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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The History of the Ten "Lost" Tribes, by
+David Baron
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The History of the Ten "Lost" Tribes
+       Anglo-Israelism Examined
+
+
+Author: David Baron
+
+
+
+Release Date: January 20, 2012  [eBook #38630]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HISTORY OF THE TEN "LOST"
+TRIBES***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Jason Isbell, Jeff G., and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+      Text enclosed by equal signs is in bold face (=bold=).
+
+
+
+
+
+THE HISTORY OF THE TEN "LOST" TRIBES:
+
+Anglo-Israelism Examined
+
+by
+
+DAVID BARON
+
+Author of
+"Visions and Prophecies of Zachariah," etc.
+
+FOURTH EDITION
+
+Morgan & Scott Ltd.
+12, Paternoster Buildings, London, E.C. 4
+
+      *      *      *      *      *      *
+
+Two Shillings Net
+The History
+of the
+Ten "Lost" Tribes:
+
+ANGLO-ISRAELISM EXAMINED
+
+by
+
+DAVID BARON
+
+Author of
+"The Ancient Scriptures and the Modern Jew"
+"The Shepherd of Israel," etc.
+
+Fourth Edition--Revised and Enlarged
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Morgan & Scott Ld.
+(Office of "The Christian")
+12, Paternoster Buildings
+London, E.C.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+A few words of explanation are needed by way of preface to this little
+book. More than twenty years ago, being often appealed to by friends for
+my judgment on Anglo-Israelism, or to answer questions which were
+addressed to me on this subject, I finally, after making myself
+acquainted with the positions and arguments by which the theory is
+supported, drew up a statement in the form of "A Letter to an Inquirer."
+This "Letter," somewhat amplified, was printed in the form of an
+appendix in my book, "The Ancient Scriptures and the Modern Jew," whence
+by special request it was subsequently reprinted in pamphlet form under
+the title, "Anglo-Israelism, and the True History of the Ten Lost
+Tribes"--a separate edition of it having also been published in America.
+This pamphlet is now out of print, and, being appealed to by prominent
+Christian friends to bring out a new edition, I felt constrained before
+doing so to re-examine the whole question anew, and more thoroughly than
+before. To this end I have read through, with much inward pain I must
+confess, a number of the more recent Anglo-(or "British")-Israel
+publications, which for the most part are mere repetitions of one
+another. The result is the treatise now in the reader's hands, which
+will be found to consist of three Parts.
+
+In Part I. I have dealt with Anglo-Israel assertions and claims, and the
+arguments by which they are supported; in Part II., which is
+constructive in its character, and in which the greater part of my
+original "Letter to an Inquirer" will be found embodied, I have tried
+briefly to trace the true history of the supposed Lost Tribes; and in
+Part III., which is altogether new, I have further analysed some of the
+scriptural "proofs" of a separate fate and destiny of the Ten Tribes
+from that of "Judah," and have added notes and explanations on some of
+the more plausible points brought up by all Anglo-Israelite writers.
+
+The epistolary form, which is retained in Parts I. and II., is accounted
+for by the relation of this new booklet to the original "Letter to an
+Inquirer," which is embodied in it.
+
+Let me ask the reader's Christian forbearance for any expressions in
+this little work which may be regarded as too severe. I would only say
+that if the unbiassed reader had had to wade through the amount of
+Anglo-Israel literature, with all its fearful perversions of Scripture
+and history, which the writer has had to do in the course of the
+preparation of this little work, he would most probably have felt as he
+did--the difficulty of putting a restraint upon his spirit so as not to
+use much stronger language. Toward the persons of the propagandists of
+this theory I have, I trust, no other feelings than those of Christian
+charity; but the theory itself I cannot help regarding, after a close
+study of its principles, as subversive of the truth, and as one of the
+dangerous delusions of these latter days.
+
+After this little book was finished, an honoured friend in Brighton sent
+me the article by the late Dr. Horatius Bonar, which appeared in _The
+Sunday at Home_ in 1880. I add it, with the permission of the
+proprietors of that magazine, as an appendix in the assurance that the
+testimony on the subject of so honoured and eminent a servant of God
+will be welcomed and carry weight with many.
+
+                                                            David Baron.
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+  PART I.
+
+                                                              PAGE
+
+  I. Anglo-Israel Assertions and Claims                          7
+
+  II. The Way Anglo-Israel Writers Interpret
+  Scripture                                                     11
+
+  III. Fictitious Histories of the Tribes                       15
+
+
+  PART II.
+
+  I. Are the Tribes Lost?                                       22
+
+  II. The Condition of Things at the Time of
+  Christ                                                        33
+
+  III. The Testimony of the New Testament that
+  the "Jews" Are Representative of
+  "All Israel"                                                  39
+
+  IV. Early Misconceptions and Confusion on the
+  Question of the Ten Tribes                                    44
+
+  V. The Testimony of Prophecy in the Light of
+  History                                                       48
+
+  VI. A Solemn Warning                                          51
+
+
+  PART III.
+
+  NOTES AND EXPLANATIONS.
+
+  I. Anglo-Israel "Proofs" of a Separate Fate
+  and Destiny of "Israel" and "Judah"                           54
+
+  II. The Promises to the Fathers of a Multitudinous
+  Seed                                                          65
+
+  III. The Perpetuity of the Davidic Throne                     72
+
+  IV. The So-called Historic Proofs of Anglo-Israelism          76
+
+  V. "The Gate of his Enemies"                                  80
+
+
+  APPENDIX.
+
+  Are We the Ten Tribes? By the late Horatius
+  Bonar, D.D.                                                   82
+
+
+
+
+PART I.
+
+ANGLO-ISRAELISM EXAMINED.
+
+
+
+
+ANGLO-ISRAEL ASSERTIONS AND CLAIMS.
+
+
+DEAR FRIEND,--I shall endeavour to comply with your request, and to give
+you in this Letter a few reasons for my rejection of the Anglo-Israelite
+theory. I can sincerely say that I am not a man delighting in
+controversy, and I only consent to your wish because I believe that you,
+like many other simple-minded Christians, are perplexed and imposed upon
+by the plausibilities of the supposed "Identifications," and are not
+able to detect the fallacies and perversions of Scripture and history
+upon which they are based.
+
+The theory is that the English, or British, are the descendants of the
+"lost" Israelites, who were carried captives by the Assyrians, under
+Sargon, who, it is presumed, are identical with the Saxae or Scythians,
+who appear as a conquering host there about the same time. Or, to quote
+a succinct summary of Anglo-Israel assertions from a standard work:--
+
+     "The supposed historical connection of the ancestors of the English
+     with the Lost Ten Tribes is deduced as follows: The Ten Tribes were
+     transferred to Assyria about 720 B.C.; and simultaneously,
+     according to Herodotus, the Scythians, including the tribe of the
+     Saccae (or Saxae), appeared in the same district. The progenitors
+     of the Saxons afterward passed over into Denmark--the 'mark' or
+     country of the tribe of Dan--and thence to England. Another branch
+     of the tribe of Dan, which remained 'in ships' (Judges v. 17), made
+     its appearance in Ireland under the title of 'Tuatha-da-Danan.'
+     Tephi, a descendant of the royal house of David, arrived in
+     Ireland, according to the native legends, in 580 B.C. From her was
+     descended Feargus More, King of Argyll, an ancestor of Queen
+     Victoria, who thus fulfilled the prophecy that 'the line of David
+     shall rule for ever and ever' (2 Chron. xiii. 5, xxi. 7). The Irish
+     branch of the Danites brought with them Jacob's stone, which has
+     always been used as the Coronation-stone of the kings of Scotland
+     and England, and is now preserved in Westminster Abbey. Somewhat
+     inconsistently, the prophecy that the Canaanites should trouble
+     Israel (Numbers xxxiii. 55; Josh. xxiii. 13) is applied to the
+     Irish. 'The land of Arzareth,' to which the Israelites were
+     transplanted (2 Esd. xiii. 45), is identified with Ireland by
+     dividing the former name into two parts--the former of which is
+     _erez_, or 'land'; the later, _Ar_, or 'Ire.'"[1]
+
+As to the Jews, quite a different history and destiny is marked out for
+them. They, as the descendants of Judah, are still under the curse. In
+fact, the Anglo-Israelite, by another and more mischievous method, is
+doing exactly what the allegorising, or so-called spiritualising, school
+of interpreters did. The method was to apply all the _promises_ in the
+Bible to the "spiritual" Israel, or the Church, and all the curses to
+the literal Israel, or the Jews; but by this new system, while the
+curses are still left to the Jew, all the blessings are applied not even
+to those "in Christ," but indiscriminately to a nation, which, _as a
+nation_, is like the other nations of Christendom in a greater or lesser
+degree in a state of apostasy from God, though I thankfully recognise
+the fact that there are in proportion more of God's true people in it
+than in any other professing Christian land.
+
+I shall endeavour later on to show you the baselessness of the
+distinction which Anglo-Israelism makes between the ultimate fates of
+Israel and Judah, but let me first say that the supposed historical and
+philological "proofs" by which the theory is supported, most of which
+have no more basis in fact than fairy tales, are utterly discredited by
+competent authorities.
+
+     "Philology of a somewhat primitive kind," writes a prominent and
+     learned Jew, "is also brought in to support the theory; the many
+     Biblical and quasi-Jewish names borne by Englishmen are held to
+     prove their Israelitish origin. An attempt has been made to derive
+     the English language itself from Hebrew. Thus, 'bairn' is derived
+     from _bar_ ('son'); 'berry' from _peri_ ('fruit'); 'garden' from
+     _gedar_; 'kid' from _gedi_; 'scale' from _shekel_; and 'kitten'
+     from _quiton_ (_katon_ = 'little'). The termination 'ish' is
+     identified with the Hebrew _ish_ ('man'); 'Spanish' means
+     'Spain-man'; while 'British' is identified with _Berit-ish_ ('man
+     of the covenant'). Perhaps the most curious of these philological
+     identifications is that of 'jig' with chag (_hag_ = 'festival').
+
+     "Altogether, by the application of wild guess-work about historical
+     origins and philological analogies, and by a slavishly literal
+     interpretation (or misapplication) of selected phrases of prophecy,
+     a case is made out for the identification of the British race with
+     the Lost Ten Tribes of Israel sufficient to satisfy uncritical
+     persons desirous of finding their pride of race confirmed by Holy
+     Scripture. The whole theory rests upon an identification of the
+     word 'isles' in the English version of the Bible unjustified by
+     modern philology, which identifies the original word with 'coasts'
+     or 'distant lands,' without any implication of their being
+     surrounded by the sea. Modern ethnography does not confirm in any
+     way the identification of the Irish with a Semitic people; while
+     the English can be traced back to the Scandinavians, of whom there
+     is no trace in Mesopotamia at any period of history. The whole
+     movement is chiefly interesting as a _reductio ad absurdum_ of too
+     literal an interpretation (or misapplication) of the
+     prophecies."[2]
+
+To this let me add the verdict of a prominent Christian scholar.
+Commenting on Edward Hine's "Identifications of the British Nation with
+Lost Israel," Professor Rawlinson wrote that: "The pamphlet is not
+calculated to produce the slightest effect on the opinion of those
+competent to form one. Such effect as it may have can only be on the
+ignorant and unlearned--on those who are unaware of the absolute and
+entire diversity in language, physical type, religious opinions, and
+manners and customs, between the Israelites and the various races from
+whom the English nation can be shown historically to be descended."
+
+The fact of the matter is that the so-called historical proofs, by which
+the theory is supported, are derived from heathen myths and fables,[3]
+and the philology which traces "British" to "Berith-ish," and "Saxon" to
+"Isaac's-son," etc., deserves no other characterisation than
+_child-ish_.
+
+It is in a misunderstanding of Scripture, and especially of prophetic
+Scripture, to which the origin of Anglo-Israelism can be traced. Coming
+across some of the great and precious promises in the Bible in reference
+to Israel, for instance, such as that they should be a great and mighty
+nation, and rule over those who previously had been their enemies and
+oppressors, and overlooking the fact that these prophecies and promises
+_refer to a future time_, when Israel as a nation shall be restored and
+converted, and under the personal rule of their Messiah become great and
+mighty for God on the earth, evidence of their fulfilment has been
+sought _in the present_. Now certainly these prophecies of might and
+prosperity are not now being fulfilled in the "Jews"--on the other hand,
+see how great and influential the British nation is in the
+world--_ergo_, the British must be the "lost" Israel of the "Ten
+Tribes"! The "history" and philology is, so to say, an after-thought of
+Anglo-Israelism, by which an effort is made to support the false
+postulate with which it starts. The Scriptural "Identifications" with
+which Anglo-Israel literature abound turn out on examination to be
+perversions and misapplications of isolated texts taken from the English
+versions of the Bible without any regard for true principles of
+exegesis.
+
+
+THE WAY ANGLO-ISRAEL WRITERS INTERPRET SCRIPTURE.
+
+Some of their interpretations can only be characterised as bordering on
+blasphemy. Let me quote a few examples:--
+
+=I. The glorious Messianic prophecy of the stone cut without hands which
+smote the image of Nebuchadnezzar (Daniel ii.) is applied to the British
+people; and the British Empire, which is one of the Gentile
+world-kingdoms, is made to be identical with the Kingdom of God.=
+
+"We will see what is to be the future of the British Empire, or, in
+other words, the stone that smote the image. It is to become a great
+mountain and fill the whole earth. Our Colonial Empire, then, will
+continue to grow till it covers the whole world. We have tried to avoid
+extending our Empire many and many a time, and yet God has caused it to
+grow larger and larger, and I believe will still do so. We are already
+by far the greatest Empire there is, or ever has been, and we shall yet
+be far greater.
+
+"The British Empire, again, can never be conquered. Daniel says, 'The
+God of Heaven shall set up a kingdom which shall never be destroyed: it
+shall stand for ever.' Consequently, we shall never be conquered; we
+must continue till the end of time--so that we are to continue to exist
+as the last kingdom or empire this world is to see."[4]
+
+=II. Messiah's Throne of Righteousness and Peace is made out to be
+identical with the throne of England, and the English people are "the
+saints of the Most High," to whom all the kingdoms of the world shall be
+given.=
+
+"If the Saxons be the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel ... then the English
+throne is a continuation of David's throne, and the seed on it must be
+the seed of David,[5] and the inference is clear--namely, that all the
+blessings attaching by holy promise to David's throne must belong to
+England.... To this end God is overturning, and will overturn, until the
+whole world shall be federated around one throne, and that David's
+throne (which, according to the writer, is identical with the throne of
+England)--the only throne God ever directly established, and the only
+one He has promised perpetuity to.... This kingdom is the fifth kingdom
+to be set up in the latter days of those kings, says Daniel. The kingdom
+was never to be left to other people.... To her (that is, to England)
+was promised the isles of the sea, the coasts of the earth, the waste
+and desolate places--the heathen and the uttermost parts of the earth as
+a possession. Already, out of the 51,000,000 square miles which compose
+the earth, England, including the United States (Manasseh), now owns
+about 14,000,000, say, one-fourth. She bears rule over one-third of the
+people of the earth; she adds a colony every four years, on an average.
+At the present rate it will not be long before the kingdoms of this
+world will be given to the saints of the Most High [that is, according
+to the writer, the English people]. It is no marvel in the light of and
+instruction of prophecy that this throne and people should be so stable
+and prosperous."[6]
+
+=III. The smoke which ascends from the "blazing furnaces and steam
+engines" of London is identified with the Shechinah Glory, the visible
+symbol of God's presence with His people.=
+
+"During their wanderings in the desert His presence was manifested by
+the pillar of cloud by day and the pillar of fire by night; and during
+the captivity of the Two Tribes of Judah in Babylon He was with them,
+until, at the expiration of the seventy years, He stirred up Cyrus to
+release them. The same Lord still watches over the Ten Lost Tribes of
+Israel in England, and continues to bless them. The same miracles that
+were wrought in Egypt were intended to foreshadow the realisation of
+God's future dealings with the Israelites; and if a gigantic panoramic
+view of England could be taken from an elevation above the centre of the
+island at midnight, a temporal pillar of fire would be as remarkable
+from the blazing furnaces, the gas, the steam-engines, as the pillar of
+cloud and smoke arising from the same sources in the daytime, marking
+the chief position and prosperity of Israel."[7]
+
+=IV. Edward Hine, author of the forty-seven "Identifications," is the
+promised Deliverer who should come out of Zion.[8]=
+
+The following is taken from an article on Romans xi. 25-27, which
+appeared in "Life from the Dead," which was edited by Edward Hine
+himself:--
+
+"Are the British people identical with the lost Ten Tribes of Israel?
+And is the nation, by the identity, being led to glory? If these things
+are so, then where is the Deliverer? He must have already come out of
+Zion. He must be doing His great work; He must be amongst us. It is our
+impression that, by the glory of the work of the identity, we have come
+to the time of Israel's national salvation by the Deliverer out of Zion,
+and that Edward Hine and that Deliverer are identical."
+
+I have said above that Anglo-Israelism applies the promises given to
+converted Israel indiscriminately to the English nation. It does not
+stop even here, as the above extracts show, but goes on to rob Christ
+Himself of His glory by applying to the British people prophecies which
+belong, not even to Israel, but to Israel's Saviour.
+
+Thus, the address of the Father to the Son in Psalm ii.:
+
+"Ask of Me, and I will give thee the heathen for thine inheritance, and
+the uttermost parts of the earth for thy possession," will be found
+again and again in Anglo-Israel literature applied to the British
+nation. It also substitutes the British Empire for the Church. A
+favourite Scripture on which almost every Anglo-Israel writer fastens is
+Matt. xxi. 43: "Therefore I say unto you, The Kingdom of God shall be
+taken from you and given to a nation bringing forth the fruits thereof,"
+taking it for granted that England is that "nation"--which, as a nation,
+is bringing forth the fruits of God's kingdom.
+
+Now I need not explain to you that this is an utterly unspiritual and
+baseless assumption, for it is the Church--God's elect and converted
+people out of all nations--which is that "nation," which during the
+period of Israel's national unbelief bears fruit unto God; as is clear
+from 1 Peter ii. 9, where believers in Christ are addressed as "a chosen
+generation, a royal priesthood, a holy nation ([Greek: ethnos]), that ye
+should show forth the praises of Him who hath called you out of darkness
+into His marvellous light."
+
+
+FICTITIOUS HISTORIES OF THE TRIBES.
+
+Let me give you one or two more samples of Anglo-Israel perversion of
+Scripture and history:--
+
+     "The tribe of Benjamin has a singular special place in the history
+     of Israel and Judah. Neither Old or New Testament can be well
+     understood unless one understands the place of this tribe in
+     Providence. They were always counted one of the Ten Tribes, and
+     reckoned with them in the prophetic visions. They were only loaned
+     to Judah about 800 years (read 1 Kings xi.). They were to be a
+     light for David in Jerusalem. God, foreseeing that the Jews would
+     reject Christ, kept back this one Tribe to be in readiness to
+     receive Him; and so they did. At the destruction of Jerusalem they
+     escaped, and after centuries of wanderings turn up as the proud and
+     haughty Normans. Finally, they unite with the other Tribes under
+     William the Conqueror. A proper insight into the work and mission
+     of Benjamin will greatly aid one in interpreting the New Testament.
+     He was set apart as a missionary Tribe, and at once set to work to
+     spread the Gospel of Jesus. Most of the disciples were
+     Benjaminites. Then, after 800 years of fellowship with Judah, they
+     were cut loose and sent after their brethren of the House of
+     Israel. It was needful that the Lion and the Unicorn should unite."
+
+Again:--
+
+     "God said to Abraham, 'In thee shall all the families of the earth
+     be blessed'; and more, 'and in thy seed shall all the nations of
+     the earth be blessed.' Israel, being scattered and cast off, became
+     a blessing to the world. They gave to the surrounding nations the
+     only true idea of God, for in their lowest condition and idolatry
+     they preserved the name and knowledge of Jehovah, and Christ sent
+     His disciples after them through one of their own tribe--namely,
+     Benjamin--telling them not to go into the way of the Gentiles, nor
+     into the cities of the Samaritans, 'but go rather to the lost sheep
+     of the house of Israel.' To these sheep Christ declares He was
+     sent. Where were these sheep? They were scattered about in Central
+     Asia--in Scriptural language, in Cappadocia, Galatia, Pamphylia,
+     Lydia, Bithynia, and round about Illyricum. From these very regions
+     came the Saxons; from here they spread abroad North and West, being
+     the most Christian of any people on the face of the earth then, as
+     now."[9]
+
+It is difficult to characterise statements like these given out by
+Anglo-Israel writers in _ex cathedra_ style for the consumption of the
+ignorant and credulous. But--
+
+I. This "history" of the tribe of Benjamin (which may be taken also as a
+fair sample of their "histories" of Dan, Manasseh, etc.) is entirely the
+product of the perverted fancy of the writers, and is without a vestige
+of historic basis for its support. The only reference given in the first
+extract is 1 Kings xi. Now that chapter gives the account of God's
+warning to Solomon, and of the announcement that in the reign of his
+immediate successor the kingdom would be rent from the house of David.
+"_Howbeit_," we read, "_I will not rend away all the kingdom, but will
+give one tribe to thy son (i.e., Rehoboam) for David My servant's sake,
+and for Jerusalem's sake, ... that David My servant may have a lamp
+alway before Me in Jerusalem, the city which I have chosen to put My
+Name there_."[10]
+
+The "one tribe" which during the time of the schism would be left to the
+house of David is, of course, not Benjamin, as the writer of the above
+extract supposes, but _Judah_, "with which Benjamin was indissolubly
+united by the very position of the capital on its frontier." This is
+seen from verses 31, 32 of the same chapter, where the Ten Tribes "are
+given to Jeroboam," and the remaining two of the twelve are called "one
+tribe."
+
+It is, of course, a pure invention also, of the fairy tale type, that
+Benjamin as a tribe received Christ while the Jews rejected Him, or that
+Benjamin became "the missionary tribe," or that "most of the disciples
+were Benjamites." Not one single tribe as a tribe, or even one local
+community as a community, received Christ; but the "as many" of His own
+"as received Him" were "Jews," which, as we shall see farther on, were
+the representatives of the Israel of the whole "Twelve Tribes scattered
+abroad," and the Twelve Apostles (though Paul, indeed, was a Benjamite)
+were in a way representative of all the _Twelve_ Tribes of Israel.
+
+II. Then note the absurdities and contradictions of Anglo-Israel
+assertions. "Israel," you are told--by which is meant the Ten
+Tribes--while themselves idolaters and sunk so low as not only to forget
+their origin, but, as another exponent of the theory has it, lapsed
+"into a state of semi-barbarism like the first pioneer settlers in North
+America"; and, being without records, in a brief period lost all memory
+of their former name and condition[11]--became, while in such a
+condition, "a blessing to the world, and gave to the surrounding nations
+the only true idea of God"!
+
+And what shall be said of the terrible perversion of such a plain and
+beautiful Scripture as Matt. x. 5, 6? In the introduction to that
+chapter (Matt. ix. 36-38) we read how our Lord Jesus, beholding the
+multitudes which were pressing around Him, was moved with compassion for
+them because they fainted (or rather, according to the now accepted
+reading, "were harassed," "plagued"), "and were scattered abroad as
+sheep having no shepherd." Then, after saying to His disciples that the
+harvest truly is plenteous but the labourers are few, and commanding
+them to pray the Lord of the harvest that He may send, or thrust forth,
+labourers into His harvest, He calls the twelve individual Jewish
+disciples, and commissions and empowers them to go forth on the definite
+mission of mercy to their countrymen, warning them not to go beyond the
+bounds of the land "into the way of the Gentiles," nor even within the
+bounds of Palestine to visit "the cities of the Samaritans," but to
+confine themselves exclusively "to the lost sheep of the House of
+Israel"--that is, to their own Jewish people, who (as we shall see) are
+throughout the New Testament called alternately "Jews" and "Israel."
+This is all plain and obvious; and we know, as a matter of fact and
+history, that the ministry of John the Baptist, and of our Lord Jesus,
+and of the Twelve Apostles, until after His ascension, was confined to
+the "Jews" in Palestine. Anglo-Israelism, however, is able by some
+fiction to transform the Twelve Disciples into the tribe of Benjamin,
+and "the lost sheep of the House of Israel" into a medley of Gentile
+nations located "in Central Asia," and other specified regions, who,
+though unknown to themselves to be Israelites in origin, and mistaken by
+the Apostles in their subsequent missionary journeys for "Gentiles,"
+were really the "lost Ten Tribes," alias "the Saxons," and progenitors
+of the English! And these are only a few typical samples of the
+so-called "historical proofs" and Bible interpretations on which the
+whole theory rests. I must now pass on to another part of the subject,
+but let me, before doing so, earnestly commend to you whenever you come
+across Anglo-Israel literature to keep in mind the good advice of a
+well-known Bishop to his clergy--"_Always verify your references_"--and
+I would add, "study the context"--and you will find that the Scriptures
+quoted in them are either misapplications or perversions of the true
+meaning of the text. In fact, there is not a Scripture, however sublime
+and glorious its import, and however plain and obvious its meaning,
+which does not become distorted and perverted in Anglo-Israel hands.[12]
+
+Here are one or two samples. Anglo-Israelism is based for the most part
+on the false supposition of a separate calling and destiny of the Ten
+Tribes from that of Judah:--
+
+     "The natural seed of Abraham," we are told, "is divided in the
+     Bible, the word Israel standing generally for the Ten Tribes, and
+     Judah for Two Tribes. These divisions have separate paths appointed
+     them to walk in through the centuries. 'All the House of Israel
+     wholly,' 'the whole House of Israel,' 'all the House of Israel,'
+     have a special work. The Ten Tribes are especially called in the
+     Scriptures the seed of Abraham. Sometimes 'My chosen'; again, 'Mine
+     inheritance,' and 'My servant.' God, in referring to them in their
+     scattered state, and of His gathering them together, says (Isaiah
+     xli. 8): 'But thou, Israel, art My servant, Jacob whom I have
+     chosen; the seed of Abraham My friend--thou whom I have taken from
+     the ends of the earth, and called thee from the chief men thereof,
+     and said unto thee, Thou art My servant; I have chosen thee, and
+     not cast thee away.'"[13]
+
+I shall show later on that it is not true to say that the word Israel
+stands "generally" for the Ten Tribes, and Judah for the Two Tribes.
+"Generally," the name Israel stands for all the descendants of Jacob,
+whose name was changed by God Himself to "Israel," though in the
+historical books, especially in 1 and 2 Kings, and 2 Chronicles, and in
+a few passages in the Prophets, it is used to describe the northern
+kingdom of the Ten Tribes in contradistinction to the southern kingdom
+of Judah. But its use in the more limited and temporary sense as applied
+to the Ten Tribes can always be clearly discerned from the context. But
+in order to support the assertion that "these two divisions have
+separate paths appointed them to walk through the centuries," it is
+affirmed that the designations "All the House of Israel wholly," "the
+whole House of Israel," "My chosen," "Mine inheritance," and "My
+servant," are especially applied in the Scriptures to the "Ten Tribes"
+in contradistinction to Judah. Now this is utterly baseless, as any
+intelligent Bible-reader will find if he takes the trouble to look up
+all the passages where these expressions are used.[14]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: From the article "Anglo-Israelism" in the _Jewish
+Encyclopedia_.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Joseph Jacobs, B.A., in the _Jewish Encyclopedia_.]
+
+[Footnote 3: See Note iv. in Part III.]
+
+[Footnote 4: "Nebuchadnezzar's Dream" in "The British Empire of
+Ephraim." A whole collection of similar perversions of Scripture may be
+found in an excellent pamphlet by the late Pastor Frank H. White, called
+"Anglo-Israelism Examined"--unfortunately now out of print.]
+
+[Footnote 5: A beautiful specimen, this, of Anglo-Israel logic.]
+
+[Footnote 6: "The Lost Ten Tribes," by Rev. Joseph Wild, D.D. A book
+containing twenty discourses which abounds in statements and
+"interpretations" as wild and unscriptural as this sample quoted from
+Discourse XVIII.]
+
+[Footnote 7: From an article in _The Banner of Israel_.]
+
+[Footnote 8: When preparing to re-write this little book I was told by a
+friend that I need not take much notice of the works of Edward Hine, as
+Anglo-Israelites themselves no longer attach importance to them. On
+inquiry, however, I found that this was not the case. His writings are
+still largely advertised and circulated, and many of the more modern
+Anglo-Israelite writers profess to draw instruction and inspiration from
+them. Beside which, even his most extravagant statements are more than
+paralleled in some of their most recent publications.]
+
+[Footnote 9: Both these extracts are taken from "The Lost Ten
+Tribes"--the book referred to in a previous note--by Joseph Wild.]
+
+[Footnote 10: Kings xi. 13-36.]
+
+[Footnote 11: "Israel in Britain," by Colonel Garnier, page 6.]
+
+[Footnote 12: See samples in Note i. of Part III.]
+
+[Footnote 13: "The Ten Lost Tribes," page 12.]
+
+[Footnote 14: "All the House of Israel wholly" is found in. Ezek. xi.
+27, and is used of those of the southern kingdom who were already in
+captivity, as contrasted with those who were still with Zedekiah in
+Jerusalem and Palestine. The parallel to Ezek. xi. is Jeremiah xxiv.,
+where the two parts of the nation--those already in captivity and those
+still in the land--are also contrasted under the symbol of the two
+baskets of figs, one of which was "very good" and the other "very evil."
+When Peter, for instance, said, "_Let all the House of Israel_ know
+assuredly that God hath made this same Jesus both Lord and Christ," he
+addressed the "Jews" in Palestine, as every one knows. "My chosen," or
+"Whom I have chosen," apart from its use as applied to the priests and
+Levites, is used sixteen times of Zion and Jerusalem, and _just as many
+times of the whole nation_. Deut. vii. 6; xiv. 2; Psalm xxxiii. 12;
+Isaiah xli. 8, 9--may be turned up as examples. "My servant" is used
+seventeen or eighteen times in the second half of Isaiah, and when not
+directly applied to the Messiah, as in xlii. 1; xlix. 3-7; lii. 13; and
+liii. 11--is a designation of the whole people; and it must be
+remembered that Isaiah prophesied primarily "concerning Judah and
+Jerusalem." The term as a designation of the people is also used five
+times by Jeremiah in the same inclusive sense, _i.e._, of the whole
+nation.]
+
+
+
+
+PART II.
+
+THE TRUE HISTORY OF THE TEN "LOST" TRIBES.
+
+
+ARE THE TRIBES LOST?
+
+But now discarding the whole heap of Anglo-Israel fiction, let us glance
+at the question of the so-called "lost" Ten Tribes in the light of
+Scripture history and prophecy. Anglo-Israelism first of all loses the
+Ten Tribes, for whom it claims a different destiny from the "Jews," whom
+it supposes to be descendants of the Two Tribes only, and then it
+identifies this "lost" Israel with the British race. But there is as
+little historical ground for the supposition that the Ten Tribes are
+lost, in the sense in which Anglo-Israelism uses the term, as there is
+Scriptural basis for a separate destiny for "Israel" apart from "Judah."
+
+The most superficial reader of the Old Testament knows the origin and
+cause of the unfortunate schism which took place in the history of the
+elect nation after the death of Solomon. But this evil was to last only
+for a limited time; for at the very commencement of this new and
+parenthetical chapter of the nation's history it was announced by God
+that He would in this way afflict the seed of David, but _not for ever_
+(1 Kings xi. 39).
+
+A separate kingdom, comprising Ten of the Twelve Tribes, was set up
+under Jeroboam in B.C. 975, and its whole history, of about 250 years,
+is one long, dark tale of usurpation, anarchy, and apostasy, unrelieved
+by the occasional gracious visitations of national revival which light
+up the annals of the Judean kingdom under the House of David.
+
+After many warnings and premonitory judgments the kingdom of the Ten
+Tribes was finally overthrown in the year B.C. 721, when its capital,
+Samaria, was destroyed, and the bulk of the people carried captive by
+the Assyrians, and made to settle in "Halah and Habor, and by the river
+Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes" (2 Kings xvii. 6; 1 Chron. v.
+26).
+
+Now I would beg you to notice two or three facts.
+
+I. The kingdom of "Judah" after the schism consisted not only of Judah
+and Benjamin, but also of the Levites who remained faithful to the House
+of David and the theocratic centre.[15] Even those who were in the
+northern cities forsook all in order to come to Jerusalem, as we read in
+2 Chron. xi. 14: "And Rehoboam dwelt in Jerusalem, and built cities for
+defence in Judah, ... and the priests and Levites that were in all
+Israel resorted to him out of all their coasts. For the Levites left
+their suburbs and their possessions, and came to Judah and Jerusalem;
+for Jeroboam and his sons had cast them off from executing the priest's
+office unto the Lord."
+
+II. Apart from Judah, Benjamin, and Levi, there were in the southern
+kingdom of Judah after the schism many out of the other Ten Tribes whose
+hearts clung to Jehovah, and the only earthly centre of His worship
+which He appointed. Immediately after the rebellion, we read that "after
+them" (that is, following the example of the Levites) "out of all the
+tribes of Israel, such as set their hearts to seek Jehovah, the God of
+Israel, came to Jerusalem to sacrifice to Jehovah, God of their fathers.
+So they strengthened the kingdom of Judah" (2 Chron. xi. 16).
+
+In every reign of the kingdom of Israel numbers of the religious and
+more spiritual of the Ten Tribes must have seceded and joined "Judah."
+This we find to have been more especially the case during the times of
+national revival in the southern kingdom, and in the reigns of those
+kings who feared and sought the Lord.
+
+Thus, for instance, we read of Asa, that "he gathered all Judah and
+Benjamin, with the strangers with them out of Ephraim and Manasseh, and
+out of Simeon; _for they fell to him out of all Israel in abundance_,
+when they saw that Jehovah his God was with him, so they gathered
+themselves together at Jerusalem; ... and they entered into a covenant
+to seek Jehovah God of their fathers with all their heart, and with all
+their soul" (2 Chron. xv. 9-15).
+
+There are also several other mentions of "the children of Israel that
+dwelt in the cities of Judah" and were subjects and members of that
+kingdom.
+
+III. The final overthrow of the northern kingdom took place, as we have
+seen, in the year _B.C._ 721; but when we read that the "King of Assyria
+took Samaria and carried Israel away into Assyria," we are not to
+understand that he cleared the whole land of all the people, but that he
+took the strength of the nation with him. There were, no doubt, many of
+the people left in the land; even as was the case after the overthrow of
+the southern kingdom by the Babylonians later on (2 Kings xxv. 12). The
+historical proof for my assertion is found in the fact that about a
+century after the fall of Samaria, we find in the reign of Josiah some
+of Manasseh and Ephraim, "and a remnant of all Israel," in the land, who
+contributed to the collection made by the Levites for the repair of the
+house of the Lord in Jerusalem, and joined in the celebration of the
+great Passover in the eighteenth year of that zealous and promising
+young king.
+
+These were the component elements of which the southern kingdom of
+"Judah" was made up, when it, too, reached the stage, when, on account
+of its idolatries and apostasy from the living God, "there was no more
+remedy" (or "healing"--2 Chron. xxxvi. 16). It consisted, as we have
+seen, of Judah, Benjamin, Levi, and many out of all the other Ten Tribes
+of Israel, "in abundance."
+
+Jerusalem was finally taken in B.C. 588, by Nebuchadnezzar--just 133
+years after the capture of Samaria by the Assyrians. Meanwhile the
+Babylonian Empire succeeded the Assyrian. But although dynasties had
+changed, and Babylon, which had sometimes, even under the Assyrian
+_régime_, been one of the capitals of the Empire, now took the place of
+Nineveh, the region over which Nebuchadnezzar now bore rule, was the
+very same over which Shalmaneser and Sargon reigned before him, only
+somewhat extended.[16]
+
+The exact location of the exiles of the southern kingdom we are not
+told, beyond the Scripture statements that all the three parties of
+captives carried off by Nebuchadnezzar (that in the first invasion in
+the reign of Jehoiakim, B.C. 606; and in the second, in the reign of
+Jehoiachin, B.C. 599; and in the final overthrow of Jerusalem, in the
+reign of Zedekiah, B.C. 588), were taken "to Babylon" (2 Kings xxiv. and
+xxv.; Daniel i.).
+
+Now Babylon stands not only for the city, but also for the whole land,
+_in which the territories of the Assyrian Empire, and the colonies of
+exiles from the northern kingdom of "Israel" were included_. Thus, for
+instance, we find Ezekiel, who was one of the 10,000 exiles carried off
+by Nebuchadnezzar with Jehoiachin, by the river Chebar in the district
+of Gozan--one of the very parts where the exiles of the Ten Tribes were
+settled by the Assyrians more than a century previously.
+
+With the captivity the divisions and rivalry between "Judah" and
+"Israel" were ended, and the members of all the tribes who looked
+forward to a national future were conscious not only of one common
+destiny, but that that destiny was bound up with the promises to the
+House of David, and with Zion or Jerusalem as its centre, in accordance
+with the prophecies of Joel, Amos, and Hosea, and of the other inspired
+messengers who ministered and testified more especially among them until
+the fall of Samaria. This conviction of a common and united future, no
+doubt facilitated the merging process, which cannot be said to have
+begun with the captivity, for it commenced almost immediately after the
+rebellion under Jeroboam, but which was certainly strengthened by it.
+
+Glimpses into the feeling of the members of the two kingdoms for one
+another, and their hopes and aspirations for unity, we get in the
+writings of Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel, who prophesied during the
+period of exile. The most striking prophecy in relation to this subject
+is Ezek. xxxvii. 15-28:
+
+     "The word of the Lord came again unto me, saying, Moreover, thou
+     son of man, take thee one stick, and write upon it, For Judah, and
+     for the children of Israel, his companions (that is, those of
+     Israel who before the captivity fell away from the Ten Tribes and
+     joined the southern kingdom): then take another stick, and write
+     upon it, For Joseph, the stick of Ephraim, and all the house of
+     Israel, his companions: and join them one to another into one
+     stick; and they shall become one in thine hand." Then follows the
+     Divine interpretation of this symbol: "Behold, I will take the
+     stick of Joseph, which is in the hand of Ephraim, and the tribes
+     of Israel, his companions, and I will put them with him (or
+     literally, I will add them upon, or to him), namely, with the stick
+     of Judah, and make them one stick, and they shall be one in My
+     hand. And the sticks whereon thou writest shall be in thy hand
+     before their eyes. And say unto them, Thus saith the Lord God,
+     Behold, I will take the children of Israel from among the nations,
+     whither they be gone, and will gather them on every side, and bring
+     them into their own land; and I will make them one nation in the
+     land upon the mountains of Israel; and one king shall be king to
+     them all; and they shall be no more two nations, neither shall they
+     be divided into two kingdoms any more at all; neither shall they
+     defile themselves any more with their idols, nor with their
+     detestable things, nor with any of their transgressions: but I will
+     save them out of all their dwelling-places wherein they have
+     sinned, and will cleanse them; so shall they be My people, and I
+     will be their God. And My servant David shall be king over them;
+     and they all shall have one shepherd; they shall also walk in My
+     judgments, and observe My statutes, and do them. And they shall
+     dwell in the land which I have given unto Jacob My servant, wherein
+     your fathers dwelt; and they shall dwell therein, they, and their
+     children, and their children's children for ever: and David My
+     servant shall be their prince for ever" (Ezek. xxxvii. 20-25,
+     R.V.).
+
+Now let it be remembered that the foreground and commencement of the
+restoration and future of this great prophecy, especially to all the
+exiles at that time, was the restoration from Babylon, or "Assyria," as
+it was sometimes called.
+
+As a matter of fact, these prophecies, and particularly Ezek. xxxvii.
+15-28, set forth not one single act or event, but a _process_ which,
+commencing with the prophet's own time, extends into the distant future,
+and ends in the final goal of the blessed condition of Israel under
+Messiah's reign in the millennial period. Thus, while the full visible
+_manifestation_ of that unity, symbolised by the two sticks becoming
+_one_ in the prophet's hand, will only be realised after the final
+regathering of the whole nation in their own land, and when the true
+"David," namely, Messiah, "David's greater Son," shall be both King and
+Prince over them for ever--the merging and uniting process commenced, as
+a matter of fact, before the Babylonian captivity, was accelerated in
+the exile, when in their like sorrows and troubles the hearts of the
+people were doubtless drawn to one another in mutual sympathy and love.
+
+The point, however, to be noticed in this and other prophecies is the
+clear announcement which they contained that the purpose of God in the
+schism--as a punishment on the House of David--_was now at an end_, and
+that henceforth there was but one common hope and one destiny for the
+whole Israel of the Twelve Tribes--whether they previously belonged to
+the northern kingdom of the _Ten_ Tribes, or to the southern kingdom of
+the _Two_ Tribes--and that this common hope and destiny was centred in
+Him Who is the Lion of the Tribe of Judah, and the rightful Heir and
+descendant of David.
+
+In like manner Jeremiah, in his great prophecy of the restoration and
+future blessing (chaps. xxx. and xxxi.), links the destinies of "Judah"
+and "Israel," or Israel and Judah together; and speaks of one common
+experience from that time on for the whole people. "For lo, the days
+come, saith the Lord, that I will turn again the captivity of My people
+Israel and Judah, saith the Lord: and I will cause them to return to the
+land that I gave to their fathers, and they shall possess it. And these
+are the words that the Lord spake concerning Israel and Judah" (Jer.
+xxx. 3, 4. R.V.).
+
+Daniel also, towards the end of the seventy years' captivity, includes
+not only the men of Judah and inhabitants of Jerusalem in his
+intercessory prayer, but "_all Israel_ that are near, or far off, from
+all the countries whither Thou hast driven them," who, he confesses,
+were alike involved in sin and judgment, and equally cast on the mercy
+of God on the ground of promises made to the fathers.
+
+Now let us go a step farther. Just seventy years had elapsed since the
+first band of captives were carried away to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar in
+the year B.C. 606. "That the word of the Lord by the mouth of Jeremiah
+might be fulfilled, the Lord stirred up the spirit of Cyrus, King of
+Persia, that he issued a proclamation throughout all his kingdom, and
+put it also in writing, saying: Thus saith Cyrus, King of Persia, the
+Lord God of heaven hath given me all the kingdoms of the earth; and He
+hath charged me to build Him a house at Jerusalem that is in Judah. Who
+is there among you of all His people? His God be with him, and let him
+go up to Jerusalem, which is in Judah."
+
+This proclamation, which was in reference to all the people "of the Lord
+God of heaven," was issued in the year B.C. 536, two years after the
+conquest of Babylon by Cyrus, and was, we are told, promulgated
+"throughout all his kingdom," which was the same as that over which
+Nebuchadnezzar and his successors reigned before him, only again
+somewhat extended, even as the kingdom of Babylon was identical with
+that of Assyria, as already pointed out. Indeed, Cyrus and Darius I. are
+called indifferently by the sacred historians by the title of "King of
+Persia" (Ezra iv. 5), "King of Babylon" (Ezra v. 13), and "King of
+Assyria" (Ezra vi. 22).
+
+The first response to this proclamation was a caravan of "forty-two
+thousand three hundred and sixty, beside their servants and their maids,
+of whom there were seven thousand three hundred and thirty-seven, and
+two hundred singing men and singing women," who, under the leadership of
+Zerubbabel, who was a lineal descendant of the royal house of David,
+and of Joshua the high priest, made their way from "Babylon to
+Jerusalem."
+
+Now the leading spirits of this returned party of exiles were, no doubt,
+"the chief of the fathers of Judah and Benjamin, and the priests and
+Levites"; at the same time they included "all those" from all the other
+tribes without distinction, "whose spirit God had raised to go up to
+build the house of the Lord, which is in Jerusalem" (Ezra i. 5).
+
+They are no longer counted after their tribal origin, but in families,
+and after the cities to which they originally belonged, which, for the
+most part, are not easy to identify; hence it is difficult to say how
+many belonged to "Judah," and how many to "Israel"--but that there were
+a good many in this company of those who belonged to the northern
+kingdom of the Ten Tribes, is incidentally brought out by the mention of
+two hundred and twenty-three men of Ai and Bethel alone. Now, Bethel was
+the very centre of the ancient rival idolatrous worship instituted by
+Jeroboam, and, though on the boundary of Benjamin, belonged to
+"Ephraim."
+
+Between the first organised large party of immigrants under Zerubbabel
+and Joshua, and the second under Ezra, a period of fifty-eight years
+elapsed; but we are not to suppose that in the interval there were no
+additions to the community, which now represented the whole united
+nation in Jerusalem. We read, for instance, incidentally, in Zech. vi.
+9, 15, of a party of four prominent men who arrived in Jerusalem in B.C.
+519 as representatives of the "captivity" (that is, of those who still
+remained in those parts where they were exiles), bringing with them a
+present of silver and gold for the Temple, the building of which was
+resumed about five months before, as a result of the stirring appeals
+of Haggai. This shows that there was continual intercourse and
+communication between the community in Palestine and the majority of the
+people who were still "in Babylon"; and we may be certain that little
+parties and individuals, "whose spirit God had raised," continually
+found their way to the holy city.
+
+In B.C. 458, Ezra, "the scribe of the law of the God of heaven," in
+accordance with the decree of Artaxerxes Longimanus, organised another
+large caravan of those whose hearts were made willing to return to the
+land of their fathers. Part of this most favourable royal proclamation
+was as follows: "I make a decree that all they of the people of Israel,
+and of his priests and Levites in my realm, which are minded of their
+own free will to go up to Jerusalem, go up with thee"; and in response
+to it "this Ezra went up from Babylon, ... and there went up (with him)
+of the children of Israel, and of the priests and of the Levites, and
+the singers and the porters, and the Nethinim, unto Jerusalem in the
+seventh year of Artaxerxes the king" (Ezra vii. 7).
+
+This party consisted of about one thousand eight hundred families; and
+apart from the priests, Levites, and Nethinim, was made up of "the
+children of Israel," irrespective of tribal distinctions, from all parts
+of the realm of "Babylon," or Assyria, now under the sway of the
+Medo-Persians.
+
+The narratives contained in the books of Ezra and Nehemiah, under whose
+administration the position of the restored remnant became consolidated,
+cover a period of about 115 years, and bring us down to about B.C. 420.
+Jewish history during the second period of the Persian supremacy is
+wrapped somewhat in obscurity; but we know that nearly throughout the
+whole period of its existence it was more or less friendly to the
+Hebrews. There was certainly no revocation of the edicts of Cyrus and of
+Artaxerxes permitting those "which were minded of their own free will"
+to go and join their brethren in Palestine; and that there were many
+other large and small parties of exiles who did so, subsequent to those
+mentioned in Ezra and Nehemiah, may be taken for granted.[17]
+
+Anyhow, it is a fact that the remnant in the land grew and grew until,
+about a century and a half later, in the times of the Maccabees, and
+again about a century and a half later still, in the time of our Lord,
+we find "the Jews" in Palestine, a comparatively large nation, numbering
+millions; while from the time of the downfall of the Persian Empire we
+hear but very little more of the Israelite exiles in ancient Assyria or
+Babylon.
+
+By the conquest of Alexander, who to this day is a great favourite among
+the scattered nation, the regions of ancient Babylonia and Media were
+brought comparatively near, and a highway opened between East and West.
+From about this time settlements of "Jews" began to multiply in Asia
+Minor, Cyprus, Crete, on the coasts and islands of the Ægean; in
+Macedonia and other parts of Southern Europe; in Egypt and the whole
+northern coast of Africa; whilst some made their way further and further
+eastward as far as India and China. There is not the least possibility
+of doubt that many of the settlements of the Diaspora in the time of our
+Lord--both north, south, and west, as well as east of Palestine--were
+made up of those who had never returned to the land of their fathers
+since the time of the Assyrian and Babylonian exiles, and who were not
+only descendants of Judah, as Anglo-Israelism ignorantly presupposes,
+but of all the _Twelve Tribes scattered abroad_ (James i. 1).
+
+As a matter of fact, long before the destruction of the second Temple
+by Titus, we read of currents and counter-currents in the dispersion of
+the "Jewish" people. Thus Artaxerxes III., _Ochus_, on his way to
+re-conquer Egypt, "having taken Apodasmus in Judea, conveyed the Jewish
+population into Hyrcania near the Caspian Sea." When he made himself
+master of Egypt we read of his finding Jews there, and, being incensed
+against them on account of a stubborn defence against him of places
+entrusted to their keeping, "he sent part of them into Hyrcania, in the
+neighbourhood of the country which the tribes already inhabited, and
+left the rest at Babylon"; while soon after many thousands were taken to
+Egypt by Alexander; and Ptolemy Soter, one of his chief generals, who
+had become King of Egypt, and had invaded Syria and taken Jerusalem in
+B.C. 301, carried off one hundred thousand of them, and forced them to
+settle chiefly in Alexandria and Cyrene.
+
+
+THE CONDITION OF THINGS AT THE TIME OF CHRIST.
+
+To summarise the state of things in connection with the Hebrew race at
+the time of Christ, it was briefly this:--
+
+I. For some six centuries before, ever since the partial restoration in
+the days of Cyrus and his successors, the descendants of Abraham were no
+longer known as divided into tribes, but as one people, although up to
+the time of the destruction of the second Temple, tribal and family
+genealogies were for the most part preserved, especially among those who
+were settled in the land.
+
+II. Part of the nation was in Palestine, but by far the larger number
+were scattered far and wide, and formed innumerable communities in many
+different lands, north and south, east and west.[18] _But wherever
+dispersed and to whatever tribe they may have belonged, they all looked
+to Palestine and Jerusalem as their national centre_, and, with the
+exception of those (and they were no doubt many) who had ceased to
+cherish "the hope of Israel" and were gradually assimilating with their
+Gentile neighbours, were all one in heart with their brethren in the
+Holy Land. "They felt they were of the same stock, stood on the same
+ground, cherished the same memories, grew up under the same
+institutions, and anticipated the same future. They had one common
+centre of worship in Jerusalem, which they upheld by their offerings;
+and they made pilgrimages thither annually in great numbers at the high
+festivals." Thus Philo could represent to the Roman Emperor Caligula
+that "Jerusalem ought not to be considered only as the metropolis of
+Judea, but as the centre of a nation dispersed in infinite places, who
+were able to supply him with potent succours for his defence. He
+reckoned among the places that were still stored with Jews, the isles of
+Cyprus and Candia, Egypt, Macedonia, and Bithynia, to which he added the
+empire of the Persians, and _all the cities of the East_, except that of
+Babylon, from whence they were then expelled."
+
+There is ample confirmation on this point in the New Testament. Thus,
+for instance, we are incidentally told in the second chapter of the Acts
+of the Apostles, that among the representatives from the Diaspora who
+were found in Jerusalem at that memorable feast of Pentecost--who were
+doubtless there also during the previous Passover, when the crucifixion
+took place--were "Parthians and Medes and Elamites, and dwellers in
+Mesopotamia, in Judea and Cappadocia, in Pontus and Asia, in Phyrgia and
+Pamphylia, in Egypt and parts of Libya and Cyrene, and sojourners from
+Rome, Cretans and Arabians": all of them either Jews or proselytes
+miraculously hearing in their own tongues the mighty works of God.
+
+Here it is to be noted that, at the commencement of the Christian era,
+we find in this motley and cosmopolitan Jewish crowd representatives
+from Israelitish settlements in the very parts where they were carried
+by the Assyrians and Babylonians some seven centuries before, _but who
+are all called "Jews," and all alike regarded Jerusalem as their
+national metropolis_.[19]
+
+III. The name of "Jew" and "Israelite" became synonymous terms from
+about the time of the Captivity. It is one of the absurd fallacies of
+Anglo-Israelism to presuppose that the term "Jew" stands for a bodily
+descendant of "Judah." _It stands for all those from among the sons of
+Jacob who acknowledged themselves, or were considered, subjects of the
+theocratic kingdom of Judah_, which they expected to be established by
+the promised "Son of David"--the Lion of the tribe of Judah--whose reign
+is to extend not only over "_all the tribes of the land_," but also
+"from sea to sea, and from the river unto the ends of the earth."
+
+"That the name 'Jew,'" writes a Continental Bible scholar, "became
+general for all Israelites who were anxious to preserve their theocratic
+nationality, was the more natural, since the political independence of
+the Ten Tribes was destroyed." Yes, and without any hope of a
+restoration to a separate national existence. What hopes and promises
+they had were, as we have seen, linked with the Kingdom of Judah and the
+House of David.
+
+Anglo-Israelism teaches that members of the Ten Tribes are never called
+"Jews," and that "Jews" are not "Israelites"; but both assertions are
+false. Who were they that came back to the land after the "Babylonian"
+exile? Anglo-Israelites say they were only the exiles from the southern
+kingdom of Judah, and call them "Jews." I have already shown this to be
+a fallacy, but I might add the significant fact that in the Book of Ezra
+this remnant is only called eight times by the name "Jews," and no less
+than _forty_ times by the name "Israel." In the Book of Nehemiah they
+are called "Jews" _eleven_ times, and "Israel" twenty-two times. As to
+those who remained behind in the one hundred and twenty-seven provinces
+of the Persian Empire, which included all the territories of ancient
+Assyria, Anglo-Israelites would say they were of the kingdom of
+"Israel"; but in the Book of Esther, where we get a vivid glimpse of
+them at a period subsequent to the partial restoration under Zerubbabel
+and Joshua, they are called forty-five times by the name "Jews," and not
+once by the name "Israel"!
+
+In the New Testament the same people who are called "Jews" one hundred
+and seventy-four times are also called "Israel" no fewer than
+seventy-five times. Anglo-Israelism asserts that a "Jew" is only a
+descendant of Judah, and is not an "Israelite"; but Paul says more than
+once: "I am a man which am a _Jew_." Yet he says: "For I also am an
+Israelite." "Are they _Israelites_? so am I" (Acts xxi. 39; xxii. 3;
+Rom. xi. 1; 2 Cor. xi. 22; Phil. iii. 5).
+
+Our Lord was of the House of David, and of the tribe of Judah after the
+flesh--"a Jew"; yet it says that it is of "_Israel_" that He came, who
+is "over all, God blessed for ever" (Rom. ix. 4, 5). Devout Anna was a
+"Jewess" in Jerusalem, yet she was "of the tribe of Aser." But enough on
+this point.
+
+IV. From the time of the return of the first remnant after the
+Babylonian exile, sacred historians, prophets, apostles, and the Lord
+Himself, regarded the "Jews," whether in the land or in "Dispersion," as
+representatives of "all Israel," _and the only people in the line of the
+covenants and the promises which God made with the fathers_.
+
+At the dedication of the Temple, which was at last finished "on the
+third day of the month Adar, which was in the sixth year in the reign of
+Darius the king," they offered "for a sin-offering _for all Israel,
+twelve he-goats according to the number of the tribes of Israel_" (Ezra
+vi. 17).
+
+Similarly, on the arrival of Ezra with the new caravan of immigrants,
+they "offered burnt-offerings unto the God of Israel, _twelve bullocks
+for all Israel_, ... and twelve he-goats for sin-offering" (Ezra viii.
+35), showing that the returned exiles regarded themselves as the nucleus
+and representatives of the whole nation. In the post-Exilic prophets we
+have no longer two kingdoms, but one people--one in interests and
+destiny, although they had formerly for a time been divided.
+
+To show that the revived nation was made up of members of the Northern
+as well as the Southern kingdoms, the prophet Zechariah calls them by
+the comprehensive name of "Judah, Israel, and Jerusalem" (Zech. i. 19);
+or, "the house of Judah and the house of Joseph" (Zech. x. 6). In the
+prophecy occasioned by the question addressed by the deputation from
+Bethel, in reference to the continuation of the observance of the fasts,
+he says: "And it shall come to pass that as ye were a curse among the
+nations, _O house of Judah_ and _house of Israel_, so will I save you,
+and ye shall be a blessing; fear not, and let your hands be strong"
+(Zech. viii. 13).
+
+Here the formerly two houses are included; together they are for a time
+_among the nations_ "a curse," and together they shall be saved, and be
+"a blessing."[20]
+
+Malachi, nearly a century later, when the people in the land had become
+a prosperous nation, and when, in consequence, the majority was rapidly
+falling into a state of religious formality and godlessness, addresses
+them as "Israel" or "Jacob," which surely includes all his descendants,
+in contrast to Esau and his descendants (Mal. i. 1-3).
+
+
+THE TESTIMONY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT THAT THE "JEWS" ARE REPRESENTATIVE OF
+"ALL ISRAEL."
+
+In the last words of the last of the post-Exilic prophets we have the
+expression "all Israel" addressed to the people in the land; and then
+the long period of silence sets in, lasting about four centuries, during
+parts of which Jewish national history is lost somewhat in obscurity.
+_When the threads of that history are taken up again in the New
+Testament, what do we find? Is there one hint or reference in the whole
+book to an Israel apart from "that nation" of the "Jews," to whom, and
+of whom, the Lord and His apostles speak?_ There is, indeed, reference
+and mention of the Diaspora, "the dispersed among the Gentiles" (John
+vii. 35), forming, as we have seen, the greater part of the nation, and
+some of them still settled in the ancient regions of Assyria and
+Babylon; but wherever they were, they are all interchangeably called
+"Jews," or "Israelites," who regarded Jerusalem, with which they were in
+constant communication, as the centre, not only of their religion, but
+of their national hopes and destiny.
+
+The "Israelites" who in the time of Christ were dispersed among the
+Parthians, Medes, and Elamites (Acts ii.), were as much one with the
+sojourners in Egypt, Greece, and Rome, as the "Jews" in Bagdad, Persia,
+or on the Caspian Sea to-day, are one with their wandering brethren in
+London, Berlin, New York, or Australia, although they then, as now
+(apart from the Hebrew, which ever remains the sacred tongue, and
+thoroughly understood only by the minority), spoke different languages
+and dressed differently, and conformed to different social and family
+customs.
+
+But let me give you a few definite passages from the New Testament in
+justification of my statement that the Lord Jesus and the apostles,
+equally with the post-Exilic prophets centuries before, regarded the
+"Jews" as representatives of "all Israel," _and as the only people in
+the line of the "covenant, and the promises which God made unto the
+fathers_."
+
+(a) In Matthew x. we have the record of the choice, and of the first
+commission given to the apostles. "These twelve," we read, "Jesus sent
+forth, and commanded them, saying, Go not into the way of the Gentiles,
+and into any city of the Samaritans enter ye not; but go rather _to the
+lost sheep of the house of Israel_." Of course, the merest child knows
+that this journey of the twelve did not extend beyond the limits of
+Palestine, but the "Jews" dwelling in it are regarded as the house of
+Israel, although many members of that "house" were also scattered in
+other lands.
+
+In this charge of the Lord to the apostles, we see also, by the way, in
+what sense Israel is regarded as "lost." Now Anglo-Israelites are very
+fond of this word, but they use it in an unbiblical and unspiritual
+sense. The Ten Tribes, like the other Two, were, in the time of Christ,
+even as they still are, "lost"; but not because they have forgotten
+their _national_ or tribal identity, but because they "all like sheep
+have gone astray, and have turned every one to his own way." Or, as
+Jeremiah pathetically puts it: "My people hath been lost sheep; their
+shepherds [their false teachers and leaders] have caused them to go
+astray; they have turned them away on the mountains; they have gone from
+mountain to hill; they have forgotten [not their national origin, but]
+their resting place"--viz., Jehovah, who is the true dwelling-place of
+His people in all generations. It was this terrible fact of their
+spiritually lost condition which again and again moved our Lord Jesus to
+compassion for those multitudes which followed Him, because they were
+"distressed" or "plagued," and were scattered abroad as sheep not having
+a shepherd.
+
+(b) On the first day of Pentecost, Peter, with the eleven, addressed
+the "men of Judæa," and the great multitude from among the dispersed
+"Jews," as "Ye men of Israel," and wound up his powerful speech with the
+words: "_Let all the house of Israel_, therefore, know assuredly that
+God hath made Him both Lord and Christ--this Jesus whom ye crucified"
+(Acts ii. 14, 36). In chapter iii. of Acts, as "all the people ran
+together unto them in the porch that is called Solomon's, greatly
+wondering," at the notable miracle in the name of Jesus Christ of
+Nazareth, Peter said: "_Ye men of Israel_, why marvel ye at this Man?...
+The God of Abraham, and of Isaac, and of Jacob, the God of our fathers,
+hath glorified His servant Jesus, whom ye delivered up and denied before
+the face of Pilate when he had determined to release Him.... Repent ye,
+therefore, and turn again, that your sins may be blotted out, that so
+there may come seasons of refreshing from the presence of the Lord....
+_Ye are the sons of the prophets and of the covenant which God made with
+your fathers_, saying unto Abraham, 'And in thy seed shall the nations
+of the earth be blessed.'"
+
+From Acts xiii. onward we find Paul among the "Jews" in the Dispersion;
+and how does he address them? By the same name as Peter addressed their
+brethren in Palestine: "_Men of Israel, ... the God of this people
+Israel_ chose our fathers, and exhorted the people when they sojourned
+in the land of Egypt" (Acts xiii. 16, 17); and when he was at last
+brought to Rome "and gathered the chief of the Jews" in that city to
+him, he assured them that he had neither done anything "against the
+people, or the customs of our fathers," nor did he come to Rome "to
+accuse my nation," but "because of the _hope of Israel_ am I bound by
+this chain"--namely, "the hope of the promise made of God unto our
+fathers; as he had previously explained before Festus and Agrippa--unto
+which _our Twelve Tribes_, earnestly serving God night and day, hope to
+attain" (Acts xxviii. 17-20; xxvi. 6, 7).
+
+Paul knew of no "lost Ten Tribes," but on his testimony the "Jews" in
+Palestine and in the Dispersion were the "Israel" of _all the Twelve
+Tribes_, to whom the "hope of the promise made of God unto the fathers"
+belonged.
+
+(c) And, as it is in the Gospels, and in the Acts of the Apostles, so
+also in the Epistles. It would be easy to multiply passages, but one
+more must suffice.
+
+The ix., x., and xi. of Romans form the prophetic, or "dispensational,"
+section of that great epistle, and was written for the special
+instruction of Gentile believers in the "mystery" of God with Israel.
+Now I cannot, of course, stop here to give an analysis of that
+wonderful and comprehensive scripture, which is also a vindication of
+God's ways with man; _but there is not a hint or suggestion in it of a
+"lost Israel," apart from the one nation whose whole history he
+summarises from the beginning to the end_, and which is now, alas!
+divided into the small minority--the "remnant according to the election
+of grace," who believe, and the majority who believe not, until the day
+of grace for the whole nation shall come, and "so _all_ Israel shall be
+saved, even as it is written, 'There shall come out of Zion the
+Deliverer; He shall turn away ungodliness from Jacob.'"
+
+But in the touching introduction to this section (Rom. ix. 1-6), in
+which the apostle gives utterance to his "great sorrow and unceasing
+pain of heart" because of the unbelief of his own nation, "his brethren
+and his kinsmen according to the flesh," for whose sake he had been
+wishing, if it were possible, even to be himself "anathema from
+Christ"--how does he call these unbelieving "Jews" who had rejected
+their Messiah, and were blindly persecuting His servants? Here are His
+words: "_Who are Israelites_; whose is the adoption, and the glory, and
+the covenants, and the giving of the law, and the service of God, _and
+the promises; whose are the fathers, and of whom is Christ as concerning
+the flesh, who is over all, God blessed for ever. Amen._"
+
+Now I must try to draw this very long letter to an end. I have not
+followed Anglo-Israelism in all its crooked paths of misinterpretation
+of Scripture and history; I have only shown you the baselessness of its
+foundations, and that the premises upon which the whole theory rests are
+misleading and false. I have also given you a summary of the true
+history of the tribes, which I trust may prove helpful to you in the
+study of God's Word; and the conclusion at which you and every unbiassed
+person must arrive on a careful examination of the facts which I have
+adduced is, that the whole supposition of "lost tribes," in the sense in
+which Anglo-Israelism uses the term, is a fancy which originated in
+ignorance; and that "_the Jews_" are the whole, and the only national
+Israel, representing not only the "Two Tribes," but "_all the Twelve
+Tribes" who were "scattered abroad_."
+
+
+EARLY MISCONCEPTIONS AND CONFUSION ON THE QUESTION OF THE TEN TRIBES.
+
+I have thought it necessary to enter all the more fully into this point,
+because even some otherwise sober-minded teachers and writers, who are
+not Anglo-Israelites, have fallen into some confusion in dealing with
+this subject; and no wonder, for already Josephus, who vaguely locates a
+separate multitude belonging to the Ten Tribes somewhere beyond the
+Euphrates ("Antiq." xi. 1, 2)--a Jewish tradition which locates a mighty
+kingdom of the Ten Tribes beyond the fabled miraculous river Sambation,
+which no one can cross because it throws up stones all the week, and
+only rests on the Sabbath; and the Talmud (Jer. Sanhedrin, 29, c.),
+which speaks of three localities whither they had been banished, viz.,
+the district around the above wonderful Sambation, Daphne, near Antioch;
+and the third locality could neither be seen nor named because it was
+continually hidden by a cloud--all these show how early people's minds
+became muddled on this subject.[21]
+
+Coming to the legends about the Ten Tribes in more modern times, Eldad
+Ben Mahli Ha Dani came forward in the ninth century claiming to give
+specific details of the contemporary existence of the Ten Tribes and of
+their location at that time.
+
+     "Dan, Naphtali, Gad, and Asher were," according to him, "in
+     Havilah; Zebulun and Reuben in the mountains of Paran; Ephraim, and
+     half of Manasseh, in South Arabia; Simeon, and the other half of
+     Manasseh, in the land of Chazars (?)." According to him, therefore,
+     "the Ten Tribes were settled in parts of Southern Arabia, or
+     perhaps Abyssinia, in conformity with the identification of
+     Havilah. The connection of this view with that of the Jewish origin
+     of Islam is obvious; and David Reubeni revived the view in stating
+     that he was related to the king of the tribes of Reuben situated in
+     Khaibar in North Arabia.
+
+     "According to Abraham Farisol, the remaining tribes were in the
+     desert, on the way to Mecca, near the Red Sea; but he himself
+     identifies the River Ganges with the River Gozan, and assumes that
+     the Beni-Israel of India are the descendants of the Lost Ten
+     Tribes. The Ganges, thus identified by him with the River
+     Sambation, divides the Indians from the Jews. The confusion between
+     Ethiopia and Farther India, which existed in the minds of the
+     ancients and mediæval geographers, caused some writers to place the
+     Lost Ten Tribes in Abyssinia. Abraham Yagel, in the sixteenth
+     century, did so, basing his conclusions on the accounts of David
+     Reubeni and Eldad Ha Dani. It is probable that some of the reports
+     of the Falashas led to this identification. According to Yagel,
+     messengers were sent to these colonists in the time of Pope Clement
+     VII., some of whom died, while the rest brought back tidings of the
+     greatness of the tribes and their very wide territories. Yagel
+     quotes a Christian traveller, Vincent of Milan, who was a prisoner
+     in the hands of the Turks for twenty-five years, and who went as
+     far as Fez, and thence to India, where he found the River
+     Sambation, and a number of Jews dressed in silk and purple. They
+     were ruled by seven kings, and upon being asked to pay tribute to
+     the Sultan Salim, they declared that they had never paid tribute to
+     any sultan or king. It is just possible that this may have some
+     reference to the 'Sâsanam' or the Jews of Cochin.
+
+     "It is further stated that in 1630 a Jew of Salonica travelled to
+     Ethiopia, to the land of Sambation; and that in 1646 one Baruch,
+     travelling in Persia, claimed to have met a man named Malkiel, of
+     the tribe of Naphtali, and brought back a letter from the king of
+     the children of Moses: this letter was seen by Azulai. It was
+     afterwards reprinted in Jacob Saphir's book of travels (Eben
+     Sappir, 1. 98).
+
+     "So much interest was taken in this account that in 1831 a certain
+     Baruch ben Samuel, of Pinsk, was sent to search for the children of
+     Moses in Yemen. He travelled fifteen days in the wilderness, and
+     declared he met Danites feeding flocks of sheep. So, too, in 1854,
+     a certain Amram Ma'arabi set out from Safed in search of the Ten
+     Tribes; and he was followed in 1857 by David Ashkenazi, who crossed
+     over through Suakin to make enquiries about the Jews of
+     Abyssinia."[22]
+
+But all these are legends and fancies. "We in this twentieth century,"
+to quote the words of a Christian writer, "to whom there is no longer
+any part of the earth unknown, know that in no country whatever,
+however far from civilisation it may be, do the Ten Tribes dwell. The
+'travellers' tales' have been proved to be false; the Ten Tribes, as
+such, do not exist." In this connection I may quote Professor A.
+Neubauer, a prominent learned Jew, who sums up his studies in a series
+of illuminating articles on the subject which will be found in Vol. I.
+of _The Jewish Quarterly Review_, with these words:--
+
+     "Where are the Ten Tribes? We can only answer, Nowhere. Neither in
+     Africa, nor in India, China, Persia, Kurdistan, the Caucasus, or
+     Bokhara. We have said that a great part of them remained in
+     Palestine, partly mixing with the Samaritans, and partly
+     amalgamating with those who returned from the captivity of Babylon.
+     With them many came also from the cities of the Medes, and many, no
+     doubt, adhered to the Jewish religion which was continued in
+     Mesopotamia during the period of the Second Temple."
+
+Some Christian writers cling to the view that while some of the "Ten
+Tribes" amalgamated with the "Jews," there is nevertheless a distinct
+people somewhere, who are descendants of the Israel of the ancient
+northern kingdom, which is to be brought to light in the future, and,
+together with "Judah," will be restored to Palestine, and enter into the
+enjoyment of the promises. Thus the Nestorians, who inhabit the
+inaccessible mountains of Kurdistan (which is part of ancient Assyria),
+the Afghans, the North American Indians, and even the Japanese have been
+variously identified as that people; but this view rests upon what I
+believe to be a misconception of the meaning and scope of some of the
+prophecies.
+
+It _may_ be true that the Nestorians, and the Afghans, and some other
+Eastern tribes are descendants of the original Israelitish exiles in
+Assyria, but having more or less mixed themselves up by inter-marriage
+with the surrounding nations, and having given up the distinctive
+national rites and ordinances, such as circumcision, the observance of
+the Sabbath, etc., they have, like many "Jews" in modern times (who
+gradually assimilate with Gentile nations), cut themselves off from the
+hope of Israel, and are no longer in the line of the purpose which God
+has in and through that "peculiar" and separate people.
+
+
+THE TESTIMONY OF PROPHECY IN THE LIGHT OF HISTORY.
+
+In conclusion let me very briefly call your attention to the remarkable
+prophecy in Amos ix., which will show you that the view which I have
+enunciated in my letter is the only one in keeping with the sure word of
+prophecy.
+
+The prophet Amos, though himself a Judean, his native village, Tekoa,
+being about twelve miles south of Jerusalem, was commissioned by God to
+prophesy more particularly to the northern or Ten-Tribed kingdom; and
+for that purpose he went and took up his abode in Bethel, which was the
+centre of the idolatrous worship set up by Jeroboam in opposition to the
+worship and service of the divinely-appointed sanctuary in Jerusalem.
+There his duty was to announce the coming judgment of God on the Israel
+of the Ten Tribes, on account of their apostasy. The last paragraph of
+his book (chap. ix. 8-15), uttered not more than about seventy years
+before the final overthrow of Samaria in B.C. 721, is one of the most
+remarkable and comprehensive prophecies in the Old Testament, and this
+is the inspired forecast of the history of the Ten-Tribed kingdom which
+is given in it: "_Behold, the eyes of the Lord God are upon the sinful
+kingdom, and I will destroy it from of the face of the earth; saving
+that I will not utterly destroy the house of Jacob, saith the Lord. For
+lo, I will command and I will sift (or 'toss') the house of Israel among
+all the nations, like as corn is sifted (or 'tossed' about) in a sieve,
+yet shall not the least grain fall upon the earth. All the sinners of
+thy people shall die by the sword, which say: The evil shall not
+overtake or prevent us._"
+
+Here, then, we have the whole subject as to what was to become of the
+Ten Tribes in a nutshell.
+
+(a) First, _as a kingdom_, they were to be destroyed from off the face
+of the earth, _never to be restored_; for its very existence as a
+separate kingdom was only permitted of God for a definite period as a
+punishment on the house of David: and when, after a period of about two
+hundred and fifty years of unbroken apostasy, it was finally broken up
+by the Assyrians, there was an end of it, without any promise of a
+future independent political existence.
+
+(b) But when it was destroyed as a kingdom, what became of them as a
+people? This prophecy tells us: "Saving that I will not utterly destroy
+the house of Jacob, saith the Lord"--that is, they are to return to the
+house of Jacob. They are to form part of the one family made up of all
+the descendants of Jacob without distinction of tribes. But as one house
+of Jacob, or "of Israel" (as the next verse interchangeably calls them),
+something terrible and unique is to befall them; and what is it? To be
+"lost" some two thousand six hundred years, and then to be identified
+with the Anglo-Saxon race? Oh no! this is what was to happen: "For lo, I
+will command and I will sift (or 'toss') the house of Israel among all
+nations, even as corn is tossed about in a sieve"--or, in the words of
+Hosea, another prophet, who spoke primarily to the Ten Tribes, "My God
+will cast them away" (not for ever, as the whole book shows, but for a
+time), "because they did not hearken unto Him; and _they shall be
+wanderers among the nations_."
+
+I draw your attention all the more to this point, because a good deal
+has been made by some writers of the expression in Isa. xi., where
+Israel is called "outcast," from which they infer that "Israel" is to be
+found somewhere in one place, in contradistinction to the "dispersed of
+Judah." But this is a fallacy. In Jer. xxx. Judah and Israel are
+together called "an outcast," but it by no means implies that they are
+therefore to be sought for and found in one particular region of the
+world.
+
+It is clear from the prophecies of Amos and Hosea, which, as we have
+seen, were primarily addressed to the Ten Tribes, that if they were in
+the first instance "cast out" by force from their own land, as the word
+in the Hebrew means, it was with a view that they should be "tossed
+about" and "wander" among "all nations."
+
+Now note, Anglo-Israelism tells you to identify the Ten Tribes with one
+nation; but if you are on the line of Scripture and true history, you
+will seek for them "among all nations."
+
+And which people is it that is known all over the earth as "the tribe of
+the weary foot and wandering breast"? Anglo-Israelites call them "Jews"
+in the limited sense of being descendants of "Judah"; but God's Word
+tells us that it is "_the house of Israel_," or "the house of Jacob";
+and, as a matter of fact, since "Judah" joined their brethren of the Ten
+Tribes on the destruction of Jerusalem by the Chaldeans in B.C. 588, the
+two have kept on their weary march together, "wandering among the
+nations." Eastward and westward (only a remnant of all the tribe
+returning to the land for a time), nowhere finding ease for any length
+of time, nor do the soles of their feet have rest--even as Moses, _at
+the very beginning of their history, and long before the division among
+the tribes_, prophesied would be their _united_ experience in case they
+apostatised from Jehovah their God. And thus they will continue ever
+more mixed up and intermingled among themselves, with all genealogies
+lost, and not one of them either east or west being able any longer
+documentarily to prove of what tribe or family he comes--until the day
+when He that scattered Israel will gather him, and by His own Divine
+power and omniscience separate them again into their tribes and
+families.
+
+
+A SOLEMN WARNING.
+
+My last words on this subject must be those of warning and entreaty. Do
+not think, as so many do, that Anglo-Israelism, even if not true, is
+only a harmless speculation. I consider it nothing short of one of the
+latter-day delusions by which the Evil One seeks to divert the attention
+of men from things spiritual and eternal. Here are a few of its
+dangers:--
+
+I. It goes, sometimes to the length of blasphemy (as shown in the
+extracts I have copied for you at the beginning of this letter), in
+misinterpreting and misapplying Scripture. One of its foundation
+fallacies is that _it anticipates the Millennium_, and interprets
+promises--which will only be fulfilled in that blessed period, after
+Israel as a nation is converted--to the British nation at the present
+time. But by this process it distorts and confuses the whole prophetic
+Scripture.
+
+II. It fosters national pride, and nationalises God's blessings in this
+dispensation, which is individual and elective in its character.
+
+Its proud boastful tone, its carnal confidence that Britain, in virtue
+of its supposed identity with the "lost" tribes, is to take possession
+of all the "gates" of her "enemies" and become practically mistress of
+the whole globe, is enough to provoke God's judgment against the nation,
+and to make the spiritual believer and every true lover of this
+much-favoured land tremble. It diverts man's attention from the one
+thing needful, and from the only means by which he can find acceptance
+with God. This it does by teaching that "a nation composed of millions
+of practical unbelievers in Christ, and ripe for apostasy, in virtue of
+a certain fanciful identity between the mixed race composing that nation
+and a people carried into captivity two thousand five hundred years ago,
+is in the enjoyment of God's special blessing and will enjoy it on the
+same grounds for ever, thus laying another foundation for acceptance
+with God beside that which He has laid, even Christ Jesus."
+
+After all, in this dispensation it is a question only as to whether men
+are "in Christ" or not. If they are Christians, whether Jews or
+Gentiles, their destiny is not linked either with Palestine or with
+England, but with that inheritance which is incorruptible and undefiled
+and which fadeth not away; and if they are not Christians, then, instead
+of occupying their thoughts with vain speculations as to a supposed
+identity of the British race with the "lost" Ten Tribes, it is their
+duty to seek the one and only Saviour whom we must learn to know, not
+after the flesh, but in the Spirit, and without whom a man, whether an
+Israelite or not, is undone.
+
+III. Then, finally, it not only robs the Jewish nation, the true Israel,
+of many promises in relation to their _future_ by applying them to the
+British race in the _present_ time, but it diverts attention from them
+as _the_ people in whom is bound up the purpose of God in relation to
+the nations, and whose "receiving again" to the heart of God, after the
+long centuries of unbelief, will be as "life from the dead to the whole
+world."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 15: According to Grätz, "History of the Jews," vol. i., p.
+186, the tribe of Simeon, which was merely a subsidiary of that of
+Judah, also remained faithful to the House of David; but this is
+doubtful.]
+
+[Footnote 16: See 2 Kings xxiii, 29, where the King of Babylon is called
+"King of Assyria."]
+
+[Footnote 17: "It is inconceivable," says Dr. Pusey, "that, as the
+material prosperity of Palestine returned, even many of the Ten Tribes
+should not have returned to their country."]
+
+[Footnote 18: Thus Strabo (quoted by Josephus in "Ant." xiv. 7, 2) could
+already say in his day that "these Jews had already gotten into all
+cities; and it is hard to find a place in the habitable earth that hath
+not admitted this race and is not mastered by it."]
+
+[Footnote 19: "Everywhere we have distinct notices of these wanderers,"
+says Dr. Edersheim, "and everywhere they appear as in closest connection
+with the Rabbinical hierarchy of Palestine. Thus the Mishnah, in an
+extremely curious section, tells how on Sabbaths the Jewesses of Arabia
+might wear their long veils, and those of India the kerchiefs round
+their head, customary in those countries, without incurring the guilt of
+desecrating the holy day by needlessly carrying what, in the eyes of the
+law, would be a burden; while in a rubric for the Day of Atonement we
+have it noted that the dress which the High Priest wore 'between the
+evenings' of the great feast--that is, as afternoon darkened into
+evening--was of most costly Indian stuff."]
+
+[Footnote 20: Some have supposed that the 14th verse of Zechariah
+xi.--"_And I cut asunder mine other (or 'second') staff, even Bands (or
+'Binders'), to destroy the brotherhood between Judah and between
+Israel_"--foreshadowed another division between the Ten Tribes and the
+Two Tribes subsequent to the partial restoration from Babylon, and after
+the coalescence of the people before and in the Exile--as a punishment
+for their rejection of their true Shepherd the Messiah, which is
+symbolically set forth in that chapter. But this is a mistake. The
+(_achavah_), "Brotherhood," which was to be destroyed "between Judah and
+between Israel," is not to be understood in the sense "that the unity of
+the nation would be broken up again in a manner similar to that in the
+days of Rehoboam, and that two hostile nations would be formed out of
+one people," although the disruption of national unity which took place
+in the days of Jeroboam may be referred to _as an illustration_ of that
+which would occur again in a more serious form. "The schism of Jeroboam
+had a weakening and disintegrating effect on the nation of the Twelve
+Tribes, and the dissolution of the brotherhood here spoken of was to
+result in still greater evil and ruin; for Israel, deprived of the Good
+Shepherd, was to fall into the power of the 'foolish,' or 'evil,'
+shepherd, who is depicted at the close of the prophecy."
+
+The preposition (_bain_), which is twice repeated, has the meaning not
+only of "_between_," but also of "_among_," and the formula, House of
+Judah and House of Israel, or simply, "Judah and Israel," is, as we have
+had again and again to notice, this prophet's inclusive designation of
+the whole ideally (and to a large extent already actually) reunited one
+people. I think, therefore, that we may rightly render the sentence "to
+destroy the brotherhood _among_ Judah and among Israel"--that is to say,
+among the entire nation. The consequence of it would be the fulfilment
+of the threat in the 9th verse: "Let them which are left eat every one
+the flesh of another"--solemn and awful words, which had their first
+literal fulfilment in the party feuds and mutualy destructive strife,
+and in the terrible "dissolution of every bond of brotherhood and of our
+common nature, which made the siege of Jerusalem by the Romans a proverb
+for horror, and precipitated its destruction."]
+
+[Footnote 21: It has also been supposed that the references by Agrippa
+in his remarkable oration (reported by Josephus, "Wars," ii., xvi.
+4)--to those who dwelt "as far as beyond the Euphrates," and to "those
+of your nation who dwell in Adiabene," upon whom the Jews might rely for
+help in their struggle against Rome, but would not be permitted by the
+Parthians to render them any assistance--were to some unknown
+settlements belonging to the Ten Tribes. But this is a mistake. These
+dwellers in Adiabene might or might not have belonged to the Ten Tribes,
+but they formed part of the known Dispersion and of "your nation"--the
+Jews.]
+
+[Footnote 22: Jewish Encyclopædia.]
+
+
+
+
+PART III.
+
+NOTES AND EXPLANATIONS.
+
+
+Note I.
+
+ANGLO-ISRAEL "PROOFS" OF A SEPARATE FATE AND DESTINY OF "ISRAEL" AND
+"JUDAH."
+
+The Anglo-Israel theory is based for the most part on the supposition of
+a separate history during the Dispersion, and a separate destiny of the
+Ten Tribes from that of Judah. I have already shown that the supposition
+is a false one, but it may be well to analyse here a few more of the
+Scripture "proofs" by which the contention is supported.
+
+The following is from a truly amazing pamphlet, entitled "Fifty Reasons
+why the Anglo-Saxons are Israelites of the Lost Tribes of the House of
+Israel," a publication full of misinterpretations, wild fancies, and
+absurd fables, which are given out as facts of history.
+
+But the reader may judge for himself of the method of this writer, who
+is a "D.D.," in handling Scripture.
+
+"The Jews," we are told with an air of authority--
+
+     "are one people, the Lost Tribes are another.... The Word of God
+     clearly intimates that Israel would lose their identity, their
+     land, their language, their religion, and their name, that they
+     would be lost to themselves, and to other nations lost. 'I will
+     scatter them into corners, I will make the remembrance of them to
+     cease from among men' (Deut. xxxii. 26). 'The Lord hideth His face
+     from the House of Jacob' (Isa. viii, 17). He was not any more to
+     speak to them in the Hebrew tongue; but 'by another tongue will I
+     speak unto this people' (Isa. xxviii. 11). They shall no more be
+     called Israel, He will call them by another name. 'And thou shalt
+     be called by a new name which the mouth of the Lord shall name'
+     (Isa. lxii. 2). 'The Lord shall call His servants by another name'
+     (Isa. lxv. 15). 'The name Israel shall be no more in remembrance'
+     (Psa. lxxxiii. 4). 'And ye shall lose, or leave, your name, and the
+     Lord shall call His servants by another name.' 'Why sayest thou, O
+     Jacob! and speakest, O Israel! my way is hid from the Lord, and my
+     judgment is passed over from my God?' (Isa. xl. 27).
+
+     "'For a small moment have I forsaken thee, but with great mercies
+     will I gather thee. In a little wrath I hid My face from thee for a
+     moment; but with everlasting kindness will I have mercy upon thee'
+     (Isa. liv. 8).
+
+     "In Hos. i. 4, 7 the Lord says, 'I will cause to cease the kingdom
+     of the House of Israel.... I will no more have mercy upon the House
+     of Israel, but I will utterly take them away.... But I will have
+     mercy upon the House of Judah.' Israel is to be called Lo-Ammi, for
+     'ye are not My people, and I will not be your God' (Hos. i. 7)."
+
+Now let us look for a moment at the reference and quotations here given.
+The first is Deut. xxxii. 26: "I will scatter them into corners," etc.
+This occurs in the song which Moses was commanded to put into the mouth
+of the _whole nation_ at the very commencement of their history, which,
+besides being a vindication of God's character in His dealings with the
+nation from the beginning hitherto, is also a prophetic forecast of
+their whole future history. It is the _whole people_, which according to
+Moses was to be scattered into all corners as a special punishment for
+their apostasy, until such time as the Lord shall turn their captivity
+and have compassion upon them, and gather them from all the nations
+(Deut. iv. 25-31; xxviii. 64, 65; xxx. 1-7; xxxi. 16-22). This
+reference then has nothing whatever in it about a "lost identity."
+
+These forecasts are fulfilling themselves, not in lost tribes, but _in
+the Jews_. The second reference, Isa. viii. 17: "_The Lord hideth His
+face from the House of Jacob_," is (as is often the case in Anglo-Israel
+quotations) a sentence broken away from the context, and has not the
+least shadow of connection with "lost" or found tribes. It is an
+exclamation of the prophet Isaiah with reference to the condition of
+things then prevailing in _Judah_. Because of the wickedness of the
+people and its king, God's face seemed to be hid from the people. But
+Israel's prophets always looked beyond the present gloom and darkness,
+and exercised faith in God even in the most adverse circumstances, so he
+exclaims: "And I"--whatever the nation whom he sought to bring back to
+God may do--"will wait upon Jehovah that hideth His face from _Jacob_
+(which stands for the whole nation) and will look to Him," _i.e._, "my
+hope shall be set on Him alone."
+
+A quotation is made in proof that God would not any more speak to "lost"
+Israel in the Hebrew tongue. The reference is Isa. xxviii. 11: "By (or
+with) another tongue will I speak to this people."
+
+This is another instance of breaking away an isolated text from its
+context, and giving it a meaning which was never intended. In that
+chapter we read how the leaders, not of the Ten Tribes, but of Judah,
+perverted the Word of God, which He intended should bring "rest" and
+"refreshing" to the weary (ver. 12), and turned it into so many isolated
+"precepts" and commandments. But because the words of grace and
+salvation He was speaking to them through the prophets were scorned and
+abused, God threatens that He will speak to them in judgment--"with
+strange lips and with another tongue"--in which there may be included
+also a reference to their being carried into captivity, "where they
+would have to listen to a strange language," which they understood not
+(Psalm lxxxi. 5; cxiv. 1).
+
+The next references in proof that the "lost" tribes were "no more to be
+called Israel," but by another name, is a typical instance of the
+perversion of even the most beautiful spiritual truths of the Bible for
+mere outward, I was going to say, _carnal_, ends. The first quotation in
+proof of this point is from Isa. lxii. 2: "Thou shalt be called by a new
+name which the mouth of the Lord shall name." This short chapter is one
+of the most precious and beautiful in the whole Old Testament, and it is
+like laying hold of an exquisitely delicate and beautiful work of art
+with a rough and dirty hand to treat it as Anglo-Israel "theologians"
+do. The chapter begins: "For _Zion's sake_ will I not hold My peace, and
+for _Jerusalem's sake_ I will not rest until her righteousness go forth
+as brightness and her salvation as a lamp that burneth." The speaker is
+either the prophet, or very probably the servant of Jehovah, the
+Messiah, who is the speaker in the preceding chapter. The subject is
+"Zion" or "Jerusalem," which includes the people. I believe that it
+includes the _whole nation_ of which Jerusalem is the God-appointed
+metropolis; but if it is to be limited to any part of the people, then
+it is certainly _Judah_, of which Zion or Jerusalem is the capital, and
+not the Ten Tribes who are here spoken of.
+
+This Zion, for whom the Messiah makes unceasing intercession, is now
+called--"forsaken," and her land--"desolate"; but when God's light shall
+again break upon her, and her righteousness goes forth as a lamp that
+burneth, "Thou shalt be called (Hephzibah, _i.e._, My delight is in
+her); and thy land" (Beulah, _i.e._, married). But the new name by which
+the mouth of Jehovah shall then call her shall not only answer the
+outward transformation which shall then come over the people and the
+land, but will describe the _inward_ transformation and the true
+character of the people. In fact, we are told in this very chapter what
+the new name shall be. They shall call them--Saxons? Britons? No, "they
+shall call them the Holy People, _The Redeemed of the Lord_." This is
+also the "other-name" in Isa. lxv. 15, by which God shall call His true
+servants in contrast to the ungodly in the nation, who shall be "slain,"
+and leave their name (_i.e._, their remembrance) as a proverbial "curse"
+unto His chosen.
+
+The next reference given in proof that the Ten Tribes were to lose their
+name is Psalm lxxxiii. 4: "The name of Israel shall be no more in
+remembrance." This is a typical and characteristic specimen of the
+manner in which Anglo-Israel "theologians" deal with Scripture. It
+reminds one of the grounds adduced by a certain individual for paying no
+heed to the Old Testament because it is written, "_Hang_ the law and the
+prophets" (Matt. xxii. 40). It is certainly most easy to prove almost
+anything from the Bible by breaking away an isolated sentence from its
+connection, and attaching to it a meaning which was never intended.
+
+Psalm lxxxiii. is an impassioned cry to God for His interposition and
+deliverance of His people from a confederacy of Gentile nations, who are
+gathered with the determined object of utterly destroying them as a
+people.
+
+    "O God, keep not Thou silence:
+    Hold not Thy peace and be not still, O God; for lo, Thine enemies make
+      a tumult:
+    And they that hate Thee have lifted up the head:
+    They take crafty counsel against Thy people, and consult together
+      against Thy hidden ones.
+    They have said: Come, and let us cut them off from being a nation,
+    That the name of Israel be no more in remembrance."
+
+This historical occasion of this Psalm may perhaps have been the great
+gathering of the Moabites, Ammonites, and a great multitude of other
+against "Judah,"[23] who, in the Psalms belonging to that period, is
+invariably called Israel. At the same time there is a prophetic element
+in the Psalm, for all the past gatherings of the nations against
+Jerusalem foreshadow the final great gathering under Antichrist, when
+the battle-cry of the confederated armies shall indeed be, "Come, let us
+destroy them from being a nation, that the name of Israel may be no more
+in remembrance." But note, part of the furious cry of the Gentiles in
+their onslaught against Jerusalem is broken away from its connection and
+used by Anglo-Israel writers to prove that the Ten Tribes would lose
+their identity and that the very name "Israel" would be "lost."
+
+Passing on to the next two references, Isa. xl. 27 and Isa. liv. 8, I
+would ask the intelligent Bible-reader what relevancy or connection
+these precious Scriptures have with the subject of the identification of
+any "lost" tribes? They are glorious words of consolation and promise
+addressed to the Jewish nation, or rather to the godly remnant in exile,
+assuring them that God's eye is ever upon them, and though, on account
+of their sins, His face has been turned away from them, as it were, "for
+a moment," He will yet return to them with "everlasting kindness and
+have mercy upon them." It is like sacrilege to misapply such beautiful
+Scriptures and great spiritual truths to prove a theory which has no
+basis in fact, and with which they have not the remotest connection.
+
+The last reference is Hosea i. 4-7; the words are plain enough, and if
+they prove anything in connection with this subject it is the very
+opposite of what the Anglo-Israel writers assert. Hosea did speak
+primarily to the Israel of the "Ten Tribes" shortly before its final
+overthrow by Assyria, and what he announces is that God would cause that
+kingdom, _as a kingdom_, "to cease," and that He would no more have
+mercy upon them. As a people they would be preserved, but, as it were,
+disavowed of God, and therefore called "Lo-Ammi" (_i.e._, "not My
+people"). But what is said here by Hosea of the condition of the people
+of the "Ten Tribes," after they shall have ceased to exist as a kingdom,
+is true also, as we know from many other Scriptures, of those who
+belonged to the southern kingdom of Judah. It is now the Lo-Ammi period
+for the _whole nation_ of the Twelve Tribes, and they shall continue to
+be disowned of God nationally (not as individuals) until they as a
+nation acknowledge and own their long-rejected Messiah. Then, in the
+final trial, when the spirit of grace and of supplication is poured upon
+them, and they shall look upon Him whom they have pierced, and mourn,
+God will look down upon them and say, "Ammi"--"It is My people": and
+they shall say, "Jehovah is my God" (Zech. xiv. 9).
+
+And it is not only the prophetic Scriptures of the Old Testament which
+are abused in this manner, the plainest statements in the Gospels and
+Epistles are also twisted and perverted to mean the very opposite of
+what was intended. The following is from a booklet, "The Lost Tribes of
+Israel," by Reader Harris, K.C., "founder of the Pentecostal League," in
+which all the absurdities and misinterpretations found in all the
+Anglo-Israel publications are embodied:--
+
+     "NEW TESTAMENT PROPHECIES.
+
+     "Let us now turn to the New Testament. It is perfectly clear that
+     Israel, who had been dispersed for more than 700 years, was much in
+     our Lord's mind during His three years' ministry upon earth, for
+     many were the references to Israel made by Him. As an example, let
+     us turn to the commission He gave to the twelve apostles in Matt x.
+     5, 6:--
+
+     "'These twelve Jesus sent forth, and commanded them, saying, Go not
+     into the way of the Gentiles, and into any city of the Samaritans
+     enter ye not: but go rather to the lost sheep of the House of
+     Israel.'
+
+     "These apostles were not to go to the Gentiles, nor to the
+     Samaritans--who were the descendants of usurpers of Israel--'but to
+     the lost sheep of the House of Israel'; and they obeyed this
+     command as far as was then possible. The only tribe that they could
+     reach which had any connection with Israel was Benjamin, and
+     Benjamin as a tribe was won to allegiance to the Lord Jesus Christ.
+     Benjamin had gone into captivity with Judah, and had come back with
+     Judah; but in the prophecies of God, Benjamin had been always
+     associated with the Ten Tribes of Israel. It is a remarkable fact
+     that the majority of our Lord's disciples at the time of His
+     earthly ministry were connected with the tribe of Benjamin. It is
+     also of interest that, when Jerusalem was afterwards besieged by
+     the Romans under Titus, the members of what had become the
+     Christian tribe of Benjamin escaped.
+
+     "Christ Himself declared, in Matt. xv. 24, this was His own
+     mission: '_He answered and said, I am not sent but unto the lost
+     sheep of the House of Israel._'
+
+     "Again our Lord says, in Matt. xxi. 43: '_Therefore say I unto you_
+     (He was speaking to the Jews), _the kingdom of God shall be taken
+     from you, and given to a nation_ (the Jews had long since ceased to
+     be a nation) _bringing forth the fruits thereof_.'
+
+     "The Jews themselves evidently so understood His statement, for in
+     John vii. 35 we read:--
+
+     "'Then said the Jews among themselves, Whither will He go, that we
+     shall not find Him? Will He go unto the dispersed among the
+     Gentiles, and teach the Gentiles?'
+
+     "So the Jew quite understood our Lord to refer to Israel.
+
+     "Israel was evidently in the minds of the apostles themselves. On
+     the day of the ascension they asked Him:--
+
+     "'Lord, wilt Thou at this time restore again the kingdom to
+     Israel?' (Acts i. 6.)
+
+     "A restoration of the kingdom of Israel with the kingdom of Judah
+     had been promised. The apostles did not confuse the kingdom of
+     Israel with that of Judah, for they said, 'Wilt Thou at this time
+     restore the kingdom to Israel?' St. Paul devotes thirty-six verses
+     in Romans xi. to prove that God has not cast away His people, but
+     that "blindness in part is happened unto Israel until the fulness
+     of the nations be come in," so that all Israel shall be saved.
+
+     "Lastly, the final word must be that of our Lord. In Acts i. 7, 8
+     Christ said:--
+
+     "'_It is not for you to know the times or the seasons which the
+     Father hath put in His own power, but ye shall receive power, after
+     that the Holy Spirit is come upon you, and ye shall be witnesses
+     unto Me in Jerusalem, in all Judea, in Samaria, and unto the
+     uttermost parts of the earth_'--which refers to the 'regions
+     beyond'--an expression that was fully understood to mean the
+     dispersed among the Gentiles."
+
+With much pain one has to say that this reveals either lamentable
+ignorance of the plainest and simplest truths of New Testament Scripture
+on the part of an otherwise educated man, or a clever adaptation by
+which a lawyer would seek to support a preconceived theory.
+
+I have already dealt with some of these perversions in the first part of
+this pamphlet, so need only refer to them again in the briefest possible
+manner.
+
+(a) It is indeed "perfectly clear" to any reader of the New Testament
+that Israel "was much in our Lord's mind during His three years'
+ministry upon earth"; but as clear and evident is it to any candid
+reader that the only "Israel" of whom He thought and spoke were the
+people among whom He lived and moved, and to whom His blessed ministry
+on earth was confined, and who are alternately called in the New
+Testament "Jews" and "Israel."
+
+It was to these "lost sheep" _in the land of Palestine_ for whom His own
+compassions were moved when He beheld them in multitudes, that the
+Twelve were sent out in Matt. x., and He ascribes to them the term
+"lost" in a deeper and more solemn and spiritual sense than
+Anglo-Israelism has evidently any conception of. (_See_ page 41.)
+
+(b) The statement here repeated about the tribe of Benjamin, and that
+the "majority of our Lord's disciples at the time of His earthly ministry
+were connected with the tribe of Benjamin," is nothing but a fiction
+invented by Anglo-Israelites, as already shown in Part I. (_See_ page
+17.)
+
+The only thing which is historically true is that the Apostle Paul was
+of the tribe of Benjamin, but he was called after our Lord's earthly
+ministry was ended, and he was appointed not to the "lost tribes," but
+to preach Christ's Gospel _among the Gentiles_ (Acts xxii. 21; Rom. xi.
+13; Gal. i. 16).
+
+(c) The nation which brings forth the fruits of the kingdom of God
+during the present dispensation of Israel's national unbelief is not the
+British Empire, but _the Church of Christ_--the elected body out of
+_all_ nations and kindreds and peoples and tongues, who are called "a
+chosen generation (or 'elect race'), a royal priesthood, a _holy nation_
+([Greek: ethnos]), a people for God's own possession" (1 Peter ii. 9).
+
+(d) To state that the Jews themselves understood Christ's statement in
+Matt. xxi. 43 as referring to some "lost" Israel, because in John vii.
+35 they said: "Will He go unto the dispersed ([Greek: tên dôsporan])
+among the Gentile (or 'Greeks'), and teach the Greeks?" is not true.
+
+The "dispersed" among the Greeks were Hellenistic "_Jews_" of all the
+Twelve Tribes scattered abroad, who stood (as already shown in Part II.)
+in closest connection with the Temple and hierarchy in Jerusalem, and
+were never "lost"; and the Greeks among whom they were dispersed were
+"_Gentiles_."
+
+(e) And what can be said of such a perverted application of the
+question in Acts i. 6, namely, that when the disciples, immediately
+before Christ's ascension, asked: "Lord, wilt Thou at this time restore
+the kingdom to Israel?" it was not their own nation, the "Jews," that
+they meant, and Jerusalem the centre of God's kingdom on earth--but some
+"lost" tribes in distant regions of which they knew nothing--I suppose
+on the same principle of Anglo-Israel interpretation when Peter, with
+the eleven on the Day of Pentecost, for instance, addressed the people
+as "_Ye men of Israel_," and again, "Let all the house of Israel,
+therefore, know assuredly that God hath made Him both Lord and
+Christ--this Jesus whom ye crucified" (Acts ii. 22-36)--he did not speak
+to the assembled multitude of "Jews" before him, but over their heads to
+some distant regions where there were some wandering "lost" tribes who
+alone were entitled to the name "Israel." But such assertions are
+altogether too ridiculous to be treated seriously.
+
+The "Israel" which "was evidently in the minds of the apostles," and to
+whom Peter spoke, and of whom Paul wrote in that great prophetic section
+in his Epistle to the Romans (chaps. ix.-xi.), were the "Jews," whether
+of Palestine or in the "Dispersion," who are the only representatives of
+all the Twelve Tribes of "Israel" with whom Scripture or prophecy has
+any concern, and not any supposed "lost" tribes to be identified after
+many centuries by Anglo-Israel writers as the British and the United
+States.
+
+(f) "Lastly, the final word," we are told, "must be that of our
+Lord," and then there follows the quotation of the glorious promise and
+prophetic forecast from Acts i. 7, 8: "_Ye shall receive power when the
+Holy Ghost is come upon you: and ye shall be My witnesses both in
+Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and unto the uttermost parts of
+the earth_"; and we are assured that the last sentence refers "to the
+regions beyond--an expression that was fully understood to mean the
+dispersed among the Gentiles"--by which, I suppose, we are meant to
+understand, the "lost" tribes.
+
+But the sentence--[Greek: kai eôs eschaton tês gês]--means, as it has
+been properly rendered, "unto the end (or 'uttermost part') of the
+earth," and has always been "fully" and properly understood by the
+Church of Christ as a Divine warrant and forecast of the preaching of
+the Gospel, not to the Dispersed _among_ the Gentiles, but to _the
+heathen world_.
+
+
+Note II.
+
+THE PROMISES OF A MULTITUDINOUS SEED, AND THAT ISRAEL SHALL BECOME A
+GREAT AND MIGHTY NATION.
+
+A great point is made by all Anglo-Israel writers of the promises which
+God made to the fathers of a multitudinous seed. The argument is, that
+since the descendants of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob were to be a great and
+mighty and very numerous nation--yea, "a company of nations"--these
+promises cannot apply to the "Jews," who are comparatively few in
+number. There must exist, therefore, a people somewhere great and
+mighty and numerous who are the seed of Abraham, in whom these promises
+are realised.
+
+Now look at the British Empire, how great and mighty it is in the earth,
+and what vast numbers it includes, _ergo_, the British, including the
+United States of America (which by some wonderful process of divination
+Anglo-Israelites are able to distinguish and identify as "Manasseh," in
+spite of the fact that their progenitors, who emigrated from England,
+were, according to them "Ephraimites," and that those original emigrants
+have since been mixed up with a flood of emigrants from all other races
+under heaven), are the descendants of Abraham, and particularly of the
+"lost" Ten Tribes!
+
+Now the following are the Scriptures on the subject:
+
+     (1) "And I will make of thee (Abraham) a great nation" (Gen. xii.
+     2).
+
+     (2) "And I will make thy seed as the dust of the earth; so that if
+     a man can number the dust of the earth, then shall thy seed also be
+     numbered" (Gen. xiii. 16).
+
+     (3) "And He brought him (Abraham) forth abroad, and said, Look now
+     toward heaven, and tell the number of the stars, if thou be able to
+     tell them: and He said unto him, So shall thy seed be" (Gen. xv.
+     5).
+
+     (4) "And God talked with him (Abraham), saying: As for Me, My
+     covenant is with thee, and thou shalt be the father of a multitude
+     of nations; neither shall thy name any more be called Abram, but
+     thy name shall be Abraham; for the father of a multitude of nations
+     have I made thee. And I will make thee exceedingly fruitful, and I
+     will make nations of thee, and kings shall come out of thee" (Gen.
+     xvii. 4-6).
+
+     (5) "Abraham shall surely become a great and mighty nation, and all
+     the nations of the earth shall be blessed in him" (Gen. xviii. 18).
+
+     (6) "In blessing I will bless thee, and in multiplying I will
+     multiply thy seed as the stars of heaven, and as the sand which is
+     upon the seashore; and thy seed shall possess the gate of his
+     enemies" (a Hebrew idiom for "shall be victorious over his foes")
+     (Gen. xxii. 17).
+
+     (7) "And God said unto him (Jacob), I am God Almighty, be fruitful
+     and multiply; a nation and a company of nations shall be of thee,
+     and kings shall come out of thy loins" (Gen. xxxv. 11).
+
+To these passages have to be added Isaac's blessing to Jacob: "God
+Almighty bless thee and make thee fruitful, and multiply thee, that thou
+mayest be a company--literally, 'a congregation' of peoples" (Gen.
+xxviii. 3); and Jacob's forecast of Ephraim in his blessing of Joseph's
+sons, that his seed shall become "a multitude (or literally, 'a
+fulness,') of the nations."
+
+Now in reference to all these particular promises and forecasts, I would
+beg your attention to the following observations:--
+
+I. There are expressions in them which must not be pressed to the
+extreme of literalness according to our Western ideas. We speak of
+"nations," and think of them as embracing populations of whole
+countries, and of "kings" as being sovereigns of States, but in the
+earlier books of the Bible we are introduced to many "nations" and
+"peoples" as comprised in one little country of Canaan, and of many
+"kings" who were no more than chiefs, or rulers of "cities," which in
+our modern times we would only class as "villages." As a matter of fact,
+the term, _goim_, generally standing for "_nations_," and usually for
+the _Gentile_ nations, is actually used for the _tribes_ or families of
+the Jewish people. Here is the Scripture: "And He said unto me, Son of
+Man, I send thee to the children of Israel, to nations, (_goim_--the word
+is in the plural) that are rebellious, which have rebelled against Me"
+(Ezek. ii. 3).
+
+The "Jews," or "Israel," as they are properly called are being spoken
+of as "nations," because they comprised different families or tribes.
+
+Already Moses could say of the Israel of his time: "_Jehovah your God
+hath multiplied you, and behold, ye are this day as the stars of heaven
+for multitude_" (Deut. i. 10; x. 22); and Solomon, in his prayer for
+wisdom, says: "_Thy servant is in the midst of Thy people which Thou
+hast chosen, a great people that cannot be counted for multitude_" (1
+Kings iii. 8).
+
+The writer of the Epistle to the Hebrews knew nothing of a supposed
+identification of the millions in Britain and America with the "lost"
+Ten Tribes, but speaking of the descendants of Abraham and Sarah, he
+could say that because Abraham believed God, and Sarah herself, in spite
+of natural impossibilities, judged Him faithful who had promised:
+"_Wherefore also there sprang of one, and him as good as dead, so many
+as the stars of heaven for multitude, and as the sand which is by the
+seashore innumerable_" (Hebrews xi. 12); so that even if we view only
+the past it is not true to assert that the promises of God that the seed
+of Abraham should be a multitude which cannot be numbered, and
+constitute "a company of nations," has not been fulfilled in the "Jews"
+or "Israel," which has never been "lost."
+
+II. The promises of a multitudinous seed and rapid increase of the seed
+of Abraham, though in the first instance given to the fathers
+unconditionally, and therefore will assuredly be fulfilled, were
+nevertheless made conditional on Israel's obedience. It is with this, as
+with all the other great promises, given to the Jewish nation. They were
+conditional as far as any particular generation of Jews are concerned,
+who may either enjoy them if in obedience, or forfeit them through
+disobedience; but they are unconditional to the nation because God
+abides faithful, and in the end all His plans and purposes in and
+through them will be fulfilled. For this very reason He has preserved
+them as a people in spite of all their sin and disobedience.
+
+Now at the very commencement of Israel's history--long before there was
+any likelihood of a schism among the tribes--Moses, speaking in the name
+of God of the whole nation, says: "_If ye walk in My statutes and keep
+My commandments to do them, ... I will have respect unto you and make
+you fruitful and multiply you, and will establish My covenant with you_"
+(Lev. xxvi. 3-9).
+
+On the other hand, he solemnly forewarns them that if they shall
+"corrupt themselves" and fall away from the living God, "I call heaven
+and earth to witness against you this day that ye shall soon utterly
+perish from off the land whereunto ye go over Jordan to possess it, ...
+and Jehovah shall scatter you among the peoples, _and ye shall be left
+few in number among the nations whither Jehovah shall lead you_" (Deut.
+iv. 25-27).
+
+This is repeated with solemn emphasis in Deut. xxviii. 62: "_And ye
+shall be left few in number, whereas ye were as the stars of heaven for
+multitude_." In the light of the Word of God, therefore, and apart from
+all the absurdities involved in the Anglo-Israel theory, the very fact
+that the British and American races are so numerous and powerful among
+the nations precludes the possibility of their being Israel, for when
+out of Palestine and in dispersion Israel was to become "few in number,"
+and oppressed and downtrodden among the nations.
+
+III. The underlying fallacy in the Anglo-Israel argument from the
+promises of a multitudinous seed which God made to the fathers (and
+this, indeed, is one of the chief errors underlying the whole theory),
+is that it overlooks the fact that those promises, according to the
+testimony of the prophets, will be fulfilled in the _future_, when (as
+stated above) the Jewish nation, restored and converted, shall become
+under the personal rule of their Messiah, great and mighty for God on
+this earth. Then, when Israel shall be spiritually restored to God, and
+in and through the grace of their Messiah they shall be a nation all
+righteous and planted by God in their own land, "the little one shall
+become a thousand, and the small one a strong nation" (Isa. lx. 21, 22);
+and so rapidly and marvellously shall they increase that even the whole
+promised land, which is fifty times as large as the portion of it "from
+Dan to Beersheba," which alone they possessed in the past, shall become
+too small for them, so that they shall say to the surrounding nations:
+"_The place is too strait for me, give place ('make room') that I may
+dwell_" (Isa. xlix. 19, 20).
+
+Now all this has been, and will be, fulfilled in the "Jews," who, as I
+have shown, are the people of the whole "_Twelve Tribes scattered
+abroad_." In the dispersion among the nations they became reduced to
+"few in number," but when they are restored and blessed God says: "I
+will multiply them, and they shall not be few; I will also glorify them,
+and they shall not be small" (Jer. xxx. 19).
+
+Of the capacity for rapid increase of the Jewish people there is
+sufficient proof already. The following is from a recent number of _The
+Scattered Nation_:--
+
+     "The marvellous increase of the Jewish people since their so-called
+     'emancipation' in the xixth century, is indeed a striking sign of
+     the times. The statement of a recent writer in the _Jewish
+     Chronicle_ that at the commencement of the xvith century there
+     could scarcely have been more than a million Jews left in the
+     entire world after the untold sufferings, dispersions and massacres
+     which they had to endure in the dark and middle ages--is probably
+     true. The historian Basnage, in his 'History of the Jews from
+     Jesus Christ to the Present Time,' calculated that in his time (end
+     of the xviith and beginning of the xviiith century) there were
+     3,000,000 Jews in the world. Since then, however, the growth of
+     Jewry has been phenomenal. At the commencement of the xixth century
+     there were said to be five millions. Half a century later the
+     numbers reached six or seven millions; and at the end of another
+     half a century--in 1896--the greatest living authority on Jewish
+     statistics gave their number as eleven millions. And now, after the
+     lapse of another seventeen or eighteen years, we are informed that
+     there are no less than 13,000,000 Jews in the world. And the
+     surprising feature of this latest calculation is the officially
+     authenticated fact that, in the country where they are most
+     persecuted, and which during the past three decades has driven
+     forth millions to seek an asylum in other countries, there are more
+     Jews to-day than ever before; and this in spite of pogroms, and
+     baptisms, and overcrowding, and starvation, and the pursuance of a
+     merciless policy of repression which led Pobiedonostsef to
+     prognosticate that, in the end, a third of Russia's Jews would
+     emigrate, a third would die, and a third would join the dominant
+     faith. The old story of Israel in Egypt renews itself to-day in
+     Russia: 'The more they afflicted them, the more they multiplied.'"
+
+And if this be so now even in dispersion, we can imagine that in the
+millennial period, under the fostering care and blessing of God, the
+favoured nation will increase and multiply so that they will be as the
+stars of heaven, and as the sand which is upon the seashore,
+innumerable.
+
+
+Note III.
+
+THE PERPETUITY OF THE DAVIDIC THRONE.
+
+One great Anglo-Israel argument that the British must be the "lost"
+Israel is based on the promises which God made to David that his seed
+and his throne shall be established for ever. Sometimes, indeed (as seen
+in one of the quotations given in Part I., _see_ page 12), and in
+keeping with Anglo-Israel logic, the argument is used the other way: "If
+the Saxons be the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel, then the English throne is
+a continuation of David's throne, and the seed on it must be the seed of
+David, and the inference is clear, namely, that all the blessings
+attaching by the holy promise to David's throne must belong to
+England";[24] and since, according to the dictum of the theory, this
+"must be so," evidence must somehow be found, both "historical" and from
+Scripture. So on the historical side a genealogical table has been
+produced in which the descent of the royal house of England (which may
+God protect!) is directly traced to David and Judah--a table truly
+strange and wonderful, and which only shows how easy it is to prove
+anything if wild guesses and perverted fancies be treated as facts. On
+these genealogical tables and "histories," however, with regard to which
+we would only apply to the Anglo-Israel "world" the old Latin
+proverb--_Mundus vult decipi et decipiatur_--it would be sheer waste of
+time to enter here. It is the product of a false supposition, supported
+by a logic which is also false, both in its premises and conclusions.
+People whose capacity for credulity is large enough to believe the wild
+romances spun out by Anglo-Israel writers about Jeremiah's journey to
+Ireland with a daughter of Zedekiah, who brought with them as part of
+their personal luggage the coronation stone which is now in Westminster
+Abbey, are very welcome to believe it; and one would not trouble much
+about them if they would only let the Bible alone and not pervert
+Scripture.
+
+But it is the supposed _Scriptural_ "proofs" which impose on some
+simple-minded Christians, with whom alone we are concerned here. The
+following passages almost all Anglo-Israel writers fasten upon:--
+
+"_The Lord hath sworn unto David in truth, He will not turn from it; of
+the fruit of thy body will I set upon thy throne_" (Psa. cxxxii. II).
+
+"_I have sworn unto David My servant, Thy seed will I establish for
+ever, and build up thy throne to all generations_" (Psa. lxxxix. 3, 4).
+
+"_Thus saith Jehovah: If ye can break My covenant of the day, and my
+covenant of the night, in their season, then may also My covenant be
+broken with David My servant that he should not have a son to reign upon
+his throne.... Thus saith the Lord: If My covenant of day and night
+stand not, if I have not appointed the ordinances of heaven and earth;
+then will I also cast away the seed of Jacob, and of David My servant,
+so that I will not take of his seed to be rulers over the seed of
+Abraham, Isaac and Jacob: for I will cause their captivity to return,
+and will have mercy on them_" (Jer. xxxiii. 20, 21, 25, 26, R.V.).
+
+The argument drawn from these Scriptures is: If the British be not
+Israel, and the English throne be not a continuation of the throne of
+David, where is the fulfilment of these promises? In answer to this
+crude logic I would observe:--
+
+I. That it seems to be quite a characteristic of Anglo-Israelism to
+ignore our Lord Jesus Christ as the centre of all promise and prophecy,
+just as it ignores the existence of the Church and the future kingdom of
+God, for all which it substitutes the British people and the British
+Empire. But _Christ_ is the true Son of David, and the only legitimate
+heir to the Davidic throne. "The sure mercies of David," which are sure
+(or "faithful," as the word may be better rendered), because God has
+sworn to fulfil, or "establish" them, are all merged and centred _in
+Him_. Hence, when His birth was announced to the Virgin Mary, the Angel
+Gabriel said: "Behold thou shalt conceive in thy womb and bring forth a
+son, and shalt call His name Jesus. He shall be great, and shall be
+called the Son of the Most High, and _the Lord God shall give unto Him
+the throne of His father David, and He shall reign over the House of
+Jacob for ever; and of His kingdom there shall be no end_" (Luke i.
+31-33).
+
+If Israel had received Him His throne would have been established, and
+His visible reign on earth commenced then. But He was rejected, and so
+the promise in reference to setting up again of the Davidic kingdom,
+which had ceased to exist since the days of Zedekiah, was still deferred
+until the purpose of God with reference to the Church should be
+accomplished.
+
+But the promises which God made to David have not failed, for Jesus, the
+true Son of David, lives, and though He is for the present sitting on
+the throne of God in heaven, _He is coming again_ to set up the throne
+of His father David, and then "He shall reign over the House of Jacob
+for ever, and of His kingdom there shall be no end."
+
+II. It was announced in advance that during the "many days" of Israel's
+apostasy, and consequent banishment from the land, they "_shall abide
+without a king and without a prince_," _i.e._, without the true Davidic
+king of God's appointment, and without a prince of their own choice, as
+Jewish commentators have themselves explained, until "the latter days,"
+when restored and converted they shall find in their Messiah the true
+David, both their King and Prince.[25]
+
+III. The only place on earth where a _throne of David_ can have any
+legitimate place, either in the sight of God or of man, is on _Mount
+Zion in Jerusalem_, and it is an absurdity to speak of the continuity of
+a Davidic throne in England. Thank God that the right of the British
+Sovereign to his illustrious throne rests on a firmer basis than the
+fictitious genealogies made out by Anglo-Israelites.
+
+IV. The same Scriptures, which speak of the perpetuity of the Davidic
+seed and _throne_, speak also of the unceasing continuance of _the
+priesthood_. "_Thus saith Jehovah, David shall never want a man to sit
+upon the throne of the House of Israel; neither shall the priests the
+Levites want a man before Me to offer burnt-offerings and to burn
+oblations, and to do sacrifice continually.... Thus saith the Lord: If
+ye can break My covenant of the day, and My covenant of the night, so
+that there should not be day and night in their season; then may also My
+covenant be broken with David My servant, that he should not have a son
+to reign upon his throne; and with the Levites the priests, My
+ministers_" (Jer. xxxiii. 17, 20, 21).
+
+Now it would be quite as logical to argue that the ministers of the
+Church of England must be the lineal descendants of the Levites, else
+God's promise of the continuance of the priesthood has failed, as to
+argue from these same Scriptures that there must be somewhere now on
+earth a throne of David, or else these prophecies have proved false.
+
+The truth is that neither have God's promises in reference to the throne
+nor to the priesthood failed--for Christ is, in His blessed Person, the
+Prophet, Priest, and King. He is all this now at the right hand of God,
+for not only are all the essentials of the Aaronic priesthood fulfilled
+in Him, but He is "a priest _for ever_ after the order of Melchizedek";
+and when He is manifested again on earth to take up His throne and
+reign, "_He shall be a priest upon His throne_, and the counsel of peace
+shall be between them both."[26]
+
+
+Note IV.
+
+THE SO-CALLED HISTORIC PROOFS OF ANGLO-ISRAELISM.
+
+I have stated on page 10 that the so-called Historic Proofs of
+Anglo-Israelism, by which the theory is supported, are derived from
+pagan myths and fables. Let the following suffice as a sample:--
+
+     "To accomplish this" (_i.e._, that the seed of Abraham should
+     inherit the isles of the west) "some were sent to take possession
+     of the islands long before."
+
+     The wrath of man is made to praise Him (Gen. xxxvii. 2; l. 15-21),
+     which led to the flight of Danaus, the son of Bela, from _Egyptus_
+     his brother. Dan is the son of Bilhah and brother of Joseph, who
+     was over all the Egyptians. This was the first secession from
+     Israel. This is probably alluded to in Ezekiel xx. 5-9. Another
+     secession took place (1 Chron. vii. 21-24). A third secession was
+     after the Exodus. When in the Wilderness Num. xiv. 1-4 states that
+     they said, "Let us make a captain." Nehemiah ix. 17 tells us they
+     did so (compare Psa. cvi. 26, 27; Ezek. xx. 21-23).
+
+     _Hecatoeus of Abdera_ (6th century B.C.), quoted by _Diodorus
+     Siculus_ (B.C. 50), i. 27, 46, 55, says:--
+
+     "The most distinguished of the expelled foreigners (from Egypt)
+     followed Danaus and Cadmus into Greece; but the greater number were
+     led by Moses into Judæa."
+
+     In Æschylus' _Supplicants_ (B.C. 6th century) Danaus and his
+     daughters are represented as a "seed divine," exiles from Egypt,
+     fleeing from their brother Egyptus. Since they feared an unholy
+     alliance, they appear to have passed through Syria and perhaps
+     Sidon into Greece.[27]
+
+I will say nothing here about the Scripture references in the first
+paragraph, but if any intelligent Bible student will look them up he
+will see that only a perverted fancy can see in them any justification
+for the theory here propounded. But, as will be noted, the heathen fable
+about Ægyptus and Danaus is here brought into the history of Israel,
+Danaus being identified as Dan, the son of Bilhah; and Ægyptus, I
+suppose, with Joseph. Now here is the pagan fable, and let the reader
+judge what connection it has with the history of the sons of Jacob.
+
+Ægyptus, who had fifty sons, and Danaus, who had fifty daughters, were
+twin brothers. Their father, Belus, the son of Poseidon, identified by
+the Romans with Neptunus, the god of the Mediterranean Sea, had assigned
+Libya to Danaus; but, fearing Ægyptus, his brother, he fled with his
+fifty daughters to Argos in Peloponnessus, where he was elected king by
+the Argives in place of Gelanor, the reigning monarch. Thither, however,
+he was followed by the fifty sons of Ægyptus, who demanded his daughters
+for their wives. Danaus complied with their request, but gave to each of
+his daughters a dagger with which to kill their husbands in the bridal
+night. All the sons of Ægyptus were thus murdered, with but one
+exception. The life of Lynceus was spared by his wife, Hypermnestra,
+who, according to the legend, afterwards avenged the death of his
+forty-nine brothers by killing his father-in-law Danaus.
+
+The fifty daughters of Danaus, known as "the Danaides," were punished in
+Hades for their crime by being compelled everlastingly to pour water
+into a sieve. Note also that the fable propagated by Manetho that the
+Jews were _expelled_ from Egypt as lepers, and the legend of Hecatæus,
+quoted by Diodorus Siculus that, "the most distinguished of these
+expelled followed Danaus and Cadmus into Greece, but the greater number
+were led by Moses into Judea," is also accepted as history. Some of
+these same pagan writers believed that the object of worship in the Holy
+of Holies was the head of an ass, and other absurdities of the same
+nature. I wonder if Anglo-Israel "theologians" accept this also as
+"history."
+
+I may here add that the identification by Anglo-Israel writers of Tea,
+or Tephi, the heroine of some Irish ballads, with a princess of the
+royal house of Judah, whom Jeremiah brought to Ireland in one of the
+ships of Dan, and who married Esincaid, King of Ulster, and so became
+the ancestress of the royal houses of Ireland and Scotland, and
+subsequently of England--has just as much "history" for its basis as the
+identification of Danaus with Dan, or of Ægyptus with Joseph.
+
+The value of Irish legends and ballads (upon which the romances of
+Anglo-Israel writers are largely based), as sources of "history," may be
+judged from the following introductory statement taken from a standard
+compendium of the history of Ireland:
+
+"The history of Ireland, like that of almost all ancient countries,
+'tracks its parent lake' back into the enchanted realms of legend and
+romance and fable. It has been said, not untruly, of Ireland that she
+'can boast of ancient legends rivalling in beauty and dignity the tales
+of Attica and Argolis; she has an early history whose web of blended
+myth and reality is as richly coloured as the record of the rulers of
+Alba Longa and the story of the Seven Kings.' We cannot now make any
+effort to get at history in the beautiful myths and stories. We should
+puzzle our brains in vain to find out whether the Lady Cesair, who came
+to Ireland before the Deluge with fifty women and three men, has any
+warrant from genuine tradition, or is a child of fable altogether. We
+cannot get any hint of the actual truth about Conn of the Hundred
+Fights, and Fin MacCoul and Oisin. But the impression which does seem to
+be conveyed clearly enough from all these romances and fables and
+ballads is that the island was occupied in dim far-off ages by
+successive invaders who came from the south.
+
+"The Phoenicians are said to have represented one wave of invasion and
+the Greeks another....
+
+"What may be called the authentic history of Ireland begins with the
+life and career of St. Patrick (5th century)."
+
+
+Note V.
+
+"THE GATE OF HIS ENEMIES."
+
+One brief note more must be added on a point which all Anglo-Israel
+writers advance as proof positive in support of their theory. It is the
+promise that God made to Abraham, "Thy seed shall possess the gate of
+his enemies." The term "gate" (or "gates" as often mis-quoted) is taken
+to signify "strait," "port," or strategic maritime position and these
+writers grow quite eloquent in pointing out the many maritime points of
+vantage which are in occupation of the British as a fulfilment of this
+ancient promise to the chosen people.
+
+Thus the writer of "Fifty Reasons" (W. H. Poole, D.D.), with which I
+have already dealt, asks (page 61) "What nation or people are now the
+gate-holders of the nations? We hold Gibraltar, Malta, Cyprus, Acre,
+Suez Canal, Aden, Perim," and many other important maritime points which
+he enumerates, and concludes triumphantly "_For 500 years Britain has
+been the gate-holder in the lands of those who hate her_"--a very
+doubtful compliment this, by the way, to British rule over her acquired
+possessions.
+
+But like many other Anglo-Israel "proofs" it has no basis in philology
+or in fact. The word--Sha'ar ("gate") is used hundreds of times in the
+Hebrew Bible, but _never once_ either literally or figuratively of a
+maritime "strait" or "port." The "gate" as being not only the entrance
+to, but as giving control or possession of the oriental (walled) city,
+often stands for the city itself. It was, moreover, the most public
+place of the city, where causes were tried and justice administered
+(Deut. xxi. 19; xxii. 15; Prov. xxii. 22; Amos v. 10-15); and where
+elders and judges, kings and princes "sat" officially for counsel or
+often to exercise authority and rule (Dan. ii. 49; Jer. xvii. 19;
+xxxviii. 7).
+
+The promise that Abraham's seed should possess the gate of his enemies
+is idiomatic figurative language, equivalent to saying that they shall
+be victorious over their enemies, and take possession of their cities.
+This was fulfilled when at the conquest of Canaan the Israelites took
+possession of the land and thus assumed the position of lordship over
+the doomed nations who are spoken of as their "enemies."
+
+We may notice, by way of contrast, that in Jer. i. 14-16 God threatens
+that as a punishment on Israel for their sin He would call all the
+families of the kingdoms of the north, and "they shall set every one his
+throne at the entrance of the gates of Jerusalem," which is equivalent
+to saying that the Gentiles would possess "the gate" of Israel--which as
+a matter of fact, they are now permitted to do by treading down
+Jerusalem and scattering the people until the times of the Gentiles are
+fulfilled.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 23: See 2 Chron. xx. 1-13.]
+
+[Footnote 24: "The Lost Ten Tribes," by Joseph Wild. The Eighteenth
+Discourse.]
+
+[Footnote 25: See "The Interregnum and After"--the first chapter of my
+book, "The Ancient Scriptures and the Modern Jew."]
+
+[Footnote 26: One fundamental of the Anglo-Israel theory is that the
+destinies of Israel and Judah are distinct and separate. Most
+inconsistent, therefore, is their appropriation of David, the King of
+Judah, with the promises applying to his royal house _for ever_; their
+endeavour should rather be to claim, if they can find in Scripture
+promises made to descendants of Jeroboam's line, or some other King of
+Israel--with David they can have nothing to do.]
+
+[Footnote 27: "Palestine into Britain," by Rev. L. G. A. Roberts,
+Secretary of the "Imperial British Israel Association."]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+ARE WE THE TEN TRIBES?
+
+
+By the Late HORATIUS BONAR, D.D.
+
+(Reprinted by permission from _The Sunday at Home_, October, 1880.)
+
+That the inhabitants of Great Britain are Israelites is a modern theory
+which has been widely spread. Its defenders have invented a large number
+of resemblances or "identifications," on which, in the absence of
+authentic history or national tradition, they rest their proof.
+
+The languages of our country--Saxon, English, Welsh, and Celtic--have no
+affinity with the Hebrew; but that is made of no account. The history of
+the many tribes of which our nation is composed--whether Teutonic, or
+Saxon, or Caledonian, or Latin, or Scandinavian--is totally distinct
+from that of any of the tribes of Israel; but authentic history is in
+this case wholly set aside.
+
+The manners and customs of our nation, both religious and social, have
+not the slightest resemblance to those of Israel; but this is quite
+ignored. The physiognomy of our countrymen--whether they are English, or
+Welsh, or Scotch, or Celtic, or Norwegian, or Norman--is the very
+opposite of Eastern, the Israelitish face being a marked contrast to the
+British; but that is reckoned of no consequence.
+
+The names of men, women, and places in our land are not Hebrew or
+Semitic at all, but are traceable to another class of language
+altogether; yet _this_ weighs nothing. The occupation of our land by
+certain tribes, who we now call the Aboriginal Caledonians, or Britons
+(long before the Ten Tribes were carried captive to Assyria, and who,
+therefore, could not be Israelites), is passed by. The grand story of an
+Israelitish emigration from Assyria into Great Britain, whether by sea
+or land, we are not told, and there is neither history nor tradition nor
+local monuments to confirm it. And yet, when was there _ever_ an
+emigration in which the emigrants did not carry their language, their
+religion, their manners, their dress, and their national traditions with
+them? This the identifiers of Israel with England have not considered.
+The Two Tribes in their dispersion over wide Europe carried their
+worship, their language, and their manners, into every European city,
+and synagogues exist to this day which were set up centuries before
+Christ, and every European Jew can tell for certain that he is a
+descendant of Abraham, and lives apart from the Gentiles around; yet, if
+the Anglo-Israelite theory be true, the Ten Tribes poured in upon Great
+Britain and settled themselves there, drove back the Aborigines, but
+left their religion, their books, their priesthood, their language,
+their names behind them, like cast-off clothes, in order to prevent
+themselves from being identified, as if ashamed of their ancestry. It
+must have been with Israelites that Julius Cæsar fought; their queen,
+Boadicea, not a Hebrew name, and their general, Caractacus, not a Hebrew
+name either: these Israelites must have set up the Druid religion in the
+island, and to them we must owe Stonehenge and similar relics of
+antiquity.
+
+There is no evidence in the Bible, or in history, or tradition, for any
+such Israelitish emigration. Such a flood could not have passed over
+Europe, either north or south, without leaving some trace or being
+mentioned in history. If some two or three millions of Israelites did
+pour into this remote and barbarous island of ours, it must have been
+before the Romans came; and such a flood of Easterns must have made it a
+populous island, which certainly it was not.
+
+These cultivated Easterns--for the Israelites, even in their apostasy,
+were a highly educated and cultivated nation--flowed in upon an island
+of barbarians, yet produced no impression, taught them no arts, gave
+them no language, and brought no civilisation to the barbarous Britons
+and Caledonians; whereas the Romans, who followed, carried language,
+arts, manners, names with them, and left behind them (though theirs was
+but a brief military occupation) traces of their Latin footsteps, which
+remain to us after nineteen centuries. Traverse our island, and you will
+find in every county names and traditions and ruins that tell you that
+Rome was once here; but no name or traditions to say that Israel was
+here. Note: In Cornwall there may be some traces of Phoenician commerce;
+but we know whence these Eastern strangers came and the object of their
+coming, viz., to procure tin from the mines.
+
+Are such things credible or possible? Prophecy, moreover, intimates that
+Israel is to remain scattered and under the curse till the Redeemer
+comes out of Zion, and will turn away ungodliness from Jacob. The whole
+Twelve Tribes are under the curse till the great day of national
+deliverance comes for Judah and for Israel.
+
+Let Rom. xi. be studied in connection with this.
+
+The "identifications" gravely announced in some of the many pamphlets of
+Anglo-Israelitish literature are somewhat peculiar, and do not carry any
+extraordinary amount of weight with them to counterbalance the above
+arguments. Here are a few of them:--
+
+1. "Isles and islands," spoken of by the prophets. These must be the
+British Isles, and, therefore, their inhabitants are the Ten Tribes.
+
+2. "Israel loveth to oppress," the prophet says; "England loveth to
+oppress"--therefore, England is Israel.
+
+3. "I believe," says one of the Anglo-Israelitish authors, "that Sunday
+Schools have been raised up purposely for this identity!"
+
+4. "Israel is to occupy the ends of the earth." Britain does so;
+therefore, Britain is Israel.
+
+5. "Israel is to possess the gates of his enemies." We possess
+Gibraltar, Malta, the Cape, etc.; therefore, we are Israel, for these
+are "the gates" of our enemies.
+
+6. "The smoke and fire coming up from the cities and furnaces of our
+land are like the pillar cloud of Israel."
+
+7. The people in the South of Ireland trouble us, just as the Canaanites
+troubled Israel; therefore, we are Israel, for the South of Ireland is
+peopled by the descendants of the Canaanites.
+
+8. Jacob's stone is still in our possession. It is that on which Jacob
+slept, that which was the chief corner-stone of the Temple--saved by
+Jeremiah, and taken by him to Ireland, and then placed in Westminster
+Abbey under the Coronation chair; therefore, the English are Israelites.
+
+9. "Jacob's glory is like the firstling of a bullock" (Deut. xxxiii.
+17). The identifiers write: "The ox being oftentimes applied to Israel
+may partly be said to emblemise the world-famed power of John Bull."
+
+No evidence (worthy of its name), either historical, ethnological,
+linguistic, or traditional, is produced; we get nothing but conjectures
+and fanciful allusions as the proofs of this singular theory.
+
+Some of its defenders boast that since this theory was started the
+incomes of our Jewish Mission Societies have fallen off by £15,000.
+Whether this is true or not we cannot say; but the boast, whatever be
+its foundation, shows the spirit of the writers and the tendency of the
+new doctrine.
+
+Noah's prophecy stands out clear and sharp with its threefold ethnology;
+Shem, Ham and Japheth are the roots of the nations, and God has kept
+them distinct: let us beware of confounding them. History tells us that
+our pedigree is to be traced to Japheth. The modern discoveries in
+ethnology confirm this beyond a doubt; Eastern monuments, whether of
+Assyria or Egypt, tell the same story.
+
+The above theory rests on a misreading of prophetic truth: such a
+misreading robs it of all its Divine spirituality. Outward national
+prosperity and greatness, not righteousness nor truth, are made the
+characteristics of the Israel of prophecy. England--full of crime,
+infidelity, immorality, and ungodliness--is said to be now enjoying the
+favour of God, which is destined for Israel in the latter day! The
+knowledge of the glory of the Lord is to be the privilege of these
+tribes, and by that knowledge they are to be exalted. But this theory
+give us another standard of the nation's greatness--a standard which no
+part of Scripture recognises, least of all the sure word of prophecy,
+the light in the dark place. This theory darkens the whole prophetic
+Word, perverting events and inverting times and seasons. It denies
+Israel's present guilt, and lowers our ideas of Israel's coming glory.
+It puts a Gentile King and Queen in the place of the nation's own
+Messiah, under whose sceptre alone it is to enjoy peace, blessedness and
+holy greatness. It rejects the apostle's symbol of the olive tree, in
+Rom. xi.; Not merely confounding the Jewish and the Gentile
+dispensation, denying that the once good olive tree has for a season
+become evil, and its branches cut off to make room for the grafts of the
+wild olive tree.
+
+This is emphatically and pre-eminently the time of the wild olive tree,
+whereas this theory not only confuses the wild olive with the good, but
+denies that it is the grafted branches of the wild olive tree that are
+now bearing fruit and receiving blessing.
+
+When the dispensation of the wild olive, or Gentile, shall end, then,
+but not till then, shall the blessing and the glory return to the good
+olive--that is, to "all Israel."
+
+Let us take the Word of God simply as we find it. Let us beware of
+fanciful identifications, which, even were they true, are not worth the
+stress laid upon them. Suppose I could prove, not by conjecture, but by
+registered genealogies, that I belong to the tribe of Ephraim or
+Issachar, what does it profit me? Will it make me a holier man to know
+that I belong to those northern tribes against which the Lord, when
+here, pronounced His darkest woes, as primarily and pre-eminently His
+rejectors. "Woe unto thee, Chorazin! Woe unto thee, Bethsaida! It shall
+be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the Day of Judgment than for
+thee."
+
+Capernaum, the representative of the Ten Tribes, had been condemned for
+refusing the Lord of Glory before Jerusalem was cast away.
+
+To esteem external national prosperity as God's special mark of favour,
+is to carnalise all the prophets, and to degrade, not only the glory of
+the latter day, but present privileges in Christ; for what a poor thing
+these privileges and the glory must be if this sinful nation of ours,
+that seems ripe for judgment and rejection, be the exhibition of these,
+the fulfilment of Jehovah's promises to the beloved people.
+
+
+
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