="i6">Down from the top of Camailte,<br /></span> +<span class="i6">All the O'Briens are coming here<br /></span> +<span class="i6">To give him the <i>cead mile failte</i>.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">"Tall are the towers of O'Kennedy—<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Broad are the lands of MacCaura—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Desmond feeds five hundred men a-day;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Yet here's to O'Brien of Arra.<br /></span> +<span class="i6">Up from the Castle of Drumineer.<br /></span> +<span class="i6">Down from the top of Camailte,<br /></span> +<span class="i6">Clansmen and kinsmen are coming here<br /></span> +<span class="i6">To give him the <i>cead mile failte</i>."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p><i>The Battle of Fontenoy</i> is the corner-stone of the fame of Thomas Davis +as a poet. No greater battle-ballad has ever been written. Beside it the +ballads of Campbell are scarcely perfect. Davis and Campbell are each +typical of a distinct school of painting. Davis entered into minute +detail with the love of a pre-Raphaelite; Campbell wields the brush +after the manner of one of the old masters. Unhappily for his country +Davis died almost suddenly in the year 1845. He had not the happiness to +see the beneficial results, which ensuing years brought to the work, +which he was the first to begin. His character might be pithily +expressed in the words which he poetically wished might be inscribed on +his tomb: "He served his country, and loved his kind." A warm heart, and +a stainless name, shed lustre on the chivalrous patriot. An earnest +Protestant, he was no bigot. Of gentle birth and rearing, he never +narrowed his prejudices to petty distinctions of class or creed; but +threw in his individual help with the humbler striving of sturdy +commoner and frieze-coated peasant. The measure of national advancement, +which he accomplished, did not die with him, but lives to our time. It +would require little space to prove here that the literary societies, +the political club assemblies, the societies for the promotion of the +Irish language and industries, the discipline of national unity, which +controls the whole Irish movement in our day, are but the practical +sequence of the lessons which Davis and his party taught and +perpetuated. And if the hour is now at hand when the hard-fought battle +of a century is to be decided for us in glorious victory; if to us it is +given, through the efforts of the gallant patriots who still continue +the good fight, to set the banner of victory on the temple of national +independence, history yet survives and points its backward finger in +abiding gratitude to the unforgotten workers, who laid the foundation of +the citadel, which we are to open and inhabit.</p> + +<div class="signature"><span class="smcap">James H. Gavin.</span></div> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Human nature is a greater force even than laws of political economy, and +the Almighty Himself has implanted in the human breast that passionate +love of country which rivets with irresistible attraction the Esquimaux +to his eternal snows, the Arab to his sandy desert, and the Highlander +to his rugged mountains.—<i>Joseph Chamberlain.</i></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Southern_Sketches" id="Southern_Sketches"></a>Southern Sketches.<br /><br /> +<small>XVIII.<br /><br /> +HAVANA.</small></h2> + +<p>After resting in my novel couch that evening, and experiencing no hurt +from the so-called formidable mosquito of the West Indies, I started +next morning, after a ten-o'clock breakfast of poached eggs, fried +plantains, meats of various kinds spiced with garlic, fruits, and other +nice things, to the Plaza de Armas, which is a beautiful square, and +only a couple of blocks from the Hotel de Europa. Towards evening the +Plaza presents a glittering sight. Its handsome palm-trees, roses, +Indian laurels, flowering shrubs, piers, railings, and statue of +Ferdinand, form a grand combination. The rambler to whom such scenes are +new, sinks almost unconsciously into a seat, and surrenders himself to +the irresistible influence of the music, fragrance and brilliancy of the +place. The military band discourses soft and delicious music. Soldiers +in gay uniforms, civilians in handsome dresses, and carriages containing +the wealthiest and handsomest of Havana's daughters, fill the square, +and one delightful stream of chat and laughter continues till the +performance is ended. The fine palace of the captain-general, the +beautiful chapel, El Templete (erected in honor of Columbus), the +university attached to the Church of St. Domingo, and several stores and +exchange offices border the Plaza. The scene is tropical, the moon's +clear beams mingle with the lamplight, and the sense of tranquility, +happiness, and repose, which characterizes the place and the crowds, +gives one a foretaste of Paradise. A very old tree stands in front of +the temple, and here it was that the first Mass was celebrated in the +island. The palace of the captain-general is two stories high, painted +light green, having a magnificent colonnade around the lower story, and +an elegant piazza around the upper one. On visiting it next day, I was +politely escorted by an officer through flights of marble staircases, +embellished with statuary and flower vases, into the presence of the +captain-general. He led me by vast, rich corridors to saloons +embellished with green furniture, marble floors, rich vases, walls full +of paintings, mirrors and statues. The ceilings were ornamented with +exquisite mosaics. The despatch apartment, dining-room, and chapel were +reached through splendid arches and highly-wrought pillars. Chandeliers +of exquisite design and great value added to the splendor of the +saloons. In winter the captain-general resides in the city palace; but +in summer he takes up his abode at the quinta, or country seat, outside +the town. A few minutes walk from here will take you to the cathedral, +which is a ponderous, time-worn building, constructed of a kind of +yellow stone, which has become mottled by age. I noticed doves cooing in +its heavy old window-sills. Though the exterior is plain, the inside of +the building is grand. Its floor is of marble, its walls are highly +frescoed, and its pillars are very lofty and round. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span> high altar is +of porphyry, and when I visited it, itself and the body of the church +were undergoing repairs. A feature which is sure to interest every +traveller, is a simple slab in the wall of the chancel to the left of +the sanctuary. Behind this, rests the remains of the illustrious +Columbus. A feeling of reverence and awe took possession of me as I +recalled the religious and brave career of that wonderful man, who, from +first to last, clung so strong to his holy faith. A courteous sacristan +next showed me the beautiful vestments and sacred vessels in use at the +cathedral. Chief amongst those was a remonstrance to hold the Blessed +Sacrament during processions like those of Corpus Christi. It stood six +or seven feet high, and was made of pure silver, enriched here and there +with gold and precious stones. It was a perfect representation of a +gorgeous gothic cathedral. The priests connected with the church are +very courteous and hospitable, and are but a short distance from the +seminary, to which I next bent my footsteps.</p> + +<p>This is a sombre and massive edifice. After passing a huge gateway, I +entered a large courtyard, which was ornamented with big, flowering +plants and Indian laurels. Fifty or sixty grand pillars supported +piazzas around the court. The porter brought to me the director of the +seminary, who proved to be a young and very agreeable priest. He offered +me the hospitalities of the seminary, and asked me to take a look at the +house. He could converse fluently in English, having been several years +in the United States. I learned from him that this institution, like the +cathedral, was about three hundred years old, that the majority of +candidates for holy orders were young men, natives of the Island, and +that such was not the case till recently, as in the past all the +aspirants for the ministry came directly from Spain. The faculty of the +house demanded postulants of a high standard, as could be seen from the +fact that out of twenty-four who applied for admission on the previous +year only nine were received.</p> + +<p>While walking with the reverend director on one of the verandas +overlooking the court, my attention was drawn to the students who came +out of their class-rooms to take recreation. They were all very handsome +young men. Five Lazarist priests and two lay professors take charge of +the house and classes. The course includes the sciences of the schools, +humanities, philosophy and theology. The class-rooms, refectory, library +and halls of the house were lofty and very well kept. The dormitory, two +hundred feet long, was finely situated, and had sixteen large windows +looking out upon the bay, forts, ships and hills. The students retire to +rest at nine o'clock and get up at five in the morning, when they make +their meditation and assist at Mass. They partake of a little bread and +coffee at 6.45 <span class="smcap">A.M.</span>, dine at 11.30 and sup at 7 <span class="smcap">P.M.</span> Such, also, is the +custom of the Spanish seminaries.</p> + +<p>After leaving this institution, I pursued a northern course, passing by +huge barracks, in front of which soldiers were keeping guard. The palace +of the general of engineers stands in this vicinity. I had the pleasure +of an introduction to the commander, Signor Jose Aparicio y Beltram, a +Spanish gentleman of great courtesy and intelligence. He showed me all +that was interesting in this grand building of pillars, saloons and +courts.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span></p> + +<p>The city prison is situated about ten minutes' walk from this spot, and +is a very large, two-storied building, resembling a palace more than a +jail. On introducing myself, and presenting a card from the +adjutant-general, I was very politely received by Signor Jose Gramaren y +Voreye, chief of the prisons of the Isle of Cuba. The interior of the +prison is entirely unlike anything of the sort in the United States. The +prisoners, about two hundred in number, committed for political and +criminal offences, are confined in large, unfurnished rooms, whose +floors are of stone, and whose only ornaments are iron posts and chains. +Sad-looking, half-naked creatures stared at me in silence as I entered, +and then resumed their walks and conversation. Separate wards were +reserved for the Chinese and Negro offenders, and a large, neat chapel, +where Mass was celebrated every Sunday, was at hand for the +accommodation of all. The prison is situated in the new part of the +city, on a magnificent, wide street, lined with trees. This carries you +directly to one of the most superb promenades and drives in the +town—viz: the Parque de Isabella 2d. Here the wealth and beauty of +Havana turn out, especially in the evenings, to take the fresh air, and +exhibit themselves in splendid carriages behind prancing steeds. The +finest theatres and hotels of the city are in this neighborhood, and the +scene towards evening becomes quite fairy-like owing to the multitudes +of lights that fall on statues, fountains, gay promenaders, flowers and +palms, which stretch away for an immense distance. Here soldiers, +sailors and civilians mingle, now walking, now resting on iron seats +near flowery bowers. Members of the municipal police go by, dressed in +dark uniforms, carrying swords, whistles and batons. Some of the night +police stroll along in the evening, in black uniforms, bearing red lamps +and lancers. Crowds of people, who remain in-doors during the intense +heat of the day, come to the Parque at dusk to breathe the cool air, and +listen to the music of the military band, that plays every second night +near the principal statue and fountain.</p> + +<p>A little beyond the Parque towers aloft the grand new city market (Plaza +de Vapor), one of the finest in the world, adorned in front by a noble +colonnade. The numerous and handsome stalls are filled with goods of all +kinds; and among the most attractive of the displays are the rich, +luscious and lovely fruits of the island. This edifice is well worth +seeing. The Campo de Marte and the Paseo de Tacon, in this neighborhood, +are magnificent drives. The latter leads out to the suburbs, and beyond +the quinta, or country residence of the captain-general. Next day I +resolved to see the Casus de Benefecentia, which is situated at the +north-west of the city, in front of the ocean. It is the most famous +benevolent institution in Cuba, and is under the charge of the Sisters +of Charity. It consists of a file of buildings, of solid masonry painted +a tawny brown. After knocking at an immense door, I was admitted by the +porter, who introduced me to the director of the institution. He has a +smattering of English and was very polite.</p> + +<p>Signor Antonio Gorherti introduced me to several of the good sisters, +who were dressed in white caps and blue habits. We walked through the +grounds of the institution. These were very large and highly ornamented. +Twenty-four sisters dwelt in the house. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a></span> building had two divisions, +one for females and the other for males. The majority were destitute +orphans of both sexes, the rest were infirm adults. The entire number of +its inmates was about seven hundred. We went through the Baptistry, +which was fifty or sixty feet high, and entered the chapel, which had a +beautiful gallery and mosaic ceiling, then passed through a private +chapel where the Blessed Sacrament was kept. All these were finely +embellished with paintings. The large wards and dormitories were kept +scrupulously clean, and provided with numerous nurses, who received +thirty dollars a month in gold for their services. Every attention is +paid to the sick, and the best physicians are daily in attendance. +Sister Josepha, who had charge of the girls, showed me some very +beautiful embroidery and fancy work made by them. They presented many +gifts to the captain-general, who was a liberal patron of the +institution. The physical as well as religious and moral training of the +children was creditably attended to; all looked in fine health and +enjoyed good food, as well as the refreshing breezes of the sea, which +swept through the grounds. Their knowledge of the Christian truths was +excellent, and no wonder, as the educational system practised by the +sisters was exceedingly interesting, simple and comprehensive. The boys +and girls were formed into various religious sodalities, and I was +perfectly charmed with the manner in which so many, of almost every +color, united in singing sacred hymns in the Spanish language.</p> + +<p>It would take pages to describe the attractions of this institution +which commanded the respect and sympathy of all classes in Havana. +Though chiefly sustained by the government, still it often receives +magnificent bequests. One gentleman left the establishment two hundred +thousand dollars. His name will ever be held in grateful remembrance. +The untiring zeal of the good sisters makes the institution a perfect +success. On my return to the hotel, I dropped into the fish market which +adjoins the cathedral. The display of the finny tribe here was perfectly +gorgeous. Fish of every color, beautifully striped, and with glittering +scales, lay on the benches, after having lately been snatched from the +transparent Cuban waters. They presented a tempting sight to the crowd +of hungry darkies who lounged around the stalls.</p> + +<p>After a rest and an elaborately compounded dinner of fruits, vegetables +and meats, all savored with garlic and spices of various kinds, and +having been regaled with the rest of the guests, during its course, by a +band of music, I resolved to go and see the quinta, or suburban +residence of the captain-general. The drive to this place by the Paseo +de Tacon is very beautiful and refreshing. On entering the suburbs it is +lined with handsome villas and closely packed houses, which soon give +way to isolated mansions, green fields, blooming gardens and tropical +trees. The grounds of the captain-general are adorned by a splendid +entrance, grand walks, flower beds and avenues of palm trees. As I +sauntered along the gravel walks I noticed all kinds of cacti, roses, +cocoa and royal palms. On calling on the captain-general's widow I was +warmly welcomed by Signor Juan Batalla, the major-domo, and his lady, +both good Catholics. They kindly accompanied me through the grounds. I +saw great masses of dahlias, fuchsias, colens, kaladimus,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span> and century +plants flourishing here in their warm native soil. Down a short distance +from the house we came upon a lovely cascade which threw its silvery +spray over numbers of blossoming vines. It seemed almost impossible to +check (if one barbarously desired to do so) the growth and beauty of the +flowers that lined the smooth, clear canal below the waterfall. Hundreds +of dresinas, other rare plants, and sweet-scented flowers made the air +heavy with their fragrance, while the lofty Indian laurels and palms +looked down like lords on the dwarf beauties growing at their feet. All +kinds of ducks sported in the canal, and tame deer browsed near its +banks. Signor Juan pointed with pride to a ceiba tree, about a hundred +feet high, and enthusiastically remarked what a brave one it was, since +it stood there since the time of Columbus. After taking along with me a +few mementos from the signor, I quitted this enchanting spot with +feelings of regret and returned to the city.</p> + +<p>The Church de Mercede which I next visited, is the handsomest in Havana. +It stands at the south-east of the city, and exteriorly presents a very +noble and finished appearance. I saw it on Quinquagesima Sunday, when +the devotion of the Forty Hours was in progress. The church, at the +Solemn High Mass (8 <span class="smcap">A.M.</span>), was filled to overflowing, and the music, +which was rendered by a very large orchestra, was very fine. The +interior of the church was remarkable for its artistic beauty. Under the +faithful direction of the Lazarist Fathers, who came to Havana in 1863, +this edifice was carried to its present state of completion. The +building measures two hundred feet long by about ninety wide. Its grand +high altar and eight side ones force themselves upon your view by their +essential splendor, yet the extravagant and costly drapery of the +statuary on most of them, though agreeable to the Spaniards, is hurtful +to the taste of one coming from the United States. On the left of the +high altar stands a magnificent one of our Lady of Lourdes. The side +walls all around are grandly frescoed, and the ceiling is painted a +beautiful sky blue, with white clouds here and there, out of which peep +lovely bright angels. The oil paintings on the side walls of this church +must have cost thousands of dollars each, they are so large, richly +mounted and life-like in their execution. The grand altar, like the +church, is Corinthian in shape, and literally glittered with lights on +the morning I saw it. A great, high, solid ornament rested over the +reredos, looking like a papal tiara resplendent with gems. The marble +altar steps and pillars of light green shooting up to the roof, the +beautiful velvet sanctuary carpet and the crimson damask curtains +hanging from the side walls of the sanctuary gave a superb effect to the +full front view. The white and gold tabernacle, adorned with delicate +crimson lace, looked magnificent as the mellow sunlight flooded it. The +large congregation were wrapped up in devotion, and listened with great +attention and delight to a sermon on faith which was powerfully +delivered in Spanish by one of the Lazarist Fathers. When the Mass +ended, I accompanied the Fathers to their modest, neat rooms, where I +was delightfully entertained. These priests displayed a great amount of +knowledge and refinement. Though few could speak English, yet all could, +of course, converse in Latin, and this tongue they uttered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span> with great +accuracy and fluency. I will always remember the kindness of these +priests and the grandeur of their sacred temple.</p> + +<p>The palace of the admiral, which I visited on the following day, is a +very handsome structure, built in Grecian style and painted a delicate +light blue. It stands near the custom-house and faces the bay. On +introducing myself, and presenting the card of the adjutant-general, I +was courteously conducted to the side of an officer by one of the guards +at the gate. The officer soon led me up a flight of marble stairs +through grand, lofty antechambers into the presence of the admiral, a +tall, handsome old gentleman. He welcomed me very cordially, and +introduced me to his son, a noble-looking young man dressed in the +uniform of a superior officer. The latter was not long resident in Cuba, +having recently arrived from Spain. He conversed very pleasantly in +English about the United States, Cuba, and other topics; then showed me +through the house, which contained magnificent apartments all furnished +in regal style. The chapel was gorgeous.</p> + +<p>After leaving the palace of the admiral, where I was so kindly treated, +I went to the arsenal, the extensive grounds, pretty church and military +stores of which are well worth noticing. A short distance from here and +you come to the military hospital. This is an immense establishment, +surrounded by a strong, thick wall, of a light brown color. Its many +gates were guarded by armed sentinels. On inquiring for the Padre Curé, +I was shown to his presence by a guide in military uniform. The Padre +was a large, good-natured-looking person. He was seated at his desk, +over a volume, when I entered. The appearance of his room showed that +the occupant was a student and a business man. The walls were lined with +books, and materials suited to his sacred calling were here and there +systematically fixed. Padre Toaquin Salvadorez received me like a +generous-hearted, highly-cultivated gentleman. After a brief chat, he +led me through the hospital. We passed through numerous offices, where +we saw the superior and directors of the institution. Signors Don +Antonius Pardinas, J. A. Salazaro, Don Edwardo Crespo and Don Jose Yara +Goza, were wonderfully polite and pleasant gentlemen. We entered the +wards of the hospital, which are attended by the Sisters of Charity. +Almost every bed was occupied by a sick soldier. Most of them were young +men not long from Spain, who came to serve the kingdom on a foreign +territory. The marks of fever and wounds lay heavy upon them. I noticed +sick soldiers and sailors, reading, writing and dozing. Several walked +along the corridors dressed in long, white gowns, slippers and turbans, +directing a nod and a smile to us as they passed by. The good Father +informed me that over one thousand were confined in the hospital, +attended by twenty-four nurses, who spared neither time nor effort to +make them comfortable.</p> + +<p>The rooms were large, airy and full of the odor of tropical fruits and +flowers. Beautiful religious pictures hung in several places and good +pious books were abundant. The officers' rooms had a large quota of +patients. All were brought by sickness to a level with the commonest +soldier. We went through the surgical rooms, where operations were wont +to be performed. We entered the chapel, a richly adorned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></span> and commodious +one, where the good sisters so often knelt to pray for the poor +invalids. Large, cooling arches spread away before us, and courtyards +full of flowers and gushing fountains gave refreshment and rest to the +inmates of this vast institution. The good Father showed me immense +cellars which contained barrels full of drugs of all kinds. The +establishment had three drug stores, all of which were busy supplying +the sick with medicines. A proof of the remarkable care taken by the +doctors and sisters of the sick in this hospital, may be seen from a +report made by a board of investigation which visited Havana in 1880, to +inquire into the yellow fever. During the year, 1360 of the army were +seized with this disease, 956 outlived it and 411 died, 3 remaining in a +doubtful condition. Out of the 174 seized by the disease in the navy, +109 lived and 64 died, 1 remaining in a doubtful state. Out of a total +of 1541 invalids 1069 lived and 475 died, 4 remaining in a doubtful +condition, thus producing a proportion of 30 to 6 signed by 36 Havana +doctors for the army, 4 for the navy, 4 apothecaries, 3 priests and 3 of +the military administration.</p> + +<p>Father Salvadorez pointed out to me immense stores as we walked along, +where great quantities of dry goods were piled up so as to provide the +sick with clothing and bandages, also immense stores in which groceries +of every kind were packed. The ambulance department, where everything +needed for sick soldiers could be had, was well worth seeing, also the +rest of the rooms and stores in connection with the building. The insane +department contained but one unhappy case. He was a young man with pale +face, long, black, flowing hair, and dark eyes full of sadness that +stared at us gloomily as we went in. A few words of cheer from the Padre +encouraged him, so he smiled, nodded his head, and then retired to a +corner of his cell. Father Salvadorez receives a salary of two thousand +dollars a year, and each of his assistants gets one thousand dollars. A +military attendant is attached to each. It is, indeed, a delightful +treat to form the acquaintance of the Padre and the officers of the +military hospital. If the stranger knows a little Latin, Italian, or +Spanish, he can chat with them, and get a good deal of information. +Their expressive gestures will go a good way to supply their lack of +English. It afforded me no small share of pleasure to meet at the +hospital, among the thirty-four sisters in charge, a novice who had +recently arrived from Cork, Ireland. She was the only Irish one among a +number of French and Spanish sisters, but certainly not the least loved. +After passing a few delightful hours of inspection, I bade adieu to the +Padre, whom I promised to meet at the university next day. On the +following morning, at nine o'clock, I heard him deliver a grand essay in +defence of the Syllabus, before a very large and attentive assemblage of +students.</p> + +<p>After viewing the chief features of interest in Havana, I bade the city +good-by, and set out for Matanzas, to see its famous Yumuri Valley and +caves of Bellamare (of the beautiful sea).</p> + + +<div class="signature"><span class="smcap">Rev. M. W. Newman.</span></div> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<div class="center">Enjoy present pleasures in such a way as not to injure future ones.</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Our_Gaelic_Tongue" id="Our_Gaelic_Tongue"></a>Our Gaelic Tongue.</h2> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">It is fading, ah, 'tis fading like the leaves upon the trees!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">It is dying, sadly dying, like echoes 'mong the trees!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When the last breath of Autumn sighing on the breeze.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">The places now that know it, it soon shall know no more;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">It has vanished, it has vanished, like some loved one gone before.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">No more is it spoken as it was in the days of yore.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">It is sinking, slowly sinking, into its silent grave at last,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To live but in the memory as a relic of the past;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Our olden time is sinking by time and wrong harassed.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">And the land that gave it birth it will leave forevermore;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">No more the hills re-echo to its music as of yore,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Amid the ancient ruins pining, an exile on its native shore.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">It was spoken ere the Grecian or the Persian felt the chain,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Ere Christianity's light arose to educate and tame<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The fierceness of the pagan, and free the world again.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">Its youth beheld the Semite on Irish coasts a guest,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Whose manhood saw the empire of the Cæsars sink to rest<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In its old age, as a patriarch sinks silently to rest.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">In royal hall and peasant home its accents oft had rung;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Oft the glories of his native land the enraptured minstrel sung,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To king and nobles gathered round, in his wild, sweet, native tongue.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">Ah, sacred tongue, that oft has borne the message from above!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Ah, pleasing tongue, whose murmurs soft, like the cooing of the dove,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To patriots united it bore words of sweetest love.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">It was the tongue the apostle spoke in the days of long ago;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In it the priest advised his flock in the penal days of woe;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Its wild huzza at Fontenoy dismayed and beat the foe.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">Our Keltic tongue is dying and we stand coldly by,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Without a pang within the heart, or a tear fall from the eye,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Without a care to save it, or e'en a mournful sigh,<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">To see it thus receding as the sunlight on the sea.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Oh, rescue it 'ere 'tis too late; oh, raise your might to free<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The language of our fathers, from dark oblivion's sea.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">Shall it no more be spoken on Eire's fertile plain?<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Shall not her sons aspire no more to rend the iron chain,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And light the fires of freedom that smouldered in its train?<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">Oh, mute, forsaken tongue, must a captive's fate be thine,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Crushed by a despot's sceptre, but to be the sign<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of a ruined country, a desecrated shrine.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">Phenix of the fire and storm, shall it arising in its strength,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Spurning the galling, servile yoke, gloriously be at length,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Immortal and unconquerable, the language of Juvent.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<div class="signature"><span class="smcap">J. Sullivan.</span></div> +<p>Worcester, Mass.<br /></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="A_Chapter_of_Irish_History_in_Boston" id="A_Chapter_of_Irish_History_in_Boston"></a>A Chapter of Irish History in Boston.</h2> + + +<p>The <i>Boston Herald</i> gives us a fair history of the ancient and honorable +Charitable Irish Society, which we cheerfully reproduce:—Within a few +weeks, probably at the annual meeting in March, action will be taken by +the members of the Charitable Irish Society looking to the proper +observance of the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of that +organization, which is one of the oldest in the country. The history of +the Society is a most interesting one, so much so that when Dr. Samuel +A. Green was mayor of the city, he requested that copies of the printed +records be deposited in the library at the Harvard University, with the +Massachusetts Historic Genealogical and Boston Historical Society, and +in the principal public libraries of the State. The motive underlying +the formation of the Society was very explicitly set forth when the +original members assembled and prepared the preamble to the rules and +orders, which declared that "Several Gentlemen, Merchants and others, of +the Irish Nation, residing in Boston and in New England, from an +Affectionate and Compassionate concern for their countrymen in these +Parts, who may be reduced by Sickness, Shipwreck, Old Age and other +Infirmities and Unforeseen Accidents, Have thought fit to form +themselves into a Charitable Society for the relief of such of their +poor and indigent Countrymen, without any Design of not contributing +toward the provision of the town poor in general as usual. And, the +Society being now in its Minority, it is to be hoped and expected that +all Gentlemen, Merchants, and others of the Irish Nation or Extraction +residing in or trading to these Parts, who are lovers of Charity and +their Countrymen, will readily come in and give their Assistance to so +laudable an undertaking." A remarkable provision of the by-laws, as +originally drawn, was the restriction that only Protestants should be +admitted to membership; but there are good grounds for believing that +Roman Catholics were admitted as early as 1742, and it is known that +prominent persons of that faith were members in 1770. The preserved +records do not show when Catholics were first admitted to membership; +but when the constitution was revised in 1804, the restricted clause was +repealed. The by-laws at first were few in number and very</p> + + +<h3><ins title="Transcriber's Note: sentence ends form section headings throughout this article.">Suggestive of the Times.</ins></h3> + +<p>The quarterly dues were two shillings, with "2 Shillings additional for +the Expenses of the House. The dues were to be paid into the treasurer's +hands when the members were called by their respective names, and all +persons on the calling of the List to keep their Seats to prevent +disturbance. And, further, that all members residing in Boston and not +attending at said quarterly meetings, but sending their quarterize, +shall also send 1 shilling for the good of the stock." "Expenses of the +house" suggests that, while the proceedings at meetings were in +progress, the members enjoyed "potheen," or something as exhilarating, +for another by-law provided that "no Person call for or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span> order any drink +into the room where said Society is, except the President, who, or some +Person appointed by him, is to keep an acct. of the Liquor, and to take +care that the same do not exceed two Shillings for each member present." +Decorum and order were enforced at the meetings under a by-law which +provided that "if any Member offer any Indignity to another, or shall +Swear or Curse in said Society, such Member so offending shall pay as a +Fine to the Fund of said Society the Sum of Ten Shillings, and such +Member refusing to pay such Fine after being adjudged culpable by a +Majority of the Members present, such Person shall be excluded from said +Society." Four years after the founding of this Society, interest in the +meetings began to flag, and it was voted that the fine for +non-attendance should be five shillings, unless the member absenting +himself gave a reasonable excuse therefor. At one time, six o'clock in +the evening, was the hour set for assembling. There were some members +who worked at their trades well up to that time of day, and could not +get to their homes without danger of being fined in meeting for absence, +and, consequently, they appeared in their working clothes. This +necessitated a new by-law in 1744, providing that "All Members who +appear at the Annual and Quarterly Meeting to be Decent and Clean, +without Capps or Aprons." Notifications of meetings were called +"warnings," and members were warned in whatever way the secretary +desired. In 1768 it was thought that two shillings' worth of beer and +tobacco was rather too much for any one man to drink and smoke at a +meeting, and it was voted that "there shant be above 1 s. 4 d. a man +spent at a meeting before the Business of the evening be over and the +reckning called & settled; and that a clarke be chosen Each Evening to +settle the reckning," etc. The Society had no regular place of assembly, +but met around wherever it could. From the 21st of February, 1775, till +the 26th of October, 1784, the Society did not meet, owing to many of +the members being in the Continental Army,</p> + + +<h3>Serving under Gen. Washington.</h3> + +<p>On the evening of the reassembling of the Society after the War of the +Revolution, the President delivered an address in which he said: +"Gentlemen, Members of the Charitable Irish Society: I congratulate you +on this joyful occasion, that we are assembled again after ten years' +absence occasioned by a dreadful and ruinous war of eight years; also +that we have conquered one of the greatest and most potent nations on +the globe so far as to have peace and independency. May our friends, +countrymen in Ireland, behave like the brave Americans, till they +recover their liberties." It has long been a custom to invite to the +annual dinner of the Society, representatives of the Catholic and +Protestant clergy, and as far back as 1797 the committee having the +entertainment in charge was "authorized to admit such gentlemen as may +appear proper subjects for the celebration, they paying their own club." +In 1798 the members were not "warned" for the August meeting because the +contagion raged, and the members were principally out of Boston. In +October of the same year, they were not warned, "Because the Contagion +was not entirely eradicated and the Members not generally Returned." In +June, 1799, the secretary was a little<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></span> nettled because he had no +company at the meeting, and he made as a record: "President, +Vice-President and all the members absent except the secretary. +Therefore, all business is suspended until the next meeting." For a year +or more afterward, the meetings were not well attended. In April, 1808, +an election of officers and other business was being disposed of, when +the proceedings terminated very abruptly, and the record gives the +reason as follows: "Fire is cried and bells ringing; the Society +disperse." By 1810, the material in the organization began to grow +again, and the meetings were held at the Old Exchange coffee house. +Twenty years later. Gallagher's Howard Street House was the popular +place of rendezvous, and it was here that a vote was passed providing +standards and banners for the Society. One of the most memorable events +recorded, took place on the 22d of June, 1833, when "thirteen marshals +conducted the Society to the lodgings of the President of the United +States, at the Tremont House, to pay their respects." President James +Boyd of the Society delivered an address of welcome, and President +Andrew Jackson replied as follows: "I feel much gratified, sir, at this +testimony of respect shown me by the Charitable Irish Society of this +city. It is with great pleasure that I see so many of the countrymen of +my father assembled on this occasion. I have always been proud of my +ancestry, and of being descended from that noble race, and rejoice that +I am so nearly allied to a country which has so much to recommend it to +the good wishes of the world. Would to God, sir, that Irishmen on the +other side of the great water, enjoyed the comforts, happiness, +contentment and liberty that we enjoy here. I am well aware, sir, that +Irishmen have never been backward in giving their support to</p> + + +<h3>The Cause of Liberty.</h3> + +<p>"They have fought, sir, for this country valiantly, and, I have no +doubt, would fight again were it necessary; but I hope it will be long +before the institutions of our country need support of that kind. Accept +my best wishes for the happiness of you all." The members of the Society +were about to withdraw when President Jackson took Mr. Boyd by the hand +and said: "I am somewhat fatigued, sir, as you may notice; but I cannot +allow you to part with me until I again shake hands with you, which I do +for yourself and the whole Society. I assure you, sir, there are few +circumstances that have given me more heart-felt satisfaction than this +visit. I shall remember it with pleasure, and I hope you, sir, and all +your Society will long enjoy health and happiness." The next event of +interest was the appearance of the Society in the procession on the +occasion of services commemorative of Gen. Lafayette, September 6, 1834, +"With a standard bearer and ten marshals, who decorated themselves with +the medals of the Society, and a special badge provided for the occasion +in honor of Gen. Lafayette, and bearing his likeness." The centennial +celebration was another red letter event. J. Boyd, the President, +delivered an oration at Masonic Hall. Governor Edward Everett, Mayor +Samuel Atkins Eliot, and other distinguished gentlemen being present as +invited guests, and these gentlemen also attended the banquet in the +evening and delivered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span> addresses. In 1841 the Society began to meet at +the Stackpole House, which stood on the south-west corner of Milk and +Devonshire Streets, where the Post-office building now stands. The +Parker House has been the place of meeting for about thirty years, +beginning in 1856. Efforts have frequently been made to detach the +Society from Parker's; but the memories of good times and old faces has +so entwined the Society to that "tavern," that it has been impossible +thus far to effect a separation. In addition to the officers usually +elected in societies, namely, president, vice-president, secretaries, +treasurer and directors, the Charitable Irish Society adheres to the +old-time custom of electing a "keeper of the silver key," who is also +chairman of the board of directors. The silver key is not a myth, as +many of the new members of the organization, as well as other persons, +have supposed. It is made of coin silver, after the style of the +old-fashioned iron keys used to lock the main front doors of places of +business and family mansions, some of which are yet to be seen in houses +fifty or more years old. It is about seven or eight inches long, and +weighs between a quarter and half a pound. This key is preserved in a +velvet-lined case, and is one of</p> + + +<h3>The Treasures of the Society.</h3> + +<p>Its utility is described in the thirteenth section of the original rules +and orders, as follows: "The key keepers are to attend gentlemen and +others, natives of Ireland, or of Irish extraction, residing in these +parts, or transients, to acquaint them with the charitable design and +nature of this Society, and invite them to contribute by the formality +of delivering them a silver key, with the arms of Ireland thereon; and +if any person do refuse the same, they are to return their names at some +subsequent quarterly meeting." The records do not show that at any time +in the history of the Society has the key keeper had occasion to report +the name of anybody for refusing to contribute to charity. There are +also other relics and devices, all of which are in the possession of the +treasurer, who gives bonds for the safe-keeping of the same. The device, +or coat-of-arms, of the Society, represents an eagle with outstretched +wings, holding in one claw a liberty pole, surmounted by the cap of +liberty, and in the other a "sprig of shamrock." Pendant from the +eagle's neck is a shield, with an Irish harp and a shamrock in the +centre, around which is the legend: "Charitable Irish Society." Beneath +the device is the Society's motto: "Fostered under thy wings, we will +die in thy defence," and above are the dates of the founding (1737) and +incorporation (1809) of the Society. The banner of the organization is +now exhibited on but one day of the year, March 17, when it is given a +place as near the head of the banquet table as possible. By a rule of +the Society, the charity was formerly limited to forty shillings for any +one person at any one time, and there is no doubt that a great deal of +good was done. The growth of public and private charitable institutions +and associations had the effect, twenty or twenty-five years ago, of +leaving the Society with little or nothing to do, as its members were +nearly all associated with other charities, which covered the ground +more fully and promptly. Not for many years, however, has a record of +dispensed charity been kept. All cases are referred to the board of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></span> +directors, and upon investigation, if found worthy, the keeper of the +silver key and the treasurer have been instructed to aid the person +asking assistance. The impression has gone abroad, so quietly and +unostentatiously has the work been done, that the Society gives nothing +in charity. An incident touching this fact is related by one of the +officers. A respectable and intelligent mechanic, a brass finisher, +applied for relief. He had a wife and four children in Dublin. He was +out of employment there and came to America to get work. He had heard +that</p> + + +<h3>His Family Were Suffering.</h3> + +<p>He did not ask to be sent to them because he had nothing to give them. +He could get employment in New York, and soon would earn enough to +bridge over their necessities. He had called at a newspaper office in +Boston to ascertain where he could find a charitable Irish society to +help him, and was informed that "there was such a society in existence, +but that it was charitable only in name." The man found his way to the +keeper of the silver key eventually, and his immediate wants were +supplied, and he was given transportation to New York. Before the train +rolled out of the depot, he informed the member of the Society, who was +seeing him off, that he had paid another visit to the newspaper office, +and informed the people there that they had been misinformed; that "The +Charitable Irish Society was charitable not only in name, but in deed, +and in a direction, too, not covered by other charities of a private +nature." He felt it a duty incumbent on him to correct the +misapprehension, and, having done so, he bade them good day. This case +is only one of many that might be cited. Among the presidents of the +Society were some of the best known descendants of Irishmen in Boston. +The presidents for the last fifty years are as follows:</p> + +<ul> +<li>1835—John O. Park.</li> +<li>1836—James Boyd.</li> +<li>1837—James Boyd.</li> +<li>1838—Daniel O'Callaghan.</li> +<li>1839—Daniel O'Callaghan.</li> +<li>1840—Wm. P. McKay.</li> +<li>1841—Wm. P. McKay.</li> +<li>1842—John C. Tucker.</li> +<li>1843—John C. Tucker.</li> +<li>1844—Terence McHugh.</li> +<li>1845—Terence McHugh.</li> +<li>1846—Terence McHugh.</li> +<li>1847—Patrick Sharkey.</li> +<li>1848—John Kelly.</li> +<li>1849—John Kelly.</li> +<li>1850—John Kelly.</li> +<li>1851—Patrick Donahoe.</li> +<li>1852—James Egan.</li> +<li>1853—Dennis W. O'Brien.</li> +<li>1854—Patrick Donahoe.</li> +<li>1855—Thomas Mooney.</li> +<li>1856—John C. Crowley.</li> +<li>1857—John C. Crowley.</li> +<li>1858—John C. Crowley.</li> +<li>1859—Patrick Phillips.</li> +<li>1860—Hugh O'Brien.</li> +<li>1861—Hugh O'Brien.</li> +<li>1862—Cornelius Doherty.</li> +<li>1863—James H. Tallon.</li> +<li>1864—Patrick Harkins.</li> +<li>1865—Michael Doherty.</li> +<li>1866—Charles F. Donnelly.</li> +<li>1867—Charles F. Donnelly.</li> +<li>1868—John M. Maguire.</li> +<li>1869—John M. Maguire.</li> +<li>1870—John Magrath.</li> +<li>1871—John Magrath.</li> +<li>1872—Thomas Dolan.</li> +<li>1873—Thomas J. Gargan.</li> +<li>1874—Thomas J. Gargan.</li> +<li>1875—Bernard Corr.</li> +<li>1876—Patrick A. Collins.</li> +<li>1877—Patrick A. Collins.</li> +<li>1878—Joseph D. Fallon.</li> +<li>1879—Edward Ryan.</li> +<li>1880—Patrick F. Griffin.</li> +<li>1881—Patrick F. Griffin.</li> +<li>1882—Thomas Riley.</li> +<li>1883—W. W. Doherty.</li> +<li>1884—Timothy Dacey.</li> +<li>1885—Dennis H. Morrissey.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span></p> + +<p>For several years past the subject of erecting a suitable building in +which the Society should have a meeting place of its own, with rooms for +reading and social purposes for young men of the present and coming +generations, and also small halls for other Society meetings, has been +under consideration. The project seemed visionary till this year, when a +committee was appointed to raise a fund for the purpose. This committee +has given the subject most careful consideration, and intends by means +of a series of entertainments this winter, to establish a foundation on +which to build a fund for the erection of the structure proposed. When +the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary is about to be observed, it is +intended to invite President Cleveland to be the Society's guest, and +the occasion will, without doubt, be one of great interest.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Interest_Savings_Banks" id="Interest_Savings_Banks"></a>Interest:—Savings Banks.</h2> + + +<p>The <i>Catholic Review</i>: Interest to be at all justifiable ought to +consider a number of elements, which in the case of most of our Catholic +churches in great cities like New York, Boston, Brooklyn or +Philadelphia, are largely in favor of the church corporations. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lucrum +cessans</i> will justify interest; but just now where else can a gain of +four-and-half per cent. be combined with absolute safety. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Damnum +emergens</i> justifies interest; but in the present condition of affairs, +with bank presidents looking for investments at two per cent., and +telling depositors that the mere safe keeping of their deposits is +interest enough, where does the loss of profit arise? "Danger of the +investment" justifies interest; but is it not ridiculous to say that any +bank imperils money lent to a Catholic church in New York or Brooklyn on +a first mortgage? The fact is, such an investment is only equalled in +security by a United States bond; it may not be as easily negotiable, +but it is just as safe. It ought to cost very little more.</p> + +<p>Priests to whom the second of January and first of July are sad days, +and who for weeks and even months previous are persecuted by the +necessity of begging from and irritating their congregations by painful +appeals for money to pay these dreadful interests, have asked the +<i>Catholic Review</i> again and again to draw popular attention to the high +rate that is charged for such loans. We do so. But having done our duty +in this respect, we think we ought to add that it belongs to themselves +to deal effectively with the whole question, the very outside limits of +which we can only touch upon. Six per cent., that some of them pay, +would pay for many a Catholic teacher in a parochial school. How are +they to secure a reduction? We think a business-like and amicable +discussion of the whole question would convince the banks that property +such as a church is entitled to consideration not accorded to private or +business property. We do not now refer to motives of charity or +religion, but of pure business. No doubt some bankers will<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span> say, at +first, that "the thing cannot be done." Well, the example of the +Trustees of St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York, is a good one. When their +demand for a just reduction was, as we think, foolishly, refused, they +had no difficulty in transferring their mortgage. If half a dozen strong +churches took up the question, they would, we predict, bring all +opponents to time. It is worth talking over. Still more, it is worth +acting upon. Many a church that is now paying six per cent. could employ +six additional teachers if it had to pay only three per cent. interest.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Bay_State_Faugh-a-Ballaghs1" id="Bay_State_Faugh-a-Ballaghs1"></a>Bay State Faugh-a-Ballaghs.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a><br /><br /> +<small>III.<br /><br /> +THE SECOND IRISH MASSACHUSETTS REGIMENT—THE TWENTY-EIGHTH TO THE +FRONT—ANOTHER CHAPTER ABOUT OUR RACE IN THE WAR OF THE UNION.</small></h2> + + +<p>"To the troops (the Irish Brigade) commanded by General Meagher, was +principally committed the desperate task of bursting out of the town of +Fredericksburg and forming under the withering fire of the Confederate +batteries, to attack Marye's Heights, towering immediately in their +front. Never at Fontenoy, Albuera or at Waterloo was more undaunted +courage displayed by the sons of Erin than during those six frantic +dashes which they directed against the almost impregnable position of +their foe.... The bodies which lie in dense masses within forty yards of +the muzzles of Colonel Walton's guns are the best evidence what manner +of men they were who pressed on to death with the dauntlessness of a +race which has gained glory on a thousand battle-fields, and never more +richly deserved it than at the foot of Marye's Heights on the 13th day +of December, 1862."</p> + +<p>Of this brigade of five regiments the Twenty-Eighth Massachusetts +Volunteers, Colonel Richard Byrnes, was the second Irish regiment raised +in Massachusetts in defence of the Union in 1861. The tribute above +quoted is the testimony of the war correspondent of the <i>London Times</i>, +the files of which are to be found in our Boston Athenæum. He was the +famous Dr. Russell, the Crimean and other wars' correspondent of the +<i>London Thunderer</i>. He should surely be a judge of heroic service and +undaunted bravery. He was an eye-witness, as was the writer of these +lines, of what he speaks, and could with great truth form a personal +knowledge of the facts, and with ocular proof depict the thrilling and +tragic drama enacted on the bloody slopes of Fredericksburg, Va., on +that midwinter day. The nature of the ground on the left bank of the +Rappahannock afforded ample views of the scenes being enacted on the +other side, and it requires no difficult stretch of the imagination or +of the sympathies of humanity to enter into the feelings of men, who, +seeing this fearful havoc of their Federal comrades, awaited their turn +for Burnside to order them, "his latest chance +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span> +to try," across the ensanguined river. When the order did come for the +fresh Irish troops, it was only to find themselves mingled in the +slaughter with their prone dead and dying comrades from the old Bay +State, the Twenty-Eighth Massachusetts, distinguishable by the fresh and +natural sprigs of green with which they had on that fateful morning +decorated their military caps, but which were now in too, too many +cases, crimsoned with blood and brains, or embedded in the crushed +skulls of the gallant heroes, who, only a few short hours before, so +jauntily wore them.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 419px;"> +<img src="images/fig022.png" width="419" height="500" alt="Col. Richard Byrnes." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Col. Richard Byrnes.</span> +</div> + +<p>"Why should we be sad, boys, whose business it is to die!" sung Wolfe at +Quebec. The strain was melancholy and its vein mercenary. It was not the +business of these gallant citizen soldiers to die. They should have +lived to see a country restored to peace and greatness as a proof of +their patriotism, valor and sacrifices. "But," says Dr. Russell in +another part of his Fredericksburg letter to the <i>London Times</i>, "that +any mortal men could have carried the position before which they were +wantonly sacrificed, defended as it was, it seems to me idle for a +moment to believe." And these valiant, adopted citizens of the Republic +hesitated not to obey the cruel order to charge and charge again and +again up to those impregnable works with a fortitude and persistence +that could not possibly be expected from troops who adopted the trade of +soldier and "whose business it was to die."<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span></p> +<p>On another occasion, General Hancock said of a charge in which the +Twenty-Eighth Massachusetts participated: "I have never seen anything so +splendid." He was a judge of what a good charge consisted. Great credit +is most justly due to Colonel Richard Byrnes, of whom a most excellent +likeness is herewith presented, and of whom the writer will have +something more to say before he finishes a brief record of this famed +Irish-American Regiment.</p> + +<p>The evidences of fine discipline and military bearing given by the first +Irish regiment, the Ninth Infantry, organized in Massachusetts, and +which, when it went to the front sustained so admirably those earlier +promises to the great satisfaction of the national and state +authorities, prompted the latter to form a second similar corps. +Accordingly Gov. Andrew and Gen. Schouler consulted with the Right Rev. +Bishop Fitzpatrick of the Boston diocese and Mr. Patrick Donahoe with +this view. The outlook was favorable and the state officials received +patriotic and most cheerful assurances from these and other +Irish-American gentlemen taken into counsel on the subject. The +authority of the general government was at once secured and the +formation of the Faugh-a-Ballaghs, to be numbered the Twenty-Eighth +Massachusetts Infantry Volunteers, was speedily begun. An announcement +appeared in <i>The Pilot</i> stating that on September 28, 1861, the war +office sanctioned the formation of the regiment to be commanded by +Colonel Thomas T. Murphy of the Montgomery Guard of New York, and +accordingly recruiting was begun with head-quarters at 16 Howard Street, +Boston. An address was issued which spiritedly set forth that for this +Irishmen and sons of Irishmen, should rally forth for their country's +cause, "now that Governor Andrew has been granted authority to raise +another Irish regiment.... This is to afford an opportunity to all those +whose allegiance, patriotism and home welfare all combine to enlist +their sympathies for the country of their adoption and the safety and +protection of the Union; to unite one and all to uphold its integrity +and render it inviolable for future ages. Signed Patrick Donahoe and Dr. +W. M. Walsh." Among the gentlemen authorized to recruit for it, were +Messrs. Alexander Blaney of Natick, Florence Buckley of South Natick, E. +H. Fitzpatrick of New Bedford, Owen E. Neale of Fitchburg, S. W. Moore +of Marlboro', C. W. Judge of Haverhill and Daniel O'Donovan of the same +locality, Martin Kirwin of Lawrence, A. A. Griffin of East Cambridge, +John Riley of Worcester, Paul Eveny of Salem, and Lieutenant Ed. F. +O'Brien of Burlington, Vt.</p> + +<p>The nucleus of the Faugh-a-Ballaghs was rendezvoused at Camp Cameron, +Cambridge, where the good, pious and patriotic Rev. Father Manasses +Dougherty of St. Peter's Church, Concord Avenue, ministered to the +spiritual and many of the temporal wants of the sick and the well until +a regular chaplain was assigned to the command. Many a gallant soldier +who, shortly afterwards, sank into a bloody grave, recalled with love +and veneration the tender and manly ministrations of this dear Soggarth +Aroon. A chaplain of the regiment, Father McMahon, is now the bishop of +the diocese of Hartford, Conn. Among the first acts of Company A, +Captain William Mitchell commanding,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span> was to pass, by a unanimous vote, +the resolve: "That in consideration of the untiring zeal and patriotic +feelings of Mr. Patrick Donahoe in prompting and aiding the organization +of the Second Irish Massachusetts Regiment (the Twenty-Eighth) this +company will, hereafter, be known and called the Donahoe Guard." This +paragraph was further supplemented with the assurance from the company +to the patriotic gentleman whom they had named as patron, that their +conduct as soldiers and Irishmen in the field would never give cause of +disgrace to the name they had thus, with so much hearty unanimity, voted +to assume. Here let us for the close of this chapter leave the "boys," +many of whom are looking forward to a glorious future in which the fate +of their native Ireland is romantically blended. How often have they +thrilled with martial fervor, as they read or heard Thomas Davis's +Fontenoy, that famed Fontenoy, which would have been a Waterloo,</p> + +<div class="center">"Were not those exiles ready then, fresh, vehement and true."</div> + +<p>Ah, yes, they will learn the science of war and if fate reserves them in +the glorious fight for the Union, their practical knowledge, their +tested courage will then be used by the grace of the God of Hosts to +help free their native land.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Capital_and_Labor_Philosophy_of_Strikes" id="Capital_and_Labor_Philosophy_of_Strikes"></a>Capital and Labor: Philosophy of "Strikes."</h2> + + +<p>What the <i>land question</i> was to the agricultural population of Ireland, +the labor question <i>is</i> to the toiling masses of the United States—who, +in one or another form of manufacturing industry, in mines and shops, or +public employment, are honestly striving to "earn their bread by the +sweat of their brow."</p> + +<p>In the case of the Irish people the question was one of life and death, +or, what was practically the same, starvation or exile.</p> + +<p>An alternative so monstrous and so pitiful is not presented in the +United States to those who toil; but the conditions and prospects +presented to them are often harsh and bitter.</p> + +<p>We have seen in the instances of labor strikes, and by the simultaneous +suspension of work in the great mills and factories, that tens of +thousands of men accustomed to subsist by the returns of their daily +toil, have been reduced, with their families, to want and wretchedness.</p> + +<p>The accounts given in the public journals of the sufferings in Ohio and +Pennsylvania during the recent strikes amongst the miners, recalls the +widespread, and, in instances, awful distress which prevailed in the +districts in question.</p> + +<p>The startling figures lately put forth by representatives of the Knights +of Labor, which is said to be a powerful and widely extended labor +organization, as to the number of unemployed men in the United States, +seem incredible in the face of the apparent activity of trade and the +general seeming prosperity; but there is no doubt the real figures<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span> are +great enough to excite deep concern on the part of the thoughtful and +reflecting observer.</p> + +<p>It does not require that one should be either a philosopher or a +communist to see in the prevailing conditions of the labor element in +the United States, that something is seriously out of gear. With capital +everywhere concentrating in the form of monopolies,—whether it be in +the consolidation of railroads and telegraphs, or in mills and mines +where products are "pooled," or yet in the colossal stores and +factories, on every hand is seen the strengthening and solidifying of +capital in the hands of the few. And this consolidation, it is plain, is +only effected by sweeping out or swallowing up smaller enterprises. This +is the logical and perhaps inevitable result of our modern social +system—in which wealth and "greed of gain" is held to be the chief end +of life. But, with this visible agglomeration of wealth in the hands of +the comparatively few, what is to be said of the conditions and +prospects of the laboring masses? If, happily, in the acquisition and +accumulation of wealth by monopolists, we could hope for the rules and +application of Christian principles and a realizing sense of Christian +duties in its employment and distribution, there would then be less +occasion for concern and apprehension in considering the problems +presented in the questions of "Capital and Labor." However seductive and +alluring may be the dreams and vagaries of latter-day theorizers, +inequality of social and worldly conditions is and will remain the rule. +<i>Utopia</i> will remain in the books; it cannot be realized, in fact, under +the conditions of our or any other known civilization. It can and may be +realized, but in a form and fashion outside the ken of the modern +"philosopher,"—and that will be by the universal acceptance of Divine +law and the general practice of the Divine commands.</p> + +<p>The Ten Commandments and the Sermon on the Mount contain the solution of +all the problems with which we are concerned in the discussion of this +question. When capital recognizes and acts up to <i>the duties</i> involved +in and implied by the possession of wealth, labor will recognize and +respect <i>the rights</i> of capital.</p> + +<p>The philosophy of the question turns upon these two simple words, +"<span class="smcap">RIGHTS</span>" and "<span class="smcap">DUTIES</span>."</p> + +<p>Adam Smith says: "The property which every man has in his own labor, as +it is the original foundation of all other property, so it is the most +sacred and inviolable. The patrimony of a poor man lies in the strength +and dexterity of his hands; and to hinder him from employing this +strength and dexterity in what manner he thinks proper, without injury +to his neighbor, is a plain violation of this most sacred property." A +distinguished Catholic authority—Cardinal Manning—gives a more concise +definition—"the honest exertion of the powers of our minds and of our +body for our own good, and for the good of our neighbors."</p> + +<p>The rights of the workman to dispose of his own toil on his own terms +cannot be questioned, nor can his right to combine and unite with other +toilers for purposes of mutual protection be seriously questioned. +Indeed, such unions and combinations may be said to be a necessity in +the existing order.</p> + +<p>How is it possible except through such union and combination to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[234]</a></span> resist +the power of great corporations and exacting monopolies, which, as a +rule, little regard the rights of the day laborer. Capital is protected +by its own innate power, by its influence over legislation and +legislative bodies, and by the readiness with which "pools" and +"combinations" are formed to its bidding; but in its control over labor +it is more powerful still by reason of the helplessness of the working +masses, who must work in order to live. An autocratic order from the +chief of some great corporation will sometimes reduce the wages of tens +of thousands of employés from ten to twenty per cent in one swoop. And +the tens of thousands have no redress or alternative unless to "strike."</p> + +<p>And here lies the difficulty. The public, as a rule, do not sympathize +with "strikes" and "strikers." Strikes are always inconvenient. They +upset the existing order, disturb business, and sometimes lead to +destruction of property.</p> + +<p>There is, and can be, of course, no justification for lawlessness. If +the rights of the workman to fix a price for his labor, and other +conditions as to the hours of his service, cannot be disputed, the equal +rights of the employers to fix the terms and price to be paid is no less +certain. Between these often irreconcilable conditions lie only +submission, strikes, or arbitration. The former is often expedient, the +second sometimes necessary, the last is always wise. A leading mine +owner, widely known for his uniform practical sympathy with his +operatives, and for his public spirit and high character, Col. William +P. Rend, of Chicago, has lately put forward, in several public +conventions representing the mining interests, a method of arbitration +which would be invoked in case of differences between employers and +operatives.</p> + +<p>The simple suggestion of arbitration as the true remedy carries on its +face the evident solution of this vexed labor problem.</p> + +<p>It is not necessary to suggest details. The fundamental idea is that all +differences may and ought to be reconciled by frank and honest +arbitration. Where employers will meet operatives on this half-way +neutral ground, an adjustment may be confidently looked for in most +cases. The arts of the demagogue and the threats of the socialists will +no longer be effective with the laboring masses. Where arbitration by +mutual agreement is not practicable, legislative "Boards of Arbitration" +could be appealed to; and these should be provided for by law in every +state.</p> + +<p>When corporations and individual employers shall, as very many to their +honor, be it said, undoubtedly do, show due regard and consideration for +the rights and necessities of workmen and operatives, there need be no +fear of the spectre of communistic disorder in the United States. Our +mechanics and workingmen are instinctively conservative and cannot be +led away permanently into dangerous societies and combinations, if only +capital will join in promoting the adoption of "arbitration" as the true +solution of the labor problem.</p> + +<div class="signature"><span class="smcap">Wm. J. Onahan</span> in <i>Scholastic Annual</i>.</div> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<div class="center">A <span class="smcap">Cure</span> for tight shoes—go barefoot.</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[235]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Senator_Hayes" id="Senator_Hayes"></a>Senator Hayes.<br /><br /> + +<small>A SKETCH OF HIS ANTECEDENTS IN IRELAND AND AMERICA—HIS BRILLIANT +ELECTION.</small></h2> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 382px;"> +<img src="images/fig027.png" width="382" height="500" alt="Hon. John J. Hayes." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Hon. John J. Hayes.</span> +</div> + + +<p>Among the forty gentlemen elected to serve in the Senate during the +present term of the General Court of Massachusetts, we hesitate not to +predict that it will be found that Hon. John J. Hayes, the subject of +this brief sketch, will bring to bear upon such questions for +legislative consideration and action as may devolve upon him a most +intelligent culture, a well-developed business training and thorough +uprightness of purpose. In choosing him as their senatorial +representative, the voters of the Eighth Suffolk District, embracing +Wards Twenty-two, Twenty-three, Twenty-four and Twenty-five—all +combined, having a preponderating majority of Republican votes—have +exhibited the soundest judgment, we are confident, in the exercise of +citizen-franchise. Mr. Hayes' election was a well-considered rebuke to +the narrow systems of legislation prevalent in most of the New England +States. Hon. William H. Spooner, the district Senator of last year, is, +in private and business life, an honorable and esteemed gentleman; but +being an extreme partisan in politics and a zealot in sectional +legislative efforts, when a fitting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[236]</a></span> candidate was offered at the last +election to oppose him, a gentleman of adequate views of the needs and +requirements of his fellow-citizens to confront him, the voters +hesitated not at the polls whom to choose.</p> + +<p>Among his fellow-citizens of Boston and vicinity, Senator Hayes is well +recognized as an uncompromising adherent of Home Rule principles in the +affairs of Ireland, his native land. These come naturally to him. His +father, Mr. John Hayes, now of Manchester, N. H., was a devoted +supporter of O'Connell and, though young in years, was in turn warmly +appreciated by the great liberator. From the most steadfast patriotism +he has never swerved, and the blood in his children's veins, with the +teachings he inculcated, impels them to tread in the same path of +patriotic purpose as their worthy sire.</p> + +<p>Our Senator was born in Killarney, Kerry, January 26, 1845. His +childhood saw many days amidst the inspiring scenes of this grand and +most lovely portion of Ireland. He was educated in Dublin. Mr. Hayes +entered for the civil service examination for the war office department +before the noted Military Institute of Stapleton of Trinity College, and +readily passed the first examination. Pending the usual delay preceding +the second examination, the Bank of Ireland threw their appointments +open to public examination, and John J. received the first of fourteen +appointments, several hundred persons being competitors for these +places. He was assigned to serve in the Dublin office of the Bank, and +subsequently found rapid advancement in the Gorey and Arklow branches as +cashier, and later in the same capacity in the respectively more +responsible branches of the Bank in Drogheda and Cork. Mr. Hayes growing +restive under the naturally slow advancement in the Bank's services, +accepted a tempting offer from one of the strongest banks in Canada and +reached Boston en route thereto. Here, however, he was met with a +business offer which induced him to pitch his fortune in Boston business +circles, and after a few years became the junior member of the firm of +Brown & Hayes, importers, exporters and commission merchants, Broad +Street, and where he still continues to do the same business. His firm +changed to Hayes & Poppelé in 1877 and as it is now to Hayes & Angle.</p> + +<p>Under the new organization of the School Board, Senator Hayes served +five years, from 1876 to 1880, during which he won deserved confidence +by his independence and unremitting watchfulness in school matters. +During these years he held several chairmanships and membership in +committees on accounts, salaries and other executive duties of the +board. He was a pronounced advocate of proper compensation to teachers +in which work he has always felt and shown a great and sympathetic +interest. From the advent of his services on the board, the teachers had +reason to know him as a friend, who would do battle for them against +reduction of their salaries, as was many times attested by his minority +reports and speeches in session. He resisted the attempts to do away +with the Suburban High Schools, and the residents of the sections where +they are located should feel indebted to his leading opposition to such +attempts for the retention of these suburban schools.</p> + +<p>Mr. Hayes has been a director in several insurance companies<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[237]</a></span> and has +been for many years on the executive committee of the Union Institution +for Savings. Senator Hayes resides in a handsome residence, surrounded +by ample grounds, in the Dorchester district, Ward Twenty-four. He is a +thorough Democrat in principle. It was, therefore, a most flattering +testimony to his personal popularity and of the great respect of his +usual political opponents that they voted for him. Particularly is this +the case in so far as his Dorchester Republican neighbors are concerned, +so many of these being of the ancient and wealthy families, descendants +of the earlier colonial settlers of Massachusetts Bay. The district also +embraces the homes of many retired merchants and strong business men of +Boston. In view of all the circumstances, Mr. Hayes' senatorial campaign +success, it must be conceded, was a most brilliant one.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Saints_and_Serpents" id="Saints_and_Serpents"></a>Saints and Serpents.</h2> + + +<p>Even among Catholics the story of St. Patrick's driving the snakes and +other reptiles out of Ireland has often been made the subject of, let us +say, good-natured jest. But, besides, among others than Irishmen the +legend has been laid to the score of the excessive credulity of +Irishmen. I myself have heard German Catholics instance this story as an +evidence of the excesses into which the Celtic mind is apt to run. And +yet, investigation shows that the Irish are not alone in their pious +belief. Father Chas. Cahier, a Jesuit, has compiled a work entitled +"<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Caractéristiques des Saints dans l'Art Populaire</i>." It is a most +wonderful and valuable storehouse of information, illustration, and +explanation. Thus we find in that our saint is not only patron of +Ireland but also of Murcia in Spain, for the reason that on his feast, +17th of March, 1452, was won the battle of Los Alporchones. Turning to +the heading "Serpent," we meet with a long array of saints represented +in painting or sculpture with one or more of these reptiles in his +vicinity. Italy, Brittany, Germany, France, Syria, Egypt, and other +lands furnish legends as strange as that concerning our apostle. In +fact, comparatively small space is devoted to him by the erudite Jesuit. +He briefly says, "It is thoroughly admitted by the Irish that he drove +from their Isle the serpents and other venomous animals. It is even +added that the English have many times, but in vain, endeavored to +acclimate venomous animals in Ireland." In a footnote he continues as +follows:</p> + +<blockquote><p>"A prose of Saint Patrick (in the <i>Officia SS. Patritii, +Columbæ, Brigidæ</i>, etc., Paris, 1620, in 16, p. 110-112) +says:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0" lang="la" xml:lang="la">"'Virosa reptilia<br /></span> +<span class="i2" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Prece congregata,<br /></span> +<span class="i0" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pellit ab Hibernia<br /></span> +<span class="i2" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mari liberata.'<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>"Cf. Molan Hist. SS. Imag., lib. iii. cap. x. (ed. Paquot, p. +265). <i>Nieremberg, De Miraculosis ... in Europa</i>, lib. ii. +cap. LXII. (p. 469, sq.); et cap. XVIII. (p. 429).</p></blockquote> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[238]</a></span></p> +<p>"Nevertheless, Father Theoph. Raynaud (Opp, t. viii. p. 513) says that +this might have been a fact existing in Ireland previous to the days of +her apostle."</p> + +<p>In Jocelyn's "Life and Acts of Saint Patrick," Chap. CLXIX., we read, +"Even from the time of its original inhabitants, did Hibernia labor +under a three-fold plague: a swarm of poisonous creatures, whereof the +number could not be counted; a great concourse of demons visibly +appearing; and a multitude of evil-doers and magicians. And these +venomous and monstrous creatures, rising out of the earth and out of the +sea, so prevailed over the whole island that they not only wounded men +and animals with their deadly sting, but slayed them with cruel bitings, +and not seldom rent and devoured their members."</p> + +<p>Chapter CLXX. continues: "And the most holy Patrick applied all his +diligence unto the extirpation of this three-fold plague; and at length +by his salutary doctrine and fervent prayer he relieved Hibernia of the +increasing mischief. Therefore he, the most excellent pastor, bore on +his shoulder the staff of Jesus, and aided of the angelic aid, he by its +comminatory elevation gathered together from all parts of the island, +all the poisonous creatures into one place; then compelled he them all +unto a very high promontory, which was then called Cruachan-ailge, but +now Cruachan-Phadring; and by the power of his word he drove the whole +pestilent swarm from the precipice of the mountain headlong into the +ocean. O eminent sign! O illustrious miracle! even from the beginning of +the world unheard, but now experienced by tribes, by peoples and by +tongues, known unto all nations, but to the dwellers in Hibernia +especially needful! And at this marvellous, yet most profitable sight, a +most numerous assembly was present; many of whom had flocked from all +parts to behold miracles, many to receive the word of life.</p> + +<p>"Then turned he his face toward Mannia, and the other islands which he +had imbued and blessed with the faith of Christ and with the holy +sacraments; and by the power of his prayers he freed all these likewise +from the plague of venomous reptiles. But other islands, the which had +not believed at his preaching, still are cursed with the procreation of +those poisonous creatures."</p> + +<p>The Rev. Mr. O'Farrell, in his "Popular life of Saint Patrick," says, +"Rothe in his elucidations upon this passage of Jocelyn, compared this +quality bestowed upon Irish soil, through the prayers of Saint Patrick, +with that conferred upon Malta by the merits of Saint Paul, with this +difference, he adds, 'that while in Malta serpents, adders, and other +venomous reptiles, retain their life and motion, and lose only their +poisonous power, in Ireland they can neither hurt nor exist, inasmuch as +not only the soil but the climate and atmosphere, are unto them instant +death.'"</p> + +<p>Ribadeneira says that even the wood of Ireland is proof against +poisonous reptiles. He declares that King's College, Cambridge, is built +within of Irish oak, and consequently not even a spider can be found +within it.</p> + +<p>In the first volume of Chambers' "Book of Days" is told the story of the +attempt made by James Cleland, an Irish gentleman, in 1831, to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span> +introduce reptiles into the Holy Isle. He bought half a dozen harmless +English snakes (<i>natrix torquata</i>) in Covent Garden market, London, and +turned them loose in his garden in Rathgael, County Down. Within a week +one was killed at Milecross three miles distant. A peasant who found one +and thought it an eel, took it to Dr. J. L. Drummond, the celebrated +Irish naturalist, and was horrified to learn that it was a genuine +serpent. There was great excitement, and it was fortunate for Mr. +Cleland that his connection with the affair was not known. One clergyman +preached on the discovery of the reptile as a presage of the millennium; +another saw a relation between it and the cholera-morbus. Some energetic +men took the matter in hand and offered a reward for the dead bodies of +the snakes. Three were killed within a few miles of the garden, and the +others were never fully accounted for.</p> + +<p>But to return to Father Cahier. He tells us of the following, depicted +in sacred art in close proximity to serpents.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Moses</span> is not only represented raising the brazen serpent in the desert +to cure those who had been bitten by the reptiles (Num. xxi. 6-9), but +also casting his rod on the ground, that it may be changed into a +serpent—either at God's command before the burning bush as proof of his +divine mission (Exod. iv. 1-5), or before Pharaoh to obtain the +deliverance of the Israelites. (Exod. viii. 8-13.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Paul the Apostle.</span> A viper hanging from his hand and which he is +shaking off into the fire. (Acts. xxviii. 3-6.) This event, which +occurred in the island of Malta, has given rise to a devotion greatly in +vogue, especially among the Greeks. Earth taken from a cavern, wherein +it is alleged Saint Paul took refuge after his shipwreck on the coast of +that island, is carried to a distance as a preservative against the bite +of dangerous beasts and against fevers.</p> + +<p>There was also in by-gone times a persuasion that any man born on the +25th of January (the day of the apostle's conversion) was guaranteed +against the reptile's tooth.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Andrew the Apostle.</span> His apocryphal legend relates, that he cast +out devils, under the form of serpents or dragons. (<i>Legend aur.</i>, cap. +ii.) This is found represented amongst other places, on a stained-glass +window of the Cathedral of Chartres.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Peter Celestine</span>, Pope. I do not remember, says Father Cahier, ever +to have seen him painted with a dragon or a large serpent; but it is +probable that this may be met with, especially in Italy. For it is +related that, having retired into a grotto of the Abruzzi, he expelled +from it a venomous serpent, which had made great ravages in the +neighborhood.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Romain</span> or <span class="smcap">Romanus</span>, Bishop of Rouen; 24th of October, 639. His +dragon, or serpent, gave rise to an annual procession, during which a +prisoner was released in memory of the service rendered to the country +by the holy bishop. Father Cahier adds that this legend probably +allegorized the destruction of Paganism by the bishop's efforts in his +diocese.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Spiridion</span>, Bishop of Tremithontes in the island of Cyprus; 14th of +December, about 348. Offering a serpent to a poor man.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[240]</a></span></p> + +<p>He had a great reputation for charity, so the needy confidently applied +to him for aid. But one day when a beggar asked him for assistance, the +saint, who had nothing to give him, picked up a serpent, which the poor +man hardly cared to accept. Nevertheless, encouraged by the bishop, he +held his hand out; and the beast was converted into gold. (Surius, 14th +December.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Narcissus</span>, Bishop of Gironu in Catalonia, and apostle of Augsburg; +18th of March, about 307. It is related in the country of the Julian +Alps that he destroyed a dragon, which was posted beside a spring, from +which all the inhabitants fled.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Amand</span>, Bishop of Maestricht, and apostle of Flanders; 6th of +February, 675. While still a child, he drove, it is said, from the +island of Oye (near La Rochelle) a serpent which he met in his way. +(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Acta Sanctorum</i>, Februar., t. i, p. 849.) Father Cahier says that the +original is a dragon, which artists have converted into a serpent, and +that it is quite likely it symbolizes the idols overthrown by the +saint's apostolic labors in the country about Ghent.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Modestus</span>, Bishop of Jerusalem; 16th of December, seventh century. +Putting to death a serpent which infested a fountain; much like the +legend of Saint Narcissus. (Bagatta, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Admiranda orbis</i>, lib. vii. cap. +i, §. 19, No. 29.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Hilary</span>, Bishop of Poitiers; 14th of January, about 368. Old +artists paint him with a staff around which is twined a serpent; or +serpents fleeing from that staff. This signifies, that during his exile, +he completely banished the reptiles which infested the island of +<i>Gallinaria</i> in the Mediterranean, near Genoa (the Gallinara of the +present day). According to other versions he did not exactly rid the +entire island of those animals, but simply relegated them to a corner of +the land, where he planted his staff as a boundary which they were +nevermore to pass. (P. de Natal., libr. ii, cap. LXVIII.—AA. SS., +<i>Januar.</i>, t. i, p. 792.) Cl. Robert quotes an epitaph on the doctor of +Poitiers, found, he says, in an ancient manuscript, although the style +gives little indication of the Middle Ages.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0" lang="la" xml:lang="la">"Hilarius cubat hac, pictavus episcopus, urna;<br /></span> +<span class="i2" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Defensor nostræ mirificus fidei.<br /></span> +<span class="i0" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Illius aspectum serpentes ferre nequibant,<br /></span> +<span class="i2" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nescis quæ in vultu spicula sanctus habet."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Might this be, asks Father Cahier, a way of expressing the fact that the +saint had banished Arianism from amongst his people?</p> + +<p>It is elsewhere shown that the dragons of many legions may be +interpreted by the overthrow and expulsion of Paganism, that is, the end +of Satan's reign over hearts. The serpent seems to have had something of +this symbolism in ecclesiastical monuments, except that sometimes, here +or there, it probably denotes heresy instead of idolatry. (Cf. Manni, +<i>Osservazioni istoriche sopra i sigilli antichi dei secoli bassi</i>, t. V, +sigill. 15.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Pirmin</span>, (<i>Pirminus</i> or <i>Pirminius</i>) travelling bishop in Germany +(and a Benedictine, it is said); 3d November, 758. He is described as a +bishop of Meaux, who left his see in order to go and preach the Gospel +along the banks of the Rhine; and he is usually<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[241]</a></span> painted as putting a +multitude of serpents to flight. (<i>Calendar.</i> Benedict., 3d of +Nov.—Rader, <i>Bavaria Sancta</i>.) A sequence of Saint Gall (ap. Mone, +<i>Hymni ... media ævi</i>, t. III., p. 482, sq.) thus describes the marvel:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0" lang="la" xml:lang="la">"Hic Augiensem insulam<br /></span> +<span class="i0" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dei nutu intraverat,<br /></span> +<span class="i0" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quam multitudo pessima<br /></span> +<span class="i0" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Destinebat serpentium.<br /></span> +<span class="i0" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Intrante illo ...<br /></span> +<span class="i0" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Statim squammosus<br /></span> +<span class="i0" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hestinanter exercitus<br /></span> +<span class="i0" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aufugit, ampli lacus<br /></span> +<span class="i0" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Natatu tergus<br /></span> +<span class="i0" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tegens per triduum."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Amongst other abbeys of his foundation, he established that of Reichenau +in the island of Constance, vanishing from the island the vipers or +adders which had enormously multiplied in it. The legend even goes on to +say that, for three days, the surrounding water was covered with these +reptiles which forsook their old abode.</p> + +<p>Was this story the legend or the consequence of an invocation of Saint +Pirmin against unwholesome drinks? Besides people recommended themselves +to this saint against the plague and the consequences of dangerous food. +Furthermore, his dalmatic and his cincture were considered powerful to +assuage the sufferings of pregnant women. An ancient seal of Saint +Pirmin is found with these two verses used in certain provinces of +Germany:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0" lang="la" xml:lang="la">"Sanctificet nostram sanctus Pirminius escam,<br /></span> +<span class="i0" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dextera Pirmini benedicat pocula nostra."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Samson</span>, Bishop of Dol, in Brittany; 28th of July, about 564. Some +say he slew a dragon, and Father Cahier says this may be symbolic of the +many victories he gained over the enemy of men. According to several, it +was a serpent which he drove from a grotto on the banks of the Seine +(Cf. Longueval, <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Histoire de l'Eglise gallicane</i>, livre IX.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Mellon</span> (Mélon, <i>Mellonus</i>, <i>Mallonus</i>, <i>Mello</i>, <i>Melanius</i>?) first +Bishop of Rouen; 22d of October, about 214. A serpent of which his +legend speaks may be only the dragon of the saints who preached the +Gospel to idolatrous nations. An old office of his says:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i2" lang="la" xml:lang="la">"Manum sanat arescentem<br /></span> +<span class="i2" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Morsum curat, et serpentem<br /></span> +<span class="i0" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sese cogit perdere."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>His legend further relates that he overthrew in the city of Rouen the +idol <i>Roth</i>, and that the devil complained to him of the trouble he had +caused in his empire. (AA. SS. <i>Octobr.</i>, t. IX., p. 572, sq.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Cado</span> (or Kadok, Cadout, Cadog, Catrog-Doeth, Cadvot), bishop and +martyr in Brittany; 1st of November, about 580. The Bretons relate that +on a little island off the coast of Vannes, between Port-Louis and +Auray, he drove the serpents away and they never appeared there again +(<i>Vie des Saints de la Bretagne</i>, p. 666). The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[242]</a></span> island retains the name +of Enis-Cadvod or Inis-Kadok, that is, the island of Saint Cado.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Saint Paternus</span>, bishop, whom Father Cahier cannot locate, is mentioned +as having warded off the bites of serpents. He cannot say, too, but that +there is more of symbolism than of real history in the story.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Peregrinus</span>, bishop, martyred at Auxerre, 16th of May, third +century, driving out serpents. Though one may consider this +representation a manner of expressing the earnestness he displayed in +extirpating idolatry from the people of Auxerre, it is admitted that in +the Nivernais country (especially at Bouhy where he took refuge), +serpents are never seen. People even come to the church of that village +to take earth out of a hole habitually dug <i>ad hoc</i>; and that earth is +carried away as a preservative against the bite of reptiles. It is +besides regarded as an understood fact at Bouhy that a certain family +there always has the figure of a serpent on the body of some one +belonging to it. They are, according to the story, the descendants of a +pagan, who, striving to drive the saint away by hitting him with a whip, +saw the lash change into a serpent which "landed" near the rock where +Saint Peregrinus had sought refuge against persecution.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Honoratus of Arles</span>, or <span class="smcap">of Lerins</span>; 16th of January, about 430. When +he retired into the island which still bears his name, near the coast of +Provence, vainly was it represented to him that it was a receptacle of +venomous animals. The man of God exactly wanted a shelter, a refuge from +all visitors, and drove out all the serpents which had long multiplied +there without any obstacle. A palm-tree is still shown there, on which, +it is alleged, our saint waited until Heaven came to his aid, by having +the waves sweep away all that "vermin" which had rendered the island +uninhabitable until then. (Surius, 16 Januar.; and AA. SS. <i>Januar.</i>, t. +II., p. 19.) Observe that the islands of Saint-Honorat and +Sainte-Marguerite are held in that country to have formed but one in +olden days, which was the real Lerins, Pliny and Strabo to the contrary +notwithstanding.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Protus of Sardinia</span>, priest; 25th of October, under Diocletian. He +was martyred with the deacon Saint Januarius and Saint Gavinus, a +soldier converted by them. Protus, exiled at first to the island of +<ins title="Transcriber's Note: (?) present in original.">Asinara(?)</ins> drove from it, it is said, all the venomous beasts. Many even +would have it that this privilege was extended to the whole of Sardinia, +for which, however, Father Cahier says he would not make himself +responsible. (Cf. <i>Hagiolog. italic.</i>, t. II., p. 256). Hence a reptile +is often represented at the feet of the saint, while artists often +associate him with his two companions in martyrdom. In this case they +may be easily distinguished by their costumes of priest, deacon, and +soldier, which indicate the profession of each.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Florence of Norcia</span> (<i>Florentius</i> or <i>Florentinus</i>), monk; 23d of +May, about 547. He has been confounded, rightly or wrongly, with Saint +Florence of Corsica. But Saint Gregory the Great (<i>Dialog.</i>, III., 15, +ed Galliccioli, t. VI., p. 202) speaks of him only as a simple monk, and +relates that he destroyed a multitude of serpents by his prayer.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Florence of Glonne</span>, priest, patron of Saumur and Roye; 22d of +September, fourth century. He is sometimes said to have thrown a dragon +or serpent into the Loire, but the Bas-Bretons give the credit to Saint +Mein, abbot of Gaël, who lived more than a century later.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Amantius of Citta-di-Castello</span>, priest; 26th of September, towards +the end of the sixth century. He became famous in his lifetime by +numerous miracles, especially by delivering the people of the country in +which he dwelt from serpents. (Gregor. M., <i>Dialog.</i>, III., 35. Brantii +<i>Martyrol poeticum</i>.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Julius</span>, priest; 31st of January, about 399. The island of Orta, +near Novara, was delivered by him from a quantity of serpents when he +went there to build the last church he erected. According to some, these +reptiles, put to flight by the holy man's blessing, plunged into the +lake; others say that the serpents took refuge on Mount Camocino near +there, but that they never hurt any one any more. (Labus, <i>Fasti</i>, 31 +gennajo.—AA. SS. Januar., t. II., p. 1103.) The lake of Orta is still +called <i>Lago de san Giulio</i>, by the people of the country around Milan.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Magnus</span> (<i>Magnoaldus</i>), abbot of Fuessen, and apostle of Algan; 6th +of September, about 660. At Kempten this saint is credited with having +expelled venomous animals; as for the dragon, he is said to have caused +its death by his prayers at <i>Æqui caput</i>. However this may be, his staff +was employed at Abthal against field rats, and in Brisgan against all +kinds of insects that might injure the crops. (Cf. Wilh. Mueller, <i>Gesch +... der altdentschen Religion</i>, p. 113.—<i>Calendar. benedict.</i>, 6th of +Septembr.—Rader, <i>Bavaria sancta</i>.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Didymus</span>, in the East. Father Cahier cannot say whether it is +Didymus of Alexandria (28th of April) or Didymus of Laodicea (11th of +September). Several modern German authors, copying one another, say that +he is represented walking on serpents and nailed to the cross. Either, +says Father Cahier, I greatly mistake, or the martyr of Laodicea, who +was torn on a stake (<i>Menolog. græc.</i>, t. I., p. 29,) is confounded with +the hermit of the same name who used to walk amongst the most dangerous +reptiles (scorpions, horned vipers, etc.), without ever being injured by +them. (Rosweyde, <i>Vitæ PP.</i>, p. 479.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Phocas of Antioch</span>, in Syria, martyr; 5th March, time disputed. He +is famed in the East as a signal protector against the bite of reptiles. +These reptiles are often represented near the church which is dedicated +to him, because it is acknowledged that they lose their venom as soon as +they approach it, and that those bitten by them there recover health. +(Cf. <i>Martyrol. Rom.</i>, 5 mart.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Christopher of Lycia</span>, martyr; 25th of July, about 560. A serpent +is sometimes placed near him, either because reptiles were used without +effect to torture him, or on account of some miracle due to his +intercession long after his death. (AA. SS. <i>Jul.</i>, t. VI., p. 137-139.) +Father Cahier adds, in a note, if, as Servius says, the word <i>anguis</i> +was used to denote reptiles which live in water, consequently amphibious +animals, it becomes easier to understand that inundations may have been +expressed by a dragon or a serpent; so many writers have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[244]</a></span> thought, the +Bollandists amongst others. So, in many cases, it may have been a +symbolic picture, whose significance was lost in the lapse of time. A +serpent near Saint Christopher might indicate that the saint had crossed +deep water.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Leontius</span>, martyr; honored at Muri in Switzerland, as one of the +soldiers of the Theban legion. A serpent is given him as attribute, with +a little phial. Father Cahier says he has failed to discover the +significance of the emblems.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Amable of Riom</span>, priest; 19th of October, fifth century. Near him +serpents and venomous animals, because it is said that he drove all +maleficent beasts out of the neighborhood of Riom.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Briac</span>, abbot; 17th of December, about 609. He banished a serpent +with the sign of the cross. This saint met a man who was already stung +by a dangerous reptile and fleeing from the animal, which was in pursuit +of him. The servant of God, by giving his blessing, cured the wounded +man and put the animal to flight. (<i>Vies des Saints de la Bretagne.</i>)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Maudez</span>, hermit; 18th of November, seventh century. Driving out of +an island, in which he had established his hermitage, a number of +reptiles that lived in the place. The custom is preserved in Brittany of +using earth taken from the island as a remedy for serpents' bites. +(<i>Vies des Saints de la Bretagne</i>, p. 724, 725.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint John of Reomey</span>, founder of this abbey, which afterwards took the +name of Montier-Saint-Jean; 28th of January, about 545. He is generally +represented beside a well and holding a sort of dragon chained. His +legend relates that he caused the death of a basilisk which made the +water of a well or fountain dangerous. (<i>Calend. benedict.</i>, 28 januar.) +Sometimes instead of this dragon (winged) there is placed near him a +chained serpent. (Cf. Aug. de Bastard, <i>Mémoire sur les crosses</i>, p. +776.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Beat or Beatus of Vendomois</span>, hermit; 9th of May, year difficult to +determine. The story goes that, finding a reptile in the grotto into +which he desired to retire, near the Loire, he drove the animal out with +the sign of the cross. (AA. SS., <i>Maii</i>, t. II., p. 365. D. Piolin, +<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Hist. de l'Eglise du Mans</i>, t. I., p. 62.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Lifard</span> (<i>Liphardus</i>, <i>Liethphardus</i>), hermit, afterwards abbot at +Meun-sur-Loire; 3d of June, about 540. Near him in pictures is a staff +planted in the earth, and bitten at top by a serpent, which is broken in +the middle of the body. It is related that near his cell an enormous +serpent prevented the people of the locality from having access to a +fountain. Urbitius, a disciple of the holy man, ran one day to him, +telling him that he had met the dreadful reptile. Lifard smiled and bade +Urbitius be ashamed of his lack of faith, and gave him his staff with +orders to plant it in the ground in front of the beast. This being done, +and while the hermit was praying to God, the monster sprang upon the +staff, which he bit with madness. The weight of the monstrous beast made +it burst in the middle, and the country was delivered from him. (Surius, +3 jun.)</p> + +<p>Outside of France, this is sometimes represented by an empaled dragon +from which issue a number of little dragons flying away. (<i>Calendar. +benedict.</i>, 4 jun.)<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[245]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Leonard the younger</span>, abbot of Vendeuve; 15th of October, about +570. He is represented with a serpent near him, because one of these +serpents having crawled towards the holy man while he was at prayer, +stopped without being able to hurt him. He is also represented with a +serpent dying at his feet or twined around his body. (AA. SS., Octobr., +t. VII., p. 48, sq.) It is asserted that a serpent has never since +appeared in that place.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Memin</span> (or Maximin), abbot of Micy; 15th of December, 520. He is +painted holding a serpent, because he is said to have driven a dangerous +reptile from the banks of the Loire. (Aug. de Bastard, <i>Crosses</i>, p. +776.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Dominic of Sara</span>, abbot of the order of Saint Benedict; 22d of +January, about 1031. A present of fish sent to the holy man having been +abstracted on the way, the rogues were rather surprised to find only +snakes instead of the fish they had stolen. (<i>Calendar. benedict.</i>, 22 +januar.,—Brantii, <i>Martyrol. poetic.</i>)</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0" lang="la" xml:lang="la">"Qui missos sancto pisces abscondit, in angues<br /></span> +<span class="i0" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mutatos, rediens vidit et obstupuit."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Vincent of Avila</span>, with Saint Sabina and Saint Christeta, his +sisters; 27th of October, under Diocletian. The bodies of these martyrs +having been abandoned to beasts of prey, an enormous serpent protected +their remains from any insult. A Jew, even, who had come to see the +corpses, ran such danger from the reptile that he made a vow to receive +baptism. (<i>Espana sagrada</i>, t. XIV., p. 32.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Gorry</span> (Godrick, Godrich, <i>Godricus</i>), hermit in England; 21st of +May, 1170. He put himself under the direction of the monks of Durham, +and passed the latter part of his life in a solitude. He is represented +surrounded by serpents, because those venomous animals gathered around +him and did him no harm. (<i>Calend. benedict.</i>, 29 mai.—AA. SS., <i>Maii</i>, +t. V., p. 68, sqq.)</p> + +<p>The Blessed <span class="smcap">Bonagiunta Manetti</span>, Servite and first general of his order; +31st of August, 1257. Father Cahier says that in France pictures of the +Servites are seldom found, and then with no particular emblem. He, +however, found one in which the blessed Bonagiunta is blessing loaves +which break, and bottles from which serpents escape. In the art of the +Middle Ages a serpent is the emblem of poison, and so it seems to be +here. As the holy man, while asking alms for his community, did not +hesitate to rebuke sinners, he gave offence to a Florentine merchant. +Pretending to be repentant and charitable, he sent poisoned bread and +wine to the Servite monastery. The Blessed Bonagiunta received the man +who brought the pretended alms, and said to him, "I know well that thy +master would take my life. But tell him that no evil will happen us, and +that death will soon strike himself." The prophecy was accomplished. +(Cf. Brocchi, <i>Vite dei SS. Fiorentini</i>, t. I., p. 246.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Heldradus</span>, abbot of Novalèse (13th of March, 875), is said to have +expelled the serpents that infested the valley of Briançon where the +saint wanted to establish a colony of his monks. (AA. SS., Mart., t. +II., p. 334.)<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[246]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Thecla</span>, virgin and martyr; 23d of September, Apostolic age. This +saint is called a martyr, and even the first of martyrs, because +although her life was not taken in torments, she seems to be the first +Christian woman who was given over to the barbarity of Pagan public +power. It is related that she was thrown into a ditch filled with +vipers, but a ball of fire fell from heaven and killed all those +venomous animals. So she is sometimes painted with a fiery globe in her +hand or near her. Father Cahier adds that her Acts have not come to us +with sufficient indications of authenticity; but the church, in her +prayers for the dying, retains the memory of the three tortures (flames, +wild beasts, and venomous animals), from which the saint was delivered +by assistance from on high. She prays: "As thou didst deliver that most +blessed virgin Thecla from three most cruel torments, so vouchsafe to +deliver the soul of this Thy servant," etc.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Christina</span>, virgin and martyr in Tuscany; 24th of July, towards the +end of the third century. Same attribute and same reason as for as Saint +Thecla. (Bagatta, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Admiranda orbis</i>, lib. VII., cap. I., 19, No. 3.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Anatolia</span>, virgin, martyred with Saint Audax, 9th of July, about +250. She was confined in a narrow dungeon, with a venomous serpent, +which was expected to kill her. When it was thought that she was slain, +Audax, one of those Marsi who prided themselves on being able to charm +reptiles, was sent into the prison. But the virgin was unhurt, and the +serpent flung itself on the pretended charmer, who was delivered only at +Anatolia's command. Audax was converted to Christianity, and gave his +life for Jesus Christ some time after the death of the saint, who was +pierced by a sword. (<i>Martyrol. Rom.</i>, 9 Jul.—Bagatta, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Admiranda +orbis</i>, lib. VII., cap. I., § 19, No. 17.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Verena</span>, virgin at Zurzach in Switzerland; 1st of September, about +the beginning of the fourth century. At her prayer, it is said, a +quantity of venomous serpents forsook the country and flung themselves +into the Aar.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Verdiana</span> (<i>Viridiana</i>), virgin of the Third Order of Saint +Francis, or of Valeambrosa at Castel-Fiorentino; 13th of February, 1242. +Living as a recluse with serpents. She imposed this sort of penance on +herself to overcome the horror that reptiles excited in her, and took +care to feed these strange guests herself so that they would not go +away. (Bagatta, <i>l. c.</i>, ibid., No. 27.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Isberga</span>, (<i>Itisberga</i>), a hermit virgin near Aire in Artois, +afterwards abbess; 21st of May, about 770. As daughter of Pepin and +sister of Charlemagne, she is often represented with a crown and a +mantle covered with fleurs-de-lis. But she is particularly distinguished +by another emblem. An eel is put in her hand, sometimes on a dish, and +for this reason: A powerful prince had asked Isberga's hand in marriage; +but in order to preserve the vow of virginity which she had made, she +besought God to send her some disease which would disfigure her. Her +face was soon covered with pustules, and the suitor no longer insisted +upon marrying her. Heaven then revealed to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[247]</a></span> +Isberga that she would be cured by eating the first fish that would be +caught in the Lys. The men whom she sent for that purpose toiled long +without succeeding in taking anything but an eel, along with which they +brought up in their nets the body of Saint Venantus, a hermit (the +saint's director), who had been slain and cast into the river by the +princess's lover, for he blamed the hermit for the resolution taken by +the virgin whose hand he sought in marriage. The discovery of the body +brought the crime to light, and made known the sanctity of Venantus, to +whose merits Isberga ascribed the efficacy of the fish in delivering her +from disease. (AA. SS. <i>Maii</i>, t. V., p. 44.—Dancoisne, <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Numismatique +béthunoise</i>, p. 165, sqq.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Enimia of Gevandan</span>, virgin; 6th of October, about the seventh +century. She, too, is depicted with a serpent because she is said to +have delivered the country from that dangerous animal. (AA. SS. +<i>Octobr.</i>, t. XI., p. 630, t. III., p. 306, sqq.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Crescentian</span>; 1st of June, 287. Coins of Urbino represent him armed +cap-a-pie, on foot or on horseback, and killing a dragon with his lance, +or carrying a flag; at other times he is seen in deacon's costume, +trampling a serpent under his feet. He is said to have been a Roman +soldier, and to have introduced the Gospel into Citta-di-Castello. +(Brantii <i>Martyrolog. poeticum</i>, 1 jun:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0" lang="la" xml:lang="la">"Letifero Crescentinus serpente Tipherni<br /></span> +<span class="i2" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Occiso, gladio victima cæsa cadit.")<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Turning to another part of Father Cahier's work, we find that the +following saints are also represented with serpents:</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint John the Evangelist</span>; 27th of December. He is represented holding a +sort of chalice surmounted by a little serpent or a dragon. The Golden +Legend says, that, to prove the truth of his teaching, he was compelled +to drink poison. Some of it was first given to two men condemned to +death and they died on the spot. The saint made the sign of the cross +over the cup, drank, suffered no inconvenience, and then restored the +two dead men to life. Father Cahier adds that this story seems to have +given rise to the custom especially prevalent among Germanic nations of +drinking to friends' health under pretense of honoring Saint John. He +says that this custom has sometimes been put under the protection of +Saint John the Baptist, but that it is not probable the Germans would +have cared about putting their <i>healths</i> put under the protection of a +saint who drank only water.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Chariton</span>, hermit and abbot in Palestine; 28th of September, about +350. Near him is represented a serpent plunging its head in a cup. A +native of Lycaonia, and released by the Pagans after being tortured for +the faith, he went to Jerusalem, where he was taken by robbers, and +confined in the cave which was their retreat. A serpent came and drank +out of the vase in which their wine was, at the same time poisoning it +with his venom, and the robbers died in consequence, whereupon the saint +made the cave the cradle of a monastery. (<i>Menolog., græc</i>, t. I., p. +73.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Pourcain</span> (<i>Portianus</i>), abbot in Auvergne; 24th of November, about +540. He is represented with a broken cup from which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[248]</a></span> emerges a serpent. +King Thierry I. was ravaging Auvergne, and the holy abbot went to +intercede with him for the poor people. The King was still asleep when +he came, and the principal officer offered him a drink, which he refused +because he had not yet seen the king or celebrated the office. Pressed, +however, he blessed the vase which was brought him, it broke, and a +serpent came out of it. The whole court considered that he had been +saved from poison. (Gregor. Turon., <i>Vitæ PP.</i>, cap. V.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint John of Sahagun</span>, Hermit of Saint Augustine; 12th of June, 1497. He +is represented amongst other ways, with a cup surmounted by a serpent. +This is because he was really poisoned by a dissolute woman in revenge +for the conversion of her lover by the saint and his consequent +dismissal of her. (AA. SS. <i>Jun.</i>, t. II., p. 625.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saint Louis Bertrand</span>, Dominican; 10th of October, 1581. A cup with a +serpent indicates that in his missions in America he had poison given +him more than once by the Pagans, without being injured by it.</p> + +<div class="signature"><span class="smcap">Th. Xr. K.</span></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="The_Poems_of_Rosa_Mulholland4" id="The_Poems_of_Rosa_Mulholland4"></a>The Poems of Rosa Mulholland.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></h2> + + +<p>Miss Rosa Mulholland has at last been induced to gather her poems into a +volume which will be dear to all lovers of poetry into whose hands it +may fall. No person with the faintest glimmering of insight into the +subtle mechanism of literary composition in its higher forms could study +the prose writings of the author of "The Wicked Woods of Tobereevil," of +"Eldergowan," and many other dainty fictions, without being sure that +the writer of such prose was a poet also, not merely by nature but by +art; and many had learned to follow her initials through the pages of +certain magazines. The present work contains nearly all of these +scattered lyrics; and, along with them, many that are now printed for +the first time combine to form a volume of the truest and holiest poetry +that has been heard on earth since Adelaide Procter went to heaven.</p> + +<p>The only justification for the too modest title of "Vagrant Verses," +which gleams from the cover of this pretty volume, lies in the fact that +this most graceful muse wanders from subject to subject according to her +fancy, and pursues no heroic or dramatic theme with that exhaustive +treatment which exhausts every one except the poet. The poems in this +collection are short, written not to order, but under the manifest +impulse of inspiration, for the expression only of the deeper thoughts +and more vivid feelings of the soul. Except the fine lyrical and +dramatic ballad, "The Children of Lir," which occupies eight pages, and +the first five pages given to "Emmet's Love," none of the rest of the +seventy poems go much beyond a page or two, while they range through +every mood, sad or mirthful, and through every form of metre.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[249]</a></span></p> +<p>We have named the opening poem, which is an exquisitely pathetic +soliloquy of Sarah Curran, a year after the death of her betrothed, +young Robert Emmet—a nobler tribute to the memory of our great orator's +daughter than either Moore's verse or Washington Irving's prose. But the +metrical interlacing of the stanzas, and the elevation and refinement of +the poetic diction, require a thoughtful perusal to bring out the +perfections of this poem, which, therefore, lends itself less readily to +quotation. We shall rather begin by giving one shorter poem in full, +taken almost at random. Let it be "Wilfulness and Patience," as it +teaches a lesson which it would be well for many to take to heart and to +learn by heart:—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">I said I am going into the garden,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Into the flush of the sweetness of life;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I can stay in the wilderness no longer,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Where sorrow and sickness and pain are so rife;<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">So I shod my feet in their golden sandals,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And I looped my gown with a ribbon of blue,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And into the garden went I singing,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The birds in the boughs fell a-singing too.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">Just at the wicket I met with Patience,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Grave was her face, and pure and kind,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But oh, I loved not her ashen mantle,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Such sober looks were not to my mind.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">Said Patience, "Go not into the garden,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">But come with me by the difficult ways,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Over the wastes and the wilderness mountains,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">To the higher levels of love and praise!"<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">Gaily I laughed as I opened the wicket,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And Patience, pitying, flitted away.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The garden glory was full of the morning—<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The morning changed to the glamor of day.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">O sweet were the winds among my tresses,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And sweet the flowers that bent at my knees;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Ripe were the fruits that fell at my wishing,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">But sated soon was my soul with these.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">And would I were hand in hand with Patience;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Tracking her feet on the difficult ways,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Over the wastes and the wilderness mountains,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">To the higher level of love and praise!<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>The salutary lesson that the singer wants to impress on the young heart, +is here taught plainly and directly even by the very name of the piece. +But here is another very delicious melody, of which the name and the +purport are somewhat more mysterious. It is called "Perdita."</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i2">I dipped my hand in the sea,<br /></span> +<span class="i10">Wantonly—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The sun shone red o'er castle and cave;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Dreaming, I rocked on the sleepy wave;—<br /></span> +<span class="i2">I drew a pearl from the sea.<br /></span> +<span class="i10">Wonderingly.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[250]</a></span> +<span class="i2">There in my hand it lay:<br /></span> +<span class="i10">Who could say<br /></span> +<span class="i0">How from the depths of the ocean calm<br /></span> +<span class="i0">It rose, and slid itself into my palm?<br /></span> +<span class="i2">I smiled at finding there<br /></span> +<span class="i10">Pearl so fair.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i2">I kissed the beautiful thing,<br /></span> +<span class="i10">Marvelling.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Poor till now I had grown to be<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The wealthiest maiden on land or sea,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">A priceless gem was mine,<br /></span> +<span class="i10">Pure, divine!<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i2">I hid the pearl in my breast,<br /></span> +<span class="i10">Fearful lest<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The wind should steal, or the wave repent<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Largess made in mere merriment,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And snatch it back again<br /></span> +<span class="i10">Into the main.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i2">But careless grown, ah me!<br /></span> +<span class="i10">Wantonly<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I held between two fingers fine<br /></span> +<span class="i0">My gem above the sparkling brine,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Only to see it gleam<br /></span> +<span class="i10">Across the stream.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i2">I felt the treasure slide<br /></span> +<span class="i10">Under the tide;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I saw its mild and delicate ray<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Glittering upward, fade away.<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Ah! then my tears did flow,<br /></span> +<span class="i10">Long ago!<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0"><ins title="Transcriber's Note: indentation change as in original.">I weep,</ins> and weep, and weep,<br /></span> +<span class="i10">Into the deep;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Sad am I that I could not hold<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A treasure richer than virgin gold.<br /></span> +<span class="i2">That Fate so sweetly gave<br /></span> +<span class="i10">Out of the wave.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0"><ins title="Transcriber's Note: indentation change as in original.">I dip</ins> my hand in the sea,<br /></span> +<span class="i10">Longingly;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But never more will that jewel white<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Shed on my soul its tender light.<br /></span> +<span class="i2">My pearl lies buried deep<br /></span> +<span class="i10">Where mermaids sleep.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Some readers of this <span class="smcap">Magazine</span> are, no doubt, for the first time making +acquaintance with Miss Mulholland under this character in which others +have known her long; and even these newest friends know enough of her +already to pronounce upon some of her characteristics. She is not +influenced by the spell of modern culture which has invested the poetic +diction of recent years with an exquisite expressiveness and delicate +beauty. But, while her style is the very antithesis of the tawdry or the +commonplace, she has no mannerisms or affectations; she belongs to no +school; she does not deem it the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[251]</a></span> poet's duty to cultivate an +artificial, <i>recherche</i>, dilettante dialect unknown to Shakespeare and +Wordsworth—if we may use a string of epithets which can only be excused +for their outlandishness on the plea that they describe something very +outlandish. Her meaning is as lucid as her thoughts are high and pure. +If, after reading one of her poems carefully, we sometimes have to ask +"What does she mean by that?" we ask it not on account of any obscurity +in her language, but on account of the depth and height of her thoughts.</p> + +<p>The musical rhythm of our extracts prepares us for the form which many +of Miss Mulholland's inspirations assume—that of the song pure and +simple. Those last epithets have here more than the meaning which they +usually bear in such a context; for these songs are not only eminently +singable, but they are marked by a very attractive purity and +simplicity. There are many of them besides this one which alone bears no +other name than "Song."</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">The silent bird is hid in the boughs,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The scythe is hid in the corn,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The lazy oxen wink and drowse,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The grateful sheep are shorn.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Redder and redder burns the rose,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The lily was ne'er so pale,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Stiller and stiller the river flows<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Along the path to the vale.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">A little door is hid in the boughs,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">A face is hiding within;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When birds are silent and oxen drowse,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Why should a maiden spin?<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Slower and slower turns the wheel,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The face turns red and pale,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Brighter and brighter the looks that steal<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Along the path to the vale.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Here and everywhere how few are the adjectives, and never any slipped in +as mere adjectives. Verbs and nouns do duty for them, and the pictures +paint themselves. There is more of genius, art, thought, and study in +this self-restraining simplicity than in the freer and bolder eloquence +that might make young pulses tingle.</p> + +<p>This remarkable faculty for musical verse seems to us to enhance the +merit of a poem in which a certain ruggedness is introduced of set +purpose. At least, we think that the subtle sympathy, which in the +workmanship of a true poet links theme and metre together, is curiously +exemplified in "News to Tell." What metre is it? A very slight change +here and there would conform it to the sober, solemn measure familiar to +the least poetical of us in Gray's marvellous "Elegy in a Country +Churchyard." That elegiac tone already suits the rhythm here to the +pathetic story. But then the wounded soldier, who, perhaps, will not +recover after all, but may follow his dead comrade—see how he drags +himself with difficulty away from the old gray castle where the young +widow and the aged mother are overwhelmed by the news he had to tell; +and is not all this with exquisite cunning represented by the halting +gait of the metre, in which every line deviates just a little from the +normal scheme of five iambics?<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[252]</a></span></p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">Neighbor, lend me your arm, for I am not well,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">This wound you see is scarcely a fortnight old,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">All for a sorry message I had to tell,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">I've travelled many a mile in wet and cold.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">Yon is the old gray château above the road,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">He bade me seek it, my comrade brave and gay;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Stately forest and river so brown and broad,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">He showed me the scene as he a-dying lay.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">I have been there, and, neighbor I am not well;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">I bore his sword and some of his curling hair,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Knocked at the gate and said I had news to tell,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Entered a chamber and saw his mother there.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">Tall and straight with the snows of age on her head,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Brave and stern as a soldier's mother might be,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Deep in her eyes a living look of the dead,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">She grasped her staff and silently gazed at me.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">I thought I'd better be dead than meet her eye;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">She guessed it all, I'd never a word to tell.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Taking the sword in her arms she heaved a sigh,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Clasping the curl in her hand, she sobbed and fell.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">I raised her up; she sate in her stately chair,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Her face like death, but not a tear in her eye.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">We heard a step, a tender voice on the stair<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Murmuring soft to an infant's cooing cry.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">My lady she sate erect, and sterner grew,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Finger on mouth she motioned me not to stay;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A girl came in, the wife of the dead I knew,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">She held his babe, and, neighbor, I fled away!<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">I tried to run, but I heard the widow's cry.<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Neighbor, I have been hurt and I am not well:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I pray to God that never until I die<br /></span> +<span class="i2">May I again have such sorry news to tell.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>The next piece we shall cite has travelled across the Atlantic, and come +back again under false pretences, and without its author's leave or +knowledge. Some years ago an American newspaper published some pathetic +stanzas, to which it gave as a title "Exquisite Effusion of a Dying +Sister of Charity." One into whose hands this journal chanced to fall, +read on with interest and pleasure, feeling the verses strangely +familiar—till, on reflection, he found that the poem had been published +some time before in <i>The Month</i>, over the well-known initials "R. M." As +the American journalist named the Irish convent where the Sister of +Charity had died—not one of Mrs. Aikenhead's spiritual daughters, but +one of those whom we call French Sisters of Charity—the reader +aforesaid went to the trouble of writing to the Mother Superior, who +gave the following explanation: The holy Sister had been fond of reading +and writing verse; and these verses with others were found in her desk +after her death and handed over to her relatives as relics. They not +comparing them very critically with the nun's genuine literary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[253]</a></span> remains, +rashly published them as "The Exquisite Effusion of a Dying Sister of +Charity." The foregoing circumstances were soon afterwards published in +the <i>Boston Pilot</i>; but the ghost of such a blunder is not so easily +laid, and the poem reappears in <i>The Messenger of St. Joseph</i> for last +August, under the title of "An Invalid's Plaint," and still attributed +to the dying Nun, who had only had the good taste to admire and +transcribe Miss Mulholland's poem. In all its wanderings to and fro +across the Atlantic many corruptions crept into the text; and it would +be an interesting exercise in style to collate the version given by <i>The +Messenger</i> with the authorized edition which we here copy from page 136 +of "Vagrant Verses," where the poem, of course, bears its original name +of "Failure."</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">The Lord, Who fashioned my hands for working,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Set me a task, and it is not done;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I tried and tried since the early morning,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And now to westward sinketh the sun!<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">Noble the task that was kindly given<br /></span> +<span class="i2">To one so little and weak as I—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Somehow my strength could never grasp it,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Never, as days and years went by.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">Others around me, cheerfully toiling,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Showed me their work as they passed away;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Filled were their hands to overflowing,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Proud were their hearts, and glad and gay.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">Laden with harvest spoils they entered<br /></span> +<span class="i2">In at the golden gate of their rest;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Laid their sheaves at the feet of the Master,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Found their places among the blest.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">Happy be they who strove to help me,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Failing ever in spite of their aid!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Fain would their love have borne me onward,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">But I was unready, and sore afraid.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">Now I know my task will never be finished,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And when the Master calleth my name,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The Voice will find me still at my labor,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Weeping beside it in weary shame.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">With empty hands I shall rise to meet Him,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And when He looks for the fruits of years,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nothing have I to lay before Him<br /></span> +<span class="i2">But broken efforts and bitter tears.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">Yet when He calls I fain would hasten—<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Mine eyes are dim and their light is gone;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And I am as weary as though I carried<br /></span> +<span class="i2">A burthen of beautiful work well done.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">I will fold my empty hands on my bosom,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Meekly thus in the shape of His Cross;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And the Lord, Who made them frail and feeble,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Maybe will pity their strife and loss.<br /></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[254]</a></span></div></div> + +<p>It might have been expected that so skilful an artist in beautiful words +would be sure occasionally to find the classic sonnet form the most +fitting vehicle for some rounded and stately thought. About half a dozen +sonnets are strewn over these pages, all cast in the true Petrarchan +mould, and all very properly bearing names of their own, like any other +form of verse, instead of being labelled promiscuously as "sonnets." The +following is called "Love." What a sublime ideal, only to be realized in +human love when in its self-denying sacredness it approaches the divine!</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">True love is that which never can be lost:<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Though cast away, alone and ownerless,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Like a strayed child, that wandering, misses most<br /></span> +<span class="i2">When night comes down its mother's last caress;<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">True love dies not when banished and forgot,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">But, solitary, barters still with Heaven<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The scanty share of joy cast in its lot<br /></span> +<span class="i2">For joys to the beloved freely given.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">Love, smiling, stands afar to watch and see<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Each blessing it has bought, like angel's kiss,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Fall on the loved one's face, who ne'er may know<br /></span> +<span class="i2">At what strange cost thus, overflowingly,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His cup is filled, or how its depth of bliss<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Doth give the measure of another's woe.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>As this happens to be the solitary one among Miss Mulholland's sonnets, +which in the arrangement of the quatrains varies slightly from the most +orthodox tradition of this pharisee of song, I will give another +specimen, prettily named "Among the Boughs."</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">High on a gnarled and mossy forest bough,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Dreaming, I hang between the earth and sky,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The golden moon through leafy mystery<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Gazing aslant at me with glowing brow.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And since all living creatures slumber now,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">O nightingale, save only thou and I,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Tell me the secret of thine ecstacy,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That none may know save only I and thou.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">Alas, all vainly doth my heart entreat;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Thy magic pipe unfolds but to the moon<br /></span> +<span class="i4">What wonders thee in faëry worlds befell:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To her is sung thy midnight-music sweet,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And ere she wearies of thy mellow tune,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">She hath thy secret, and will guard it well!<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Unstinted as our extracts have been, there are poems here by the score +over which our choice has wavered. Our selection has been made partly +with a view to the illustration of the variety and versatility displayed +by this new poet in matter and form; and on this principle we are +tempted to quote "Girlhood at Midnight" as the only piece of blank verse +in Miss Mulholland's repertory, to show how musical, how far from blank, +she makes that most difficult and perilous measure. But<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[255]</a></span> we must put a +restraint on ourselves, and just give one more sample, of the +achievements of the author of "The Little Flower Seekers" and "The Wild +Birds of Killeevy," in what an old writer calls "the melifluous meeters +of poesie." This last is called "A Rebuke." Was there ever a sweeter or +gentler rebuke?</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">Why are you so sad? (<i>sing the little birds, the little birds</i>,)<br /></span> +<span class="i12">All the sky is blue,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">We are in our branches, yonder are the herds,<br /></span> +<span class="i12">And the sun is on the dew;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Everything is merry, (<i>sing the happy little birds</i>,)<br /></span> +<span class="i12">Everything but you!<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">Fire is on the hearthstone, the ship is on the wave,<br /></span> +<span class="i12">Pretty eggs are in the nest,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Yonder sits a mother smiling at a grave,<br /></span> +<span class="i12">With a baby at her breast;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And Christ was on the earth, and the sinner He forgave<br /></span> +<span class="i12">Is with Him in His rest.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">We shall droop our wings, (<i>pipes the throstle on the tree</i>,)<br /></span> +<span class="i12">When everything is done:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Time unfurleth yours, that you soar eternally<br /></span> +<span class="i12">In the regions of the sun.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When our day is over, (<i>sings the blackbird in the lea</i>,)<br /></span> +<span class="i12">Yours is but begun.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">Then why are you so sad? (<i>warble all the little birds</i>,)<br /></span> +<span class="i12">While the sky is blue,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Brooding over phantoms and vexing about words<br /></span> +<span class="i12">That never can be true;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Everything is merry, (<i>trill the happy, happy birds</i>,)<br /></span> +<span class="i12">Everything but you!<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>The setting of these jewels is almost worthy of them. The book is +brought out with that faultless taste which has helped to win for the +firm of No. 1 Paternoster Sq., such fame as poets' publishers. A large +proportion of contemporary poetry of the highest name, including till +lately the Laureate's, has appeared under the auspices of Kegan Paul, +Trench & Co., who seem to have expended special care on the production +of "Vagrant Verses."</p> + +<p>And now, as we have let these poems chiefly speak for themselves, enough +has been said. We do not hesitate to add in conclusion, that those among +us with pretensions to literary culture, who do not hasten to contribute +to the exceptional success which awaits a work such as even our brief +account proves this work to be, will so far have failed in their duty +towards Irish genius. For this book more than any that we have yet +received from its author's hand—nay, more than any that we can hope to +receive from her, since this is the consummate flower of her best +years—will serve to secure for the name of Rosa Mulholland an enduring +place among the most richly gifted of the daughters of Erin.</p> + +<div class="signature"><span class="smcap">Rev. Matthew Russell, S. J.</span></div> +<p>Dublin, 1886.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<div class="center"><span class="smcap">Confidence</span> is a plant of slow growth in an aged bosom.</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[256]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="About_Critics" id="About_Critics"></a>About Critics.</h2> + + +<p>A critic is a judge: and more, he is a judge who knows better than any +author how his book should have been written; better than the artist how +his picture should have been painted; better than the musician how his +music should have been composed; better than the preacher how his sermon +ought to have been arranged; better than the Lord Chancellor how he +should decide in Equity; better than Sir Frederick Roberts how he should +have pursued Ayoob Khan; better than the whole Cabinet how they should +govern Ireland; and far better than the Pope how he should guard the +deposit of faith. This, no doubt, needs a high culture, a many-sided +genius, and the speciality of an expert in all subjects of human +intelligence and action. But all that goes for nothing with a true +critic. He is never daunted; never at a loss. If he is wrong, he is +never the worse, for he criticises anonymously. Sometimes, indeed, the +trade is dangerous. A well-known author of precocious literary +copiousness, whose volumes contain an "Appendix of Authors quoted" +almost as long as the catalogue of the Alexandrian Library, was once +invited, maliciously we are afraid, to dine in a select party of +specialists, on whose manors the author had been sporting without +license. Not only was the jury packed, but the debate was organized with +malice aforethought. Each in turn plucked and plucked until the critic +was reduced to the Platonic man—<i>animal bipes implume</i>.</p> + +<p>Addison says, somewhere in the <i>Spectator</i>, that ridicule is assumed +superiority. Criticism is asserted superiority. Sometimes it may be +justified, as when the shoemaker told Titian that he had stitched the +shoe of a Doge of Venice in the wrong place. Sometimes it is not equally +to be justified, as in the critics of the Divine Government of the +world, to whom Butler in his "Analogy" meekly says that, if they only +knew the whole system of all things, with all the reasons of them, and +the last end to which all things and reasons are directed, they might, +peradventure, be of another opinion.</p> + +<p>There are some benevolent critics whose life is spent in watching the +characters and conduct of all around them. They note every word and tone +and gesture; they have a formed, and not a favorable, judgment of all we +do and all we leave undone. It does not much matter which: if we did so, +we ought not to have done it; if we did not, we ought to have done so. +Such critics have, no doubt, an end and place in creation. Socrates told +the Athenians that he was their "gadfly." There is room, perhaps, for +one gadfly in a city; but in a household, wholesome companions they may +be, but not altogether pleasant. These may be called critics of moral +superiority. Again, there are Biblical critics, who spend their lives +over a text in Scripture, all equally confident, and no two agreed. An +old English author irreverently compares them to a cluster of monkeys, +who, having found a glowworm, "heaped sticks upon it, and blowed +themselves out of breath to set it alight." We commend this incident in +scientific history to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[257]</a></span> whomsoever may have inherited Landseer's pallet +and brush, under the title of "Doctors in Divinity," for the Royal +Academy in next May.</p> + +<p>This reminds us of the historical critics who have erected the treatment +of the most uncertain of all matters into the certainty of science, by +the simple introduction of one additional compound, their own personal +infallibility. The universal Church assembled in Council under the +guidance of its Head does not, cannot and what is worse, will not, know +its own history, or the true interpretation of its own records and acts. +But, by a benign though tardy provision, the science of history has +arisen, like the art of extracting sunbeams from cucumbers, to recall +the Church from its deviations to the recognition of its own true +misdeeds. Such higher intelligences may be called and revered as the +Pontiffs of the Realm of Criticism.</p> + +<p>We are warned, however, not to profane this awful Hierarchy of superior +persons by further analysis. We will, therefore, end with three canons, +not so much of criticism as of moral common sense. A critic knows more +than the author he criticises, or just as much, or at least somewhat +less.</p> + +<p>As to the first class: Nothing we have said here is <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">lèse majesté</i> to +the true senate of learned, patient, deliberate, grave, and kindly +critics. They are our intellectual physicians, who heal the infirmities +of us common men. We submit gladly to their treatment, and learn much by +the frequent operations we have to undergo. If the surgeon be rough and +his knife sharp, yet he knows better than we, and the smart will make us +wiser and more wary, perhaps more real for the time to come. There is, +indeed, a constant danger of literary unreality. A great author is +reported to have said: "When I want to understand a subject, I write a +book about it." Unfortunately, great authors are few, and many books are +written by those who do not understand the subject either before or +after the fact. The facility of printing has deluged the world with +unreal, because shallow, books. Such medical and surgical critics are, +therefore, benefactors of the human race.</p> + +<p>As to the second class, of those who know just as much as the author +they criticise, it would be better for the world that they were fewer or +less prompt to judge. The assumption of the critic is that he knows more +than his author; and the belief in which we waste our time over their +criticisms is that they have something to add to the book. It is dreary +work to find, after all, that we have been reading only the book itself +in fragments and in another type.</p> + +<p>But, lastly, there is a class of critics always ready for anything, the +swashbucklers of the Press, who will write at any moment on any subject +in newspaper, magazine, or review. Wake them out of their first sleep, +and give them something to answer, or to ridicule, or to condemn. It is +all one to them. The book itself gives the terminology, and the +references, and the quotations, which may be re-quoted with a change of +words. We remember two criticisms of the same work in the same week: one +laudatory, especially of the facility and accuracy of its classical +translations; the other damnatory for its cumbrous and unscholarlike +versions. The critic of the black cap was asked by a classical friend +whether he had read the book. He said, "No, I smelt<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[258]</a></span> it." This +unworshipful company of critics is formidable for their numbers, their +vocabulary, and their anonymous existence. Their dwelling is not known; +but we imagine that it may be not far from Lord Bacon's House of Wisdom, +the inmates of which, when they "come forth, lift their hand in the +attitude of benediction with the look of those that pity men."</p> + +<div class="signature"><span class="smcap">Henry Edward</span>, Cardinal Archbishop, in <i>Merry England</i>.</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="The_Celts_of_South_America" id="The_Celts_of_South_America"></a>The Celts of South America.</h2> + + +<p>The exiles of Erin wandering far from their native land, are always sure +to make their presence felt. Their power is well known in the United +States; and it is, therefore, gratifying to note the progress which the +Irish race is making amongst the people of South America, and especially +in the Argentine Republic. To our countrymen is mainly due the +development of the sheep-farming industry, which is carried on to a +greater extent than in this country or Australia. Many of them number +their acres by thousands and their flocks by hundreds of thousands. And +the pleasure which the knowledge of this prosperity gives us is +exceedingly increased by the many evidences in which we observe that +National spirit and feeling is strong, active and energetic amongst +them. In their educational institutions, and notably in Holy Cross +College at Buenos Ayres, the study of Irish history is made a special +and prominent subject of attention. In the capital, too, an Irish +Orphanage has been established, where, under the kindly care of Father +Fitzgerald, the children of the dead Irish exiles are lovingly tended +and preserved from contaminating influences. In the breasts of the +Irishmen of the River Platte there is love for the Old Land as warm and +generous as can be found in the green and fertile plains of Meath or +Tipperary. There are young men born in this country of Irish parents who +are deeply read in Irish history, and who follow with loving anxiety the +progress Ireland is making on the road to liberty. There are nearly a +quarter of a million of Irishmen in the Argentine Republic, and they may +always be relied on to aid their kindred in the Old Land. The chain of +Irish loyalty to Ireland is complete around the world.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>The Parisians, with that fine appreciation of the fitness of things for +which they have always been famous, have changed the adjective <i>chic</i>, +by which they used to describe the attributes of the "dude" (male or +female), for the more expressive one <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">bécarre</i>. As the latter word is +usually interpreted "natural," it would seem that our French cousins, in +their estimate of the "dude" species, agree with the Irish, who, +disliking to apply the epithet "fool" to any one, invariably designate a +silly person as a "natural."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[259]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="ENCYCLICAL5" id="ENCYCLICAL5"></a>ENCYCLICAL<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a><br /><br /> + +<small>(<span class="smcap" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quod Auctoritate</span>)</small><br /><br /> + +PROCLAIMING AN EXTRAORDINARY JUBILEE.</h2> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 296px;"> +<img src="images/fig051.png" width="296" height="300" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<blockquote><p><span class="smcap">To Our Venerable Brethren, the Patriarchs, Primates, +Archbishops, Bishops and other Ordinaries of places having +Grace and Communion with the Apostolic See,</span></p></blockquote> + +<div class="center">POPE LEO XIII.</div> + + +<p><i>Venerable Brethren, Health and Apostolic Benediction.</i></p> + +<p>What we have twice already by Apostolic authority decreed, that an +extraordinary year of jubilee should be observed in the whole Christian +world, opening for general welfare those heavenly treasures which it is +in our power to dispense, we are pleased to decree likewise, with God's +blessing, for the coming year. The usefulness of this action you, +Venerable Brethren, cannot fail to understand, well aware as you are of +the moral condition of our times: but there is a special reason +rendering this design more seasonable perhaps than on other occasions. +For having in a previous encyclical taught how much it is to the +interest of States that they should conform more closely to Christian +truth and a Christian character, it can readily be understood how +suitable to this very purpose of ours it is to use what means we can to +urge men to, or recall them to, the practice of Christian virtues. For +the State is what the morals of the people make it: and as the goodness +of a ship or a building depends on the goodness of its parts and their +proper union, each in its own place, similarly the course of government +cannot be rightful or free from obstacles unless the citizens lead +righteous lives. Civil discipline and all those things in which public +action consists, originate and perish through individuals: they impress +on these things the stamp of their opinions and their morals. In order, +therefore, that minds may be thoroughly imbued with those precepts of +ours, and, above all, that the daily life of the individual be ruled +accordingly, efforts must be made to the end that each one shall apply +himself to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[260]</a></span> +the attainment of Christian wisdom, and also of Christian action not +less publicly than privately.</p> + +<p>And in this matter efforts must be increased in proportion to the +greater number of dangers that threaten on every side. For the great +virtues of our fathers have declined in no small part: passions that +have of themselves very great force have through license striven to +still greater: unsound opinions entirely unrestrained or insufficiently +restrained are becoming daily more widespread: among those who hold +correct sentiments there are many, who, deterred by an unreasonable +shame, do not dare to profess freely what they believe, and much less to +carry it out: most wretched examples have exercised an influence on +popular morals here and there: sinful societies, which we ourselves have +already designated, that are most proficient in criminal artifices, +strive to impose on the people and to withdraw and alienate as many as +possible from God, from sacred duties, from Christian faith.</p> + +<p>Under the pressure of so many evils, whose very length of duration makes +them greater, we must not omit anything that affords any hope of relief. +With this design and this hope, we are about to proclaim a sacred +Jubilee, admonishing and exhorting all who have their salvation at heart +to collect themselves for a little while and turn to better things their +thoughts that now are sunken in the earth. And this will be salutary not +only to private persons but to the whole commonwealth, for the reason +that as much as any person singly advances in perfection of mind, so +much of an increase of virtue will be given to public life and morals.</p> + +<p>But the desired result depends, as you see, Venerable Brethren, in great +measure on your work and diligence, since the people must be suitably +and carefully prepared in order that they may receive the fruits +intended. It will pertain, therefore, to your charity and wisdom to give +to priests selected for the purpose the charge of instructing the people +by pious discourses suited to common capacity, and especially of +exhorting to penance, which is, according to St. Augustine, "The daily +punishment of the good and humble of the faithful in which we strike our +breasts, saying: forgive us our trespasses." (Epist. 108.) Not without +reason we mention, in the first place, penance and what is a part of it, +the voluntary chastisement of the body. For you know the custom of the +world: it is the choice of many to lead a life of effeminacy, to do +nothing demanding fortitude and true courage. They fall into much other +wretchedness, and often fashion reasons why they should not obey the +salutary laws of the Church, thinking that a greater burden has been +imposed on them than can be borne, when they are commanded to abstain +from a certain kind of food, or to observe a fast on a few days of the +year. Enervated by such mode of life, it is not to be wondered at that +they by degrees give themselves up entirely to passions that call for +greater indulgence still. It is proper, therefore, to recall to +temperance those who have fallen into or are inclined to effeminacy; and +for this reason those who are to address the people must carefully and +minutely teach them what is a command not only of the law of the gospel +but of natural reason as well, that every one ought to exercise +self-control and hold his passions in subjection; that sins are not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[261]</a></span> +expiated except by penance. And that this virtue may be of enduring +character, it will not be an unsuitable provision to place it as it were +in the trust and keeping of an institution having a permanent character. +You readily understand, Venerable Brethren, to what we refer; namely, to +your perseverance—each in his own diocese—in protecting and extending +the Third, or <i>secular</i>, Order of St. Francis. Surely, to preserve and +foster the spirit of penance among Christians, there will be great aid +in the examples and favor of the Patriarch Francis of Assisi, who to the +greatest innocence of life joined a studious chastisement of himself so +that he seemed to bear the image of Jesus Christ crucified not less in +his life and customs than in the signs that were divinely impressed upon +him. The laws of that order, which have been by us suitably tempered, +are very easily observed; their importance to Christian virtue is by no +means slight.</p> + +<p>Secondly, in so great private and public needs, since the whole hope of +salvation lies in the favor and keeping of our Heavenly Father, we +greatly wish the revival of a constant and confiding habit of prayer. In +every great crisis of the Christian commonwealth, whenever it happened +to the Church to be pressed by external or internal dangers, our +ancestors raising suppliant eyes to Heaven have signally taught in what +way and from whence were to be sought strong virtue and suitable aid. +Minds were thoroughly imbued with those precepts of Jesus Christ, "Ask +and it shall be given you;" (Matt. vii. 7.) "We ought always to pray and +to fail not." (Luke xviii. 1.) Consonant with this is the voice of the +Apostles, "pray without ceasing;" (1 Thessal. v. 17.) "I desire, +therefore, first of all that supplications, prayers, intercessions and +thanksgivings be made for all men." (1 Tim. ii. 1.) On this point John +Chrysostom has left us, with not less acuteness than truth, the +following comparison: as to man, when he comes naked and needing +everything in the world, nature has given hands by the aid of which to +procure what is necessary for life, so in those things that are above +nature, since of himself he can do nothing, God has bestowed on him the +faculty of prayer by the wise use of which he may easily obtain all that +is required for salvation. And in these matters let all of you +determine, Venerable Brethren, how pleasing and satisfactory to us is +the care you have, with our initiative, taken to promote the devotion of +the Holy Rosary, especially in these recent years. Nor can we pass over +in silence the general piety awakened in the people nearly everywhere in +that matter: nevertheless the greatest care is to be taken that this +devotion be made still more ardent and lasting. If we continue to urge +this, as we have more than once done already, none of you will be +surprised, understanding as you do of how much moment it is that the +practice of the Rosary of Mary should flourish among Christians, and +knowing well, as you do, that it is a very beautiful form and part of +that very spirit of prayer of which we speak, and that it is suitable to +the times, easily practiced, and of most abundant usefulness.</p> + +<p>But since the first and chief fruit of a Jubilee, as we have above +pointed out, ought to be amendment of life and an increase of virtue, we +consider especially necessary the avoidance of that evil which we have +not failed to designate in previous Encyclical letters. We mean<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[262]</a></span> the +internal and nearly domestic dissensions of some of our own, which +dissolve, or certainly relax, the bond of charity, with an almost +inexpressible harm. We have here mentioned this matter again to you, +Venerable Brethren, guardians of ecclesiastical discipline and mutual +charity, because we wish your watchfulness and authority continually +applied to the abolition of this grave disadvantage. Admonishing, +exhorting, reproving, work to the end that all be "solicitous to +preserve unity of the spirit in the bond of peace," and that those may +return to duty who are the cause of dissension, keeping in mind in every +step of life that the only-begotten Son of God at the very approach of +his supreme agonies sought nothing more ardently from his Father than +that those should love one another who believed or were to believe in +him, "that they all may be one as thou, Father, in me, and I in thee, +that they also may be one in us." (John xvii. 21.)</p> + +<p>Therefore trusting in the mercy of Almighty God and the authority of the +blessed Apostles Peter and Paul, of that power of binding and loosing +which the Lord has conferred on us though unworthy, we grant to each and +every one of the faithful of both sexes a plenary indulgence according +to the manner of a general Jubilee, on the condition and law that within +the space of the next year, 1886, they shall do the things that are +written further on.</p> + +<p>All those residing in Rome, or visiting the city, shall go twice to the +Lateran, Vatican and Liberian Basilicas, and shall therein for awhile +pour out pious prayers for the prosperity and exaltation of the Catholic +Church and the Apostolic See, for the extirpation of heresies and the +conversion of all the erring, for concord of Christian Princes, and the +peace and unity of the whole people of the faith, according to our +intention. They shall fast, using only fasting food (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cibis +esurialibus</i>), two days outside of those not comprehended in the Lenten +indult, and outside of other days consecrated by precept of the Church +to a similar strict fast; besides they shall, having rightly confessed +their sins, receive the Holy Sacrament of the Eucharist, and shall +according to their means, using the advice of the confessor, make an +offering to some pious work pertaining to the propagation and increase +of the Catholic Faith. Let it be free to every one to choose what pious +work he may prefer; we think it well however to designate two specially, +on which beneficence will be well bestowed, both, in many places, +needing resources and aid, both fruitful to the State not less than the +Church, namely <i>private schools for children</i> and <i>Clerical Seminaries</i>.</p> + +<p>All others living anywhere outside of the city, shall go <i>twice</i> to +three churches to be designated by you, Venerable Brethren, or your +Vicars or Officials, or with your or their mandate by those exercising +care of souls; if there are but two churches in the place, <i>three +times</i>; if but one, <i>six times</i>, all within the above-mentioned time; +they must perform also the other works mentioned. This indulgence we +wish also applicable by way of suffrage to the souls that have departed +from this life united to God by charity. We also grant power to you to +reduce the number of these visits according to prudent judgment for +chapters and congregations, whether secular or regular, sodalities, +confraternities, universities, and any other bodies visiting in +procession the churches mentioned.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[263]</a></span></p> + +<p>We grant that those on sea, and travellers when they return to their +residences, or to any other certain stopping-place, visiting <i>six times</i> +the principal church or a parochial church, and performing the other +works above prescribed, may gain the same indulgence. To regulars, of +both sexes, also those living perpetually in the cloister, and to all +other persons, whether lay or ecclesiastic, who by imprisonment, +infirmity, or any other just cause are prevented from doing the above +works or some of them, we grant that a confessor may commute them into +other works of piety, the power being also given of dispensing as to +Communion in the case of children not yet admitted to first Communion. +Moreover to each and every one of the faithful, whether laymen or +ecclesiastics, secular and regular, of whatsoever order and institute, +even those to be specially named, we grant the faculty of choosing any +confessor, secular or regular, among those actually approved; which +faculty may be used also by religious, novices and other women living +within the cloister, provided the confessor be one approved for +religious. We also give to confessors, on this occasion, and during the +time of this Jubilee only, all those faculties which we bestowed in our +letters Apostolic <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pontifices maximi</i> dated February 15, 1879, all those +things excepted which are excepted in the same letters.</p> + +<p>For the rest let all take care to obtain merit with the great Mother of +God by special homage and devotion during this time. For we wish this +sacred Jubilee to be under the patronage of the Holy Virgin of the +<i>Rosary</i>, and with her aid we trust that there shall be not a few whose +souls shall obtain remission of sin and expiation, and be by faith, +piety, justice, renewed not only to hope of eternal salvation, but also +to presage of a more peaceful age.</p> + +<p>Auspicious of these heavenly benefits, and in witness of our paternal +benevolence, we affectionately in the Lord impart to you, and the clergy +and people intrusted to your fidelity and vigilance, the Apostolic +Benediction.</p> + +<p>Given at Rome at St. Peter's the 22d day of December, 1885, of Our +Pontificate the Eighth year.</p> + +<div class="signature">LEO PP. XIII.</div> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Gallant Soldier Rewarded.</span>—The friends of Colonel John G. Healy, of +New Haven, Conn., especially the Irish National element with which the +Colonel has been prominently identified for many years, will be +gratified to learn of his appointment to a responsible position at +Washington. The newly-elected Doorkeeper of the House of +Representatives, Colonel Samuel Donelson, of Tennessee, at the instance +of his friend, Congressman Mitchell, of New Haven, has appointed Colonel +Healy to the position of Superintendent of the Folding Room of the House +of Representatives, a place of more responsibility and consequence than +any in the House, except alone that of the Doorkeeper. It is very +pleasant to see Tennessee thus extending the hand of fellowship to +Connecticut, and we are certain that the citizens of Irish birth and +extraction feel grateful to Colonel Donelson and to the popular and able +Representative of the Second Congressional District of Connecticut for +this recognition of a gentleman who has given the best years of his +mature life to every patriotic movement for the land of his fathers.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[264]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="England_and_Her_Enemies" id="England_and_Her_Enemies"></a>England and Her Enemies.<br /><br /> + +<small>A FRENCH VIEW OF PERILS ENCOMPASSING THE GREAT BRITISH EMPIRE.</small></h2> + + +<p>Are the English so strong, so sure of their power, so thoroughly +convinced of their superiority that they can afford to display so much +disdain toward a great nation? Truly, the sun does not set on the +possessions of the Empress of India, who counts millions of subjects in +five parts of the world; but is this necessarily a sign of strength? The +power of Charles V. encompassed the world, and we all know what became +of his vast empire. But we foresee the objection to this comparison. It +is that the power of Charles V. and Philip II. was mined by a secret and +almost invisible enemy—an idea, a principle—liberty of conscience—and +that Queen Victoria is not menaced by any such enemy. Indeed! But a +small fact—the assassination of an Irishman of the most ignoble +kind—affords ample food for reflection, and cannot fail to inspire +grave doubts regarding the solidity of the British Empire. In spite of +all the efforts of the English police, Carey, their unworthy protégé, +was tracked, seized, and slain by a secret power. The Government of +Queen Victoria, with all its resources, was not able to find a corner of +the globe, however remote, where the life of the informer could be +beyond the reach of the Irish counter-police.</p> + +<p>The thing that renders this secret power so dreadful is that it exists +wherever the Empress of India has subjects. In every English city, in +every English colony, at the Cape, in Australia, in Canada as in India, +in China as in America, in France as in Japan, wherever a British +tourist travels, wherever an English missionary preaches, wherever an +English merchant trades, the secret Irish enemy lurks ready to +assassinate if he receives the order. The English may laugh at him or +may become exasperated by him; but if England should become engaged in a +foreign war could she consider without a shudder the incalculable +dangers to which this enemy within might expose her—an enemy that will +stop at nothing, that nothing can terrify, for he offers his life as a +sacrifice, and that nothing can reconcile, for he is the personification +of deadly hatred? For our part we know well that if France held within +her borders millions, or even thousands, of men animated by such a +spirit we would tremble for the future of our country.</p> + +<p>But besides this irreconcilable Ireland that is everywhere, that sits in +Parliament and there makes and unmakes majorities, and consequently +cabinets, and that would betray the nation, if it saw fit, even in the +centre of the national representation, it seems to us that the +Australian colonies also are likely one day to take a notion to become +independent; that the colonies in Southern Africa are rapidly becoming +disaffected; that the inhabitants of India are demanding autonomy in a +tone that would become very menacing if Russia should come nearer to +Cabul—and she is plainly enough moving in that direction; and that +Egypt is beginning to get restless and to show herself a little +ungrateful,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[265]</a></span> as if she cannot clearly understand the utterly +disinterested intentions of Lord Dufferin. What would England do if upon +two or three of these territories revolts should come simultaneously? +The thing may be improbable, but not impossible. And what would England +do if, taking advantage of these revolts, a great European power should +declare war against her? What would she have done in 1857 if Russia had +been in a position to give assistance to Nana Saïb? Such things have +been seen in history.</p> + +<p>To face such dangers—the danger of war, the danger of revolt, the +danger of conspiracy—a large army composed of the most steadfast troops +would be necessary. Where can England get that army? Her present forces +are hardly sufficient in time of peace. She finds it impossible to +retain the old soldiers in her service. A sufficient number of recruits +cannot be obtained to fill up the gaps, and it appears to be impossible +to stop the desertions that are constantly thinning the ranks. In vain +the pay of the soldier is raised. The English workman refuses to enlist. +It is, then, to the Irishman that recourse must be had. Trust that +Irishman!</p> + +<p>The British Government is unable to raise an army of more than three +hundred thousand men, counting the Indian troops, whose fidelity is, +perhaps, not beyond all suspicion; and three hundred thousand soldiers +to defend an empire the most populous and the most widely scattered that +has ever been seen on the face of the globe count for very little. Of +course, there is the fleet, which is superb. But what could the fleet do +against an enemy invading India by land? Of what use was it against the +Boers or against Cetywayo? Of what use would it be against even a very +inferior fleet that used torpedos as the Russians did on the Danube?</p> + +<p>All these things considered, it seems to us that if the English would +calmly consider their own situation they would become less arrogant in +their international relations. We don't ask any more of them, for we +have no desire to obtain from them any service whatsoever. We wish +simply to be able to live with them and with their government on terms +of courteous politeness.</p> + +<div class="signature"><i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Republique Française</i></div> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>M. Gounod, when lately at Reims, had been asked by the Archbishop to +compose a Mass in honor of Joan of Arc. Some further details have since +reached us as to the offer and acceptance of the happy suggestion. M. +Gounod declared that he would compose within the year not a Mass, but a +cantata on the life and martyrdom of the Maid of Orleans, the words to +be drawn from Holy Scripture. He said, moreover, that his hope would be +to return to Reims and to compose the music—the spirituality, +tenderness, and animation of which all lovers of Gounod will seem to +feel in advance—in the cathedral itself and close to the altar where +the blessed and miraculous young creature knelt in tears to offer her +victory to God.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[266]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Ireland_A_Retrospect" id="Ireland_A_Retrospect"></a>Ireland: A Retrospect.</h2> + + +<p>In the early days of the Land League, the cry throughout Ireland was for +compulsory sale of the landlords' interest to the State at twenty years' +purchase of the valuation, the occupiers to become tenants of the +government for a fixed number of years until their yearly payments had +cleared off both the principal and interest of the sum advanced to the +landlords. Famine had made its appearance in many parts of the country, +and the peasantry would be glad to be rid of the incubus of landlordism +at any cost. The landlords scoffed at the proposal, and it was well for +the tenants that they did not accept it. Foreign competition was but +then in its infancy, and the prices of agricultural produce were not +going down by leaps and bounds as they have been in 1884 and 1885. The +yearly instalments the tenantry would have to pay to the State could not +be met out of the produce of the land at present prices, if twenty +years' purchase of Griffith's valuation had been accepted by the +landlords. At the present time the majority of tenants in Ireland (and +perhaps in England), taking into consideration the depression in +agriculture, and the probable higher taxation of land in the near +future, would think fifteen years' purchase too much for the fee simple +of the land. It is pretty certain that when the land question comes to +be finally settled, very few Irish landlords' interests can realize more +than fifteen years' purchase on the valuation. In 1880, they were, with +few exceptions, blind to the changes going on at their very doors, and +struck out for their old rack-rents by threats of eviction and law +proceedings. Instead of meeting their tenantry half way, they set the +crow-bar brigade to work, and the numbers evicted were so appalling, +that Mr. Parnell's party prevailed on the late government to pass +through the Commons the Compensation for Disturbance Act, the result of +which would be to suspend all evictions until a Land Bill was passed. +But the landlords got their friends in the House of Lords to throw out +the bill, and kept on impressing on the late government the necessity +for coercion. The effect of the action of the Lords was stupefying on +the middle classes, who saw that the last chance of a peaceable +settlement was gone, and the half-starved peasantry were stung to +madness at the thought of the revival of the eviction scenes of 1847 and +1848. Then sprung up a crop of outrages which became systematic where +they had been isolated, and the agrarian war was really upon us.</p> + +<p>The landlords proceeded with their evictions, and the peasantry +retaliated by outrage until the Liberal government, having failed to +pass their ameliorative measure, was forced to have recourse to +coercion. The first Coercion Act of the Liberals was passed before the +Land Bill, and thus Ireland was whipped first and caudled afterwards. +Mr. Forster "ran in" his twelve hundred Suspects, and the result was an +increased crop of outrages, and that the Invincibles lay in wait twenty +times to murder him. The Suspects were generally the more respectable of +the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[267]</a></span> middle classes in the villages and towns—men whose interest it was +to check outrage—who were marked down by the finger of landlordism as +sympathizers with their brethren on the land. Then came the suppression +of the Land League (1881), and the retaliating No-Rent Manifesto, which +was not generally obeyed—chiefly through the influence of religion. +There was suppressed anger and hatred of the ruling class throughout the +land, and the people would not assist the police (who attacked their +meetings and bludgeoned or stabbed them into submission) in tracking +murderers or incendiaries. All this time the landlords kept on evicting, +and calling through the English Press for still sterner repression of +the right of public meeting, and the result was that secret societies +multiplied and flourished. Religious influences could cope with a +No-Rent Manifesto, but were almost powerless in grappling with secret +societies. If the late Cardinal McCabe denounced them in the Cathedral, +a large portion of the congregation rose up ostentatiously and withdrew. +The voices of the national leaders who had restrained the people were +gagged—Davitt in Portland, Parnell in Kilmainham. Things were going +from bad to worse; the tension of public feelings was growing tighter +day by day; the landlords were evicting apace and gloating over their +victims, and saw not that such a state of siege could not last forever. +And it appears Mr. Forster was so infatuated as to believe that it +needed only a few months more of his stern rule to break the spirit of +the Irish people. A glimmering of the true state of affairs had, +however, begun to dawn upon his colleagues, and Mr. Forster succumbed at +last to the incessant attacks of the remnant of the Nationalist members, +who did not give him a chance of depriving them of their liberty by +setting foot in Ireland, and to the vigorous criticism of the <i>Pall Mall +Gazette</i>.</p> + +<p>The Suspects were released and there was joy throughout Ireland. People +began to breath freely once more; for the reign of landlord terror and +peasant outrage seemed to draw near its close. The Land Act of 1880 had +begun to inspire the tenantry with hope, especially as the first +decisions of the commissioners gave sweeping reductions off the rents +hitherto paid. In May, 1882, things were looking brighter. It seemed as +if the Liberals had repented them of coercion, and that conciliation was +to be tried in Ireland. But the Invincibles, for whose creation Mr. +Forster's regime seems to be especially responsible, were not to be +placated so easily. The Phœnix Park butchery had already been +planned, and it was carried out with fiendish determination. The +civilized world was horror stricken. The cup of peace was dashed from +the lips of Ireland, and a cry of rage and despair resounded throughout +the country. It was heard from pulpit and platform, and echoed through +the Press of every shade of opinion. Many good men thought that now +England's opportunity for gaining the affections of the Irish people had +come at last; that by trusting to the horror of the Irish race for so +dastardly a crime, its perpetrators would be brought to the bar of +justice, and the victims avenged. But it was not to be so. In England +the general public seemed to believe that the Irish were a demon race, +who deserved to be chastised with scorpions, and knowing what was the +state of the public mind in Ireland after the Phœnix Park +assassinations, it would be hard<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[268]</a></span> to blame Englishmen for thinking as +they did in the face of such an appalling crime. The blood of Lord Fred. +Cavendish called aloud for vengeance, and the government passed the +Prevention of Crimes Act, the most severe of all the Coercion Statutes.</p> + +<p>It was a mistake to treat Ireland as if she sympathized with the +Phœnix Park butchery. Under the Crimes Act we had secret +inquisitions, informer manufacture by means of enormous bribes, swearing +away of the lives of innocent men by wretches, who were the scum of +society, jury packing to a degree unknown since 1848, conviction by +drunken juries, and even the starting of secret societies by ruffians +who were in the pay of the Executive.</p> + +<p>The people quickly lapsed into their old indifference as to aiding an +executive which used such base means of governing. It mattered little +that Earl Spencer's personal character was above suspicion. Under his +rule the lives and liberties of honest men were taken away by juries +packed with landlords, or their partisans, on the testimony of hired or +terrified wretches, who were generally the most guilty of the gangs that +were banded together for unlawful purposes during the land war. Earl +Spencer ruled by means which must necessarily have involved innocent men +in the punishment of the guilty, and his name is the best hated of all +the bad viceroys that ever ruled Ireland.</p> + +<div class="signature">J. H.</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Jim_Dalys_Repentance" id="Jim_Dalys_Repentance"></a>Jim Daly's Repentance.</h2> + + +<p>When the story was told to me, I thought it infinitely sad and pathetic. +I wish I could tell it as I heard it, but having scant skill as a +narrator, I fear I cannot. I can only set down the facts as they +happened, and in my halting words they will read, I fear, but baldly and +barely; and if in the reading will be found no trace at all of the tears +which awoke in me for this little human tragedy, I am sorry, more sorry +than I can say, for my want of skill. Indeed, I would need to write of +it with a pen steeped in tears. It is the story of a hard and futile +repentance,—futile, in that amends could never be made to those who had +been sinned against; but surely, surely not futile, inasmuch as no hour +of human pain is ever wasted that is laid before our Lord, but rather is +gathered by Him in His pitiful hands, to be given back one day as a +harvest of joy.</p> + +<p>"Whisht, achora, whisht! sure I know you never meant to hurt me or the +child." The woman, childishly young and slight, who spoke was half +sitting, half lying in a low rush-bottomed chair, in the poor kitchen of +a small Irish farmhouse. Her small, pretty face was marked with +premature lines of pain and care, and now it was paler than usual, for +across eyebrow and cheek extended a livid, dark bruise, as if from a +blow of a heavy fist, and over the pathetic, drooping mouth there was a +cruel, jagged cut, this evidently caused by a fall against something +with a sharp, projecting point. By her side, in a wattled cradle, lay a +puny,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[269]</a></span> small baby, about a year old, with its small blue fingers, +claw-like in their leanness, clutched closely, and with such a gray +shade over its pinched features that one might have thought it dying. +The young husband and father was cast down in an attitude bespeaking +utter abasement at his wife's knees, and his face was hidden in her lap; +but over the nut-brown hair her thin hands went softly, with caressing +tender strokings, and as the great heart-breaking sobs burst from him +the tears rolled one after another down her wan little face, while her +low, soft voice went on tenderly, "Whisht, alanna machree, whisht! sure +it's breakin' my heart ye are! Sure, how can I bear at all, at all, to +listen to ye sobbin' like that?"</p> + +<p>All the weary months of unkindness and neglect were forgotten, and she +only remembered that her Jim was in sore trouble—Jim Daly that courted +her, her husband, and her baby's father; not Jim Daly the good fellow at +the public-house, always ready to take a treat or stand one; always the +first in every scheme of conviviality, drowning heart and mind and +conscience in cheap and bad whisky; while at home, on the little +hillside farm, crops were rotting, haggard lying empty, land untilled, +and poverty and hunger threatening the little home, and day after day +the meek, uncomplaining young wife was growing thinner and paler, and +the lines deepening in her face where no lines should be. Three years +had gone by since the wedding-day that seemed but the gate of a happy +future for those two young things who loved each other truly, and almost +since that wedding-day Jim Daly had been going steadily downhill. Not +that he was vicious at all; he was only young and gay and good-natured, +and so sought after for those things, and he had a fine baritone voice +that could roll out "Colleen dhas cruitheen na mo" with rare power and +tenderness, and when the rare spirits who held their merry-makings in +the Widow Doolan's public-house nightly would come seeking to draw him +thither with many flattering words, he was not strong enough to resist +the temptation; and the young wife—they were the merest boy and +girl—was too gentle in her clinging love to stay him. So things had +gone steadily from bad to worse, and instead of only the nights, much of +the days as well were spent in the gin-shop, and at last the time came +when people began to shake their heads over bonny Jim Daly as a +confirmed drunkard, and the handsome boyish face was getting a sodden +look, and the once frank, clear eyes refused to look at one either +frankly or clearly, but shuffled from under a friend's gaze uneasily and +painfully. Last night, however, the climax had come when, reeling home +after midnight, the tender little wife, with her baby on her breast, had +opened the door for him, and had stood in the door-way with some word of +pain on her lips, and he feeling his progress barred, but with no sense +of what stood there, had struck out fiercely with his great fist, and +stricken wife and child to the ground. And Winnie's mouth had come with +cruel force against a projecting corner of the dresser, and his hand had +marked darkly her soft face, and she and the little son were both +bruised and injured by the fall. We have seen how bitter poor Jim's +repentance was when he came to himself out of his drunken sleep, and in +presence of it his wife, womanlike, forgot everything but that he needed +her utmost love and tenderness.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[270]</a></span> But if she was forbearing to him out of +her great love, his little brown old mother, who had been sent for +hastily to her farm two miles away, spared not at all to give him what +she called the rough side of her tongue; and when the doctor came from +his home across the blue mountains, and shook his head ominously over +the baby, and dressing Winnie's wan face, said that the blow on the +forehead by just missing the temple had escaped being a deathblow, the +old woman's horror and indignation against her son were great. But the +doctor had gone now, with a kindly word of cheer at parting to the poor +sinner, and with an expressed hope of pulling the baby through by +careful attention and nursing. These it was sure to have, because Jim +Daly's mother was the best nurse in all fair Tipperary, and, despite the +very rough side to her tongue on occasion, the gentlest and most +kind-hearted.</p> + +<p>These two were alone now, and the room was quite silent except for the +man's occasional great sobs, and the low, sweet, comforting voice of the +woman.</p> + +<p>Presently the door opened again, this time to admit a priest, a hale, +ruddy-faced man of fifty or so, spurred and gaitered as if for riding, +who, coming to them quickly, with a keen look of concern and pain in his +clear eyes, and drawing a chair closer, laid one large hand on Jim's +bent head, while the other went out warmly to take Winnie's little, cold +fingers. "My poor, poor children!" he said, and under that true, loving +pity Winnie's tears began to flow anew. He was sorely troubled for +these; he had baptized them, had admitted both to the Sacraments, had +joined their hands in marriage, and he had tried vainly to stop this +poor boy's easy descent to evil; and now it had ended so. In the new +silence he was praying rapidly and softly, asking his Lord to make this +a means of bringing back the strayed lamb to His fold. Then he spoke +again:—</p> + +<p>"Look up, Jim, my child; you needn't tell me anything about it, I know +all. Look up, and tell me you are going to begin a new life; that you +are going with me now to the altar of God, to kneel there and ask His +forgiveness, and to promise Him that you will never again touch the +poison that has so nearly made you the murderer of your wife and child. +It is His great mercy that both are spared to you to-day, and the doctor +tells me that he hopes to bring the baby through safely, so you must +cheer up. And it will be a new life, will it not, my poor boy, from this +day, with God's good help."</p> + +<p>And so Jim lifted his head, and said brokenly:—</p> + +<p>"God bless you, father, for the kindly word. Yis, I'm comin' back to my +duty with His help, and I thank Him this day, and His blessed Mother, +and blessed St. Patrick, that they held my hand. Oh, sure, father, to +think of me layin' a hand on my purty colleen that I love better nor my +life, and the little weany child that laughed up in my face with his two +blue eyes, and crowed for me to lift him out of his cradle! But with the +help of God, I'm going to make up to them for it wan day. But, father, I +won't stay here where my family was always respectable and held up their +heads, to have it thrown into my face every day that I had nigh murdered +my wife and child. Sure I could never rise under such a shame as that. +Give me your blessin',<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[271]</a></span> father, for me and Winnie has settled it. I'm +goin' to Australia to begin a new life, and the mother's snug, and'll +keep Winnie and the child till I send for them, or make money enough to +come for them."</p> + +<p>The priest looked at him gravely, and pondered a few minutes before his +reply.</p> + +<p>"Well, I don't know but you're right. God enlighten you to do what is +for the best. It will be a complete breaking of the old evil ties and +fascinations, at all events, and, as you say, the mother'll be glad to +have Winnie and her grandson."</p> + +<p>And a week later, wife and child being on the high road to +convalescence, Jim Daly sailed for Australia.</p> + +<p>This was in February, and outside the little golden-thatched farmhouse +the birds were calling to one another, wildly, clearly, making believe, +the little mad mummers—because spring was riotous in their blood—that +each was not quite visible to the other under his canopy of interlaced +boughs, bare against the sky, but that rather it was June, and the +close, leafy bowers let through only a little blue sky, and a breath of +happy wind, and a blent radiance of gold and green, and that so they +must perforce signal to each other their whereabouts. Some in the thatch +were nest-building, but these little merry drones were swaying to and +fro on the bare boughs, delirious with the new delight that had come to +them, for spring was here, and there was a subtle fragrance of her +breath on the air; and all over the land, for the sound of her feet +passing, there was a strange stirring of unborn things somewhere out of +sight, and where she had trodden were springing suddenly rings and +clusters of faint snowdrops, and tender, flame-colored crocuses, and +double garden primroses, and the dear, red-brown velvet of the +wall-flowers lovely against the dark leaves.</p> + +<p>February again—but now far away from the mountain-side. In the city, +where no sweet premonition of spring comes with those first days of her +reign, and in the slums that crouch miserably about the stately +cathedral of St. Patrick's, huddling squalidly around its feet, while +the lovely tower of it soars far away into the blue heart of the sky. It +is a blue sky—as blue as it can be over any spreading range of solemn +hills, for poor Dublin has few tall factory chimneys to defile it with +smoke—and there are little feathery wisps of white cloud on the blue, +that lie quite calm and motionless, despite the fact a bright west wind +is flying.</p> + +<p>It is so warm that the window of one room in one of the most squalid +tenement houses of the Coombe is a little open, and the wind steals in +softly, and sways to and fro the clean, white curtains; for this room is +poor, but not squalid and grimed as the others are. The two small beds +are covered with spotlessly white quilts, and the wooden dresser behind +the door is spotless, with its few household utensils shining in the +leaping firelight; and opposite the window is a small altar, carefully +and neatly tended, whereon are two pretty statuettes of the Sacred Heart +and our Blessed Lady, and at the foot of these, no gaudy, artificial +flowers, but a snowdrop or two and a yellow crocus, laid lovingly in a +wineglass of water.</p> + +<p>It is all very clean and pure, but, alas! it is a very sad room now,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[272]</a></span> +despite all that, because—oh, surely the very saddest thing in all the +sad world! there is a little child dying there in its mother's arms. And +the mother is poor little Winnie Daly, far from kindly Tipperary and the +good priest, and the pleasant neighbors who would have been neighborly +to her, and here, in the cruel city, she is watching her one little son +die. He is lying on his small bed, with his eyes closed—a little, +pretty, fair boy of seven—his breath coming very faintly, and the +golden curls, dank with the death-dew, pushed restlessly off his +forehead, and the two gentle little hands crossed meekly on each other +on his breast. His mother, her face almost as deathly in its pallor and +emaciation as his, is kneeling by the bed, her yellow hair wandering +over the pillow, her head bent low beside his, and her eyes drinking +thirstily every change that passes over the small face, where the gray +shadows are growing grayer. They have lain so for a long time, with no +movement disturbing the solemn silence, except once, when her hand goes +out tenderly to gather into it the little, cold, damp one. But she is +not alone in her agony. Two Sisters of Mercy, in their black serge +robes, are kneeling each side of the bed, and their sad, clear eyes are +very tender and watchful; they will be ready with help the moment it is +needed, but now the great beads of the brown rosary at each one's girdle +are dropping noiselessly through the white fingers, and their lips are +moving in prayer. One is strangely beautiful, with a stately, imperial +beauty; but it is etherealized, spiritualized to an unearthly degree, +and the flowing serge robes throw out that noble face into fairer relief +than could any empress's purple and gold brocade. Both women are +wonderfully sweet-faced: these nuns are always so pitying and tender, +because their daily and hourly contact with human pain and sin and +misery must keep, I think, the warm human sympathies in them alive and +throbbing always. Now there is a faint movement over the child's face +and limbs, and the tall, beautiful nun rises quickly, because, +well-skilled in death-bed lore, she sees that the end cannot be very far +off. His eyes open slowly, and wander a little at first; then they come +back to rest on his mother's face, and raising one small hand with +difficulty he touches her thin cheek caressingly, and then his hand +falls again, and he says weakly, "Mammy, lift me up."</p> + +<p>"Yes, my lamb," poor Winnie answers brokenly, gathering him up in her +arms and laying the little golden head on her breast. He closes his eyes +again for a minute, then reopens them, and his gaze wanders around the +room as if seeking something, and one of the nuns, understanding, goes +gently and brings the few spring flowers to the bedside; this morning +tender Sister Columba had carried them to him, knowing what a wonder and +happiness flowers always were to the little crippled child,—for Jim's +little lad was crippled from that fall in his babyhood. He lies +contentedly a moment, and then says weakly, the words dropping with +painful pauses between each,—</p> + +<p>"Mammy, will there—be green fields in heaven—an' primroses—an' will I +be able—to run then? I wouldn't go to Crumlin last summer—with the +boys—'kase I was lame—but they got primroses—an' gev me some."</p> + +<p>And it is the nun who answers, for the mother's agonized white<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[273]</a></span> lips +only stir dumbly: "Yes, Jimmy, darling little child, there will be green +fields in heaven, and primroses, and you will run and sing; and our dear +Lord will be there and His Blessed Mother, and He will smile to see you +playing about His feet."</p> + +<p>Then she lifts the great crucifix of her rosary, and lays it for a +moment against the wan baby lips that smile gently at her, and the white +eyelids fall over the pansy eyes, and gradually the soft sleep passes +imperceptibly and painlessly into death. And one nun takes him out of +his mother's arms, and lays him down softly on the pillows and smooths +the little fair limbs, and passes a loving hand over the transparent +eyelids; and the other nun gathers poor Winnie into her tender arms, +with sweet comforting words that will surely help her by and by, but now +are unheeded, because God has mercifully given her a short +insensibility. And the nun turns to the other, with a little soft +fluttering sigh stirring her wistful mouth, and says, "Poor darling! the +separation will not be for long. Our dear Lord will very soon lay her +baby once more in her arms."</p> + +<p>A fortnight later a bronzed and bearded man landed on the quay of +Dublin. It was Jim Daly—a new, grave, strong Jim Daly, coming home now +comparatively a wealthy man, with the money earned by steady industry, +in the gold-fields. There he had worked steadily for three years, with +always the object coloring his life of atoning for the past, and making +fair the future to wife and child and mother, and the object had been +strong enough to keep him apart from the sin and riotousness and +drunkenness of the camp. He would have been persuasive-tongued, indeed, +among the wild livers who could have persuaded Jim Daly to join in a +carousal. But the worst living among the diggers knew how to come to him +for help and advice when they needed it; and many a gentle, kindly act +was done by him in his quiet unobtrusive manner, with no consciousness +in his own mind that he was doing more than any other man would have +done.</p> + +<p>He had never written home in all those years, though the thought of +those beloved ones was always with him—at getting up and lying down, in +his dreams and during the hours of the working day. At first times were +hard with him, and for three years it was a dreary struggle for +existence; and he could not bear to write while every day his feet were +slipping backward. Then came the rush to the gold-fields, and he, coming +on a lucky vein, found himself steadily making "a pile," and so +determined that when a certain sum was amassed he would turn his steps +homeward; and because postal arrangements in those days were so +precarious, and the time occupied by the transit of a letter so long, he +had then given up the thought of writing at all, watching eagerly the +days drifting by that were bringing him each day nearer home. In his +wandering life no letter had ever reached him; but he never doubted that +they were all quite safe; in that little peaceful hillside village, and +cluster of farmsteads, life passed so innocently and safely; the people +were poor, but the landlord was lenient, and they managed to pay the +rent he asked without the starvation and misery that existed on other +estates; and apart from the pain and destitution and sin of the towns, +the little colony seemed also to be exempt from their diseases,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[274]</a></span> and the +little graveyard was long in filling up; the funerals were seldom, +unless when sometimes an old man or woman, come to a patriarchal age, +went out gladly to lay their weary old bones under the long grasses and +the green sorrel and the daisy stars.</p> + +<p>This had all been in his day, and he did not know at all how things had +changed. First, after he sailed, things had gone fairly; Winnie had +grown strong again, and even when his silence grew obstinate, no shadow +of doubt crossed her mind; she was so sure he loved her, and she knew he +would come back some day to her. The first cloud on the sky came when +the baby developed some disease of the hip, the result of the fall, and +it refused to yield to all the doctor's treatment; indeed it became +worse with time, and as the years slipped by, the ailing, puny babe grew +into a delicate, gentle child, fair and wise and grave, but crippled +hopelessly. Then, the fourth year after Jim went, there came a bad +season, crops failed, and the cow died; and then, fast on those +troubles, the kind old landlord died, and his place was taken by a +schoolboy at Eton, and, alas! the agency of his estates placed in the +hands of a certain J. P. and D. L., tales of whose evictions on the +estates already under his charge had made those simple peasants shiver +by their firesides in the winter evenings. Then to this peaceful +mountain colony came raising of rents like a thunder-clap, followed soon +by writs, and then the Sheriff and the dreadful evicting parties. And +one of the first to go was old Mrs. Daly; and when she saw the little +brown house whereto her young husband, dead those twenty years, had +brought her as a bride, where her children were born, and from whose +doors one after the other the little frail things, dead at birth, had +been carried, till at last her strong, hearty Jim came—when she saw the +golden thatch of it given to the flames, the honest, proud old heart +broke, and from the house of a kindly neighbor, where neighbor's hands +carried her gently, she also went out, a few days later, to join husband +and babes in the churchyard house, whence none should seek to evict +them. And the troubles thickened, and famine and fever and death came; +and then the good priest died too—of a broken heart, they said. And so +the last friend was gone—for the people, with pain and death shadowing +every hearthstone, were overwhelmed with their own troubles—and poor +Winnie and the little crippled son drifted away to the city.</p> + +<p>And at the time all those things were happening, Jim Daly used to stand +at the door of his tent in the evening, gazing gravely away westward, +his soul's eyes fixed on a fairer vision than the camp, or the gorgeous +sunset panorama that passed unheeded before the eyes of his body. He saw +the long, green grasses in the pastures at home in Inniskeen. And he saw +Winnie—his darling colleen—coming from the little house-door with her +wooden pail under her arm for the milking, and she was laughing and +singing, and her step was light; and by her side the little son, with +his cheeks like apples in August, and his violet eyes dancing with +pleasure, and the little feet trotting, hurrying, stumbling, and the fat +baby hand clutching at the mother's apron, till, with a sudden, tender +laugh she swung him in her strong young arms to a throne on her +shoulder, wherefrom he shouted so merrily that Cusha, the great gentle +white cow, turned about, and ceased for a moment her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[275]</a></span> placid chewing of +the cud, to gaze in some alarm at the approaching despoilers of her +milk.</p> + +<p>Oh, how bitterly sad that dream seems to me, knowing the bitter reality! +That in the squalid slums of the city, the girl-wife was setting her +feet for death; that the little child, crippled by the father's drunken +blow, had never played or run gladly as other children do—never would +do these things unless it might be in the wide, green playing-fields of +heaven.</p> + +<p>I will tell you how he found his wife. It was evening when he landed at +the North Wall, and he found then that till morning there was no train +to take him home; and with what fierce impatience he thought of the +hours of evening and night to be lived through before he could be on his +way to his beloved ones, one can imagine. Then he remembered that by a +fellow-digger, who parted with him in London, he had been intrusted with +a wreath to lay on a certain grave in Glasnevin; and with a certain +sense of relief at the prospect of something to be done, he unpacked the +wreath from among his belongings on his arrival at the hotel, and, +ordering a meal to be ready by his return, he set out for the cemetery.</p> + +<p>It was almost dusk when he reached it, and not far from closing-time, +and, the wreath deposited, he was making his way to the gate again. +Suddenly his attention was caught by a sound of violent coughing, and +turning in the direction from which it proceeded, he saw a woman's +figure kneeling by a small, poor grave. For the dusk he could hardly see +her face, which also was partly turned away from him; but he could see +that her hands were pressed tightly on her breast, as if striving to +repress the frightful paroxysms which were shaking her from head to +foot.</p> + +<p>Jim was tender and pitiful to women always, and now with a thought of +Winnie—for the figure was slight and girlish-looking—he went over and +laid his hand very gently on the woman's shoulder, saying, "Come, poor +soul! God help ye; ye must come now, for it's nigh on closin'-time; and, +sure, kneelin' on the wet earth in this raw, foggy evenin' is no place +for ye, at all, at all."</p> + +<p>The coughing had ceased, and as he spoke she looked up at him wildly. +Then she gave a great cry that went straight through the man's heart; +she sprang up, and, throwing her thin arms round his neck cried out: +"Jim, Jim, me own Jim, come back to me again! Oh, thank God, thank God! +Jim, Jim, don't you know your own Winnie?" for he was standing stupefied +by the suddenness of it all. Then he gathered the poor, worn body into +the happy harborage of his arms, and, for a minute, in the joy of the +reunion, he did not even think of the strangeness of the place in which +he had found her; and mercifully for those first moments the dusk hid +from him how deathly was the face his kisses were falling on. Then, +suddenly, with a dreadful thunderous shock, he remembered where they +were standing, and I think even before he cried out to know whose was +the grave, that in his heart he knew.</p> + +<p>I cannot tell you how she broke it to him, or in my feeble words speak +of this man's dreadful anguish; only I know that with the white<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[276]</a></span> mists +enfolding them, and the little child lying at their feet, she told him +all.</p> + +<p>"An', darlin', I'm goin' too," she said, "an' even for the sake of +stayin' wid you I can't stay. I'm so tired-like, an' my heart's so empty +for the child; an' you'll say 'God's will be done,' won't ye, achora? +And when the hawthorn's out in May, bring some of it here; an', Jim +darlin', I'll be lyin' here so happy—him an' me, an' his little curly +head on my breast, an' his little arms claspin' my neck."</p> + +<p>He said, "God's will be done," mechanically, but I think his heart was +broken; no other words came from his lips except over and over again, +"Wife and child! wife and child! My little crippled son! my little +crippled son!"</p> + +<div class="signature"><span class="smcap">Katharine Tynan</span>, in <i>League of the Cross</i>.</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="What_English_Catholics_are_Contending_for" id="What_English_Catholics_are_Contending_for"></a>What English Catholics are Contending for,<br /><br /> + +<small>AND WHAT AMERICAN CATHOLICS WANT.</small></h2> + + +<p>Mr. A. Langdale in a letter to the <i>London Daily News</i> puts the Catholic +view upon the education question with accuracy and yet with refreshing +terseness. "We can accept," he writes, "no compromise, and must have our +own Catechism, taught to our own children, in our own schools, by our +own masters. We will accept a 'conscience clause,' and open our schools +to all comers, and, as a fact, do. We will open our schools to +Government inspection, and gladly abide by payments by results. All we +desire is a fair field and no favor. One thing we can't and won't do, +and that is to suffer our children to receive religious instruction +which is not our own, and equally to accept teaching as a system in +which religious teaching is not included. Now there are doubtless a +great many who think we ought to be contented with unsectarian religious +instruction, and some who even utter something of not having any Popery +taught. Quite so, and to the end of all time the opinion of some will be +opposed to the opinions of others. Well, we say our religion is at +stake, and we can accept no less, and it is oppression and tyranny to +deprive us of our rights. We pay our taxes, we pay our rates, we even +provide our own schools, we educate our own teachers, and subscribe +largely to our schools, all under Government approval, and we submit to +a conscience clause. All we ask is that our secular teaching shall, +under Government inspection, be paid for at the same rate as similar +teaching is paid for in any other school. We say this is our first and +paramount interest and liberty; to refuse it is persecution. I and +thousands more are true Liberals heart and soul, and yet are forced to +go as a matter of primary duty and do violence to every wish of one's +heart, and support a Tory solely because the Liberal candidate refuses +to recognize any Denominational system. It is no Liberty, but a cruel +imposition of a religious intolerance."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[277]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Ingratitude_of_France_in_the_Irish_Struggle" id="Ingratitude_of_France_in_the_Irish_Struggle"></a>Ingratitude of France in the Irish Struggle.</h2> + + +<p>Not the least remarkable, though perhaps accountable, feature of the +present Anglo-Irish crisis is to be found in the thinly disguised +hostility with which our struggle for independence is viewed by the +nations of Europe. One might at first be inclined to think that +gratitude to the countrymen of those splendid fellows, without whose +heads and hands the long series of English triumphs since 1688 over her +bitterest foe had ne'er been broken, would have secured for us, if not +encouragement, neutrality on the part of France. Not so, however. Spain +alone, of European States refuses to take sides against us (Russia, for +obvious causes, cannot be regarded as unbiassed); and Spain, as many of +us know, claims a kinship with Ireland hardly less strong, if more +legendary, than that which exists between America and England. As a +matter of fact, our precious "sister" has been plying the hose with +exceptional success. She has so saturated and stunned the Continental +public with the thick stream of falsehood about Ireland and her people +that the poor creature, half befuddled by the whole business, commits +itself to approval of an act which calm reflection might convince it was +indefensible. This gullible public has been taught by England to believe +that we are a race of treacherous and incorrigible savages, ignorant of +and indifferent to the common decencies of life; a nation of brawlers +and beggars, loafers and drunkards. We are, moreover, in sympathy with +those scourges of its own lands, the Communist, the Nihilist, the +Socialist. What wonder then, that it should consider the humiliation of +England, gratifying though it might be in itself, even a boon too dearly +purchased at the price. We think it well that Irishmen should be +constantly reminded of the degree in which they are indebted to their +neighbor. But in doing so, we deem it of importance to guard ourselves +carefully from misconception. Nothing is further from our desires than +to keep an old sore running, simply to gratify an unchristian passion +for revenge. Quite the contrary. At the same time we hold that in laying +<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'bear'">bare</ins> the hideous malice, the systematic meanness, with which our pious +master has smirched the name of Ireland before the eyes of the world, we +shall be deservedly rebuking an amiable but spiritless class, whose meek +outpourings have become a nuisance. We would advise persons of this +class to bear two things in mind. In the first place, that after the +cession of an Irish Parliament (yielded, of course, only as the +alternative to rebellion), the initiative towards reconciliation must be +made by England, which is in the wrong, not by Ireland, that has +suffered from the wrong. Secondly, that partnership in business does not +necessarily imply either friendship or affection in private. Those who +are most strongly opposed in politics and religion often pull well +together when there is no help for it, and when they see that to do so +is for the promotion of their mutual interests. So may it be with +nations; and so, please God, will it be with Ireland and England, until +that day when the latter is able to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[278]</a></span> come forward and say to us, "I +restore to you your escutcheon, which, trampled and spat upon by me of +yore, I have since by my tears washed whiter than the driven snow."</p> + +<div class="signature"><i>Dublin Freeman's Journal.</i></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="OConnell_and_Parnell_1835-1886" id="OConnell_and_Parnell_1835-1886"></a>O'Connell and Parnell—1835-1886.</h2> + + +<p>"History repeats itself. Fifty years ago English parties found +themselves in the presence of difficulties similar to those by which +they are confronted to-day. The general election of 1835 left O'Connell +master of the situation, as the general election of 1885 leaves Mr. +Parnell. Then England returned 212, Ireland 39, and Scotland 13 Tories, +making a total of 364 members who were prepared to support the +government of Sir Robert Peel. On the other side, England returned 99 +Whigs, 189 Radicals and Independents; Scotland, 10 Whigs, 30 Radicals +and Independents; Ireland, 22 Whigs, acting mainly with O'Connell, and +44 Repealers, acting directly under him; thus making a total altogether +of 349 anti-Ministerialists. But between the members of the Opposition +so formed there was no cohesion. O'Connell stood aside from Whigs, +Tories and Radicals, awaiting the arrangement of the terms on which his +alliance was to be secured. Of the 219 Radicals and Independents elected +at the polls only 140 could be relied on to support a Whig +administration, and the result was that, so far as England and Scotland +were concerned, the Tories had a working majority of 15. Thus: Tories, +264; Whig-Radical Coalition, 249; Tory majority, 15; Irish in reserve, +66. Here was 'an extraordinary state of parties,' to use the language of +the <i>Edinburgh Review</i>; 'an awful situation,' to adopt the phraseology +of the <i>Times</i>. 'O'Connell would be real Prime Minister,' roared the +Thunderer of Printing-House Square, if Whigs and Tories did not loyally +unite to put him down. One thing, in the opinion of the <i>Times</i>, was +clear—no English party ought to touch 'the Repeal rebel,' 'the +unprincipled ruffian,' 'the demon of malignity and anarchy,' in whose +hands the people of Ireland had been forced to place the destinies of +their wretched country."</p> + +<p>The above is from the <i>Dublin Freeman</i>. Catholic emancipation was then +the burning question, and O'Connell triumphed. To-day the question is +Legislative Independence for Ireland. Will it be a triumph? The struggle +of desperation will not, we hope, have to answer.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>With true orators success is won by the long-continued work which +supplies the hard facts and telling truths for which eloquent words are +but the vehicle. Powder, no doubt, is very useful in war; it makes the +most noise, but it is the bullets and shells that silence the +enemy.—<i>Rev. William Delaney, S. J.</i></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[279]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Juvenile_Department" id="Juvenile_Department"></a>Juvenile Department.</h2> +<div class="bigskip"></div> + +<h3>THE DAISY AND THE FERN.</h3> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">The day was hot, the sun shone out<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And burned the little flowers,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Who earthward drooped their weary heads,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And longed for cooling showers.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">One little daisy, hot and tired,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And scorching in the sun,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Had altered much, for fair was she<br /></span> +<span class="i2">When the morning had begun.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">"Come, put yourself beneath my shade!"<br /></span> +<span class="i2">A graceful fern thus spake,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">"For if you stay out there, dear flower,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">You'll shrivel up and bake."<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">So daisy leaned towards the fern<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And hid beneath her shade,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And on the fern's cool, mossy root<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Her burning petals laid.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">No sunlight fell on her, but, oh!<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The poor fern had it all;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">She drooped down low, and lower still,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Who once was straight and tall.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">"Daisy," she said, "I'm dying fast,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">My life is near its end,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">My time with you is almost past,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">So farewell, little friend."<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">Then daisy wept, her tears ran down<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Upon the poor fern's root;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A thrill of fast returning life<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Through the languid fern did shoot.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"><br /> +<span class="i0">Full soon she grew quite fresh again,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">No longer did she burn;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">For little daisy's tears of love<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Had saved the dying fern.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<div class="signature"><span class="smcap">Maud Egerton Hine</span>, a child of less than eight years old.</div> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[280]</a></span></p> +<h3>CHEMISTRY OF A HEN'S EGG.</h3> + +<p>Before proceeding to inquire into the interior composition of the egg, +we will consider the exterior covering, or the shell—the physical and +chemical structure of which is exceedingly interesting and wonderful. +The white, fragile cortex called the shell, composed of mineral matter, +is not the tight, compact covering which it appears to be; for it is +everywhere perforated with a multitude of holes too small to be +discerned by the naked eye, but which, with the aid of a microscope, are +distinctly revealed. Under the microscope the shell appears like a +sieve, or it more closely resembles the white perforated paper sold by +stationers. Through these holes there is constant evaporation going on, +so that an egg, from the day that it is dropped by the hen, to the +moment when it is consumed, is losing weight and diminishing in volume. +This process goes on much more rapidly in hot weather than in cold, and +consequently perfect eggs are not so readily procured in summer as in +winter. If, by any means, we stop this evaporating process, the egg +remains sound and good for a great length of time. Covering the shell +with an impervious coat of varnish, or with mutton suet or lard, aids +greatly in their preservation. The substance used to stop transpiration +must not be soluble in watery fluids, or liable to be removed. By +chemical agencies, that is, by actually filling up the little holes in +the shell by lime placed in solution (the solution holding the proper +chemical substances to form an impervious coating of carbonate of lime +over the entire surface), we have preserved eggs for months, and even +years, in a sweet condition. Not long ago, eggs broken in a laboratory +in Boston were found to be quite fresh, which, according to the +memorandum made upon the vessel, were placed in the solution four years +ago.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 350px;"> +<img src="images/fig072.png" width="350" height="287" alt="hens" class="floatl" /> +</div> + +<p>The shell of the egg is lined upon its interior everywhere with a very +thin but pretty tough membrane, which, dividing at or very near the +obtuse end, forms a small bag which is filled with air. In new-laid eggs +this follicle appears very little, but it becomes larger when the egg is +kept. In breaking an egg, this membrane is removed with the shell to +which it adheres, and therefore is regarded a part of it, which it is +not.</p> + +<p>The shell proper is made up mostly of earthy materials, of which +ninety-seven per cent is carbonate of lime. The remainder is composed of +two per cent of animal matter and one of phosphate of lime and magnesia. +Carbonate of lime is the same material of which our marble quarries and +chalk beds are composed: it is lime, or oxide of calcium, combined with +carbonic acid, and is a hard, insoluble mineral substance,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[281]</a></span> which does +not appear to form any portion of the food of fowls. Now, where does the +hen procure this substance with which to form the shell? If we confine +fowls in a room and feed them with any of the cereal grains, excluding +all sand, dust or earthy matter, they will go on for a time and lay +eggs, each one having a perfect shell made up of the same calcareous +elements. Vanvuelin, the distinguished chemist, shut up a hen ten days +and fed her exclusively upon oats, of which she consumed 7,474 grains in +weight. During this time four eggs were laid, the shells of which +weighed nearly 409 grains: of this amount 276 grains was carbonate of +lime, 17-1/2 phosphate of lime, and 10 gluten. But there is only a +little carbonate of lime in oats, and from whence could this 409 grains +of the rocky material have been derived? The answer to this question +opens up some of the most curious and wonderful facts connected with +animal chemistry, and affords glimpses of many of the operations of +organic life, which, to the common mind, seem in the highest degree +paradoxical and perplexing. The body of a bird, like that of a man, is +but a piece of chemical apparatus made capable of transforming hard and +fixed substances into others of a very unlike nature. In oats there is +contained phosphate of lime, with an abundance of silica; and the +stomach and assimilating organs of the bird are made capable of +decomposing or rending asunder the lime salts and forming with the +silica a silicate of lime.</p> + +<p>This new body is itself made to undergo decomposition, and the base is +combined with carbonic acid, forming carbonate of lime. The carbonic +acid is probably derived from the atmosphere, or more directly, perhaps, +from the blood. These chemical changes among hard, inorganic bodies are +certainly wonderful when we reflect that they are brought about in the +delicate organs of a comparatively feeble bird, under the influence of +animal heat and the vital forces. They embrace a series of decomposing +and recomposing operations which it is difficult to imitate in the +laboratory.</p> + +<p>In the experiment to which allusion has been made, the amount of earthy +material found in the eggs and the excrement of the hen exceeded that +contained in the food she consumed. This seems paradoxical, and can only +be explained upon the ground that birds as well as animals have the +power, in times of exigency, of drawing upon their own bodies for +material which is required to perform necessary functions.</p> + +<p>The shell of an ordinary hen's egg weighs about one hundred and six +grains, that is, the inorganic portion of it; and if a bird lays one +hundred eggs in a year, she produces about twenty-two ounces of nearly +pure carbonate of lime in that period of time, which would afford chalk +enough to meet the wants of a farmer, or perhaps even of a house +carpenter of moderate business, for a twelvemonth.</p> + +<p>If a farmer has a flock of one hundred hens, they produce in egg shells, +about one hundred and thirty-seven pounds of chalk annually; and yet not +a pound of the substance, or perhaps not even an ounce, exists around +the farm-house within the circuit of their feeding grounds. This is a +source of lime production not usually recognized by farmers or hen +fanciers, and it is by no means insignificant. The materials of the +manufacture are found in the food consumed, and in the sand,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[282]</a></span> pebble +stones, brick-dust, bits of bones, etc., which hens and other birds are +continually picking from the earth.</p> + +<p>The instinct is keen for these apparently innutritious and refractory +substances, and they are devoured with as eager a relish as the cereal +grains or insects. If hens are confined to barns or outbuildings, it is +obvious that the egg-producing machinery cannot be kept long in action, +unless the materials for the shell are produced in ample abundance.</p> + +<p>Within the shell the animal portion of the egg is found; which consists +of a viscous, colorless liquid called albumen, or the <i>white</i>, and a +yellow globular mass called the vitellus, or <i>yolk</i>. The white of the +egg consists of two parts, each of which is enveloped in distinct +membranes. The outer bag of albumen, next the shell, is quite a thin, +watery body, while the next which invests the yolk, is heavy and thick. +But few housekeepers who break eggs ever distinguish between the <i>two +whites</i>, or know of their existence even.</p> + +<p>Each has its appropriate office to fulfil during the process of +incubation or hatching; and one acts in the mysterious process as +important a part as the other. If we remove this glairy fluid from the +shell and place it in a glass, and plunge into it a strip of reddened +litmus paper, a blue tinge is immediately produced, which indicates the +presence of an alkali. The alkali is soda in a free condition, and its +presence is of the highest consequence, for without it the liquid would +be <i>insoluble</i>. A portion of the white of an egg, when diluted with +water, and a few drops of vinegar or acetic acid added to it, undergoes +a rapid change. The liquid becomes cloudy and flocculent, and small bits +of shreddy matter fall to the bottom of the vessel. This is pure +albumen, made so by removing the soda held in combination by the use of +the acid. A pinch of soda added to the solid precipitate redissolves it, +and it is again liquid. There is another way by which the albumen is +rendered solid: and that is by the application of heat. Eggs placed in +boiling hot water pass from the soluble to the insoluble state quite +rapidly, or, in other words, the albumen both of the white and yolk +becomes "coagulated."</p> + +<p>No contrast can be greater than that between a boiled and unboiled egg. +Not only is it changed physically, but there is a change in chemical +properties, and yet no chemist can tell in what the change consists. It +is true, the water extracts a little alkali, and a trace of sulphide of +sodium; but the abstraction of these bodies is hardly sufficient to +account for the change in question.</p> + +<p>The hardening of the albumen of egg by heat constitutes the cooking +process, and this deserves a moment's consideration.</p> + +<p>Great as is the physical difference between a fully cooked and an +uncooked egg, it is no less remarkable in the degree of digestibility +conferred upon it by the process. Uncooked, it passes by the most simple +processes of assimilation from the digestive to the nutritive and +circulatory organs, and is at once employed in nourishing or sustaining +the bodily functions. Unduly cooked, the egg resists the action of the +gastric juices for a long time, and becomes unsuited to the stomachs of +the weak and dyspeptic. A raw or soft-boiled egg is of all varieties of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[283]</a></span> +food the most nourishing and concentrated; a hard-boiled egg is apt to +trouble the digestion of the strong and healthful, and its nutrient +properties are sensibly impaired. The yolk contains water and albumen, +but associated with these is quite a large number of mineral and other +substances which render it very complex in composition. The bright +yellow color is due to a peculiar fat or oil, which is capable of +reflecting the yellow rays of light, and this oil holds the sulphur and +phosphorous which abound in the egg. If the yolk be removed and dried, +and the yellow oil separated, it will be found to form two-thirds of the +substance. The whole weight in its natural state is about three hundred +grains, of which three-fifths is water; of the white more than three +quarters is water.</p> + +<p>The yolk and albumen of a fecundated egg remains as sweet and free from +corruption during the whole time of incubation as it is in new-laid +eggs, and there is but little loss of water; whereas an unfecundated egg +passes rapidly into putrefactive decay and perishes.</p> + +<p>Any one who eats three or four eggs at breakfast consumes that number of +embryo chicks.</p> + +<p>All the materials which enter into the legs, bones, feathers, bill, +etc., of the new-born chick, exist in the egg, as nothing is derived +from outside. The little creature which has just pecked its way out of +its calcareous prison-house, has lime and phosphorus in his bones, +sulphur in his feathers, iron, potash, soda and magnesia in his blood, +all of which mineral constituents come from the egg, and are taken into +the stomach when it is eaten as food.</p> + +<p>The valuable or important salts are contained in the yolk, and hence +this portion of the egg is the most useful in some forms of disease. A +weakly person, in whom nerve force is deficient and the blood +impoverished, may take the yolks of eggs with advantage. The iron +phosphoric compounds are in a condition to be readily assimilated, and +although homœopathic in quantity, nevertheless exert a marked +influence upon the system. The yolks of eggs, containing as they do less +albumen, are not so injuriously affected by heat as the white, and a +hard-boiled yolk may be usually eaten by invalids without inconvenience. +The composition of a fresh egg, exclusive of the shell, may be presented +as follows:</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Hen egg contents"> +<tr><td align="left">Water</td><td align="right">74.0</td><td align="left">parts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Albumen</td><td align="right">14.0</td><td align="left">parts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Oil or fat</td><td align="right">10.5</td><td align="left">parts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Mineral Salts</td><td align="right">1.5</td><td align="left">parts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">———</td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">100</td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +</table><br /></div> + +<p>The whole usually weighs about a thousand grains, of which the shell +makes a tenth part.</p> + +<p>The chick-making materials, exclusive of water, form only one-quarter of +the weight of the liquid contents, or only about two hundred grains.</p> + +<p>This seems to be a small beginning upon which to rear a full-grown +rooster. The bulk or quantity as found in hens' eggs, and indeed in the +eggs of all birds, is wonderfully disproportionate to the size of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[284]</a></span> the +mother bird. The laying of eggs must be regarded as a particularly +exhausting process, and yet fowls will keep it up for a long time and +not lose much in flesh. We have known a hen of the game variety which +has laid twenty-two eggs in twenty-two consecutive days, and they +average in weight one thousand grains each. This gives in amount +twenty-two thousand grains, or rather more than three pounds +avoirdupois, of which about two and a quarter pounds is water. The dozen +or more ounces of rich, nutritive material, parted with in twenty-two +days, would seem to be a prodigious draught upon the small physical +structure of the bird, but there were no indications of exhaustion.</p> + +<p>Whilst it is true that the quickening of an egg which results in the +birth of a chick, is no more marvellous a process or result than the +embryotic development of any creature endowed with the mysterious +principle of life, yet there are some circumstances connected with it +which make it a matter of greater perplexity and wonder. Here is an oval +white body consisting of a calcareous shell, within which there are some +semi-fluid substances, consisting mainly of albumen and water, without +any signs of life. In fact, there is no life; it is simply a mass of +dead, inanimate matter. Talk as much as we will about the germinal +principles involved in the structure of the egg, we are totally unable +to recognize it, or form any conception of its nature.</p> + +<p>There is no evidence of the presence of any germ or principle of life +whatever. The egg left to itself decays like other organized substances, +but with our assistance in simply transferring it to a place where the +temperature is in a certain uniform condition, in a few weeks, the +albumen, water, oil and mineral salts are transferred into a living +chick, which thrusts its little beak through the shell, and in ten +minutes is running about, almost able to take care of itself.</p> + +<p>Here is the development of life apparently without the agency of the +mother, and what a marvel! The chemist may place together in a body in a +warm place, just such elements or substances: he may carefully weigh the +water, the albumen, the phosphotic compounds, the sulphur, the iron, +soda, etc., and construct a very accurate egg mixture, but out of it all +there will never come a living chick. In this, we obtain some idea how +little we actually know about life, how dark is the region where the +life principle begins, or where the vital forces originate. The +indefatigable man of science has pushed his inquiries close up to the +boundary between the inanimate and the animate; but he has never been +able to obtain the least glimpse of anything upon the <i>life</i> side of the +line. However great maybe our curiosity, our skill or knowledge in this +state of existence, there is not the least probability that we shall +ever be able to endow matter with life, or know much more than we do at +present of its origin or nature.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><span class="smcap">Auntie</span>, to a little four-year-old who is resting his head on the +table—"Ah, Louis, you are sleepy; you will have to go to bed." "Oh, no, +auntie, I aren't sleepy; but my head is loose, so I laid it down here."</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[285]</a></span></p> +<h3>HE WAS ONLY A NEWSBOY.</h3> + +<p>It was a very small funeral procession that wended its way slowly from +the King's County Hospital to the Holy Cross Cemetery at Flatbush, New +York. There were no handsome carriages, no long string of hacks, only +the hearse containing a small, plain coffin, followed by a solitary +coach. But the mourning was just as sincere as at the largest and most +imposing funeral. And it was not confined to the four boys who +accompanied the body of their dearest friend to its last resting-place. +A hundred hearts were touched by grief. A hundred faces were wet with +tears.</p> + +<p>"It's only a newsboy," said a policeman. True, only a newsboy, a waif +from the streets of the great city. But no philanthropist was ever +kinder, no friend more true, no soldier braver, than little Joe +Flanigan. Every newsboy about the offices of New York's great journals +knew and loved him. All owed him a debt of gratitude for the many good +deeds he had done in his humble way.</p> + +<p>Little Joe first appeared on the streets of New York two years ago. He +was small and slight, with great brown eyes and pinched lips that always +wore a smile. Where he came from nobody knew and few cared. His parents, +he said, were dead and he had no friends. It was a hard life. Up at four +o'clock in the morning after sleeping in a dry-goods' box or an alley, +he worked steadily till late at night. He was misused at first. Big boys +stole his papers, or crowded him out of a warm place at night, but he +never complained. The tears would well up in his eyes, but were quickly +brushed away and a new start bravely made. Such conduct won him friends, +and after a little no other dared play tricks upon Little Joe. His +friends he remembered and his enemies he forgave. Some days he had +especially good luck. Kind-hearted people pitied the little fellow and +bought papers whether they wanted them or not. But he was too generous +to save money enough for even a night's lodging. Every boy who "got +stuck" knew he was sure to get enough to buy a supper as long as Joe had +a penny.</p> + +<p>But the hard work and exposure began to tell on his weak constitution. +He kept growing thinner and thinner, till there was scarcely an ounce of +flesh on his little body. The skin of his face was drawn closer and +closer, but the pleasant look never faded away. He was uncomplaining to +the last. He awoke one morning after working hard selling "extras," to +find himself too weak to move. He tried his best to get upon his feet, +but it was a vain attempt. The vital force was gone.</p> + +<p>"Where is Little Joe?" was the universal inquiry. Nobody had seen him +since the previous night. Finally he was found in a secluded corner, and +a good-natured hackman was persuaded to take him to the hospital in +Flatbush, where he said he once lived. Every day one of the boys went to +see him. One Saturday, a newsboy who had abused him at first and learned +to love him afterward, found him sitting up in his cot, his little +blue-veined hand stretched out upon the coverlet.</p> + +<p>"I was afraid you wasn't coming, Jerry," he said, with some difficulty,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[286]</a></span> +"and I wanted to see you once more so much. I guess it will be the last +time, Jerry, for I feel awful weak to-day. Now, Jerry, when I die I want +you to be good for my sake. Tell the boys"—</p> + +<p>But his message never was completed. Little Joe was dead. His sleep was +calm and beautiful. The trouble and anxiety on his wan face had +disappeared. But the expression was still there. Even in death he +smiled.</p> + +<p>It was sad news that Jerry bore back to his friends on that day. They +feared the end was near and were waiting for him with anxious hearts. +When they saw his tear-stained face they knew that Little Joe was dead. +Not a word was said. They felt as if they were in the presence of death +itself. Their hearts were too full to speak.</p> + +<p>That night a hundred boys met in front of the City Hall. They felt that +they must express their sense of loss in some way, but how they did not +know. Finally, in accordance with the suggestion of one of the larger +boys, they passed a resolution which read as follows:—</p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Resolved</i>, That we all liked Little Joe, who was the best +newsboy in New York. Everybody is sorry he has died.</p></blockquote> + +<p>A collection was taken up to send delegates to the funeral, and the same +hackman who bore little Joe to the hospital again kindly offered the use +of his carriage. On the coffin was a plate, purchased by the boys, whose +language was expressive from its very simplicity. This was the +inscription:—</p> + +<div class="bbox"> +<div class="center"><span class="smcap">Little Joe</span>,<br /> +Aged 14.<br /> +The Best Newsboy in New York.<br /> +<span class="smcap">WE ALL LIKED HIM.</span><br /> +</div></div> + +<p>There were no services, but each boy sent a flower to be placed upon the +coffin of his friend. After all, what did it matter that Little Joe was +dead?</p> + +<p>He was only a newsboy.</p> + +<p>This is not a fancy sketch. Every word of the above story is true.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><span class="smcap">Office Boy</span> (to country editor): "A man was in while you were out, who +said he was the genuine John Wilkes Booth."</p> + +<p>Editor (hastily): "He's a fraud. You didn't give him anything did you?"</p> + +<p>Office Boy: "No. He left a dollar for a six months' subscription."</p> + +<p>Editor: "Well, well. And so John Wilkes Booth is still alive. It beats +all."</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[287]</a></span></p> +<h3>AN UNWASHED PRINCE.</h3> + +<p>The Crown Prince of Prussia, was always a very sensible man in the +management of his household, and he is ably seconded by his wife. On one +occasion the governor of his children came to him and said:</p> + +<p>"Your Highness, I must complain of the little Prince; he refuses to have +his face washed in the morning."</p> + +<p>"Does he?" answered the Crown Prince. "We'll remedy that. After this let +him go unwashed."</p> + +<p>"It shall be done," said the governor. Now the sentries have to salute +every member of the royal family—children and all—whenever they pass. +The day after, the little four-year-old Prince went out for a walk with +his governor. As they passed a sentry-box where a grim soldier stood, +the man stood rigid without presenting arms. The little +Prince—accustomed to universal deference—looked displeased, but said +nothing. Presently another sentry was passed. Neither did this one give +a sign of recognition. The little Prince angrily spoke of it to his old +governor, and they passed on. And when the walk was finished, and they +had met many soldiers, who none of them saluted the Prince, the little +fellow dashed in to his father exclaiming:</p> + +<p>"Papa—papa—you must whip every man in your guards! They refuse to +salute when I pass!"</p> + +<p>"Ah! my son," said the Crown Prince, "they do rightly; for clean +soldiers never salute a dirty little Prince." After that the boy took a +shower bath every morning.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<h3>THE LEGEND OF THE WILLOW.</h3> + +<p>One day a golden-haired child, who lived where no trees or flowers grew, +was gazing wistfully through the open gate of a beautiful park, when the +gardener chanced to throw out an armful of dry cuttings. Among them the +little girl discovered one with a tiny bud just starting.</p> + +<p>"Perhaps it will grow," she whispered to herself, and, dreaming of wide, +cool boughs and fluttering leaves, she carried it carefully home, and +planted it in the darksome area. Day after day she watched and tended +it, and when, by-and-by, another bud started, she knew that the slip had +taken root.</p> + +<p>Years passed, and the lowly home gave place to a pleasant mansion, and +the narrow area widened into a spacious garden, where many a green tree +threw its shadow. But for the golden-haired child now grown into a +lovely maiden, the fairest and dearest of them all was the one she had +so tenderly nourished. No other tree, she thought, cast such a cool, +soft shade; in no other boughs did the birds sing so sweetly.</p> + +<p>But while the tree lived and flourished, the young girl drooped and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[288]</a></span> +faded. Sweeter and sadder grew the light in her blue eyes, till +by-and-by God's angel touched them with a dreamless sleep. Loving hands +crowned the white brow with myrtle, and under the branches she had loved +laid her tenderly to rest.</p> + +<p>But from that hour, as if in sorrow for the one that had tended it, the +stately tree began to droop. Lower and lower bent the sad branches, +lower and lower, until they caressed the daisied mound that covered her +form.</p> + +<p>"See!" said her young companions, "the tree weeps for her who loved it." +And they called it the Weeping Willow.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> +<h3>HOW TO BECOME PROSPEROUS.</h3> + +<p>Let every youth be taught some useful art and trained to industry and +thrift. Let every young man lay aside and keep sacredly intact a certain +portion of his earnings. Let every one set out with a determination to +engage in business for himself as soon as he can. Begin in a small, safe +way, and extend your business as experience will teach you is +advantageous. Keep your own books and know constantly what you are +earning and just where you stand. Do not marry until in receipt of a +tolerably certain income, sufficient to live on comfortably. Let every +man who is able buy a farm on which to bring up his sons. It is from the +farm the best men are turned out, morally and intellectually. Bear in +mind that your business cannot be permanently prosperous unless you +share its advantages equally with your customers.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><span class="smcap">Change the Subject.</span>—"Always," said papa, as he drank his coffee and +enjoyed his morning beefsteak—"always, children, change the subject +when anything unpleasant has been said. It is both wise and polite."</p> + +<p>That evening, on his return from business, he found his carnation-bed +despoiled, and the tiny imprint of slippered feet silently bearing +witness to the small thief.</p> + +<p>"Mabel," he said to her, "did you pick my flowers?"</p> + +<p>"Papa," said Mabel, "did you see a monkey in town?"</p> + +<p>"Never mind that. Did you pick my flowers?"</p> + +<p>"Papa, what did grandma send me?"</p> + +<p>"Mabel, what do you mean? Did you pick my flowers? Answer me yes or no."</p> + +<p>"Yes, papa, I did; but I fout I'd change the subject."</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<div class="center">The noblest mind the best contentment has.</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[289]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="Notes_on_Current_Topics" id="Notes_on_Current_Topics"></a>DONAHOE'S MAGAZINE<br /></h2> +<div class="bbox2"><div class="center">BOSTON, MARCH, 1886.</div></div> + +<h2>Notes on Current Topics.</h2> + +<p><span class="smcap">Enlargement of Boston College.</span> The increase in the number of students +has been so great during the past year that the president, Rev. E. V. +Boursaud, S. J., has concluded to add a new wing to the main building of +the college, as there are not a sufficient number of class rooms to +accommodate all. The foundation will be laid in the spring, and the wing +which is to extend into what now comprises the college garden, will when +completed contain a new chemical laboratory; accommodations for the +English department, which will be conducted as usual under Professor +Harkins, and an extension of Boston College hall.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Reconsecration of Altar Stones.</span>—The <i>Irish Ecclesiastical Record</i> +states that an indult has been granted by Leo XIII. to the Most Rev. Dr. +McCormack, Bishop of Achonry, allowing him to consecrate at his +convenience the altars of his diocese which may need reconsecration, and +to use for this purpose the short form prescribed for the Bishop of St. +Paul's, Minnesota, U. S. America. He is also privileged to delegate a +priest to perform this ceremony.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> +<p>Mr. Parnell said in the House of Commons that he had always believed +that if the principle were admitted that Ireland was entitled to some +form of self-government the settlement of details would not be found a +formidable task, and that there would be no great difficulty in securing +the empire against separation. He himself, although a Protestant, feared +no danger to the minority in Ireland from the Catholics. The whole +question was one of reasonable or exorbitant rents. He denied that the +National League encouraged boycotting. The Nationalists members, he +said, on seeing the manifest desire of England to weigh the Irish +question calmly, had resolved that no extravagance of word or action on +their part should mar the first fair chance Ireland ever had.</p> + +<p>Neither Liberals nor Parnellites appearing to be inclined to challenge +the government, Lord Randolph Churchill, secretary of state for India, +wished the House to clearly understand, that it would be impossible for +the present government ever to sanction an Irish Parliament. He added +that the government would be prepared, when the proper time arrived, +with a scheme to improve local government in Ireland.</p> +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Up to the present time the Canadian Militia Department has authorized +the payment of a fraction over $4,000,000 on the expenses of the +Northwest rebellion.</p> + + +<p>From the ancient Diocese of Clogher (Monaghan), established by St. +Patrick, two patriot priests have come to America to solicit aid in +building the Cathedral of Clogher. They are the Rev. Eugene McKenna, of +Enniskillen, and the Rev. Eugene McMahon, of Carrickmacross. It is a +notable fact that both are Presidents of the National League in their +parishes. The Bishop of Clogher, Dr. Donnelly, has always been a +patriot, and we trust that his missioners will receive a generous +welcome here, especially from the people of Monaghan, Fermanagh, Louth, +Tyrone and Donegal. Fathers McKenna and McMahon have received permission +from Archbishop Williams to solicit subscriptions in the Archdiocese of +Boston.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[290]</a></span></p> + + +<p><i>Boston Herald</i>.—Mr. Gargan quoted for the benefit of England, in his +speech at Halifax, the French saying, that "You can do almost anything +with a bayonet except sit on it." The Republican administrations found +the bayonet prop under the carpet bag governments impossible to +maintain, and England cannot forever keep Ireland sitting on it.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">The Charity Ball.</span>—The coming Charity Ball will be given on March 8, the +Monday evening before Ash Wednesday. The success of the ball is +dependent upon the noble exertions of friends. The large number of +destitute children cared for by the Home has necessarily increased the +expenses, and therefore the directors are anxious that the ball will be +financially successful. It must be gratifying to know that the Home has +been able to receive and care for over four hundred destitute children +during the past year, and provided good homes for three hundred and +ninety. All these children would have been compelled to seek refuge in +the city or State pauper establishments and lost to the Church, were not +the Home open to shelter and provide for them.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">The Franciscans.</span>—During its existence of six centuries, the Franciscan +Order has given to the church 247 saints and beati, 1,500 martyrs (2,500 +are found in the Menologia Franciscano), 13 Popes, 60 cardinals, 4,000 +archbishops and bishops, 6,000 authors. At present 2,500 Franciscans are +engaged in missionary work, and another thousand Capuchin Fathers may be +added to the number, in all, 3,500.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Little Sisters of the Poor.</span>—The venerable founder of the Order of the +Little Sisters of the Poor, the Rev. Auguste Le Poilleur, of the diocese +of Rennes, France, has just celebrated the golden jubilee of his +ordination to the priesthood. The order was founded by him at St. Servan +in 1840; and to-day it possesses two hundred and ten houses in all parts +of the world, with about 3,400 sisters, who devote themselves to the +caring, feeding, and clothing of upwards of twenty-three thousand poor +and helpless fellow-creatures. His Holiness the Pope has written a +letter of congratulation to the pious founder. There are two +foundations of the Little Sisters in Boston, one on Bunker Hill, the +other, Boston Highlands.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">John Savage.</span>—Our old and venerated friend, John Savage, we regret to +see, is dying, out in Paris, far away from the land he loved so well, +and also from the home of his choice, the United States. The following +letter (written by John P. Leonard, to the Dublin <i>Nation</i> of December +26th), shows that his visit to Paris has not been as successful as his +many friends and admirers would wish:—</p> + +<blockquote><p><i>To the Editor of the Nation</i>: "Sir,—Mr. John Savage, our patriotic +countryman, who came to the Continent for his health, was seized on +Monday last with a paralytic stroke, and has his right arm paralyzed. +Mrs. Savage has been untiring in her care of the patriot, who is +attended daily by the eminent physician, Dr. Ball, Professor of the +Faculty of Medicine, Paris, and also by his friend, the present writer. +Hopes are entertained of his recovery, and great regret is expressed by +all who know him here."</p></blockquote> + +<div class="signature">J. P. L.</div> + + +<p>Mr. Philip A. Nolan, General Secretary of the Catholic Total Abstinence +Union of America, writes: "Within a month we may expect the promulgation +of the Decrees of the Baltimore Council, when it is the purpose of the +Executive Council to inaugurate such a crusade in America that before +long will sweep like the mighty armies of old across the entire +continent and be felt in the remotest parishes." Mr. Nolan is an +enthusiast in the cause of cold water, says <i>The Catholic Columbian</i>.</p> + + +<p>A Touching Custom prevails in many of the parishes of Normandy, where +the adult male population are for the most part engaged in the vocation +of fishing. When, as at certain seasons of the year, these poor +fishermen are far away from their homes, and unable to assist at Mass on +Sundays, each one's family has a candle burning in the church before the +statue of Our Lady, Star of the Sea. These candles represent the +husbands, sons, and fathers who at that moment are braving the terrors +of the deep, and the flame of each burning offering is the hymn and +prayer to Heaven on the part of the absent one.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[291]</a></span></p> + + +<p><i>Catholic Columbian</i>:—It is something for us to be proud of that in +this great State of Ohio, where we form so small a minority of the +people, two of the members of the present Legislature chosen to receive +its honors are Catholics and Irishmen. In the organization of the House, +Hon. Daniel J. Ryan, of Scioto, was made President pro tem., and to the +same position in the Senate Hon. John O'Neill, of Muskingum, was called +by the voice of his party associates. May they both live to be +Governors!</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Little Company of Mary.</span>—During his recent visit to Rome the +Cardinal-Archbishop of Sydney made the acquaintance of the Rev. +Mother-General of the Society of the Little Company of Mary, and also +had numerous opportunities of witnessing the good done by the sisters in +nursing the sick in their own homes; and his Eminence was so much +impressed by their work, that he applied to the Superioress for some +sisters to accompany him to Australia to carry on the work there, with +the result that six sisters are now in the diocese of Sydney. The +sisters have lost no time in commencing their good work, and they +announce that they are now fully prepared to receive invitations to +nurse the sick without distinction of creed, at their own residences in +any part of the city or suburbs. It is the rule of the sisters to remain +in constant charge of the patients in every kind of illness.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">American Rent Payers.</span>—The <i>National Republican</i>, Washington, D. C., of +January 5, makes the following uncomfortable statement: "The generally +prevalent impression is that the farming of this country is really +carried on by farmers, who, in great measure, are the owners of the +farms they till. On the contrary, Mr. Thomas P. Gill, in the <i>North +American Review</i>, points out that at the census of 1880 there were found +to be 1,024,601 farms rented by tenants in the United States, and he +claims that in the five years since this census was taken the number of +tenant holdings has increased 25 per cent. raising the number of tenant +holdings at present in the United States to 1,250,000. In England, +Ireland, Scotland and Wales at the present day the total number of +tenant farmers is <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads '1,079,127'; see full note at end.">1,069,127</ins>. +So the United States contains <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads '50,000'; see full note at end.">250,000</ins> more +tenant farmers to-day than the three kingdoms and the principality +together. These statements are not radiantly cheerful. Our country is +being Europeanized at an uncomfortably rapid rate."</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">The Church in the United States.</span> Archbishops, 12; bishops, 62; priests, +7,296; ecclesiastical students, 1,621, of which the largest number, 335, +belong to the archdiocese of Milwaukee; churches, 6,755; chapels, 1,071; +stations, 1,733; diocesan seminaries and houses of study for regulars, +36; colleges, 85; Baltimore having the largest number, 8; academies, +618; New York having the largest number, 34; parochial schools, 2,621, +attended by 492,949 pupils; charitable institutions, 449.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Good for an M. P.</span>—The trustees of the fund subscribed to indemnify +William O'Brien, M. P., editor of Dublin <i>United Ireland</i>, against the +losses he sustained in the famous Bolton, French and Cornwall libel +suits, have published a balance sheet, which shows that the total amount +of the subscriptions received was £7,619. Of this £6,495 odd was +expended directly in litigation, and £98 went for miscellaneous expenses +and advertising. The balance of £1,025 was handed over by Mr. O'Brien, +for distribution among the poor of Mallow.</p> + + +<p>His Holiness the Pope has conferred on Prince Bismarck the ancient +Portuguese Order of Christ, which was founded by King Denis of Portugal +in 1317, and adopted by King John XXII. three years later. The +decoration, which is only conferred upon the most distinguished and +exalted persons, was accompanied by an autograph letter from his +Holiness.</p> + + +<p>Mr. Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, who, as a Conservative Catholic contested +North Camberwell at the recent Parliamentary election, in a forcible +letter to the <i>London Times</i> gives his views on the Irish question. He +holds that there is no middle course now between Home Rule and martial +law, between Mr. Parnell Prime Minister at Dublin and Mr. Parnell a +traitor in the tower. And how long, he asks, would the country support a +policy of blood and iron? Would even the Whigs go through with it for +two sessions? I say no. One party or other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[292]</a></span> would rebel, and we should +in the end be forced to give in shame what we could now give in honor.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Church Freed of Debt.</span>—The congregation of St. Ann's Church, Gloucester, +Mass., was informed by the priest in charge, the Rev. J. J. Healy, that +the church is now free of all indebtedness. The building was completed +in 1876 with the exception of the spire, which was added during the +summer of 1884. The church is built of granite, with a seating capacity +of about one thousand, and is valued at $100,000. The church will be +consecrated in July.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">St. Patrick's Day in Boston.</span>—The Irish societies of Boston held a +meeting to decide the manner in which St. Patrick's Day should be +celebrated in this city. Fourteen societies, represented by sixty-two +delegates, were in attendance. President Edward Riley presided. The +motion made at a previous meeting to invite Dr. Croke, Archbishop of +Cashel, to lecture, in preference to having a street parade, was adopted +by a vote of thirty-eight to six, and the convention adjoined, subject +to the call of officers. Most Rev. Dr. Croke sent a despatch saying it +was impossible for him to accept the invitation.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Home.</span>—The annual meeting of the directors of the Home for Destitute +Catholic Children on Harrison Av., was held on the evening of the 14th +of January. During the past year 414 children were admitted into the +Home. Three died, two absconded, 401 were placed in families, and 186 +boys and girls remain in the Home. Since the Home was organized it has +received and provided for the large number of 6,364 poor children. The +officers of the corporation elected for the present year are: John B. +O'Brien, President; Charles F. Donnelly, Vice-President; P. F. Sullivan, +Treasurer; James Havey, Secretary; James W. Dunphy, John W. McDonald, +and John Miller, Executive Committee.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Advice to Young Women.</span>—A writer in a household periodical recommends +washing dishes as the best thing to put the hands in the soft and +pliable condition most favorable to piano practice. Mothers should give +this recipe a good long trial on their girls who assault the keyboard, +but shun the dish pan.</p> + + +<p><i>Lake Shore Visitor</i>: Ambition, as it is now understood, is not made of +very stern stuff. There are men regarded as ambitious, who are puffed up +with vanity, and who look upon themselves as very important. Death would +make such men an irreparable loss to themselves, but not much of a loss +to any one or anything else.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">A Year of Jubilee.</span>—We give elsewhere the Encyclical of Our Holy Father +the Pope, proclaiming an Extraordinary Jubilee. The translation is made +by Rev. Dr. Mahar, for the <i>Catholic Universe</i>, Cleveland, O.</p> + + +<p>March is the month of St. Patrick. On the 17th, the children of Ireland, +wherever located, celebrate the day. Their hearts revert back to the +dear old land of their birth and the happy days of their childhood.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"The lilies and roses abandon the plain;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Tho' the summer's gone by, yet the shamrock remains,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Like a friend in misfortune, it blooms o'er the snow;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Oh, my heart's in old Ireland wherever I go."<br /></span> +</div></div> + + +<p>Hon. John Finnerty in a recent utterance said, after he had read the +Queen's speech, "The Irish people must make up their minds to meet the +English with a courage displayed by the American colonists in dealing +with the Queen's grandfather, George the Third. The Queen of England has +a personal grudge against Ireland because Dublin refused a site for the +statue of her husband, who once said of the Irish that they ought to +live on grass."</p> + + +<p>The first Hungarian Catholic church erected in America was recently +dedicated at Hazleton, Pa., by the Rt. Rev. Bishop O'Hara, of Scranton, +same State.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Grand Army Record.</span>—This is the name of an eight-page paper issued by +Thomas Keefe, at 31 Cornhill, Boston. As its name indicates, it is +devoted to the interests of the Grand Army of the Republic, all soldiers +and sailors of the late war, sons of veterans and the women's relief +corps. The price is only $1 a year.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Newly Arrived Emigrants.</span>—The Rev. John J. Riordan's efforts at forming +a home, employment, and inquiry bureau, to benefit friendless and poor +Irish immigrant<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[293]</a></span> girls and women, have met with wonderful success. +Matron Boyle moved from 7 Broadway, where the Mission of the Rosary was +started less than two years ago, to the home at 7 State Street, New +York, purchased for $75,000 by Father Riordan. This property consists of +a building and lot facing the Battery. On it Father Riordan expects +eventually to erect a chapel, mission and home. The money thus far +raised has come from 25-cent annual subscriptions.</p> + + +<p>John Kelly, the politician, is seriously ill at his residence in New +York.</p> + + +<p>Oliver Wendell Holmes attributes his years and good health to an early +morning walk or horseback ride before breakfast. He was naturally of a +delicate constitution, and when he married Doctor Jackson's daughter the +father-in-law said to him: "If you have the necessary physique to stand +horseback riding, do it: if not, take an early walk each day." He +scrupulously followed the advice.</p> + + +<p>Lord Erskine, while going circuit, was asked by the landlord of his +hotel how he slept. He replied dogmatically: "Union is strength, a fact +of which some of your inmates appear to be unaware; for had they been +unanimous last night they could easily have pushed me out of +bed."—"Fleas?" the landlord exclaimed, affecting great astonishment. "I +was not aware that I had a single flea in my house."—"I don't believe +you have," retorted his lordship, "they are all married, I think, and +have uncommonly large families."</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Jubilee Year.</span>—See Encyclical of our Holy Father the Pope. Let every +Catholic in the land peruse it.</p> + + +<p>The Boards of Guardians throughout Ireland have resolutely set +themselves to the task of erecting laborers' cottages under the Laborers +Act. Here and there some of the landlords are obstructing the +performance of this good work, especially by resisting the extension of +taxation for the purpose over the unions at large. But the days of the +landlord's power on boards of guardians are very nearly at an end, and +they are fast retreating before the determined attitude of the national +guardians and the laborers, who are strenuously supported by the +organized public opinion of the country as expressed through the various +branches of the National League.</p> + + +<p>Farmers in Wales are now demanding a permanent reduction of twenty-five +per cent. in rents, fixity of tenure and compensation for making +improvements on their holdings. This is considerably in advance of what +the Irish farmers asked when they began their Land League movement; yet +they were denounced as plunderers by English writers who now say the +Welsh must get what they claim.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Help the Prisoners.</span>—Father Kehoe of St. Joseph's Cathedral, Columbus, +Ohio, who has charge of the Ohio State Penitentiary, appeals through the +<i>Columbian</i> to those blessed with the means to send him some assistance, +be it ever so trifling, towards securing a better provision for the +religious interests of the Catholic prisoners in that institution. There +is surely no better way in which people can show proofs of their +benevolence in a good work, and none in which their charity is sure of +being more fruitfully exercised. The demands are more than ordinarily +urgent just now, and the Chaplain appeals with confidence to the people +and to Catholic publishers for their practical sympathy. He has the +consent and authorization of the Right Rev. Bishop of the diocese to +this course of procedure. Good books on any subject, pamphlets, +magazines, papers, etc., would be welcome additions to the Catholic +Prisoners' Library, which has been already established by the zeal of +former chaplains and by the generosity of subscribers. At present the +particular need is for prayer books or for funds that will enable Father +Kehoe to purchase a sufficient supply of these and other religious +articles. Donations of beads, scapulars, etc., would be most thankfully +received.</p> + + +<p>The new boot and shoe store of Brennan & Co., 21 Tremont Street, and 851 +Washington Street, Boston, announce a mark-down sale that merits +attention. For one month, they offer to sell all goods at 20 per cent. +discount from market rates. As the goods are of recent manufacture, and +therefore stylish and new, the sale is a <i>bona-fide</i> one, and one where +bargains may be looked for.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[294]</a></span></p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Our Magazine.</span>—Baltimore <i>Catholic Mirror</i>: <span class="smcap">Donahoe's Magazine</span> (Boston) +has occupied a field exclusive to itself from the start—it is the +popular magazine for the Catholic masses. It is not like those flimsy +ventures which, under the title of "popular," get the people's money +without giving them adequate returns. On the contrary, it is ample in +scope, and its well-stored pages are carefully selected by its veteran +editor. The leading article in its January issue is that on Cardinal +McCloskey, by John Gilmary Shea.</p> + + +<p>A Belfast paper says: "As regards opposition from the minority in +Ulster, it will soon subside. An Irish Parliament, once established, +will have no warmer supporters than Protestants of the North." The +Orangemen are but a small fraction of the Protestants of that part of +Ireland.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">A Bad Outlook.</span>—At the present time there are in London about one +hundred and fifty thousand persons in want and penury. There are nearly +forty thousand men out of employment, and some ten thousand persons are +sunk so low, physically and mentally, that many of them are in dire +necessity, and were it not for the timely aid of the charitable, their +hard fate would soon increase the number of those who die from +starvation in the streets of the richest city in the world.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Smothering Children.</span>—In a recent inquest in London a physician +testified that the practice to which young mothers are addicted, of +lying over their infants at night, caused the death of about five +hundred children a year in London alone.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Munster Bank.</span>—Two of the directors of the late "Munster," have appeared +in the Bankruptcy Court:—William Shaw, whose indebtedness to the bank +is stated to amount to over £129,000; and Nicholas Dan Murphy, indebted +in the sum of over £24,000. A manager, other than Mr. Farquharson, who, +by the way, is <i>not</i> dead, will probably find himself in the hands of +the liquidators before long.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Tobacco.</span>—The "paternal" government of Ireland prohibits the raising of +tobacco. Mr. Thomas Power O'Connor, Nationalist Member for Liverpool, +gave notice that he would introduce a bill to repeal the prohibition of +the cultivation of tobacco in Ireland.</p> + + +<p>Father Burke was often heard to say that he could never speak at home as +in America. "I never knew what freedom was," he declared, "until I set +foot on the emancipated soil of Columbia. Then I said, 'I am a free man, +and I will speak my soul.'"</p> + + +<p>President Cleveland has signed the Presidential Succession bill. The law +now lodges the presidential succession in the cabinet, and puts seven +men in the line of <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'illegibility'">eligibility</ins> for the place. It so happens that all of +the present cabinet are Americans by birth, and over thirty-five years +of age.</p> + + +<p>The returns from the late ball of the Charitable Irish Society is +estimated to be about $800. At this rate it will take a long time to +build that hall.</p> + + +<p>The Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster has written to Rome in favor of +the canonization of Joan of Arc.</p> + + +<p>Says our esteemed contemporary, the <i>Catholic Record</i>, of London, +Ontario:—"The number of Catholics in the new British Parliament is 76, +the greatest since Emancipation. They are all Irishmen. The Anti-Irish +English "Cawtholics" could not elect a man in their own country to the +office of pound-keeper without the aid of the Irish whom they affect to +despise."</p> + + +<p>The California millionnaires set an example in charity that might well +be imitated by their Eastern contemporaries. At Christmas James C. Flood +donated $1,000 to the Catholic Orphan Asylum of San Francisco, and +$1,000 to the Catholic Orphan Asylum of San Rafael, Cal., and $500 to +the Magdalen Asylum, San Francisco. James Mervyn Donahoe donated $100 +apiece to the Catholic Orphan Asylum, Presentation Convent, and Youth's +Directory, all of San Francisco. Mrs. Maria Coleman $1,600 to the San +Francisco Catholic Orphan Asylum. A magnificent altar, composed of +Carrara marble<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[295]</a></span> and onyx, costing $5,000, has just been completed in St. +Joseph's Church, San Jose, Cal. It is the gift of Mrs. Catherine Dunne.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Columbus.</span>—It is announced from Corsica that the preparations for the +celebration of the fourth centenary of Christopher Columbus are far +advanced. The principal display will be made at Calvi. The latest works +of the Abbé Casanova, establish beyond doubt the fact that it was here +the illustrious navigator was born, and this opinion is shared by the +majority of Italian historians. The United States propose to take a +special part in the ceremonies, and it is expected that by a special +decree on that occasion the Corsicans will be declared American +citizens.</p> + + +<p>Father Burke had an ardent admiration for Cardinal Manning, saying on +one occasion that he was the greatest cardinal living in the church at +this day, dwelling on his activity, accomplishments, and readiness on +all public occasions; and also his capacity for every work to which he +turned his attention.</p> + + +<p>The Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus was celebrated at the Cathedral of +the Holy Cross, Boston, on the 17th of January, by the society of that +name. After the usual exercises, Rev. Father Bodfish, the director, gave +a brief review of the past year, and exhorted the members to persevere +in the good work which characterized its members. This is an excellent +society, and we would advise all, both young and old, to join it. Its +grand object is the discountenance of blasphemy, impurity and all the +vices to which poor human nature are addicted. The officers for the year +1886 are: Rev. Father Bodfish, director; Patrick Donahoe, president; +William Connolly, Treasurer; Andrew P. Lane, Secretary.</p> + + +<p>A London correspondent of the Dublin <i>Evening Mail</i>, writes of Mr. +Parnell:—"A friend tells me that one of the prettiest sights on the +Hastings promenade on Christmas Day was the Irish chief gamboling with +two little girls. One would have thought from his appearance that he had +no thought of a Constitutional crisis. His face 'sicklied o'er with the +pale cast of thought,' he seemed more like a modest usher of a school +frolicking with his master's children than the moving spirit of a +National rebellion."</p> + + +<p>Joseph Milmore, a well-known sculptor of Boston, died recently at +Geneva, Switzerland, whither he had gone for his health. He belonged to +a family of sculptors, the most distinguished of whom was Martin M. +Milmore, who died some three years ago. Joseph was engaged with his +brother Martin in many important works. Joseph Milmore was born in +Sligo, Ireland, and came to Boston when hardly more than a babe. At the +close of his school-life he became an apprentice to a cabinet-maker. +Later he engaged in marble cutting, and developed his taste for +sculptural work. His last work of consequence was on the statue of +Daniel Webster, at Concord, N. H.</p> + + +<p>The following Irish members returned to the new Parliament have declared +themselves in favor of women's suffrage, according to a list in the +<i>Women's Suffrage Journal</i>:—Joe Biggar, Cavan, West; Sir T. Esmonde, +Dublin County, South; E. D. Gray, Dublin City, St. Stephen's Green; T. +M. Healy, Monaghan, North; Londonderry, South; R. Lalor, Queen's County, +Leix; J. Leahy, Kildare, South; E. Leamy, Cork, North-East; J. McCarthy, +Longford, North; Sir J. McKenna, Monaghan, South; B. C. Molloy, King's +County, Birr; J. P. Nolan, Galway, North; W. O'Brien, Tyrone, South; A. +O'Connor, Donegal, East; T. P. O'Connor, Liverpool, Scotland, W. Galway +City; C. S. Parnell, Cork City; R. Power, Waterford City; J. E. Redmond, +Wexford, North; W. Redmond, Fermanagh, North; T. D. Sullivan, Dublin +City, College Green.</p> + + +<p>The Tory Ministry was defeated in England by a resolution offered by +Jesse Collings, an English reformer, the nature of which was, that a +certain amount of land should be set apart for the use of agricultural +laborers. On this minor English measure, the Salisbury government was +ingloriously defeated by a vote of 329 to 250. The Irish eighty-six +voted against the Tories, and thus ends this last attempt at coercion. +As Mr. Sexton said in his great speech, "Mr. Parnell was too old a +parliamentary bird to be caught with such thinly spread chaff as that." +Probably the Tories will adopt<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[296]</a></span> obstructive tactics. They hope, by +encouraging the Irish landlords to carry out ruthlessly wholesale +evictions, to provoke disorder and crime in Ireland, with a view to +compel Mr. Gladstone to revert to coercion, and so bring about a +conflict between the Liberals and the Irish party. This shameful scheme +will probably fail. The Parnellites will make vigorous efforts to +prevent disorder in Ireland, in order to give Mr. Gladstone a fair +chance.</p> + + +<p>Mr. Gladstone sees how the wind is veering, and begins to trim his +sails. He announces to his tenants reductions in their rent, varying +from twenty to thirty per cent. It is an ominous incident. Evidently, +the "Grand Old Man" is preparing to take off his coat to deal with the +land question, as well as with Home Rule.</p> + + +<p>The <i>Dublin Freeman's Journal</i> says: The Queen's speech, opening +Parliament, was an opportune attempt to please both the Irish parties. +It has a tendency to propitiate the stronger party and disappoint the +Loyalists or Orangemen.</p> + + +<p>Justin McCarthy, M. P., says: It is out of the question for Mr. Parnell +to take a seat in the Gladstone cabinet. The conditions to be accepted +by the one could not be offered by the other. The Irish National members +regard the whole situation as satisfactory, and are convinced, that, no +matter who comes in, or who stays out, Home Rule is certain.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">The Cunard Line.</span>—After the 17th of April, the Cunard Steamers will sail +weekly from Boston, on Wednesdays, in place of Saturdays as formerly. +The company have placed their best steamers on the Boston service,—the +<span class="smcap">Oregon</span>, <span class="smcap">Gallia</span>, <span class="smcap">Bothnia</span>, and <span class="smcap">Scythia</span>. With this fleet, Boston is the +place to get the most rapid passage between America and Europe. The +<i>Oregon</i> is already favorably known to the travelling public for the +superiority attained in speed, and when running to or from Boston, will +certainly cross the ocean in six days. The <i>Oregon</i>, on her last trip +from New York to Queenstown, made the run in six days and seventeen +hours.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Holydays of Obligation.</span>—According to the request of the Fathers of the +late Council of Baltimore, the Holy Father has intimated by letter to +the American Episcopate that the number of holydays of obligation, to be +observed by all Catholics in this country, has been reduced to the +following six, viz., Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin, +Nativity of our Lord, Ascension of our Lord, Circumcision of Our Lord, +Assumption of the Blessed Virgin, and the Feast of All Saints. The +Feasts of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin, Epiphany, and Corpus +Christi, as festivals of obligation, have been abrogated; but the +solemnity of the last-named feast the Holy Father desires to be +celebrated on the Sunday within its octave. This arrangement of feasts +makes the practice of their observance a general one. The days named are +of obligation in every diocese, and now every diocese has six holydays; +formerly, many had as many as nine. By lessening the number the Holy +Father made it certainly more easy for the laborer, who felt that he +could but poorly afford to observe the day, as his earnings were about +all he had.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Cardinals.</span>—<i>Lake Shore Visitor</i>: Just now we are having a few newspaper +Cardinals. Baltimore, Boston, and New York want the honor, and the +papers seem to think that there should be a proper selection made on the +part of the Holy Father. Chicago, St. Louis, San Francisco, and several +other small places have not been heard from yet. This country could +supply on newspaper more than enough of Cardinals. The Americans are by +no means greedy.</p> + + +<p>The lecture of Hon. A. M. Keiley, at the Boston Theatre, on Sunday +evening, January 31, in aid of the House of the Good Shepherd, netted +the handsome sum of over seven hundred dollars.</p> + + +<p>Vick's Floral Guide, for January, 1886, is beautifully illustrated. All +lovers of flowers, plants, etc., should procure this issue. Address, +James Vicks, Rochester, N. Y.</p> + + +<p>The <i>Catholic Mirror</i>, Baltimore, Md., has issued a supplement in the +shape of an annual for 1886. It is profusely illustrated and contains +besides the Almanac a good portrait of the Archbishop of Baltimore with +other engravings.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[297]</a></span></p> +<h3>The Papal Mediation.</h3> + +<p>We give the text of the Sovereign Pontiff's proposal of arbitration +between Germany and Spain; so that it may be seen at a glance how +closely the protocol followed its suggestions, merely amplifying in a +technical and explicit sense the scheme of His Holiness:</p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Proposal of His Holiness Leo XIII., Mediator in the Question +of the Archipelago of the Carolines and the Palaos, pending +between Spain and Germany:</i></p></blockquote> + +<p>The discovery made by Spain, in the sixteenth century, of the islands +forming the archipelago of the Carolines and the Palaos, and the series +of acts accomplished in these same islands by the Spanish government for +the benefit of the natives, have created, in the conviction of the said +government and of the nation, a title of sovereignty, founded upon the +principles of international law which are quoted and obeyed in our days +in similar cases.</p> + +<p>And, in fact, when we consider the sum of the above-mentioned acts, the +authenticity of which is confirmed by various documents in the archives +of Propaganda, we cannot mistake the beneficent course of Spain in +regard to these islanders. It is, moreover, to be observed that no other +government has exercised a like action towards them. This explains what +must be kept in mind—the constant tradition and conviction of the +Spanish people in respect to that sovereignty—a tradition and a +conviction which were manifested, two months ago, with an ardor and an +animosity capable of compromising for an instant the internal peace of +two friendly governments and their mutual relations.</p> + +<p>On the other hand, Germany, as well as England, declared expressly in +1875 to the Spanish government that she did not recognize the +sovereignty of Spain over these islands. The imperial government holds +that it is the effectual occupation of a territory which constitutes the +origin of the right of sovereignty over it, and that such occupation has +never been realized by Spain in the case of the Carolines. It has acted +in conformity with that principle in the Island of Yap; and in this the +mediator is happy to recognize—as the Spanish government has also +done—the loyalty of the imperial government.</p> + +<p>In consequence, and in order that this divergence of views between the +two States may be no obstacle to an honorable arrangement, the mediator, +having weighed all things, proposes that the new arrangement should +adopt the formulas of the protocol relating to the archipelago of Jolo, +signed at Madrid on the 7th of March last by the representatives of +Great Britain, of Germany and of Spain; and that the following points be +observed:</p> + +<p>1. Affirmation of the sovereignty of Spain over the Carolines and the +Palaos.</p> + +<p>2. The Spanish government, in order to render this sovereignty +effectual, undertakes to establish as quickly as possible in the +archipelago in question a regular administration, with a sufficient +force to guarantee order and the rights acquired.</p> + +<p>3. Spain offers to Germany full and entire liberty of commerce, of +navigation, and of fishery within the islands, as also the right of +establishing a naval and a coaling station.</p> + +<p>4. Spain also assures to Germany the liberty of plantation within the +islands, and of the foundation of agricultural establishments upon the +same footing as that of undertakings by Spanish subjects.</p> + +<div class="signature"><span class="smcap">L. Cardinal Jacobini</span>,<br /> +<i>Secretary of State to His Holiness</i>.</div> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<h3>Prince Bismarck to the Pope.</h3> + +<p><i>Sire</i>,—The gracious letter with which your Holiness has honored me, +and the high decoration accompanying it, gave me great pleasure, and I +beg your Holiness to deign to receive the expression of my profound +gratitude. Any mark of approbation connected with a work of peace in +which it has been given me to co-operate is the more precious to me +because of the high satisfaction it causes His Majesty, my august +master. Your Holiness says in your letter that nothing is more in +harmony with the spirit and nature of the Roman Pontificate than the +practice of works of peace.</p> + +<p>That is the very thought by which I was guided in begging your Holiness +to accept the noble employment of arbiter in the difference pending +between Germany and Spain, and in proposing to the Spanish Government to +abide by your Holiness's decision. The consideration of the fact that +the two nations do not stand in the same position towards the Church +which venerates in your Holiness her supreme chief never weakened my +firm confidence in the elevation of your Holiness's views, which assured +me of the most perfect impartiality of your verdict. The nature of +Germany's relations with Spain is such that the peace which reigns +between these two countries is not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[298]</a></span> menaced by any permanent divergence +of interests, by rancours arising from the past, or by rivalry inherent +in their geographic situation. Their habitually good relations could +only be troubled by fortuitous causes or misunderstandings.</p> + +<p>There is therefore every reason to hope that your Holiness's pacific +action will have lasting effects, and first among these I count the +grateful recollection the two parties will retain of their august +mediator.</p> + +<p>For my own part I shall gladly avail myself of every occasion which the +fulfilment of my duties towards my master and my country may furnish me +to testify to your Holiness my lively gratitude and my very humble +devotion.</p> + +<div class="signature"><span class="smcap">Von Bismarck.</span></div> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> +<p>The Holy Father has sent to Senor Canovas del Castello the decoration of +the Order of Christ. Thus His Holiness pays a high compliment to both +the principal Ministers acting in the question of the Carolines, giving +priority to him (Bismarck) to whom the proposal of Papal mediation was +entirely due, and whose nation, it may be noted, has accepted the Pope's +decision with the best submission.</p> + + +<p>Bishop Reilly's (no relation to the Bishop of Springfield, Mass.), +diocese in Mexico, is in the hands of the sheriff. The Episcopal Church +of Mexico has been purchased by the Jesuits. Proselytizing in Catholic +countries is very extravagant zeal, observes the <i>Western Watchman</i>.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Blessing the Throat.</span>—The feast of St. Blase, occurred on the 3d of +February. St. Blase was Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia. He suffered in +the persecution of Diocletian. Agricalaus, the governor of Capadocia, +had him dragged from his cell, in the mountain of Argæus. Every effort +was in vain made by bribes and threats to induce him to sacrifice to the +gods. He was then scourged and lacerated with iron combs, but he +remained unbroken in his faith, and, at last, his head was cut off in +the persecution of the wicked Licinius, A.D. 316. His relics, famous for +miracles, were preserved until scattered during the crusades. Numerous +miracles in favor of those afflicted with sore throats and similar +diseases, are attributed to the intercession of St. Blase. The Church +sanctions the pious custom of the faithful in having their throats +blessed on his feast, and she prescribes a prayer invoking the +intercession of St. Blase.</p> + + +<p>The Irish Cause in Philadelphia, <i>I. C. B. U. Journal</i>: The day after +the defeat of the Salisbury ministry, Philadelphia held an Irish +Home-Rule meeting at Independence Hall. It was a town meeting of a +representative character. The Mayor presided. Leading citizens signed +the call. There was a great throng. Prominent men spoke. The money given +"on the spot" was $5,780. A Committee of Fifty was appointed to collect +more. A despatch was sent Parnell telling him that the citizens of the +city of American Independence, in sight of the Liberty Bell of 1775, the +Mayor presiding, had contributed over £1,100. The signers were mainly +merchants and journalists not before identified with the movement. It is +thought that ten thousand dollars will be raised for the Parliamentary +fund.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> +<h3>English Cabinet.</h3> + +<p>The new cabinet is officially announced as follows:</p> + +<ul> +<li>Mr. Gladstone, prime minister and first lord of the treasury.</li> + +<li>Sir Farrer Herschell, lord high chancellor.</li> + +<li>Earl Spencer, lord president of the council.</li> + +<li>Mr. H. C. H. Childers, home secretary.</li> + +<li>Earl Rosebery, secretary for foreign affairs.</li> + +<li>Earl Granville, secretary for the colonies.</li> + +<li>Earl Kimberley, secretary for India.</li> + +<li>Mr. H. Campbell-Bannerman, secretary of war.</li> + +<li>Sir William Vernon Harcourt, chancellor of the exchequer.</li> + +<li>The Marquis of Ripon, first lord of the admiralty.</li> + +<li>Mr. J. Chamberlain, president of the local government board.</li> + +<li>The Earl of Aberdeen, viceroy of Ireland.</li> + +<li>Mr. G. O. Trevelyan, secretary for Scotland.</li> + +<li>Mr. A. J. Mundella, president of the board of trade.</li> + +<li>Mr. John Morley, chief secretary of Ireland.</li> +</ul> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[299]</a></span></p> +<p>The Emperor of China has formally invited the Pope to open direct +relations between the Holy See and the Chinese Empire by the +establishment of a Papal embassy at Pekin.</p> + + +<p>Miss Gertrude G. McMaster, second daughter of James A. McMaster of the +New York <i>Freeman's Journal</i>, was invested with the black veil at the +Carmelite Nunnery, in Baltimore. Archbishop Gibbons performed the +ceremony. This is the third daughter of the veteran journalist that has +joined the various orders in the church.</p> + + +<p>Reports are again in circulation that Archbishops Gibbons of Baltimore, +and Williams of Boston, are to be among the new batch of cardinals that +are to be created at the coming consistory at Rome. It looks as if there +might be two princes of the church in the United States. The two B's, in +all probability, will be the honored Sees.</p> + + +<p>Gladstone has completed his cabinet, and is now in working order. The +<i>Dublin Freeman's Journal</i>, commenting on Mr. Gladstone's election +address to his constituents, says the prime minister explicitly +recognizes that no settlement of the land or education questions in +Ireland is possible without Irish self-government.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">The New Secretary for Ireland.</span>—New York <i>Evening Post</i>: Probably the +most difficult place of all to fill was the Irish secretaryship. +Considering the fate which has overtaken the last three secretaries—Mr. +Forster ruined politically, Lord Frederick Cavendish murdered and Mr. +Trevelyan undoubted discredited—any Englishman in public life, however +able or brave, might well shrink from taking the place. But if any +Englishman can succeed in it, Mr. Morley will. He has already, both as a +journalist and member of Parliament, achieved distinct success in +politics. He is a grave and weighty speaker, and, though not a +sentimental man, has, what we may call, a philosophic sympathy with +people of a different type of mind and character from the English, to +the want of which the English failure in the government of Ireland has +been largely due. He is favorable to Home Rule in some shape, and is +ready to listen to what the Home Rulers say, and consider it, and is not +likely when he gets to Dublin to put on the "English gentleman" air +which the Irish find so exasperating. On the whole, in fact, the new +cabinet is a considerable advance on its predecessor, as far as the +Irish question is concerned, especially.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Michael Davitt Praises Gladstone.</span>—Michael Davitt, speaking at Holloway, +England, said he believed that Mr. Gladstone was the only English +statesman that had the courage and ability to grapple with the Irish +problem and establish peace between England and Ireland. The premier, +Mr. Davitt said, had already settled the question of religious +inequality, and had made an honest attempt to solve the land problem. +His failure to deal in a satisfactory manner with the latter question +was due to the fact that he had not gone to the root of the matter.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Parnell</span>—"Would you," said a member in the House after the defeat of the +Government, "under any circumstance accept the offer of the Chief +Secretaryship?" Mr. Parnell's reply was:—"Certainly not. To administer +any law an honest man must be in sympathy with it and believe it to be a +just and right law. Now, I am not in sympathy with the English rule of +Ireland, but believe it to be both unjust in itself and prompted by +alien feelings. Believing this, under no possible circumstances would I +have part or lot in administering it."</p> + + +<p>Martin I. J. Griffin in the <i>I. C. B. U. Journal</i>: Some time, in an +amusing hour, we give extracts from newspapers of forty or fifty years +ago, about the Irish "foreigners." It might teach a lesson to the sons +of the then assailed and the newcomers. Many of them are using language +about Poles, Hungarians, and the Chinese, just similar to the utterances +against the Irish years ago. As many Irish now feel against others, so +the "Americans" of that time felt against the Irish. If the Irish are +now just in their denunciations they may think less harshly of those who +maligned the Irish in the past. We Irish-blooded Americans must be +just.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[300]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Personal" id="Personal"></a><span class="smcap">Personal.</span></h2> + + +<p>Rt. Rev. Bishop Healy has arrived at Rome.</p> + + +<p>P. S. Gilmore gave two concerts in Madison Square Garden, New York, on +Sunday evening, February 21, in aid of the Parliamentary fund.</p> + + +<p>Sir Edward Cecil Guinness has given £2,500 to pay off the debt on the +Dublin Artisans' Exhibition, and to start a fund for the foundation of a +Technical School.</p> + + +<p>Mr. West, the British Minister at Washington, is a Catholic and attends +St. Matthew's Church. His pew is close to Lieut.-Gen. Sheridan's.</p> + + +<p>Thomas Russell Sullivan, President of the Papyrus Club of Boston, a +rising dramatist and novelist, is a descendant of Gov. Sullivan, the +first Governor of Massachusetts.</p> + + +<p>William Gorman Willis, a Kilkenny Irishman, 57 years old, who prepared +the version of "Faust," in which Henry Irving is now making such a +sensation in London, wrote "The Man o' Airlie," in which Lawrence +Barrett has achieved distinction.</p> + + +<p>Parnell will be forty years of age next June. He is a bachelor and leads +the simplest sort of life,—in lodgings, as a rule,—taking his dinner +at a hotel. His habits are so quiet that he and his sister Anna were +guests at the same hotel for weeks without knowing that they were under +one roof.</p> + + +<p>Rev. J. B. Cotter, ex-President of the Catholic T. A. Union of America, +is to deliver a series of free lectures on Total Abstinence, under the +auspices of the societies that comprise the Catholic T. A. Union of the +Archdiocese of Boston. The first of the series will be given in Tremont +Temple, Boston, Monday evening, February 15. The reverend gentleman is +devoting all his time to this worthy object, and should be welcomed by a +full house.</p> + + +<p>Mr. Thomas J. Gargan, of Boston, delivered an oration in Halifax, Nova +Scotia, before the Charitable Irish Society, of that city, on the +occasion of its one hundredth anniversary. The president of the +Charitable Irish Society of Boston, Mr. Morrissey, received a very +cordial invitation from the Halifax society to be present at the +anniversary, and replied that, in consequence of business here, he could +not attend. Mr. Gargan, however, an ex-president of the Boston +organization, was delegated to respond at the Halifax banquet for the +Charitable Irish Society of Boston. Mr. D. H. Morrissey, president of +the latter organization, has invited the president of the Halifax +society to attend the annual banquet at the Parker House, March 17.</p> + + +<p>Rev. Patrick Strain, pastor of St. Mary's Church, at Lynn, Mass., has +been presented with two elegant altar chairs, an easy chair and an altar +robe, in appreciation of his devoted labors during a pastorate of +thirty-five years. He went to Lynn from a charge at Chelsea in 1851. +Since he has been in Lynn he has raised upward of $200,000 for church +work. The old original wooden church is now replaced by a spacious brick +edifice. There is also a flourishing parochial school.</p> + + +<p>Rev. Father Nugent has retired from the chaplaincy of the prison at +Liverpool, where he has done so much good service for the last +twenty-two years. It is said that the retiring chaplain will enjoy a +well earned pension of £200 a year. During the twenty-two years of his +sacred ministry at Walton, over two hundred thousand prisoners have +passed under his charge. Who can tell the number that have been rescued +from a life of crime through his ministrations?</p> + + +<p>Hon. A. M. Keiley intends to settle in New York City and practice at his +profession of the law. On January 6th, he was admitted to practice at +the Bar of that State, by the General Term of the Supreme Court. His +standing as a lawyer was certified to by the Clerk of the Supreme Court +of Appeals of Virginia; and ex-Chief Justice Charles P. Daly vouched for +him as a moral person. As soon as he was sworn in, Mr. Keiley seconded +Mr. Algernon S. Sullivan's motion for the admission of Mr. T. McCants +Stewart, a colored lawyer from South Carolina. Mr. Stewart was +admitted.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[301]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Notices_of_Recent_Publications" id="Notices_of_Recent_Publications"></a><span class="smcap">Notices of Recent Publications.</span></h2> + + +<div class="center"><i>Thomas B. Noonan & Co., Boston.</i></div> + +<blockquote><p><span class="smcap">The Altar Manual</span> for the use of the Reverend Clergy. Price 75 +cents.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This very useful book contains Epistles and Gospels for the Sundays and +holydays. The Litanies, the Stations of the Cross, Litany and Prayers at +Forty Hours' Devotion, etc., the whole forming a compact volume of two +hundred and forty-one pages. Every clergyman in the country should +possess this excellent book.</p> + + +<div class="center"><i>Excelsior Publishing House, N. Y.</i></div> + +<blockquote><p><span class="smcap">Life of Parnell and What he has Achieved for Ireland.</span> By J. +S. Mahoney. Price 25 cents.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This is a pamphlet of one hundred and forty pages, and contains a sketch +of the life of Parnell, with portrait. In it is introduced the +lieutenants of Mr. Parnell, with portraits—Dillon, Sullivan, Biggar, +Healy, Sexton, McCarthy, T. P. O'Connor, Edmund Dwyer Gray, William +O'Brien, Mayne, O'Gorman Mahan, Rt. Hon. Charles Dawson, with the names +of the Irish members of Parliament, etc., etc. It is just the book for +those interested in the great struggle for Irish Home Rule.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<h3>MISCELLANEOUS.</h3> + +<p>Père Didon, the eminent Dominican, is engaged in the preparation of a +work from which great things are expected. It is to be a refutation of +Renan's infamous "Vie de Jesu"—a work which, it is declared by the best +authorities, conduced more to the spread of infidelity than any that was +ever published. Père Didon has paid a long visit to the Holy Land in +furtherance of his researches, and intends to make another trip there +before he concludes them. The book will probably not be published for +six or eight months.</p> + + +<p>Messrs. John Murphy & Co., Baltimore, have issued a large type edition +of the Holy Way of the Cross, new type with new illustrations. It is a +great improvement on former editions.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Haverty's Irish-American Illustrated Almanac</span>, for 1886. Price 25 cents.<br /> + +Persons who invest a quarter in this book will get the worth of their +money. Stories, poetry, etc., etc. Address P. M. Haverty, 14 Barclay +Street, New York.</p> + + +<p>I. F. M. in <i>Catholic Universe</i>:—Writing of Catholic publications and +Catholic reading we are reminded of the fact that the Catholic public is +often really victimized in this very matter. Books are made up out of +old materials, a few facts are added on cognate subjects of present +interest, the volume is handsomely bound, and an agent goes about the +country selling the book, receiving payments in instalments and making +sixty per cent. on his sales. Such books ornament a table and are little +read; an incubus of instalments is laid on the buyer; he pays twice as +much as ought to be asked for the book and the sale of really valuable +and much cheaper books is prevented. We have seen handsomely bound +Bibles bought for fifteen and twenty dollars, and solely used for an +ornament, by poor people who could surely have made much better +investments in reading matter. What we say of Bibles may be said equally +of certain ponderous volumes containing the Life of the Blessed Virgin, +etc. Of course, these are grandly useful books in themselves; but when +so gotten up as to be unavailable except for ornament, and when creating +an obstacle to the purchase of books more easily and more generally +read, they do not serve Catholic interests.</p> + + +<p>Instructions and Prayers for the Jubilee of 1886. Published with the +approbation of his Grace, the Most Rev. Archbishop of New York. 32 mo, +paper, per copy, 5 cents; per hundred, $2.00. The same in German. +Benziger Brothers, Publishers, New York, Cincinnati, and St. Louis.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">St. Vincent de Paul Library.</span>—Instructions on the commandments and +sacraments. Translated from St. Francis Ligouri, by the late Rev. +Nicholas Callan, D. D., Maynooth. The title of this little book explains +its contents. It is the first of a series of instructive books to be +issued by the St. Vincent de Paul Publishing Co., Chicago, Ill.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[302]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Obituary" id="Obituary"></a><span class="smcap">Obituary.</span></h2> + +<div class="center">"After life's fitful fever they sleep well."</div> + + +<h3>BISHOPS.</h3> + +<p>We regret to record the death of the Most Rev. Dr. Errington, Archbishop +of Trebizond, which took place at Prior Park, Bath, England. The +deceased, who was uncle to Sir George Errington, was born in 1804, was +in early life senior priest at St. Nicholas's Church, Copperashill, +Liverpool, and at a later period had charge of St. Mary's Church, +Douglas. He was first bishop of Plymouth, having been consecrated on +July 25th, 1851. In April, 1855, he was translated to Trebizond, and was +succeeded in the See of Plymouth by the present bishop, the Rt. Rev. Dr. +Vaughan. Archbishop Errington was of a kindly and generous disposition, +and performed many sterling but unostentatious acts of charity.</p> + +<p>We regret to announce the death of the Most Rev. Dr. Conaty, Bishop of +Kilmore. He had been suffering from extreme weakness of the heart, which +was always a source of alarm to his physicians. Dr. M'Quaid was in +attendance, and as the cathedral bell was ringing its last peal for +twelve o'clock Mass, Dr. Conaty, so much beloved by his priests and +people, calmly breathed his last. Great was the sorrow in his cathedral +when Father Flood, the officiating priest told the people that their +good bishop was no more. The deceased was in his sixty-seventh year, and +was consecrated bishop in 1863.</p> + +<p>Most Rev. George Butler, D. D., bishop of Limerick, Ireland, died on the +3d of February. He was consecrated on the 25th of July, 1861. He +succeeded Most Rev. Dr. Ryan.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> +<h3>PRIESTS.</h3> + +<p>The Very Rev. Dr. McDonald, V. G., died recently at Charlottetown, P. E. +I. By his demise the church in the Maritime Provinces has lost a +scholarly and devoted priest. He was beloved by all classes in the +community. May he rest in peace!</p> + +<p>Rev. Vincent Devlin, S. J., died at Cincinnati, Ohio, on the 29th of +January. His brief life has been crowded with a phenomenal aptitude for +scholastic attainments, and he ranked very high in the line of +educational mission which he filled. Father Devlin was born in Belfast, +in 1856. He accompanied his parents to Chicago when very young, his +father, who still resides there, being John Devlin, senior member of the +wholesale grocery firm of John Devlin & Co. His preparatory education +for the priesthood was received at the Jesuit College, Chicago. He went +through his novitiate at Elorissant, Mo., and became a member of the +Jesuit order in 1871, and was ordained four years ago. For a number of +years he was professor of belles lettres at the St. Louis University, +and latter, of languages at St. Xavier's, in Cincinnati, at which latter +place he died almost in the pursuance of his professional duties.</p> + +<p>The Rev. Patrick Tracy, of the diocese of Waterford, Ireland, died +recently, aged seventy-three years. He was ordained in 1837, and up to +1848 was connected with the parish of Trinity Without, Waterford, as a +zealous and devoted missionary curate. He took an active and earnest +interest in the 1848 movement, and was intimately associated with the +late General T. F. Meagher, on which occasion, fortunately, his great +influence over the masses saved that city from a sanguinary conflict, as +the rescue of Meagher on the morning of his arrest was fully determined. +In other parishes of the diocese he was distinguished for his zeal and +charities, and had been a hard-working priest for nearly fifty years.</p> + +<p>The Rev. Father George W. Matthew, of St. Patrick's Church, Racine, +Wis., died on the night of the 27th of January, of cancer in the throat. +The disease was similar to that which caused the death of Gen. Grant. +The stricken priest was taken to Cleveland, O., three months ago, where +a delicate operation was performed, and a silver tube placed in his +throat. Upon his return to Racine he became very weak, and it was well +known<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[303]</a></span> to his friends that he could not possibly recover. He was one of +the most prominent Catholic priests in the State, and one of Racine's +honored and best men, and his death will be learned with sincere regret +and sorrow by all classes of people. He was born in New York City in +1833.</p> + +<p>Died, in Rochester, N. Y., on the 22d of January, Rev. Michael M. +Meagher, much lamented by all who knew him. Father M. was born in +Roscrea, County Tipperary, on the 1st of August, 1831; he was ordained +priest at Dunkirk, N. Y., by Bishop Timon on the 7th of September, 1862. +There was no priest more zealous, charitable and devoted to every duty +than the lamented Father Meagher, and that he is now reaping his eternal +reward is the fervent prayer of all who know and appreciate the many +noble qualities of head and heart of this good and holy priest.</p> + +<p>The death is announced of the famous Abbé Michaelis, director of the +College of Philosophy at Louvain, previous to the establishment of the +Belgian Kingdom in 1830.</p> + +<p>Rev. Joseph F. Gallagher, pastor of the Church of the Holy Name, of +Cleveland, O., and for twenty-one years one of the most prominent +priests of that diocese, died Saturday, Jan. 30, of pneumonia, aged +forty-nine years.</p> + +<p>The Rev. John Dunn, D.D., died suddenly at Wilkesbarre, Pa., recently, +of pneumonia, aged thirty-eight years. He was a pulpit orator of unusual +ability. In August, 1877, his name was heralded throughout the country. +The first of August was a very dark day for Scranton. The great strike +of the steel workers was at its height. At 11 <span class="smcap">A.M.</span>, the strikers, to the +number of five hundred, met in an open lot adjoining the silk mills. +Speeches of the most inflammatory character were made, and it was +finally resolved to march to the steel mill, burn it down, and then go +to the Dickson Iron Works and compel the men there to quit work. Mayor +McCune, summoning the whole police force and the militia to the rescue, +awaited the coming of the strikers, who were now turned into a howling +mob. Soon they appeared armed with sticks and stones, and when they +caught sight of the militia they commenced to hurl stones at them. Mayor +McCune mounted a box and read the riot act. This only infuriated the +mob, and the cry went up, "Kill the Mayor!" The greatest excitement +followed, and the mayor was in danger of his life, when Father Dunn, +then pastor of the Cathedral, arrived on the scene. He mounted the box +just vacated by the mayor and cried out: "Men, remember that you are +men!" These words and the sight of the priest came like a thunderbolt +upon the mob, and in an instant its fury was spent. Father Dunn then +told the strikers in words of glowing eloquence that nothing could be +gained by bloodshed and destruction of property. The mob then dispersed +and peace reigned once more. At a meeting of citizens held shortly +afterward, Father Dunn was thanked for the part he took in saving life +and property, and Mayor McCune presented him with a gold-headed cane. In +1879 Father Dunn entered the American College at Rome, where he remained +three years. He visited the Pyramids, and on St. Patrick's day unfurled +the flag of Ireland on one of them. Dr. Dunn also celebrated Mass on the +supposed site of the birthplace of the Saviour in Bethlehem.</p> + +<p>Rev. William Walter Power, pastor of St. Patrick's Church, Joliet, Ill., +died of Bright's disease in that city. He was for a short time pastor of +St. Patrick's Church, in Chicago, and was 55 years of age.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> +<h3>BROTHER.</h3> + +<p>Brother John Lynch, S. J., died at St. Mary's residence, Cooper St., +Boston. He was a native of the county Tyrone, Ire., born July 25, 1802, +and entered the Society of Jesus in 1837. He came to Boston with the +venerable Father McElroy in 1847, and has lived here ever since. As +sacristan of the church and procurator of the church and residence of +St. Mary's for thirty-nine years, he endeared himself to the clergy and +the people by his many virtues and great piety. May he rest in peace.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> +<h3>SISTER.</h3> + +<p>Sister Mary, of St. Odilla (Parson), of the Sisters of Our Lady of +Charity of the Good Shepherd, departed this life on the 10th of January, +at the monastery in Newark, N. J. May she rest in peace!</p> + +<p>Sister Mary Cecilia Moore, connected with the Academy of Notre Dame, +Lowell, died on the morning of January 16,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[304]</a></span> aged forty years. She served +in Boston, East Boston and Lawrence.</p> + +<p>On Sunday, the 10th of January, Sister Monica (known in the world as +Miss Barbara O'Brien) died in the Ursuline Convent, Valle Crucis, near +Columbia, S. C. She was fifty-three years old, and had been a lay sister +for twenty-four years. May she rest in peace.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> +<h3>LAY PEOPLE.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Death of Hon. John Ryan.</span>—January 27, there died at his home in St. +Louis, Hon. John Ryan, a gentleman who is well known to many of the +older leading citizens of St. Louis. Mr. Ryan was born in Kilkenny, +Ireland, eighty years ago, and came in early manhood to the United +States, where, in Connecticut first, he soon achieved prominence in +public life. Migrating to the West he first settled at Decatur, Ill., +where he published a daily paper for some years as well as keeping up +his connection with the Irish newspaper press of the East. For seven +years he held the office of postmaster at Decatur, after which he came +to Missouri, where he served two terms in the State Legislature with +honor. The deceased gentleman leaves a widow and seven of the thirteen +children that were born to him, among these being Mr. Frank K. Ryan, the +attorney, formerly County Land Commissioner and recently elected to the +Presidency of the Knights of St. Patrick. The other surviving sons are +in business here. One of those deceased, Col. George Ryan, who was +killed at the head of his regiment, the One Hundred and Fortieth New +York, in Virginia, was a classmate at West Point of Governor Marmaduke. +And what is better than all, he was a true Irishman and devoted +Catholic, and as such was a shining example through life. In public life +he was above reproach and in private possessed all those endearing +qualities necessary to lasting friendship. He was, in the true sense of +the word, "self made," having acquired all he possessed through his own +endeavors.</p> + +<p>Mr. John McCane, Loyalist member of Parliament-elect for the middle +division of Armagh, is dead. Mr. McCane was the guarantor for Mr. Philip +Callan, in the latter's petition to unseat Colonel Nolan, the +Nationalist member of Parliament from the north division of Louth.</p> + +<p>Mr. William Doherty, who had been ill with heart disease for some time +past, died Saturday night, January 16, at his residence, 142 Edmonson +Avenue, Baltimore, in the eighty-sixth year of his age.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Royal Baker and Pastry Book.</span>—A Royal addition to the kitchen +library. It contains over seven hundred receipts pertaining to every +branch of the culinary department, including baking, roasting, +preserving, soups, cakes, jellies, pastry, and all kinds of sweet meats, +with receipts for the most delicious candies, cordials, beverages, and +all other necessary knowledge for the <i>chef de cuisine</i> of the most +exacting epicure, as well as for the more modest housewife, who desires +to prepare a repast that shall be both wholesome and economical. With +each receipt is given full and explicit directions for putting together, +manipulating, shaping, baking, the kind of utensils to be used, so that +a novice can go through the operation with success; while a special and +important feature is made of the mode of preparing all kinds of food and +delicacies for the sick. The book has been prepared under the direction +of Prof. Rudmani, late <i>chef</i> of the New York Cooking School, and is the +most valuable of the recent editions upon the subject of cookery that +has come to our notice. It is gotten up in the highest style of the +printer's art, on illuminated covers, etc. A copy will be sent as a gift +to every reader of this <span class="smcap">Magazine</span>, who will send their address to the +Royal Baking Powder Co., 106 Wall Street, New York, who are the +publishers of the book, stating that they saw the notice in this +<span class="smcap">Magazine</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Secret Societies.</span>—A bold and noble stand against secret societies has +been taken by General Pacheco, the new President of the South American +Republic of Bolivia, and one which stamps him with the superiority of +Christianity and manhood among princes and rulers. He declares himself a +practical Catholic, and the unyielding foe of secret societies. Finding +that Freemasonry was making way in the Bolivian army he has issued the +following decree: "Bolivia being a Catholic country, and Freemasonry +being entirely at variance with the teachings of the Catholic religion, +no man will henceforth be allowed to hold an officer's commission in the +Bolivian army, who is known to belong to a Masonic lodge."</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Clear the Road.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> At this battle of Fredericksburg, the Nineteenth +Massachusetts Volunteers, for the time being, became the +Faugh-a-Ballaghs—"clear the road." It was they that went in boats +across the river and with assistance cleared the Confederates from the +rifle pits in the lower streets of the town, and thus admitted the +laying of pontoon bridges over which passed the troops to charge the +Heights. The Nineteenth had many Irishmen in it.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> It is curious that our English prayer-books leave out that +word "three." The French follow the original Latin.—<span class="smcap">Tr.</span></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> "Vagrant Verses." By Rosa Mulholland. London: Kegan Paul, +Trench & Co.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Translated for the <i>Catholic Universe</i> by Rev. Dr. Mahar +from the Latin text of the <i>Osservatore Romano</i>, Dec. 25, 1885.</p></div></div> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<div class="transnote"> +<p>Transcriber's Notes:</p> + +<p>Punctuation and obvious spelling errors repaired. Unusual period +spellings and grammatical usages were retained (e.g. Phenix, +millionnaires, ivied, employés, clock times using period rather than +colon).</p> + +<p>Beginning P. 289, "Notes on Current Topics" through the end of the +text, the original placed minor (shorter) thought breaks between each +separate entry, including single paragraph entries. Transcriber has +retained only the major thought breaks, and thought breaks indicating +the beginning and end of multi-paragraph entries.</p> + +<p>P. 223, "A Chapter of Irish History in Boston"—throughout this article, +the ends of sentences form the section heading for what follows. These +were retained as in the original, so the paragraphs before those section +headings do not show concluding punctuation.</p> + +<p>P. 242, "Asinara(?)"—this parenthetical question mark was present in +the original.</p> + +<p>P. 250, Change in stanza indentation retained as in original.</p> + +<p>P. 277, "in laying bare"—original reads "bear."</p> + +<p>P. 291, reference to Thomas Gill article in North American Review. Total +tenant farmers in United Kingdom corrected to 1,069,127 (original reads +1,079,127). United States tenant farmers in excess of that number +corrected to 250,000 (original reads 50,000). Corrections based on +review of referenced article as published (Thomas P. Gill, "Landlordism +in America," North American Review, Vol. 142, Issue 350, January 1886, +p. 52-68).</p> + +<p>P. 294, "line of eligibility"—original reads "illegibility."</p> + +<p>Both "farm-house" and "farmhouse", north-west and northwest were used +(different articles).</p></div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Donahoe's Magazine, Volume XV, No. 3, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DONAHOE'S MAGAZINE, VOL XV, NO 3 *** + +***** This file should be named 38636-h.htm or 38636-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/8/6/3/38636/ + +Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, JoAnn Greenwood +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Donahoe's Magazine, Volume XV, No. 3 + Volume XV (Jan 1886-Jul 1886) + +Author: Various + +Release Date: January 21, 2012 [EBook #38636] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DONAHOE'S MAGAZINE, VOL XV, NO 3 *** + + + + +Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, JoAnn Greenwood +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: The following Table of Contents has been added (not +present in the original). Remaining transcriber's notes are at end of +text.] + +Pen Sketches of Irish Literateurs. III. Thomas Davis. 209 +Southern Sketches. XVIII. Havana. 215 +Our Gaelic Tongue. 222 +A Chapter of Irish History in Boston. 223 +Interest:--Savings Banks. 228 +Bay State Faugh-a-Ballaghs. III. 229 +Capital and Labor: Philosophy of "Strikes." 232 +Senator Hayes. 235 +Saints and Serpents. 237 +The Poems of Rosa Mulholland. 248 +About Critics. 256 +The Celts of South America. 258 +Encyclical: Quod Auctoritate, Proclaiming an Extraordinary Jubilee. 259 +England and Her Enemies. 264 +Ireland: A Retrospect. 266 +Jim Daly's Repentance. 268 +What English Catholics are Contending for, and What American + Catholics Want. 276 +Ingratitude of France in the Irish Struggle. 277 +O'Connell and Parnell--1835-1886. 278 +Juvenile Department. 279 +Notes on Current Topics. 289 +Personal. 300 +Notices of Recent Publications. 301 +Obituary. 302 + + + + + DONAHOE'S MAGAZINE. + + Vol. XV. BOSTON, MARCH, 1886. No. 3 + + "The future of the Irish race in this country, will depend + largely upon their capability of assuming an independent + attitude in American politics."--RIGHT REV. DOCTOR IRELAND, + _St. Paul, Minn._ + + + + +Pen Sketches of Irish Literateurs. + +III. + +THOMAS DAVIS. + + +The name of Thomas Davis is identified with the rise and progress of +Irish ballad literature. The sound of his spirit-stirring lyre was the +irresistible summons that awoke the sleeping bards of Irish song, bade +them tune their harps in joyous accord, and fill the land with the +thrilling harmony of a new evangel. At the touch of O'Connell, his +country shook off the torpor produced by the drug of penal proscription, +under which she had so long lain listless, almost lifeless. It fell to +the lot of the young Irelanders to perfect the work so successfully +begun; to raise her from the ignoble dust; to teach her the lesson of +courage and self-confidence, and quicken her footsteps in the onward +march for national independence. Thomas Davis was the acknowledged +organizer and leader of this band of conspiring patriots. By birth and +education he was well fitted for the position which he held. His father +was the surviving representative of an honored line of English +ancestors. His mother's genealogy extended back in titled pedigree to +the Atkins of Forville, and to the great house of the O'Sullivans. Davis +was born at Mallow, County Cork, in the year 1814. His early life gave +little indication of future distinction. At school he was remarkable for +being a dull boy, slow to learn and not easy to teach; but in this +respect he resembled many of his countrymen, who, from being +incorrigible dunces, rose to subsequent eminence and repute as great +orators, great poets and great patriots. Goldsmith, while at school, was +seldom free from the cap of disgrace; Sheridan's future was spoken of by +his early preceptor with doleful misgivings and boding shakes of the +head; Curran, till late in life, was known as "Orator Mum." Even at the +Dublin University, from which he graduated in 1835, Davis was remarkable +for being shy and self-absorbed, a quiet devourer of books, and a +passive on-looker in the rhetorical contests, at that time so dear to +enthusiastic young Irishmen. Until the year 1840 he did not seem to be +influenced by any settled code of political convictions. Indeed, his +outward appearance and demeanor betokened more of the English +conservative than of the Irish enthusiast. But a friend, who, in 1836 +sat by his side in an English theatre, remembered to have seen the tears +steal silently down his cheeks at some generous tribute paid on the +stage to the Irish character. In the year 1838, he was called to the +bar; and in 1840, became a member of the Repeal movement. During the +discussions which took place in Conciliation Hall, he still maintained +the policy of a simple listener; but in the intervals of debate his mind +was quietly developing new methods of work, new systems to be adopted in +promoting the national cause. The popular taste needed education. Once +made conversant with the history of their country, the people would +acquire a knowledge of their true position, would know how to act in +seconding the efforts of their leaders. The dull should be made +thoughtful, the thoughtful made studious, the studious made wise, and +the wise crowned with power. In the year 1842, his plans took practical +shape, when, in conjunction with Charles Gavan Duffy and John Dillon, he +founded the _Nation_ newspaper. This was the initiative step to his +subsequent brilliant career as a poet and patriot. + +Popular poetry was one of the agents depended on by the new editors to +infuse a larger spirit of nationality among the people. There being none +at hand to suit the exact purpose, they set about making it for +themselves. In this way originated that beautiful collection of rebel +verse now known wherever the English language is spoken as the _Spirit +of the Nation_. Until necessity compelled him to write, Davis never knew +that he possessed the poetic faculty in a very high degree. The +following exquisitely Celtic ballad was his first contribution to the +poet's corner of the _Nation_, a lament for the ill-fated Irish +chieftain, Owen Roe O'Neill: + + "Did they dare, did they dare, to slay Owen Roe O'Neill!" + 'Yes, they slew with poison him they feared to meet with steel.' + "May God wither up their hearts! May their blood cease to flow! + May they walk in living death, who poisoned Owen Roe. + + Though it break my heart to hear, say again the bitter words." + 'From Derry against Cromwell, he marched to measure swords; + But the weapon of the Saxon met him on his way, + And he died at Clough-Oughter, upon St. Leonard's day.' + + "Wail, wail ye for the Mighty One! wail, wail ye for the Dead; + Quench the hearth, and hold the breath--with ashes strew the head. + How tenderly we loved him! how deeply we deplore! + Holy Saviour! but to think we shall never see him more. + + "Sagest in the council was he,--kindest in the hall, + Sure we never won a battle--'twas Owen won them all. + Had he lived--had he lived--our dear country had been free; + But he's dead, but he's dead, and 'tis slaves we'll ever be. + + "O'Farrell and Clanrickard, Preston and Red Hugh, + Audley and McMahon, ye are valiant wise and true; + But--what, what are ye all to our darling who is gone? + The Rudder of our Ship was he, our Castle's corner-stone! + + "Wail, wail him through the Island! weep, weep for our pride! + Would that on the battle-field our gallant chief had died! + Weep the victor of Benburb--weep him, young men and old; + Weep for him ye women--your Beautiful lies cold! + + "We thought you would not die--we were sure you would not go, + And leave us in our utmost need to Cromwell's cruel blow-- + Sheep without a shepherd, when the snow shuts out the sky-- + O! why did you leave us, Owen? Why did you die? + + "Soft as woman's was your voice, O'Neill! bright was your eye. + O! why did you leave us, Owen? why did you die? + Your troubles are all over, you're at rest with God on high; + But we're slaves and we're orphans, Owen!--why did you die?" + +Unlike the ordinary poetaster, Davis wrote with a mission to fulfil, +with a set purpose to accomplish. He did not teach merely because he +wished to sing, but he sang because he wished to teach. His poetry was +to serve a purpose as distinctly within the domain of practical politics +as a party pamphlet, or a speech from the hustings. If the people had +hitherto depended almost exclusively for information on the spoken word +of a few popular orators, how much more effective would not the good +tidings of hope be, when given with rhetorical elegance, set in glorious +song, and placed within purchaseable reach of all. Hitherto the genius +of Melancholy presided over the fount of Irish song. The future was +looked forward to with hopeless dread, or sullen recklessness. The +present was only spoken of to enhance by shadowy contrast the grandeur +of a golden age, that seemed to have passed away forever. Moore's poetry +was the wail of a lost cause, the chronicle of a past, whose history was +yet recorded throughout the country in ruined abbeys, where the torch of +faith and learning was kept from dying out; in ivied castles, from which +the mustered manhood of a nation's strength had gone forth to scare the +Viking from her soil. Poor Mangan's vision of the past might be +predicated as an ideal picture of this lamented epoch:-- + + "I walked entranced + Through a land of morn, + The sun, with wondrous excess of light, + Shone down and glanced + O'er seas of corn, + And lustrous gardens aleft and right; + Even in the clime + Of resplendent Spain, + Beams no such sun upon such a land; + But it was the time + 'Twas in the reign, + Of Cahal Mor of the Wine-red Hand." + +Davis, and the school of poets whom he led, indulged little in +unpractical dreams and purposeless regrets. For the first time, the +longings of the present and the hopes of the future were spoken of +encouragingly. If, at judicious intervals, the pictures of Ireland's +golden era were uncovered, it was to stimulate existing ardor--not to +beget reverie; to develop latent faculties of work, and not to enfeeble +by discouragement the thews and sinews of national life already +beginning to thrive in busy usefulness. Freedom was to be purchased at +any risk. Davis might never live to see its realization, but he could +insure its nearer approach. His first duty, assisted by his zealous +co-partners, was to educate, to place in the hands of the people, the +means of enjoying those privileges which the leaders had set themselves +to win. Gradually but surely the good work progressed. The life of +"Treeney the Robber," the "Irish Rogues and Rapparees," the astounding +adventures of the "Seven Champions of Christendom," the pasquinades of +"Billy Bluff," and "Paddy's Resource," began to pall on the taste of the +peasantry, when, by degrees, they became acquainted with the authentic +history and the glorious traditions of their country. Sketches of Irish +saints and scholars, whose fame for sanctity and learning throughout +Christendom rivalled that of St. Benedict as a founder, and St. Thomas +of Aquino as a subtle doctor, appeared week by week in the characters of +Columbanus and Duns Scotus, Kilian and Johannes Erigena, Colman and +Columbkille. Among other schemes he planned the publication of one +hundred cheap books to be printed by Duffy, materials for which were to +be sought for in the State paper office of London, the MSS. of Trinity +College Library, and the valuable papers still preserved in Irish +convents at Rome, Louvain, Salamanca, and other places on the continent. + +The great secret of Davis's success was his energy, which nothing could +suppress or diminish--neither the imprisonment of his co-laborers, the +fatigue and anxiety of unassisted endeavor, or the clash of party +strife. From his teachings sprang two schools of workers, alike in the +ends which each proposed to win, but differing in the methods adopted +for its attainment. The one, the pronounced literateurs of the _Nation_; +the other, the organizers who propounded throughout the country the +doctrines enunciated by the official organ. The historic _Nation_ was +the great channel through which the current of politics sped with a +precipitous force, that nothing could withstand. From the date of its +first edition it had become universally popular. Even those whose +political views were at variance with its teaching were glad to be able +to purchase a sheet whose literary excellence elicited their surprise +and admiration. But it was among the common people that it had its +widest circle of readers. On Sunday mornings while awaiting Mass before +the Chapel gate, or on winter evenings around the blacksmith's forge, +the peasants would assemble to hear one of their number read aloud rebel +verse and passionate prose, the high literary value of which they knew +almost instinctively how to appreciate. Though sold at sixpence a copy, +a high figure for a weekly newspaper, especially so for the people who +were to be its immediate supporters, it had a wonderful circulation, +even in the poorest districts. Dillon, one of its founders, writing to +its editor, Gavan Duffy, from a poor village in Mayo, said: "I am +astonished at the success of the _Nation_ in this poor place. There is +not a place in Ireland perhaps a village poorer than itself, or +surrounded by a poorer population. You would not guess how many +_Nations_ came to it on Sunday last! No less than twenty-three! There +are scarcely so many houses in the town!" Two of the greatest critics, +that ever presided over the domain of letters, spoke enthusiastically of +the poetry which was selected from its columns, and which has since been +printed and sold by the tens of thousands. Macaulay confessed he was +much struck by the energy and beauty of the volume. Lord Jeffrey, in a +fit of playful confidence, said that he was a helpless victim "to these +enchanters of the lyre." The "_Spirit of the Nation_" was as +uncontestably the typical poetry of Ireland, as the songs of Burns set +forth the national sentiment of Scotland. The poetry of Davis, in a +marked degree, is characterized by all the distinctive qualities of the +Celtic race,--impulsive ardor, filial affection, headlong intrepidity, +mirth and friendship, all imperceptibly interwoven with a thread of +chaste melancholy, and all subordinated to feelings of Christian faith +and reverence. It was his patriotic endeavor to restore the old Irish +names of places, and by degrees replace them in permanent usage. How +well he succeeded in handling phrases in the Irish vernacular, without +marring the most euphonious rhythm, may be seen in the following piece, +_O'Brien of Arra_. + + "Tall are the towers of O'Kennedy-- + Broad are the lands of MacCaura-- + Desmond feeds five hundred men a-day; + Yet here's to O'Brien of Arra! + Up from the castle of Drumineer, + Down from the top of Camailte, + Clansmen and kinsmen are coming here + To give him the _cead mile failte_. + + "See you the mountains look huge at eve-- + So is our chieftain in battle; + Welcome he has for the fugitive, + Usquebaugh, fighting and cattle! + Up from the Castle of Drumineer, + Down from the top of Camailte, + Gossip and alley are coming here + To give him the _cead mile failte_. + + "Horses the valleys are tramping on, + Sleek from the Sassenach manger; + Creaghts the hills are encamping on, + Empty the bawns of the stranger! + Up from the Castle of Drumineer, + Down from the top of Camailte, + Kern and bonaght are coming here + To give him the _cead mile failte_. + + "He has black silver from Killaloe-- + Ryan and Carroll are neighbors-- + Nenagh submits with a fuililiu-- + Butler is meat for our sabres! + Up from the castle of Drumineer, + Down from the top of Camailte, + Ryan and Carroll are coming here + To give him the _cead mile failte_. + + "T'is scarce a week since through Ossory + Chased he the Baron of Durrow-- + Forced him five rivers to cross, or he + Had died by the sword of Red Murrough! + Up from the Castle of Drumineer, + Down from the top of Camailte, + All the O'Briens are coming here + To give him the _cead mile failte_. + + "Tall are the towers of O'Kennedy-- + Broad are the lands of MacCaura-- + Desmond feeds five hundred men a-day; + Yet here's to O'Brien of Arra. + Up from the Castle of Drumineer. + Down from the top of Camailte, + Clansmen and kinsmen are coming here + To give him the _cead mile failte_." + +_The Battle of Fontenoy_ is the corner-stone of the fame of Thomas Davis +as a poet. No greater battle-ballad has ever been written. Beside it the +ballads of Campbell are scarcely perfect. Davis and Campbell are each +typical of a distinct school of painting. Davis entered into minute +detail with the love of a pre-Raphaelite; Campbell wields the brush +after the manner of one of the old masters. Unhappily for his country +Davis died almost suddenly in the year 1845. He had not the happiness to +see the beneficial results, which ensuing years brought to the work, +which he was the first to begin. His character might be pithily +expressed in the words which he poetically wished might be inscribed on +his tomb: "He served his country, and loved his kind." A warm heart, and +a stainless name, shed lustre on the chivalrous patriot. An earnest +Protestant, he was no bigot. Of gentle birth and rearing, he never +narrowed his prejudices to petty distinctions of class or creed; but +threw in his individual help with the humbler striving of sturdy +commoner and frieze-coated peasant. The measure of national advancement, +which he accomplished, did not die with him, but lives to our time. It +would require little space to prove here that the literary societies, +the political club assemblies, the societies for the promotion of the +Irish language and industries, the discipline of national unity, which +controls the whole Irish movement in our day, are but the practical +sequence of the lessons which Davis and his party taught and +perpetuated. And if the hour is now at hand when the hard-fought battle +of a century is to be decided for us in glorious victory; if to us it is +given, through the efforts of the gallant patriots who still continue +the good fight, to set the banner of victory on the temple of national +independence, history yet survives and points its backward finger in +abiding gratitude to the unforgotten workers, who laid the foundation of +the citadel, which we are to open and inhabit. + + JAMES H. GAVIN. + + * * * * * + +Human nature is a greater force even than laws of political economy, and +the Almighty Himself has implanted in the human breast that passionate +love of country which rivets with irresistible attraction the Esquimaux +to his eternal snows, the Arab to his sandy desert, and the Highlander +to his rugged mountains.--_Joseph Chamberlain._ + + + + +Southern Sketches. + +XVIII. + +HAVANA. + + +After resting in my novel couch that evening, and experiencing no hurt +from the so-called formidable mosquito of the West Indies, I started +next morning, after a ten-o'clock breakfast of poached eggs, fried +plantains, meats of various kinds spiced with garlic, fruits, and other +nice things, to the Plaza de Armas, which is a beautiful square, and +only a couple of blocks from the Hotel de Europa. Towards evening the +Plaza presents a glittering sight. Its handsome palm-trees, roses, +Indian laurels, flowering shrubs, piers, railings, and statue of +Ferdinand, form a grand combination. The rambler to whom such scenes are +new, sinks almost unconsciously into a seat, and surrenders himself to +the irresistible influence of the music, fragrance and brilliancy of the +place. The military band discourses soft and delicious music. Soldiers +in gay uniforms, civilians in handsome dresses, and carriages containing +the wealthiest and handsomest of Havana's daughters, fill the square, +and one delightful stream of chat and laughter continues till the +performance is ended. The fine palace of the captain-general, the +beautiful chapel, El Templete (erected in honor of Columbus), the +university attached to the Church of St. Domingo, and several stores and +exchange offices border the Plaza. The scene is tropical, the moon's +clear beams mingle with the lamplight, and the sense of tranquility, +happiness, and repose, which characterizes the place and the crowds, +gives one a foretaste of Paradise. A very old tree stands in front of +the temple, and here it was that the first Mass was celebrated in the +island. The palace of the captain-general is two stories high, painted +light green, having a magnificent colonnade around the lower story, and +an elegant piazza around the upper one. On visiting it next day, I was +politely escorted by an officer through flights of marble staircases, +embellished with statuary and flower vases, into the presence of the +captain-general. He led me by vast, rich corridors to saloons +embellished with green furniture, marble floors, rich vases, walls full +of paintings, mirrors and statues. The ceilings were ornamented with +exquisite mosaics. The despatch apartment, dining-room, and chapel were +reached through splendid arches and highly-wrought pillars. Chandeliers +of exquisite design and great value added to the splendor of the +saloons. In winter the captain-general resides in the city palace; but +in summer he takes up his abode at the quinta, or country seat, outside +the town. A few minutes walk from here will take you to the cathedral, +which is a ponderous, time-worn building, constructed of a kind of +yellow stone, which has become mottled by age. I noticed doves cooing in +its heavy old window-sills. Though the exterior is plain, the inside of +the building is grand. Its floor is of marble, its walls are highly +frescoed, and its pillars are very lofty and round. The high altar is +of porphyry, and when I visited it, itself and the body of the church +were undergoing repairs. A feature which is sure to interest every +traveller, is a simple slab in the wall of the chancel to the left of +the sanctuary. Behind this, rests the remains of the illustrious +Columbus. A feeling of reverence and awe took possession of me as I +recalled the religious and brave career of that wonderful man, who, from +first to last, clung so strong to his holy faith. A courteous sacristan +next showed me the beautiful vestments and sacred vessels in use at the +cathedral. Chief amongst those was a remonstrance to hold the Blessed +Sacrament during processions like those of Corpus Christi. It stood six +or seven feet high, and was made of pure silver, enriched here and there +with gold and precious stones. It was a perfect representation of a +gorgeous gothic cathedral. The priests connected with the church are +very courteous and hospitable, and are but a short distance from the +seminary, to which I next bent my footsteps. + +This is a sombre and massive edifice. After passing a huge gateway, I +entered a large courtyard, which was ornamented with big, flowering +plants and Indian laurels. Fifty or sixty grand pillars supported +piazzas around the court. The porter brought to me the director of the +seminary, who proved to be a young and very agreeable priest. He offered +me the hospitalities of the seminary, and asked me to take a look at the +house. He could converse fluently in English, having been several years +in the United States. I learned from him that this institution, like the +cathedral, was about three hundred years old, that the majority of +candidates for holy orders were young men, natives of the Island, and +that such was not the case till recently, as in the past all the +aspirants for the ministry came directly from Spain. The faculty of the +house demanded postulants of a high standard, as could be seen from the +fact that out of twenty-four who applied for admission on the previous +year only nine were received. + +While walking with the reverend director on one of the verandas +overlooking the court, my attention was drawn to the students who came +out of their class-rooms to take recreation. They were all very handsome +young men. Five Lazarist priests and two lay professors take charge of +the house and classes. The course includes the sciences of the schools, +humanities, philosophy and theology. The class-rooms, refectory, library +and halls of the house were lofty and very well kept. The dormitory, two +hundred feet long, was finely situated, and had sixteen large windows +looking out upon the bay, forts, ships and hills. The students retire to +rest at nine o'clock and get up at five in the morning, when they make +their meditation and assist at Mass. They partake of a little bread and +coffee at 6.45 A.M., dine at 11.30 and sup at 7 P.M. Such, also, is the +custom of the Spanish seminaries. + +After leaving this institution, I pursued a northern course, passing by +huge barracks, in front of which soldiers were keeping guard. The palace +of the general of engineers stands in this vicinity. I had the pleasure +of an introduction to the commander, Signor Jose Aparicio y Beltram, a +Spanish gentleman of great courtesy and intelligence. He showed me all +that was interesting in this grand building of pillars, saloons and +courts. + +The city prison is situated about ten minutes' walk from this spot, and +is a very large, two-storied building, resembling a palace more than a +jail. On introducing myself, and presenting a card from the +adjutant-general, I was very politely received by Signor Jose Gramaren y +Voreye, chief of the prisons of the Isle of Cuba. The interior of the +prison is entirely unlike anything of the sort in the United States. The +prisoners, about two hundred in number, committed for political and +criminal offences, are confined in large, unfurnished rooms, whose +floors are of stone, and whose only ornaments are iron posts and chains. +Sad-looking, half-naked creatures stared at me in silence as I entered, +and then resumed their walks and conversation. Separate wards were +reserved for the Chinese and Negro offenders, and a large, neat chapel, +where Mass was celebrated every Sunday, was at hand for the +accommodation of all. The prison is situated in the new part of the +city, on a magnificent, wide street, lined with trees. This carries you +directly to one of the most superb promenades and drives in the +town--viz: the Parque de Isabella 2d. Here the wealth and beauty of +Havana turn out, especially in the evenings, to take the fresh air, and +exhibit themselves in splendid carriages behind prancing steeds. The +finest theatres and hotels of the city are in this neighborhood, and the +scene towards evening becomes quite fairy-like owing to the multitudes +of lights that fall on statues, fountains, gay promenaders, flowers and +palms, which stretch away for an immense distance. Here soldiers, +sailors and civilians mingle, now walking, now resting on iron seats +near flowery bowers. Members of the municipal police go by, dressed in +dark uniforms, carrying swords, whistles and batons. Some of the night +police stroll along in the evening, in black uniforms, bearing red lamps +and lancers. Crowds of people, who remain in-doors during the intense +heat of the day, come to the Parque at dusk to breathe the cool air, and +listen to the music of the military band, that plays every second night +near the principal statue and fountain. + +A little beyond the Parque towers aloft the grand new city market (Plaza +de Vapor), one of the finest in the world, adorned in front by a noble +colonnade. The numerous and handsome stalls are filled with goods of all +kinds; and among the most attractive of the displays are the rich, +luscious and lovely fruits of the island. This edifice is well worth +seeing. The Campo de Marte and the Paseo de Tacon, in this neighborhood, +are magnificent drives. The latter leads out to the suburbs, and beyond +the quinta, or country residence of the captain-general. Next day I +resolved to see the Casus de Benefecentia, which is situated at the +north-west of the city, in front of the ocean. It is the most famous +benevolent institution in Cuba, and is under the charge of the Sisters +of Charity. It consists of a file of buildings, of solid masonry painted +a tawny brown. After knocking at an immense door, I was admitted by the +porter, who introduced me to the director of the institution. He has a +smattering of English and was very polite. + +Signor Antonio Gorherti introduced me to several of the good sisters, +who were dressed in white caps and blue habits. We walked through the +grounds of the institution. These were very large and highly ornamented. +Twenty-four sisters dwelt in the house. The building had two divisions, +one for females and the other for males. The majority were destitute +orphans of both sexes, the rest were infirm adults. The entire number of +its inmates was about seven hundred. We went through the Baptistry, +which was fifty or sixty feet high, and entered the chapel, which had a +beautiful gallery and mosaic ceiling, then passed through a private +chapel where the Blessed Sacrament was kept. All these were finely +embellished with paintings. The large wards and dormitories were kept +scrupulously clean, and provided with numerous nurses, who received +thirty dollars a month in gold for their services. Every attention is +paid to the sick, and the best physicians are daily in attendance. +Sister Josepha, who had charge of the girls, showed me some very +beautiful embroidery and fancy work made by them. They presented many +gifts to the captain-general, who was a liberal patron of the +institution. The physical as well as religious and moral training of the +children was creditably attended to; all looked in fine health and +enjoyed good food, as well as the refreshing breezes of the sea, which +swept through the grounds. Their knowledge of the Christian truths was +excellent, and no wonder, as the educational system practised by the +sisters was exceedingly interesting, simple and comprehensive. The boys +and girls were formed into various religious sodalities, and I was +perfectly charmed with the manner in which so many, of almost every +color, united in singing sacred hymns in the Spanish language. + +It would take pages to describe the attractions of this institution +which commanded the respect and sympathy of all classes in Havana. +Though chiefly sustained by the government, still it often receives +magnificent bequests. One gentleman left the establishment two hundred +thousand dollars. His name will ever be held in grateful remembrance. +The untiring zeal of the good sisters makes the institution a perfect +success. On my return to the hotel, I dropped into the fish market which +adjoins the cathedral. The display of the finny tribe here was perfectly +gorgeous. Fish of every color, beautifully striped, and with glittering +scales, lay on the benches, after having lately been snatched from the +transparent Cuban waters. They presented a tempting sight to the crowd +of hungry darkies who lounged around the stalls. + +After a rest and an elaborately compounded dinner of fruits, vegetables +and meats, all savored with garlic and spices of various kinds, and +having been regaled with the rest of the guests, during its course, by a +band of music, I resolved to go and see the quinta, or suburban +residence of the captain-general. The drive to this place by the Paseo +de Tacon is very beautiful and refreshing. On entering the suburbs it is +lined with handsome villas and closely packed houses, which soon give +way to isolated mansions, green fields, blooming gardens and tropical +trees. The grounds of the captain-general are adorned by a splendid +entrance, grand walks, flower beds and avenues of palm trees. As I +sauntered along the gravel walks I noticed all kinds of cacti, roses, +cocoa and royal palms. On calling on the captain-general's widow I was +warmly welcomed by Signor Juan Batalla, the major-domo, and his lady, +both good Catholics. They kindly accompanied me through the grounds. I +saw great masses of dahlias, fuchsias, colens, kaladimus, and century +plants flourishing here in their warm native soil. Down a short distance +from the house we came upon a lovely cascade which threw its silvery +spray over numbers of blossoming vines. It seemed almost impossible to +check (if one barbarously desired to do so) the growth and beauty of the +flowers that lined the smooth, clear canal below the waterfall. Hundreds +of dresinas, other rare plants, and sweet-scented flowers made the air +heavy with their fragrance, while the lofty Indian laurels and palms +looked down like lords on the dwarf beauties growing at their feet. All +kinds of ducks sported in the canal, and tame deer browsed near its +banks. Signor Juan pointed with pride to a ceiba tree, about a hundred +feet high, and enthusiastically remarked what a brave one it was, since +it stood there since the time of Columbus. After taking along with me a +few mementos from the signor, I quitted this enchanting spot with +feelings of regret and returned to the city. + +The Church de Mercede which I next visited, is the handsomest in Havana. +It stands at the south-east of the city, and exteriorly presents a very +noble and finished appearance. I saw it on Quinquagesima Sunday, when +the devotion of the Forty Hours was in progress. The church, at the +Solemn High Mass (8 A.M.), was filled to overflowing, and the music, +which was rendered by a very large orchestra, was very fine. The +interior of the church was remarkable for its artistic beauty. Under the +faithful direction of the Lazarist Fathers, who came to Havana in 1863, +this edifice was carried to its present state of completion. The +building measures two hundred feet long by about ninety wide. Its grand +high altar and eight side ones force themselves upon your view by their +essential splendor, yet the extravagant and costly drapery of the +statuary on most of them, though agreeable to the Spaniards, is hurtful +to the taste of one coming from the United States. On the left of the +high altar stands a magnificent one of our Lady of Lourdes. The side +walls all around are grandly frescoed, and the ceiling is painted a +beautiful sky blue, with white clouds here and there, out of which peep +lovely bright angels. The oil paintings on the side walls of this church +must have cost thousands of dollars each, they are so large, richly +mounted and life-like in their execution. The grand altar, like the +church, is Corinthian in shape, and literally glittered with lights on +the morning I saw it. A great, high, solid ornament rested over the +reredos, looking like a papal tiara resplendent with gems. The marble +altar steps and pillars of light green shooting up to the roof, the +beautiful velvet sanctuary carpet and the crimson damask curtains +hanging from the side walls of the sanctuary gave a superb effect to the +full front view. The white and gold tabernacle, adorned with delicate +crimson lace, looked magnificent as the mellow sunlight flooded it. The +large congregation were wrapped up in devotion, and listened with great +attention and delight to a sermon on faith which was powerfully +delivered in Spanish by one of the Lazarist Fathers. When the Mass +ended, I accompanied the Fathers to their modest, neat rooms, where I +was delightfully entertained. These priests displayed a great amount of +knowledge and refinement. Though few could speak English, yet all could, +of course, converse in Latin, and this tongue they uttered with great +accuracy and fluency. I will always remember the kindness of these +priests and the grandeur of their sacred temple. + +The palace of the admiral, which I visited on the following day, is a +very handsome structure, built in Grecian style and painted a delicate +light blue. It stands near the custom-house and faces the bay. On +introducing myself, and presenting the card of the adjutant-general, I +was courteously conducted to the side of an officer by one of the guards +at the gate. The officer soon led me up a flight of marble stairs +through grand, lofty antechambers into the presence of the admiral, a +tall, handsome old gentleman. He welcomed me very cordially, and +introduced me to his son, a noble-looking young man dressed in the +uniform of a superior officer. The latter was not long resident in Cuba, +having recently arrived from Spain. He conversed very pleasantly in +English about the United States, Cuba, and other topics; then showed me +through the house, which contained magnificent apartments all furnished +in regal style. The chapel was gorgeous. + +After leaving the palace of the admiral, where I was so kindly treated, +I went to the arsenal, the extensive grounds, pretty church and military +stores of which are well worth noticing. A short distance from here and +you come to the military hospital. This is an immense establishment, +surrounded by a strong, thick wall, of a light brown color. Its many +gates were guarded by armed sentinels. On inquiring for the Padre Cure, +I was shown to his presence by a guide in military uniform. The Padre +was a large, good-natured-looking person. He was seated at his desk, +over a volume, when I entered. The appearance of his room showed that +the occupant was a student and a business man. The walls were lined with +books, and materials suited to his sacred calling were here and there +systematically fixed. Padre Toaquin Salvadorez received me like a +generous-hearted, highly-cultivated gentleman. After a brief chat, he +led me through the hospital. We passed through numerous offices, where +we saw the superior and directors of the institution. Signors Don +Antonius Pardinas, J. A. Salazaro, Don Edwardo Crespo and Don Jose Yara +Goza, were wonderfully polite and pleasant gentlemen. We entered the +wards of the hospital, which are attended by the Sisters of Charity. +Almost every bed was occupied by a sick soldier. Most of them were young +men not long from Spain, who came to serve the kingdom on a foreign +territory. The marks of fever and wounds lay heavy upon them. I noticed +sick soldiers and sailors, reading, writing and dozing. Several walked +along the corridors dressed in long, white gowns, slippers and turbans, +directing a nod and a smile to us as they passed by. The good Father +informed me that over one thousand were confined in the hospital, +attended by twenty-four nurses, who spared neither time nor effort to +make them comfortable. + +The rooms were large, airy and full of the odor of tropical fruits and +flowers. Beautiful religious pictures hung in several places and good +pious books were abundant. The officers' rooms had a large quota of +patients. All were brought by sickness to a level with the commonest +soldier. We went through the surgical rooms, where operations were wont +to be performed. We entered the chapel, a richly adorned and commodious +one, where the good sisters so often knelt to pray for the poor +invalids. Large, cooling arches spread away before us, and courtyards +full of flowers and gushing fountains gave refreshment and rest to the +inmates of this vast institution. The good Father showed me immense +cellars which contained barrels full of drugs of all kinds. The +establishment had three drug stores, all of which were busy supplying +the sick with medicines. A proof of the remarkable care taken by the +doctors and sisters of the sick in this hospital, may be seen from a +report made by a board of investigation which visited Havana in 1880, to +inquire into the yellow fever. During the year, 1360 of the army were +seized with this disease, 956 outlived it and 411 died, 3 remaining in a +doubtful condition. Out of the 174 seized by the disease in the navy, +109 lived and 64 died, 1 remaining in a doubtful state. Out of a total +of 1541 invalids 1069 lived and 475 died, 4 remaining in a doubtful +condition, thus producing a proportion of 30 to 6 signed by 36 Havana +doctors for the army, 4 for the navy, 4 apothecaries, 3 priests and 3 of +the military administration. + +Father Salvadorez pointed out to me immense stores as we walked along, +where great quantities of dry goods were piled up so as to provide the +sick with clothing and bandages, also immense stores in which groceries +of every kind were packed. The ambulance department, where everything +needed for sick soldiers could be had, was well worth seeing, also the +rest of the rooms and stores in connection with the building. The insane +department contained but one unhappy case. He was a young man with pale +face, long, black, flowing hair, and dark eyes full of sadness that +stared at us gloomily as we went in. A few words of cheer from the Padre +encouraged him, so he smiled, nodded his head, and then retired to a +corner of his cell. Father Salvadorez receives a salary of two thousand +dollars a year, and each of his assistants gets one thousand dollars. A +military attendant is attached to each. It is, indeed, a delightful +treat to form the acquaintance of the Padre and the officers of the +military hospital. If the stranger knows a little Latin, Italian, or +Spanish, he can chat with them, and get a good deal of information. +Their expressive gestures will go a good way to supply their lack of +English. It afforded me no small share of pleasure to meet at the +hospital, among the thirty-four sisters in charge, a novice who had +recently arrived from Cork, Ireland. She was the only Irish one among a +number of French and Spanish sisters, but certainly not the least loved. +After passing a few delightful hours of inspection, I bade adieu to the +Padre, whom I promised to meet at the university next day. On the +following morning, at nine o'clock, I heard him deliver a grand essay in +defence of the Syllabus, before a very large and attentive assemblage of +students. + +After viewing the chief features of interest in Havana, I bade the city +good-by, and set out for Matanzas, to see its famous Yumuri Valley and +caves of Bellamare (of the beautiful sea). + + REV. M. W. NEWMAN. + + * * * * * + +Enjoy present pleasures in such a way as not to injure future ones. + + + + +Our Gaelic Tongue. + + It is fading, ah, 'tis fading like the leaves upon the trees! + It is dying, sadly dying, like echoes 'mong the trees! + When the last breath of Autumn sighing on the breeze. + + The places now that know it, it soon shall know no more; + It has vanished, it has vanished, like some loved one gone before. + No more is it spoken as it was in the days of yore. + + It is sinking, slowly sinking, into its silent grave at last, + To live but in the memory as a relic of the past; + Our olden time is sinking by time and wrong harassed. + + And the land that gave it birth it will leave forevermore; + No more the hills re-echo to its music as of yore, + Amid the ancient ruins pining, an exile on its native shore. + + It was spoken ere the Grecian or the Persian felt the chain, + Ere Christianity's light arose to educate and tame + The fierceness of the pagan, and free the world again. + + Its youth beheld the Semite on Irish coasts a guest, + Whose manhood saw the empire of the Caesars sink to rest + In its old age, as a patriarch sinks silently to rest. + + In royal hall and peasant home its accents oft had rung; + Oft the glories of his native land the enraptured minstrel sung, + To king and nobles gathered round, in his wild, sweet, native tongue. + + Ah, sacred tongue, that oft has borne the message from above! + Ah, pleasing tongue, whose murmurs soft, like the cooing of the dove, + To patriots united it bore words of sweetest love. + + It was the tongue the apostle spoke in the days of long ago; + In it the priest advised his flock in the penal days of woe; + Its wild huzza at Fontenoy dismayed and beat the foe. + + Our Keltic tongue is dying and we stand coldly by, + Without a pang within the heart, or a tear fall from the eye, + Without a care to save it, or e'en a mournful sigh, + + To see it thus receding as the sunlight on the sea. + Oh, rescue it 'ere 'tis too late; oh, raise your might to free + The language of our fathers, from dark oblivion's sea. + + Shall it no more be spoken on Eire's fertile plain? + Shall not her sons aspire no more to rend the iron chain, + And light the fires of freedom that smouldered in its train? + + Oh, mute, forsaken tongue, must a captive's fate be thine, + Crushed by a despot's sceptre, but to be the sign + Of a ruined country, a desecrated shrine. + + Phenix of the fire and storm, shall it arising in its strength, + Spurning the galling, servile yoke, gloriously be at length, + Immortal and unconquerable, the language of Juvent. + + Worcester, Mass. J. SULLIVAN. + + + + +A Chapter of Irish History in Boston. + + +The _Boston Herald_ gives us a fair history of the ancient and honorable +Charitable Irish Society, which we cheerfully reproduce:--Within a few +weeks, probably at the annual meeting in March, action will be taken by +the members of the Charitable Irish Society looking to the proper +observance of the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of that +organization, which is one of the oldest in the country. The history of +the Society is a most interesting one, so much so that when Dr. Samuel +A. Green was mayor of the city, he requested that copies of the printed +records be deposited in the library at the Harvard University, with the +Massachusetts Historic Genealogical and Boston Historical Society, and +in the principal public libraries of the State. The motive underlying +the formation of the Society was very explicitly set forth when the +original members assembled and prepared the preamble to the rules and +orders, which declared that "Several Gentlemen, Merchants and others, of +the Irish Nation, residing in Boston and in New England, from an +Affectionate and Compassionate concern for their countrymen in these +Parts, who may be reduced by Sickness, Shipwreck, Old Age and other +Infirmities and Unforeseen Accidents, Have thought fit to form +themselves into a Charitable Society for the relief of such of their +poor and indigent Countrymen, without any Design of not contributing +toward the provision of the town poor in general as usual. And, the +Society being now in its Minority, it is to be hoped and expected that +all Gentlemen, Merchants, and others of the Irish Nation or Extraction +residing in or trading to these Parts, who are lovers of Charity and +their Countrymen, will readily come in and give their Assistance to so +laudable an undertaking." A remarkable provision of the by-laws, as +originally drawn, was the restriction that only Protestants should be +admitted to membership; but there are good grounds for believing that +Roman Catholics were admitted as early as 1742, and it is known that +prominent persons of that faith were members in 1770. The preserved +records do not show when Catholics were first admitted to membership; +but when the constitution was revised in 1804, the restricted clause was +repealed. The by-laws at first were few in number and very + + +Suggestive of the Times. + +The quarterly dues were two shillings, with "2 Shillings additional for +the Expenses of the House. The dues were to be paid into the treasurer's +hands when the members were called by their respective names, and all +persons on the calling of the List to keep their Seats to prevent +disturbance. And, further, that all members residing in Boston and not +attending at said quarterly meetings, but sending their quarterize, +shall also send 1 shilling for the good of the stock." "Expenses of the +house" suggests that, while the proceedings at meetings were in +progress, the members enjoyed "potheen," or something as exhilarating, +for another by-law provided that "no Person call for or order any drink +into the room where said Society is, except the President, who, or some +Person appointed by him, is to keep an acct. of the Liquor, and to take +care that the same do not exceed two Shillings for each member present." +Decorum and order were enforced at the meetings under a by-law which +provided that "if any Member offer any Indignity to another, or shall +Swear or Curse in said Society, such Member so offending shall pay as a +Fine to the Fund of said Society the Sum of Ten Shillings, and such +Member refusing to pay such Fine after being adjudged culpable by a +Majority of the Members present, such Person shall be excluded from said +Society." Four years after the founding of this Society, interest in the +meetings began to flag, and it was voted that the fine for +non-attendance should be five shillings, unless the member absenting +himself gave a reasonable excuse therefor. At one time, six o'clock in +the evening, was the hour set for assembling. There were some members +who worked at their trades well up to that time of day, and could not +get to their homes without danger of being fined in meeting for absence, +and, consequently, they appeared in their working clothes. This +necessitated a new by-law in 1744, providing that "All Members who +appear at the Annual and Quarterly Meeting to be Decent and Clean, +without Capps or Aprons." Notifications of meetings were called +"warnings," and members were warned in whatever way the secretary +desired. In 1768 it was thought that two shillings' worth of beer and +tobacco was rather too much for any one man to drink and smoke at a +meeting, and it was voted that "there shant be above 1 s. 4 d. a man +spent at a meeting before the Business of the evening be over and the +reckning called & settled; and that a clarke be chosen Each Evening to +settle the reckning," etc. The Society had no regular place of assembly, +but met around wherever it could. From the 21st of February, 1775, till +the 26th of October, 1784, the Society did not meet, owing to many of +the members being in the Continental Army, + + +Serving under Gen. Washington. + +On the evening of the reassembling of the Society after the War of the +Revolution, the President delivered an address in which he said: +"Gentlemen, Members of the Charitable Irish Society: I congratulate you +on this joyful occasion, that we are assembled again after ten years' +absence occasioned by a dreadful and ruinous war of eight years; also +that we have conquered one of the greatest and most potent nations on +the globe so far as to have peace and independency. May our friends, +countrymen in Ireland, behave like the brave Americans, till they +recover their liberties." It has long been a custom to invite to the +annual dinner of the Society, representatives of the Catholic and +Protestant clergy, and as far back as 1797 the committee having the +entertainment in charge was "authorized to admit such gentlemen as may +appear proper subjects for the celebration, they paying their own club." +In 1798 the members were not "warned" for the August meeting because the +contagion raged, and the members were principally out of Boston. In +October of the same year, they were not warned, "Because the Contagion +was not entirely eradicated and the Members not generally Returned." In +June, 1799, the secretary was a little nettled because he had no +company at the meeting, and he made as a record: "President, +Vice-President and all the members absent except the secretary. +Therefore, all business is suspended until the next meeting." For a year +or more afterward, the meetings were not well attended. In April, 1808, +an election of officers and other business was being disposed of, when +the proceedings terminated very abruptly, and the record gives the +reason as follows: "Fire is cried and bells ringing; the Society +disperse." By 1810, the material in the organization began to grow +again, and the meetings were held at the Old Exchange coffee house. +Twenty years later. Gallagher's Howard Street House was the popular +place of rendezvous, and it was here that a vote was passed providing +standards and banners for the Society. One of the most memorable events +recorded, took place on the 22d of June, 1833, when "thirteen marshals +conducted the Society to the lodgings of the President of the United +States, at the Tremont House, to pay their respects." President James +Boyd of the Society delivered an address of welcome, and President +Andrew Jackson replied as follows: "I feel much gratified, sir, at this +testimony of respect shown me by the Charitable Irish Society of this +city. It is with great pleasure that I see so many of the countrymen of +my father assembled on this occasion. I have always been proud of my +ancestry, and of being descended from that noble race, and rejoice that +I am so nearly allied to a country which has so much to recommend it to +the good wishes of the world. Would to God, sir, that Irishmen on the +other side of the great water, enjoyed the comforts, happiness, +contentment and liberty that we enjoy here. I am well aware, sir, that +Irishmen have never been backward in giving their support to + + +The Cause of Liberty. + +"They have fought, sir, for this country valiantly, and, I have no +doubt, would fight again were it necessary; but I hope it will be long +before the institutions of our country need support of that kind. Accept +my best wishes for the happiness of you all." The members of the Society +were about to withdraw when President Jackson took Mr. Boyd by the hand +and said: "I am somewhat fatigued, sir, as you may notice; but I cannot +allow you to part with me until I again shake hands with you, which I do +for yourself and the whole Society. I assure you, sir, there are few +circumstances that have given me more heart-felt satisfaction than this +visit. I shall remember it with pleasure, and I hope you, sir, and all +your Society will long enjoy health and happiness." The next event of +interest was the appearance of the Society in the procession on the +occasion of services commemorative of Gen. Lafayette, September 6, 1834, +"With a standard bearer and ten marshals, who decorated themselves with +the medals of the Society, and a special badge provided for the occasion +in honor of Gen. Lafayette, and bearing his likeness." The centennial +celebration was another red letter event. J. Boyd, the President, +delivered an oration at Masonic Hall. Governor Edward Everett, Mayor +Samuel Atkins Eliot, and other distinguished gentlemen being present as +invited guests, and these gentlemen also attended the banquet in the +evening and delivered addresses. In 1841 the Society began to meet at +the Stackpole House, which stood on the south-west corner of Milk and +Devonshire Streets, where the Post-office building now stands. The +Parker House has been the place of meeting for about thirty years, +beginning in 1856. Efforts have frequently been made to detach the +Society from Parker's; but the memories of good times and old faces has +so entwined the Society to that "tavern," that it has been impossible +thus far to effect a separation. In addition to the officers usually +elected in societies, namely, president, vice-president, secretaries, +treasurer and directors, the Charitable Irish Society adheres to the +old-time custom of electing a "keeper of the silver key," who is also +chairman of the board of directors. The silver key is not a myth, as +many of the new members of the organization, as well as other persons, +have supposed. It is made of coin silver, after the style of the +old-fashioned iron keys used to lock the main front doors of places of +business and family mansions, some of which are yet to be seen in houses +fifty or more years old. It is about seven or eight inches long, and +weighs between a quarter and half a pound. This key is preserved in a +velvet-lined case, and is one of + + +The Treasures of the Society. + +Its utility is described in the thirteenth section of the original rules +and orders, as follows: "The key keepers are to attend gentlemen and +others, natives of Ireland, or of Irish extraction, residing in these +parts, or transients, to acquaint them with the charitable design and +nature of this Society, and invite them to contribute by the formality +of delivering them a silver key, with the arms of Ireland thereon; and +if any person do refuse the same, they are to return their names at some +subsequent quarterly meeting." The records do not show that at any time +in the history of the Society has the key keeper had occasion to report +the name of anybody for refusing to contribute to charity. There are +also other relics and devices, all of which are in the possession of the +treasurer, who gives bonds for the safe-keeping of the same. The device, +or coat-of-arms, of the Society, represents an eagle with outstretched +wings, holding in one claw a liberty pole, surmounted by the cap of +liberty, and in the other a "sprig of shamrock." Pendant from the +eagle's neck is a shield, with an Irish harp and a shamrock in the +centre, around which is the legend: "Charitable Irish Society." Beneath +the device is the Society's motto: "Fostered under thy wings, we will +die in thy defence," and above are the dates of the founding (1737) and +incorporation (1809) of the Society. The banner of the organization is +now exhibited on but one day of the year, March 17, when it is given a +place as near the head of the banquet table as possible. By a rule of +the Society, the charity was formerly limited to forty shillings for any +one person at any one time, and there is no doubt that a great deal of +good was done. The growth of public and private charitable institutions +and associations had the effect, twenty or twenty-five years ago, of +leaving the Society with little or nothing to do, as its members were +nearly all associated with other charities, which covered the ground +more fully and promptly. Not for many years, however, has a record of +dispensed charity been kept. All cases are referred to the board of +directors, and upon investigation, if found worthy, the keeper of the +silver key and the treasurer have been instructed to aid the person +asking assistance. The impression has gone abroad, so quietly and +unostentatiously has the work been done, that the Society gives nothing +in charity. An incident touching this fact is related by one of the +officers. A respectable and intelligent mechanic, a brass finisher, +applied for relief. He had a wife and four children in Dublin. He was +out of employment there and came to America to get work. He had heard +that + + +His Family Were Suffering. + +He did not ask to be sent to them because he had nothing to give them. +He could get employment in New York, and soon would earn enough to +bridge over their necessities. He had called at a newspaper office in +Boston to ascertain where he could find a charitable Irish society to +help him, and was informed that "there was such a society in existence, +but that it was charitable only in name." The man found his way to the +keeper of the silver key eventually, and his immediate wants were +supplied, and he was given transportation to New York. Before the train +rolled out of the depot, he informed the member of the Society, who was +seeing him off, that he had paid another visit to the newspaper office, +and informed the people there that they had been misinformed; that "The +Charitable Irish Society was charitable not only in name, but in deed, +and in a direction, too, not covered by other charities of a private +nature." He felt it a duty incumbent on him to correct the +misapprehension, and, having done so, he bade them good day. This case +is only one of many that might be cited. Among the presidents of the +Society were some of the best known descendants of Irishmen in Boston. +The presidents for the last fifty years are as follows: + + 1835--John O. Park. + 1836--James Boyd. + 1837--James Boyd. + 1838--Daniel O'Callaghan. + 1839--Daniel O'Callaghan. + 1840--Wm. P. McKay. + 1841--Wm. P. McKay. + 1842--John C. Tucker. + 1843--John C. Tucker. + 1844--Terence McHugh. + 1845--Terence McHugh. + 1846--Terence McHugh. + 1847--Patrick Sharkey. + 1848--John Kelly. + 1849--John Kelly. + 1850--John Kelly. + 1851--Patrick Donahoe. + 1852--James Egan. + 1853--Dennis W. O'Brien. + 1854--Patrick Donahoe. + 1855--Thomas Mooney. + 1856--John C. Crowley. + 1857--John C. Crowley. + 1858--John C. Crowley. + 1859--Patrick Phillips. + 1860--Hugh O'Brien. + 1861--Hugh O'Brien. + 1862--Cornelius Doherty. + 1863--James H. Tallon. + 1864--Patrick Harkins. + 1865--Michael Doherty. + 1866--Charles F. Donnelly. + 1867--Charles F. Donnelly. + 1868--John M. Maguire. + 1869--John M. Maguire. + 1870--John Magrath. + 1871--John Magrath. + 1872--Thomas Dolan. + 1873--Thomas J. Gargan. + 1874--Thomas J. Gargan. + 1875--Bernard Corr. + 1876--Patrick A. Collins. + 1877--Patrick A. Collins. + 1878--Joseph D. Fallon. + 1879--Edward Ryan. + 1880--Patrick F. Griffin. + 1881--Patrick F. Griffin. + 1882--Thomas Riley. + 1883--W. W. Doherty. + 1884--Timothy Dacey. + 1885--Dennis H. Morrissey. + +For several years past the subject of erecting a suitable building in +which the Society should have a meeting place of its own, with rooms for +reading and social purposes for young men of the present and coming +generations, and also small halls for other Society meetings, has been +under consideration. The project seemed visionary till this year, when a +committee was appointed to raise a fund for the purpose. This committee +has given the subject most careful consideration, and intends by means +of a series of entertainments this winter, to establish a foundation on +which to build a fund for the erection of the structure proposed. When +the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary is about to be observed, it is +intended to invite President Cleveland to be the Society's guest, and +the occasion will, without doubt, be one of great interest. + + + + +Interest:--Savings Banks. + + +The _Catholic Review_: Interest to be at all justifiable ought to +consider a number of elements, which in the case of most of our Catholic +churches in great cities like New York, Boston, Brooklyn or +Philadelphia, are largely in favor of the church corporations. _Lucrum +cessans_ will justify interest; but just now where else can a gain of +four-and-half per cent. be combined with absolute safety. _Damnum +emergens_ justifies interest; but in the present condition of affairs, +with bank presidents looking for investments at two per cent., and +telling depositors that the mere safe keeping of their deposits is +interest enough, where does the loss of profit arise? "Danger of the +investment" justifies interest; but is it not ridiculous to say that any +bank imperils money lent to a Catholic church in New York or Brooklyn on +a first mortgage? The fact is, such an investment is only equalled in +security by a United States bond; it may not be as easily negotiable, +but it is just as safe. It ought to cost very little more. + +Priests to whom the second of January and first of July are sad days, +and who for weeks and even months previous are persecuted by the +necessity of begging from and irritating their congregations by painful +appeals for money to pay these dreadful interests, have asked the +_Catholic Review_ again and again to draw popular attention to the high +rate that is charged for such loans. We do so. But having done our duty +in this respect, we think we ought to add that it belongs to themselves +to deal effectively with the whole question, the very outside limits of +which we can only touch upon. Six per cent., that some of them pay, +would pay for many a Catholic teacher in a parochial school. How are +they to secure a reduction? We think a business-like and amicable +discussion of the whole question would convince the banks that property +such as a church is entitled to consideration not accorded to private or +business property. We do not now refer to motives of charity or +religion, but of pure business. No doubt some bankers will say, at +first, that "the thing cannot be done." Well, the example of the +Trustees of St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York, is a good one. When their +demand for a just reduction was, as we think, foolishly, refused, they +had no difficulty in transferring their mortgage. If half a dozen strong +churches took up the question, they would, we predict, bring all +opponents to time. It is worth talking over. Still more, it is worth +acting upon. Many a church that is now paying six per cent. could employ +six additional teachers if it had to pay only three per cent. interest. + + + + +Bay State Faugh-a-Ballaghs.[1] + +III. + +THE SECOND IRISH MASSACHUSETTS REGIMENT--THE TWENTY-EIGHTH TO THE +FRONT--ANOTHER CHAPTER ABOUT OUR RACE IN THE WAR OF THE UNION. + + +"To the troops (the Irish Brigade) commanded by General Meagher, was +principally committed the desperate task of bursting out of the town of +Fredericksburg and forming under the withering fire of the Confederate +batteries, to attack Marye's Heights, towering immediately in their +front. Never at Fontenoy, Albuera or at Waterloo was more undaunted +courage displayed by the sons of Erin than during those six frantic +dashes which they directed against the almost impregnable position of +their foe.... The bodies which lie in dense masses within forty yards of +the muzzles of Colonel Walton's guns are the best evidence what manner +of men they were who pressed on to death with the dauntlessness of a +race which has gained glory on a thousand battle-fields, and never more +richly deserved it than at the foot of Marye's Heights on the 13th day +of December, 1862." + +Of this brigade of five regiments the Twenty-Eighth Massachusetts +Volunteers, Colonel Richard Byrnes, was the second Irish regiment raised +in Massachusetts in defence of the Union in 1861. The tribute above +quoted is the testimony of the war correspondent of the _London Times_, +the files of which are to be found in our Boston Athenaeum. He was the +famous Dr. Russell, the Crimean and other wars' correspondent of the +_London Thunderer_. He should surely be a judge of heroic service and +undaunted bravery. He was an eye-witness, as was the writer of these +lines, of what he speaks, and could with great truth form a personal +knowledge of the facts, and with ocular proof depict the thrilling and +tragic drama enacted on the bloody slopes of Fredericksburg, Va., on +that midwinter day. The nature of the ground on the left bank of the +Rappahannock afforded ample views of the scenes being enacted on the +other side, and it requires no difficult stretch of the imagination or +of the sympathies of humanity to enter into the feelings of men, who, +seeing this fearful havoc of their Federal comrades, awaited their turn +for Burnside to order them, "his latest chance to try," across the +ensanguined river. When the order did come for the fresh Irish troops, +it was only to find themselves mingled in the slaughter with their prone +dead and dying comrades from the old Bay State, the Twenty-Eighth +Massachusetts, distinguishable by the fresh and natural sprigs of green +with which they had on that fateful morning decorated their military +caps, but which were now in too, too many cases, crimsoned with blood +and brains, or embedded in the crushed skulls of the gallant heroes, +who, only a few short hours before, so jauntily wore them. + +[Illustration: COL. RICHARD BYRNES.] + +"Why should we be sad, boys, whose business it is to die!" sung Wolfe at +Quebec. The strain was melancholy and its vein mercenary. It was not the +business of these gallant citizen soldiers to die. They should have +lived to see a country restored to peace and greatness as a proof of +their patriotism, valor and sacrifices. "But," says Dr. Russell in +another part of his Fredericksburg letter to the _London Times_, "that +any mortal men could have carried the position before which they were +wantonly sacrificed, defended as it was, it seems to me idle for a +moment to believe." And these valiant, adopted citizens of the Republic +hesitated not to obey the cruel order to charge and charge again and +again up to those impregnable works with a fortitude and persistence +that could not possibly be expected from troops who adopted the trade of +soldier and "whose business it was to die."[2] + +On another occasion, General Hancock said of a charge in which the +Twenty-Eighth Massachusetts participated: "I have never seen anything so +splendid." He was a judge of what a good charge consisted. Great credit +is most justly due to Colonel Richard Byrnes, of whom a most excellent +likeness is herewith presented, and of whom the writer will have +something more to say before he finishes a brief record of this famed +Irish-American Regiment. + +The evidences of fine discipline and military bearing given by the first +Irish regiment, the Ninth Infantry, organized in Massachusetts, and +which, when it went to the front sustained so admirably those earlier +promises to the great satisfaction of the national and state +authorities, prompted the latter to form a second similar corps. +Accordingly Gov. Andrew and Gen. Schouler consulted with the Right Rev. +Bishop Fitzpatrick of the Boston diocese and Mr. Patrick Donahoe with +this view. The outlook was favorable and the state officials received +patriotic and most cheerful assurances from these and other +Irish-American gentlemen taken into counsel on the subject. The +authority of the general government was at once secured and the +formation of the Faugh-a-Ballaghs, to be numbered the Twenty-Eighth +Massachusetts Infantry Volunteers, was speedily begun. An announcement +appeared in _The Pilot_ stating that on September 28, 1861, the war +office sanctioned the formation of the regiment to be commanded by +Colonel Thomas T. Murphy of the Montgomery Guard of New York, and +accordingly recruiting was begun with head-quarters at 16 Howard Street, +Boston. An address was issued which spiritedly set forth that for this +Irishmen and sons of Irishmen, should rally forth for their country's +cause, "now that Governor Andrew has been granted authority to raise +another Irish regiment.... This is to afford an opportunity to all those +whose allegiance, patriotism and home welfare all combine to enlist +their sympathies for the country of their adoption and the safety and +protection of the Union; to unite one and all to uphold its integrity +and render it inviolable for future ages. Signed Patrick Donahoe and Dr. +W. M. Walsh." Among the gentlemen authorized to recruit for it, were +Messrs. Alexander Blaney of Natick, Florence Buckley of South Natick, E. +H. Fitzpatrick of New Bedford, Owen E. Neale of Fitchburg, S. W. Moore +of Marlboro', C. W. Judge of Haverhill and Daniel O'Donovan of the same +locality, Martin Kirwin of Lawrence, A. A. Griffin of East Cambridge, +John Riley of Worcester, Paul Eveny of Salem, and Lieutenant Ed. F. +O'Brien of Burlington, Vt. + +The nucleus of the Faugh-a-Ballaghs was rendezvoused at Camp Cameron, +Cambridge, where the good, pious and patriotic Rev. Father Manasses +Dougherty of St. Peter's Church, Concord Avenue, ministered to the +spiritual and many of the temporal wants of the sick and the well until +a regular chaplain was assigned to the command. Many a gallant soldier +who, shortly afterwards, sank into a bloody grave, recalled with love +and veneration the tender and manly ministrations of this dear Soggarth +Aroon. A chaplain of the regiment, Father McMahon, is now the bishop of +the diocese of Hartford, Conn. Among the first acts of Company A, +Captain William Mitchell commanding, was to pass, by a unanimous vote, +the resolve: "That in consideration of the untiring zeal and patriotic +feelings of Mr. Patrick Donahoe in prompting and aiding the organization +of the Second Irish Massachusetts Regiment (the Twenty-Eighth) this +company will, hereafter, be known and called the Donahoe Guard." This +paragraph was further supplemented with the assurance from the company +to the patriotic gentleman whom they had named as patron, that their +conduct as soldiers and Irishmen in the field would never give cause of +disgrace to the name they had thus, with so much hearty unanimity, voted +to assume. Here let us for the close of this chapter leave the "boys," +many of whom are looking forward to a glorious future in which the fate +of their native Ireland is romantically blended. How often have they +thrilled with martial fervor, as they read or heard Thomas Davis's +Fontenoy, that famed Fontenoy, which would have been a Waterloo, + + "Were not those exiles ready then, fresh, vehement and true." + +Ah, yes, they will learn the science of war and if fate reserves them in +the glorious fight for the Union, their practical knowledge, their +tested courage will then be used by the grace of the God of Hosts to +help free their native land. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] Clear the Road. + +[2] At this battle of Fredericksburg, the Nineteenth Massachusetts +Volunteers, for the time being, became the Faugh-a-Ballaghs--"clear the +road." It was they that went in boats across the river and with +assistance cleared the Confederates from the rifle pits in the lower +streets of the town, and thus admitted the laying of pontoon bridges +over which passed the troops to charge the Heights. The Nineteenth had +many Irishmen in it. + + + + +Capital and Labor: Philosophy of "Strikes." + + +What the _land question_ was to the agricultural population of Ireland, +the labor question _is_ to the toiling masses of the United States--who, +in one or another form of manufacturing industry, in mines and shops, or +public employment, are honestly striving to "earn their bread by the +sweat of their brow." + +In the case of the Irish people the question was one of life and death, +or, what was practically the same, starvation or exile. + +An alternative so monstrous and so pitiful is not presented in the +United States to those who toil; but the conditions and prospects +presented to them are often harsh and bitter. + +We have seen in the instances of labor strikes, and by the simultaneous +suspension of work in the great mills and factories, that tens of +thousands of men accustomed to subsist by the returns of their daily +toil, have been reduced, with their families, to want and wretchedness. + +The accounts given in the public journals of the sufferings in Ohio and +Pennsylvania during the recent strikes amongst the miners, recalls the +widespread, and, in instances, awful distress which prevailed in the +districts in question. + +The startling figures lately put forth by representatives of the Knights +of Labor, which is said to be a powerful and widely extended labor +organization, as to the number of unemployed men in the United States, +seem incredible in the face of the apparent activity of trade and the +general seeming prosperity; but there is no doubt the real figures are +great enough to excite deep concern on the part of the thoughtful and +reflecting observer. + +It does not require that one should be either a philosopher or a +communist to see in the prevailing conditions of the labor element in +the United States, that something is seriously out of gear. With capital +everywhere concentrating in the form of monopolies,--whether it be in +the consolidation of railroads and telegraphs, or in mills and mines +where products are "pooled," or yet in the colossal stores and +factories, on every hand is seen the strengthening and solidifying of +capital in the hands of the few. And this consolidation, it is plain, is +only effected by sweeping out or swallowing up smaller enterprises. This +is the logical and perhaps inevitable result of our modern social +system--in which wealth and "greed of gain" is held to be the chief end +of life. But, with this visible agglomeration of wealth in the hands of +the comparatively few, what is to be said of the conditions and +prospects of the laboring masses? If, happily, in the acquisition and +accumulation of wealth by monopolists, we could hope for the rules and +application of Christian principles and a realizing sense of Christian +duties in its employment and distribution, there would then be less +occasion for concern and apprehension in considering the problems +presented in the questions of "Capital and Labor." However seductive and +alluring may be the dreams and vagaries of latter-day theorizers, +inequality of social and worldly conditions is and will remain the rule. +_Utopia_ will remain in the books; it cannot be realized, in fact, under +the conditions of our or any other known civilization. It can and may be +realized, but in a form and fashion outside the ken of the modern +"philosopher,"--and that will be by the universal acceptance of Divine +law and the general practice of the Divine commands. + +The Ten Commandments and the Sermon on the Mount contain the solution of +all the problems with which we are concerned in the discussion of this +question. When capital recognizes and acts up to _the duties_ involved +in and implied by the possession of wealth, labor will recognize and +respect _the rights_ of capital. + +The philosophy of the question turns upon these two simple words, +"RIGHTS" and "DUTIES." + +Adam Smith says: "The property which every man has in his own labor, as +it is the original foundation of all other property, so it is the most +sacred and inviolable. The patrimony of a poor man lies in the strength +and dexterity of his hands; and to hinder him from employing this +strength and dexterity in what manner he thinks proper, without injury +to his neighbor, is a plain violation of this most sacred property." A +distinguished Catholic authority--Cardinal Manning--gives a more concise +definition--"the honest exertion of the powers of our minds and of our +body for our own good, and for the good of our neighbors." + +The rights of the workman to dispose of his own toil on his own terms +cannot be questioned, nor can his right to combine and unite with other +toilers for purposes of mutual protection be seriously questioned. +Indeed, such unions and combinations may be said to be a necessity in +the existing order. + +How is it possible except through such union and combination to resist +the power of great corporations and exacting monopolies, which, as a +rule, little regard the rights of the day laborer. Capital is protected +by its own innate power, by its influence over legislation and +legislative bodies, and by the readiness with which "pools" and +"combinations" are formed to its bidding; but in its control over labor +it is more powerful still by reason of the helplessness of the working +masses, who must work in order to live. An autocratic order from the +chief of some great corporation will sometimes reduce the wages of tens +of thousands of employes from ten to twenty per cent in one swoop. And +the tens of thousands have no redress or alternative unless to "strike." + +And here lies the difficulty. The public, as a rule, do not sympathize +with "strikes" and "strikers." Strikes are always inconvenient. They +upset the existing order, disturb business, and sometimes lead to +destruction of property. + +There is, and can be, of course, no justification for lawlessness. If +the rights of the workman to fix a price for his labor, and other +conditions as to the hours of his service, cannot be disputed, the equal +rights of the employers to fix the terms and price to be paid is no less +certain. Between these often irreconcilable conditions lie only +submission, strikes, or arbitration. The former is often expedient, the +second sometimes necessary, the last is always wise. A leading mine +owner, widely known for his uniform practical sympathy with his +operatives, and for his public spirit and high character, Col. William +P. Rend, of Chicago, has lately put forward, in several public +conventions representing the mining interests, a method of arbitration +which would be invoked in case of differences between employers and +operatives. + +The simple suggestion of arbitration as the true remedy carries on its +face the evident solution of this vexed labor problem. + +It is not necessary to suggest details. The fundamental idea is that all +differences may and ought to be reconciled by frank and honest +arbitration. Where employers will meet operatives on this half-way +neutral ground, an adjustment may be confidently looked for in most +cases. The arts of the demagogue and the threats of the socialists will +no longer be effective with the laboring masses. Where arbitration by +mutual agreement is not practicable, legislative "Boards of Arbitration" +could be appealed to; and these should be provided for by law in every +state. + +When corporations and individual employers shall, as very many to their +honor, be it said, undoubtedly do, show due regard and consideration for +the rights and necessities of workmen and operatives, there need be no +fear of the spectre of communistic disorder in the United States. Our +mechanics and workingmen are instinctively conservative and cannot be +led away permanently into dangerous societies and combinations, if only +capital will join in promoting the adoption of "arbitration" as the true +solution of the labor problem. + + WM. J. ONAHAN in _Scholastic Annual_. + + * * * * * + +A CURE for tight shoes--go barefoot. + + + + +Senator Hayes. + +A SKETCH OF HIS ANTECEDENTS IN IRELAND AND AMERICA--HIS BRILLIANT +ELECTION. + +[Illustration: HON. JOHN J. HAYES.] + + +Among the forty gentlemen elected to serve in the Senate during the +present term of the General Court of Massachusetts, we hesitate not to +predict that it will be found that Hon. John J. Hayes, the subject of +this brief sketch, will bring to bear upon such questions for +legislative consideration and action as may devolve upon him a most +intelligent culture, a well-developed business training and thorough +uprightness of purpose. In choosing him as their senatorial +representative, the voters of the Eighth Suffolk District, embracing +Wards Twenty-two, Twenty-three, Twenty-four and Twenty-five--all +combined, having a preponderating majority of Republican votes--have +exhibited the soundest judgment, we are confident, in the exercise of +citizen-franchise. Mr. Hayes' election was a well-considered rebuke to +the narrow systems of legislation prevalent in most of the New England +States. Hon. William H. Spooner, the district Senator of last year, is, +in private and business life, an honorable and esteemed gentleman; but +being an extreme partisan in politics and a zealot in sectional +legislative efforts, when a fitting candidate was offered at the last +election to oppose him, a gentleman of adequate views of the needs and +requirements of his fellow-citizens to confront him, the voters +hesitated not at the polls whom to choose. + +Among his fellow-citizens of Boston and vicinity, Senator Hayes is well +recognized as an uncompromising adherent of Home Rule principles in the +affairs of Ireland, his native land. These come naturally to him. His +father, Mr. John Hayes, now of Manchester, N. H., was a devoted +supporter of O'Connell and, though young in years, was in turn warmly +appreciated by the great liberator. From the most steadfast patriotism +he has never swerved, and the blood in his children's veins, with the +teachings he inculcated, impels them to tread in the same path of +patriotic purpose as their worthy sire. + +Our Senator was born in Killarney, Kerry, January 26, 1845. His +childhood saw many days amidst the inspiring scenes of this grand and +most lovely portion of Ireland. He was educated in Dublin. Mr. Hayes +entered for the civil service examination for the war office department +before the noted Military Institute of Stapleton of Trinity College, and +readily passed the first examination. Pending the usual delay preceding +the second examination, the Bank of Ireland threw their appointments +open to public examination, and John J. received the first of fourteen +appointments, several hundred persons being competitors for these +places. He was assigned to serve in the Dublin office of the Bank, and +subsequently found rapid advancement in the Gorey and Arklow branches as +cashier, and later in the same capacity in the respectively more +responsible branches of the Bank in Drogheda and Cork. Mr. Hayes growing +restive under the naturally slow advancement in the Bank's services, +accepted a tempting offer from one of the strongest banks in Canada and +reached Boston en route thereto. Here, however, he was met with a +business offer which induced him to pitch his fortune in Boston business +circles, and after a few years became the junior member of the firm of +Brown & Hayes, importers, exporters and commission merchants, Broad +Street, and where he still continues to do the same business. His firm +changed to Hayes & Poppele in 1877 and as it is now to Hayes & Angle. + +Under the new organization of the School Board, Senator Hayes served +five years, from 1876 to 1880, during which he won deserved confidence +by his independence and unremitting watchfulness in school matters. +During these years he held several chairmanships and membership in +committees on accounts, salaries and other executive duties of the +board. He was a pronounced advocate of proper compensation to teachers +in which work he has always felt and shown a great and sympathetic +interest. From the advent of his services on the board, the teachers had +reason to know him as a friend, who would do battle for them against +reduction of their salaries, as was many times attested by his minority +reports and speeches in session. He resisted the attempts to do away +with the Suburban High Schools, and the residents of the sections where +they are located should feel indebted to his leading opposition to such +attempts for the retention of these suburban schools. + +Mr. Hayes has been a director in several insurance companies and has +been for many years on the executive committee of the Union Institution +for Savings. Senator Hayes resides in a handsome residence, surrounded +by ample grounds, in the Dorchester district, Ward Twenty-four. He is a +thorough Democrat in principle. It was, therefore, a most flattering +testimony to his personal popularity and of the great respect of his +usual political opponents that they voted for him. Particularly is this +the case in so far as his Dorchester Republican neighbors are concerned, +so many of these being of the ancient and wealthy families, descendants +of the earlier colonial settlers of Massachusetts Bay. The district also +embraces the homes of many retired merchants and strong business men of +Boston. In view of all the circumstances, Mr. Hayes' senatorial campaign +success, it must be conceded, was a most brilliant one. + + + + +Saints and Serpents. + + +Even among Catholics the story of St. Patrick's driving the snakes and +other reptiles out of Ireland has often been made the subject of, let us +say, good-natured jest. But, besides, among others than Irishmen the +legend has been laid to the score of the excessive credulity of +Irishmen. I myself have heard German Catholics instance this story as an +evidence of the excesses into which the Celtic mind is apt to run. And +yet, investigation shows that the Irish are not alone in their pious +belief. Father Chas. Cahier, a Jesuit, has compiled a work entitled +"_Caracteristiques des Saints dans l'Art Populaire_." It is a most +wonderful and valuable storehouse of information, illustration, and +explanation. Thus we find in that our saint is not only patron of +Ireland but also of Murcia in Spain, for the reason that on his feast, +17th of March, 1452, was won the battle of Los Alporchones. Turning to +the heading "Serpent," we meet with a long array of saints represented +in painting or sculpture with one or more of these reptiles in his +vicinity. Italy, Brittany, Germany, France, Syria, Egypt, and other +lands furnish legends as strange as that concerning our apostle. In +fact, comparatively small space is devoted to him by the erudite Jesuit. +He briefly says, "It is thoroughly admitted by the Irish that he drove +from their Isle the serpents and other venomous animals. It is even +added that the English have many times, but in vain, endeavored to +acclimate venomous animals in Ireland." In a footnote he continues as +follows: + + "A prose of Saint Patrick (in the _Officia SS. Patritii, + Columbae, Brigidae_, etc., Paris, 1620, in 16, p. 110-112) + says: + + "'Virosa reptilia + Prece congregata, + Pellit ab Hibernia + Mari liberata.' + + "Cf. Molan Hist. SS. Imag., lib. iii. cap. x. (ed. Paquot, p. + 265). _Nieremberg, De Miraculosis ... in Europa_, lib. ii. + cap. LXII. (p. 469, sq.); et cap. XVIII. (p. 429). + +"Nevertheless, Father Theoph. Raynaud (Opp, t. viii. p. 513) says that +this might have been a fact existing in Ireland previous to the days of +her apostle." + +In Jocelyn's "Life and Acts of Saint Patrick," Chap. CLXIX., we read, +"Even from the time of its original inhabitants, did Hibernia labor +under a three-fold plague: a swarm of poisonous creatures, whereof the +number could not be counted; a great concourse of demons visibly +appearing; and a multitude of evil-doers and magicians. And these +venomous and monstrous creatures, rising out of the earth and out of the +sea, so prevailed over the whole island that they not only wounded men +and animals with their deadly sting, but slayed them with cruel bitings, +and not seldom rent and devoured their members." + +Chapter CLXX. continues: "And the most holy Patrick applied all his +diligence unto the extirpation of this three-fold plague; and at length +by his salutary doctrine and fervent prayer he relieved Hibernia of the +increasing mischief. Therefore he, the most excellent pastor, bore on +his shoulder the staff of Jesus, and aided of the angelic aid, he by its +comminatory elevation gathered together from all parts of the island, +all the poisonous creatures into one place; then compelled he them all +unto a very high promontory, which was then called Cruachan-ailge, but +now Cruachan-Phadring; and by the power of his word he drove the whole +pestilent swarm from the precipice of the mountain headlong into the +ocean. O eminent sign! O illustrious miracle! even from the beginning of +the world unheard, but now experienced by tribes, by peoples and by +tongues, known unto all nations, but to the dwellers in Hibernia +especially needful! And at this marvellous, yet most profitable sight, a +most numerous assembly was present; many of whom had flocked from all +parts to behold miracles, many to receive the word of life. + +"Then turned he his face toward Mannia, and the other islands which he +had imbued and blessed with the faith of Christ and with the holy +sacraments; and by the power of his prayers he freed all these likewise +from the plague of venomous reptiles. But other islands, the which had +not believed at his preaching, still are cursed with the procreation of +those poisonous creatures." + +The Rev. Mr. O'Farrell, in his "Popular life of Saint Patrick," says, +"Rothe in his elucidations upon this passage of Jocelyn, compared this +quality bestowed upon Irish soil, through the prayers of Saint Patrick, +with that conferred upon Malta by the merits of Saint Paul, with this +difference, he adds, 'that while in Malta serpents, adders, and other +venomous reptiles, retain their life and motion, and lose only their +poisonous power, in Ireland they can neither hurt nor exist, inasmuch as +not only the soil but the climate and atmosphere, are unto them instant +death.'" + +Ribadeneira says that even the wood of Ireland is proof against +poisonous reptiles. He declares that King's College, Cambridge, is built +within of Irish oak, and consequently not even a spider can be found +within it. + +In the first volume of Chambers' "Book of Days" is told the story of the +attempt made by James Cleland, an Irish gentleman, in 1831, to +introduce reptiles into the Holy Isle. He bought half a dozen harmless +English snakes (_natrix torquata_) in Covent Garden market, London, and +turned them loose in his garden in Rathgael, County Down. Within a week +one was killed at Milecross three miles distant. A peasant who found one +and thought it an eel, took it to Dr. J. L. Drummond, the celebrated +Irish naturalist, and was horrified to learn that it was a genuine +serpent. There was great excitement, and it was fortunate for Mr. +Cleland that his connection with the affair was not known. One clergyman +preached on the discovery of the reptile as a presage of the millennium; +another saw a relation between it and the cholera-morbus. Some energetic +men took the matter in hand and offered a reward for the dead bodies of +the snakes. Three were killed within a few miles of the garden, and the +others were never fully accounted for. + +But to return to Father Cahier. He tells us of the following, depicted +in sacred art in close proximity to serpents. + +MOSES is not only represented raising the brazen serpent in the desert +to cure those who had been bitten by the reptiles (Num. xxi. 6-9), but +also casting his rod on the ground, that it may be changed into a +serpent--either at God's command before the burning bush as proof of his +divine mission (Exod. iv. 1-5), or before Pharaoh to obtain the +deliverance of the Israelites. (Exod. viii. 8-13.) + +SAINT PAUL THE APOSTLE. A viper hanging from his hand and which he is +shaking off into the fire. (Acts. xxviii. 3-6.) This event, which +occurred in the island of Malta, has given rise to a devotion greatly in +vogue, especially among the Greeks. Earth taken from a cavern, wherein +it is alleged Saint Paul took refuge after his shipwreck on the coast of +that island, is carried to a distance as a preservative against the bite +of dangerous beasts and against fevers. + +There was also in by-gone times a persuasion that any man born on the +25th of January (the day of the apostle's conversion) was guaranteed +against the reptile's tooth. + +SAINT ANDREW THE APOSTLE. His apocryphal legend relates, that he cast +out devils, under the form of serpents or dragons. (_Legend aur._, cap. +ii.) This is found represented amongst other places, on a stained-glass +window of the Cathedral of Chartres. + +SAINT PETER CELESTINE, Pope. I do not remember, says Father Cahier, ever +to have seen him painted with a dragon or a large serpent; but it is +probable that this may be met with, especially in Italy. For it is +related that, having retired into a grotto of the Abruzzi, he expelled +from it a venomous serpent, which had made great ravages in the +neighborhood. + +SAINT ROMAIN or ROMANUS, Bishop of Rouen; 24th of October, 639. His +dragon, or serpent, gave rise to an annual procession, during which a +prisoner was released in memory of the service rendered to the country +by the holy bishop. Father Cahier adds that this legend probably +allegorized the destruction of Paganism by the bishop's efforts in his +diocese. + +SAINT SPIRIDION, Bishop of Tremithontes in the island of Cyprus; 14th of +December, about 348. Offering a serpent to a poor man. + +He had a great reputation for charity, so the needy confidently applied +to him for aid. But one day when a beggar asked him for assistance, the +saint, who had nothing to give him, picked up a serpent, which the poor +man hardly cared to accept. Nevertheless, encouraged by the bishop, he +held his hand out; and the beast was converted into gold. (Surius, 14th +December.) + +SAINT NARCISSUS, Bishop of Gironu in Catalonia, and apostle of Augsburg; +18th of March, about 307. It is related in the country of the Julian +Alps that he destroyed a dragon, which was posted beside a spring, from +which all the inhabitants fled. + +SAINT AMAND, Bishop of Maestricht, and apostle of Flanders; 6th of +February, 675. While still a child, he drove, it is said, from the +island of Oye (near La Rochelle) a serpent which he met in his way. +(_Acta Sanctorum_, Februar., t. i, p. 849.) Father Cahier says that the +original is a dragon, which artists have converted into a serpent, and +that it is quite likely it symbolizes the idols overthrown by the +saint's apostolic labors in the country about Ghent. + +SAINT MODESTUS, Bishop of Jerusalem; 16th of December, seventh century. +Putting to death a serpent which infested a fountain; much like the +legend of Saint Narcissus. (Bagatta, _Admiranda orbis_, lib. vii. cap. +i, Sec.. 19, No. 29.) + +SAINT HILARY, Bishop of Poitiers; 14th of January, about 368. Old +artists paint him with a staff around which is twined a serpent; or +serpents fleeing from that staff. This signifies, that during his exile, +he completely banished the reptiles which infested the island of +_Gallinaria_ in the Mediterranean, near Genoa (the Gallinara of the +present day). According to other versions he did not exactly rid the +entire island of those animals, but simply relegated them to a corner of +the land, where he planted his staff as a boundary which they were +nevermore to pass. (P. de Natal., libr. ii, cap. LXVIII.--AA. SS., +_Januar._, t. i, p. 792.) Cl. Robert quotes an epitaph on the doctor of +Poitiers, found, he says, in an ancient manuscript, although the style +gives little indication of the Middle Ages. + + "Hilarius cubat hac, pictavus episcopus, urna; + Defensor nostrae mirificus fidei. + Illius aspectum serpentes ferre nequibant, + Nescis quae in vultu spicula sanctus habet." + +Might this be, asks Father Cahier, a way of expressing the fact that the +saint had banished Arianism from amongst his people? + +It is elsewhere shown that the dragons of many legions may be +interpreted by the overthrow and expulsion of Paganism, that is, the end +of Satan's reign over hearts. The serpent seems to have had something of +this symbolism in ecclesiastical monuments, except that sometimes, here +or there, it probably denotes heresy instead of idolatry. (Cf. Manni, +_Osservazioni istoriche sopra i sigilli antichi dei secoli bassi_, t. V, +sigill. 15.) + +SAINT PIRMIN, (_Pirminus_ or _Pirminius_) travelling bishop in Germany +(and a Benedictine, it is said); 3d November, 758. He is described as a +bishop of Meaux, who left his see in order to go and preach the Gospel +along the banks of the Rhine; and he is usually painted as putting a +multitude of serpents to flight. (_Calendar._ Benedict., 3d of +Nov.--Rader, _Bavaria Sancta_.) A sequence of Saint Gall (ap. Mone, +_Hymni ... media aevi_, t. III., p. 482, sq.) thus describes the marvel: + + "Hic Augiensem insulam + Dei nutu intraverat, + Quam multitudo pessima + Destinebat serpentium. + Intrante illo ... + Statim squammosus + Hestinanter exercitus + Aufugit, ampli lacus + Natatu tergus + Tegens per triduum." + +Amongst other abbeys of his foundation, he established that of Reichenau +in the island of Constance, vanishing from the island the vipers or +adders which had enormously multiplied in it. The legend even goes on to +say that, for three days, the surrounding water was covered with these +reptiles which forsook their old abode. + +Was this story the legend or the consequence of an invocation of Saint +Pirmin against unwholesome drinks? Besides people recommended themselves +to this saint against the plague and the consequences of dangerous food. +Furthermore, his dalmatic and his cincture were considered powerful to +assuage the sufferings of pregnant women. An ancient seal of Saint +Pirmin is found with these two verses used in certain provinces of +Germany: + + "Sanctificet nostram sanctus Pirminius escam, + Dextera Pirmini benedicat pocula nostra." + +SAINT SAMSON, Bishop of Dol, in Brittany; 28th of July, about 564. Some +say he slew a dragon, and Father Cahier says this may be symbolic of the +many victories he gained over the enemy of men. According to several, it +was a serpent which he drove from a grotto on the banks of the Seine +(Cf. Longueval, _Histoire de l'Eglise gallicane_, livre IX.) + +SAINT MELLON (Melon, _Mellonus_, _Mallonus_, _Mello_, _Melanius_?) first +Bishop of Rouen; 22d of October, about 214. A serpent of which his +legend speaks may be only the dragon of the saints who preached the +Gospel to idolatrous nations. An old office of his says: + + "Manum sanat arescentem + Morsum curat, et serpentem + Sese cogit perdere." + +His legend further relates that he overthrew in the city of Rouen the +idol _Roth_, and that the devil complained to him of the trouble he had +caused in his empire. (AA. SS. _Octobr._, t. IX., p. 572, sq.) + +SAINT CADO (or Kadok, Cadout, Cadog, Catrog-Doeth, Cadvot), bishop and +martyr in Brittany; 1st of November, about 580. The Bretons relate that +on a little island off the coast of Vannes, between Port-Louis and +Auray, he drove the serpents away and they never appeared there again +(_Vie des Saints de la Bretagne_, p. 666). The island retains the name +of Enis-Cadvod or Inis-Kadok, that is, the island of Saint Cado. + +A SAINT PATERNUS, bishop, whom Father Cahier cannot locate, is mentioned +as having warded off the bites of serpents. He cannot say, too, but that +there is more of symbolism than of real history in the story. + +SAINT PEREGRINUS, bishop, martyred at Auxerre, 16th of May, third +century, driving out serpents. Though one may consider this +representation a manner of expressing the earnestness he displayed in +extirpating idolatry from the people of Auxerre, it is admitted that in +the Nivernais country (especially at Bouhy where he took refuge), +serpents are never seen. People even come to the church of that village +to take earth out of a hole habitually dug _ad hoc_; and that earth is +carried away as a preservative against the bite of reptiles. It is +besides regarded as an understood fact at Bouhy that a certain family +there always has the figure of a serpent on the body of some one +belonging to it. They are, according to the story, the descendants of a +pagan, who, striving to drive the saint away by hitting him with a whip, +saw the lash change into a serpent which "landed" near the rock where +Saint Peregrinus had sought refuge against persecution. + +SAINT HONORATUS OF ARLES, or OF LERINS; 16th of January, about 430. When +he retired into the island which still bears his name, near the coast of +Provence, vainly was it represented to him that it was a receptacle of +venomous animals. The man of God exactly wanted a shelter, a refuge from +all visitors, and drove out all the serpents which had long multiplied +there without any obstacle. A palm-tree is still shown there, on which, +it is alleged, our saint waited until Heaven came to his aid, by having +the waves sweep away all that "vermin" which had rendered the island +uninhabitable until then. (Surius, 16 Januar.; and AA. SS. _Januar._, t. +II., p. 19.) Observe that the islands of Saint-Honorat and +Sainte-Marguerite are held in that country to have formed but one in +olden days, which was the real Lerins, Pliny and Strabo to the contrary +notwithstanding. + +SAINT PROTUS OF SARDINIA, priest; 25th of October, under Diocletian. He +was martyred with the deacon Saint Januarius and Saint Gavinus, a +soldier converted by them. Protus, exiled at first to the island of +Asinara(?) drove from it, it is said, all the venomous beasts. Many even +would have it that this privilege was extended to the whole of Sardinia, +for which, however, Father Cahier says he would not make himself +responsible. (Cf. _Hagiolog. italic._, t. II., p. 256). Hence a reptile +is often represented at the feet of the saint, while artists often +associate him with his two companions in martyrdom. In this case they +may be easily distinguished by their costumes of priest, deacon, and +soldier, which indicate the profession of each. + +SAINT FLORENCE OF NORCIA (_Florentius_ or _Florentinus_), monk; 23d of +May, about 547. He has been confounded, rightly or wrongly, with Saint +Florence of Corsica. But Saint Gregory the Great (_Dialog._, III., 15, +ed Galliccioli, t. VI., p. 202) speaks of him only as a simple monk, and +relates that he destroyed a multitude of serpents by his prayer. + +SAINT FLORENCE OF GLONNE, priest, patron of Saumur and Roye; 22d of +September, fourth century. He is sometimes said to have thrown a dragon +or serpent into the Loire, but the Bas-Bretons give the credit to Saint +Mein, abbot of Gael, who lived more than a century later. + +SAINT AMANTIUS OF CITTA-DI-CASTELLO, priest; 26th of September, towards +the end of the sixth century. He became famous in his lifetime by +numerous miracles, especially by delivering the people of the country in +which he dwelt from serpents. (Gregor. M., _Dialog._, III., 35. Brantii +_Martyrol poeticum_.) + +SAINT JULIUS, priest; 31st of January, about 399. The island of Orta, +near Novara, was delivered by him from a quantity of serpents when he +went there to build the last church he erected. According to some, these +reptiles, put to flight by the holy man's blessing, plunged into the +lake; others say that the serpents took refuge on Mount Camocino near +there, but that they never hurt any one any more. (Labus, _Fasti_, 31 +gennajo.--AA. SS. Januar., t. II., p. 1103.) The lake of Orta is still +called _Lago de san Giulio_, by the people of the country around Milan. + +SAINT MAGNUS (_Magnoaldus_), abbot of Fuessen, and apostle of Algan; 6th +of September, about 660. At Kempten this saint is credited with having +expelled venomous animals; as for the dragon, he is said to have caused +its death by his prayers at _AEqui caput_. However this may be, his staff +was employed at Abthal against field rats, and in Brisgan against all +kinds of insects that might injure the crops. (Cf. Wilh. Mueller, _Gesch +... der altdentschen Religion_, p. 113.--_Calendar. benedict._, 6th of +Septembr.--Rader, _Bavaria sancta_.) + +SAINT DIDYMUS, in the East. Father Cahier cannot say whether it is +Didymus of Alexandria (28th of April) or Didymus of Laodicea (11th of +September). Several modern German authors, copying one another, say that +he is represented walking on serpents and nailed to the cross. Either, +says Father Cahier, I greatly mistake, or the martyr of Laodicea, who +was torn on a stake (_Menolog. graec._, t. I., p. 29,) is confounded with +the hermit of the same name who used to walk amongst the most dangerous +reptiles (scorpions, horned vipers, etc.), without ever being injured by +them. (Rosweyde, _Vitae PP._, p. 479.) + +SAINT PHOCAS OF ANTIOCH, in Syria, martyr; 5th March, time disputed. He +is famed in the East as a signal protector against the bite of reptiles. +These reptiles are often represented near the church which is dedicated +to him, because it is acknowledged that they lose their venom as soon as +they approach it, and that those bitten by them there recover health. +(Cf. _Martyrol. Rom._, 5 mart.) + +SAINT CHRISTOPHER OF LYCIA, martyr; 25th of July, about 560. A serpent +is sometimes placed near him, either because reptiles were used without +effect to torture him, or on account of some miracle due to his +intercession long after his death. (AA. SS. _Jul._, t. VI., p. 137-139.) +Father Cahier adds, in a note, if, as Servius says, the word _anguis_ +was used to denote reptiles which live in water, consequently amphibious +animals, it becomes easier to understand that inundations may have been +expressed by a dragon or a serpent; so many writers have thought, the +Bollandists amongst others. So, in many cases, it may have been a +symbolic picture, whose significance was lost in the lapse of time. A +serpent near Saint Christopher might indicate that the saint had crossed +deep water. + +SAINT LEONTIUS, martyr; honored at Muri in Switzerland, as one of the +soldiers of the Theban legion. A serpent is given him as attribute, with +a little phial. Father Cahier says he has failed to discover the +significance of the emblems. + +SAINT AMABLE OF RIOM, priest; 19th of October, fifth century. Near him +serpents and venomous animals, because it is said that he drove all +maleficent beasts out of the neighborhood of Riom. + +SAINT BRIAC, abbot; 17th of December, about 609. He banished a serpent +with the sign of the cross. This saint met a man who was already stung +by a dangerous reptile and fleeing from the animal, which was in pursuit +of him. The servant of God, by giving his blessing, cured the wounded +man and put the animal to flight. (_Vies des Saints de la Bretagne._) + +SAINT MAUDEZ, hermit; 18th of November, seventh century. Driving out of +an island, in which he had established his hermitage, a number of +reptiles that lived in the place. The custom is preserved in Brittany of +using earth taken from the island as a remedy for serpents' bites. +(_Vies des Saints de la Bretagne_, p. 724, 725.) + +SAINT JOHN OF REOMEY, founder of this abbey, which afterwards took the +name of Montier-Saint-Jean; 28th of January, about 545. He is generally +represented beside a well and holding a sort of dragon chained. His +legend relates that he caused the death of a basilisk which made the +water of a well or fountain dangerous. (_Calend. benedict._, 28 januar.) +Sometimes instead of this dragon (winged) there is placed near him a +chained serpent. (Cf. Aug. de Bastard, _Memoire sur les crosses_, p. +776.) + +SAINT BEAT OR BEATUS OF VENDOMOIS, hermit; 9th of May, year difficult to +determine. The story goes that, finding a reptile in the grotto into +which he desired to retire, near the Loire, he drove the animal out with +the sign of the cross. (AA. SS., _Maii_, t. II., p. 365. D. Piolin, +_Hist. de l'Eglise du Mans_, t. I., p. 62.) + +SAINT LIFARD (_Liphardus_, _Liethphardus_), hermit, afterwards abbot at +Meun-sur-Loire; 3d of June, about 540. Near him in pictures is a staff +planted in the earth, and bitten at top by a serpent, which is broken in +the middle of the body. It is related that near his cell an enormous +serpent prevented the people of the locality from having access to a +fountain. Urbitius, a disciple of the holy man, ran one day to him, +telling him that he had met the dreadful reptile. Lifard smiled and bade +Urbitius be ashamed of his lack of faith, and gave him his staff with +orders to plant it in the ground in front of the beast. This being done, +and while the hermit was praying to God, the monster sprang upon the +staff, which he bit with madness. The weight of the monstrous beast made +it burst in the middle, and the country was delivered from him. (Surius, +3 jun.) + +Outside of France, this is sometimes represented by an empaled dragon +from which issue a number of little dragons flying away. (_Calendar. +benedict._, 4 jun.) + +SAINT LEONARD THE YOUNGER, abbot of Vendeuve; 15th of October, about +570. He is represented with a serpent near him, because one of these +serpents having crawled towards the holy man while he was at prayer, +stopped without being able to hurt him. He is also represented with a +serpent dying at his feet or twined around his body. (AA. SS., Octobr., +t. VII., p. 48, sq.) It is asserted that a serpent has never since +appeared in that place. + +SAINT MEMIN (or Maximin), abbot of Micy; 15th of December, 520. He is +painted holding a serpent, because he is said to have driven a dangerous +reptile from the banks of the Loire. (Aug. de Bastard, _Crosses_, p. +776.) + +SAINT DOMINIC OF SARA, abbot of the order of Saint Benedict; 22d of +January, about 1031. A present of fish sent to the holy man having been +abstracted on the way, the rogues were rather surprised to find only +snakes instead of the fish they had stolen. (_Calendar. benedict._, 22 +januar.,--Brantii, _Martyrol. poetic._) + + "Qui missos sancto pisces abscondit, in angues + Mutatos, rediens vidit et obstupuit." + +SAINT VINCENT OF AVILA, with Saint Sabina and Saint Christeta, his +sisters; 27th of October, under Diocletian. The bodies of these martyrs +having been abandoned to beasts of prey, an enormous serpent protected +their remains from any insult. A Jew, even, who had come to see the +corpses, ran such danger from the reptile that he made a vow to receive +baptism. (_Espana sagrada_, t. XIV., p. 32.) + +SAINT GORRY (Godrick, Godrich, _Godricus_), hermit in England; 21st of +May, 1170. He put himself under the direction of the monks of Durham, +and passed the latter part of his life in a solitude. He is represented +surrounded by serpents, because those venomous animals gathered around +him and did him no harm. (_Calend. benedict._, 29 mai.--AA. SS., _Maii_, +t. V., p. 68, sqq.) + +The Blessed BONAGIUNTA MANETTI, Servite and first general of his order; +31st of August, 1257. Father Cahier says that in France pictures of the +Servites are seldom found, and then with no particular emblem. He, +however, found one in which the blessed Bonagiunta is blessing loaves +which break, and bottles from which serpents escape. In the art of the +Middle Ages a serpent is the emblem of poison, and so it seems to be +here. As the holy man, while asking alms for his community, did not +hesitate to rebuke sinners, he gave offence to a Florentine merchant. +Pretending to be repentant and charitable, he sent poisoned bread and +wine to the Servite monastery. The Blessed Bonagiunta received the man +who brought the pretended alms, and said to him, "I know well that thy +master would take my life. But tell him that no evil will happen us, and +that death will soon strike himself." The prophecy was accomplished. +(Cf. Brocchi, _Vite dei SS. Fiorentini_, t. I., p. 246.) + +SAINT HELDRADUS, abbot of Novalese (13th of March, 875), is said to have +expelled the serpents that infested the valley of Briancon where the +saint wanted to establish a colony of his monks. (AA. SS., Mart., t. +II., p. 334.) + +SAINT THECLA, virgin and martyr; 23d of September, Apostolic age. This +saint is called a martyr, and even the first of martyrs, because +although her life was not taken in torments, she seems to be the first +Christian woman who was given over to the barbarity of Pagan public +power. It is related that she was thrown into a ditch filled with +vipers, but a ball of fire fell from heaven and killed all those +venomous animals. So she is sometimes painted with a fiery globe in her +hand or near her. Father Cahier adds that her Acts have not come to us +with sufficient indications of authenticity; but the church, in her +prayers for the dying, retains the memory of the three tortures (flames, +wild beasts, and venomous animals), from which the saint was delivered +by assistance from on high. She prays: "As thou didst deliver that most +blessed virgin Thecla from three most cruel torments, so vouchsafe to +deliver the soul of this Thy servant," etc.[3] + +SAINT CHRISTINA, virgin and martyr in Tuscany; 24th of July, towards the +end of the third century. Same attribute and same reason as for as Saint +Thecla. (Bagatta, _Admiranda orbis_, lib. VII., cap. I., 19, No. 3.) + +SAINT ANATOLIA, virgin, martyred with Saint Audax, 9th of July, about +250. She was confined in a narrow dungeon, with a venomous serpent, +which was expected to kill her. When it was thought that she was slain, +Audax, one of those Marsi who prided themselves on being able to charm +reptiles, was sent into the prison. But the virgin was unhurt, and the +serpent flung itself on the pretended charmer, who was delivered only at +Anatolia's command. Audax was converted to Christianity, and gave his +life for Jesus Christ some time after the death of the saint, who was +pierced by a sword. (_Martyrol. Rom._, 9 Jul.--Bagatta, _Admiranda +orbis_, lib. VII., cap. I., Sec. 19, No. 17.) + +SAINT VERENA, virgin at Zurzach in Switzerland; 1st of September, about +the beginning of the fourth century. At her prayer, it is said, a +quantity of venomous serpents forsook the country and flung themselves +into the Aar. + +SAINT VERDIANA (_Viridiana_), virgin of the Third Order of Saint +Francis, or of Valeambrosa at Castel-Fiorentino; 13th of February, 1242. +Living as a recluse with serpents. She imposed this sort of penance on +herself to overcome the horror that reptiles excited in her, and took +care to feed these strange guests herself so that they would not go +away. (Bagatta, _l. c._, ibid., No. 27.) + +SAINT ISBERGA, (_Itisberga_), a hermit virgin near Aire in Artois, +afterwards abbess; 21st of May, about 770. As daughter of Pepin and +sister of Charlemagne, she is often represented with a crown and a +mantle covered with fleurs-de-lis. But she is particularly distinguished +by another emblem. An eel is put in her hand, sometimes on a dish, and +for this reason: A powerful prince had asked Isberga's hand in marriage; +but in order to preserve the vow of virginity which she had made, she +besought God to send her some disease which would disfigure her. Her +face was soon covered with pustules, and the suitor no longer insisted +upon marrying her. Heaven then revealed to Isberga that she would be +cured by eating the first fish that would be caught in the Lys. The men +whom she sent for that purpose toiled long without succeeding in taking +anything but an eel, along with which they brought up in their nets the +body of Saint Venantus, a hermit (the saint's director), who had been +slain and cast into the river by the princess's lover, for he blamed the +hermit for the resolution taken by the virgin whose hand he sought in +marriage. The discovery of the body brought the crime to light, and made +known the sanctity of Venantus, to whose merits Isberga ascribed the +efficacy of the fish in delivering her from disease. (AA. SS. _Maii_, t. +V., p. 44.--Dancoisne, _Numismatique bethunoise_, p. 165, sqq.) + +SAINT ENIMIA OF GEVANDAN, virgin; 6th of October, about the seventh +century. She, too, is depicted with a serpent because she is said to +have delivered the country from that dangerous animal. (AA. SS. +_Octobr._, t. XI., p. 630, t. III., p. 306, sqq.) + +SAINT CRESCENTIAN; 1st of June, 287. Coins of Urbino represent him armed +cap-a-pie, on foot or on horseback, and killing a dragon with his lance, +or carrying a flag; at other times he is seen in deacon's costume, +trampling a serpent under his feet. He is said to have been a Roman +soldier, and to have introduced the Gospel into Citta-di-Castello. +(Brantii _Martyrolog. poeticum_, 1 jun: + + "Letifero Crescentinus serpente Tipherni + Occiso, gladio victima caesa cadit.") + +Turning to another part of Father Cahier's work, we find that the +following saints are also represented with serpents: + +SAINT JOHN THE EVANGELIST; 27th of December. He is represented holding a +sort of chalice surmounted by a little serpent or a dragon. The Golden +Legend says, that, to prove the truth of his teaching, he was compelled +to drink poison. Some of it was first given to two men condemned to +death and they died on the spot. The saint made the sign of the cross +over the cup, drank, suffered no inconvenience, and then restored the +two dead men to life. Father Cahier adds that this story seems to have +given rise to the custom especially prevalent among Germanic nations of +drinking to friends' health under pretense of honoring Saint John. He +says that this custom has sometimes been put under the protection of +Saint John the Baptist, but that it is not probable the Germans would +have cared about putting their _healths_ put under the protection of a +saint who drank only water. + +SAINT CHARITON, hermit and abbot in Palestine; 28th of September, about +350. Near him is represented a serpent plunging its head in a cup. A +native of Lycaonia, and released by the Pagans after being tortured for +the faith, he went to Jerusalem, where he was taken by robbers, and +confined in the cave which was their retreat. A serpent came and drank +out of the vase in which their wine was, at the same time poisoning it +with his venom, and the robbers died in consequence, whereupon the saint +made the cave the cradle of a monastery. (_Menolog., graec_, t. I., p. +73.) + +SAINT POURCAIN (_Portianus_), abbot in Auvergne; 24th of November, about +540. He is represented with a broken cup from which emerges a serpent. +King Thierry I. was ravaging Auvergne, and the holy abbot went to +intercede with him for the poor people. The King was still asleep when +he came, and the principal officer offered him a drink, which he refused +because he had not yet seen the king or celebrated the office. Pressed, +however, he blessed the vase which was brought him, it broke, and a +serpent came out of it. The whole court considered that he had been +saved from poison. (Gregor. Turon., _Vitae PP._, cap. V.) + +SAINT JOHN OF SAHAGUN, Hermit of Saint Augustine; 12th of June, 1497. He +is represented amongst other ways, with a cup surmounted by a serpent. +This is because he was really poisoned by a dissolute woman in revenge +for the conversion of her lover by the saint and his consequent +dismissal of her. (AA. SS. _Jun._, t. II., p. 625.) + +SAINT LOUIS BERTRAND, Dominican; 10th of October, 1581. A cup with a +serpent indicates that in his missions in America he had poison given +him more than once by the Pagans, without being injured by it. + + TH. XR. K. + +FOOTNOTE: + +[3] It is curious that our English prayer-books leave out that word +"three." The French follow the original Latin.--TR. + + + + +The Poems of Rosa Mulholland.[4] + + +Miss Rosa Mulholland has at last been induced to gather her poems into a +volume which will be dear to all lovers of poetry into whose hands it +may fall. No person with the faintest glimmering of insight into the +subtle mechanism of literary composition in its higher forms could study +the prose writings of the author of "The Wicked Woods of Tobereevil," of +"Eldergowan," and many other dainty fictions, without being sure that +the writer of such prose was a poet also, not merely by nature but by +art; and many had learned to follow her initials through the pages of +certain magazines. The present work contains nearly all of these +scattered lyrics; and, along with them, many that are now printed for +the first time combine to form a volume of the truest and holiest poetry +that has been heard on earth since Adelaide Procter went to heaven. + +The only justification for the too modest title of "Vagrant Verses," +which gleams from the cover of this pretty volume, lies in the fact that +this most graceful muse wanders from subject to subject according to her +fancy, and pursues no heroic or dramatic theme with that exhaustive +treatment which exhausts every one except the poet. The poems in this +collection are short, written not to order, but under the manifest +impulse of inspiration, for the expression only of the deeper thoughts +and more vivid feelings of the soul. Except the fine lyrical and +dramatic ballad, "The Children of Lir," which occupies eight pages, and +the first five pages given to "Emmet's Love," none of the rest of the +seventy poems go much beyond a page or two, while they range through +every mood, sad or mirthful, and through every form of metre. + +We have named the opening poem, which is an exquisitely pathetic +soliloquy of Sarah Curran, a year after the death of her betrothed, +young Robert Emmet--a nobler tribute to the memory of our great orator's +daughter than either Moore's verse or Washington Irving's prose. But the +metrical interlacing of the stanzas, and the elevation and refinement of +the poetic diction, require a thoughtful perusal to bring out the +perfections of this poem, which, therefore, lends itself less readily to +quotation. We shall rather begin by giving one shorter poem in full, +taken almost at random. Let it be "Wilfulness and Patience," as it +teaches a lesson which it would be well for many to take to heart and to +learn by heart:-- + + I said I am going into the garden, + Into the flush of the sweetness of life; + I can stay in the wilderness no longer, + Where sorrow and sickness and pain are so rife; + + So I shod my feet in their golden sandals, + And I looped my gown with a ribbon of blue, + And into the garden went I singing, + The birds in the boughs fell a-singing too. + + Just at the wicket I met with Patience, + Grave was her face, and pure and kind, + But oh, I loved not her ashen mantle, + Such sober looks were not to my mind. + + Said Patience, "Go not into the garden, + But come with me by the difficult ways, + Over the wastes and the wilderness mountains, + To the higher levels of love and praise!" + + Gaily I laughed as I opened the wicket, + And Patience, pitying, flitted away. + The garden glory was full of the morning-- + The morning changed to the glamor of day. + + O sweet were the winds among my tresses, + And sweet the flowers that bent at my knees; + Ripe were the fruits that fell at my wishing, + But sated soon was my soul with these. + + And would I were hand in hand with Patience; + Tracking her feet on the difficult ways, + Over the wastes and the wilderness mountains, + To the higher level of love and praise! + +The salutary lesson that the singer wants to impress on the young heart, +is here taught plainly and directly even by the very name of the piece. +But here is another very delicious melody, of which the name and the +purport are somewhat more mysterious. It is called "Perdita." + + I dipped my hand in the sea, + Wantonly-- + The sun shone red o'er castle and cave; + Dreaming, I rocked on the sleepy wave;-- + I drew a pearl from the sea. + Wonderingly. + + There in my hand it lay: + Who could say + How from the depths of the ocean calm + It rose, and slid itself into my palm? + I smiled at finding there + Pearl so fair. + + I kissed the beautiful thing, + Marvelling. + Poor till now I had grown to be + The wealthiest maiden on land or sea, + A priceless gem was mine, + Pure, divine! + + I hid the pearl in my breast, + Fearful lest + The wind should steal, or the wave repent + Largess made in mere merriment, + And snatch it back again + Into the main. + + But careless grown, ah me! + Wantonly + I held between two fingers fine + My gem above the sparkling brine, + Only to see it gleam + Across the stream. + + I felt the treasure slide + Under the tide; + I saw its mild and delicate ray + Glittering upward, fade away. + Ah! then my tears did flow, + Long ago! + + I weep, and weep, and weep, + Into the deep; + Sad am I that I could not hold + A treasure richer than virgin gold. + That Fate so sweetly gave + Out of the wave. + + I dip my hand in the sea, + Longingly; + But never more will that jewel white + Shed on my soul its tender light. + My pearl lies buried deep + Where mermaids sleep. + +Some readers of this MAGAZINE are, no doubt, for the first time making +acquaintance with Miss Mulholland under this character in which others +have known her long; and even these newest friends know enough of her +already to pronounce upon some of her characteristics. She is not +influenced by the spell of modern culture which has invested the poetic +diction of recent years with an exquisite expressiveness and delicate +beauty. But, while her style is the very antithesis of the tawdry or the +commonplace, she has no mannerisms or affectations; she belongs to no +school; she does not deem it the poet's duty to cultivate an +artificial, _recherche_, dilettante dialect unknown to Shakespeare and +Wordsworth--if we may use a string of epithets which can only be excused +for their outlandishness on the plea that they describe something very +outlandish. Her meaning is as lucid as her thoughts are high and pure. +If, after reading one of her poems carefully, we sometimes have to ask +"What does she mean by that?" we ask it not on account of any obscurity +in her language, but on account of the depth and height of her thoughts. + +The musical rhythm of our extracts prepares us for the form which many +of Miss Mulholland's inspirations assume--that of the song pure and +simple. Those last epithets have here more than the meaning which they +usually bear in such a context; for these songs are not only eminently +singable, but they are marked by a very attractive purity and +simplicity. There are many of them besides this one which alone bears no +other name than "Song." + + The silent bird is hid in the boughs, + The scythe is hid in the corn, + The lazy oxen wink and drowse, + The grateful sheep are shorn. + Redder and redder burns the rose, + The lily was ne'er so pale, + Stiller and stiller the river flows + Along the path to the vale. + + A little door is hid in the boughs, + A face is hiding within; + When birds are silent and oxen drowse, + Why should a maiden spin? + Slower and slower turns the wheel, + The face turns red and pale, + Brighter and brighter the looks that steal + Along the path to the vale. + +Here and everywhere how few are the adjectives, and never any slipped in +as mere adjectives. Verbs and nouns do duty for them, and the pictures +paint themselves. There is more of genius, art, thought, and study in +this self-restraining simplicity than in the freer and bolder eloquence +that might make young pulses tingle. + +This remarkable faculty for musical verse seems to us to enhance the +merit of a poem in which a certain ruggedness is introduced of set +purpose. At least, we think that the subtle sympathy, which in the +workmanship of a true poet links theme and metre together, is curiously +exemplified in "News to Tell." What metre is it? A very slight change +here and there would conform it to the sober, solemn measure familiar to +the least poetical of us in Gray's marvellous "Elegy in a Country +Churchyard." That elegiac tone already suits the rhythm here to the +pathetic story. But then the wounded soldier, who, perhaps, will not +recover after all, but may follow his dead comrade--see how he drags +himself with difficulty away from the old gray castle where the young +widow and the aged mother are overwhelmed by the news he had to tell; +and is not all this with exquisite cunning represented by the halting +gait of the metre, in which every line deviates just a little from the +normal scheme of five iambics? + + Neighbor, lend me your arm, for I am not well, + This wound you see is scarcely a fortnight old, + All for a sorry message I had to tell, + I've travelled many a mile in wet and cold. + + Yon is the old gray chateau above the road, + He bade me seek it, my comrade brave and gay; + Stately forest and river so brown and broad, + He showed me the scene as he a-dying lay. + + I have been there, and, neighbor I am not well; + I bore his sword and some of his curling hair, + Knocked at the gate and said I had news to tell, + Entered a chamber and saw his mother there. + + Tall and straight with the snows of age on her head, + Brave and stern as a soldier's mother might be, + Deep in her eyes a living look of the dead, + She grasped her staff and silently gazed at me. + + I thought I'd better be dead than meet her eye; + She guessed it all, I'd never a word to tell. + Taking the sword in her arms she heaved a sigh, + Clasping the curl in her hand, she sobbed and fell. + + I raised her up; she sate in her stately chair, + Her face like death, but not a tear in her eye. + We heard a step, a tender voice on the stair + Murmuring soft to an infant's cooing cry. + + My lady she sate erect, and sterner grew, + Finger on mouth she motioned me not to stay; + A girl came in, the wife of the dead I knew, + She held his babe, and, neighbor, I fled away! + + I tried to run, but I heard the widow's cry. + Neighbor, I have been hurt and I am not well: + I pray to God that never until I die + May I again have such sorry news to tell. + +The next piece we shall cite has travelled across the Atlantic, and come +back again under false pretences, and without its author's leave or +knowledge. Some years ago an American newspaper published some pathetic +stanzas, to which it gave as a title "Exquisite Effusion of a Dying +Sister of Charity." One into whose hands this journal chanced to fall, +read on with interest and pleasure, feeling the verses strangely +familiar--till, on reflection, he found that the poem had been published +some time before in _The Month_, over the well-known initials "R. M." As +the American journalist named the Irish convent where the Sister of +Charity had died--not one of Mrs. Aikenhead's spiritual daughters, but +one of those whom we call French Sisters of Charity--the reader +aforesaid went to the trouble of writing to the Mother Superior, who +gave the following explanation: The holy Sister had been fond of reading +and writing verse; and these verses with others were found in her desk +after her death and handed over to her relatives as relics. They not +comparing them very critically with the nun's genuine literary remains, +rashly published them as "The Exquisite Effusion of a Dying Sister of +Charity." The foregoing circumstances were soon afterwards published in +the _Boston Pilot_; but the ghost of such a blunder is not so easily +laid, and the poem reappears in _The Messenger of St. Joseph_ for last +August, under the title of "An Invalid's Plaint," and still attributed +to the dying Nun, who had only had the good taste to admire and +transcribe Miss Mulholland's poem. In all its wanderings to and fro +across the Atlantic many corruptions crept into the text; and it would +be an interesting exercise in style to collate the version given by _The +Messenger_ with the authorized edition which we here copy from page 136 +of "Vagrant Verses," where the poem, of course, bears its original name +of "Failure." + + The Lord, Who fashioned my hands for working, + Set me a task, and it is not done; + I tried and tried since the early morning, + And now to westward sinketh the sun! + + Noble the task that was kindly given + To one so little and weak as I-- + Somehow my strength could never grasp it, + Never, as days and years went by. + + Others around me, cheerfully toiling, + Showed me their work as they passed away; + Filled were their hands to overflowing, + Proud were their hearts, and glad and gay. + + Laden with harvest spoils they entered + In at the golden gate of their rest; + Laid their sheaves at the feet of the Master, + Found their places among the blest. + + Happy be they who strove to help me, + Failing ever in spite of their aid! + Fain would their love have borne me onward, + But I was unready, and sore afraid. + + Now I know my task will never be finished, + And when the Master calleth my name, + The Voice will find me still at my labor, + Weeping beside it in weary shame. + + With empty hands I shall rise to meet Him, + And when He looks for the fruits of years, + Nothing have I to lay before Him + But broken efforts and bitter tears. + + Yet when He calls I fain would hasten-- + Mine eyes are dim and their light is gone; + And I am as weary as though I carried + A burthen of beautiful work well done. + + I will fold my empty hands on my bosom, + Meekly thus in the shape of His Cross; + And the Lord, Who made them frail and feeble, + Maybe will pity their strife and loss. + +It might have been expected that so skilful an artist in beautiful words +would be sure occasionally to find the classic sonnet form the most +fitting vehicle for some rounded and stately thought. About half a dozen +sonnets are strewn over these pages, all cast in the true Petrarchan +mould, and all very properly bearing names of their own, like any other +form of verse, instead of being labelled promiscuously as "sonnets." The +following is called "Love." What a sublime ideal, only to be realized in +human love when in its self-denying sacredness it approaches the divine! + + True love is that which never can be lost: + Though cast away, alone and ownerless, + Like a strayed child, that wandering, misses most + When night comes down its mother's last caress; + + True love dies not when banished and forgot, + But, solitary, barters still with Heaven + The scanty share of joy cast in its lot + For joys to the beloved freely given. + + Love, smiling, stands afar to watch and see + Each blessing it has bought, like angel's kiss, + Fall on the loved one's face, who ne'er may know + At what strange cost thus, overflowingly, + His cup is filled, or how its depth of bliss + Doth give the measure of another's woe. + +As this happens to be the solitary one among Miss Mulholland's sonnets, +which in the arrangement of the quatrains varies slightly from the most +orthodox tradition of this pharisee of song, I will give another +specimen, prettily named "Among the Boughs." + + High on a gnarled and mossy forest bough, + Dreaming, I hang between the earth and sky, + The golden moon through leafy mystery + Gazing aslant at me with glowing brow. + And since all living creatures slumber now, + O nightingale, save only thou and I, + Tell me the secret of thine ecstacy, + That none may know save only I and thou. + + Alas, all vainly doth my heart entreat; + Thy magic pipe unfolds but to the moon + What wonders thee in faery worlds befell: + To her is sung thy midnight-music sweet, + And ere she wearies of thy mellow tune, + She hath thy secret, and will guard it well! + +Unstinted as our extracts have been, there are poems here by the score +over which our choice has wavered. Our selection has been made partly +with a view to the illustration of the variety and versatility displayed +by this new poet in matter and form; and on this principle we are +tempted to quote "Girlhood at Midnight" as the only piece of blank verse +in Miss Mulholland's repertory, to show how musical, how far from blank, +she makes that most difficult and perilous measure. But we must put a +restraint on ourselves, and just give one more sample, of the +achievements of the author of "The Little Flower Seekers" and "The Wild +Birds of Killeevy," in what an old writer calls "the melifluous meeters +of poesie." This last is called "A Rebuke." Was there ever a sweeter or +gentler rebuke? + + Why are you so sad? (_sing the little birds, the little birds_,) + All the sky is blue, + We are in our branches, yonder are the herds, + And the sun is on the dew; + Everything is merry, (_sing the happy little birds_,) + Everything but you! + + Fire is on the hearthstone, the ship is on the wave, + Pretty eggs are in the nest, + Yonder sits a mother smiling at a grave, + With a baby at her breast; + And Christ was on the earth, and the sinner He forgave + Is with Him in His rest. + + We shall droop our wings, (_pipes the throstle on the tree_,) + When everything is done: + Time unfurleth yours, that you soar eternally + In the regions of the sun. + When our day is over, (_sings the blackbird in the lea_,) + Yours is but begun. + + Then why are you so sad? (_warble all the little birds_,) + While the sky is blue, + Brooding over phantoms and vexing about words + That never can be true; + Everything is merry, (_trill the happy, happy birds_,) + Everything but you! + +The setting of these jewels is almost worthy of them. The book is +brought out with that faultless taste which has helped to win for the +firm of No. 1 Paternoster Sq., such fame as poets' publishers. A large +proportion of contemporary poetry of the highest name, including till +lately the Laureate's, has appeared under the auspices of Kegan Paul, +Trench & Co., who seem to have expended special care on the production +of "Vagrant Verses." + +And now, as we have let these poems chiefly speak for themselves, enough +has been said. We do not hesitate to add in conclusion, that those among +us with pretensions to literary culture, who do not hasten to contribute +to the exceptional success which awaits a work such as even our brief +account proves this work to be, will so far have failed in their duty +towards Irish genius. For this book more than any that we have yet +received from its author's hand--nay, more than any that we can hope to +receive from her, since this is the consummate flower of her best +years--will serve to secure for the name of Rosa Mulholland an enduring +place among the most richly gifted of the daughters of Erin. + + Dublin, 1886. REV. MATTHEW RUSSELL, S. J. + + * * * * * + +CONFIDENCE is a plant of slow growth in an aged bosom. + +FOOTNOTE: + +[4] "Vagrant Verses." By Rosa Mulholland. London: Kegan Paul, Trench & +Co. + + + + +About Critics. + + +A critic is a judge: and more, he is a judge who knows better than any +author how his book should have been written; better than the artist how +his picture should have been painted; better than the musician how his +music should have been composed; better than the preacher how his sermon +ought to have been arranged; better than the Lord Chancellor how he +should decide in Equity; better than Sir Frederick Roberts how he should +have pursued Ayoob Khan; better than the whole Cabinet how they should +govern Ireland; and far better than the Pope how he should guard the +deposit of faith. This, no doubt, needs a high culture, a many-sided +genius, and the speciality of an expert in all subjects of human +intelligence and action. But all that goes for nothing with a true +critic. He is never daunted; never at a loss. If he is wrong, he is +never the worse, for he criticises anonymously. Sometimes, indeed, the +trade is dangerous. A well-known author of precocious literary +copiousness, whose volumes contain an "Appendix of Authors quoted" +almost as long as the catalogue of the Alexandrian Library, was once +invited, maliciously we are afraid, to dine in a select party of +specialists, on whose manors the author had been sporting without +license. Not only was the jury packed, but the debate was organized with +malice aforethought. Each in turn plucked and plucked until the critic +was reduced to the Platonic man--_animal bipes implume_. + +Addison says, somewhere in the _Spectator_, that ridicule is assumed +superiority. Criticism is asserted superiority. Sometimes it may be +justified, as when the shoemaker told Titian that he had stitched the +shoe of a Doge of Venice in the wrong place. Sometimes it is not equally +to be justified, as in the critics of the Divine Government of the +world, to whom Butler in his "Analogy" meekly says that, if they only +knew the whole system of all things, with all the reasons of them, and +the last end to which all things and reasons are directed, they might, +peradventure, be of another opinion. + +There are some benevolent critics whose life is spent in watching the +characters and conduct of all around them. They note every word and tone +and gesture; they have a formed, and not a favorable, judgment of all we +do and all we leave undone. It does not much matter which: if we did so, +we ought not to have done it; if we did not, we ought to have done so. +Such critics have, no doubt, an end and place in creation. Socrates told +the Athenians that he was their "gadfly." There is room, perhaps, for +one gadfly in a city; but in a household, wholesome companions they may +be, but not altogether pleasant. These may be called critics of moral +superiority. Again, there are Biblical critics, who spend their lives +over a text in Scripture, all equally confident, and no two agreed. An +old English author irreverently compares them to a cluster of monkeys, +who, having found a glowworm, "heaped sticks upon it, and blowed +themselves out of breath to set it alight." We commend this incident in +scientific history to whomsoever may have inherited Landseer's pallet +and brush, under the title of "Doctors in Divinity," for the Royal +Academy in next May. + +This reminds us of the historical critics who have erected the treatment +of the most uncertain of all matters into the certainty of science, by +the simple introduction of one additional compound, their own personal +infallibility. The universal Church assembled in Council under the +guidance of its Head does not, cannot and what is worse, will not, know +its own history, or the true interpretation of its own records and acts. +But, by a benign though tardy provision, the science of history has +arisen, like the art of extracting sunbeams from cucumbers, to recall +the Church from its deviations to the recognition of its own true +misdeeds. Such higher intelligences may be called and revered as the +Pontiffs of the Realm of Criticism. + +We are warned, however, not to profane this awful Hierarchy of superior +persons by further analysis. We will, therefore, end with three canons, +not so much of criticism as of moral common sense. A critic knows more +than the author he criticises, or just as much, or at least somewhat +less. + +As to the first class: Nothing we have said here is _lese majeste_ to +the true senate of learned, patient, deliberate, grave, and kindly +critics. They are our intellectual physicians, who heal the infirmities +of us common men. We submit gladly to their treatment, and learn much by +the frequent operations we have to undergo. If the surgeon be rough and +his knife sharp, yet he knows better than we, and the smart will make us +wiser and more wary, perhaps more real for the time to come. There is, +indeed, a constant danger of literary unreality. A great author is +reported to have said: "When I want to understand a subject, I write a +book about it." Unfortunately, great authors are few, and many books are +written by those who do not understand the subject either before or +after the fact. The facility of printing has deluged the world with +unreal, because shallow, books. Such medical and surgical critics are, +therefore, benefactors of the human race. + +As to the second class, of those who know just as much as the author +they criticise, it would be better for the world that they were fewer or +less prompt to judge. The assumption of the critic is that he knows more +than his author; and the belief in which we waste our time over their +criticisms is that they have something to add to the book. It is dreary +work to find, after all, that we have been reading only the book itself +in fragments and in another type. + +But, lastly, there is a class of critics always ready for anything, the +swashbucklers of the Press, who will write at any moment on any subject +in newspaper, magazine, or review. Wake them out of their first sleep, +and give them something to answer, or to ridicule, or to condemn. It is +all one to them. The book itself gives the terminology, and the +references, and the quotations, which may be re-quoted with a change of +words. We remember two criticisms of the same work in the same week: one +laudatory, especially of the facility and accuracy of its classical +translations; the other damnatory for its cumbrous and unscholarlike +versions. The critic of the black cap was asked by a classical friend +whether he had read the book. He said, "No, I smelt it." This +unworshipful company of critics is formidable for their numbers, their +vocabulary, and their anonymous existence. Their dwelling is not known; +but we imagine that it may be not far from Lord Bacon's House of Wisdom, +the inmates of which, when they "come forth, lift their hand in the +attitude of benediction with the look of those that pity men." + + HENRY EDWARD, Cardinal Archbishop, in _Merry England_. + + + + +The Celts of South America. + + +The exiles of Erin wandering far from their native land, are always sure +to make their presence felt. Their power is well known in the United +States; and it is, therefore, gratifying to note the progress which the +Irish race is making amongst the people of South America, and especially +in the Argentine Republic. To our countrymen is mainly due the +development of the sheep-farming industry, which is carried on to a +greater extent than in this country or Australia. Many of them number +their acres by thousands and their flocks by hundreds of thousands. And +the pleasure which the knowledge of this prosperity gives us is +exceedingly increased by the many evidences in which we observe that +National spirit and feeling is strong, active and energetic amongst +them. In their educational institutions, and notably in Holy Cross +College at Buenos Ayres, the study of Irish history is made a special +and prominent subject of attention. In the capital, too, an Irish +Orphanage has been established, where, under the kindly care of Father +Fitzgerald, the children of the dead Irish exiles are lovingly tended +and preserved from contaminating influences. In the breasts of the +Irishmen of the River Platte there is love for the Old Land as warm and +generous as can be found in the green and fertile plains of Meath or +Tipperary. There are young men born in this country of Irish parents who +are deeply read in Irish history, and who follow with loving anxiety the +progress Ireland is making on the road to liberty. There are nearly a +quarter of a million of Irishmen in the Argentine Republic, and they may +always be relied on to aid their kindred in the Old Land. The chain of +Irish loyalty to Ireland is complete around the world. + + * * * * * + +The Parisians, with that fine appreciation of the fitness of things for +which they have always been famous, have changed the adjective _chic_, +by which they used to describe the attributes of the "dude" (male or +female), for the more expressive one _becarre_. As the latter word is +usually interpreted "natural," it would seem that our French cousins, in +their estimate of the "dude" species, agree with the Irish, who, +disliking to apply the epithet "fool" to any one, invariably designate a +silly person as a "natural." + + + + +ENCYCLICAL[5] + +(QUOD AUCTORITATE) + +PROCLAIMING AN EXTRAORDINARY JUBILEE. + +[Illustration] + + TO OUR VENERABLE BRETHREN, THE PATRIARCHS, PRIMATES, + ARCHBISHOPS, BISHOPS AND OTHER ORDINARIES OF PLACES HAVING + GRACE AND COMMUNION WITH THE APOSTOLIC SEE, + +POPE LEO XIII. + + +_Venerable Brethren, Health and Apostolic Benediction._ + +What we have twice already by Apostolic authority decreed, that an +extraordinary year of jubilee should be observed in the whole Christian +world, opening for general welfare those heavenly treasures which it is +in our power to dispense, we are pleased to decree likewise, with God's +blessing, for the coming year. The usefulness of this action you, +Venerable Brethren, cannot fail to understand, well aware as you are of +the moral condition of our times: but there is a special reason +rendering this design more seasonable perhaps than on other occasions. +For having in a previous encyclical taught how much it is to the +interest of States that they should conform more closely to Christian +truth and a Christian character, it can readily be understood how +suitable to this very purpose of ours it is to use what means we can to +urge men to, or recall them to, the practice of Christian virtues. For +the State is what the morals of the people make it: and as the goodness +of a ship or a building depends on the goodness of its parts and their +proper union, each in its own place, similarly the course of government +cannot be rightful or free from obstacles unless the citizens lead +righteous lives. Civil discipline and all those things in which public +action consists, originate and perish through individuals: they impress +on these things the stamp of their opinions and their morals. In order, +therefore, that minds may be thoroughly imbued with those precepts of +ours, and, above all, that the daily life of the individual be ruled +accordingly, efforts must be made to the end that each one shall apply +himself to the attainment of Christian wisdom, and also of Christian +action not less publicly than privately. + +And in this matter efforts must be increased in proportion to the +greater number of dangers that threaten on every side. For the great +virtues of our fathers have declined in no small part: passions that +have of themselves very great force have through license striven to +still greater: unsound opinions entirely unrestrained or insufficiently +restrained are becoming daily more widespread: among those who hold +correct sentiments there are many, who, deterred by an unreasonable +shame, do not dare to profess freely what they believe, and much less to +carry it out: most wretched examples have exercised an influence on +popular morals here and there: sinful societies, which we ourselves have +already designated, that are most proficient in criminal artifices, +strive to impose on the people and to withdraw and alienate as many as +possible from God, from sacred duties, from Christian faith. + +Under the pressure of so many evils, whose very length of duration makes +them greater, we must not omit anything that affords any hope of relief. +With this design and this hope, we are about to proclaim a sacred +Jubilee, admonishing and exhorting all who have their salvation at heart +to collect themselves for a little while and turn to better things their +thoughts that now are sunken in the earth. And this will be salutary not +only to private persons but to the whole commonwealth, for the reason +that as much as any person singly advances in perfection of mind, so +much of an increase of virtue will be given to public life and morals. + +But the desired result depends, as you see, Venerable Brethren, in great +measure on your work and diligence, since the people must be suitably +and carefully prepared in order that they may receive the fruits +intended. It will pertain, therefore, to your charity and wisdom to give +to priests selected for the purpose the charge of instructing the people +by pious discourses suited to common capacity, and especially of +exhorting to penance, which is, according to St. Augustine, "The daily +punishment of the good and humble of the faithful in which we strike our +breasts, saying: forgive us our trespasses." (Epist. 108.) Not without +reason we mention, in the first place, penance and what is a part of it, +the voluntary chastisement of the body. For you know the custom of the +world: it is the choice of many to lead a life of effeminacy, to do +nothing demanding fortitude and true courage. They fall into much other +wretchedness, and often fashion reasons why they should not obey the +salutary laws of the Church, thinking that a greater burden has been +imposed on them than can be borne, when they are commanded to abstain +from a certain kind of food, or to observe a fast on a few days of the +year. Enervated by such mode of life, it is not to be wondered at that +they by degrees give themselves up entirely to passions that call for +greater indulgence still. It is proper, therefore, to recall to +temperance those who have fallen into or are inclined to effeminacy; and +for this reason those who are to address the people must carefully and +minutely teach them what is a command not only of the law of the gospel +but of natural reason as well, that every one ought to exercise +self-control and hold his passions in subjection; that sins are not +expiated except by penance. And that this virtue may be of enduring +character, it will not be an unsuitable provision to place it as it were +in the trust and keeping of an institution having a permanent character. +You readily understand, Venerable Brethren, to what we refer; namely, to +your perseverance--each in his own diocese--in protecting and extending +the Third, or _secular_, Order of St. Francis. Surely, to preserve and +foster the spirit of penance among Christians, there will be great aid +in the examples and favor of the Patriarch Francis of Assisi, who to the +greatest innocence of life joined a studious chastisement of himself so +that he seemed to bear the image of Jesus Christ crucified not less in +his life and customs than in the signs that were divinely impressed upon +him. The laws of that order, which have been by us suitably tempered, +are very easily observed; their importance to Christian virtue is by no +means slight. + +Secondly, in so great private and public needs, since the whole hope of +salvation lies in the favor and keeping of our Heavenly Father, we +greatly wish the revival of a constant and confiding habit of prayer. In +every great crisis of the Christian commonwealth, whenever it happened +to the Church to be pressed by external or internal dangers, our +ancestors raising suppliant eyes to Heaven have signally taught in what +way and from whence were to be sought strong virtue and suitable aid. +Minds were thoroughly imbued with those precepts of Jesus Christ, "Ask +and it shall be given you;" (Matt. vii. 7.) "We ought always to pray and +to fail not." (Luke xviii. 1.) Consonant with this is the voice of the +Apostles, "pray without ceasing;" (1 Thessal. v. 17.) "I desire, +therefore, first of all that supplications, prayers, intercessions and +thanksgivings be made for all men." (1 Tim. ii. 1.) On this point John +Chrysostom has left us, with not less acuteness than truth, the +following comparison: as to man, when he comes naked and needing +everything in the world, nature has given hands by the aid of which to +procure what is necessary for life, so in those things that are above +nature, since of himself he can do nothing, God has bestowed on him the +faculty of prayer by the wise use of which he may easily obtain all that +is required for salvation. And in these matters let all of you +determine, Venerable Brethren, how pleasing and satisfactory to us is +the care you have, with our initiative, taken to promote the devotion of +the Holy Rosary, especially in these recent years. Nor can we pass over +in silence the general piety awakened in the people nearly everywhere in +that matter: nevertheless the greatest care is to be taken that this +devotion be made still more ardent and lasting. If we continue to urge +this, as we have more than once done already, none of you will be +surprised, understanding as you do of how much moment it is that the +practice of the Rosary of Mary should flourish among Christians, and +knowing well, as you do, that it is a very beautiful form and part of +that very spirit of prayer of which we speak, and that it is suitable to +the times, easily practiced, and of most abundant usefulness. + +But since the first and chief fruit of a Jubilee, as we have above +pointed out, ought to be amendment of life and an increase of virtue, we +consider especially necessary the avoidance of that evil which we have +not failed to designate in previous Encyclical letters. We mean the +internal and nearly domestic dissensions of some of our own, which +dissolve, or certainly relax, the bond of charity, with an almost +inexpressible harm. We have here mentioned this matter again to you, +Venerable Brethren, guardians of ecclesiastical discipline and mutual +charity, because we wish your watchfulness and authority continually +applied to the abolition of this grave disadvantage. Admonishing, +exhorting, reproving, work to the end that all be "solicitous to +preserve unity of the spirit in the bond of peace," and that those may +return to duty who are the cause of dissension, keeping in mind in every +step of life that the only-begotten Son of God at the very approach of +his supreme agonies sought nothing more ardently from his Father than +that those should love one another who believed or were to believe in +him, "that they all may be one as thou, Father, in me, and I in thee, +that they also may be one in us." (John xvii. 21.) + +Therefore trusting in the mercy of Almighty God and the authority of the +blessed Apostles Peter and Paul, of that power of binding and loosing +which the Lord has conferred on us though unworthy, we grant to each and +every one of the faithful of both sexes a plenary indulgence according +to the manner of a general Jubilee, on the condition and law that within +the space of the next year, 1886, they shall do the things that are +written further on. + +All those residing in Rome, or visiting the city, shall go twice to the +Lateran, Vatican and Liberian Basilicas, and shall therein for awhile +pour out pious prayers for the prosperity and exaltation of the Catholic +Church and the Apostolic See, for the extirpation of heresies and the +conversion of all the erring, for concord of Christian Princes, and the +peace and unity of the whole people of the faith, according to our +intention. They shall fast, using only fasting food (_cibis +esurialibus_), two days outside of those not comprehended in the Lenten +indult, and outside of other days consecrated by precept of the Church +to a similar strict fast; besides they shall, having rightly confessed +their sins, receive the Holy Sacrament of the Eucharist, and shall +according to their means, using the advice of the confessor, make an +offering to some pious work pertaining to the propagation and increase +of the Catholic Faith. Let it be free to every one to choose what pious +work he may prefer; we think it well however to designate two specially, +on which beneficence will be well bestowed, both, in many places, +needing resources and aid, both fruitful to the State not less than the +Church, namely _private schools for children_ and _Clerical Seminaries_. + +All others living anywhere outside of the city, shall go _twice_ to +three churches to be designated by you, Venerable Brethren, or your +Vicars or Officials, or with your or their mandate by those exercising +care of souls; if there are but two churches in the place, _three +times_; if but one, _six times_, all within the above-mentioned time; +they must perform also the other works mentioned. This indulgence we +wish also applicable by way of suffrage to the souls that have departed +from this life united to God by charity. We also grant power to you to +reduce the number of these visits according to prudent judgment for +chapters and congregations, whether secular or regular, sodalities, +confraternities, universities, and any other bodies visiting in +procession the churches mentioned. + +We grant that those on sea, and travellers when they return to their +residences, or to any other certain stopping-place, visiting _six times_ +the principal church or a parochial church, and performing the other +works above prescribed, may gain the same indulgence. To regulars, of +both sexes, also those living perpetually in the cloister, and to all +other persons, whether lay or ecclesiastic, who by imprisonment, +infirmity, or any other just cause are prevented from doing the above +works or some of them, we grant that a confessor may commute them into +other works of piety, the power being also given of dispensing as to +Communion in the case of children not yet admitted to first Communion. +Moreover to each and every one of the faithful, whether laymen or +ecclesiastics, secular and regular, of whatsoever order and institute, +even those to be specially named, we grant the faculty of choosing any +confessor, secular or regular, among those actually approved; which +faculty may be used also by religious, novices and other women living +within the cloister, provided the confessor be one approved for +religious. We also give to confessors, on this occasion, and during the +time of this Jubilee only, all those faculties which we bestowed in our +letters Apostolic _Pontifices maximi_ dated February 15, 1879, all those +things excepted which are excepted in the same letters. + +For the rest let all take care to obtain merit with the great Mother of +God by special homage and devotion during this time. For we wish this +sacred Jubilee to be under the patronage of the Holy Virgin of the +_Rosary_, and with her aid we trust that there shall be not a few whose +souls shall obtain remission of sin and expiation, and be by faith, +piety, justice, renewed not only to hope of eternal salvation, but also +to presage of a more peaceful age. + +Auspicious of these heavenly benefits, and in witness of our paternal +benevolence, we affectionately in the Lord impart to you, and the clergy +and people intrusted to your fidelity and vigilance, the Apostolic +Benediction. + +Given at Rome at St. Peter's the 22d day of December, 1885, of Our +Pontificate the Eighth year. + + LEO PP. XIII. + + * * * * * + +A GALLANT SOLDIER REWARDED.--The friends of Colonel John G. Healy, of +New Haven, Conn., especially the Irish National element with which the +Colonel has been prominently identified for many years, will be +gratified to learn of his appointment to a responsible position at +Washington. The newly-elected Doorkeeper of the House of +Representatives, Colonel Samuel Donelson, of Tennessee, at the instance +of his friend, Congressman Mitchell, of New Haven, has appointed Colonel +Healy to the position of Superintendent of the Folding Room of the House +of Representatives, a place of more responsibility and consequence than +any in the House, except alone that of the Doorkeeper. It is very +pleasant to see Tennessee thus extending the hand of fellowship to +Connecticut, and we are certain that the citizens of Irish birth and +extraction feel grateful to Colonel Donelson and to the popular and able +Representative of the Second Congressional District of Connecticut for +this recognition of a gentleman who has given the best years of his +mature life to every patriotic movement for the land of his fathers. + +FOOTNOTE: + +[5] Translated for the _Catholic Universe_ by Rev. Dr. Mahar from the +Latin text of the _Osservatore Romano_, Dec. 25, 1885. + + + + +England and Her Enemies. + +A FRENCH VIEW OF PERILS ENCOMPASSING THE GREAT BRITISH EMPIRE. + + +Are the English so strong, so sure of their power, so thoroughly +convinced of their superiority that they can afford to display so much +disdain toward a great nation? Truly, the sun does not set on the +possessions of the Empress of India, who counts millions of subjects in +five parts of the world; but is this necessarily a sign of strength? The +power of Charles V. encompassed the world, and we all know what became +of his vast empire. But we foresee the objection to this comparison. It +is that the power of Charles V. and Philip II. was mined by a secret and +almost invisible enemy--an idea, a principle--liberty of conscience--and +that Queen Victoria is not menaced by any such enemy. Indeed! But a +small fact--the assassination of an Irishman of the most ignoble +kind--affords ample food for reflection, and cannot fail to inspire +grave doubts regarding the solidity of the British Empire. In spite of +all the efforts of the English police, Carey, their unworthy protege, +was tracked, seized, and slain by a secret power. The Government of +Queen Victoria, with all its resources, was not able to find a corner of +the globe, however remote, where the life of the informer could be +beyond the reach of the Irish counter-police. + +The thing that renders this secret power so dreadful is that it exists +wherever the Empress of India has subjects. In every English city, in +every English colony, at the Cape, in Australia, in Canada as in India, +in China as in America, in France as in Japan, wherever a British +tourist travels, wherever an English missionary preaches, wherever an +English merchant trades, the secret Irish enemy lurks ready to +assassinate if he receives the order. The English may laugh at him or +may become exasperated by him; but if England should become engaged in a +foreign war could she consider without a shudder the incalculable +dangers to which this enemy within might expose her--an enemy that will +stop at nothing, that nothing can terrify, for he offers his life as a +sacrifice, and that nothing can reconcile, for he is the personification +of deadly hatred? For our part we know well that if France held within +her borders millions, or even thousands, of men animated by such a +spirit we would tremble for the future of our country. + +But besides this irreconcilable Ireland that is everywhere, that sits in +Parliament and there makes and unmakes majorities, and consequently +cabinets, and that would betray the nation, if it saw fit, even in the +centre of the national representation, it seems to us that the +Australian colonies also are likely one day to take a notion to become +independent; that the colonies in Southern Africa are rapidly becoming +disaffected; that the inhabitants of India are demanding autonomy in a +tone that would become very menacing if Russia should come nearer to +Cabul--and she is plainly enough moving in that direction; and that +Egypt is beginning to get restless and to show herself a little +ungrateful, as if she cannot clearly understand the utterly +disinterested intentions of Lord Dufferin. What would England do if upon +two or three of these territories revolts should come simultaneously? +The thing may be improbable, but not impossible. And what would England +do if, taking advantage of these revolts, a great European power should +declare war against her? What would she have done in 1857 if Russia had +been in a position to give assistance to Nana Saib? Such things have +been seen in history. + +To face such dangers--the danger of war, the danger of revolt, the +danger of conspiracy--a large army composed of the most steadfast troops +would be necessary. Where can England get that army? Her present forces +are hardly sufficient in time of peace. She finds it impossible to +retain the old soldiers in her service. A sufficient number of recruits +cannot be obtained to fill up the gaps, and it appears to be impossible +to stop the desertions that are constantly thinning the ranks. In vain +the pay of the soldier is raised. The English workman refuses to enlist. +It is, then, to the Irishman that recourse must be had. Trust that +Irishman! + +The British Government is unable to raise an army of more than three +hundred thousand men, counting the Indian troops, whose fidelity is, +perhaps, not beyond all suspicion; and three hundred thousand soldiers +to defend an empire the most populous and the most widely scattered that +has ever been seen on the face of the globe count for very little. Of +course, there is the fleet, which is superb. But what could the fleet do +against an enemy invading India by land? Of what use was it against the +Boers or against Cetywayo? Of what use would it be against even a very +inferior fleet that used torpedos as the Russians did on the Danube? + +All these things considered, it seems to us that if the English would +calmly consider their own situation they would become less arrogant in +their international relations. We don't ask any more of them, for we +have no desire to obtain from them any service whatsoever. We wish +simply to be able to live with them and with their government on terms +of courteous politeness. + + _Republique Francaise_ + + * * * * * + +M. Gounod, when lately at Reims, had been asked by the Archbishop to +compose a Mass in honor of Joan of Arc. Some further details have since +reached us as to the offer and acceptance of the happy suggestion. M. +Gounod declared that he would compose within the year not a Mass, but a +cantata on the life and martyrdom of the Maid of Orleans, the words to +be drawn from Holy Scripture. He said, moreover, that his hope would be +to return to Reims and to compose the music--the spirituality, +tenderness, and animation of which all lovers of Gounod will seem to +feel in advance--in the cathedral itself and close to the altar where +the blessed and miraculous young creature knelt in tears to offer her +victory to God. + + + + +Ireland: A Retrospect. + + +In the early days of the Land League, the cry throughout Ireland was for +compulsory sale of the landlords' interest to the State at twenty years' +purchase of the valuation, the occupiers to become tenants of the +government for a fixed number of years until their yearly payments had +cleared off both the principal and interest of the sum advanced to the +landlords. Famine had made its appearance in many parts of the country, +and the peasantry would be glad to be rid of the incubus of landlordism +at any cost. The landlords scoffed at the proposal, and it was well for +the tenants that they did not accept it. Foreign competition was but +then in its infancy, and the prices of agricultural produce were not +going down by leaps and bounds as they have been in 1884 and 1885. The +yearly instalments the tenantry would have to pay to the State could not +be met out of the produce of the land at present prices, if twenty +years' purchase of Griffith's valuation had been accepted by the +landlords. At the present time the majority of tenants in Ireland (and +perhaps in England), taking into consideration the depression in +agriculture, and the probable higher taxation of land in the near +future, would think fifteen years' purchase too much for the fee simple +of the land. It is pretty certain that when the land question comes to +be finally settled, very few Irish landlords' interests can realize more +than fifteen years' purchase on the valuation. In 1880, they were, with +few exceptions, blind to the changes going on at their very doors, and +struck out for their old rack-rents by threats of eviction and law +proceedings. Instead of meeting their tenantry half way, they set the +crow-bar brigade to work, and the numbers evicted were so appalling, +that Mr. Parnell's party prevailed on the late government to pass +through the Commons the Compensation for Disturbance Act, the result of +which would be to suspend all evictions until a Land Bill was passed. +But the landlords got their friends in the House of Lords to throw out +the bill, and kept on impressing on the late government the necessity +for coercion. The effect of the action of the Lords was stupefying on +the middle classes, who saw that the last chance of a peaceable +settlement was gone, and the half-starved peasantry were stung to +madness at the thought of the revival of the eviction scenes of 1847 and +1848. Then sprung up a crop of outrages which became systematic where +they had been isolated, and the agrarian war was really upon us. + +The landlords proceeded with their evictions, and the peasantry +retaliated by outrage until the Liberal government, having failed to +pass their ameliorative measure, was forced to have recourse to +coercion. The first Coercion Act of the Liberals was passed before the +Land Bill, and thus Ireland was whipped first and caudled afterwards. +Mr. Forster "ran in" his twelve hundred Suspects, and the result was an +increased crop of outrages, and that the Invincibles lay in wait twenty +times to murder him. The Suspects were generally the more respectable of +the middle classes in the villages and towns--men whose interest it was +to check outrage--who were marked down by the finger of landlordism as +sympathizers with their brethren on the land. Then came the suppression +of the Land League (1881), and the retaliating No-Rent Manifesto, which +was not generally obeyed--chiefly through the influence of religion. +There was suppressed anger and hatred of the ruling class throughout the +land, and the people would not assist the police (who attacked their +meetings and bludgeoned or stabbed them into submission) in tracking +murderers or incendiaries. All this time the landlords kept on evicting, +and calling through the English Press for still sterner repression of +the right of public meeting, and the result was that secret societies +multiplied and flourished. Religious influences could cope with a +No-Rent Manifesto, but were almost powerless in grappling with secret +societies. If the late Cardinal McCabe denounced them in the Cathedral, +a large portion of the congregation rose up ostentatiously and withdrew. +The voices of the national leaders who had restrained the people were +gagged--Davitt in Portland, Parnell in Kilmainham. Things were going +from bad to worse; the tension of public feelings was growing tighter +day by day; the landlords were evicting apace and gloating over their +victims, and saw not that such a state of siege could not last forever. +And it appears Mr. Forster was so infatuated as to believe that it +needed only a few months more of his stern rule to break the spirit of +the Irish people. A glimmering of the true state of affairs had, +however, begun to dawn upon his colleagues, and Mr. Forster succumbed at +last to the incessant attacks of the remnant of the Nationalist members, +who did not give him a chance of depriving them of their liberty by +setting foot in Ireland, and to the vigorous criticism of the _Pall Mall +Gazette_. + +The Suspects were released and there was joy throughout Ireland. People +began to breath freely once more; for the reign of landlord terror and +peasant outrage seemed to draw near its close. The Land Act of 1880 had +begun to inspire the tenantry with hope, especially as the first +decisions of the commissioners gave sweeping reductions off the rents +hitherto paid. In May, 1882, things were looking brighter. It seemed as +if the Liberals had repented them of coercion, and that conciliation was +to be tried in Ireland. But the Invincibles, for whose creation Mr. +Forster's regime seems to be especially responsible, were not to be +placated so easily. The Phoenix Park butchery had already been +planned, and it was carried out with fiendish determination. The +civilized world was horror stricken. The cup of peace was dashed from +the lips of Ireland, and a cry of rage and despair resounded throughout +the country. It was heard from pulpit and platform, and echoed through +the Press of every shade of opinion. Many good men thought that now +England's opportunity for gaining the affections of the Irish people had +come at last; that by trusting to the horror of the Irish race for so +dastardly a crime, its perpetrators would be brought to the bar of +justice, and the victims avenged. But it was not to be so. In England +the general public seemed to believe that the Irish were a demon race, +who deserved to be chastised with scorpions, and knowing what was the +state of the public mind in Ireland after the Phoenix Park +assassinations, it would be hard to blame Englishmen for thinking as +they did in the face of such an appalling crime. The blood of Lord Fred. +Cavendish called aloud for vengeance, and the government passed the +Prevention of Crimes Act, the most severe of all the Coercion Statutes. + +It was a mistake to treat Ireland as if she sympathized with the +Phoenix Park butchery. Under the Crimes Act we had secret +inquisitions, informer manufacture by means of enormous bribes, swearing +away of the lives of innocent men by wretches, who were the scum of +society, jury packing to a degree unknown since 1848, conviction by +drunken juries, and even the starting of secret societies by ruffians +who were in the pay of the Executive. + +The people quickly lapsed into their old indifference as to aiding an +executive which used such base means of governing. It mattered little +that Earl Spencer's personal character was above suspicion. Under his +rule the lives and liberties of honest men were taken away by juries +packed with landlords, or their partisans, on the testimony of hired or +terrified wretches, who were generally the most guilty of the gangs that +were banded together for unlawful purposes during the land war. Earl +Spencer ruled by means which must necessarily have involved innocent men +in the punishment of the guilty, and his name is the best hated of all +the bad viceroys that ever ruled Ireland. + + J. H. + + + + +Jim Daly's Repentance. + + +When the story was told to me, I thought it infinitely sad and pathetic. +I wish I could tell it as I heard it, but having scant skill as a +narrator, I fear I cannot. I can only set down the facts as they +happened, and in my halting words they will read, I fear, but baldly and +barely; and if in the reading will be found no trace at all of the tears +which awoke in me for this little human tragedy, I am sorry, more sorry +than I can say, for my want of skill. Indeed, I would need to write of +it with a pen steeped in tears. It is the story of a hard and futile +repentance,--futile, in that amends could never be made to those who had +been sinned against; but surely, surely not futile, inasmuch as no hour +of human pain is ever wasted that is laid before our Lord, but rather is +gathered by Him in His pitiful hands, to be given back one day as a +harvest of joy. + +"Whisht, achora, whisht! sure I know you never meant to hurt me or the +child." The woman, childishly young and slight, who spoke was half +sitting, half lying in a low rush-bottomed chair, in the poor kitchen of +a small Irish farmhouse. Her small, pretty face was marked with +premature lines of pain and care, and now it was paler than usual, for +across eyebrow and cheek extended a livid, dark bruise, as if from a +blow of a heavy fist, and over the pathetic, drooping mouth there was a +cruel, jagged cut, this evidently caused by a fall against something +with a sharp, projecting point. By her side, in a wattled cradle, lay a +puny, small baby, about a year old, with its small blue fingers, +claw-like in their leanness, clutched closely, and with such a gray +shade over its pinched features that one might have thought it dying. +The young husband and father was cast down in an attitude bespeaking +utter abasement at his wife's knees, and his face was hidden in her lap; +but over the nut-brown hair her thin hands went softly, with caressing +tender strokings, and as the great heart-breaking sobs burst from him +the tears rolled one after another down her wan little face, while her +low, soft voice went on tenderly, "Whisht, alanna machree, whisht! sure +it's breakin' my heart ye are! Sure, how can I bear at all, at all, to +listen to ye sobbin' like that?" + +All the weary months of unkindness and neglect were forgotten, and she +only remembered that her Jim was in sore trouble--Jim Daly that courted +her, her husband, and her baby's father; not Jim Daly the good fellow at +the public-house, always ready to take a treat or stand one; always the +first in every scheme of conviviality, drowning heart and mind and +conscience in cheap and bad whisky; while at home, on the little +hillside farm, crops were rotting, haggard lying empty, land untilled, +and poverty and hunger threatening the little home, and day after day +the meek, uncomplaining young wife was growing thinner and paler, and +the lines deepening in her face where no lines should be. Three years +had gone by since the wedding-day that seemed but the gate of a happy +future for those two young things who loved each other truly, and almost +since that wedding-day Jim Daly had been going steadily downhill. Not +that he was vicious at all; he was only young and gay and good-natured, +and so sought after for those things, and he had a fine baritone voice +that could roll out "Colleen dhas cruitheen na mo" with rare power and +tenderness, and when the rare spirits who held their merry-makings in +the Widow Doolan's public-house nightly would come seeking to draw him +thither with many flattering words, he was not strong enough to resist +the temptation; and the young wife--they were the merest boy and +girl--was too gentle in her clinging love to stay him. So things had +gone steadily from bad to worse, and instead of only the nights, much of +the days as well were spent in the gin-shop, and at last the time came +when people began to shake their heads over bonny Jim Daly as a +confirmed drunkard, and the handsome boyish face was getting a sodden +look, and the once frank, clear eyes refused to look at one either +frankly or clearly, but shuffled from under a friend's gaze uneasily and +painfully. Last night, however, the climax had come when, reeling home +after midnight, the tender little wife, with her baby on her breast, had +opened the door for him, and had stood in the door-way with some word of +pain on her lips, and he feeling his progress barred, but with no sense +of what stood there, had struck out fiercely with his great fist, and +stricken wife and child to the ground. And Winnie's mouth had come with +cruel force against a projecting corner of the dresser, and his hand had +marked darkly her soft face, and she and the little son were both +bruised and injured by the fall. We have seen how bitter poor Jim's +repentance was when he came to himself out of his drunken sleep, and in +presence of it his wife, womanlike, forgot everything but that he needed +her utmost love and tenderness. But if she was forbearing to him out of +her great love, his little brown old mother, who had been sent for +hastily to her farm two miles away, spared not at all to give him what +she called the rough side of her tongue; and when the doctor came from +his home across the blue mountains, and shook his head ominously over +the baby, and dressing Winnie's wan face, said that the blow on the +forehead by just missing the temple had escaped being a deathblow, the +old woman's horror and indignation against her son were great. But the +doctor had gone now, with a kindly word of cheer at parting to the poor +sinner, and with an expressed hope of pulling the baby through by +careful attention and nursing. These it was sure to have, because Jim +Daly's mother was the best nurse in all fair Tipperary, and, despite the +very rough side to her tongue on occasion, the gentlest and most +kind-hearted. + +These two were alone now, and the room was quite silent except for the +man's occasional great sobs, and the low, sweet, comforting voice of the +woman. + +Presently the door opened again, this time to admit a priest, a hale, +ruddy-faced man of fifty or so, spurred and gaitered as if for riding, +who, coming to them quickly, with a keen look of concern and pain in his +clear eyes, and drawing a chair closer, laid one large hand on Jim's +bent head, while the other went out warmly to take Winnie's little, cold +fingers. "My poor, poor children!" he said, and under that true, loving +pity Winnie's tears began to flow anew. He was sorely troubled for +these; he had baptized them, had admitted both to the Sacraments, had +joined their hands in marriage, and he had tried vainly to stop this +poor boy's easy descent to evil; and now it had ended so. In the new +silence he was praying rapidly and softly, asking his Lord to make this +a means of bringing back the strayed lamb to His fold. Then he spoke +again:-- + +"Look up, Jim, my child; you needn't tell me anything about it, I know +all. Look up, and tell me you are going to begin a new life; that you +are going with me now to the altar of God, to kneel there and ask His +forgiveness, and to promise Him that you will never again touch the +poison that has so nearly made you the murderer of your wife and child. +It is His great mercy that both are spared to you to-day, and the doctor +tells me that he hopes to bring the baby through safely, so you must +cheer up. And it will be a new life, will it not, my poor boy, from this +day, with God's good help." + +And so Jim lifted his head, and said brokenly:-- + +"God bless you, father, for the kindly word. Yis, I'm comin' back to my +duty with His help, and I thank Him this day, and His blessed Mother, +and blessed St. Patrick, that they held my hand. Oh, sure, father, to +think of me layin' a hand on my purty colleen that I love better nor my +life, and the little weany child that laughed up in my face with his two +blue eyes, and crowed for me to lift him out of his cradle! But with the +help of God, I'm going to make up to them for it wan day. But, father, I +won't stay here where my family was always respectable and held up their +heads, to have it thrown into my face every day that I had nigh murdered +my wife and child. Sure I could never rise under such a shame as that. +Give me your blessin', father, for me and Winnie has settled it. I'm +goin' to Australia to begin a new life, and the mother's snug, and'll +keep Winnie and the child till I send for them, or make money enough to +come for them." + +The priest looked at him gravely, and pondered a few minutes before his +reply. + +"Well, I don't know but you're right. God enlighten you to do what is +for the best. It will be a complete breaking of the old evil ties and +fascinations, at all events, and, as you say, the mother'll be glad to +have Winnie and her grandson." + +And a week later, wife and child being on the high road to +convalescence, Jim Daly sailed for Australia. + +This was in February, and outside the little golden-thatched farmhouse +the birds were calling to one another, wildly, clearly, making believe, +the little mad mummers--because spring was riotous in their blood--that +each was not quite visible to the other under his canopy of interlaced +boughs, bare against the sky, but that rather it was June, and the +close, leafy bowers let through only a little blue sky, and a breath of +happy wind, and a blent radiance of gold and green, and that so they +must perforce signal to each other their whereabouts. Some in the thatch +were nest-building, but these little merry drones were swaying to and +fro on the bare boughs, delirious with the new delight that had come to +them, for spring was here, and there was a subtle fragrance of her +breath on the air; and all over the land, for the sound of her feet +passing, there was a strange stirring of unborn things somewhere out of +sight, and where she had trodden were springing suddenly rings and +clusters of faint snowdrops, and tender, flame-colored crocuses, and +double garden primroses, and the dear, red-brown velvet of the +wall-flowers lovely against the dark leaves. + +February again--but now far away from the mountain-side. In the city, +where no sweet premonition of spring comes with those first days of her +reign, and in the slums that crouch miserably about the stately +cathedral of St. Patrick's, huddling squalidly around its feet, while +the lovely tower of it soars far away into the blue heart of the sky. It +is a blue sky--as blue as it can be over any spreading range of solemn +hills, for poor Dublin has few tall factory chimneys to defile it with +smoke--and there are little feathery wisps of white cloud on the blue, +that lie quite calm and motionless, despite the fact a bright west wind +is flying. + +It is so warm that the window of one room in one of the most squalid +tenement houses of the Coombe is a little open, and the wind steals in +softly, and sways to and fro the clean, white curtains; for this room is +poor, but not squalid and grimed as the others are. The two small beds +are covered with spotlessly white quilts, and the wooden dresser behind +the door is spotless, with its few household utensils shining in the +leaping firelight; and opposite the window is a small altar, carefully +and neatly tended, whereon are two pretty statuettes of the Sacred Heart +and our Blessed Lady, and at the foot of these, no gaudy, artificial +flowers, but a snowdrop or two and a yellow crocus, laid lovingly in a +wineglass of water. + +It is all very clean and pure, but, alas! it is a very sad room now, +despite all that, because--oh, surely the very saddest thing in all the +sad world! there is a little child dying there in its mother's arms. And +the mother is poor little Winnie Daly, far from kindly Tipperary and the +good priest, and the pleasant neighbors who would have been neighborly +to her, and here, in the cruel city, she is watching her one little son +die. He is lying on his small bed, with his eyes closed--a little, +pretty, fair boy of seven--his breath coming very faintly, and the +golden curls, dank with the death-dew, pushed restlessly off his +forehead, and the two gentle little hands crossed meekly on each other +on his breast. His mother, her face almost as deathly in its pallor and +emaciation as his, is kneeling by the bed, her yellow hair wandering +over the pillow, her head bent low beside his, and her eyes drinking +thirstily every change that passes over the small face, where the gray +shadows are growing grayer. They have lain so for a long time, with no +movement disturbing the solemn silence, except once, when her hand goes +out tenderly to gather into it the little, cold, damp one. But she is +not alone in her agony. Two Sisters of Mercy, in their black serge +robes, are kneeling each side of the bed, and their sad, clear eyes are +very tender and watchful; they will be ready with help the moment it is +needed, but now the great beads of the brown rosary at each one's girdle +are dropping noiselessly through the white fingers, and their lips are +moving in prayer. One is strangely beautiful, with a stately, imperial +beauty; but it is etherealized, spiritualized to an unearthly degree, +and the flowing serge robes throw out that noble face into fairer relief +than could any empress's purple and gold brocade. Both women are +wonderfully sweet-faced: these nuns are always so pitying and tender, +because their daily and hourly contact with human pain and sin and +misery must keep, I think, the warm human sympathies in them alive and +throbbing always. Now there is a faint movement over the child's face +and limbs, and the tall, beautiful nun rises quickly, because, +well-skilled in death-bed lore, she sees that the end cannot be very far +off. His eyes open slowly, and wander a little at first; then they come +back to rest on his mother's face, and raising one small hand with +difficulty he touches her thin cheek caressingly, and then his hand +falls again, and he says weakly, "Mammy, lift me up." + +"Yes, my lamb," poor Winnie answers brokenly, gathering him up in her +arms and laying the little golden head on her breast. He closes his eyes +again for a minute, then reopens them, and his gaze wanders around the +room as if seeking something, and one of the nuns, understanding, goes +gently and brings the few spring flowers to the bedside; this morning +tender Sister Columba had carried them to him, knowing what a wonder and +happiness flowers always were to the little crippled child,--for Jim's +little lad was crippled from that fall in his babyhood. He lies +contentedly a moment, and then says weakly, the words dropping with +painful pauses between each,-- + +"Mammy, will there--be green fields in heaven--an' primroses--an' will I +be able--to run then? I wouldn't go to Crumlin last summer--with the +boys--'kase I was lame--but they got primroses--an' gev me some." + +And it is the nun who answers, for the mother's agonized white lips +only stir dumbly: "Yes, Jimmy, darling little child, there will be green +fields in heaven, and primroses, and you will run and sing; and our dear +Lord will be there and His Blessed Mother, and He will smile to see you +playing about His feet." + +Then she lifts the great crucifix of her rosary, and lays it for a +moment against the wan baby lips that smile gently at her, and the white +eyelids fall over the pansy eyes, and gradually the soft sleep passes +imperceptibly and painlessly into death. And one nun takes him out of +his mother's arms, and lays him down softly on the pillows and smooths +the little fair limbs, and passes a loving hand over the transparent +eyelids; and the other nun gathers poor Winnie into her tender arms, +with sweet comforting words that will surely help her by and by, but now +are unheeded, because God has mercifully given her a short +insensibility. And the nun turns to the other, with a little soft +fluttering sigh stirring her wistful mouth, and says, "Poor darling! the +separation will not be for long. Our dear Lord will very soon lay her +baby once more in her arms." + +A fortnight later a bronzed and bearded man landed on the quay of +Dublin. It was Jim Daly--a new, grave, strong Jim Daly, coming home now +comparatively a wealthy man, with the money earned by steady industry, +in the gold-fields. There he had worked steadily for three years, with +always the object coloring his life of atoning for the past, and making +fair the future to wife and child and mother, and the object had been +strong enough to keep him apart from the sin and riotousness and +drunkenness of the camp. He would have been persuasive-tongued, indeed, +among the wild livers who could have persuaded Jim Daly to join in a +carousal. But the worst living among the diggers knew how to come to him +for help and advice when they needed it; and many a gentle, kindly act +was done by him in his quiet unobtrusive manner, with no consciousness +in his own mind that he was doing more than any other man would have +done. + +He had never written home in all those years, though the thought of +those beloved ones was always with him--at getting up and lying down, in +his dreams and during the hours of the working day. At first times were +hard with him, and for three years it was a dreary struggle for +existence; and he could not bear to write while every day his feet were +slipping backward. Then came the rush to the gold-fields, and he, coming +on a lucky vein, found himself steadily making "a pile," and so +determined that when a certain sum was amassed he would turn his steps +homeward; and because postal arrangements in those days were so +precarious, and the time occupied by the transit of a letter so long, he +had then given up the thought of writing at all, watching eagerly the +days drifting by that were bringing him each day nearer home. In his +wandering life no letter had ever reached him; but he never doubted that +they were all quite safe; in that little peaceful hillside village, and +cluster of farmsteads, life passed so innocently and safely; the people +were poor, but the landlord was lenient, and they managed to pay the +rent he asked without the starvation and misery that existed on other +estates; and apart from the pain and destitution and sin of the towns, +the little colony seemed also to be exempt from their diseases, and the +little graveyard was long in filling up; the funerals were seldom, +unless when sometimes an old man or woman, come to a patriarchal age, +went out gladly to lay their weary old bones under the long grasses and +the green sorrel and the daisy stars. + +This had all been in his day, and he did not know at all how things had +changed. First, after he sailed, things had gone fairly; Winnie had +grown strong again, and even when his silence grew obstinate, no shadow +of doubt crossed her mind; she was so sure he loved her, and she knew he +would come back some day to her. The first cloud on the sky came when +the baby developed some disease of the hip, the result of the fall, and +it refused to yield to all the doctor's treatment; indeed it became +worse with time, and as the years slipped by, the ailing, puny babe grew +into a delicate, gentle child, fair and wise and grave, but crippled +hopelessly. Then, the fourth year after Jim went, there came a bad +season, crops failed, and the cow died; and then, fast on those +troubles, the kind old landlord died, and his place was taken by a +schoolboy at Eton, and, alas! the agency of his estates placed in the +hands of a certain J. P. and D. L., tales of whose evictions on the +estates already under his charge had made those simple peasants shiver +by their firesides in the winter evenings. Then to this peaceful +mountain colony came raising of rents like a thunder-clap, followed soon +by writs, and then the Sheriff and the dreadful evicting parties. And +one of the first to go was old Mrs. Daly; and when she saw the little +brown house whereto her young husband, dead those twenty years, had +brought her as a bride, where her children were born, and from whose +doors one after the other the little frail things, dead at birth, had +been carried, till at last her strong, hearty Jim came--when she saw the +golden thatch of it given to the flames, the honest, proud old heart +broke, and from the house of a kindly neighbor, where neighbor's hands +carried her gently, she also went out, a few days later, to join husband +and babes in the churchyard house, whence none should seek to evict +them. And the troubles thickened, and famine and fever and death came; +and then the good priest died too--of a broken heart, they said. And so +the last friend was gone--for the people, with pain and death shadowing +every hearthstone, were overwhelmed with their own troubles--and poor +Winnie and the little crippled son drifted away to the city. + +And at the time all those things were happening, Jim Daly used to stand +at the door of his tent in the evening, gazing gravely away westward, +his soul's eyes fixed on a fairer vision than the camp, or the gorgeous +sunset panorama that passed unheeded before the eyes of his body. He saw +the long, green grasses in the pastures at home in Inniskeen. And he saw +Winnie--his darling colleen--coming from the little house-door with her +wooden pail under her arm for the milking, and she was laughing and +singing, and her step was light; and by her side the little son, with +his cheeks like apples in August, and his violet eyes dancing with +pleasure, and the little feet trotting, hurrying, stumbling, and the fat +baby hand clutching at the mother's apron, till, with a sudden, tender +laugh she swung him in her strong young arms to a throne on her +shoulder, wherefrom he shouted so merrily that Cusha, the great gentle +white cow, turned about, and ceased for a moment her placid chewing of +the cud, to gaze in some alarm at the approaching despoilers of her +milk. + +Oh, how bitterly sad that dream seems to me, knowing the bitter reality! +That in the squalid slums of the city, the girl-wife was setting her +feet for death; that the little child, crippled by the father's drunken +blow, had never played or run gladly as other children do--never would +do these things unless it might be in the wide, green playing-fields of +heaven. + +I will tell you how he found his wife. It was evening when he landed at +the North Wall, and he found then that till morning there was no train +to take him home; and with what fierce impatience he thought of the +hours of evening and night to be lived through before he could be on his +way to his beloved ones, one can imagine. Then he remembered that by a +fellow-digger, who parted with him in London, he had been intrusted with +a wreath to lay on a certain grave in Glasnevin; and with a certain +sense of relief at the prospect of something to be done, he unpacked the +wreath from among his belongings on his arrival at the hotel, and, +ordering a meal to be ready by his return, he set out for the cemetery. + +It was almost dusk when he reached it, and not far from closing-time, +and, the wreath deposited, he was making his way to the gate again. +Suddenly his attention was caught by a sound of violent coughing, and +turning in the direction from which it proceeded, he saw a woman's +figure kneeling by a small, poor grave. For the dusk he could hardly see +her face, which also was partly turned away from him; but he could see +that her hands were pressed tightly on her breast, as if striving to +repress the frightful paroxysms which were shaking her from head to +foot. + +Jim was tender and pitiful to women always, and now with a thought of +Winnie--for the figure was slight and girlish-looking--he went over and +laid his hand very gently on the woman's shoulder, saying, "Come, poor +soul! God help ye; ye must come now, for it's nigh on closin'-time; and, +sure, kneelin' on the wet earth in this raw, foggy evenin' is no place +for ye, at all, at all." + +The coughing had ceased, and as he spoke she looked up at him wildly. +Then she gave a great cry that went straight through the man's heart; +she sprang up, and, throwing her thin arms round his neck cried out: +"Jim, Jim, me own Jim, come back to me again! Oh, thank God, thank God! +Jim, Jim, don't you know your own Winnie?" for he was standing stupefied +by the suddenness of it all. Then he gathered the poor, worn body into +the happy harborage of his arms, and, for a minute, in the joy of the +reunion, he did not even think of the strangeness of the place in which +he had found her; and mercifully for those first moments the dusk hid +from him how deathly was the face his kisses were falling on. Then, +suddenly, with a dreadful thunderous shock, he remembered where they +were standing, and I think even before he cried out to know whose was +the grave, that in his heart he knew. + +I cannot tell you how she broke it to him, or in my feeble words speak +of this man's dreadful anguish; only I know that with the white mists +enfolding them, and the little child lying at their feet, she told him +all. + +"An', darlin', I'm goin' too," she said, "an' even for the sake of +stayin' wid you I can't stay. I'm so tired-like, an' my heart's so empty +for the child; an' you'll say 'God's will be done,' won't ye, achora? +And when the hawthorn's out in May, bring some of it here; an', Jim +darlin', I'll be lyin' here so happy--him an' me, an' his little curly +head on my breast, an' his little arms claspin' my neck." + +He said, "God's will be done," mechanically, but I think his heart was +broken; no other words came from his lips except over and over again, +"Wife and child! wife and child! My little crippled son! my little +crippled son!" + + KATHARINE TYNAN, in _League of the Cross_. + + + + +What English Catholics are Contending for, + +AND WHAT AMERICAN CATHOLICS WANT. + + +Mr. A. Langdale in a letter to the _London Daily News_ puts the Catholic +view upon the education question with accuracy and yet with refreshing +terseness. "We can accept," he writes, "no compromise, and must have our +own Catechism, taught to our own children, in our own schools, by our +own masters. We will accept a 'conscience clause,' and open our schools +to all comers, and, as a fact, do. We will open our schools to +Government inspection, and gladly abide by payments by results. All we +desire is a fair field and no favor. One thing we can't and won't do, +and that is to suffer our children to receive religious instruction +which is not our own, and equally to accept teaching as a system in +which religious teaching is not included. Now there are doubtless a +great many who think we ought to be contented with unsectarian religious +instruction, and some who even utter something of not having any Popery +taught. Quite so, and to the end of all time the opinion of some will be +opposed to the opinions of others. Well, we say our religion is at +stake, and we can accept no less, and it is oppression and tyranny to +deprive us of our rights. We pay our taxes, we pay our rates, we even +provide our own schools, we educate our own teachers, and subscribe +largely to our schools, all under Government approval, and we submit to +a conscience clause. All we ask is that our secular teaching shall, +under Government inspection, be paid for at the same rate as similar +teaching is paid for in any other school. We say this is our first and +paramount interest and liberty; to refuse it is persecution. I and +thousands more are true Liberals heart and soul, and yet are forced to +go as a matter of primary duty and do violence to every wish of one's +heart, and support a Tory solely because the Liberal candidate refuses +to recognize any Denominational system. It is no Liberty, but a cruel +imposition of a religious intolerance." + + + + +Ingratitude of France in the Irish Struggle. + + +Not the least remarkable, though perhaps accountable, feature of the +present Anglo-Irish crisis is to be found in the thinly disguised +hostility with which our struggle for independence is viewed by the +nations of Europe. One might at first be inclined to think that +gratitude to the countrymen of those splendid fellows, without whose +heads and hands the long series of English triumphs since 1688 over her +bitterest foe had ne'er been broken, would have secured for us, if not +encouragement, neutrality on the part of France. Not so, however. Spain +alone, of European States refuses to take sides against us (Russia, for +obvious causes, cannot be regarded as unbiassed); and Spain, as many of +us know, claims a kinship with Ireland hardly less strong, if more +legendary, than that which exists between America and England. As a +matter of fact, our precious "sister" has been plying the hose with +exceptional success. She has so saturated and stunned the Continental +public with the thick stream of falsehood about Ireland and her people +that the poor creature, half befuddled by the whole business, commits +itself to approval of an act which calm reflection might convince it was +indefensible. This gullible public has been taught by England to believe +that we are a race of treacherous and incorrigible savages, ignorant of +and indifferent to the common decencies of life; a nation of brawlers +and beggars, loafers and drunkards. We are, moreover, in sympathy with +those scourges of its own lands, the Communist, the Nihilist, the +Socialist. What wonder then, that it should consider the humiliation of +England, gratifying though it might be in itself, even a boon too dearly +purchased at the price. We think it well that Irishmen should be +constantly reminded of the degree in which they are indebted to their +neighbor. But in doing so, we deem it of importance to guard ourselves +carefully from misconception. Nothing is further from our desires than +to keep an old sore running, simply to gratify an unchristian passion +for revenge. Quite the contrary. At the same time we hold that in laying +bare the hideous malice, the systematic meanness, with which our pious +master has smirched the name of Ireland before the eyes of the world, we +shall be deservedly rebuking an amiable but spiritless class, whose meek +outpourings have become a nuisance. We would advise persons of this +class to bear two things in mind. In the first place, that after the +cession of an Irish Parliament (yielded, of course, only as the +alternative to rebellion), the initiative towards reconciliation must be +made by England, which is in the wrong, not by Ireland, that has +suffered from the wrong. Secondly, that partnership in business does not +necessarily imply either friendship or affection in private. Those who +are most strongly opposed in politics and religion often pull well +together when there is no help for it, and when they see that to do so +is for the promotion of their mutual interests. So may it be with +nations; and so, please God, will it be with Ireland and England, until +that day when the latter is able to come forward and say to us, "I +restore to you your escutcheon, which, trampled and spat upon by me of +yore, I have since by my tears washed whiter than the driven snow." + + _Dublin Freeman's Journal._ + + + + +O'Connell and Parnell--1835-1886. + + +"History repeats itself. Fifty years ago English parties found +themselves in the presence of difficulties similar to those by which +they are confronted to-day. The general election of 1835 left O'Connell +master of the situation, as the general election of 1885 leaves Mr. +Parnell. Then England returned 212, Ireland 39, and Scotland 13 Tories, +making a total of 364 members who were prepared to support the +government of Sir Robert Peel. On the other side, England returned 99 +Whigs, 189 Radicals and Independents; Scotland, 10 Whigs, 30 Radicals +and Independents; Ireland, 22 Whigs, acting mainly with O'Connell, and +44 Repealers, acting directly under him; thus making a total altogether +of 349 anti-Ministerialists. But between the members of the Opposition +so formed there was no cohesion. O'Connell stood aside from Whigs, +Tories and Radicals, awaiting the arrangement of the terms on which his +alliance was to be secured. Of the 219 Radicals and Independents elected +at the polls only 140 could be relied on to support a Whig +administration, and the result was that, so far as England and Scotland +were concerned, the Tories had a working majority of 15. Thus: Tories, +264; Whig-Radical Coalition, 249; Tory majority, 15; Irish in reserve, +66. Here was 'an extraordinary state of parties,' to use the language of +the _Edinburgh Review_; 'an awful situation,' to adopt the phraseology +of the _Times_. 'O'Connell would be real Prime Minister,' roared the +Thunderer of Printing-House Square, if Whigs and Tories did not loyally +unite to put him down. One thing, in the opinion of the _Times_, was +clear--no English party ought to touch 'the Repeal rebel,' 'the +unprincipled ruffian,' 'the demon of malignity and anarchy,' in whose +hands the people of Ireland had been forced to place the destinies of +their wretched country." + +The above is from the _Dublin Freeman_. Catholic emancipation was then +the burning question, and O'Connell triumphed. To-day the question is +Legislative Independence for Ireland. Will it be a triumph? The struggle +of desperation will not, we hope, have to answer. + + * * * * * + +With true orators success is won by the long-continued work which +supplies the hard facts and telling truths for which eloquent words are +but the vehicle. Powder, no doubt, is very useful in war; it makes the +most noise, but it is the bullets and shells that silence the +enemy.--_Rev. William Delaney, S. J._ + + + + +JUVENILE DEPARTMENT. + + +THE DAISY AND THE FERN. + + The day was hot, the sun shone out + And burned the little flowers, + Who earthward drooped their weary heads, + And longed for cooling showers. + + One little daisy, hot and tired, + And scorching in the sun, + Had altered much, for fair was she + When the morning had begun. + + "Come, put yourself beneath my shade!" + A graceful fern thus spake, + "For if you stay out there, dear flower, + You'll shrivel up and bake." + + So daisy leaned towards the fern + And hid beneath her shade, + And on the fern's cool, mossy root + Her burning petals laid. + + No sunlight fell on her, but, oh! + The poor fern had it all; + She drooped down low, and lower still, + Who once was straight and tall. + + "Daisy," she said, "I'm dying fast, + My life is near its end, + My time with you is almost past, + So farewell, little friend." + + Then daisy wept, her tears ran down + Upon the poor fern's root; + A thrill of fast returning life + Through the languid fern did shoot. + + Full soon she grew quite fresh again, + No longer did she burn; + For little daisy's tears of love + Had saved the dying fern. + + MAUD EGERTON HINE, a child of less than eight years old. + + * * * * * + + +CHEMISTRY OF A HEN'S EGG. + +Before proceeding to inquire into the interior composition of the egg, +we will consider the exterior covering, or the shell--the physical and +chemical structure of which is exceedingly interesting and wonderful. +The white, fragile cortex called the shell, composed of mineral matter, +is not the tight, compact covering which it appears to be; for it is +everywhere perforated with a multitude of holes too small to be +discerned by the naked eye, but which, with the aid of a microscope, are +distinctly revealed. Under the microscope the shell appears like a +sieve, or it more closely resembles the white perforated paper sold by +stationers. Through these holes there is constant evaporation going on, +so that an egg, from the day that it is dropped by the hen, to the +moment when it is consumed, is losing weight and diminishing in volume. +This process goes on much more rapidly in hot weather than in cold, and +consequently perfect eggs are not so readily procured in summer as in +winter. If, by any means, we stop this evaporating process, the egg +remains sound and good for a great length of time. Covering the shell +with an impervious coat of varnish, or with mutton suet or lard, aids +greatly in their preservation. The substance used to stop transpiration +must not be soluble in watery fluids, or liable to be removed. By +chemical agencies, that is, by actually filling up the little holes in +the shell by lime placed in solution (the solution holding the proper +chemical substances to form an impervious coating of carbonate of lime +over the entire surface), we have preserved eggs for months, and even +years, in a sweet condition. Not long ago, eggs broken in a laboratory +in Boston were found to be quite fresh, which, according to the +memorandum made upon the vessel, were placed in the solution four years +ago. + +[Illustration] + +The shell of the egg is lined upon its interior everywhere with a very +thin but pretty tough membrane, which, dividing at or very near the +obtuse end, forms a small bag which is filled with air. In new-laid eggs +this follicle appears very little, but it becomes larger when the egg is +kept. In breaking an egg, this membrane is removed with the shell to +which it adheres, and therefore is regarded a part of it, which it is +not. + +The shell proper is made up mostly of earthy materials, of which +ninety-seven per cent is carbonate of lime. The remainder is composed of +two per cent of animal matter and one of phosphate of lime and magnesia. +Carbonate of lime is the same material of which our marble quarries and +chalk beds are composed: it is lime, or oxide of calcium, combined with +carbonic acid, and is a hard, insoluble mineral substance, which does +not appear to form any portion of the food of fowls. Now, where does the +hen procure this substance with which to form the shell? If we confine +fowls in a room and feed them with any of the cereal grains, excluding +all sand, dust or earthy matter, they will go on for a time and lay +eggs, each one having a perfect shell made up of the same calcareous +elements. Vanvuelin, the distinguished chemist, shut up a hen ten days +and fed her exclusively upon oats, of which she consumed 7,474 grains in +weight. During this time four eggs were laid, the shells of which +weighed nearly 409 grains: of this amount 276 grains was carbonate of +lime, 17-1/2 phosphate of lime, and 10 gluten. But there is only a +little carbonate of lime in oats, and from whence could this 409 grains +of the rocky material have been derived? The answer to this question +opens up some of the most curious and wonderful facts connected with +animal chemistry, and affords glimpses of many of the operations of +organic life, which, to the common mind, seem in the highest degree +paradoxical and perplexing. The body of a bird, like that of a man, is +but a piece of chemical apparatus made capable of transforming hard and +fixed substances into others of a very unlike nature. In oats there is +contained phosphate of lime, with an abundance of silica; and the +stomach and assimilating organs of the bird are made capable of +decomposing or rending asunder the lime salts and forming with the +silica a silicate of lime. + +This new body is itself made to undergo decomposition, and the base is +combined with carbonic acid, forming carbonate of lime. The carbonic +acid is probably derived from the atmosphere, or more directly, perhaps, +from the blood. These chemical changes among hard, inorganic bodies are +certainly wonderful when we reflect that they are brought about in the +delicate organs of a comparatively feeble bird, under the influence of +animal heat and the vital forces. They embrace a series of decomposing +and recomposing operations which it is difficult to imitate in the +laboratory. + +In the experiment to which allusion has been made, the amount of earthy +material found in the eggs and the excrement of the hen exceeded that +contained in the food she consumed. This seems paradoxical, and can only +be explained upon the ground that birds as well as animals have the +power, in times of exigency, of drawing upon their own bodies for +material which is required to perform necessary functions. + +The shell of an ordinary hen's egg weighs about one hundred and six +grains, that is, the inorganic portion of it; and if a bird lays one +hundred eggs in a year, she produces about twenty-two ounces of nearly +pure carbonate of lime in that period of time, which would afford chalk +enough to meet the wants of a farmer, or perhaps even of a house +carpenter of moderate business, for a twelvemonth. + +If a farmer has a flock of one hundred hens, they produce in egg shells, +about one hundred and thirty-seven pounds of chalk annually; and yet not +a pound of the substance, or perhaps not even an ounce, exists around +the farm-house within the circuit of their feeding grounds. This is a +source of lime production not usually recognized by farmers or hen +fanciers, and it is by no means insignificant. The materials of the +manufacture are found in the food consumed, and in the sand, pebble +stones, brick-dust, bits of bones, etc., which hens and other birds are +continually picking from the earth. + +The instinct is keen for these apparently innutritious and refractory +substances, and they are devoured with as eager a relish as the cereal +grains or insects. If hens are confined to barns or outbuildings, it is +obvious that the egg-producing machinery cannot be kept long in action, +unless the materials for the shell are produced in ample abundance. + +Within the shell the animal portion of the egg is found; which consists +of a viscous, colorless liquid called albumen, or the _white_, and a +yellow globular mass called the vitellus, or _yolk_. The white of the +egg consists of two parts, each of which is enveloped in distinct +membranes. The outer bag of albumen, next the shell, is quite a thin, +watery body, while the next which invests the yolk, is heavy and thick. +But few housekeepers who break eggs ever distinguish between the _two +whites_, or know of their existence even. + +Each has its appropriate office to fulfil during the process of +incubation or hatching; and one acts in the mysterious process as +important a part as the other. If we remove this glairy fluid from the +shell and place it in a glass, and plunge into it a strip of reddened +litmus paper, a blue tinge is immediately produced, which indicates the +presence of an alkali. The alkali is soda in a free condition, and its +presence is of the highest consequence, for without it the liquid would +be _insoluble_. A portion of the white of an egg, when diluted with +water, and a few drops of vinegar or acetic acid added to it, undergoes +a rapid change. The liquid becomes cloudy and flocculent, and small bits +of shreddy matter fall to the bottom of the vessel. This is pure +albumen, made so by removing the soda held in combination by the use of +the acid. A pinch of soda added to the solid precipitate redissolves it, +and it is again liquid. There is another way by which the albumen is +rendered solid: and that is by the application of heat. Eggs placed in +boiling hot water pass from the soluble to the insoluble state quite +rapidly, or, in other words, the albumen both of the white and yolk +becomes "coagulated." + +No contrast can be greater than that between a boiled and unboiled egg. +Not only is it changed physically, but there is a change in chemical +properties, and yet no chemist can tell in what the change consists. It +is true, the water extracts a little alkali, and a trace of sulphide of +sodium; but the abstraction of these bodies is hardly sufficient to +account for the change in question. + +The hardening of the albumen of egg by heat constitutes the cooking +process, and this deserves a moment's consideration. + +Great as is the physical difference between a fully cooked and an +uncooked egg, it is no less remarkable in the degree of digestibility +conferred upon it by the process. Uncooked, it passes by the most simple +processes of assimilation from the digestive to the nutritive and +circulatory organs, and is at once employed in nourishing or sustaining +the bodily functions. Unduly cooked, the egg resists the action of the +gastric juices for a long time, and becomes unsuited to the stomachs of +the weak and dyspeptic. A raw or soft-boiled egg is of all varieties of +food the most nourishing and concentrated; a hard-boiled egg is apt to +trouble the digestion of the strong and healthful, and its nutrient +properties are sensibly impaired. The yolk contains water and albumen, +but associated with these is quite a large number of mineral and other +substances which render it very complex in composition. The bright +yellow color is due to a peculiar fat or oil, which is capable of +reflecting the yellow rays of light, and this oil holds the sulphur and +phosphorous which abound in the egg. If the yolk be removed and dried, +and the yellow oil separated, it will be found to form two-thirds of the +substance. The whole weight in its natural state is about three hundred +grains, of which three-fifths is water; of the white more than three +quarters is water. + +The yolk and albumen of a fecundated egg remains as sweet and free from +corruption during the whole time of incubation as it is in new-laid +eggs, and there is but little loss of water; whereas an unfecundated egg +passes rapidly into putrefactive decay and perishes. + +Any one who eats three or four eggs at breakfast consumes that number of +embryo chicks. + +All the materials which enter into the legs, bones, feathers, bill, +etc., of the new-born chick, exist in the egg, as nothing is derived +from outside. The little creature which has just pecked its way out of +its calcareous prison-house, has lime and phosphorus in his bones, +sulphur in his feathers, iron, potash, soda and magnesia in his blood, +all of which mineral constituents come from the egg, and are taken into +the stomach when it is eaten as food. + +The valuable or important salts are contained in the yolk, and hence +this portion of the egg is the most useful in some forms of disease. A +weakly person, in whom nerve force is deficient and the blood +impoverished, may take the yolks of eggs with advantage. The iron +phosphoric compounds are in a condition to be readily assimilated, and +although homoeopathic in quantity, nevertheless exert a marked +influence upon the system. The yolks of eggs, containing as they do less +albumen, are not so injuriously affected by heat as the white, and a +hard-boiled yolk may be usually eaten by invalids without inconvenience. +The composition of a fresh egg, exclusive of the shell, may be presented +as follows: + + Water 74.0 parts. + Albumen 14.0 parts. + Oil or fat 10.5 parts. + Mineral Salts 1.5 parts. + ------ + 100 + +The whole usually weighs about a thousand grains, of which the shell +makes a tenth part. + +The chick-making materials, exclusive of water, form only one-quarter of +the weight of the liquid contents, or only about two hundred grains. + +This seems to be a small beginning upon which to rear a full-grown +rooster. The bulk or quantity as found in hens' eggs, and indeed in the +eggs of all birds, is wonderfully disproportionate to the size of the +mother bird. The laying of eggs must be regarded as a particularly +exhausting process, and yet fowls will keep it up for a long time and +not lose much in flesh. We have known a hen of the game variety which +has laid twenty-two eggs in twenty-two consecutive days, and they +average in weight one thousand grains each. This gives in amount +twenty-two thousand grains, or rather more than three pounds +avoirdupois, of which about two and a quarter pounds is water. The dozen +or more ounces of rich, nutritive material, parted with in twenty-two +days, would seem to be a prodigious draught upon the small physical +structure of the bird, but there were no indications of exhaustion. + +Whilst it is true that the quickening of an egg which results in the +birth of a chick, is no more marvellous a process or result than the +embryotic development of any creature endowed with the mysterious +principle of life, yet there are some circumstances connected with it +which make it a matter of greater perplexity and wonder. Here is an oval +white body consisting of a calcareous shell, within which there are some +semi-fluid substances, consisting mainly of albumen and water, without +any signs of life. In fact, there is no life; it is simply a mass of +dead, inanimate matter. Talk as much as we will about the germinal +principles involved in the structure of the egg, we are totally unable +to recognize it, or form any conception of its nature. + +There is no evidence of the presence of any germ or principle of life +whatever. The egg left to itself decays like other organized substances, +but with our assistance in simply transferring it to a place where the +temperature is in a certain uniform condition, in a few weeks, the +albumen, water, oil and mineral salts are transferred into a living +chick, which thrusts its little beak through the shell, and in ten +minutes is running about, almost able to take care of itself. + +Here is the development of life apparently without the agency of the +mother, and what a marvel! The chemist may place together in a body in a +warm place, just such elements or substances: he may carefully weigh the +water, the albumen, the phosphotic compounds, the sulphur, the iron, +soda, etc., and construct a very accurate egg mixture, but out of it all +there will never come a living chick. In this, we obtain some idea how +little we actually know about life, how dark is the region where the +life principle begins, or where the vital forces originate. The +indefatigable man of science has pushed his inquiries close up to the +boundary between the inanimate and the animate; but he has never been +able to obtain the least glimpse of anything upon the _life_ side of the +line. However great maybe our curiosity, our skill or knowledge in this +state of existence, there is not the least probability that we shall +ever be able to endow matter with life, or know much more than we do at +present of its origin or nature. + + * * * * * + +AUNTIE, to a little four-year-old who is resting his head on the +table--"Ah, Louis, you are sleepy; you will have to go to bed." "Oh, no, +auntie, I aren't sleepy; but my head is loose, so I laid it down here." + + * * * * * + + +HE WAS ONLY A NEWSBOY. + +It was a very small funeral procession that wended its way slowly from +the King's County Hospital to the Holy Cross Cemetery at Flatbush, New +York. There were no handsome carriages, no long string of hacks, only +the hearse containing a small, plain coffin, followed by a solitary +coach. But the mourning was just as sincere as at the largest and most +imposing funeral. And it was not confined to the four boys who +accompanied the body of their dearest friend to its last resting-place. +A hundred hearts were touched by grief. A hundred faces were wet with +tears. + +"It's only a newsboy," said a policeman. True, only a newsboy, a waif +from the streets of the great city. But no philanthropist was ever +kinder, no friend more true, no soldier braver, than little Joe +Flanigan. Every newsboy about the offices of New York's great journals +knew and loved him. All owed him a debt of gratitude for the many good +deeds he had done in his humble way. + +Little Joe first appeared on the streets of New York two years ago. He +was small and slight, with great brown eyes and pinched lips that always +wore a smile. Where he came from nobody knew and few cared. His parents, +he said, were dead and he had no friends. It was a hard life. Up at four +o'clock in the morning after sleeping in a dry-goods' box or an alley, +he worked steadily till late at night. He was misused at first. Big boys +stole his papers, or crowded him out of a warm place at night, but he +never complained. The tears would well up in his eyes, but were quickly +brushed away and a new start bravely made. Such conduct won him friends, +and after a little no other dared play tricks upon Little Joe. His +friends he remembered and his enemies he forgave. Some days he had +especially good luck. Kind-hearted people pitied the little fellow and +bought papers whether they wanted them or not. But he was too generous +to save money enough for even a night's lodging. Every boy who "got +stuck" knew he was sure to get enough to buy a supper as long as Joe had +a penny. + +But the hard work and exposure began to tell on his weak constitution. +He kept growing thinner and thinner, till there was scarcely an ounce of +flesh on his little body. The skin of his face was drawn closer and +closer, but the pleasant look never faded away. He was uncomplaining to +the last. He awoke one morning after working hard selling "extras," to +find himself too weak to move. He tried his best to get upon his feet, +but it was a vain attempt. The vital force was gone. + +"Where is Little Joe?" was the universal inquiry. Nobody had seen him +since the previous night. Finally he was found in a secluded corner, and +a good-natured hackman was persuaded to take him to the hospital in +Flatbush, where he said he once lived. Every day one of the boys went to +see him. One Saturday, a newsboy who had abused him at first and learned +to love him afterward, found him sitting up in his cot, his little +blue-veined hand stretched out upon the coverlet. + +"I was afraid you wasn't coming, Jerry," he said, with some difficulty, +"and I wanted to see you once more so much. I guess it will be the last +time, Jerry, for I feel awful weak to-day. Now, Jerry, when I die I want +you to be good for my sake. Tell the boys"-- + +But his message never was completed. Little Joe was dead. His sleep was +calm and beautiful. The trouble and anxiety on his wan face had +disappeared. But the expression was still there. Even in death he +smiled. + +It was sad news that Jerry bore back to his friends on that day. They +feared the end was near and were waiting for him with anxious hearts. +When they saw his tear-stained face they knew that Little Joe was dead. +Not a word was said. They felt as if they were in the presence of death +itself. Their hearts were too full to speak. + +That night a hundred boys met in front of the City Hall. They felt that +they must express their sense of loss in some way, but how they did not +know. Finally, in accordance with the suggestion of one of the larger +boys, they passed a resolution which read as follows:-- + + _Resolved_, That we all liked Little Joe, who was the best + newsboy in New York. Everybody is sorry he has died. + +A collection was taken up to send delegates to the funeral, and the same +hackman who bore little Joe to the hospital again kindly offered the use +of his carriage. On the coffin was a plate, purchased by the boys, whose +language was expressive from its very simplicity. This was the +inscription:-- + + LITTLE JOE, + Aged 14. + The Best Newsboy in New York. + WE ALL LIKED HIM. + +There were no services, but each boy sent a flower to be placed upon the +coffin of his friend. After all, what did it matter that Little Joe was +dead? + +He was only a newsboy. + +This is not a fancy sketch. Every word of the above story is true. + + * * * * * + +OFFICE BOY (to country editor): "A man was in while you were out, who +said he was the genuine John Wilkes Booth." + +Editor (hastily): "He's a fraud. You didn't give him anything did you?" + +Office Boy: "No. He left a dollar for a six months' subscription." + +Editor: "Well, well. And so John Wilkes Booth is still alive. It beats +all." + + * * * * * + + +AN UNWASHED PRINCE. + +The Crown Prince of Prussia, was always a very sensible man in the +management of his household, and he is ably seconded by his wife. On one +occasion the governor of his children came to him and said: + +"Your Highness, I must complain of the little Prince; he refuses to have +his face washed in the morning." + +"Does he?" answered the Crown Prince. "We'll remedy that. After this let +him go unwashed." + +"It shall be done," said the governor. Now the sentries have to salute +every member of the royal family--children and all--whenever they pass. +The day after, the little four-year-old Prince went out for a walk with +his governor. As they passed a sentry-box where a grim soldier stood, +the man stood rigid without presenting arms. The little +Prince--accustomed to universal deference--looked displeased, but said +nothing. Presently another sentry was passed. Neither did this one give +a sign of recognition. The little Prince angrily spoke of it to his old +governor, and they passed on. And when the walk was finished, and they +had met many soldiers, who none of them saluted the Prince, the little +fellow dashed in to his father exclaiming: + +"Papa--papa--you must whip every man in your guards! They refuse to +salute when I pass!" + +"Ah! my son," said the Crown Prince, "they do rightly; for clean +soldiers never salute a dirty little Prince." After that the boy took a +shower bath every morning. + + * * * * * + + +THE LEGEND OF THE WILLOW. + +One day a golden-haired child, who lived where no trees or flowers grew, +was gazing wistfully through the open gate of a beautiful park, when the +gardener chanced to throw out an armful of dry cuttings. Among them the +little girl discovered one with a tiny bud just starting. + +"Perhaps it will grow," she whispered to herself, and, dreaming of wide, +cool boughs and fluttering leaves, she carried it carefully home, and +planted it in the darksome area. Day after day she watched and tended +it, and when, by-and-by, another bud started, she knew that the slip had +taken root. + +Years passed, and the lowly home gave place to a pleasant mansion, and +the narrow area widened into a spacious garden, where many a green tree +threw its shadow. But for the golden-haired child now grown into a +lovely maiden, the fairest and dearest of them all was the one she had +so tenderly nourished. No other tree, she thought, cast such a cool, +soft shade; in no other boughs did the birds sing so sweetly. + +But while the tree lived and flourished, the young girl drooped and +faded. Sweeter and sadder grew the light in her blue eyes, till +by-and-by God's angel touched them with a dreamless sleep. Loving hands +crowned the white brow with myrtle, and under the branches she had loved +laid her tenderly to rest. + +But from that hour, as if in sorrow for the one that had tended it, the +stately tree began to droop. Lower and lower bent the sad branches, +lower and lower, until they caressed the daisied mound that covered her +form. + +"See!" said her young companions, "the tree weeps for her who loved it." +And they called it the Weeping Willow. + + * * * * * + +HOW TO BECOME PROSPEROUS. + +Let every youth be taught some useful art and trained to industry and +thrift. Let every young man lay aside and keep sacredly intact a certain +portion of his earnings. Let every one set out with a determination to +engage in business for himself as soon as he can. Begin in a small, safe +way, and extend your business as experience will teach you is +advantageous. Keep your own books and know constantly what you are +earning and just where you stand. Do not marry until in receipt of a +tolerably certain income, sufficient to live on comfortably. Let every +man who is able buy a farm on which to bring up his sons. It is from the +farm the best men are turned out, morally and intellectually. Bear in +mind that your business cannot be permanently prosperous unless you +share its advantages equally with your customers. + + * * * * * + +CHANGE THE SUBJECT.--"Always," said papa, as he drank his coffee and +enjoyed his morning beefsteak--"always, children, change the subject +when anything unpleasant has been said. It is both wise and polite." + +That evening, on his return from business, he found his carnation-bed +despoiled, and the tiny imprint of slippered feet silently bearing +witness to the small thief. + +"Mabel," he said to her, "did you pick my flowers?" + +"Papa," said Mabel, "did you see a monkey in town?" + +"Never mind that. Did you pick my flowers?" + +"Papa, what did grandma send me?" + +"Mabel, what do you mean? Did you pick my flowers? Answer me yes or no." + +"Yes, papa, I did; but I fout I'd change the subject." + + * * * * * + +The noblest mind the best contentment has. + + + + + DONAHOE'S MAGAZINE + + BOSTON, MARCH, 1886. + + NOTES ON CURRENT TOPICS. + + +ENLARGEMENT OF BOSTON COLLEGE. The increase in the number of students +has been so great during the past year that the president, Rev. E. V. +Boursaud, S. J., has concluded to add a new wing to the main building of +the college, as there are not a sufficient number of class rooms to +accommodate all. The foundation will be laid in the spring, and the wing +which is to extend into what now comprises the college garden, will when +completed contain a new chemical laboratory; accommodations for the +English department, which will be conducted as usual under Professor +Harkins, and an extension of Boston College hall. + + +RECONSECRATION OF ALTAR STONES.--The _Irish Ecclesiastical Record_ +states that an indult has been granted by Leo XIII. to the Most Rev. Dr. +McCormack, Bishop of Achonry, allowing him to consecrate at his +convenience the altars of his diocese which may need reconsecration, and +to use for this purpose the short form prescribed for the Bishop of St. +Paul's, Minnesota, U. S. America. He is also privileged to delegate a +priest to perform this ceremony. + + * * * * * + +Mr. Parnell said in the House of Commons that he had always believed +that if the principle were admitted that Ireland was entitled to some +form of self-government the settlement of details would not be found a +formidable task, and that there would be no great difficulty in securing +the empire against separation. He himself, although a Protestant, feared +no danger to the minority in Ireland from the Catholics. The whole +question was one of reasonable or exorbitant rents. He denied that the +National League encouraged boycotting. The Nationalists members, he +said, on seeing the manifest desire of England to weigh the Irish +question calmly, had resolved that no extravagance of word or action on +their part should mar the first fair chance Ireland ever had. + +Neither Liberals nor Parnellites appearing to be inclined to challenge +the government, Lord Randolph Churchill, secretary of state for India, +wished the House to clearly understand, that it would be impossible for +the present government ever to sanction an Irish Parliament. He added +that the government would be prepared, when the proper time arrived, +with a scheme to improve local government in Ireland. + + * * * * * + +Up to the present time the Canadian Militia Department has authorized +the payment of a fraction over $4,000,000 on the expenses of the +Northwest rebellion. + + +From the ancient Diocese of Clogher (Monaghan), established by St. +Patrick, two patriot priests have come to America to solicit aid in +building the Cathedral of Clogher. They are the Rev. Eugene McKenna, of +Enniskillen, and the Rev. Eugene McMahon, of Carrickmacross. It is a +notable fact that both are Presidents of the National League in their +parishes. The Bishop of Clogher, Dr. Donnelly, has always been a +patriot, and we trust that his missioners will receive a generous +welcome here, especially from the people of Monaghan, Fermanagh, Louth, +Tyrone and Donegal. Fathers McKenna and McMahon have received permission +from Archbishop Williams to solicit subscriptions in the Archdiocese of +Boston. + + +_Boston Herald_:--Mr. Gargan quoted for the benefit of England, in his +speech at Halifax, the French saying, that "You can do almost anything +with a bayonet except sit on it." The Republican administrations found +the bayonet prop under the carpet bag governments impossible to +maintain, and England cannot forever keep Ireland sitting on it. + + +THE CHARITY BALL.--The coming Charity Ball will be given on March 8, the +Monday evening before Ash Wednesday. The success of the ball is +dependent upon the noble exertions of friends. The large number of +destitute children cared for by the Home has necessarily increased the +expenses, and therefore the directors are anxious that the ball will be +financially successful. It must be gratifying to know that the Home has +been able to receive and care for over four hundred destitute children +during the past year, and provided good homes for three hundred and +ninety. All these children would have been compelled to seek refuge in +the city or State pauper establishments and lost to the Church, were not +the Home open to shelter and provide for them. + + +THE FRANCISCANS.--During its existence of six centuries, the Franciscan +Order has given to the church 247 saints and beati, 1,500 martyrs (2,500 +are found in the Menologia Franciscano), 13 Popes, 60 cardinals, 4,000 +archbishops and bishops, 6,000 authors. At present 2,500 Franciscans are +engaged in missionary work, and another thousand Capuchin Fathers may be +added to the number, in all, 3,500. + + +LITTLE SISTERS OF THE POOR.--The venerable founder of the Order of the +Little Sisters of the Poor, the Rev. Auguste Le Poilleur, of the diocese +of Rennes, France, has just celebrated the golden jubilee of his +ordination to the priesthood. The order was founded by him at St. Servan +in 1840; and to-day it possesses two hundred and ten houses in all parts +of the world, with about 3,400 sisters, who devote themselves to the +caring, feeding, and clothing of upwards of twenty-three thousand poor +and helpless fellow-creatures. His Holiness the Pope has written a +letter of congratulation to the pious founder. There are two +foundations of the Little Sisters in Boston, one on Bunker Hill, the +other, Boston Highlands. + + +JOHN SAVAGE.--Our old and venerated friend, John Savage, we regret to +see, is dying, out in Paris, far away from the land he loved so well, +and also from the home of his choice, the United States. The following +letter (written by John P. Leonard, to the Dublin _Nation_ of December +26th), shows that his visit to Paris has not been as successful as his +many friends and admirers would wish:-- + + _To the Editor of the Nation_: "Sir,--Mr. John Savage, our + patriotic countryman, who came to the Continent for his + health, was seized on Monday last with a paralytic stroke, + and has his right arm paralyzed. Mrs. Savage has been + untiring in her care of the patriot, who is attended daily by + the eminent physician, Dr. Ball, Professor of the Faculty of + Medicine, Paris, and also by his friend, the present writer. + Hopes are entertained of his recovery, and great regret is + expressed by all who know him here." + + J. P. L. + + +Mr. Philip A. Nolan, General Secretary of the Catholic Total Abstinence +Union of America, writes: "Within a month we may expect the promulgation +of the Decrees of the Baltimore Council, when it is the purpose of the +Executive Council to inaugurate such a crusade in America that before +long will sweep like the mighty armies of old across the entire +continent and be felt in the remotest parishes." Mr. Nolan is an +enthusiast in the cause of cold water, says _The Catholic Columbian_. + + +A Touching Custom prevails in many of the parishes of Normandy, where +the adult male population are for the most part engaged in the vocation +of fishing. When, as at certain seasons of the year, these poor +fishermen are far away from their homes, and unable to assist at Mass on +Sundays, each one's family has a candle burning in the church before the +statue of Our Lady, Star of the Sea. These candles represent the +husbands, sons, and fathers who at that moment are braving the terrors +of the deep, and the flame of each burning offering is the hymn and +prayer to Heaven on the part of the absent one. + + +_Catholic Columbian_:--It is something for us to be proud of that in +this great State of Ohio, where we form so small a minority of the +people, two of the members of the present Legislature chosen to receive +its honors are Catholics and Irishmen. In the organization of the House, +Hon. Daniel J. Ryan, of Scioto, was made President pro tem., and to the +same position in the Senate Hon. John O'Neill, of Muskingum, was called +by the voice of his party associates. May they both live to be +Governors! + + +LITTLE COMPANY OF MARY.--During his recent visit to Rome the +Cardinal-Archbishop of Sydney made the acquaintance of the Rev. +Mother-General of the Society of the Little Company of Mary, and also +had numerous opportunities of witnessing the good done by the sisters in +nursing the sick in their own homes; and his Eminence was so much +impressed by their work, that he applied to the Superioress for some +sisters to accompany him to Australia to carry on the work there, with +the result that six sisters are now in the diocese of Sydney. The +sisters have lost no time in commencing their good work, and they +announce that they are now fully prepared to receive invitations to +nurse the sick without distinction of creed, at their own residences in +any part of the city or suburbs. It is the rule of the sisters to remain +in constant charge of the patients in every kind of illness. + + +AMERICAN RENT PAYERS.--The _National Republican_, Washington, D. C., of +January 5, makes the following uncomfortable statement: "The generally +prevalent impression is that the farming of this country is really +carried on by farmers, who, in great measure, are the owners of the +farms they till. On the contrary, Mr. Thomas P. Gill, in the _North +American Review_, points out that at the census of 1880 there were found +to be 1,024,601 farms rented by tenants in the United States, and he +claims that in the five years since this census was taken the number of +tenant holdings has increased 25 per cent. raising the number of tenant +holdings at present in the United States to 1,250,000. In England, +Ireland, Scotland and Wales at the present day the total number of +tenant farmers is 1,069,127. So the United States contains 250,000 more +tenant farmers to-day than the three kingdoms and the principality +together. These statements are not radiantly cheerful. Our country is +being Europeanized at an uncomfortably rapid rate." + + +THE CHURCH IN THE UNITED STATES. Archbishops, 12; bishops, 62; priests, +7,296; ecclesiastical students, 1,621, of which the largest number, 335, +belong to the archdiocese of Milwaukee; churches, 6,755; chapels, 1,071; +stations, 1,733; diocesan seminaries and houses of study for regulars, +36; colleges, 85; Baltimore having the largest number, 8; academies, +618; New York having the largest number, 34; parochial schools, 2,621, +attended by 492,949 pupils; charitable institutions, 449. + + +GOOD FOR AN M. P.--The trustees of the fund subscribed to indemnify +William O'Brien, M. P., editor of Dublin _United Ireland_, against the +losses he sustained in the famous Bolton, French and Cornwall libel +suits, have published a balance sheet, which shows that the total amount +of the subscriptions received was L7,619. Of this L6,495 odd was +expended directly in litigation, and L98 went for miscellaneous expenses +and advertising. The balance of L1,025 was handed over by Mr. O'Brien, +for distribution among the poor of Mallow. + + +His Holiness the Pope has conferred on Prince Bismarck the ancient +Portuguese Order of Christ, which was founded by King Denis of Portugal +in 1317, and adopted by King John XXII. three years later. The +decoration, which is only conferred upon the most distinguished and +exalted persons, was accompanied by an autograph letter from his +Holiness. + + +Mr. Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, who, as a Conservative Catholic contested +North Camberwell at the recent Parliamentary election, in a forcible +letter to the _London Times_ gives his views on the Irish question. He +holds that there is no middle course now between Home Rule and martial +law, between Mr. Parnell Prime Minister at Dublin and Mr. Parnell a +traitor in the tower. And how long, he asks, would the country support a +policy of blood and iron? Would even the Whigs go through with it for +two sessions? I say no. One party or other would rebel, and we should +in the end be forced to give in shame what we could now give in honor. + + +CHURCH FREED OF DEBT.--The congregation of St. Ann's Church, Gloucester, +Mass., was informed by the priest in charge, the Rev. J. J. Healy, that +the church is now free of all indebtedness. The building was completed +in 1876 with the exception of the spire, which was added during the +summer of 1884. The church is built of granite, with a seating capacity +of about one thousand, and is valued at $100,000. The church will be +consecrated in July. + + +ST. PATRICK'S DAY IN BOSTON.--The Irish societies of Boston held a +meeting to decide the manner in which St. Patrick's Day should be +celebrated in this city. Fourteen societies, represented by sixty-two +delegates, were in attendance. President Edward Riley presided. The +motion made at a previous meeting to invite Dr. Croke, Archbishop of +Cashel, to lecture, in preference to having a street parade, was adopted +by a vote of thirty-eight to six, and the convention adjoined, subject +to the call of officers. Most Rev. Dr. Croke sent a despatch saying it +was impossible for him to accept the invitation. + + +HOME.--The annual meeting of the directors of the Home for Destitute +Catholic Children on Harrison Av., was held on the evening of the 14th +of January. During the past year 414 children were admitted into the +Home. Three died, two absconded, 401 were placed in families, and 186 +boys and girls remain in the Home. Since the Home was organized it has +received and provided for the large number of 6,364 poor children. The +officers of the corporation elected for the present year are: John B. +O'Brien, President; Charles F. Donnelly, Vice-President; P. F. Sullivan, +Treasurer; James Havey, Secretary; James W. Dunphy, John W. McDonald, +and John Miller, Executive Committee. + + +ADVICE TO YOUNG WOMEN.--A writer in a household periodical recommends +washing dishes as the best thing to put the hands in the soft and +pliable condition most favorable to piano practice. Mothers should give +this recipe a good long trial on their girls who assault the keyboard, +but shun the dish pan. + + +_Lake Shore Visitor_: Ambition, as it is now understood, is not made of +very stern stuff. There are men regarded as ambitious, who are puffed up +with vanity, and who look upon themselves as very important. Death would +make such men an irreparable loss to themselves, but not much of a loss +to any one or anything else. + + +A YEAR OF JUBILEE.--We give elsewhere the Encyclical of Our Holy Father +the Pope, proclaiming an Extraordinary Jubilee. The translation is made +by Rev. Dr. Mahar, for the _Catholic Universe_, Cleveland, O. + + +March is the month of St. Patrick. On the 17th, the children of Ireland, +wherever located, celebrate the day. Their hearts revert back to the +dear old land of their birth and the happy days of their childhood. + + "The lilies and roses abandon the plain; + Tho' the summer's gone by, yet the shamrock remains, + Like a friend in misfortune, it blooms o'er the snow; + Oh, my heart's in old Ireland wherever I go." + + +Hon. John Finnerty in a recent utterance said, after he had read the +Queen's speech, "The Irish people must make up their minds to meet the +English with a courage displayed by the American colonists in dealing +with the Queen's grandfather, George the Third. The Queen of England has +a personal grudge against Ireland because Dublin refused a site for the +statue of her husband, who once said of the Irish that they ought to +live on grass." + + +The first Hungarian Catholic church erected in America was recently +dedicated at Hazleton, Pa., by the Rt. Rev. Bishop O'Hara, of Scranton, +same State. + + +GRAND ARMY RECORD.--This is the name of an eight-page paper issued by +Thomas Keefe, at 31 Cornhill, Boston. As its name indicates, it is +devoted to the interests of the Grand Army of the Republic, all soldiers +and sailors of the late war, sons of veterans and the women's relief +corps. The price is only $1 a year. + + +NEWLY ARRIVED EMIGRANTS.--The Rev. John J. Riordan's efforts at forming +a home, employment, and inquiry bureau, to benefit friendless and poor +Irish immigrant girls and women, have met with wonderful success. +Matron Boyle moved from 7 Broadway, where the Mission of the Rosary was +started less than two years ago, to the home at 7 State Street, New +York, purchased for $75,000 by Father Riordan. This property consists of +a building and lot facing the Battery. On it Father Riordan expects +eventually to erect a chapel, mission and home. The money thus far +raised has come from 25-cent annual subscriptions. + + +John Kelly, the politician, is seriously ill at his residence in New +York. + + +Oliver Wendell Holmes attributes his years and good health to an early +morning walk or horseback ride before breakfast. He was naturally of a +delicate constitution, and when he married Doctor Jackson's daughter the +father-in-law said to him: "If you have the necessary physique to stand +horseback riding, do it: if not, take an early walk each day." He +scrupulously followed the advice. + + +Lord Erskine, while going circuit, was asked by the landlord of his +hotel how he slept. He replied dogmatically: "Union is strength, a fact +of which some of your inmates appear to be unaware; for had they been +unanimous last night they could easily have pushed me out of +bed."--"Fleas?" the landlord exclaimed, affecting great astonishment. "I +was not aware that I had a single flea in my house."--"I don't believe +you have," retorted his lordship, "they are all married, I think, and +have uncommonly large families." + + +JUBILEE YEAR.--See Encyclical of our Holy Father the Pope. Let every +Catholic in the land peruse it. + + +The Boards of Guardians throughout Ireland have resolutely set +themselves to the task of erecting laborers' cottages under the Laborers +Act. Here and there some of the landlords are obstructing the +performance of this good work, especially by resisting the extension of +taxation for the purpose over the unions at large. But the days of the +landlord's power on boards of guardians are very nearly at an end, and +they are fast retreating before the determined attitude of the national +guardians and the laborers, who are strenuously supported by the +organized public opinion of the country as expressed through the various +branches of the National League. + + +Farmers in Wales are now demanding a permanent reduction of twenty-five +per cent. in rents, fixity of tenure and compensation for making +improvements on their holdings. This is considerably in advance of what +the Irish farmers asked when they began their Land League movement; yet +they were denounced as plunderers by English writers who now say the +Welsh must get what they claim. + + +HELP THE PRISONERS.--Father Kehoe of St. Joseph's Cathedral, Columbus, +Ohio, who has charge of the Ohio State Penitentiary, appeals through the +_Columbian_ to those blessed with the means to send him some assistance, +be it ever so trifling, towards securing a better provision for the +religious interests of the Catholic prisoners in that institution. There +is surely no better way in which people can show proofs of their +benevolence in a good work, and none in which their charity is sure of +being more fruitfully exercised. The demands are more than ordinarily +urgent just now, and the Chaplain appeals with confidence to the people +and to Catholic publishers for their practical sympathy. He has the +consent and authorization of the Right Rev. Bishop of the diocese to +this course of procedure. Good books on any subject, pamphlets, +magazines, papers, etc., would be welcome additions to the Catholic +Prisoners' Library, which has been already established by the zeal of +former chaplains and by the generosity of subscribers. At present the +particular need is for prayer books or for funds that will enable Father +Kehoe to purchase a sufficient supply of these and other religious +articles. Donations of beads, scapulars, etc., would be most thankfully +received. + + +The new boot and shoe store of Brennan & Co., 21 Tremont Street, and 851 +Washington Street, Boston, announce a mark-down sale that merits +attention. For one month, they offer to sell all goods at 20 per cent. +discount from market rates. As the goods are of recent manufacture, and +therefore stylish and new, the sale is a _bona-fide_ one, and one where +bargains may be looked for. + + +OUR MAGAZINE.--Baltimore _Catholic Mirror_: DONAHOE'S MAGAZINE (Boston) +has occupied a field exclusive to itself from the start--it is the +popular magazine for the Catholic masses. It is not like those flimsy +ventures which, under the title of "popular," get the people's money +without giving them adequate returns. On the contrary, it is ample in +scope, and its well-stored pages are carefully selected by its veteran +editor. The leading article in its January issue is that on Cardinal +McCloskey, by John Gilmary Shea. + + +A Belfast paper says: "As regards opposition from the minority in +Ulster, it will soon subside. An Irish Parliament, once established, +will have no warmer supporters than Protestants of the North." The +Orangemen are but a small fraction of the Protestants of that part of +Ireland. + + +A BAD OUTLOOK.--At the present time there are in London about one +hundred and fifty thousand persons in want and penury. There are nearly +forty thousand men out of employment, and some ten thousand persons are +sunk so low, physically and mentally, that many of them are in dire +necessity, and were it not for the timely aid of the charitable, their +hard fate would soon increase the number of those who die from +starvation in the streets of the richest city in the world. + + +SMOTHERING CHILDREN.--In a recent inquest in London a physician +testified that the practice to which young mothers are addicted, of +lying over their infants at night, caused the death of about five +hundred children a year in London alone. + + +MUNSTER BANK.--Two of the directors of the late "Munster," have appeared +in the Bankruptcy Court:--William Shaw, whose indebtedness to the bank +is stated to amount to over L129,000; and Nicholas Dan Murphy, indebted +in the sum of over L24,000. A manager, other than Mr. Farquharson, who, +by the way, is _not_ dead, will probably find himself in the hands of +the liquidators before long. + + +TOBACCO.--The "paternal" government of Ireland prohibits the raising of +tobacco. Mr. Thomas Power O'Connor, Nationalist Member for Liverpool, +gave notice that he would introduce a bill to repeal the prohibition of +the cultivation of tobacco in Ireland. + + +Father Burke was often heard to say that he could never speak at home as +in America. "I never knew what freedom was," he declared, "until I set +foot on the emancipated soil of Columbia. Then I said, 'I am a free man, +and I will speak my soul.'" + + +President Cleveland has signed the Presidential Succession bill. The law +now lodges the presidential succession in the cabinet, and puts seven +men in the line of eligibility for the place. It so happens that all of +the present cabinet are Americans by birth, and over thirty-five years +of age. + + +The returns from the late ball of the Charitable Irish Society is +estimated to be about $800. At this rate it will take a long time to +build that hall. + + +The Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster has written to Rome in favor of +the canonization of Joan of Arc. + + +Says our esteemed contemporary, the _Catholic Record_, of London, +Ontario:--"The number of Catholics in the new British Parliament is 76, +the greatest since Emancipation. They are all Irishmen. The Anti-Irish +English "Cawtholics" could not elect a man in their own country to the +office of pound-keeper without the aid of the Irish whom they affect to +despise." + + +The California millionnaires set an example in charity that might well +be imitated by their Eastern contemporaries. At Christmas James C. Flood +donated $1,000 to the Catholic Orphan Asylum of San Francisco, and +$1,000 to the Catholic Orphan Asylum of San Rafael, Cal., and $500 to +the Magdalen Asylum, San Francisco. James Mervyn Donahoe donated $100 +apiece to the Catholic Orphan Asylum, Presentation Convent, and Youth's +Directory, all of San Francisco. Mrs. Maria Coleman $1,600 to the San +Francisco Catholic Orphan Asylum. A magnificent altar, composed of +Carrara marble and onyx, costing $5,000, has just been completed in St. +Joseph's Church, San Jose, Cal. It is the gift of Mrs. Catherine Dunne. + + +COLUMBUS.--It is announced from Corsica that the preparations for the +celebration of the fourth centenary of Christopher Columbus are far +advanced. The principal display will be made at Calvi. The latest works +of the Abbe Casanova, establish beyond doubt the fact that it was here +the illustrious navigator was born, and this opinion is shared by the +majority of Italian historians. The United States propose to take a +special part in the ceremonies, and it is expected that by a special +decree on that occasion the Corsicans will be declared American +citizens. + + +Father Burke had an ardent admiration for Cardinal Manning, saying on +one occasion that he was the greatest cardinal living in the church at +this day, dwelling on his activity, accomplishments, and readiness on +all public occasions; and also his capacity for every work to which he +turned his attention. + + +The Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus was celebrated at the Cathedral of +the Holy Cross, Boston, on the 17th of January, by the society of that +name. After the usual exercises, Rev. Father Bodfish, the director, gave +a brief review of the past year, and exhorted the members to persevere +in the good work which characterized its members. This is an excellent +society, and we would advise all, both young and old, to join it. Its +grand object is the discountenance of blasphemy, impurity and all the +vices to which poor human nature are addicted. The officers for the year +1886 are: Rev. Father Bodfish, director; Patrick Donahoe, president; +William Connolly, Treasurer; Andrew P. Lane, Secretary. + + +A London correspondent of the Dublin _Evening Mail_, writes of Mr. +Parnell:--"A friend tells me that one of the prettiest sights on the +Hastings promenade on Christmas Day was the Irish chief gamboling with +two little girls. One would have thought from his appearance that he had +no thought of a Constitutional crisis. His face 'sicklied o'er with the +pale cast of thought,' he seemed more like a modest usher of a school +frolicking with his master's children than the moving spirit of a +National rebellion." + + +Joseph Milmore, a well-known sculptor of Boston, died recently at +Geneva, Switzerland, whither he had gone for his health. He belonged to +a family of sculptors, the most distinguished of whom was Martin M. +Milmore, who died some three years ago. Joseph was engaged with his +brother Martin in many important works. Joseph Milmore was born in +Sligo, Ireland, and came to Boston when hardly more than a babe. At the +close of his school-life he became an apprentice to a cabinet-maker. +Later he engaged in marble cutting, and developed his taste for +sculptural work. His last work of consequence was on the statue of +Daniel Webster, at Concord, N. H. + + +The following Irish members returned to the new Parliament have declared +themselves in favor of women's suffrage, according to a list in the +_Women's Suffrage Journal_:--Joe Biggar, Cavan, West; Sir T. Esmonde, +Dublin County, South; E. D. Gray, Dublin City, St. Stephen's Green; T. +M. Healy, Monaghan, North; Londonderry, South; R. Lalor, Queen's County, +Leix; J. Leahy, Kildare, South; E. Leamy, Cork, North-East; J. McCarthy, +Longford, North; Sir J. McKenna, Monaghan, South; B. C. Molloy, King's +County, Birr; J. P. Nolan, Galway, North; W. O'Brien, Tyrone, South; A. +O'Connor, Donegal, East; T. P. O'Connor, Liverpool, Scotland, W. Galway +City; C. S. Parnell, Cork City; R. Power, Waterford City; J. E. Redmond, +Wexford, North; W. Redmond, Fermanagh, North; T. D. Sullivan, Dublin +City, College Green. + + +The Tory Ministry was defeated in England by a resolution offered by +Jesse Collings, an English reformer, the nature of which was, that a +certain amount of land should be set apart for the use of agricultural +laborers. On this minor English measure, the Salisbury government was +ingloriously defeated by a vote of 329 to 250. The Irish eighty-six +voted against the Tories, and thus ends this last attempt at coercion. +As Mr. Sexton said in his great speech, "Mr. Parnell was too old a +parliamentary bird to be caught with such thinly spread chaff as that." +Probably the Tories will adopt obstructive tactics. They hope, by +encouraging the Irish landlords to carry out ruthlessly wholesale +evictions, to provoke disorder and crime in Ireland, with a view to +compel Mr. Gladstone to revert to coercion, and so bring about a +conflict between the Liberals and the Irish party. This shameful scheme +will probably fail. The Parnellites will make vigorous efforts to +prevent disorder in Ireland, in order to give Mr. Gladstone a fair +chance. + + +Mr. Gladstone sees how the wind is veering, and begins to trim his +sails. He announces to his tenants reductions in their rent, varying +from twenty to thirty per cent. It is an ominous incident. Evidently, +the "Grand Old Man" is preparing to take off his coat to deal with the +land question, as well as with Home Rule. + + +The _Dublin Freeman's Journal_ says: The Queen's speech, opening +Parliament, was an opportune attempt to please both the Irish parties. +It has a tendency to propitiate the stronger party and disappoint the +Loyalists or Orangemen. + + +Justin McCarthy, M. P., says: It is out of the question for Mr. Parnell +to take a seat in the Gladstone cabinet. The conditions to be accepted +by the one could not be offered by the other. The Irish National members +regard the whole situation as satisfactory, and are convinced, that, no +matter who comes in, or who stays out, Home Rule is certain. + + +THE CUNARD LINE.--After the 17th of April, the Cunard Steamers will sail +weekly from Boston, on Wednesdays, in place of Saturdays as formerly. +The company have placed their best steamers on the Boston service,--the +OREGON, GALLIA, BOTHNIA, and SCYTHIA. With this fleet, Boston is the +place to get the most rapid passage between America and Europe. The +_Oregon_ is already favorably known to the travelling public for the +superiority attained in speed, and when running to or from Boston, will +certainly cross the ocean in six days. The _Oregon_, on her last trip +from New York to Queenstown, made the run in six days and seventeen +hours. + + +HOLYDAYS OF OBLIGATION.--According to the request of the Fathers of the +late Council of Baltimore, the Holy Father has intimated by letter to +the American Episcopate that the number of holydays of obligation, to be +observed by all Catholics in this country, has been reduced to the +following six, viz., Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin, +Nativity of our Lord, Ascension of our Lord, Circumcision of Our Lord, +Assumption of the Blessed Virgin, and the Feast of All Saints. The +Feasts of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin, Epiphany, and Corpus +Christi, as festivals of obligation, have been abrogated; but the +solemnity of the last-named feast the Holy Father desires to be +celebrated on the Sunday within its octave. This arrangement of feasts +makes the practice of their observance a general one. The days named are +of obligation in every diocese, and now every diocese has six holydays; +formerly, many had as many as nine. By lessening the number the Holy +Father made it certainly more easy for the laborer, who felt that he +could but poorly afford to observe the day, as his earnings were about +all he had. + + +CARDINALS.--_Lake Shore Visitor_: Just now we are having a few newspaper +Cardinals. Baltimore, Boston, and New York want the honor, and the +papers seem to think that there should be a proper selection made on the +part of the Holy Father. Chicago, St. Louis, San Francisco, and several +other small places have not been heard from yet. This country could +supply on newspaper more than enough of Cardinals. The Americans are by +no means greedy. + + +The lecture of Hon. A. M. Keiley, at the Boston Theatre, on Sunday +evening, January 31, in aid of the House of the Good Shepherd, netted +the handsome sum of over seven hundred dollars. + + +Vick's Floral Guide, for January, 1886, is beautifully illustrated. All +lovers of flowers, plants, etc., should procure this issue. Address, +James Vicks, Rochester, N. Y. + + +The _Catholic Mirror_, Baltimore, Md., has issued a supplement in the +shape of an annual for 1886. It is profusely illustrated and contains +besides the Almanac a good portrait of the Archbishop of Baltimore with +other engravings. + + * * * * * + + +The Papal Mediation. + +We give the text of the Sovereign Pontiff's proposal of arbitration +between Germany and Spain; so that it may be seen at a glance how +closely the protocol followed its suggestions, merely amplifying in a +technical and explicit sense the scheme of His Holiness: + + _Proposal of His Holiness Leo XIII., Mediator in the Question + of the Archipelago of the Carolines and the Palaos, pending + between Spain and Germany:_ + +The discovery made by Spain, in the sixteenth century, of the islands +forming the archipelago of the Carolines and the Palaos, and the series +of acts accomplished in these same islands by the Spanish government for +the benefit of the natives, have created, in the conviction of the said +government and of the nation, a title of sovereignty, founded upon the +principles of international law which are quoted and obeyed in our days +in similar cases. + +And, in fact, when we consider the sum of the above-mentioned acts, the +authenticity of which is confirmed by various documents in the archives +of Propaganda, we cannot mistake the beneficent course of Spain in +regard to these islanders. It is, moreover, to be observed that no other +government has exercised a like action towards them. This explains what +must be kept in mind--the constant tradition and conviction of the +Spanish people in respect to that sovereignty--a tradition and a +conviction which were manifested, two months ago, with an ardor and an +animosity capable of compromising for an instant the internal peace of +two friendly governments and their mutual relations. + +On the other hand, Germany, as well as England, declared expressly in +1875 to the Spanish government that she did not recognize the +sovereignty of Spain over these islands. The imperial government holds +that it is the effectual occupation of a territory which constitutes the +origin of the right of sovereignty over it, and that such occupation has +never been realized by Spain in the case of the Carolines. It has acted +in conformity with that principle in the Island of Yap; and in this the +mediator is happy to recognize--as the Spanish government has also +done--the loyalty of the imperial government. + +In consequence, and in order that this divergence of views between the +two States may be no obstacle to an honorable arrangement, the mediator, +having weighed all things, proposes that the new arrangement should +adopt the formulas of the protocol relating to the archipelago of Jolo, +signed at Madrid on the 7th of March last by the representatives of +Great Britain, of Germany and of Spain; and that the following points be +observed: + +1. Affirmation of the sovereignty of Spain over the Carolines and the +Palaos. + +2. The Spanish government, in order to render this sovereignty +effectual, undertakes to establish as quickly as possible in the +archipelago in question a regular administration, with a sufficient +force to guarantee order and the rights acquired. + +3. Spain offers to Germany full and entire liberty of commerce, of +navigation, and of fishery within the islands, as also the right of +establishing a naval and a coaling station. + +4. Spain also assures to Germany the liberty of plantation within the +islands, and of the foundation of agricultural establishments upon the +same footing as that of undertakings by Spanish subjects. + + L. CARDINAL JACOBINI, + _Secretary of State to His Holiness_. + + * * * * * + + +PRINCE BISMARCK TO THE POPE. + +_Sire_,--The gracious letter with which your Holiness has honored me, +and the high decoration accompanying it, gave me great pleasure, and I +beg your Holiness to deign to receive the expression of my profound +gratitude. Any mark of approbation connected with a work of peace in +which it has been given me to co-operate is the more precious to me +because of the high satisfaction it causes His Majesty, my august +master. Your Holiness says in your letter that nothing is more in +harmony with the spirit and nature of the Roman Pontificate than the +practice of works of peace. + +That is the very thought by which I was guided in begging your Holiness +to accept the noble employment of arbiter in the difference pending +between Germany and Spain, and in proposing to the Spanish Government to +abide by your Holiness's decision. The consideration of the fact that +the two nations do not stand in the same position towards the Church +which venerates in your Holiness her supreme chief never weakened my +firm confidence in the elevation of your Holiness's views, which assured +me of the most perfect impartiality of your verdict. The nature of +Germany's relations with Spain is such that the peace which reigns +between these two countries is not menaced by any permanent divergence +of interests, by rancours arising from the past, or by rivalry inherent +in their geographic situation. Their habitually good relations could +only be troubled by fortuitous causes or misunderstandings. + +There is therefore every reason to hope that your Holiness's pacific +action will have lasting effects, and first among these I count the +grateful recollection the two parties will retain of their august +mediator. + +For my own part I shall gladly avail myself of every occasion which the +fulfilment of my duties towards my master and my country may furnish me +to testify to your Holiness my lively gratitude and my very humble +devotion. + + VON BISMARCK. + + * * * * * + + +The Holy Father has sent to Senor Canovas del Castello the decoration of +the Order of Christ. Thus His Holiness pays a high compliment to both +the principal Ministers acting in the question of the Carolines, giving +priority to him (Bismarck) to whom the proposal of Papal mediation was +entirely due, and whose nation, it may be noted, has accepted the Pope's +decision with the best submission. + + +Bishop Reilly's (no relation to the Bishop of Springfield, Mass.), +diocese in Mexico, is in the hands of the sheriff. The Episcopal Church +of Mexico has been purchased by the Jesuits. Proselytizing in Catholic +countries is very extravagant zeal, observes the _Western Watchman_. + + +BLESSING THE THROAT.--The feast of St. Blase, occurred on the 3d of +February. St. Blase was Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia. He suffered in +the persecution of Diocletian. Agricalaus, the governor of Capadocia, +had him dragged from his cell, in the mountain of Argaeus. Every effort +was in vain made by bribes and threats to induce him to sacrifice to the +gods. He was then scourged and lacerated with iron combs, but he +remained unbroken in his faith, and, at last, his head was cut off in +the persecution of the wicked Licinius, A.D. 316. His relics, famous for +miracles, were preserved until scattered during the crusades. Numerous +miracles in favor of those afflicted with sore throats and similar +diseases, are attributed to the intercession of St. Blase. The Church +sanctions the pious custom of the faithful in having their throats +blessed on his feast, and she prescribes a prayer invoking the +intercession of St. Blase. + + +The Irish Cause in Philadelphia, _I. C. B. U. Journal_: The day after +the defeat of the Salisbury ministry, Philadelphia held an Irish +Home-Rule meeting at Independence Hall. It was a town meeting of a +representative character. The Mayor presided. Leading citizens signed +the call. There was a great throng. Prominent men spoke. The money given +"on the spot" was $5,780. A Committee of Fifty was appointed to collect +more. A despatch was sent Parnell telling him that the citizens of the +city of American Independence, in sight of the Liberty Bell of 1775, the +Mayor presiding, had contributed over L1,100. The signers were mainly +merchants and journalists not before identified with the movement. It is +thought that ten thousand dollars will be raised for the Parliamentary +fund. + + * * * * * + + +English Cabinet. + +The new cabinet is officially announced as follows: + + Mr. Gladstone, prime minister and first lord of the treasury. + Sir Farrer Herschell, lord high chancellor. + Earl Spencer, lord president of the council. + Mr. H. C. H. Childers, home secretary. + Earl Rosebery, secretary for foreign affairs. + Earl Granville, secretary for the colonies. + Earl Kimberley, secretary for India. + Mr. H. Campbell-Bannerman, secretary of war. + Sir William Vernon Harcourt, chancellor of the exchequer. + The Marquis of Ripon, first lord of the admiralty. + Mr. J. Chamberlain, president of the local government board. + The Earl of Aberdeen, viceroy of Ireland. + Mr. G. O. Trevelyan, secretary for Scotland. + Mr. A. J. Mundella, president of the board of trade. + Mr. John Morley, chief secretary of Ireland. + + * * * * * + + +The Emperor of China has formally invited the Pope to open direct +relations between the Holy See and the Chinese Empire by the +establishment of a Papal embassy at Pekin. + + +Miss Gertrude G. McMaster, second daughter of James A. McMaster of the +New York _Freeman's Journal_, was invested with the black veil at the +Carmelite Nunnery, in Baltimore. Archbishop Gibbons performed the +ceremony. This is the third daughter of the veteran journalist that has +joined the various orders in the church. + + +Reports are again in circulation that Archbishops Gibbons of Baltimore, +and Williams of Boston, are to be among the new batch of cardinals that +are to be created at the coming consistory at Rome. It looks as if there +might be two princes of the church in the United States. The two B's, in +all probability, will be the honored Sees. + + +Gladstone has completed his cabinet, and is now in working order. The +_Dublin Freeman's Journal_, commenting on Mr. Gladstone's election +address to his constituents, says the prime minister explicitly +recognizes that no settlement of the land or education questions in +Ireland is possible without Irish self-government. + + +THE NEW SECRETARY FOR IRELAND.--New York _Evening Post_: Probably the +most difficult place of all to fill was the Irish secretaryship. +Considering the fate which has overtaken the last three secretaries--Mr. +Forster ruined politically, Lord Frederick Cavendish murdered and Mr. +Trevelyan undoubted discredited--any Englishman in public life, however +able or brave, might well shrink from taking the place. But if any +Englishman can succeed in it, Mr. Morley will. He has already, both as a +journalist and member of Parliament, achieved distinct success in +politics. He is a grave and weighty speaker, and, though not a +sentimental man, has, what we may call, a philosophic sympathy with +people of a different type of mind and character from the English, to +the want of which the English failure in the government of Ireland has +been largely due. He is favorable to Home Rule in some shape, and is +ready to listen to what the Home Rulers say, and consider it, and is not +likely when he gets to Dublin to put on the "English gentleman" air +which the Irish find so exasperating. On the whole, in fact, the new +cabinet is a considerable advance on its predecessor, as far as the +Irish question is concerned, especially. + + +MICHAEL DAVITT PRAISES GLADSTONE.--Michael Davitt, speaking at Holloway, +England, said he believed that Mr. Gladstone was the only English +statesman that had the courage and ability to grapple with the Irish +problem and establish peace between England and Ireland. The premier, +Mr. Davitt said, had already settled the question of religious +inequality, and had made an honest attempt to solve the land problem. +His failure to deal in a satisfactory manner with the latter question +was due to the fact that he had not gone to the root of the matter. + + +PARNELL--"Would you," said a member in the House after the defeat of the +Government, "under any circumstance accept the offer of the Chief +Secretaryship?" Mr. Parnell's reply was:--"Certainly not. To administer +any law an honest man must be in sympathy with it and believe it to be a +just and right law. Now, I am not in sympathy with the English rule of +Ireland, but believe it to be both unjust in itself and prompted by +alien feelings. Believing this, under no possible circumstances would I +have part or lot in administering it." + + +Martin I. J. Griffin in the _I. C. B. U. Journal_: Some time, in an +amusing hour, we give extracts from newspapers of forty or fifty years +ago, about the Irish "foreigners." It might teach a lesson to the sons +of the then assailed and the newcomers. Many of them are using language +about Poles, Hungarians, and the Chinese, just similar to the utterances +against the Irish years ago. As many Irish now feel against others, so +the "Americans" of that time felt against the Irish. If the Irish are +now just in their denunciations they may think less harshly of those who +maligned the Irish in the past. We Irish-blooded Americans must be +just. + + + + +PERSONAL. + + +Rt. Rev. Bishop Healy has arrived at Rome. + + +P. S. Gilmore gave two concerts in Madison Square Garden, New York, on +Sunday evening, February 21, in aid of the Parliamentary fund. + + +Sir Edward Cecil Guinness has given L2,500 to pay off the debt on the +Dublin Artisans' Exhibition, and to start a fund for the foundation of a +Technical School. + + +Mr. West, the British Minister at Washington, is a Catholic and attends +St. Matthew's Church. His pew is close to Lieut.-Gen. Sheridan's. + + +Thomas Russell Sullivan, President of the Papyrus Club of Boston, a +rising dramatist and novelist, is a descendant of Gov. Sullivan, the +first Governor of Massachusetts. + + +William Gorman Willis, a Kilkenny Irishman, 57 years old, who prepared +the version of "Faust," in which Henry Irving is now making such a +sensation in London, wrote "The Man o' Airlie," in which Lawrence +Barrett has achieved distinction. + + +Parnell will be forty years of age next June. He is a bachelor and leads +the simplest sort of life,--in lodgings, as a rule,--taking his dinner +at a hotel. His habits are so quiet that he and his sister Anna were +guests at the same hotel for weeks without knowing that they were under +one roof. + + +Rev. J. B. Cotter, ex-President of the Catholic T. A. Union of America, +is to deliver a series of free lectures on Total Abstinence, under the +auspices of the societies that comprise the Catholic T. A. Union of the +Archdiocese of Boston. The first of the series will be given in Tremont +Temple, Boston, Monday evening, February 15. The reverend gentleman is +devoting all his time to this worthy object, and should be welcomed by a +full house. + + +Mr. Thomas J. Gargan, of Boston, delivered an oration in Halifax, Nova +Scotia, before the Charitable Irish Society, of that city, on the +occasion of its one hundredth anniversary. The president of the +Charitable Irish Society of Boston, Mr. Morrissey, received a very +cordial invitation from the Halifax society to be present at the +anniversary, and replied that, in consequence of business here, he could +not attend. Mr. Gargan, however, an ex-president of the Boston +organization, was delegated to respond at the Halifax banquet for the +Charitable Irish Society of Boston. Mr. D. H. Morrissey, president of +the latter organization, has invited the president of the Halifax +society to attend the annual banquet at the Parker House, March 17. + + +Rev. Patrick Strain, pastor of St. Mary's Church, at Lynn, Mass., has +been presented with two elegant altar chairs, an easy chair and an altar +robe, in appreciation of his devoted labors during a pastorate of +thirty-five years. He went to Lynn from a charge at Chelsea in 1851. +Since he has been in Lynn he has raised upward of $200,000 for church +work. The old original wooden church is now replaced by a spacious brick +edifice. There is also a flourishing parochial school. + + +Rev. Father Nugent has retired from the chaplaincy of the prison at +Liverpool, where he has done so much good service for the last +twenty-two years. It is said that the retiring chaplain will enjoy a +well earned pension of L200 a year. During the twenty-two years of his +sacred ministry at Walton, over two hundred thousand prisoners have +passed under his charge. Who can tell the number that have been rescued +from a life of crime through his ministrations? + + +Hon. A. M. Keiley intends to settle in New York City and practice at his +profession of the law. On January 6th, he was admitted to practice at +the Bar of that State, by the General Term of the Supreme Court. His +standing as a lawyer was certified to by the Clerk of the Supreme Court +of Appeals of Virginia; and ex-Chief Justice Charles P. Daly vouched for +him as a moral person. As soon as he was sworn in, Mr. Keiley seconded +Mr. Algernon S. Sullivan's motion for the admission of Mr. T. McCants +Stewart, a colored lawyer from South Carolina. Mr. Stewart was +admitted. + + + + +NOTICES OF RECENT PUBLICATIONS. + + + _Thomas B. Noonan & Co., Boston._ + + THE ALTAR MANUAL for the use of the Reverend Clergy. Price 75 + cents. + +This very useful book contains Epistles and Gospels for the Sundays and +holydays. The Litanies, the Stations of the Cross, Litany and Prayers at +Forty Hours' Devotion, etc., the whole forming a compact volume of two +hundred and forty-one pages. Every clergyman in the country should +possess this excellent book. + + + _Excelsior Publishing House, N. Y._ + + LIFE OF PARNELL AND WHAT HE HAS ACHIEVED FOR IRELAND. By J. + S. Mahoney. Price 25 cents. + +This is a pamphlet of one hundred and forty pages, and contains a sketch +of the life of Parnell, with portrait. In it is introduced the +lieutenants of Mr. Parnell, with portraits--Dillon, Sullivan, Biggar, +Healy, Sexton, McCarthy, T. P. O'Connor, Edmund Dwyer Gray, William +O'Brien, Mayne, O'Gorman Mahan, Rt. Hon. Charles Dawson, with the names +of the Irish members of Parliament, etc., etc. It is just the book for +those interested in the great struggle for Irish Home Rule. + + * * * * * + + +MISCELLANEOUS. + +Pere Didon, the eminent Dominican, is engaged in the preparation of a +work from which great things are expected. It is to be a refutation of +Renan's infamous "Vie de Jesu"--a work which, it is declared by the best +authorities, conduced more to the spread of infidelity than any that was +ever published. Pere Didon has paid a long visit to the Holy Land in +furtherance of his researches, and intends to make another trip there +before he concludes them. The book will probably not be published for +six or eight months. + + +Messrs. John Murphy & Co., Baltimore, have issued a large type edition +of the Holy Way of the Cross, new type with new illustrations. It is a +great improvement on former editions. + + +HAVERTY'S IRISH-AMERICAN ILLUSTRATED ALMANAC, for 1886. Price 25 cents. + +Persons who invest a quarter in this book will get the worth of their +money. Stories, poetry, etc., etc. Address P. M. Haverty, 14 Barclay +Street, New York. + + +I. F. M. in _Catholic Universe_:--Writing of Catholic publications and +Catholic reading we are reminded of the fact that the Catholic public is +often really victimized in this very matter. Books are made up out of +old materials, a few facts are added on cognate subjects of present +interest, the volume is handsomely bound, and an agent goes about the +country selling the book, receiving payments in instalments and making +sixty per cent. on his sales. Such books ornament a table and are little +read; an incubus of instalments is laid on the buyer; he pays twice as +much as ought to be asked for the book and the sale of really valuable +and much cheaper books is prevented. We have seen handsomely bound +Bibles bought for fifteen and twenty dollars, and solely used for an +ornament, by poor people who could surely have made much better +investments in reading matter. What we say of Bibles may be said equally +of certain ponderous volumes containing the Life of the Blessed Virgin, +etc. Of course, these are grandly useful books in themselves; but when +so gotten up as to be unavailable except for ornament, and when creating +an obstacle to the purchase of books more easily and more generally +read, they do not serve Catholic interests. + + +Instructions and Prayers for the Jubilee of 1886. Published with the +approbation of his Grace, the Most Rev. Archbishop of New York. 32 mo, +paper, per copy, 5 cents; per hundred, $2.00. The same in German. +Benziger Brothers, Publishers, New York, Cincinnati, and St. Louis. + + +ST. VINCENT DE PAUL LIBRARY.--Instructions on the commandments and +sacraments. Translated from St. Francis Ligouri, by the late Rev. +Nicholas Callan, D. D., Maynooth. The title of this little book explains +its contents. It is the first of a series of instructive books to be +issued by the St. Vincent de Paul Publishing Co., Chicago, Ill. + + + + +OBITUARY. + +"After life's fitful fever they sleep well." + + +BISHOPS. + +We regret to record the death of the Most Rev. Dr. Errington, Archbishop +of Trebizond, which took place at Prior Park, Bath, England. The +deceased, who was uncle to Sir George Errington, was born in 1804, was +in early life senior priest at St. Nicholas's Church, Copperashill, +Liverpool, and at a later period had charge of St. Mary's Church, +Douglas. He was first bishop of Plymouth, having been consecrated on +July 25th, 1851. In April, 1855, he was translated to Trebizond, and was +succeeded in the See of Plymouth by the present bishop, the Rt. Rev. Dr. +Vaughan. Archbishop Errington was of a kindly and generous disposition, +and performed many sterling but unostentatious acts of charity. + +We regret to announce the death of the Most Rev. Dr. Conaty, Bishop of +Kilmore. He had been suffering from extreme weakness of the heart, which +was always a source of alarm to his physicians. Dr. M'Quaid was in +attendance, and as the cathedral bell was ringing its last peal for +twelve o'clock Mass, Dr. Conaty, so much beloved by his priests and +people, calmly breathed his last. Great was the sorrow in his cathedral +when Father Flood, the officiating priest told the people that their +good bishop was no more. The deceased was in his sixty-seventh year, and +was consecrated bishop in 1863. + +Most Rev. George Butler, D. D., bishop of Limerick, Ireland, died on the +3d of February. He was consecrated on the 25th of July, 1861. He +succeeded Most Rev. Dr. Ryan. + + * * * * * + + +PRIESTS. + +The Very Rev. Dr. McDonald, V. G., died recently at Charlottetown, P. E. +I. By his demise the church in the Maritime Provinces has lost a +scholarly and devoted priest. He was beloved by all classes in the +community. May he rest in peace! + +Rev. Vincent Devlin, S. J., died at Cincinnati, Ohio, on the 29th of +January. His brief life has been crowded with a phenomenal aptitude for +scholastic attainments, and he ranked very high in the line of +educational mission which he filled. Father Devlin was born in Belfast, +in 1856. He accompanied his parents to Chicago when very young, his +father, who still resides there, being John Devlin, senior member of the +wholesale grocery firm of John Devlin & Co. His preparatory education +for the priesthood was received at the Jesuit College, Chicago. He went +through his novitiate at Elorissant, Mo., and became a member of the +Jesuit order in 1871, and was ordained four years ago. For a number of +years he was professor of belles lettres at the St. Louis University, +and latter, of languages at St. Xavier's, in Cincinnati, at which latter +place he died almost in the pursuance of his professional duties. + +The Rev. Patrick Tracy, of the diocese of Waterford, Ireland, died +recently, aged seventy-three years. He was ordained in 1837, and up to +1848 was connected with the parish of Trinity Without, Waterford, as a +zealous and devoted missionary curate. He took an active and earnest +interest in the 1848 movement, and was intimately associated with the +late General T. F. Meagher, on which occasion, fortunately, his great +influence over the masses saved that city from a sanguinary conflict, as +the rescue of Meagher on the morning of his arrest was fully determined. +In other parishes of the diocese he was distinguished for his zeal and +charities, and had been a hard-working priest for nearly fifty years. + +The Rev. Father George W. Matthew, of St. Patrick's Church, Racine, +Wis., died on the night of the 27th of January, of cancer in the throat. +The disease was similar to that which caused the death of Gen. Grant. +The stricken priest was taken to Cleveland, O., three months ago, where +a delicate operation was performed, and a silver tube placed in his +throat. Upon his return to Racine he became very weak, and it was well +known to his friends that he could not possibly recover. He was one of +the most prominent Catholic priests in the State, and one of Racine's +honored and best men, and his death will be learned with sincere regret +and sorrow by all classes of people. He was born in New York City in +1833. + +Died, in Rochester, N. Y., on the 22d of January, Rev. Michael M. +Meagher, much lamented by all who knew him. Father M. was born in +Roscrea, County Tipperary, on the 1st of August, 1831; he was ordained +priest at Dunkirk, N. Y., by Bishop Timon on the 7th of September, 1862. +There was no priest more zealous, charitable and devoted to every duty +than the lamented Father Meagher, and that he is now reaping his eternal +reward is the fervent prayer of all who know and appreciate the many +noble qualities of head and heart of this good and holy priest. + +The death is announced of the famous Abbe Michaelis, director of the +College of Philosophy at Louvain, previous to the establishment of the +Belgian Kingdom in 1830. + +Rev. Joseph F. Gallagher, pastor of the Church of the Holy Name, of +Cleveland, O., and for twenty-one years one of the most prominent +priests of that diocese, died Saturday, Jan. 30, of pneumonia, aged +forty-nine years. + +The Rev. John Dunn, D.D., died suddenly at Wilkesbarre, Pa., recently, +of pneumonia, aged thirty-eight years. He was a pulpit orator of unusual +ability. In August, 1877, his name was heralded throughout the country. +The first of August was a very dark day for Scranton. The great strike +of the steel workers was at its height. At 11 A.M., the strikers, to the +number of five hundred, met in an open lot adjoining the silk mills. +Speeches of the most inflammatory character were made, and it was +finally resolved to march to the steel mill, burn it down, and then go +to the Dickson Iron Works and compel the men there to quit work. Mayor +McCune, summoning the whole police force and the militia to the rescue, +awaited the coming of the strikers, who were now turned into a howling +mob. Soon they appeared armed with sticks and stones, and when they +caught sight of the militia they commenced to hurl stones at them. Mayor +McCune mounted a box and read the riot act. This only infuriated the +mob, and the cry went up, "Kill the Mayor!" The greatest excitement +followed, and the mayor was in danger of his life, when Father Dunn, +then pastor of the Cathedral, arrived on the scene. He mounted the box +just vacated by the mayor and cried out: "Men, remember that you are +men!" These words and the sight of the priest came like a thunderbolt +upon the mob, and in an instant its fury was spent. Father Dunn then +told the strikers in words of glowing eloquence that nothing could be +gained by bloodshed and destruction of property. The mob then dispersed +and peace reigned once more. At a meeting of citizens held shortly +afterward, Father Dunn was thanked for the part he took in saving life +and property, and Mayor McCune presented him with a gold-headed cane. In +1879 Father Dunn entered the American College at Rome, where he remained +three years. He visited the Pyramids, and on St. Patrick's day unfurled +the flag of Ireland on one of them. Dr. Dunn also celebrated Mass on the +supposed site of the birthplace of the Saviour in Bethlehem. + +Rev. William Walter Power, pastor of St. Patrick's Church, Joliet, Ill., +died of Bright's disease in that city. He was for a short time pastor of +St. Patrick's Church, in Chicago, and was 55 years of age. + + * * * * * + + +BROTHER. + +Brother John Lynch, S. J., died at St. Mary's residence, Cooper St., +Boston. He was a native of the county Tyrone, Ire., born July 25, 1802, +and entered the Society of Jesus in 1837. He came to Boston with the +venerable Father McElroy in 1847, and has lived here ever since. As +sacristan of the church and procurator of the church and residence of +St. Mary's for thirty-nine years, he endeared himself to the clergy and +the people by his many virtues and great piety. May he rest in peace. + + * * * * * + + +SISTER. + +Sister Mary, of St. Odilla (Parson), of the Sisters of Our Lady of +Charity of the Good Shepherd, departed this life on the 10th of January, +at the monastery in Newark, N. J. May she rest in peace! + +Sister Mary Cecilia Moore, connected with the Academy of Notre Dame, +Lowell, died on the morning of January 16, aged forty years. She served +in Boston, East Boston and Lawrence. + +On Sunday, the 10th of January, Sister Monica (known in the world as +Miss Barbara O'Brien) died in the Ursuline Convent, Valle Crucis, near +Columbia, S. C. She was fifty-three years old, and had been a lay sister +for twenty-four years. May she rest in peace. + + * * * * * + + +LAY PEOPLE. + +DEATH OF HON. JOHN RYAN.--January 27, there died at his home in St. +Louis, Hon. John Ryan, a gentleman who is well known to many of the +older leading citizens of St. Louis. Mr. Ryan was born in Kilkenny, +Ireland, eighty years ago, and came in early manhood to the United +States, where, in Connecticut first, he soon achieved prominence in +public life. Migrating to the West he first settled at Decatur, Ill., +where he published a daily paper for some years as well as keeping up +his connection with the Irish newspaper press of the East. For seven +years he held the office of postmaster at Decatur, after which he came +to Missouri, where he served two terms in the State Legislature with +honor. The deceased gentleman leaves a widow and seven of the thirteen +children that were born to him, among these being Mr. Frank K. Ryan, the +attorney, formerly County Land Commissioner and recently elected to the +Presidency of the Knights of St. Patrick. The other surviving sons are +in business here. One of those deceased, Col. George Ryan, who was +killed at the head of his regiment, the One Hundred and Fortieth New +York, in Virginia, was a classmate at West Point of Governor Marmaduke. +And what is better than all, he was a true Irishman and devoted +Catholic, and as such was a shining example through life. In public life +he was above reproach and in private possessed all those endearing +qualities necessary to lasting friendship. He was, in the true sense of +the word, "self made," having acquired all he possessed through his own +endeavors. + +Mr. John McCane, Loyalist member of Parliament-elect for the middle +division of Armagh, is dead. Mr. McCane was the guarantor for Mr. Philip +Callan, in the latter's petition to unseat Colonel Nolan, the +Nationalist member of Parliament from the north division of Louth. + +Mr. William Doherty, who had been ill with heart disease for some time +past, died Saturday night, January 16, at his residence, 142 Edmonson +Avenue, Baltimore, in the eighty-sixth year of his age. + + * * * * * + + +THE ROYAL BAKER AND PASTRY BOOK.--A Royal addition to the kitchen +library. It contains over seven hundred receipts pertaining to every +branch of the culinary department, including baking, roasting, +preserving, soups, cakes, jellies, pastry, and all kinds of sweet meats, +with receipts for the most delicious candies, cordials, beverages, and +all other necessary knowledge for the _chef de cuisine_ of the most +exacting epicure, as well as for the more modest housewife, who desires +to prepare a repast that shall be both wholesome and economical. With +each receipt is given full and explicit directions for putting together, +manipulating, shaping, baking, the kind of utensils to be used, so that +a novice can go through the operation with success; while a special and +important feature is made of the mode of preparing all kinds of food and +delicacies for the sick. The book has been prepared under the direction +of Prof. Rudmani, late _chef_ of the New York Cooking School, and is the +most valuable of the recent editions upon the subject of cookery that +has come to our notice. It is gotten up in the highest style of the +printer's art, on illuminated covers, etc. A copy will be sent as a gift +to every reader of this MAGAZINE, who will send their address to the +Royal Baking Powder Co., 106 Wall Street, New York, who are the +publishers of the book, stating that they saw the notice in this +MAGAZINE. + +SECRET SOCIETIES.--A bold and noble stand against secret societies has +been taken by General Pacheco, the new President of the South American +Republic of Bolivia, and one which stamps him with the superiority of +Christianity and manhood among princes and rulers. He declares himself a +practical Catholic, and the unyielding foe of secret societies. Finding +that Freemasonry was making way in the Bolivian army he has issued the +following decree: "Bolivia being a Catholic country, and Freemasonry +being entirely at variance with the teachings of the Catholic religion, +no man will henceforth be allowed to hold an officer's commission in the +Bolivian army, who is known to belong to a Masonic lodge." + + * * * * * + + +Transcriber's Notes: + +Punctuation and obvious spelling errors repaired. Unusual period +spellings and grammatical usages were retained (e.g. Phenix, +millionnaires, ivied, employes, clock times using period rather than +colon). + +Beginning P. 289, "Notes on Current Topics" through the end of the text, +the original placed minor (shorter) thought breaks between each separate +entry, including single paragraph entries. Transcriber has retained only +the major thought breaks, and thought breaks indicating the beginning +and end of multi-paragraph entries. + +P. 223, "A Chapter of Irish History in Boston"--throughout this article, +the ends of sentences form the section heading for what follows. These +were retained as in the original, so the paragraphs before those section +headings do not show concluding punctuation. + +P. 242, "Asinara(?)"--this parenthetical question mark was present in +the original. + +P. 250, Change in stanza indentation retained as in original. + +P. 277, "in laying bare"--original reads "bear." + +P. 291, reference to Thomas Gill article in North American Review. Total +tenant farmers in United Kingdom corrected to 1,069,127 (original reads +1,079,127). United States tenant farmers in excess of that number +corrected to 250,000 (original reads 50,000). Corrections based on +review of referenced article as published (Thomas P. Gill, "Landlordism +in America," North American Review, Vol. 142, Issue 350, January 1886, +p. 52-68). + +P. 294, "line of eligibility"--original reads "illegibility." + +Both "farm-house" and "farmhouse", north-west and northwest were used +(different articles). + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Donahoe's Magazine, Volume XV, No. 3, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DONAHOE'S MAGAZINE, VOL XV, NO 3 *** + +***** This file should be named 38636.txt or 38636.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/8/6/3/38636/ + +Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, JoAnn Greenwood +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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