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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Lives of the III Normans, Kings of
+England: William the First, William the Second, Henrie the First, by John
+Hayward
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Lives of the III Normans, Kings of England: William the First, William the Second, Henrie the First
+
+
+Author: John Hayward
+
+
+
+Release Date: January 7, 2012  [eBook #38513]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIVES OF THE III NORMANS,
+KINGS OF ENGLAND: WILLIAM THE FIRST, WILLIAM THE SECOND, HENRIE THE
+FIRST***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Mark C. Orton, Steven Gibbs, Rory OConor, and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+      Text enclosed between curly brackets was Greek in the original
+      and has been transliterated into Latin characters.
+
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+
+  THE LIVES OF
+  THE III. NORMANS,
+  _KINGS OF_
+  ENGLAND:
+
+  WILLIAM the first.
+  WILLIAM the second.
+  HENRIE the first.
+
+  Written by I. H.
+
+  MART. _Improbe facit qui in alieno libro ingeniosus est._
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+  IMPRINTED AT
+  LONDON BY _R.B._
+  _ANNO 1613._
+
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+  TO THE HIGH
+  AND MIGHTIE
+  PRINCE
+  _CHARLES_
+  _Prince of Wales._
+
+
+  MOST _Illustrious_ PRINCE:
+
+Ovr late, too late borne, or too soone _dying Prince, HENRY of famous
+memorie, your deceased brother, sent for mee, a few monethes before his
+death. And at my second comming to his presence, among some other
+speeches, hee complained much of our Histories of England; and that the
+English Nation, which is inferiour to none in Honourable actions, should
+be surpassed by all, in leauing the memorie of them to posteritie. For
+this cause hee blamed the negligence of former ages: as if they were
+ignorant of their owne deseruings, as if they esteemed themselues
+vnworthie of their worth._
+
+_I answered, that I conceiued these causes hereof; One, that men of
+sufficiencie were otherwise employed; either in publicke affaires, or in
+wrestling with the world, for maintenance or encrease of their priuate
+estates. Another is, for that men might safely write of others in a
+tale, but in maner of a History, safely they could not: because, albeit
+they should write of men long since dead, and whose posteritie is cleane
+worne out; yet some aliue, finding themselues foule in those vices,
+which they see obserued, reproued, condemned in others; their
+guiltinesse maketh them apt to conceiue, that whatsoeuer the words are,
+the finger pointeth onely at them. The last is, for that the Argument of
+our English historie hath bene so soiled heretofore by some vnworthie
+writers, that men of qualitie may esteeme themselues discredited by
+dealing in it._
+
+_And is not this (said he) an errour in vs, to permit euery man to be a
+writer of Historie? Is it not an errour to be so curious in other
+matters, and so carelesse in this? We make choise of the most skilfull
+workemen to draw or carue the portraiture of our faces, and shall euery
+artlesse Pensell delineate the disposition of our minds? Our apparell
+must be wrought by the best Artificers, and no soile must be suffered to
+fall vpon it: and shall our actions, shall our conditions be described
+by euery bungling hand? Shall euery filthie finger defile our
+reputation? Shall our Honour be basely buried in the drosse of rude and
+absurd writings? Wee are carefull to prouide costly Sepulchers, to
+preserue our dead liues, to preserue some memorie what wee haue bene:
+but there is no monument, either so durable, or so largely extending, or
+so liuely and faire, as that which is framed by a fortunate penne; the
+memory of the greatest Monuments had long since perished, had it not
+bene preserued by this meanes._
+
+_To this I added; that I did alwayes conceiue, that we should make our
+reckoning of three sorts of life: the short life of nature, the long
+life of fame, and the eternall life of glorie. The life of glorie is so
+farre esteemed before the other two, as grace is predominant in vs: the
+life of fame before our naturall life is so farre esteemed, as a
+generous spirit surmounteth sensualitie; as humane nature ouerruleth
+brutish disposition. So farre as the noble nature of man hath dominion
+in our minds, so farre do we contemne, either the incommodities, or
+dangers, or life of our body, in regard of our reputation and fame. Now
+seeing this life of fame is both preserued and enlarged chiefly by
+history; there is no man (I suppose) that will either resist, or not
+assist, the commendable or at least tolerable writing thereof, but such
+as are conscious to themselues, either that no good, or that nothing but
+ill, can bee reported of them. In whom notwithstanding it is an errour
+to thinke, that any power of the present time, can either extinguish or
+obscure the memorie of times succeeding. Posteritie will giue to euery
+man his due: Some ages hereafter will affoord those, who will report
+vnpartially of all._
+
+_Then he questioned whether I had wrote any part of our English
+Historie, other then that which had been published; which at that time
+he had in his hands. I answered, that I had wrote of certaine of our
+English Kings, by way of a briefe description of their liues: but for
+historie, I did principally bend, and binde my selfe to the times
+wherein I should liue; in which my owne obseruations might somewhat
+direct me: but as well in the one as in the other I had at that time
+perfected nothing._
+
+_To this he said; that in regard of the honour of the time, hee liked
+well of the last; but for his owne instruction, he more desired the
+first: that he desired nothing more then to know the actions of his
+Auncestours; because hee did so farre esteeme his descent from them, as
+he approached neere them in honourable endeauours. Hereupon, beautifying
+his face with a sober smile, he desired mee, that against his returne
+from the progresse then at hand, I would perfect somewhat of both sorts
+for him, which he promised amply to requite; and was well knowen to be
+one who esteemed his word aboue ordinary respects. This stirred in mee,
+not onely a will, but power to perfourme; so as engaging my duety farre
+aboue the measure either of my leisure or of my strength, I finished the
+liues of these three Kings of Norman race, and certaine yeeres of Queene
+ELIZABETHS Reigne._
+
+_At his returne from the Progresse to his house at S. Iames, these
+pieces were deliuered vnto him; which hee did not onely courteously, but
+ioyfully accept. And because this seemed a perfect worke, he expressed a
+desire that it should be published. Not long after he died; and with him
+died both my endeauours and my hopes. His death, alasse! hath bound the
+liues of many vnto death, face to face; being no wayes able, either by
+forgetfulnesse to couer their griefe, or to diminish it with
+consideration._
+
+_For in trueth he was a Prince of a most Heroical heart: Free from many
+vices which sometimes accompanie high estates, full of most amiable and
+admirable vertues: of whose perfections the world was not worthy. His
+eyes were full of pleasant modestie; his countenance manly beautifull;
+in bodie both strongly and delicately made; in behauiour sweetely sober,
+which gaue grace to whatsoeuer he did. He was of a discerning wit; and
+for the facultie of his mind, of great capacitie and power, accompanied
+with equall expedition of will: much foreseeing in his actions, and for
+passions a commander of himselfe; and of good strength to resist the
+power of prosperitie. In counsaile he was ripe and measured, in
+resolution constant, his word euer led by his thought, and followed by
+his deede. And albeit hee was but yong and his nature forward and free,
+yet his wisedome reduced both to a true temper of moderation; his
+desires being neuer aboue his reason, nor his hopes inferiour to his
+desires. In a word, hee was the most faire fruit of his Progenitours, an
+excellent ornament of the present age, a true mirrour to posteritie:
+being so equally both setled to valour, and disposed to goodnesse and
+Iustice, as hee expressed not onely tokens, but proofes, both of a
+courage, and of a grauitie and industrie right worthie of his estate._
+
+_Glorious Prince, my loue and duety hath caried me further, then happily
+is fit for the present purpose: and yet this is but an earnest onely of
+my earnest affection and zeale to thy Honour. I shall hereafter haue a
+more proper place to display at large, the goodlinesse of thy shape, the
+goodnesse of thy nature, the greatnesse of thy minde: all thy
+perfections, whereby our affections were much enflamed. And euillworthy
+may he be of any happy hopes, who will not adde one blast of his breath,
+to make vp the glorious gale of thy fame._
+
+_In the meane time I haue here accomplished his desire in publishing
+this worke: More to testifie to the world the height of his heart, then
+for any pleasure I haue to set foorth any thing, to the view of these
+both captious and vnthankefull times; wherein men will be, not readers
+onely, but interpreters, but wresters, but corrupters and deprauers of
+that which they reade; wherein men thinke the reproofe of others, to be
+the greatest parcell of their owne praise. But how should I expect any
+better vsage? The Commentaries of Caesar, neuer disliked before, are
+esteemed by Lypsius, a dry saplesse piece of writing. The most famous
+Tacitus is tearmed by Alceate, [1]a thicket of thornes; by Budaeus, [2]a
+most lewd Writer; by Tertullian, [3]an exceeding lyar; by Orosius, [4]a
+flatterer; then which assuredly he is nothing lesse. I will not expect
+any better vsage, I will not desire it; I will hereafter esteeme nothing
+of any worth, which hath not many to detract from it._
+
+_Whatsoeuer this is, I haue presumed to present it to your Highnesse,
+for these causes following: First, for that it receiued this being from
+him, who was most dearely esteemed by you; who may be iustly proposed,
+as an example of vertue, as a guide to glory and fame. Secondly, for
+that the persons of whom it treateth, are those most worthy Ancestors of
+yours, who laid the foundation of this English Empire; who were eminent
+among all the Princes of their times, and happely for many ages after,
+as well in actions of Peace as of Warre. Lastly, for that I esteeme
+Histories the fittest subiect for your Highnesse reading: For by
+diligent perusing the actes of great men, by considering all the
+circumstances of them, by comparing Counsailes and meanes with euents; a
+man may seeme to haue liued in all ages, to haue beene present at all
+enterprises; to be more strongly confirmed in Iudgement, to haue
+attained a greater experience, then the longest life can possibly
+affoord._
+
+_But because many errours doe vsually arise, by ignorance of the State
+wherein we liue; because it is dangerous to frame rules of Policie out
+of Countreys differing from vs, both in nature, and custome of life, and
+forme of gouernment; no Histories are so profitable as our owne. In
+these your Highnesse may see, the noble disposition and delights of your
+Ancestors; what were their sweete walkes, what their pleasant Chases:
+how farre they preferred glory, before either pleasure or safetie; how
+by the braue behauiour of their sword, they hewed honour out of the
+sides of their enemies. In these you may see, the largenesse,
+commodities, and strength of this Countrey; the nature of the people,
+their wealth, pleasure, exercise and trade of life, and what else is
+worthy of obseruation. Generally, by these you may so furnish your
+selfe, as not easily to be abused either by weake or deceitfull aduise._
+
+_The Most High preserue and prosper your Highnesse: that as you succeed
+many excellent Ancestours in blood, so you may exceed them all in
+Honourable atchieuements._
+
+  Your Highnesse
+  most deuoted,
+  I. HAYWARD.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE OF
+
+KING WILLIAM
+
+THE FIRST,
+
+_Sirnamed Conquerour_.
+
+
+Robert Duke of _Normandie_, the sixth in descent from _Rollo_, riding
+through _Falais_ a towne in _Normandie_, espied certaine yong persons
+dauncing neere the way. And as he stayed to view a while the maner of
+their disport, he fixed his eye especially vpon a certaine damosell
+named _Arlotte_; of meane birth, a Skinners daughter, who there daunced
+among the rest. The frame and comely carriage of her body, the naturall
+beautie and graces of her countenance, the simplicitie of her rurall
+both behauiour and attire pleased him so well, that the same night he
+procured her to be brought to his lodging; where he begate of her a
+sonne, who afterward was named _William_.
+
+I will not defile my writing with memory of some lasciuious behauiour
+which she is reported to haue vsed, at such time as the Duke approched
+to embrace her. And doubtfull it is, whether vpon some speciall note of
+immodestie in herselfe, or whether vpon hate towards her sonne, the
+English afterwards adding an aspiration to her name (according to the
+naturall maner of their pronouncing) termed euery vnchast woman
+_Harlot_.
+
+It is remembred by some, rather seruile then fond in obseruations, who
+will either finde or frame predictions for euery great action or euent;
+that his mother before the time of her deliuery had a dreame, that her
+bowels were extended ouer _Normandie_ and _England_. Also, that at the
+time of his birth, he fell from his mothers body to the ground; and
+there filled both his hands with rushes, which had bene cast thicke vpon
+the floore, and streined them with a very streit gripe. The wiues
+laughed at large, and soone grew prodigall of idle talke. But the
+Midwife somewhat more soberly said; That he should not onely hold well
+his owne, but graspe somewhat from other men.
+
+When he was about 9. yeeres of age, his father went vpon deuotion to
+_Hierusalem_; and in his returne died at the Citie of _Nice_. So
+_William_ at that age succeeded his father; hauing then very generous
+and aspiring spirits, both to resist abroad, and to rule at home. Hee
+was committed to the gouernment of two of his vnckles; and the French
+King was entreated by his father to take vpon him the protection, both
+of his person and State. But his vnckles pretended title to his
+dignitie, by reason of his vnlawfull birth; the King of France also
+desired much and had often attempted to reduce _Normandie_ to his
+absolute subiection, as it was before the inuasion of the _Normans_. So
+as it may seeme he was committed to these Tutors, as a Lambe should be
+committed to the tutelage of wolues. The onely meanes of his
+preseruation consisted in a factious Nobilitie, deuided into so many
+parts, as there were parties: Some contending for possession of the yong
+Dukes person; others, of his authoritie and power; all of them
+incompatible to endure either equals, or els superiours: All of them
+vnited against a common enemie; all deuided among themselues.
+
+Here it may be demanded how he being vnlawfully borne, could succeed his
+father in the dutchie of _Normandie_; his father leauing two brothers
+borne in lawfull marriage, and much other legitimate kindred behind him.
+
+_Will. Malmesburie_[5] and some others haue reported, that albeit hee
+was borne out of marriage, yet Duke _Robert_ his father did afterwards
+entertaine his mother for lawfull wife: which by the Law of that
+Countrey, agreeable in that point to the Ciuill and Canon Lawes,
+sufficed to make the issue inheritable, although borne before.
+
+And further, it was a generall custome at that time in France, that
+bastards did succeed, euen in dignities of highest condition, no
+otherwise then children lawfully begotten. _Thierrie_ bastard of
+_Clouis_, had for his partage with the lawfull children of the same
+_Clouis_, the Kingdome of _Austrasie_, now called _Lorraine_.
+_Sigisbert_ bastard of King _Dagobert_ the first, had his part in the
+Kingdome of France, with _Clouis_ the 12. lawfull sonne to _Dagobert_.
+_Loys_ and _Carloman_ bastards of King _Loys le Begue_, succeeded after
+the death of their father. So likewise in _England_, _Alfride_ bastard
+sonne of _Oswine_, succeeded his brother _Egfride_. So _Adelstane_ the
+bastard sonne of _Edward_ the elder, succeeded his father, before
+_Edmund_ and _Eldred_ his yonger brothers; notwithstanding they were
+lawfully begotten. So _Edmund_, surnamed the _Martyr_, Bastard sonne to
+King _Edgar_, succeeded him in the state, before _Ethelbred_ his lawfull
+issue. Afterward, _Harold_ surnamed _Harefoote_, bastard to _Canutus_,
+succeeded him in the kingdome, before _Hardicanutus_, his lawfull sonne.
+The like custome hath been obserued in _Spaine_, in _Portugale_, and in
+diuers other countreys. And it is probable that this vse was grounded
+vpon often experience, that bastards (as begotten in the highest heate
+and strength of affection) haue many times been men of excellent proofe,
+both in courage and in vnderstanding. This was verified[6] in
+_Hercules_, _Alexander_ the Great, _Romulus_, _Timotheus_, _Brutus_,
+_Themistocles_, _Arthur_: in _Homer_, _Demosthenes_, _Bion_,
+_Bartholus_, _Gratian_, _Peter Lumbard_, _Peter Comestor_, _Io.
+Andreas_, and diuers of most flourishing name: among whom our
+_Conquerour_ may worthily be ranged.
+
+And yet in the third race of the Kings of _France_ a law was made, that
+bastards should not inherite the Crowne of the Realme. This custome was
+likewise banished out of _England_, and other countreys of _Europe_.
+Notwithstanding in _France_, other bastards of great houses were still
+aduowed.
+
+The exercises of this Duke from his verie youth were ingenuous, manly,
+decent, & such as tended to actiuitie and valure: Hee was of a working
+minde and vehement spirit, rather ambitious then onely desirous of
+glory: of a piercing wit, blind in no mans cause, and well sighted in
+his owne: of a liuely and present courage; neither out of ignorance, or
+rash estimation of dangers, but out of a true iudgement both of himselfe
+and of them. In peace he was politicke: In warre valiant and very
+skilfull, both to espie, and to apprehend, and to follow his aduantages:
+this valure and skill in militarie affayres, was alwayes seconded with
+good successe. He was continually accustomed both to the weight and vse
+of armour, from his very childhood. Oftentimes hee looked death in the
+face with a braue contempt. He was neuer free from actions of armes;
+first vpon necessity to defend himselfe, afterwards vpon ambition to
+offend and disturbe the possessions of others.
+
+In his first age he was much infested with rebels in _Normandie_; who
+often conspired both against his life, and against his dignitie and
+State; traducing him, as a bastard, as a boy, as borne of a base ignoble
+woman, as altogether vnworthy to be their Prince. Of these, some he
+appeased and reconciled vnto him: others he preuented, and dispersed
+their power before it was collected: others hee encountred in open
+field, before he had any haire vpon his face; where hee defeated their
+forces in full battell, then tooke their strongholds, and lastly chased
+them out of his dominion.
+
+And first _Roger Tresnye_, hauing gained exceeding great both fauour and
+reputation by his seruices against the _Sarasins_ in _Spaine_, made
+claime to the duchie of _Normandie_; as one lawfully descended from
+_Rollo_ their first Duke. And albeit many others were before him in
+title, yet (said he) if they will sit still; if they, either through
+sloath, which is ill, or through feare, which is worse, will abandone
+the aduenture, he alone would free the _Normans_ from their infamous
+subiection. He was followed by many, partly vpon opinion of his right,
+but chiefly of his valour. But when he brought his cause to the
+arbitrement of Armes, hee was ouerthrowne in a strong battaile, wherein
+his claime and his life determined together.
+
+After this, _William_ Earle of _Arques_, sonne to _Richard_ the second,
+and vnckle to Duke _William_, vpon the same pretence declared himselfe
+against his nephew. And albeit the _Normans_ were heauie to stirre in
+his fauour, yet hee so wrought with the French King, by assuring him
+great matters in _Normandie_; that with a mightie armie of his owne
+people, hee went in person, to place him in possession of that dutchy.
+The way which the King tooke, led him to a large valley, sandie and full
+of short bushes and shrubs; troublesome for horsemen either to fight or
+to march. On either side were rising hils, very thicke set with wood.
+Here the Armie entred with small aduisement, either for clearing the
+passage, or for the safetie of their carriages. The Vaward consisted
+chiefly of battle-axes and pikes. In the right wing were many _Almans_
+among the _French_. In the left were many of _Aniou_ and _Poictou_.
+After these followed the baggage, with an infinite number of scullians,
+carters and other base drudges attending vpon it. Next came the French
+King with the maine battaile, consisting for the most part of valiant
+and worthy Gentlemen, brauely mounted. The lances and men at Armes
+cloased the Rereward.
+
+When they were well entred this valley, the _Normans_ did liuely charge
+vpon them in head; they deliuered also their deadly shot from the hils
+on both sides, as thicke as haile. Notwithstanding the Vantgard, casting
+themselues into a pointed battaile in forme of a wedge, with plaine
+force of hand made themselues way; and marching in firme and close order
+through the thickest of their enemies, gained (albeit not without great
+losse) the top of a hill, and there presently encamped themselues. The
+like fortune happily might the residue haue had, if they had followed
+with the like order and courage. But failing herein, the right wing was
+hewed in pieces: the left wing was broken and beaten vpon the carriages;
+where ouerbearing and treading downe one an other, they receiued almost
+as much hurt from themselues, as they did from their enemies. The maine
+battaile and Rereward aduancing forward to rescue the carriage, were
+first miserably ouerwhelmed with a storme of arrowes from the hill on
+both sides: and the gallant horses once galled with that shot, would no
+more obey or endure their riders; but flinging out, either ouerthrew or
+disordred all in their way. And the more to encrease the miserie of that
+day, the dull and light sand which was raised, partly by the feete of
+horses and men, and partly by violence of the wind, which then blew full
+in the faces of the _French_, inuolued them all as in a thicke and darke
+cloud; which depriued them of all foresight and direction in gouerning
+their affaires. The valiant was nothing discerned from the coward, no
+difference could be set betweene contriuance and chance: All laboured in
+one common calamitie, and euery one encreased the feare of his fellow.
+
+The _Normans_ hauing well spent their shot, and perceiuing the _French_
+in this sort both disordered and dismayed, came downe from the hils
+where they houered before; and falling to the close stroke of
+battaile-axe and sword, most cruelly raged in the blood of their
+enemies. By whom if any sparke of valour was shewen, being at so great
+disaduantage, it was to no purpose, it was altogether lost; it was so
+farre from relieuing others, that it was not sufficient to defend
+themselues. And doubtlesse no thing so much fauoured the state of the
+_French_ that day, as that the number of the _Normans_ sufficed not to
+enclose them behind. For then they had bene entrapped as Deere in a
+toile; then not one of them could haue escaped. But the entrance of the
+valley remayning open, many fled backe to the plaine ground; tumbling
+together in such headlong hast, that if the _Normans_ had sharply put
+vpon them the chase, it is certaine that they had bene extreemely
+defeated. But the Duke gaue ouer the execution vpon good aduise. For
+knowing himselfe not to be of force vtterly to vanquish the _French_, he
+assayed rather by faire forbearance to purchase their friendship.
+
+Here the French king assembled his broken companies, and encamped them
+for that night so well as he could. The ioy of their present escape
+expelled for the time all other respects. But after a little breathing,
+their remembrance began to runne vpon the losse of their cariages;
+whereby they had lost all meanes to refresh themselues. Of their Vaward
+they made a forelorne reckoning, and the like did the Vaward of them.
+Many were wounded, all wearied; and the _Normans_ gaue notice by
+sounding out their instruments of warre, that they were at hand on euery
+side. The rudest of the Souldiers did boldly vpbraid this infortunitie
+to the King; one asked him where his Vaward was, where were his wings,
+where were the residue of his battell, and Rereward. Others called for
+the cariages, to preserue those in life who had not been slaine. Others
+demanded if he had any more mouse-traps to leade them into. But most
+sate heauy and pensiue, scarce accounting themselues among the liuing.
+The King swallowed downe all with a sad silence, sometimes he dissembled
+as though he had not heard; sometimes hee would fairely answere; _Good
+words, good souldiers; haue patience a while, and all will be well_:
+which was indeede a truer word then he thought it possible to bee when
+he spake it.
+
+In this extremity the King assembled the chiefe of his commanders, to
+aduise with them what was best to be done. It was generally concluded,
+that in staying their case was desperate; and dangerous it was to
+stirre. But here lay the question; whether it was least dangerous to
+remoue together, or euery man to shift for himselfe. Whilest this point
+was in debating, whilest they expected euery minute to be assailed,
+whilest no man saw any thing but death and despaire; behold, a messenger
+came from the Duke, not to offer but to desire peace; and to craue
+protection of the French king, according to the trust which _Robert_ the
+Dukes father reposed in him. There needed not many words to perswade.
+Peace was signed, protection assured, in a more ample maner then it was
+required. Then the messenger with many good words appeased the Kings
+heauinesse, telling him, that his Vaward was safe, his cariages not
+touched, and that he should be furnished with horses both for burthen
+and draught, in stead of those that had been slaine. These words, as a
+sweete enchantment, rauished the _French_ King with sudden ioy. But when
+they came to gather vp their baggage, a spectacle both lamentable and
+loathsome was presented vnto them. The valley couered, and in some
+places heaped with dead bodies of men and horses: many not once touched
+with any weapon, lay troden to death, or else stifled with dust and
+sand: many grieuously wounded, reteined some remainder of life, which
+they expressed with cries and groanes: many not mortally hurt, were so
+ouerlaid with the slaine, that they were vnable to free themselues:
+towards whom it is memorable, what manly both pitie and helpe the
+_Normans_ did affoord. And so the _French_ King more by courtesie of his
+enemies, then either by courage or discretion of his owne, returned in
+reasonable state to _Paris_.
+
+Vpon these euents of open hostilitie, _Guy_ Earle of _Burgogne_, who had
+taken to wife _Alix_, daughter to Duke _Richard_ the second, and Aunt to
+Duke _William_, conspired with _Nicellus_ president of _Constantine_,
+_Ranulph_ Vicecount of _Bayon_, _Baimond_, and diuers others, suddenly
+to surprise the Duke, and slay him in the night. A certaine foole,
+(nothing regarded for his want of wit) obseruing their preparations,
+secretly got away, and in the dead of the night came to _Valogne_, where
+the Duke then lay; no lesse slenderly guarded with men, then the place
+it selfe was sleight for defence. Here he continued rapping at the
+gate, and crying out, vntill it was opened, and hee brought to the
+presence of the Duke. To whom he declared the conspiracie, with
+circumstances of such moment, that the Duke foorthwith tooke his horse,
+and posted alone towards _Falais_, an especial place for strength for
+defence. Presently after his departure the conspirators came to
+_Valogne_, they beset the house, they enter by force, they search euery
+corner for the Duke: And finding that the game was start, and on foote,
+in hote haste they pursued the chase.
+
+About breake of day the Dukes horse tired, and he was ignorant of his
+right way. He was then at a little village called _Rie_, where the
+chiefe Gentleman of the place was standing at his doore ready to goe
+abroad. Of him the Duke enquired the next way to _Falais_. The Gentleman
+knew the Duke, and with all duetie and respect desired to know the cause
+of his both solitarie and vntimely riding. The Duke would willingly haue
+passed vnknowne; but perceiuing himselfe to be discouered, declared to
+him the whole aduenture. Hereupon the Gentleman furnished him with a
+fresh horse, and sent with him two of his sonnes to conduct him the
+direct way to _Falais_.
+
+No sooner were they out of sight, but the conspirators came, and
+enquired of the same Gentleman (who still remained at his doore) whether
+he saw not the Duke that morning: as if, forsooth, they were come to
+attend him. The Gentleman answered, that he was gone a little before,
+and therewith offered them his company to ouertake him. But he lead them
+about another way, vntill the Duke was safely alighted at _Falais_. And
+thus the more we consider these and the like passages of affaires, the
+lesse we shall admire either the wisdome, or industry, or any other
+sufficiencie of man. In actions of weight it is good to employ our best
+endeuours; but when all is done, he danceth well to whom Fortune doeth
+pipe.
+
+When the conspirators vnderstood that their principall purpose was
+disappointed, they made themselues so powerfull in the field, that the
+Duke was enforced to craue ayde of the King of _France_; who not long
+before was his greatest enemie. The King preferring to his remembrance
+the late honourable dealing of the Duke, came in person vnto him; by
+whose countenance and aide the Duke ouerthrew his enemies in a full
+battell, in the vale of _Dunes_: albeit not without great difficultie,
+and bold aduenture of his owne person. _Guy de Burgogne_ escaped by
+flight, and defended himselfe in certaine castles which he had fortified
+in _Normandie_ for his retreite; but in the end hee rendred both
+himselfe and them to the Dukes discretion. The Duke not onely pardoned
+him, but honoured him with a liberall pension; which he did afterward
+both with valiant and loyall seruice requite.
+
+Not long after, the French King had wars against _Ieoffrey Martell_, and
+Duke _William_ went with a faire companie of Souldiers to his ayde. In
+this seruice he so wel acquited himselfe, both in iudgement and with
+hand, that the French King was chiefly directed by him; onely blaming
+him for too carelesse casting himselfe into the mouth of dangers;
+imputing that to ostentation, which was but the heate of his courage and
+age. Oftentimes hee would range from the maine battell with very fewe in
+his company; either to make discoueries, or to encounter such enemies as
+could not bee found with greater troupes. Once hee withdrew himselfe
+onely with foure, and was met with by fifteene of the enemies. The most
+forward of them he strake from his horse, and brake his thigh with the
+fall. The residue hee chased foure miles; and most of them being hurt,
+tooke seuen prisoners. Hereupon _Ieoffrey Martell_ then said of him;
+that he was at that time the best souldier, and was like to prooue the
+best commander in the world.
+
+And as hee was both fauourable and faithfull towards them who fairely
+yeelded, so against such as either obstinately or scornefully caried
+themselues, he was extreamely seuere, or rather cruell. When hee
+besieged _Alencon_, which the Duke of _Aniou_ had taken from him, the
+defendants would often crie from the walles, _La pel, La pel_;
+reproaching him thereby with the birth of his mother. This base
+insolencie, as it enflamed both his desire and courage to atchieue the
+enterprise, so did it his fury, to deale sharpely with them when they
+were subdued; by cutting off their hands and feete; and by other
+seuerities which were not vsuall.
+
+Besides these, some others of his owne blood prouoked _Engelrame_ Earle
+of _Ponthieu_ to moue against him in armes: but the Duke receiued him
+with so resolute valour, that the Earle was slaine in the field, and
+they well chastised who drew him to the enterprise. The _Britaines_ did
+often feele the force of his victorious armes. Hee had many conflicts
+with _Ieoffrey Martell_ Earle of _Aniou_, confederate with the Princes
+of _Britane_, _Aquitaine_, and _Tours_; a man equall vnto him both in
+power and in skill to command, but in fortune and in force of arme much
+inferiour. Many excellent atchieuements were performed betweene them;
+insomuch as their hostilitie seemed onely to bee an emulation in honour.
+Once the Duke fell into an ambushment addressed for him by the Earle of
+_Aniou_; wherewith he was so suddenly surprized, that he was almost in
+the midst of the danger before he thought any danger neere him. An
+exceeding great both terrour and confusion seazed vpon his souldiers;
+because the more sudden and vncertaine a perill is, the greater is it
+alwayes esteemed. Many of his brauest men were slaine; the residue so
+disordered, or at least shaken, as they began to thinke more of their
+particular escape, then of the common either safety or glory.
+
+When they were thus vpon the point to disband, the Duke rather with
+rage then courage cried vnto them, _If you loue me not Souldiers, yet
+for shame follow me; for shame stand by mee; for shame let not any of
+your friends heare the report, that you ran from mee and left me
+fighting._ With that he threw himselfe into the thickest throng of his
+enimies, and denounced those either traitours or cowards who would not
+follow. This example breathed such braue life into his Souldiers, that
+they rallied their loose rankes, and in close order seconded him with a
+resolute charge: encouraging one another, that it was shameful indeede
+not to fight for him, who so manfully did fight with them. The Duke
+brandishing his sword like a thunderbolt, dung downe his enemies on
+euery side; made at Earle _Martell_ in the midst of his battallion,
+strake him downe, claue his helmet, and cut away one of his eares. This
+so diuerted the _Aniouans_ to the rescue of their Earle, that they let
+the other part of the victorie goe. The Earle they recouered againe to
+horse, and so left the Duke master of the field. Verely, it is almost
+impossible, that a commander of such courage should haue, either faint
+or false hearted Souldiers.
+
+Now it happened not long before, that _Fulc_ Earle of _Aniou_ hauing
+drawen _Herbert_ Earle of _Maine_ vnder faire pretenses to _Xantonge_,
+cast him in prison, from whence he could not be released vntill he had
+yeelded to certaine conditions, both dishonourable and disaduantageable
+vnto him. _Hugh_ succeded _Herbert_; from whom _Ieoffrey Martell_ Earle
+of _Aniou_ tooke the citie of _Maine_, and made himselfe lord of all the
+countrey. _Hugh_ hauing lost his dominion, left both his title and his
+quarrell to his sonne _Herbert_: who hauing no issue, appointed Duke
+_William_ to bee his heire. Hereupon the Duke inuaded _Maine_, and in
+short time subdued the whole countrey, and built two fortifications for
+assurance thereof; hauing first sent word to the Earle of _Aniou_, vpon
+what day the worke should begin. The Earle vsed all diligence and means
+to impeach the buildings; but hee not onely failed of that purpose, but
+further lost the countie of _Medune_.
+
+Againe, _Henry_ King of _France_ did many other times with great
+preparation inuade his Countrey; sometimes with purpose to winne vpon
+him, and sometimes to keepe him from winning vpon others. Vpon a time
+the King led his troupes ouer the foord of _Dine_; and when halfe his
+army had passed, the other halfe by reason of the rising of the Sea, was
+compelled to stay. The Duke apprehending the aduantage, came vpon them
+with a furious charge, being now deuided from the chiefe of the Armie;
+and either slew them or tooke them prisoners, in the plaine view of
+their King. After this they concluded a peace, whereof the conditions
+were, That the Duke should release such prisoners as he had taken; and
+that hee should retaine whatsoeuer he had wonne, or afterwards should
+winne from the Earle of _Aniou_. And yet the King did againe enterprise
+vpon him, with greater forces then at any time before: But the Duke
+entertained his Armies with so good order and valoure, that the King
+gained nothing but losse and dishonour: and the greater his desire was
+of victorie and reuenge, the more foule did his foiles and failings
+appeare; which so brake both his courage and heart, that with griefe
+thereof (as it was conceiued) hee ended his life. And thus during all
+the time that he was onely Duke of _Normandy_, he was neuer free from
+action of armes: in all his actions of armes hee was caried with a most
+rare and perpetuall felicitie.
+
+As he grew in yeeres, so did he in thicknesse and fatnesse of body: but
+so, as it made him neither vnseemely, nor vnseruiceable for the warres;
+and neuer much exceeding the measure of a comely corpulencie. He was
+most decent, and therewith terrible in armes. He was stately and
+maiesticall in his gesture; of a good stature, but in strength
+admirable: in so much as no man was able to draw his bow, which hee
+would bend sitting vpon his horse, stretching out the string with his
+foot. His countenance was warlike and manly as his friends might terme
+it; but as his enemies said, truculent and fierce. He would often sweare
+_By Gods resurrection and his brightnesse_: which he commonly pronounced
+with so furious a face, that hee strooke a terrour into those that were
+present. His head was bald; his beard alwayes shauen; which fashion
+being first taken vp by him, was then followed by all the _Normans_. Hee
+was of a firme and strong constitution for his health; so as he neuer
+was attached with sicknesse, but that which was the summons of his
+death: and in his age seemed little to feele the heauie weight and
+burthen of yeeres.
+
+In his first age he was of a mild and gentle disposition; courteous,
+bountifull, familiar in conuersation, a professed enemie to all vices.
+But as in Fortune, as in yeres, so changed he in his behauiour; partly
+by his continuall following the warres (whereby he was much fleshed in
+blood) and partly by the inconstant nature of the people ouer whom he
+ruled: who by often rebellions did not onely exasperate him to some
+seueritie, but euen constraine him to hold them in with a more stiffe
+arme. So hee did wring from his subiects very much substance, very much
+blood; not for that he was by nature either couetous or cruell, but for
+that his affaires could not otherwise be managed. His great affaires
+could not be managed without great expence, which drew a necessity of
+charge vpon the people: neither could the often rebellions of his
+Subiects be repressed or restrained by any mild and moderate meanes. And
+generally as in all States and gouernments, seuere discipline hath
+alwayes bin a true faithfull mother of vertue and valour; so in
+particular of his _Normans_ he learned by experience, and oftentimes
+declared this iudgement: That if they were held in bridle, they were
+most valiant, and almost inuincible; excelling all men both in courage,
+and in strength, and in honourable desire to vanquish their enemies. But
+if the reines were layd loose vpon their necke, they were apt to runne
+into licentiousnes and mischiefe; ready to consume either themselues by
+riot and sloath, or one another by sedition: prone to innouation and
+change; as heauily mooued to vndertake dangers, so not to bee trusted
+vpon occasion.
+
+He tooke to wife _Matilde_ daughter to _Baldwin_ Earle of _Flanders_, a
+man for his wisedome and power, both reuerenced and feared euen of
+Kings; but because she was his cousin Germane, he was for his marriage
+excommunicate by his owne vnckle _Mauger_ Archbishop of _Roan_. Hereupon
+he sued to Pope _Victor_, and obteined of him a dispensation: and
+afterwards so wrought, that by a prouinciall Councell his vncle _Mauger_
+was depriued of his dignitie. But by this meanes both he & his issue
+were firmely locked in obedience to the Sea of _Rome_; for that vpon the
+authoritie of that place the validitie of his marriage, and consequently
+the legitimation of his issue seemed to depend.
+
+When he was about 50. yeeres of age, _Edward_ King of _England_ ended
+his life. This _Edward_ was sonne to _Egelred_ King of _England_, by
+_Emma_, sister to _Richard_ the second Duke of _Normandie_, who was
+grandfather to Duke _William_: so as King _Edward_ and Duke _William_
+were cousins germane once remoued.[7]
+
+At such time as _Egelred_ was first ouercharged with warres by the
+_Danes_, he sent his wife _Emma_, with two sonnes which she had borne
+vnto him, _Alphred_ and _Edward_, into _Normandie_ to her brother; where
+they were enterteined with all honourable vsage for many yeeres.
+Afterward giuing place to the malice of his Fortune, he passed also into
+_Normandie_, and left his whole state in the possession and power of
+_Swanus_ King of _Denmarke_. But after the death of _Swanus_, partly by
+the aide of the _Normans_, and partly by fauour of his owne people, he
+recouered his Kingdome, and left the same to his eldest sonne _Edmund_,
+who either for the tough temper of his courage and strength, or for that
+he almost alwayes liued in Armes, was surnamed _Ironside_.
+
+Hereupon _Canutus_ the sonne of _Swanus_ made sharpe warre, first
+against _Egelred_, then against _Edmund_: and finally after many
+varieties of aduenture, but chiefly by the fauour of the Clergie of
+_England_ (because they had sworne allegiance to his father) spread the
+wings of his victory ouer the whole Kingdome. He expelled out of the
+Realme _Edwine_ and _Edward_ the two sonnes of King _Edmund_: of whom
+_Edwine_ married the Kings daughter of _Hungarie_, but died without
+issue; _Edward_ was aduanced to the marriage of _Agatha_, daughter to
+the Emperour _Henry_, and by her had issue two sonnes, _Edmund_ &
+_Edgar_, and so many daughters, _Margaret_ and _Christine_. The same
+_Canutus_ tooke _Emma_ to wife, who had bene wife to King _Egelred_; by
+whom he had a sonne named _Hardicanutus_.
+
+After the death of _Canutus_, _Alphred_ the sonne of _Egelred_ came out
+of _Normandie_, and with fiftie saile landed at _Sandwich_: with purpose
+to attempt the recouerie of his fathers kingdome. In which enterprise
+hee receiued not onely encouragement, but good assurance from many of
+the _English_ Nobilitie. But by Earle _Goodwine_ he was abused and
+taken; his company slaine, his eyes put out, and then sent to the Ile of
+_Elie_, where in short time hee ended his life. _Edward_ also arriued at
+_Hampton_ with 40. ships, but finding the Countrey so farre from
+receiuing, as they were ready to resist him, he returned into
+_Normandie_, and attended the further fauour of time. So after _Canutus_
+succeeded in _England_, first _Harold_ sirnamed _Harefoot_, bastard
+sonne to _Canutus_; and after him _Hardicanutus_, sonne to _Canutus_ by
+_Emma_, mother also to King _Edward_.
+
+_Hardicanutus_ being dead, the Nobilitie of the Realme sent into
+_Normandie_ for _Edward_ to be their King; whereto also he was appointed
+as some haue written by _Hardicanutus_. But because _Alphred_ his
+brother vpon the like inuitation had bene traiterously taken and slaine
+before, _William_ at that time Duke of _Normandie_ would not permit him
+to depart, vntill he had receiued for pledges of his safety, _Woolnoth_
+son to Earle _Goodwine_, and _Hacon_ sonne to _Swaine_, Earle _Goodwins_
+eldest sonne. Vpon this assurance he was furnished by the duke his
+cousin, with all meanes fit both for his enterprise and estate. And so
+hee passed the Seas, arriued in _England_, and with generall ioy was
+receiued for King. He tooke to wife _Edith_ the daughter of Earle
+_Goodwine_; but whether vpon vow of chastitie, or whether vpon
+impotencie of nature, or whether vpon hatred to her father, or whether
+vpon suspition against herselfe (for all these causes are alleaged by
+seuerall writers of those times) he forbore all priuate familiaritie
+with her.
+
+When he was well locked into the chaire of State, Duke _William_ came
+out of _Normandie_ to see him, to shew his magnificence to the _English_
+people; to shew to the _English_, both that he loued their King, and
+that he was of power to relieue him, in case his necessities should so
+require. Here, besides honourable enterteinement, besides many rich
+gifts both to himselfe and to his followers, the King hauing neither
+hope nor desire of issue, promised him, in regard of his great fauours
+and deserts, that hee should be his next successour in the Kingdome. And
+for further assurance thereof, sent him also the like message into
+_Normandie_, by _Robert_ Archbishop of _Canterburie_.
+
+After this _Harold_ sonne to Earle _Goodwine_ passed the Seas into
+_Normandie_, to deale for the discharge of his brother _Wolnoth_ and
+_Hacon_ his nephew, who had bene deliuered for hostages to the Duke. In
+his passage he was much tossed with troublesome weather, and in the end
+was cast vpon the coast of _Ponthieu_, and there taken by the Earle and
+committed to prison. But at the request of the Duke of _Normandie_, hee
+was released with honourable respect, and by the Earle himselfe
+accompanied to the Duke; who enterteined him with great magnificence at
+_Roan_. The Duke was then going in Armes against the _Britaines_; in
+which iourney _Harold_ did accompany him, and shewed himselfe a man,
+neither rash in vndertaking, nor fearefull in perfourming any seruices
+of the field. After prosperous returne, the Duke declared to _Harold_,
+the purpose of King _Edward_ concerning the Dukes succession to this
+Crowne. _Harold_ did auow the same to be true; and promised to affoord
+thereto the best furtherance that he could. Hereupon the Duke assembled
+a Councell at _Boneuill_; where _Harold_ did sweare fidelitie vnto him:
+and promised likewise by oath, that after the death of King _Edward_, he
+would keepe the Realme of _England_ to the vse of the Duke: that he
+would deliuer vnto him the castle of _Douer_, and certaine other pieces
+of defence, furnished at his owne charge. Hereupon the Duke promised
+vnto him his daughter in marriage, and with her halfe the Realme of
+_England_ in name of her dower. He also deliuered to him his nephew
+_Hacon_; but kept his brother _Wolnoth_ as an hostage, for performance
+of that which _Harold_ had sworne.
+
+In short time after King _Edward_ died, and _Harold_ being generall
+commander of the forces of the Realme, seized vpon the soueraignetie,
+and without any accustomed solemnities set the crowne vpon his owne
+head. The people were nothing curious to examine titles; but as men
+broken with long bondage, did easily entertaine the first pretender. And
+yet to _Harold_ they were inclinable enough, as well vpon opinion of his
+prowesse, as for that hee endeauoured to winne their fauour, partly by
+abating their grieuous paiments, and partly by increasing the wages of
+his seruants and Souldiers; generally, by vsing iustice with clemencie
+and courtesie towards all. About this time a blasing starre appeared and
+continued the space of seuen dayes;[8] which is commonly taken to
+portend alteration in States. Of this Comet a certaine Poet, alluding to
+the baldnesse of the _Norman_, wrote these verses.
+
+    _Caesariem Caesar tibi si natura negauit,
+    Hanc Willielme tibi stella comata dedit._
+
+Duke _William_ sent diuers Ambassadours to _Harold_; first to demaund
+perfourmance of his oath, afterward to mooue him to some moderate
+agreement. But ambition, a reasonlesse and restlesse humour, made him
+obstinate against all offers or inducements of peace. So they prepared
+to buckle in armes; equall both in courage and in ambitious desires,
+equall in confidence of their fortune: but _Harold_ was the more
+aduenturous, _William_ the more aduised man: _Harold_ was more strong in
+Souldiers, _William_ in Alies and friends.
+
+_Harold_ was seated in possession, which in case of a kingdome is
+oftentimes with facilitie attained, but retained hardly: _William_
+pretended the donation of King _Edward_, and that he was neere vnto him
+in blood by the mothers side.
+
+Now there wanted not precedents, both ancient and of later times, that
+free kingdomes and principalities, not setled by custome in succession
+of blood, haue been transported euen to strangers by way of guift.
+_Attalus_ king of _Pergamus_[9] did constitute the people of _Rome_ his
+heire; by force wherof they made his kingdome a part of their empire.
+_Nicomedes_ King of _Bithynia_[10] made the people of _Rome_ likewise
+his heire; whereupon his kingdome was reduced to the forme of a
+Prouince. So _Alexander_ King of _Egypt_,[11] gaue _Alexandria_ and the
+kingdome of _Egypt_; and so _Ptolemie_ gaue the kingdome of _Cyrene_ to
+the same people of _Rome_. _Prasutagus_[12] one of the kings of great
+_Britaine_, gaue the kingdome of the _Iceni_ to _Caesar Nero_, and to his
+daughters. Yea, in the Imperial state of _Rome_, _Augustus_ designed
+_Tiberius_ to be his successour; and by like appointment _Nero_ became
+successour to _Claudius_; _Traiane_ to _Nerua_; _Antonius Pius_ to
+_Adrian_; and _Antoninus_ the Philosopher to another _Antoninus_. When
+the Emperour _Galba_[13] did openly appoint _Piso_ for his successour,
+he declared to the people, that the same custome had been obserued by
+most approued and ancient Princes. _Iugurth_ being adopted by
+_Mycipsa_,[14] succeeded him in the kingdome of _Numidia_; and that by
+the iudgement as well of _Mycipsa_ himselfe, as of the Senate and people
+of _Rome_.
+
+The holy histories report that _Salomon_[15] gaue twentie cities to
+_Hiram_ king of _Tyre_: and if the argument be good from the part to the
+whole, he might in like sort haue disposed of all his kingdome. Who
+hath not heard of the donation falsly attributed to _Constantine_ the
+great, being in trueth the donation of _Lewis_, sirnamed the pious;
+whereby he gaue to Pope _Paschal_ the citie of _Rome_, and a large
+territorie adioyning vnto it; the instrument of which gift
+_Volaterrane_[16] doth recite. So the Ladie _Matild_, daughter to
+_Roger_ the most famous Prince of _Cicilie_, and wife to king _Conrade_,
+sonne to _Henrie_[17] the 4. Emperour, gaue the Marquisate of _Apulia_
+to the Bishop of _Rome_: which when the Emperour _Otho_ the 4. refused
+to deliuer, hee was for that cause excommunicate by the Pope. In like
+sort the countrey of _Daulphin_[18] was giuen by Prince _Vmbert_ to the
+King of _France_, vpon condition, that the eldest sonne of _France_
+should afterward be called _Daulphine_. Lastly, the Dukes first
+auncestor _Rollo_, receiued the Dukedome of _Normandie_ by donation of
+_Charles_ King of _France_: And himselfe held the Countie of _Maine_ by
+donation of Earle _Herebert_, as before it is shewed. And by donation of
+the King of _Britaine_, _Hengist_ obtained _Kent_; the first kingdome of
+the English Saxons in _Britaine_. After which time the Countrey was
+neuer long time free from inuasion: first, by the English and Saxons
+against the Britaines, afterward by the seuen _Saxon_ kingdomes among
+themselues, and then lastly by the _Danes_. By meanes whereof the
+kingdome at that time could not bee setled in any certaine forme of
+succession by blood, as it hath been since; but was held for the most
+part in absolute dominion, and did often passe by transaction or gift:
+and he whose sword could cut best, was alwaies adiudged to haue most
+right. But of this question more shall hereafter be said, in the
+beginning of the life of King _William_ the second.
+
+Touching his propinquity in blood to King _Edward_ by the mothers side,
+he enforced it to be a good title: because King _Edward_ not long before
+had taken succession from _Hardicanutus_, to whom hee was brother by the
+mothers side. And although King _Edward_ was also descended from the
+_Saxon_ Kings, yet could not he deriue from them any right: For that
+_Edgar_ and his sisters were then aliue, descended from _Edmund
+Ironside_, elder brother to King _Edward_. Hee could haue no true right
+of succession, but onely from _Hardicanutus_ the _Dane_. So _Pepine_,
+when he was possessed of the State of _France_, did openly publish, that
+hee was descended of the blood of _Charles_ the Great, by the mothers
+side. And albeit the said _Edgar_ was both neerer to King _Edward_ then
+the Duke of _Normandie_, and also ioyned to him in blood by the fathers
+side; yet was that no sufficient defence for _Harold_. The vsurped
+possession of _Harold_[19] could not be defended, by alleaging a better
+title of a third person. The iniurie which hee did to _Edgar_, could not
+serue him for a title against any other.
+
+These grounds of his pretence, beautified with large amplifications of
+the benefits which he had done to King _Edward_, he imparted to the
+Bishop of _Rome_; who at time was reputed the arbitrator of
+controuersies which did rise betweene princes. And the rather to procure
+his fauour, and to gaine the countenance of religion to his cause, hee
+promised to hold the kingdome of _England_ of the Apostolike Sea.
+Hereupon _Alexander_ then Bishop of _Rome_ allowed his title, and sent
+vnto him a white hallowed banner, to aduance vpon the prowe of his ship:
+also an _Agnus Dei_ of gold, and one of S. _Peters_ haires, together
+with his blessing to begin the enterprise.
+
+But now concerning his further proceedings, concerning his victorious
+both entrance and continuance within the Realme of _England_, two points
+are worthy to be considered: one, how he being a man of no great either
+power or dominion, did so suddenly preuaile against a couragious King,
+possessed of a large and puissant State. The other is, how he so secured
+his victorie, as not the English, not the Britains, not the Danes, not
+any other could dispossesse or much disturbe him & his posteritie, from
+enioying the fayre fruits thereof. And if we giue to either of these
+their true respects, wee shall find his commendation to consist, not so
+much in the first, as in the second: because that was effected chiefly
+by force, this by wisedome only; which as it is most proper to man, so
+few men doe therein excell. Hee that winneth a State surmounteth onely
+outward difficulties; but he that assureth the same, trauaileth as well
+against internall weaknes, as external strength. To attaine a Kingdome
+is many times a gift of Fortune; but to prouide that it may long time
+continue firme, is not onely to oppose against humane forces, but
+against the very malice of Fortune, or rather the power and wrath of
+time, whereby all things are naturally inclineable to change.
+
+For the first then, besides the secret working and will of God, which is
+the cause of all causes; besides the sinnes of the people, for which
+(the Prophet saith,) _Kingdomes are transported from one Nation to
+another_: King _Edward_ not long before made a manifest way for this
+inuasion and change. For although he was _English_ by birth, yet by
+reason of his education in _Normandie_, he was altogether become a
+_Normane_, both in affection and in behauiour of life. So as in
+imitation of him, the _English_ abandoned the ancient vsages of their
+Country, and with great affection or affectation rather, conformed
+themselues to the fashions of _France_.[20] His chiefe acquaintance and
+familiar friends were no other then _Normans_; towards whom being a
+milde and soft spirited Prince, he was very bountifull, and almost
+immoderate in his fauours. These he enriched with great possessions;
+these he honoured with the highest places both of dignitie and charge.
+Chiefly he aduanced diuers of them to the best degrees of dignitie in
+the Church: by whose fauour Duke _William_ afterward was both animated &
+aided in his exploit. Generally as the whole Clergie of _England_
+conceiued a hard opinion of _Harold_; for that vpon the same day wherein
+King _Edward_ was buried, he set the Crowne vpon his owne head, without
+Religious Ceremonies, without any solemnities of Coronation: so they
+durst not for feare of the Popes displeasure, but giue either
+furtherance or forbearance to the Dukes proceedings; and to abuse the
+credite which they had with the people, in working their submission to
+the _Normans_. Now of what strength the Clergie was at that time within
+the Realme, by this which followeth it may appeare.
+
+After that _Harold_ was slaine, _Edwine_ and _Morcar_ Earles of
+_Northumberland_ and _Marckland_, brothers of great both authoritie and
+power within the Realme, had induced many of the Nobilitie to declare
+_Edgar Athelinge_ to be their King: but the Prelates not onely crossed
+that purpose, but deliuered _Edgar_ the next heire from the _Saxon_
+Kings to the pleasure of the Duke.
+
+Againe, when the Duke after his great victorie at _Hastings_ aduanced
+his armie towards _Hartford-shire_; _Fredericke_ Abbot of _S. Albanes_
+had caused the woods belonging to his Church to be felled, and the
+trees to be cast so thicke in the way, that the Duke was compelled to
+coast about to the castle of _Berkhamstead_. To this place the Abbot
+vnder Suerties came vnto him; and being demanded wherefore he alone did
+offer that opposition against him, with a confident countenance he
+returned answere: that he had done no more then in conscience and by
+Nature he was bound to doe: and that if the residue of the Clergie had
+borne the like minde, hee should neuer haue pierced the land so farre.
+Well, answered the Duke, I know that your Clergie is powerfull indeed;
+but if I liue and prosper in my affaires, I shall gouerne their
+greatnesse well ynough. Assuredly, nothing doeth sooner worke the
+conuersion or subuersion of a State, then that any one sort of Subiects
+should grow so great, as to be able to ouerrule all the rest.
+
+Besides this disposition of the Clergie, diuers of the Nobilitie also
+did nothing fauour King _Harold_ or his cause: for that he was a
+manifest vsurper, naked of all true title to the Crowne, pretending
+onely as borne of the daughter of _Hardicanutus_ the _Dane_. Yea he was
+infamous both for his iniurie and periurie towards the Duke, and no
+lesse hatefull for his disloyaltie in former times, in bearing Armes
+with his father against King _Edward_. Hereupon the Nobilitie of the
+Realme were broken into factions. Many (of whom his owne brother _Tosto_
+was chiefe) inuited _Harold_ King of _Norway_ to inuade; with whom
+whilest _Harold_ of _England_ was incountring in Armes, the residue drew
+in Duke _William_ out of _Normandie_. And these also were diuided in
+respects. Some were caried by particular ends, as being prepared in
+diuers maner by the _Normane_ before hand: others vpon a greedy and for
+the most part deceiueable ambition, in hunting after hazard and change:
+others were led with loue to their Countrey, partly to auoyd the tempest
+which they saw to gather in clouds against them, and partly to enlarge
+the Realme both in dominion and strength, by adioyning the Country of
+_Normandie_ vnto it. In which regard, (because the lesse doeth alwayes
+accrue to the greater) they thought it more aduantageable to deale with
+a Prince of an inferiour state, then with a Prince of a state superiour
+or equal.
+
+As for _Edgar Atheling_, the next successour to the Crowne in right of
+blood, he was not of sufficient age; of a simple wit and slow courage;
+not gracious to the _English_, as well for his imperfections both in
+yeeres and nature, as for that he was altogether vnacquainted with the
+customes and conditions of their Countrey: vnfurnished of forces and
+reputation, vnfurnished of friends, vnfurnished of all meanes to support
+his title. So Duke _William_ hauing better right then the one, and more
+power then the other, did easily cary the prize from both.
+
+Now touching the state of his owne strength, albeit _Normandie_ was but
+little in regard of _England_, yet was it neither feeble nor poore. For
+the people, by reason of their continuall exercise in Armes, by reason
+of the weightie warres which they had managed, were well inabled both in
+courage and skill for all Militarie atchieuements. Their valour also had
+bene so fauoured by their Fortune, that they were more enriched by
+spoile, then drawne downe either with losses or with charge. Hereupon
+when preparation was to be made for the enterprise of _England_,
+although some disswaded the Duke from embracing the attempt; affirming
+that it was a vaine thing to streine at that which the hand is not able
+to conteine, to take more meat then the stomacke can beare; that he who
+catcheth at matters too great, is in great danger to gripe nothing: Yet
+did others not onely encourage him by aduise, but enable him by their
+aide. Among which _William Fitz-Auber_ did furnish 40. ships with men
+and munition; The Bishop of _Baieux_ likewise 40: the Bishop of _Mans_
+30: and in like sort others, according to the proportion of their
+estates.
+
+And yet he drew not his forces onely out of _Normandie_, but receiued
+aide from all parts of _France_; answerable not onely to his necessitie,
+but almost to his desire. _Philip_ King of _France_ at that time was
+vnder age, and _Baldwine_ Earle of _Flanders_ was gouernour of the
+Realme; whose daughter the Duke had taken to wife. By his fauour the
+Duke receiued large supplies from the state of _France_, both in
+treasure and in men of warre: for countenance whereof it was giuen
+foorth, that the Duke should hold the Realme of _England_ as hee did the
+Duchie of _Normandie_, vnder homage to the Crowne of _France_. Hereupon
+diuers Princes of _France_ did adioyne to his aide; and especially the
+Duke of _Orleance_, the Earles of _Britaine_, _Aniou_, _Boloigne_,
+_Ponthieu_, _Neuers_, _Poictou_, _Hiesmes_, _Aumale_, and the Lord of
+_Tours_. Many other of the Nobilitie and Gentlemen did voluntarily
+aduenture, both their bodies and whole estates vpon the euent of this
+enterprise. So greatly had he either by courtesie wonne the loue, or by
+courage erected the hopes of all men: yea of many who had bin his
+greatest enemies. With these also the _Emperour Henry_ 4. sent him
+certaine troupes of Souldiers, commanded by a Prince of _Almaine_. Hee
+receiued also many promises of fauour from _Swaine_ King of _Denmarke_.
+And who can assure (for the sequele maketh the coniecture probable) that
+he held not intelligence with _Harold Harfager_ King of _Norway_, to
+inuade _England_ with two armies at once. So partly by his owne
+Subiects, and partly by supply from his Alleys and friends, hee amassed
+a strong Armie, consisting chiefly of _Normans_, _Flemings_, _French_
+and _Britaines_, to the number of fiftie thousand men; and brought them
+to S. _Valeries_, before which Towne his ships did ride. Here he stayed
+a certaine time attending the wind, as most writers doe report; but
+rather as it may be coniectured, to awaite the arriuall of _Harold
+Harfager_ K. of _Norway_: knowing right well, that the inuasion of
+_Harold_ of _Norway_ vpon the North parts of the realme, would draw away
+_Harold_ of _England_ to leaue the coasts towards the South vndefended.
+
+During his abode at S. _Valeries_, certaine English espials were taken,
+whom King _Harold_ had sent to discouer both the purposes and power of
+the Duke. When they were brought to his presence, with a braue
+confidence he said vnto them: _Your Lord might well haue spared this
+charge; hee needed not to haue cast away his cost to vnderstand that by
+your industrie and faith, which my owne presence shall manifest vnto
+him; more certainly, more shortly then he doth expect. Goe your wayes,
+goe tell him from me, If he find me not before the end of this yeere, in
+the place where hee supposeth that hee may most safely set his foote,
+let him neuer feare danger from mee whilest hee liue._ Many _Normans_
+disliked this open dealing of the Duke: preferring to his iudgement the
+valour and experience of King _Harold_; the greatnesse of his treasure;
+the number and goodnes of his men; but especially his strong Nauie, and
+expert Saylers; accustomed both to the fights and dangers of the Sea,
+more then any other people in the world. To these the Duke turned, and
+sayd: _I am glad to heare this opinion run, both of his prowesse and of
+his power; the greater shall our glory bee in preuailing against him.
+But I see right well that I haue small cause to feare his discouery of
+our strength, when you, who are so neere vnto mee, discerne so little.
+Rest your selues vpon the Iustice of your cause and foresight of your
+Commaunder. Who hath lesse then hee, who can iustly tearme nothing his
+owne? I know more of his weakenesse, then euer he shall know of my
+strength, vntill he feele it. Performe you your parts like men, and he
+shall neuer be able to disappoint either my assurance, or your hopes._
+
+Now _Harold_ King of _England_ had prepared a fleet to resist the
+inuasion of the duke of _Normandie_: but by reason of his long stay at
+S. _Valeries_, speeches did spread, whether by error or subornation,
+yea, assured aduertisement was sent out of _Flanders_, that he had for
+that yeere abandoned his enterprise. In the meane time _Harold Harfager_
+King of _Norway_, then whom no man was esteemed more valiant, hauing
+assured both intelligence and aide out of _England_, arriued in the
+mouth of _Humber_: and from thence drawing vp against the streame of
+the riuer _Owse_, landed at a place called _Richhall_. Here he
+Marshalled his Armie, and marched foorth into the Countrey: and when hee
+came neere vnto _Yorke_, he was encountred by the _English_, led by
+_Edwine_ and _Morchar_ the principall commanders of all those quarters.
+The fight was furious, but in the end the _English_ were ouerthrowne,
+and with a great slaughter chased into _Yorke_.
+
+Vpon aduertisement hereof, _Harold_ King of _England_ caried all his
+forces against _Harfager_. His readinesse was such, and such his
+expedition, that the fifth day after the fight before mentioned he gaue
+him battell againe; wherein _Harold Harfager_ was slaine, and so was
+_Tosto_ the King of _Englands_ brother: _Tosto_ by an vncertaine enemie,
+but _Harfager_ by the hand of _Harold_ of _England_. Their armie also
+was routed, and with a bloody execution pursued, so long as day and
+furie did last. Here a certaine Souldier of _Norway_ was most famous
+almost for a miracle of manhood. He had been appointed with certaine
+others, to guard the passage at _Stamford_ bridge. The residue vpon
+approach of the English forsooke their charge; but hee alone stepped to
+the foote of the Bridge, and with his Battle-axe sustained the shocke
+of the whole armie; slew aboue fourty assailants, and defended both the
+passage and himselfe, vntill an English Souldier went vnder the Bridge,
+and through a hole thereof thrust him into the bodie with a Launce.
+
+If this victory of King _Harold_ had been so wisely vsed as it was
+valiantly wonne, he should haue neglected the spoyle, and returned with
+the like celeritie wherewith he came. But hee gaue discontentment to his
+Souldiers, in abridging their expectation for free sharing the spoile;
+and hauing lost many in that conflict, he retired to _Yorke_, and there
+stayed; as well to reforme the state of the Countrey, greatly disordered
+by meanes of these warres, as also both to refresh and repaire his
+armie.
+
+In the meane time the Duke of _Normandie_ receiuing intelligence, that
+the Sea-coasts were left naked of defence, loosed from S. _Valeries_
+with three hundred, or, as some writers report, 896, or, as one _Norman_
+writer affirmes, with more then one thousand saile: and hauing a gentle
+gale, arriued at _Pemsey_ in _Sussex_, vpon the 28. of September. The
+ship wherein the Duke was caried is said, (as if it had runne for the
+garland of victory) to haue outstripped the rest so farre, that the
+sailers were enforced to strike saile, and hull before the winde to haue
+their companie. When hee first stepped vpon the shoare, one of his feete
+slipped a little. The Duke to recouer himselfe stepped more strongly
+with the other foote, and sunke into the sand somewhat deepe. One of his
+Souldiers espying this, sayd merrily vnto him: _You had almost fallen my
+Lord, but you haue well maintained your standing, and haue now taken
+deepe and firme footing in the soyle of_ England. _The presage is good,
+and hereupon I salute you King._ The Duke laughed; and the souldiers,
+with whom superstition doth strongly worke, were much confirmed in
+courage by the ieast.
+
+When he had landed his forces, he fortified a piece of ground with
+strong trenches, and discharged all his ships; leauing to his souldiers
+no hope to saue themselues, but by onely by victory. After this he
+published the causes of his comming in armes, namely:
+
+1 To chalenge the kingdome of _England_, giuen to him by his cousin King
+_Edward_, the last lawfull possessor at that time thereof.
+
+2 To reuenge the death of his cousin _Alfred_, brother to the same K.
+_Edward_, and of the _Normans_, who did accompanie him into _England_;
+no lesse cruelly then deceitfully slaine by Earle _Goodwin_ and his
+adherents.
+
+3 To reuenge the iniurie done vnto _Robert_ Archbishop of Canterburie;
+who by the practise (as it was then giuen foorth) of _Harold_, had been
+exiled in the life time of King _Edward_.
+
+This last article was added either to please the Pope, or generally in
+fauour of the Cleargie: to whom the example grew then intollerable, that
+an Archbishop should bee once questioned by any other then by
+themselues.
+
+So the Duke, leauing his fortification furnished with competent forces
+to assure the place, as wel for a retreit, as for daily landing of fresh
+supplies, marched forward to _Hastings_; and there raised another
+fortresse, and planted likewise a garison therein. And in all places he
+restrained his Souldiers, either from spoyling or harming the Countrey
+people, for feare that thereby they would fall into disorder: but giuing
+forth, that it were crueltie to spoile them, who in short time should be
+his Subiects. Here the Duke, because he would not either aduenture or
+trust his Souldiers, went foorth in person to discouer the Countrey,
+with 15. horsemen in his company, and no more. His returne was on foote,
+by reason of the euill qualitied wayes: and when _Fitz-Osberne_ who went
+with him, was ouerwearied with the weight of his armour, the Duke eased
+him by bearing his helmet vpon his shoulder. This action may seeme of
+slender regard; but yet did gaine him, both fauour and dutie among his
+Souldiers.
+
+K. _Harold_ hearing of these approches, hasted by great iourneyes
+towards _London_; sending his messengers to all places, both to
+encourage and entreate the people to draw together for their common
+defence. Here he mustered his Souldiers; and albeit hee found that his
+forces were much impaired by his late battaile against _Harfager_, yet
+he gathered an able armie, countenanced and commanded by diuers of the
+Nobilitie, which resorted vnto him from many parts of the Realme. The
+Duke in the meane time sent a messenger vnto him, who demanded the
+Kingdome in so stout maner, that he was at the point to haue bene euill
+entreated by the King. Againe the King sent his messenger to the Duke,
+forbidding him with loftie language, to make any stay within that
+Countrey; but to returne againe no lesse speedily, then rashly he had
+entred. The Duke betweene mirth and scorne returned answere; That as he
+came not vpon his entreaty, so at his command he would not depart. But
+(said he) _I am not come to word with your King, I am come to fight, and
+am desirous to fight: I will be ready to fight with him, albeit I had
+but 10000. such men as I haue brought 60000._
+
+K. _Harold_ spent little time, lost none (vnlesse happely that which hee
+might haue taken more) both in appointing and ordering his Armie. And
+when he was ready to take the field, his mother entreated him, first
+moderately, then with words of passion and with teares, that he would
+not aduenture his person to the battaile. Her importunitie was admired
+the more, for that it was both without any apparant cause, and not
+vsuall in former times. But _Harold_ with vndaunted countenance and
+heart, conducted his Armie into _Sussex_, and encamped within seuen
+miles of the _Normans_: who thereupon approched so neere to the
+_English_, that the one Armie was within view of the other.
+
+First, espials were sent on both sides, to discouer the state and
+condition of their enemies. They who were sent from the English made a
+large report, both of the number, and appointment, and discipline of the
+_Normans_. Whereupon _Girth_, yonger brother to King _Harold_ presented
+him with aduise, not to play his whole State at a cast; not to bee so
+caried with desire of victory, as not to awaite the time to attaine it:
+that it is proper to Inuaders presently to fight, because they are then
+in the very pride and flourish of their strength; but the assailed
+should rather delay battell, rather obserue only and attend their
+enemies, cut off their reliefe, vexe them with incommodities, weary
+them, and weare them out by degrees: that it could not be long before
+the Dukes armie, being in a strange Countrey, would be reduced to
+necessities; it could not bee long but by reason it consisted of diuers
+nations, it would draw into disorder: that it was proper to an armie
+compounded of different people, to be almost inuincible at the first,
+whilest all contend to excell or at least to equal other in braue
+performance; but if they be aduisedly endured, they will easily fall
+into disorders, and lastly of themselues dissolue. _Or if_ (sayd he)
+_you resolue to fight, yet because you are sworne to the Duke, you shall
+doe well to withdraw your presence; to imploy your authoritie in
+mustering a new armie, to bee readie to receiue him with fresh forces.
+And if you please to commit the charge of this incounter vnto me, I will
+not faile to expresse, both the loue of a brother, and the care and
+courage of a Commander. For as I am not obliged to the Duke by oath, so
+shall I either preuaile with the better cause, or with the quieter
+conscience die._
+
+Both these counsailes were reiected by _Harold_: The first out of a
+violent vehemencie of these Northerne nations, who doe commonly esteeme
+delay of battell a deiected cowardise, a base and seruile deflouring of
+time; but to beare through their designes at once, they account a point
+of honourable courage. The second he esteemed both shamefull to his
+reputation, and hurtfull to the state of his affaires. For what honour
+had he gained by his former victories, if when he came to the greatest
+pinch of danger, hee should fearefully shrinke backe? with what heart
+should the Souldiers fight, when they haue not his presence for whom
+they fight? when they haue not their Generall an eye witnesse of their
+performance? when they want his sight, his encouragement, his example to
+enflame them to valour? The presence of the Prince is worth many
+thousands of ordinarie Souldiers: The ordinary Souldier wil vndertake
+both labour and danger for no other respects so much, as by the presence
+of the Prince. And therefore he did greatly extenuate the worth of the
+_Normans_, terming them a company of Priests; because their fashion was
+to shaue their faces: But whatsoeuer they were, as he had (hee said)
+digested in his minde the hardest euents of battell; so either the
+infamie or suspicion of cowardise in no case hee would incurre. Hee
+resolued not to ouerliue so great dishonour; he resolued to set vp as
+his last rest, his Crowne, and Kingdome; and life withall. And thus
+oftentimes Fortune dealeth with men, as Executioners doe with condemned
+persons; she will first blindfold, and then dispatch them.
+
+After this the _Norman_ sent a Monke to offer the choise of these
+conditions to _Harold_; Either to relinquish his kingdome vpon certaine
+conditions; or to hold it vnder homage to the Duke; or to try their
+cause by single combate; or to submit it to the iudgement of the Pope,
+according to the Lawes of _Normandy_ or of _England_, which he would.
+Againe, some conditions were propounded from K. _Harold_ to the Duke:
+But their thoughts were so lifted vp both with pride and confidence, by
+reason of their former victories, that no moderate ouerture could take
+place: and so they appointed the day following, which was the 14. of
+October, to determine their quarrell by sentence of the sword. This
+happened to be the birth day of K. _Harold_, which for that cause by a
+superstitious errour, he coniectured would be prosperous vnto him.
+
+The night before the battaile for diuers respects was vnquiet. The
+_English_ spent the time in feasting and drinking, and made the aire
+ring with showtings and songs: the _Normans_ were more soberly silent,
+and busied themselues much in deuotion; being rather still then quiet,
+not so much watchful as not able to sleepe. At the first appearance of
+the day, the King and the Duke were ready in Armes, encouraging their
+Souldiers, and ordering them in their arrayes; in whose eyes it seemed
+that courage did sparckle, and that in their face and gesture victorie
+did sit. The Duke put certaine reliques about his necke, vpon which King
+_Harold_ had sworne vnto him. It is reported that when he armed, the
+backe of his Curasses was placed before by errour of him that put it on:
+some would haue bin dismayed hereat, but the Duke smiled, and said;
+Assuredly this day my Fortune will turne, I shall either be a King, or
+nothing before night.
+
+The _English_ were knit in one maine body on foot; whereof the first
+rancks consisted of _Kentishmen_ (who by an ancient custome did
+challenge the honour of that place,) the next were filled with
+_Londoners_; then followed the other _English_. Their chiefe weapons
+were pole-axe, sword and dart, with a large target for their defence.
+They were paled in front with paueises in such wise, that it was thought
+impossible for the enemie to breake them. The King stood on foot by his
+Standard, with two of his brothers, _Girth_ and _Leofwine_; as well to
+relieue from thence all parts that should happen to be distressed, as
+also to manifest to the Souldiers, that they reteined no thought of
+escaping by flight. On the other side, the _Normans_ were diuided into
+three battailes: The first was conducted by _Roger Montgomerie_, and
+_William Fitz-Osborne_; it consisted of horsemen of _Aniou_, _Maine_ and
+_Britaine_, commanded by a _Britaine_ named _Fergent_; It caried the
+Banner which the Pope had sent. The middle battaile consisting of
+Souldiers out of _Germanie_ and _Poictou_, was led by _Geoffrye
+Martell_, and a Prince of _Almaine_. The Duke himselfe closed the last
+battaile, with the strength of his _Normans_ and the flowre of his
+Nobilitie. The Archers were diuided into wings, and also dispersed by
+bands through all the three battails.
+
+Thus were both sides set vpon a bloody bargaine; ambition, hope, anger,
+hate, enflaming them to valour. The duke edged his Souldiers, by
+declaring vnto them the noble Acts of their ancesters, the late
+admirable atchieuement of their fellow _Normans_ in subduing the
+Kingdome of _Sicill_, their owne braue exploits vnder him; by shewing
+them all that pleasant and plentifull Countrey, as the purchase of their
+prowesse, as the gaine and reward of their aduenture: by putting them in
+minde, that they were in a Countrey both hostile & vnknowne, before them
+the sword, the vast Ocean behind, no place of retreit, no surety but in
+valour and in victory; so as they who would not contend for glory, were
+vpon necessitie to fight for their liues: Lastly, by assuring them, that
+as he was the first in aduise, so would he be the foremost in aduenture,
+being fully resolued either to vanquish, or to die. The King encouraged
+his men, by presenting to their remembrance, the miseries which they
+susteined not long before, vnder the oppression of the _Danes_; which
+whether they were againe to endure, or neuer to feare, it lieth (said
+he) in the issue of this field. The King had the aduantage both for
+number of men, and for their large able bodies; The Duke both in Armes,
+(especially in regard of the Bow and arrowes,) and in experience and
+skill of Armes; both equall in courage; both confident alike in the
+fauour of Fortune, which had alwayes crowned their courage with victory.
+And now by affronting of both the Armies, the plots and labours of many
+moneths, were reduced to the hazard of a few houres.
+
+The _Normans_ marched with a song of the valiant acts of _Rowland_,
+esteeming nothing of perill in regard of the glory of their aduenture.
+When they approched neere their enemies, they saluted them first with a
+storme of Arrowes: _Robert Fitz Beaumonte_ a yong Gentleman of
+_Normandie_, beginning the fight from the right Wing. This maner of
+fight as it was new, so was it most terrible to the _English_, so were
+they least prouided to auoyd it. First, they opened their rancks, to
+make way for the Arrowes to fall; but when that auoydance did nothing
+auaile, they cloased againe, and couered themselues with their Targets,
+ioyned together in maner of a pendhouse; encouraging one another, to
+hast forward, to leape lustily to hand-strokes, and to scoure their
+swords in the entrailes of their enemies. Then the Duke commanded his
+horsemen to charge: but the _English_ receiued them vpon the points of
+their weapons, with so liuely courage, in so firme and stiffe order,
+that the ouerthrow of many of the foremost, did teach their followers to
+aduenture themselues with better aduise. Hereupon they shifted into
+wings, and made way for the footmen to come forward. Then did both
+armies ioyne in a horrible shocke, with Pole-axes, & the Prince of
+weapons the sword: maintaining the fight with so manlike furie, as if it
+had bene a battaile of Giants, rather then of men. And so they continued
+the greatest part of that day, in close and furious fight; blow for
+blow, wound for wound, death for death; their feet steadie, their hands
+diligent, their eyes watchfull, their hearts resolute; neither their
+aduisement dazeled by fiercenesse, nor their fiercenesse any thing
+abated by aduisement.
+
+In the meane time the horsemen gaue many sharpe charges, but were
+alwayes beaten backe with disaduantage. The greatest annoyance came from
+the Archers; whose shot showred among the _English_ so thicke, as they
+seemed to haue the enemy in the middest of their Armie. Their armour was
+not sufficiently either compleate or of proofe to defend them, but euery
+hand, euery finger breadth vnarmed, was almost an assured place for a
+deepe, and many times a deadly wound. Thus whilest the front was
+maintained in good condition, many thousands were beaten downe behind;
+whose death was not so grieuous vnto them, as the maner of their death,
+in the middest of their friends, without an enemie at hand, vpon whom
+they might shew some valour, and worke some reuenge.
+
+This maner of fight would soone haue determined aswell the hopes as the
+feares of both sides, had not the targets of English been very
+seruiceable vnto them; Had not King _Harold_ also with a liuely and
+constant resolution, performed the part, not onely of a skilfull
+commander, by directing, encouraging, prouiding, relieuing; but of a
+valiant Souldier by vsing his weapon, to the excellent example of his
+Souldiers. In places of greatest danger hee was alwayes present;
+repayring the decayes, reforming the disorders, and encouraging his
+company, that in doing as men, whether they preuailed, or whether they
+perished, their labour was alwayes gloriously employed. So they knit
+strongly together, and stood in close and thicke array, as if they had
+been but one body: not onely bearing the brunt of their enemies, but
+making such an impression vpon their squadron, that the great bodie
+began to shake. The Duke aduentured in person so farre, moued no lesse
+by his naturall magnanimitie, then by glory of the enterprise, that
+besides his often alighting to fight on foote, two, or (as some report)
+three horses were slaine vnder him. And hauing a body both able by
+nature, and by vse hardened to endure trauaile, hee exacted the greater
+seruice of his Souldiers: commending the forward, blaming the slow, and
+crying out (according to his nature) with vehement gesture and voice
+vnto all; that it was a shame for them who had been victorious against
+all men with whom they dealt, to be so long held by the _English_ in
+delay of victory. So partly by his authoritie, and partly by his
+example, he retained his Souldiers, and imposed vpon them the fayrest
+necessitie of courage; whilest euery man contended to win a good opinion
+of their Prince.
+
+Then the fight entred into a new fitte of heate; nothing lesse feared
+then death, the greatnesse of danger making both sides the more
+resolute: and they who could not approach to strike with the hand, were
+heard to encourage their fellowes by speach, to pursue the victory, to
+pursue their glory, not to turne to their owne both destruction and
+disgrace. The clashing of armour, the iustling of bodies, the resounding
+of blowes, was the fairest part of this bloody medley: but the
+grislinesse of wounds, the hideous fals and groanes of the dying, all
+the field defiled with dust, blood, broken armour, mangled bodies,
+represented Terrour in her foulest forme. Neuer was furie better
+gouerned; neuer game of death better played. The more they fought the
+better they fought; the more they smarted, the lesse they regarded
+smart.
+
+At the last, when the Duke perceiued that the _English_ could not be
+broken by strength of arme, he gaue direction that his men should retire
+and giue ground; not loosely, not disorderly, as in a fearefull and
+confused haste, but aduisedly and for aduantage; keeping the front of
+their squadron firme and close, without disbanding one foote in array.
+Nothing was more hurtfull to the _English_, being of a franke and noble
+spirit, then that their violent inclination caried them too fast into
+hope of victory. For, feeling their enemies to yeeld vnder their hand,
+they did rashly follow those who were not hasty to flee: And in the
+heate of their pursuit, vpon a false conceit of victory, loosed and
+disordered their rankes, thinking then of nothing but of executing the
+chase. The _Normans_ espying the aduantage to be ripe, made a stiffe
+stand, redoubled vpon the _English_, and pressing on with a furie equall
+to their fauourable fortune, with a cruell butchery brake into them. On
+the other side it is scarce credible with what strength both of courage
+and hand the _English_ euen in despight of death, sustained themselues
+in this disorder; drawing into small squadrons, and beating downe their
+enemies on euery hand, being resolued to sell their liues with their
+place.
+
+But a mischiefe is no mischiefe, if it comes alone. Besides this
+disaduantage of disarray, the shot of the _Normans_, did continually
+beate vpon the _English_ with a grieuous execution. Among other King
+_Harold_ about the closing of the euening, as he was busie in sustaining
+his armie, both with voyce and with hand, was strooke with an arrow
+through the left eye into his braines, of which wound hee presently
+died. His two brothers, _Girth_ and _Leofwine_ were also slaine, and
+also most of the nobilitie that were present: So long as the King stood,
+they stood stoutly, both with him, and for him, and by him: his
+directions supported them, his braue behauiour breathed fresh boldnesse
+and life into them. But his death was a deadly stabbe to their courage;
+vpon report of his death, they began to wauer in resolution, whether to
+trust to the force of their armes, or to commend their safetie to their
+good footemanship. In this incertainty many were slaine: Many retired in
+reasonable order to a rising ground, whither they were closely followed
+by the _Normans_; but the _English_ hauing gotten aduantage of the
+place, and drawing courage out of despaire, with a bloody charge did
+driue them downe. Count _Eustachius_ supposing fresh forces to be
+arriued, fled away with fiftie Souldiers in his company; and meeting
+with the Duke, rounded him secretly in his eare, that if hee went any
+further hee was vndone. Whilest he was thus speaking, hee was strooke
+betweene the shoulder with so violent a blowe, that he fell downe as
+dead, and voided much blood at his nose and mouth. In this conflict many
+of the noblest _Normans_ were slaine, which mooued the Duke to make a
+strong ordered stand, giuing libertie therby for those _English_ to
+retire. Others fled through a watery channell, the passages whereof were
+well knowen vnto them: and when the _Normans_ did more sharpely then
+aduisedly pursue, the place being shadowed partly with Sedges and
+Reedes, and partly with the night, they were either stifled in the
+waters, or easily destroyed by the _English_, and that in so great
+numbers, that the place was filled vp with dead bodies. The residue
+scattered in smaller companies, and had their flight fauoured by
+increasing darkenesse: the enemie not aduenturing to follow, both in a
+strange Countrey, and in the night. Earle _Edwine_ and Earle _Morchar_,
+brothers of approoued both courage and faith, did great seruice at that
+time, in collecting these dispersed Troupes, and leading them in some
+fashion to _London_.
+
+Duke _William_ surprised with Ioy, gaue publike charge for a solemne
+thanksgiuing to God. Then he erected his pauilion in the middest of the
+field, among the thickest of those bodies whom death had made to lie
+quietly together. There he passed the residue of that night; and the
+next morning mustered his souldiers, buried those that were slaine, and
+gaue libertie to the _English_ to do the like. The bodie of King
+_Harold_ could not be knowen by his face, it was so deformed by death,
+and by his wound; by his armour and by certaine markes vpon his body it
+was knowen. As it lay vpon the ground, a _Norman_ Souldier did strike it
+into the legge with his sword: for which vnmanly acte he was cassed by
+the Duke with open disgrace. It was caried into the Dukes Pauilion,
+vnder the custodie of _William Mallet_. And when his mother made suite
+for it to bee buried, the Duke denied it at the first; affirming, that
+buriall was not fit for him, whose ambition was the cause of so many
+Funerals. The mother, besides her lamentations and teares, offered for
+it (as one _Norman_ writer affirmes) the weight thereof in gold. But the
+Duke, with a manly compassion gaue it freely; as holding it
+dishonourable both to value the bodie of a King, and make sale of a
+slaine enemie. So his body was buried by his mother at _Waltham Crosse_
+within the monasterie which hee had founded. Verely there was nothing to
+be blamed in him, but that his courage could not stoupe to be lower then
+a King.
+
+I haue been the more long in describing this battel, for that I esteem
+it the most memorable and best executed that euer was fought within this
+land: as well for skilfull direction, as for couragious performance, and
+also for the greatnesse of the euent. The fight continued with very
+great both constancie of courage, and variety of fortune, from seuen of
+the clocke in the morning vntill night. Of the _Normans_ were slaine
+6000 and more, besides those that were drowned and beaten downe in the
+water. The slaughter of the _English_ is vncertainely reported, but
+certainely it was farre greater then that of the _Normans_. Certaine
+also that their death was most honourable and faire, not any one basely
+abandoning the fielde; not any one yeelding to bee taken prisoner. And
+yet one circumstance more I hold fit to bee obserued; that this victory
+was gotten onely by the meanes of the bow and arrow: The vse whereof was
+by the _Normans_ first brought into this land. Afterward the _English_
+being trained to that fight, did thereby chiefly maintaine themselues
+with honourable aduantage, against all nations with whom they did
+contend in armes; being generally reputed the best shot in the world.
+
+But of late yeeres it hath bene altogether layed aside, and in stead
+thereof the harquebuze and calliuer are brought into vse: yet not
+without contradiction of many expert men of Armes; who albeit they doe
+not reiect the vse of these small pieces, yet doe they preferre the Bow
+before them. First, for that in a reasonable distance, it is of greater
+both certainty and force. Secondly, for that it dischargeth faster.
+Thirdly, for that more men may discharge therewith at once: for onely
+the first rancke dischargeth the piece, neither hurt they any but those
+that are in front; but with the bow 10. or 12. rancks may discharge
+together, and will annoy so many ranckes of the enemies. Lastly, for
+that the arrow doeth strike more parts of the body: for in that it
+hurteth by discent; (and not onely point blancke like the bullet) there
+is no part of the body but it may strike; from the crowne of the head,
+euen to the nayling of the foot to the ground. Hereupon it followeth,
+that the arrowes falling so thicke as haile vpon the bodies of men, as
+lesse fearefull of their flesh, so more slenderly armed then in former
+times, must necessarily worke most dangerous effects.
+
+Besides these generall respects in many particular seruices and times,
+the vse of the Bow is of greatest aduantage. If some defence lye before
+the enemy, the arrow may strike where the bullet cannot. Foule weather
+may much hinder the discharge of the piece, but it is no great
+impediment to the shot of the Bow. A horse strooke with a bullet if the
+wound be not mortall, may performe good seruice; but if an arrow be
+fastened in his flesh, the continuall stirring thereof, occasioned by
+the motion of himselfe, will enforce him to cast off all command, and
+either beare downe or disorder those that are neere.
+
+But the cracke of the piece (will some man say) doeth strike a terrour
+into the enemie. True, if they bee such as neuer heard the like noise
+before. But a little vse wil extinguish these terrours: to men, yea to
+beasts acquainted with these cracks, they worke a weake impression of
+feare. And if it be true which all men of action doe hold, that the eye
+in all battailes is first ouercome, then against men equally accustomed
+to both, the sight of the arrow is more auaileable to victorie then the
+cracke of the piece. Assuredly, the Duke before the battaile encouraged
+his men, for that they should deale with enemies who had no shot. But I
+will leaue this point to be determined by more discerning iudgements,
+and happily by further experience in these affaires, and returne againe
+to my principall purpose.
+
+The next day after the victorie the Duke returned to _Hastings_, about
+seuen miles from the place of the encounter, partly to refresh his
+Armie, and partly to settle in aduise and order for his further
+prosecution. First, he dispatched messengers to signifie his successe to
+his friends abroad; to the Pope he sent King _Harolds_ Standerd, which
+represented a man fighting, wrought curiously with golde and precious
+stones. Afterwards placing a strong garrison at _Hastings_, he conducted
+his Armie towards _London_: not the direct way, but coasted about
+through part of _Kent_, through _Sussex_, _Surrey_, _Hampshire_ and
+_Barkeshire_: the wayes where hee passed being as free from resistance,
+as his thoughts were from change. At _Wallingford_ he passed ouer the
+_Thames_; and then marched forward through _Oxford-shire_,
+_Buckingham-shire_, and _Hartford-shire_, vntill he came to the Castle
+at _Berkhamstead_. In this passage many of his Souldiers languished and
+died of the Fluxe. And whether it were vpon licentiousnesse after the
+late victorie, or whether for want of necessary prouision, or whether to
+strike a terrour into the _English_, or whether to leaue no danger at
+his backe, he permitted the sword to range at large, to harrie freely,
+to defile many places with ruine and blood.
+
+In the meane time the _English_ Lords assembled at _London_, to aduise
+vpon their common affaires; but the varietie of opinions was the chiefe
+impediment to the present seruice; the danger being more important, then
+the counsaile resolute, or the confidence assured. The Nobilitie
+enclined to declare _Edgar_ grandchild to _Edmund Ironside_, to be their
+King: and with these the _Londoners_ wholy went. But those of the
+Clergie were of opinion (some vpon particular respects, all vpon feare
+to displease the Pope) to yeeld to the storme and streame of the present
+time, to yeeld to the mightie Arme of GOD; that their forces being
+prostrated, their hopes feeble and forlorne, they must be content not to
+be constrained; they must not prouoke the Victor too farre; against
+whose forces and felicities, time gaue them not power to oppose. This
+deliberation held so long, that all the time of action was spent. For
+the Duke approched so neere the Citie, that many preferring their
+safetie before other respects, withdrew themselues and went vnto him.
+Hereupon the residue dissolued: and _Alfred_ Archb. of _Yorke_,
+_Wolstane_ Bishop of _Worcester_, _Wilfire_ B. of _Hereford_, and many
+other Prelates of the Realme went vnto the Duke at _Berkhamstead_;
+accompanied with _Edgar_, Earle _Edwine_, Earle _Morchar_, and diuers
+others of the Nobilitie: who gaue pledges for their allegiance, and were
+thereupon receiued to subiection and fauour. The Duke presently
+dispatched to _London_, was receiued with many declarations of ioy, the
+lesser in heart, the fairer in appearance, and vpon _Christmas day_ next
+following was crowned King.
+
+Now the meanes whereby this victory was[21] assured, were the very same
+whereby it was atchieued; euen by a stiffe and rigorous hand. For
+whosoeuer supposeth that a State atteined by force, can be reteined by
+milder meanes, he shall find himselfe disappointed of his hopes. A
+people newly subdued by force, will so long remaine in obedience, as
+they finde themselues not of force to resist.
+
+And first he endeauoured either to preuent or appease all forren warres,
+especially against the _Danes_, who were then chiefly feared in
+_England_, as well in regard of their former victories, as for that they
+pretended title to the Crowne. And herein two things did especially
+fauour his affaires. One, for that the _Normans_ were in some sort
+allied to the _Danes_; being the progenie of those _Noruegians_ and
+_Danes_, which vnder the conduct and fortune of _Rollo_ inuaded
+_France_, & after many great atchieuements, seated in _Normandie_. The
+other was, for that after the death of _Canutus_, the state of
+_Denmarke_ was much infeebled by diuision. For the _Noruegians_ set vp
+_Magnus_ the sonne of _Olaus_ for their King; but the _Danes_
+acknowledged _Canutus_ the third of that name: by meanes whereof that
+puissant empire did languish in consumption of it selfe, and could not
+be dangerous to any neighbour Countrey. Yet ceased they not for many
+yeeres, to continue claime to the Crowne of _England_: But King
+_William_ had purchased many sure and secret friends in that diseased
+state, wherein all publike affaires were set to sale; especially he vsed
+the authoritie of _Adelbert_, Archbishop of _Hamburgh_, either to crosse
+all counsaile of hostilitie against him, or else to delay, and thereby
+to delude the enterprise, or lastly so to manage the action, that it
+should not worke any dangerous effect.
+
+After the death of _Swaine_, _Canutus_ prepared a Nauie of one thousand
+saile for inuasion of _England_; and was aided with sixe hundred more
+by _Robert le Frizon_, whose daughter hee had taken to wife. But either
+for want, or else by negligence, or happily of purpose, this Nauie
+continued, partly in preparation, and partly in a readinesse, the space
+of two yeeres, and then the voyage was layd aside. The cause was
+attributed to contrarietie of winds; but the contrariety of wils was the
+truest impediment. Likewise _Swaine_ had furnished against _England_ a
+Nauie of 200. sayle, commanded by Earle _Osborne_ his brother. Another
+fleete of 200. saile was set foorth vnder the charge of Earle _Hacon_:
+But King _William_ so corrupted them both, that the one departed out of
+the Realme without performing any great exploit, the other neuer would
+arriue.
+
+Also out of these confusions in _England_, _Malcolme_ King of Scots, did
+take his opportunitie for action. Hee receiued into protection many
+_English_, who either for feare, or for discontentment, forsooke their
+Countrey; of whom many families in _Scotland_ are descended, and namely
+these; _Lindsey_, _Vaus_, _Ramsey_, _Louell_, _Towbris_, _Sandlands_,
+_Bissart_, _Sowlis_, _Wardlaw_, _Maxwell_, with diuers others. Hee
+entertained into his Court _Edgar Atheling_; and tooke his sister
+_Margaret_ to wife. He possessed himselfe of a great part of
+_Cumberland_, and of _Northumberland_; wherewith the people were well
+content, for that hee was their Earles sisters sonne.
+
+Hereupon King _William_ sent against him, first, _Roger_ a _Norman_, who
+was traiterously slaine by his owne Souldiers, then _Gospatrick_, Earle
+of _Gloucester_: These did onely represse the enemie, but were not able
+to finish the warre fully. Lastly, hee went himselfe with a mighty armie
+into _Scotland_, where hee made wide waste, and in _Lothiam_ found King
+_Malcolme_, prepared both in force and resolution to entertaine him with
+battell. The great armie of King _William_, their faire furniture and
+order, their sudden comming, but especially their firme countenance and
+readinesse to fight, much daunted the _Scots_: whereupon King _Malcolme_
+sent a Herault to King _William_, to mooue him to some agreement of
+peace. The more that the King was pleased herewith, the more hee seemed
+vnwilling and strange: the more he must be perswaded to that, which if
+it had not bin offered, he would haue desired. At the last, a peace was
+concluded, vpon conditions honourable for King _William_, and not
+vnreasonable for the King of _Scots_: whereby all the _English_ were
+pardoned, who had fled into _Scotland_, and borne armes against their
+King.
+
+As for the _Welsh_, albeit both their courage and their power had been
+extreamely broken in the time of King _Edward_, and that by the valour
+and industry of _Harold_; yet vpon aduantage of these troubled times,
+they made some incursions into the borders of _England_; but in
+companies so disordered and small, so secretly assaulting, so suddenly
+retiring, so desirous more of pillage then of blood, that they seemed
+more like to ordinarie robbers then to enemies in field. Against these
+the King ledde an armie into _Wales_, reduced the people both to
+subiection and quiet, made all the principall men tributary vnto him,
+receiued pledges of all, for assurance of their obedience and faith.
+
+Whilest the King thus setled his affaires abroad, he secured himselfe
+against his subiects,[22] not by altering their will, but by taking away
+their power to rebell. The stoutest of the Nobilitie and Gentlemen were
+spent, either by warre, or by banishment, or by voluntary auoidance out
+of the Realme. All these hee stripped of their states, and in place of
+them aduanced his _Normans_: insomuch as scarce any noble family of the
+_English_ blood did beare either office or authoritie within the Realme.
+And these ranne headlong to seruitude; the more hasty and with the
+fairer shew, the more either countenanced or safe. These he did assure
+vnto him, not onely by oath of fidelitie and homage, but either by
+pledges, or else by reteining them alwaies by his side.
+
+And because at that time the Clergie were the principall strings of the
+_English_ strength, he permitted not any of the _English_ Nation to be
+aduanced to the dignities of the Church, but furnished them with
+_Normans_, and other strangers. And whereas in times before, the Bishop
+and Alderman were absolute Iudges in euery Shire, and the Bishop in many
+causes shared in forfeitures and penalties with the King; he clipped the
+wings of their Temporall power, and confined them within the limits of
+their Ecclesiasticall Iurisdiction; to maintaine the Canons and customes
+of the Church, to deale in affaires concerning the soule. He procured
+_Stigand_ Archbishop of _Canterburie_, _Agelwine_ Bishop of
+_East-Angles_, and certaine other Bishops and Abbots, to be depriued by
+authoritie from _Rome_, and deteined them in prison during their liues,
+that strangers might enioy their places. The matters obiected against
+_Stigand_ were these.
+
+    1 _That hee had entruded vpon the Archbishopricke whilest Robert the
+    Archb. was in life._
+
+    2 _That he receiued his Pall from Benedict the fifth, who for buying
+    the Papacie had bene deposed._
+
+    3 _That hee kept the Sea of Winchester in his handes, after his
+    inuestiture into the Sea of Canterburie._
+
+He was otherwise also infamous in life; altogether vnlearned, of heauie
+iudgement and vnderstanding, sottishly seruiceable both to pleasure and
+sloath; in couetousnesse beneath the basenesse of rusticitie: insomuch
+as he would often sweare, that he had not one penie vpon the earth, and
+yet by a key which hee did weare about his necke, great treasures of his
+were found vnder the ground. And this was a griefe and sicknesse to
+honest mindes, that such spurious and impure creatures should susteine,
+or rather destaine the reuerence and maiestie of Religion.
+
+Further, the King caused all the Monasteries and Abbeys to be searched,
+pretending that the richer sort of the _English_ had layd vp their money
+in them: vnder colour whereof he discouered the state of all, and
+bereaued many of their owne treasure. Some of these Religious houses he
+appropriated wholly to himselfe; of diuers others he seized the
+liberties, which they redeemed afterward at a very high and excessiue
+rate. Those Bishopricks and Abbeis which held Baronies, and had bene
+free before from secular subiection, he reduced vnder the charge of his
+seruice; appointing how many Souldiers, and of what sort, they should
+furnish for him and his successours in the time of their warres. Those
+strangers which he entertained in pay, he dispersed into Religious
+houses, and some also among the Nobilitie, to be maintained at their
+charge: whereby he not onely fauoured his owne purse, but had them as a
+watch, and sometimes as a garrison ouer those, of whose alleageance he
+stood in doubt.
+
+Now against the inferiour sort of people, knowing right well that hee
+was generally hated, hee prepared these remedies for his estate: All
+their armour was taken from them, they were crushed downe with change
+of calamity, which held them prostrate vnder yoke, and brake the very
+heart of their courage: leauing them no hope to be relieued, no hope to
+rise into any degree of libertie, but by yeelding entire obedience vnto
+him. Those who either resisted or fauoured not his first entrance, he
+bereaued of all meanes afterward to offend him; holding them downe, and
+keeping them so lowe, that their very impotencie made him secure. All
+such as had their hand in any rebellion, albeit they were pardoned their
+liues, lost their liuings, and became vassals to those Lords to whom
+their possessions were giuen. And if they attained any thing afterward,
+they held it onely at the pleasure of their Lords; at the pleasure of
+their Lords they might bee despoyled.
+
+Hee much condemned the iudgement of _Swanus_ the _Dane_, sometimes King
+of _England_, who permitted those whom hee had vanquished, to retaine
+their former both authoritie and estates: whereby it happened, that
+after his death, the inhabitants were of force to expell the strangers,
+and to quit themselues both from their societie and subiection.
+Hereupon many seuere lawes were made; diuers of all sorts were put to
+death, banished, stripped of their wealth, disabled in their bodies by
+vnusuall variety of punishments; as putting out the eyes, cutting off
+the hands and such like: not onely to diminish his feares, if they were
+suspected; but sometimes if they were of wealth, to satisfie therewith
+either his pleasure or wants. His cruelty made the people rebellious,
+and their rebellions made him the more cruell; in which case many
+Innocents were made the oblations of his ambitious feares. Many heauy
+taxations were imposed vpon them; their ancient Lords were remoued,
+their ancient lawes and policies of State were dashed to dust; all lay
+couched vnder the Conquerours sword, to bee newly fashioned by him, as
+should bee best fitting for his aduantage.
+
+Hee erected Castels in diuers parts of the Realme, of which the Towre
+neere _London_ was the chiefe, which afterward was increased both in
+compasse and in strength by addition of the outward walls. In these he
+planted garrisons of _Normans_, as if it had bene in a hostile Countrey;
+not without oppression to the people although they remained quiet, and
+sufficient to suppresse them if they should rebell. Thus he secured the
+Realme against a generall defection; as for particular stirres, they
+might happily molest him, but endanger him they could not. _Exceter_,
+_Northumberland_, and some other parts did rise against him in armes;
+but being vnable to maintaine their reuolt, their ouerthrow did much
+confirme his State.
+
+Hee either imitated or concurred with _Caesar_ in aduise: For, as _Caesar_
+inuaded the _Germans_ which kept the great forrest of _Ardenna_, not
+with his owne Souldiers, but with his aides out of _Gallia_; gaining
+thereby victory ouer the one, and securitie from the other, without any
+dispence of the _Romane_ blood: so after the Kings great victory against
+the valiant, but too aduenturous King _Harold_, when many of the English
+fled into _Ireland_, and from thence with fresh both courage, and
+supplies returned into _England_; commaunded by two of _Harolds_ sonnes;
+hee encountred them onely with _English_ forces. In the first conflict
+the Kings partie was ouerthrowen, and the valiant leader _Ednothus_
+slaine, who had bene master of the horses to King _Harold_. In the
+second his enemies were so defeated, as they were neuer able to make
+head againe. So the victorers being weakened, and the vanquished wasted,
+the King with pleasure triumphed ouer both. Likewise when he was
+occasioned to passe the Seas into _Normandie_, either to establish
+affaires of gouernement, or to represse rebellions, which in his absence
+were many times raised; he drew his forces out of _England_, and that in
+a more large proportion then the importance of the seruice did require.
+Hee also tooke with him the chiefe men of _English_ blood, as well to
+vse their aduise and aide, as also to hold them and their friends from
+working innouation in his absence.
+
+He enclosed the great Forrest neere vnto the Sea in _Hamshire_, for
+which he dispeopled villages and townes, about the space of thirtie
+miles, to make a desert for beasts of chase; in which place afterward
+two of his sonnes, _Richard_ and _William_ ended their liues; _Richard_
+by a fall from his horse, and _William_ by the stroke of an arrow. The
+Kings great delight in hunting was made the pretence of this Forrest;
+but the true end was rather, to make a free place of footing for his
+_Normans_ and other friends out of France, in case any great reuolt
+should be made. Diuers other parts of the Realme were so wasted with
+his warres, that for want both of Husbandrie and habitation, a great
+dearth did ensue; whereby many were inforced to eate horses, dogs, cats,
+rats, and other loathsome and vile vermine: yea, some absteined not from
+the flesh of men. This famine and desolation did especially rage in the
+North parts of the Realme. For the inhabitants beyond _Humber_, fearing
+the Kings secret hate, so much the more deepe and deadly because vniust;
+receiued without resistance, and perhaps drew in the Armie of the King
+of _Sueueland_, with whom _Edgar Atheling_ and the other _English_ that
+fled into _Scotland_ ioyned their power. The _Normans_ within _Yorke_
+fired the suburbs, because it should not be a lodging for their enemies:
+but the strength of the winde caried the flame into the Citie, which
+consumed a great part thereof, with the Minster of S. _Peter_, and
+therein a faire Librarie. And herewith whilest the _Normans_ were partly
+busied, and partly amazed, the enemies entred, and slue in _Yorke_, in
+_Duresme_, and thereabout, three thousand _Normans_; among whom were
+many of eminent dignitie, as well for birth, as for place of their
+charge. But in short time the King came vpon them, and hauing partly by
+Armes, and partly by gifts dispatched the strangers, exercised vpon the
+_English_ an ancient and assured experience of warre, to represse with
+maine force a rebellion in a State newly subdued. Insomuch as all the
+land betweene _Duresme_ and _Yorke_, except onely the territorie of S.
+_Iohn_ of _Beuerlace_, lay waste for the space of nine yeeres, without
+inhabitants to manure the ground.
+
+And because conspiracies and associations are commonly contriued in the
+night, he commanded, that in all Townes and villages a Bell should be
+runge in the euening at eight of the clocke; and that in euery house
+they should then put foorth their fire and lights, and goe to bed. This
+custome of ringing a Bell at that houre, in many places is still
+obserued.
+
+And for that likenesse is a great cause of liking and of loue, he
+enioyned the chiefe of the _English_ (and these were soone imitated by
+the rest) to conforme themselues to the fashions of _Normandie_, to
+which they had made themselues no strangers before. Yea, children in the
+schoole were taught their letters and principles of grammar in the
+_Norman_ language. In their speech, attire, shauing of the beard,
+seruice at the Table; in their buildings and houshold furniture, they
+altogether resembled the _Normans_.
+
+In the beginning of his reigne he ordeined that the Lawes of King
+_Edward_ should be obserued, together with those Lawes which hee did
+prescribe: but afterwards he commanded that 9. men should be chosen out
+of euery shire, to make a true report what were the Lawes and customes
+of the Realme. Of these hee changed the greatest part, and brought in
+the customes of _Normandie_ in their stead: commanding also that causes
+should be pleaded, and all matters of forme dispatched in _French_.
+Onely hee permitted certaine _Dane_-Lawes, (which before were chiefly
+vsed in _Northfolke_, _Suffolke_, and _Cambridge_-shire) to be generally
+obserued; as hauing great affinitie with his _Norman_-customes; both
+being deriued from one common head.
+
+Likewise at the great suit of _William_ a _Norman_ then Bishop of
+_London_, he granted a Charter of libertie to that Citie, for enioying
+the vse of K. _Edwards_ Lawes: a memoriall of which benefite, the
+Citizens fixed vpon the Bishops graue, being in the middest of the
+great West Ile of S. _Pauls_. Further, by the counsaile of _Stigand_
+Archb. of _Canterburie_, and of _Eglesine_ Abbot of S. _Augustines_ (who
+at that time were the chiefe gouernours of _Kent_) as the King was
+riding towards _Douer_, at _Swanescombe_ two mile from _Grauesend_, the
+_Kentish_ men came towards him armed, and bearing boughes in their
+hands, as if it had bene a moouing wood; they encloased him vpon the
+sudden, and with a firme countenance, but words well tempered with
+modestie and respect, they demanded of him the vse of their ancient
+Liberties and Lawes: that in other matters they would yeeld obedience
+vnto him: that without this they desired not to liue. The King was
+content to strike saile to the storme, and to giue them a vaine
+satisfaction for the present; knowing right well, that the generall
+customes & Lawes of the residue of the Realme, would in short time
+ouerflow these particular places. So pledges being giuen on both sides,
+they conducted him to _Rochester_, and yeelded the Countie of _Kent_ and
+the Castle of _Douer_ into his power.
+
+In former times many Farmes and Mannors were giuen by bare word,
+without writing, onely with the sword of the Lord, or his head-peece;
+with a horne or standing goblet, and many tenements with a quill, with a
+horse-combe, with a bow, with an arrow; but this sincere simplicitie at
+that time was changed. And whereas Charters and deeds were before made
+firme by the subscription of the partie, with crosses of gold, or of
+some other colour; then they were firmed by the parties speciall Seale,
+set vpon waxe, vnder the _Teste_ of three or foure witnesses.
+
+He ordained also his counsaile of State, his Chancery, his Exchequer,
+his Courts of Iustice, which alwaies remoued with his Court. These
+places he furnished with Officers, and assigned foure Termes in the yere
+for determining controuersies among the people: whereas before all
+suites were summarily heard and determined in the _Gemote_ or monthly
+conuention in euery hundred, without either formalities or delay.
+
+He caused the whole Realme to be described in a censuall Roll, so as
+there was not one Hide of land, but both the yerely rent and the owner
+thereof, was therein set downe; how many plowlands, what pastures,
+fennes, or marishes; what woods, parkes, farmes and tenements were in
+euery shire; and what euery one was worth. Also how many villaines euery
+man had, what beasts or cattell, what fees, what other goods, what rent
+or commoditie his possessions did yeeld. This booke was called _The Roll
+of Winton_, because it was kept in the Citie of _Winchester_. By the
+_English_ it was called _Doomes day booke_; either by reason of the
+generalitie thereof, or else corruptly in stead of _Domus Dei booke_;
+for that it was layed in the Church of _Winchester_, in a place called
+_Domus Dei_. According to this Roll taxations were imposed; sometimes
+two shillings, and sometimes sixe shillings vpon euery hide of land (a
+hide conteyning 20. acres,) besides ordinarie prouision for his house.
+
+In all those lands which hee gaue to any man, he reserued _Dominion in
+chiefe_ to himselfe: for acknowledgement whereof a yeerely rent was payd
+vnto him, and likewise a fine whensoeuer the Tenant did alien or die.
+These were bound as Clients vnto him by oath of fidelitie and homage;
+And if any died his heire being in minoritie, the King receiued the
+profits of the land, and had the custodie and disposing of the heires
+body, vntill his age of one and twentie yeeres.
+
+It is reported of _Caligula_,[23] that when he entended to make
+aduantage of his penal Edicts, he caused them to be written in so small
+letters, and the tables of them to be fastened so high, that it was
+almost impossible for any man to read them. So the King caused part of
+those Lawes that he established, to be written in the _Norman_ language,
+which was a barbarous and broken _French_, not well vnderstood of the
+naturall _French_, and not at all of the vulgar _English_. The residue
+were not written at all, but left almost arbitrarie, to be determined by
+reason and discretion at large. Hereupon it followed, partly through
+ignorance of the people, and partly through the malice of some officers
+of Iustice, who many times are instruments of secret and particular
+ends; that many were extreamely intangled, many endangered, many rather
+made away, then iustly executed.
+
+But here it may be questioned, seeing these Lawes were layed vpon the
+_English_, as fetters about their feet, as a ponderous yoke vpon their
+necke, to depresse and deteine them in sure subiection; how it falleth,
+that afterward they became not onely tolerable, but acceptable and well
+esteemed.
+
+Assuredly, these lawes were exceeding harsh and heauy to the _English_
+at the first: And therefore K. _William Rufus_, and _Henry_ the first,
+at such time as _Robert_ their eldest brother came in armes against them
+to challenge the crowne, being desirous to winne the fauour of the
+people, did fill them with faire promises, to abrogate the lawes of K.
+_William_ their father, and to restore to them the Lawes of K. _Edward_.
+The like was done by K. _Stephen_, and by K. _Henry_ the second; whilest
+both contending to draw the State to himselfe, they did most grieuously
+teare it in pieces. The like by others of the first Kings of the
+_Norman_ race, whensoeuer they were willing to giue contentment to the
+people: who desired no other reward for all their aduentures and
+labours, for al their blood spent in the seruice of their Kings, but to
+haue the Lawes of K. _Edward_ restored. At the last the Nobilitie of the
+Realme, with great dispence both of their estates and blood, purchased a
+Charter of libertie, First from K. _Iohn_, which was soone reuoked, as
+violently enforced from him: afterwards from King _Henry_ the third,
+which remained in force. And hereby the sharpe seuerity of these lawes
+was much abated.
+
+In that afterwards they became, not onely tolerable, but easie and
+sweete, and happily not fit to bee changed, it is by force of long
+grounded custome, whereby those vsages which our ancestors haue obserued
+for many ages, do neuer seeme either grieuous or odious to bee endured.
+So _Nicetas_ writing of certaine Christians, who by long conuersing with
+the _Turkes_, had defiled themselues with Turkish fashions,
+_Custome_[24] (saith he) _winneth such strength by time, that it is more
+firme then either Nature or Religion_. Hereupon _Dio. Chrysostome_
+compareth Customes to a King,[25] and Edicts to a Tyrant; because we are
+subiect voluntarily to the one, but by constraint and vpon necessitie to
+the other. _It is manifest_ (saith _Agathias_) _that vnder whatsoeuer
+law a people hath liued, they doe esteeme the same most excellent and
+diuine_.[26] _Herodotus_ reporteth, that _Darius_ the sonne of
+_Hysdaspis_, hauing vnder his Dominion certaine _Grecians_ of _Asia_,
+who accustomed to burne their dead parents and friends, and certaine
+nations of _India_, who vsed to eate them; called the _Grecians_ before
+him: and told them that it was his pleasure, that they should conforme
+themselues to the custome of the _Indians_, in eating their deceased
+friends. But they applied all meanes of intreatie and perswasion, that
+they might not be inforced, to such a barbarous, or rather brutish
+obseruation. Then hee sent for the _Indians_, and mooued them to
+conformitie with the _Grecians_; but found that they did farre more
+abhorre to burne their dead, then the _Grecians_ did to eate them.
+
+Now these seuerities of the King were much aggrauated by the _English_,
+and esteemed not farre short of cruelties. Notwithstanding hee tempered
+it with many admirable actions both of iustice and of clemencie and
+mercie: for which hee is much extolled by the _Normane_[27] writers. Hee
+gaue great priuiledges to many places; & the better to giue the people
+contentment, and to hold them quiet, he often times renued the oath
+which first he tooke at his Coronation: namely, _to defend the holy
+Church of God, the pastors thereof, and the people subiect to him iustly
+to gouerne, to ordaine good lawes, and obserue true iustice, and to the
+vttermost of his power to withstand all rapines and false Iudgements._
+Such of the nobilitie as had been taken in rebellion, were onely
+committed to prison; from which they were released in time: such as
+yeelded and submitted themselues, were freely pardoned, and often times
+receiued to fauour, trust, and imployment.
+
+_Edric_, the first that rebelled after hee was King, he held neere and
+assured vnto him. _Gospatric_ who had been a stirrer of great
+commotions, he made Earle of _Glocester_, and employed him against
+_Malcolme_ King of _Scots_. _Eustace_ Earle of _Bologne_, who vpon
+occasion of the Kings first absence in _Normandie_ attempted to surprize
+the Castle of _Douer_, he imbraced afterward with great shew of loue and
+respect. _Waltheof_ sonne to Earle _Siward_, who in defending the Citie
+of _Yorke_ against him, had slaine many _Normans_, as they assayed to
+enter a breach, hee ioyned in marriage to his Neece _Iudeth_. _Edgar_
+who was the ground and hope of all conspiracies, who after his first
+submission to the King, fled into _Scotland_, and maintained open
+hostilitie against him, who pretended title to the Crowne as next heire
+to the _Saxon_ Kings, he not onely receiued to fauour, but honoured
+with faire enterteinments. Hee furnished him to the warre of
+_Palestine_, where he atteined an honourable estimation with the
+Emperours of _Almaine_ and of _Greece_. After his returne he was allowed
+20. shillings a day by way of pension, and large liuings in the
+Countrey, where he mellowed to old age in pleasure and vacancie of
+affaires; preferring safe subiection, before ambitious rule accompanied
+both with danger and disquiet.
+
+Thus was no man more milde to a relenting and vanquished enemie; as
+farre from crueltie, as he was from cowardice, the height of his spirit,
+ouerlooking all casuall, all doubtfull and vncertaine dangers. Other
+great offenders he punished commonly by exile or imprisonment, seldome
+by death. Onely among the _English_ Nobilitie Earle _Waltheof_ was put
+to death, for that after twice breaking allegiance, he conspired the
+third time with diuers both _English_ and _Normans_ to receiue the
+_Danes_ into _England_, whilest the King was absent in _Normandie_. And
+for the same conspiracie _Ralph Fitz-aubert_ a _Norman_ was also
+executed; who had furnished 40. ships for the King in his voiage for
+_England_: for which and for his other seruices in that warre, he was
+afterward created Earle of _Hereford_. But present iniuries doe alwayes
+ouerballance benefits that are past.
+
+He much delighted in hunting and in feasting. For the first he enclosed
+many forrests and parks, and filled them with Deere; which he so deerely
+loued, that he ordained great penalties for such as should kill those or
+any other beasts of game. For the second hee made many sumptuous feasts,
+especially vpon the high Festiuall dayes in the yeere. His _Christmasse_
+hee often kept at _Glocester_, his _Easter_ at _Winchester_, his
+_Whitsontide_ at _Westminster_; and was crowned once in the yeere at one
+of these places, so long as he continued in _England_. To these feasts
+he inuited all his Nobilitie, and did then principally compose himselfe
+to courtesie, as well in familiar conuersation, as in facilitie to grant
+suits, and to giue pardon to such as had offended. At other times he was
+more Maiesticall and seuere; and imployed himselfe both to much exercise
+and great moderation in diet; whereby he preserued his body in good
+state, both of health and strength, and was easily able to endure
+trauaile, hunger, heat, cold, and all other hardnesse both of labour and
+of want.
+
+Many wrongs he would not see, of many smarts he would not complaine; he
+was absolute master of himselfe, and thereby learned to subdue others.
+He was much commended for chastitie of body; by which his Princely
+actions were much aduanced. And albeit the beginning of his reigne was
+pestered with such routs of outlawes and robbers, that the peaceable
+people could not accompt themselues in surety within their owne doores;
+hee so well prouided for execution of Iustice vpon offenders, or rather
+for cutting off the causes of offence; that a young maiden well charged
+with gold, might trauaile in any part of the Realme, without any offer
+of iniurie vnto her. For if any man had slaine another vpon any cause,
+he was put to death; and if he could not be found, the hundred paide a
+fine to the King; sometimes 28. and sometimes 36. pounds, according to
+the largenesse of the hundred in extent. If a man had oppressed any
+woman, he was depriued of his priuie parts. As the people by Armes, so
+Armes by lawes were held in restraint.
+
+He talked little and bragged lesse: a most assured performer of his
+word: In prosecution or his purposes constant and strong, and yet not
+obstinate; but alwayes appliable to the change of occasions: earnest,
+yea violent, both to resist his enemies, and to exact dueties of his
+Subiects. He neither loued much speech, nor gaue credite to faire; but
+trusted truely to himselfe, to others so farre as he might not be abused
+by credulitie.
+
+His expedition (the spirit of actions and affaires) may hereby appeare.
+He inuaded _England_ about the beginning of October; He subdued all
+resistance, he suppressed all rising Rebellions, and returned into
+_Normandy_ in March following. So as the time of the yeere considered, a
+man should hardly trauaile through the land in so short a time as he did
+win it. A greater exploit then _Iulius Caesar_ or any other stranger
+could euer atchieue vpon that place.
+
+He gaue many testimonies of a Religious minde. For he did often frequent
+Diuine seruice in the Church, he gaue much Almes, hee held the Clergie
+in great estimation, and highly honoured the Prelats of the Church. He
+sent many costly ornaments, many rich presents of gold and siluer to the
+Church of _Rome_; his _Peter_ paiments went more readily, more largely
+then euer before. To diuers Churches in _France_ after his victorie he
+sent Crosses of gold, vessels of gold, rich Palles, or other ornaments
+of great beautie and price. He bare such reuerence to _Lanfranck_
+Archbishop of _Canterburie_, that he seemed to stand at his directions.
+At the request of _Wolstane_ Bishop of _Worcester_, he gaue ouer a great
+aduantage that he made by sale of prisoners taken in _Ireland_. He
+respected _Aldred_ Archbishop of _Yorke_, by whom he had bene crowned
+King of _England_, as his father. At a time vpon the repulse of a
+certaine suit, the Archbishop brake forth into discontentment,
+expostulated sharpely against the King, and in a humorous heat offered
+to depart. But the King staied him, fell downe at his feet, desired
+pardon, and promised satisfaction in the best maner that he could. The
+Nobilitie that were present, put the Archbishop in minde that he should
+cause the King to arise. Nay (answered the Archb.) let him alone; Let
+him still abide at S. _Peters_ feet. So with much adoe he was appeased,
+and entreated to accept his suite. And so the name of Saint _Peter_, and
+of the Church hath been often vsed as a mantle, to couer the pride,
+passions and pleasures of disordered men.
+
+He founded and enlarged many houses of Religion: Hee furnished
+Ecclesiasticall dignities, with men of more sufficiencie and worth then
+had been vsuall in former times. And because within his owne Dominions
+studies did not flourish and thriue, by reason of the turbulent times,
+by reason of the often inuasions of barbarous people, whose knowledge
+lay chiefly in their fists; hee drew out of _Italy_ and other places
+many famous men, both for learning and integritie of life, to wit,
+_Lanfranke_, _Anselm_, _Durand_, _Traherne_ and others. These he
+honoured, these hee aduanced, to these hee expressed great testimonies
+both of fauour and regard.
+
+And yet he preferred _Odo_ his brother by the mothers side to the
+Bishopricke of _Baion_, and afterwards created him Earle of _Kent_: A
+man proud, vaine, mutinous, ambitious; outragious in oppression, cruelty
+and lust; a prophaner of Religion, a manifest contemner of all vertue.
+The King being called by occasions into _Normandie_, committed vnto him
+the gouernment of the Realme: In which place of credite and command he
+furnished himselfe so fully with treasure, that hee aspired to the
+Papacie of _Rome_: vpon a prediction then cast abroad, (which commonly
+deceiue those that trust vnto them) that the successour of _Hildebrand_
+was named _Odo_. So filled with proud hopes, hee purchased a palace and
+friends at _Rome_; hee prepared for his iourney, and drew many gentlemen
+to be of his traine. But the King returning suddenly out of _Normandie_,
+met with him in the _Isle of Wight_, as he was ready to take the Seas.
+There hee was arrested, and afterwards charged with infinite
+oppressions; also for seducing the Kings subiects to forsake the Realme;
+and lastly, for sacrilegious spoyling of many Churches. Hereupon his
+treasure was seized, and he was committed to prison; not as Bishop of
+_Baion_, but as Earle of _Kent_, and as an accomptant to the King. And
+so he remained about foure yeeres, euen vntill the death of the King.
+His seruants, some in falshood, and some for feare, discouered such
+hidden heapes of his gold, as did exceede all expectation: yea, many
+bagges of grinded gold were drawen out of riuers, wherein the Bishop had
+caused them for a time to be buried. After this hee was called the Kings
+spunge: as being preferred by him to that place of charge, wherein he
+might in long time sucke that from others, which should at once be
+pressed from himselfe. By this meanes the King had the benefit of his
+oppression without the blame; and the people (being no deepe searchers
+into secrets of State) were so well pleased with the present punishment,
+as they were thereby, although not satisfied, yet well quieted for all
+their wrongs.
+
+Towards the end of his reigne he appointed his two sonnes, _Robert_ and
+_Henry_, with ioynt authoritie, gouernours of _Normandie_; the one to
+suppresse either the insolencie, or leuitie of the other. These went
+together to visit the _French_ King, lying at _Conflance_: where
+entertaining the time with varietie of disports, _Henry_ played with
+_Louis_ then _Daulphine_ of _France_ at Chesse, and did win of him very
+much. Here at _Louis_ beganne to growe warme in words, and was therein
+little respected by _Henry_. The great impatiencie of the one, and the
+small forbearance of the other, did strike in the end such a heate
+betweene them, that _Louis_ threw the Chesse-men at _Henries_ face, and
+called him the sonne of a bastard. _Henrie_ againe stroke _Louis_ with
+the Chesse-boord, drew blood with the blowe, and had presently slaine
+him vpon the place, had hee not been stayed by his brother _Robert_.
+Hereupon they presently went to horse, and their spurres claimed so good
+haste, as they recouered _Pontoise_, albeit they were sharpely pursued
+by the _French_.
+
+It had been much for the _French_ King to haue remained quiet, albeit no
+prouocations had happened, in regard of his pretence to many pieces
+which King _William_ did possesse in _France_. But vpon this occasion he
+presently inuaded _Normandie_, tooke the Citie of _Vernon_, and drew
+_Robert_, King _Williams_ eldest sonne, to combine with him against his
+owne father. On the other side King _William_, who neuer lost anything
+by loosing of time, with incredible celeritie passed into _France_;
+inuaded the _French_ Kings dominions, wasted and tooke many principall
+places of _Zantoigne_ and _Poictou_, returned to _Roan_, and there
+reconciled his sonne _Robert_ vnto him. The _French_ King summoned him
+to doe his homage for the kingdome of _England_. For the Duchie of
+_Normandie_ he offered him homage, but the kingdome of _England_ (he
+said) he held of no man, but onely of God, and by his sword. Hereupon
+the _French_ King came strongly vpon him; but finding him both ready
+and resolute to answere in the field: finding also that his hazard was
+greater then his hope; that his losse by ouerthrow would farre surmount
+his aduantage by victory; after a few light encounters he retired:
+preferring the care to preserue himselfe, before the desire to harme
+others.
+
+King _William_ being then both corpulent and in yeeres, was distempered
+in body by meanes of those trauailes, and so retired to _Roan_; where
+hee remained not perfectly in health. The _French_ King hearing of his
+sickenesse, pleasantly said, that hee lay in child-bed of his great
+belly. This would haue been taken in mirth, if some other had spoken it;
+but comming from an enemie, it was taken in scorne. And as great
+personages are most sencible of reproach, and the least touch of honour
+maketh a wide and incurable wound; so King _William_ was so nettled with
+this ieast, that hee swore _By Gods resurrection and his brightnesse_,
+(for this was the vsuall forme of his oath) that so soone as hee should
+be churched of that child, he would offer a thousand lights in _France_.
+So presently after his recouery hee entred _France_ in armes, tooke the
+Citie of _Meux_, set many Townes and Villages and corne fields on fire;
+the people abandoning all places where he came, and giuing foorth, that
+it was better the nests should be destroyed, then that the birds should
+be taken in them. At the last he came before _Paris_, where _Philip_
+King of _France_ did then abide: to whom he sent word, that he had
+recouered to be on foote, and was walking about, and would be glad
+likewise to find him abroad. This enterprise was acted in the moneth of
+August, wherein the King was so violent and sharpe, that by reason both
+of his trauaile, and of the vnseasonable heate, he fell into a relapse
+of his sicknesse. And to accomplish his mishap, in leaping on
+horse-backe ouer a ditch, his fat belly did beare so hard vpon the
+pommell of his saddle, that hee tooke a rupture in his inner parts. And
+so ouercharged with sickenesse, and paine, and disquietnesse of minde,
+hee returned to _Roan_; where his sickenesse increased by such dangerous
+degrees, that in short time it led him to the period of his dayes.
+
+During the time of his sickenesse hee was much molested in
+conscience,[28] for the blood which hee had spilt, and for the seueritie
+which he had vsed against the _English_: holding himselfe for that
+cause more guilty before God, then glorious among men. Hee spent many
+good speeches in reconciling himselfe to God and the world, & in
+exhorting others to vertue and Religion. He gaue great summes of money
+to the Clergie of _Meux_, and of some other places in _France_, to
+repaire the Churches which a little before he had defaced. To some
+Monasteries he gaue tenne markes of gold, and to others sixe. To euery
+Parish Church hee gaue fiue shillings, and to euery Borough Towne a
+hundred pounds for reliefe of the poore. Hee gaue his Crowne, with all
+the ornaments therto belonging, to the Church of Saint _Stephen_ in
+_Caen_, which hee had founded: for redeeming whereof, King _Henry_ the
+first did afterwards giue to the same Church the Mannour of _Brideton_
+in _Dorcetshire_. Hee reteined perfect memorie and speach so long as he
+reteined any breath. Hee ended his life vpon the ninth day of September:
+full both of honour and of age, when hee had reigned twenty yeeres,
+eight moneths and sixteene dayes; in the threescore and fourth yeere of
+his age.
+
+So soone as he was dead, the chiefe men that were about him went to
+horse, and departed forthwith to their owne dwellings: to prouide for
+the safety of themselues, and of their families and estates. For all men
+were possessed with a marueilous feare, that some dangerous aduentures
+would ensue. The seruants and inferiour Officers also fled away; and to
+double the basenesse of their disposition, tooke with them whatsoeuer
+was portable about the king; his Armour, plate, apparell,
+household-stuffe, all things were held as lawfull bootie. Thus the dead
+body was not onely abandoned, but left almost naked vpon the ground:
+where it remained from prime vntil three of the clocke, neither guarded
+nor regarded by any man. In the meane time the Religious persons went in
+procession to the Church of S. _Geruase_, & there commended his soule to
+God. Then _William_ Archb. of _Roan_ commaunded, that his body should be
+caried to _Caen_, to be there buried in the Church of S. _Stephen_. But
+hee was so forsaken of all his followers, that there was not any found
+who would vndertake either the care or the charge. At the last
+_Herlwine_ a countrey Knight, vpon his owne cost, caused the body to be
+embalmed and adorned for funerall pompe: then conueyed it by coach to
+the mouth of the Riuer _Some_; and so partly by land, and partly by sea
+brought it to _Caen_.
+
+Here the Abbot with the Couent of Monks came foorth with all accustomed
+ceremonies, to meet the corps: to whom the whole multitude of the
+Clergie and Lay-people did adioyne. But when they were in the middest of
+their sad solemnities, a fire brake out of a certaine house, and
+suddenly embraced a great part of the towne. Hereupon the Kings body was
+once againe abandoned; all the people running from it in a headlong
+haste; some to saue their goods, others to represse the rage of the
+flame, others (as the latest nouelty) to stand and looke on. In the end
+a few Moncks returned, and accompanied the Hearse to the Abbey Church.
+
+Afterward all the Bishops and Abbots of _Normandy_ assembled to
+solemnize the funerall. And when the diuine Office was ended, and the
+coffin of stone set into the earth, in the presbytorie, betweene the
+Quire and the Altar (but the body remained vpon the Herse) _Guislebert_
+bishop of _Eureux_ made a long Sermon; wherein hee bestowed much breath
+in extolling the honourable actions of the King. In the end he
+concluded; That forsomuch as it was impossible for a man to liue, much
+lesse to gouerne, without offence; First, by reason of the multitude of
+a Princes affaires; Secondly, for that he must commit the managing of
+many things to the conscience and courtesie of others; Lastly, for that
+personall grieuances are many times beneficiall to the maine body of
+State; in which case, particular either losses or harmes, are more then
+manifoldly recompenced by the preseruation or quiet of the whole: If
+therefore any that were present did suppose they had receiued iniurie
+from the King, he desired that they would in charitie forgiue him.
+
+When the Bishop had finished his speach, one _Anselme Fitz-Arthur_ stood
+vp amongst the multitude, and with a high voice said; _This ground
+whereupon wee stand, was sometimes the floore of my fathers house; which
+that man of whom you haue spoken, when he was Duke of Normandie, tooke
+violently from my father, and afterward founded thereon this Religious
+building. This iniustice hee did not by ignorance or ouersight; not vpon
+any necessitie of State; but to content his owne couetous desire. Now
+therefore I doe challenge this ground as my right; and doe here charge
+you, as you will answere it before the fearefull face of Almightie God,
+that the body of the spoiler be not couered with the earth of mine
+inheritance._
+
+When the Bishops and Noble men that were present heard this, and
+vnderstood by the testimony of many that it was true, they agreed to
+giue him three pounds presently for the ground that was broken for the
+place of burial; and for the residue which he claimed, they vndertooke
+he should be fully satisfied. This promise was performed in short time
+after, by _Henrie_ the Kings sonne, who onely was present at the
+Funerall; at whose appointment _Fitz-Arthur_ receiued for the price of
+the same ground one hundred pounds.
+
+Now when the body was to be put into the earth, the sepulchre of stone
+which stood within the graue, was hewen somewhat too strait for his fat
+belly; whereupon they were constrained to presse it downe with much
+strength. By this violence, whether his bowels burst, or whether some
+excrements were forced out at their natural passage, such an intolerable
+stinck proceeded from him, as neither the perfumes that smoaked in great
+abundance, nor any other meanes were able to qualifie. Wherefore the
+Priests hasted to finish their office, and the people departed in a sad
+silence; discoursing diuersly afterward of all these extraordinarie
+accidents.
+
+A man would thinke that a sepulchre thus hardly attained, should not
+easily againe bee lost. But it happened otherwise to this vnquiet King;
+not destined to rest, either in his life or after his death. For in the
+yeere 1562. when _Chastilion_ tooke the Citie of _Caen_, with those
+broken troupes that escaped at the battaile of _Dreux_; certaine sauage
+Souldiers of diuers nations, led by foure dissolute Captaines, beate
+downe the Monument which King _William_ his sonne had built ouer him,
+and both curiously and richly adorned with gold & costly stones. Then
+they opened his Tombe, & not finding the treasure which they expected,
+they threw forth his bones with very great derision & despight. Many
+_English_ souldiers were then in the Towne, who were very curious to
+gather his bones; whereof some were afterwards brought into _England_.
+Hereby the report is conuinced for vaine, that his body was found
+vncorrupt, more then foure hundred yeeres after it was buried. Hereby
+also it is found to be false, that his body was eight foote in length.
+For neither were his bones proportionable to that stature, (as it is
+testified by those who saw them) and it is otherwise reported of him by
+som who liued in his time; namely, that he was of a good stature, yet
+not exceeding the ordinary proportion of men.
+
+And this was the last end of all his fortunes, of all that was mortall
+in him besides his fame: whose life is too much extolled by the
+_Normans_, and no lesse extenuated by the _English_. Verely, he was a
+very great Prince: full of hope to vndertake great enterprises, full of
+courage to atchieue them: in most of his actions commendable, and
+excusable in all. And this was not the least piece of his Honour, that
+the Kings of _England_ which succeeded, did accompt their order onely
+from him: not in regard of his victorie in _England_, but generally in
+respect of his vertue and valour.
+
+For his entrance was not by way of conquest but with pretence of title
+to the Crowne: wherein he had both allowance and aide from diuers
+Christian Princes in Europe. He had also his partie within the Realme,
+by whose meanes he preuailed against the opposite faction, (as _Caesar_
+did against _Pompey_) and not against the entire strength of the State.
+
+Againe, hee did not settle himselfe in the chaire of Soueraignetie, as
+one that had reduced all things to the proud power and pleasure of a
+Conquerour, but as an vniuersall successor of former Kings, in all the
+rights and priuiledges which they did enioy. Hee was receiued for King
+by generall consent; He was crowned with all Ceremonies and Solemnities
+then in vse; Hee tooke an oath in the presence of the Clergie, the
+Nobilitie, and of much people, for defence of the Church, for moderate
+and carefull gouernement, and for vpright administration of iustice.
+
+Lastly, during the whole course of his gouernement, the kingdome
+receiued no vniuersall change, no losse or diminution of honour. For,
+neither were the olde inhabitants expelled, as were the _Britaines_;
+neither was the kingdome either subiected or annexed to a greater: but
+rather it receiued encrease of honour, in that a lesse State was
+adioyned vnto it. The change of customes was not violent and at once,
+but by degrees, and with the silent approbation of the _English_; who
+haue alwaies been inclinable to accommodate themselues to the fashions
+of _France_. The grieuances and oppressions were particular, and with
+some appearance either of iustice, or of necessitie for the common
+quiet; such as are not vnusuall in any gouernement moderately seuere. So
+the change was chiefly in the stemme and familie of the King: which
+whether it be wrought by one of the same nation (as it was in _France_
+by _Pepine_ and _Capett_) or by a stranger, (as in the same Countrey by
+_Henry_ 5. and _Henry_ 6. Kings of _England_) it bringeth no
+disparagement in honour; it worketh no essentiall change. The State
+still remained the same, the solid bodie of the State remained still
+_English_: the comming in of many _Normans_, was but as Riuers falling
+into the Ocean; which change not the Ocean, but are confounded with the
+waters thereof.
+
+This King had by his wife _Matild_, daughter to _Baldwine_ Earle of
+_Flanders_, foure sonnes; _Robert_, _Richard_, _William_ and _Henrie_:
+Hee had also fiue daughters; _Cicely_, _Constance_, _Adela_, _Margaret_
+and _Elianor_.
+
+_Robert_ his eldest sonne surnamed _Courtcuise_, by reason of the
+shortnesse of his thighs, succeeded him in the duchie of _Normandie_. He
+was a man of exceeding honourable courage and spirit, for which cause he
+was so esteemed by the Christian Princes in the great warre against the
+_Saracens_, that when they had subdued the Citie and territorie of
+_Hierusalem_, they offered the kingdome thereof first vnto him. Yet
+afterwards, either by the malice of his Fortune, or for that he was both
+suddaine and obstinate in his owne aduise (two great impediments that
+valour cannot thriue) he receiued many foiles of his enemies, which
+shall be declared in their proper place. Before the King made his
+descent into _England_, hee gaue the duchie of _Normandie_ vnto him: but
+whether he did this onely to testifie his confidence, or whether
+afterwards his purpose changed, being often demanded to performe this
+gift, he would neither deny nor accomplish his word, but enterposed many
+excuses and delayes; affirming that he was not so surely setled in
+_England_, but the duchie of _Normandie_ was necessary vnto him, both
+for supply for his seruices (which he found like _Hydraes_ heads to
+multiply by cutting off) and also for an assured place for retreit, in
+case hee should be ouercharged with extremities. Hereupon _Robert_
+vnable to linger and pine in hopes, declared openly against him in
+armes. _Philip_ King of _France_ was ready to put fuell to the flame;
+who as he neuer fauoured in his owne iudgement the prosperous encreases
+of the King of _England_, so then he was vigilant to embrace all
+occasions, either to abate or limit the same. And thus _Robert_ both
+encouraged and enabled by the King of _France_, inuaded _Normandie_, and
+permitted his souldiers licentiously to wast; to satisfie those by
+spoile, which by pay he was not able to maintaine. At the last he
+encountred the King his father in a sharpe conflict, before the castle
+of _Gerberie_, wherein the King was vnhorsed and wounded in the arme;
+his second sonne _William_ was also hurt, and many of his souldiers
+slaine. And albeit _Robert_ so soone as he knew his father by his voyce,
+allighted forthwith, mounted him vpon his owne horse, and withdrew him
+out of the medley; yet did he cast vpon his sonne a cruell curse, which
+lay so heauie vpon him, that he neuer prospered afterward in any thing
+which hee vndertooke. And although after this he was reconciled to his
+father, and imployed by him in seruices of credit and weight, yet did
+the King often bewray of him an vnquiet conceit, often did he ominate
+euill vnto him: yea, a little before his death he openly gaue forth,
+_That it was a miserable Countrey which should be subiect to his
+dominion, for that he was a proud and foolish knaue, and to be long
+scourged by cruell Fortune_.
+
+_Richard_ had erected the good expectation of many, as well by his
+comely countenance and behauiour, as by his liuely and generous spirit.
+But he died yong by misaduenture, as he was hunting within the
+New-forrest, before he had made experiment of his worth. Some affirme
+that he was goared to death by the Deere of that Forrest, for whose
+walke his father had dispeopled that large compasse of ground: others
+report, that as he rode in chase, hee was hanged vpon the bough of a
+tree by the chaps: others more probably doe write, that he perished by a
+fal from his horse. He was buried at _Winchester_ with this inscription:
+_Hic iacet Richardus filius Wilielmi senioris Berniae Dux_.
+
+_William_ did succeed next to his father in the Kingdome of _England_.
+To _Henry_, the King gaue at the time of his death fiue thousand pounds
+out of his treasure; but gaue him neither dignitie nor lands:
+foretelling, that hee should enioy the honour of both his brothers in
+time, and farre excel them both in dominion and power. Whether this was
+deuised vpon euent; or whether some doe prophesie at their death; or
+whether it was coniecturally spoken; or whether to giue contentment for
+the present; it fell out afterward to be true. For hee succeeded
+_William_ in the Kingdome of _England_, and wrested _Normandie_ out of
+the possession of _Robert_. Of these two I shall write more fully
+hereafter.
+
+His daughter _Cicelie_ was Abbesse of _Caen_ in _Normandie_. _Constance_
+was married to _Allen Fergant_ Earle of _Britaine_. _Adela_ was wife to
+_Stephen_ Earle of _Blois_, to whom she bare _Stephen_, who after the
+death of _Henry_ was King of _England_. _Margaret_ was promised in
+marriage to _Harold_; she died before hee attained the Kingdome, for
+which cause he held himselfe discharged of that oath which he had made
+to the Duke her father. _Elianor_ was betroathed to _Alphonso_ King of
+_Gallicia_; but she desired much to die a Virgine: for this she daily
+prayed, and this in the end she did obtaine. After her death her knees
+appeared brawnie and hard, with much kneeling at her deuotions.
+Assuredly it will be hard to find in any one Familie, both greater
+Valour in sonnes, and more Vertue in daughters.
+
+In the beginning of this Kings reigne, either no great accidents did
+fall, or else they were obscured with the greatnesse of the change: none
+are reported by the writers of that time.
+
+In the fourth yeere of his reigne, _Lanfranke_ Abbot of _Caen_ in
+_Normandie_, but borne in _Pauie_, a Citie of _Lumbardie_, was made
+Archbishop of _Canterbury_: And _Thomas_ a _Norman_, and _Chanon_ of
+_Bayon_ was placed in the Sea of _Yorke_. Between these two a
+controuersie did arise at the time of their consecration, for prioritie
+in place: but this contention was quieted by the King, and _Thomas_ for
+the time subscribed obedience to the Archb. of _Canterbury_. After this
+they went to _Rome_ for their Palles, where the question for Primacie
+was againe renued, or as some affirme, first moued before Pope
+_Alexander_. The Pope vsed them both with honorable respect, and
+especially _Lanfrank_, to whom he gaue two Palles, one of honour, and
+the other of loue: but their controuersie he referred to be determined
+in _England_.
+
+About two yeeres after it was brought before the King and the Clergie at
+_Windsore_. The Archbishop of _Yorke_ alleadged, that when the
+_Britaines_ receiued the Christian faith, in the time of _Lucius_ their
+King _Eleutherius_ then Bishop of _Rome_, sent _Faganus_ and _Damianus_
+vnto them, who ordeined 28. Bishops, and two Archbishops within the
+Realme, one of _London_, and the other of _Yorke_. Vnder these the
+Church of _Britaine_ was gouerned almost three hundred yeeres, vntill
+they were subdued by the _Saxons_. The _Saxons_ remained Infidels vntill
+_Gregorie_ Bishop of _Rome_ sent _Augustine_ vnto them. By his preaching
+_Ethelbert_ King of _Kent_ was first conuerted to the Christian faith:
+By reason whereof _Augustine_ was made Archbishop of _Douer_, by
+appointment of Pope _Gregorie_; who sent vnto him certaine Palles with
+his letter from _Rome_. By this letter it is euident, that _Gregorie_
+intended to reduce the Church of the _Saxons_ to the same order wherein
+it was among the _Britaines_; namely, to be vnder twelue Bishops and two
+Archbishops; one of _London_ and the other of _Yorke_. Indeede he gaue
+to _Augustine_ during his life, authority and iurisdiction ouer all
+Bishops and Priests in _England_: but after his decease he ioyneth these
+two Metropolitanes in equall degree, to constitute Bishops, to ouersee
+the Church, to consult and dispose of such things as appertaine to the
+gouernement thereof, as in former times among the _Britaines_. Betweene
+these he put no distinction in honour, but only as they were in
+prioritie of time: and as he appointeth _London_ to be consecrated by no
+Bishop, but of his own Synod, so he expresseth, that the Bishop of
+_Yorke_ should not bee subiect to the Bishop of _London_. And albeit
+_Augustine_ for the reason before mentioned, translated the Sea from
+_London_ to _Douer_, yet if _Gregorie_ had intended to giue the same
+authoritie to the successours of _Augustine_ which hee gaue vnto him, he
+would haue expressed it in his Epistle: but in that he maketh no mention
+of his successours, he concludeth, or rather excludeth them by his
+silence.
+
+The Archbishop of _Canterbury_ alleaged, that from the time of
+_Augustine_, vntill the time of _Bede_, (which was about 140. yeeres)
+the Bishops of _Canterburie_ (which in ancient time (said he) was called
+_Douer_) had the Primacie ouer the whole land of _Britaine_, and
+_Ireland_; that they did call the Bishops of _Yorke_ to their Councels,
+which diuers times they kept within the Prouince of _Yorke_; that some
+Bishops of _Yorke_ they did constitute, some excommunicate, and some
+remoue. He alleaged also diuers priuiledges granted by Princes for the
+Primacie of that Sea; diuers graunted from the Apostolike Sea to
+confirme this dignitie in the successours of _Augustine_: that it is
+reason to receiue directions of well liuing, from whence we first
+receiued directions of right beleeuing; & therfore as the Bishop of
+_Canterbury_ was subiect to the Bishop of _Rome_, because hee had his
+faith from thence; for the very same cause the Bishop of _Yorke_ should
+be in subiection to the Bishop of _Canterbury_: that like as the Lord
+said that to all the Bishops of _Rome_, which hee said to S. Peter; so
+that which _Gregorie_ said to _Augustine_, hee said likewise to all his
+successours. And whereas much is spoken of the Bishop of _London_, what
+is that to the Archbishop of _Canterbury_? For, neither is it certaine
+that _Augustine_ was euer resident at _London_, neither that _Gregorie_
+appointed him so to be.
+
+In the end it was decreed, That _Yorke_ for that time should be subiect
+to _Canterburie_; that wheresoeuer within _England_ the Archbishop of
+_Canterburie_ should hold his Councell, the Archbishop of _Yorke_ should
+come vnto it, with the Bishops of his Prouince, and be obedient to his
+decrees: that when the Archbishop of _Canterburie_ should decease, the
+Archbishop of _Yorke_ should goe to _Canterburie_, to consecrate him
+that should succeed: that if the Archbishop of _Yorke_ should decease,
+his successour should goe to _Canterbury_, or to such place as the
+Archbishop of _Canterburie_ should appoint, there to receiue his
+Consecration, making first his oath of Canonicall obedience. And thus
+was the contention for this first time taken vp; but in succeeding times
+it was often renued, and much busied the Clergie of the Realme.
+
+In the ninth yeere of the reigne of King _William_ a Councell was holden
+at _London_, where another matter of like qualitie and nature was
+decreed: namely, that Bishops should translate their Sees from villages
+to Cities; whereupon in short time after, Bishops Sees were remoued,
+from _Selese_ to _Chichester_, from _Cornewall_ to _Exeter_, from
+_Wells_ to _Bath_, from _Shirbourne_ to _Salisburie_, from _Dorcester_
+to _Lincolne_, from _Lichfield_ to _Chester_, and from thence againe to
+_Couentree_. And albeit the Archbishop of _Yorke_ did oppose against the
+erecting of a Cathedrall Church in _Lincolne_, because he challenged
+that Citie to be of his Prouince; yet _Remigius_ Bishop of _Dorchester_,
+being strong both in resolution and in friends, did prosecute his
+purpose to effect. Not long before the Bishopricke of _Lindafferne_
+otherwise called _Holy land_, vpon the riuer _Tweed_, had bene
+translated to _Durhame_.
+
+In the tenth yeere of his reigne the cold of Winter was exceeding
+memorable, both for sharpenesse and for continuance: For the earth
+remained hard frozen from the beginning of Nouember, vntill the middest
+of April then ensuing.
+
+In the 15. yere a great earthquake happened in the month of April;
+strange for the strong trembling of the earth, but more strange for the
+dolefull and hideous roaring which it yeelded foorth.
+
+In the 20. yeere there fell such abundance of raine, that the Riuers did
+greatly ouerflow in all parts of the Realme. The springs also rising
+plentifully in diuers hils, so softned and decaied the foundations of
+them, that they fell downe, whereby some villages were ouerthrowne. By
+this distemperature of weather much cattel perished, much corne vpon the
+ground was either destroyed, or greatly empaired. Herehence ensued,
+first a famine, and afterwards a miserable mortalitie of men.
+
+And that all the Elements might seeme to haue conspired the calamity of
+the Realme, the same yeere most of the principall Cities in _England_
+were lamentably deformed with fire. At _London_ a fire began at the
+entry of the West gate, which apprehending certaine shops and
+Ware-houses, wherein was Merchandise apt to burne, it was at once begun
+and suddenly at the highest. Then being caried with a strong wind; and
+the Citie apt to maintaine the flame, as well by reason of the crooked
+and narrow streets, as for that the buildings at that time had open and
+wide windowes, and were couered with base matter fit to take fire, the
+mischiefe spread more swiftly then the remedies could follow. So it
+raged vntill it came to the East gate, prostrated houses and Churches
+all the way, being the most grieuous that euer as yet hath happened to
+that Citie. The Church of S. _Paul_ was at that time fired; Whereupon
+_Maurice_ then Bishop of _London_, began the foundation of the new
+Church of S. _Paul_. A worke so admirable, that many did iudge, it would
+neuer haue bene finished; yet all might easily esteeme thereby his
+magnanimitie, his high erected hopes, his generous loue and honour to
+Religion. The King gaue towards the building of the East end of this
+Church, the choise stones of his Castle at the West end of the Citie,
+vpon the bancke of the Riuer Thames; which Castle at the same time was
+also fired: in place whereof _Edward Killwarby_ Archbishop of
+_Canterburie_ did afterwards found a Monasterie of blacke Friers. The
+King also gaue the Castle of _Storford_, and all the lands which thereto
+belonged, to the same _Maurice_, and to his successours in that See. And
+doubtlesse nothing more then either parcimonious or prophane expending
+the Treasures of the Church, hath since those times much dried vp those
+fountaines which first did fill them.
+
+After the death of _Maurice_, _Richard_ his next Successour, as well in
+vertue as in dignitie, bestowed all the Rents rising out of this
+Bishopricke, to aduance the building of this Church; maintaining
+himselfe by his Patrimonie and friendes: and yet all which hee could
+doe, made no great shewe: so that the finishing of this worke was left
+to many other succeeding Bishops. Hee purchased the ground about the
+Church whereupon many buildings did stand, and inclosed the same with a
+strong wall of stone for a place of buriall. It seemeth that this wall
+was afterwards either battered and torne in some ciuill warres, or else
+by negligence suffered to decay: for that a graunt was made by King
+_Edward_ the second, that the Church-yard of Saint _Pauls_ should bee
+enclosed with a wall, because of the robberies and murthers that were
+there committed. Many parts of this wall remaine at this time, on both
+sides of the Church, but couered for the most part with dwelling houses.
+
+The same yeere in Whitsun-weeke, the King honoured his sonne _Henrie_
+with the order of Knighthood. What Ceremonies the King then vsed it is
+not certainly knowen: but before his time the custome among the
+_Saxons_ was thus. First, hee who should receiue the order of
+Knighthood, confessed himselfe in the euening to a Priest. Then hee
+continued all that night in the Church, watching and applying himselfe
+to his priuate deuotions. The next morning he heard Masse, and offered
+his sword vpon the Altar. After the Gospel was read, the sword was
+hallowed, and with a benediction put about his necke. Lastly, he
+communicated the mysteries of the blessed body of Christ, and from that
+time remained a lawfull Souldier or Knight. This custome of Consecrating
+Knights the _Normans_ did not onely abrogate, but abhorre; not for any
+euill that was therein, but because it was not altogether their owne.
+
+This yeere in a Prouince of _Wales_ called _Rosse_, the Sepulchre of
+_Wawyn_, otherwise called _Gawen_, was found vpon the Sea shore. Hee was
+sisters sonne to _Arthur_ the great King of the _Britaines_; a man
+famous in our _Britaine_ Histories, both for ciuill courtesie, and for
+courage in the field. I cannot but esteeme the report for fabulous, that
+his bodie was fourteene foote in length. I doe rather coniecture that
+one credulous writer did take that for the length of his body, which
+happily might bee the length of his tombe.
+
+It is constantly affirmed that the ground whereon the _English_ and the
+_Normans_ did combate, doth shew after euery raine manifest markes of
+blood vpon the grasse: which if it was not a proprietie of the soyle
+before, it is hard now to assigne, either from what naturall cause it
+doth proceede, or what it should supernaturally portend.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+K. WILLIAM
+
+THE SECOND,
+
+sirnamed RVFVS.
+
+
+King WILLIAM the Victor when hee drew towards the end of his dayes,
+commended the Kingdome of _England_ to his second sonne _William_: with
+many blessings, with many admonitions, with many prayers for the
+prosperous successe of his succession. And because the presence of the
+next successour is of greatest moment to establish affaires, the King a
+little before his passage to death, dispatched him into _England_, with
+letters vnder his owne Seale to _Lanfranck_ then Archbishop of
+_Canterbury_: a man highly esteemed in forraine Countreys, but with the
+Cleargie and vulgare people of the Realme, his authoritie was absolute.
+In these letters the King expressed great affection and care towards his
+sonne _William_; commending him with many kind words, for his
+sufficiencies, for diuers vertues; especially for that hee did alwayes
+stand firmely by him, alwayes declare himselfe both a faithfull Subiect
+and dutifull sonne. It was also coniectured by some, that the King was
+guided in this choise, no lesse by his iudgement, then by his affection:
+for that he esteemed the fierce disposition of his sonne _William_ more
+fit to gouerne a people not well setled in subiection, then the flexible
+and milde nature of his eldest sonne _Robert_. So _William_ taking his
+last leaue of his father, who was then taking his last leaue of this
+world, iourneyed towards _England_; and in short time arriued at the
+port called _Whitesand_, where he receiued the first report of his
+fathers death. Hereupon with all speed hee posted to _Lanfranck_,
+deliuered his fathers letters, and foorthwith was declared King, vpon
+the 9. day of September, in the yere 1087. and vpon the first of October
+next ensuing was by the same _Lanfranck_, with al ceremonies and
+solemnities perteining to that action, crowned at _Westminster_.
+
+_Robert_, either by negligence and want of foresight, or by the
+perpetuall malice of his destinie, or happily not without his fathers
+contriuance, was absent in _Germanie_, whilest his yonger brother
+_William_ did thus possesse himselfe, both of the Kingdome of his
+father, and of his treasure. Otherwise he wanted neither pretence, nor
+purpose, nor fauour of friends to haue empeached his brothers
+proceedings. For it was then doubted by many, and since hath bene by
+many debated; whether in any case, vpon any cause or consideration
+whatsoeuer, a King hath power to disinherite his eldest sonne, and to
+appoint another to succeed in his estate.
+
+That a King may aduance any of his sonnes to bee his successour, without
+respect of prioritie in birth, there seemeth to want neither warrant of
+example, nor weight of authoritie. _Dauid_[29] a man greatly prooued and
+approoued by God, did preferre _Solomon_[30] to succeede him, before his
+eldest sonne _Adonia_. And in like sort _Rehoboam_ the sonne of
+_Solomon_, appointed the yongest of all his sonnes to succeed him in the
+Kingdome.[31] So some Lawyers affirme, That a King may determine in his
+life, which of his sonnes shall reigne after him.
+
+But this must be vnderstood, either when a State is newly raised to the
+title of a kingdome, or else when by Conquest, Vsurpation, or some other
+meanes of change, the gouernment thereof is newly transferred from one
+stemme to another: For then because there is no certaine Law or Custome
+of succession in force, the right seemeth to depend vpon the disposition
+of the Prince. And yet euen in this case, the eldest or neerest cannot
+be excluded without iust cause. For so when _Iacob_[32] depriued his
+eldest sonne _Reuben_ of his priuiledge of birth, he expressed the
+cause, For that he had defiled his fathers bed; which fact of his
+_Hierome_ applieth to the case in question. So when _Ptolemie_[33] the
+first King of _Egypt_ commended the State to his yongest sonne, he
+yeelded a reason for that which he did. So _Henrie_ the fourth Emperour,
+crowned _Henrie_ his yonger sonne King, reiecting _Conrade_ his eldest
+sonne, for that hee had borne armes against him, and ioyned in league
+with his open enemies.
+
+But when by expresse Lawe or long grounded Custome the Succession of a
+State is established to the eldest sonne, the best approoued
+interpreters of the Canon and Ciuill law doe conclude,[34] that the
+father hath no power to inuert or peruert that course of order. For
+parents may debarre their children of that which proceedeth from
+themselues, of that which dependeth vpon their appointment; but of that
+which is due by nature,[35] by the immutable law of the State, the
+parents can haue no power to dispose. When by a fundamentall Lawe or
+Custome of State, Succession is annexed to the dignity of a Crowne,
+according to prioritie in birth, it followeth, that so soone as the
+first borne commeth into light, the right of succession is fixed in
+him;[36] not in hope onely, but also in habite; whereof neither the
+father nor any other can dispossesse him.
+
+And therefore when _Prusias_[37] intended to depriue his eldest sonne
+_Nicomedes_ of his prerogatiue of birth, and to preferre his yonger
+sonnes, which he had by another wife, in succession before him, he could
+not assure it by any meanes, but by determining the death of
+_Nicomedes_; which _Nicomedes_ to preuent, dispoiled his father both of
+kingdom and of life. _Ptolemie_ the first King of _Egypt_[38] of that
+name, who after the death of _Alexander_ the great possessed himselfe
+of _Egypt_, & part of _Arabia_, and of _Affrick_, left his kingdom to
+the yongest of his sons: but afterward when _Ptolemie_, surnamed
+_Phiscon_,[39] vpon the importunity of his wife _Cleopatra_, attempted
+the like, the kingdome being then setled in succession, the people
+opposed, & reuersed his order after his death. So _Pepine_[40] after hee
+had made seisure of the kingdome of _France_, & ordered all things which
+he thought necessary for the suerty therof, disposed the succession
+therein by his Testament; leauing the Realme of _Noion_ to his sonne
+_Charles_, and to _Carloman_ his other sonne the Realme of _Soissons_.
+The like was done by some other of the first Kings of his race. But
+since that time the custome hath been strongly stablished, that the
+kingdome passeth entirely to the eldest sonne, and possessions are
+assigned to the rest vnder the name of _Appanage_. And therefore the
+_French_[41] writers affirme, that the eldest sonne of _France_ cannot
+be depriued of succession, vpon any cause of ingratitude against his
+parents; and that if the King should institute his eldest sonne,[42] yet
+cannot hee take the kingdome by force of his fathers guift, but onely by
+the immutable law of the Realme. Yea, _Girard_ writeth of _Charles_ the
+simple, that hee was King of _France_[43] before hee was borne. And in
+this regard the _Glossographer_[44] vpon the Decrees noteth, that the
+sonne of a King may bee called King during the life of his father, as
+wanting nothing but administration. And the same also doth _Seruius_
+note out of _Virgil_, where hee saith of _Ascanius_: _regemq;
+requirunt_, his father _Aeneas_ being then aliue.
+
+Now then, for that the right of Succession to the Crowne of _England_
+was not at that time so surely setled as it hath been since; but had
+waued in long vncertainetie: First, in the _Heptarchie_ of the _Saxons_
+and _English_, afterward betweene the _English_ and the _Danes_, and was
+then newly possessed by the _Normane_, and that chiefly by the sword:
+For that also _Robert_ the Kings eldest sonne gaue iust cause of
+offence, by bearing armes against his father; it may seeme that the King
+might lawfully direct the succession to his second sonne. And yet,
+because as _Herodotus_[45] saith, _It is a generall custome amongst all
+men, that the first in birth is next in succession_; because as
+_Baldus_[46] affirmeth, _Semper fuit, & semper erit, &c. Alwayes it hath
+been, and alwayes it shall bee, that the first borne succeedeth in a
+kingdome_; because as S. _Hierome_[47] writeth, _A kingdome is due vnto
+the first borne_; and as S. _Chrysostome_[48] saith, _The first borne is
+to bee esteemed more honourable then the rest_; whereupon diuers Lawyers
+obserue, that the word _Senior_[49] is often times taken for a Lord.
+Lastly, because this precedencie both in honour, and in right seemeth to
+be the Law of all nations, deriued from the Law of Nature, and expresly
+either instituted or approoued by the voice of God: First, where he said
+to _Cain_[50] of his yonger brother _Abel_; _His desires shall be
+subiect to thee, and thou shalt haue dominion ouer him_: Secondly,[51]
+where he forbiddeth the father to disinherite the first sonne of his
+double portion, because by right of birth it is due vnto him: Lastly,
+where hee maketh choice of the first borne to be sanctified and
+consecrated to himselfe;[52] it hath almost neuer happened that this
+order hath been broken, that the neerest haue bene excluded from
+Succession in State, but it hath been followed with tragicall euents.
+
+Yea, albeit the eldest sonne be vnfit to beare rule, albeit hee be
+vnable to gouerne either others or himselfe; as if hee be in a high
+degree furious, or foolish, or otherwise defectiue in body or in minde,
+(vnlesse he degenerate from humane condition) yet can he not therefore
+be excluded from succession:[53] because it is due vnto him, not in
+respect of abilitie, but by reason of his prioritie of birth. As for the
+kingdom, it shall better be preserued by the gouernment of a Protector
+(as in diuers like causes it is both vsual and fit) then by receiuing
+another Prince:[54] as well for other respects, as for that by cutting
+off continuance in the Royall descent, by interrupting the setled order
+of gouernment, by making a breach in so high a point of State,
+opportunitie is opened both for domesticall disturbances, and for
+inuasions from abroad: whereupon greater inconueniences do vsually
+ensue, then did euer fall by insufficiencie of a Prince. For if these
+pretenses may be allowed for good, what aspiring Subiect, what
+encroaching enemy, finding themselues furnished with meanes, will not be
+ready to rise into ambitious hopes? _Gabriel_ the yonger brother of the
+house of _Saluse_, kept his eldest brother in prison, vsurped his
+estate, giuing foorth to the people that he was mad. And seldome hath
+any vsurpation happened, but vpon pretence of insufficiencie in
+gouernment. Assuredly, if these principall points of Principalitie be
+not punctually obserued, the ioynts of a State are loosened, the
+foundation is shaken, the gates are opened for all disorders, to rise
+vp, to rush in, to prosper, to preuaile.
+
+Hereupon _Medon_[55] the eldest sonne of _Codrus_, albeit he was lame
+and otherwise defectiue, was by sentence of the Oracle of _Apollo_
+preferred to succeed his father in the kingdome of _Athens_, before
+_Neleus_ his yonger brother. So when _Alexandrides_[56] King of _Sparta_
+left two sonnes, _Cleomenes_ the eldest, distracted in wits, and
+_Doricus_ the yongest, both able and enclined to all actions of honour;
+the _Spartans_ acknowledged _Cleomenes_ for their King. _Agisilaus_ the
+famous King of _Sparta_ was also lame, as _Plutarch_[57] and _Prob.
+Aemilius_ do report; _Orosius_ saith, that the _Spartans_ did rather
+choose to haue their King halt, then their Kingdome. And therefore when
+_Lisander_[58] moued them to decree, that the worthiest and not alwayes
+the next in blood of the line of _Hercules_ should reigne, he found no
+man to second his aduise. _Aristobulus_[59] and _Hircanus_ after a long
+and cruel contention for the Kingdome of _Iewrie_, committed their
+controuersie to the arbitrement of _Pompey_: _Hircanus_ alledged, that
+hee was the eldest brother; _Aristobulus_ obiected, that _Hircanus_ was
+insufficient to gouerne: but _Pompey_ gaue iudgement for _Hircanus_. The
+like iudgement did _Annibal_[60] giue for the kingdome of that Countrey
+which is now called _Sauoy_; restoring _Brancus_[61] to his State, from
+which he had bene expelled by his yonger brother. And although
+_Phirrus_[62] did appoint that sonne to succeed, whose sword had the
+best edge; yet was the eldest acknowledged, who bare the least
+reputation for valour.
+
+_Ladislaus_[63] King of _Hungarie_ left by his brother _Geysa_ two
+Nephewes; _Colomannus_ the eldest, who was lame, bunch-backed,
+crab-faced, blunt-sighted, bleare-eyed, a dwarfe, a stammerer, and
+(which is more) a Priest; and _Almus_ the yongest, a man of comely
+presence, and furnished with many princely vertues: In regard of these
+natural prerogatiues _Ladislaus_ appointed _Almus_ to succeed; but in
+regard of the prerogatiue in blood, the _Hungarians_ receiued
+_Colomannus_ for their King. _Barbatius_[64] writeth, that _Galeace_
+Duke of _Milane_ did oft times expresse his griefe, for that he could
+not preferre in succession _Philip Maria_ his yongest sonne, before
+_Iohn_ his eldest; for that he seemed the most sufficient to vndertake
+the manage of the State. _Girard_[65] affirmeth that it hath bene the
+custome of the _French_, to honour their Kings whatsoeuer they are;
+whether wise or foolish, valiant or weake; esteeming the name of King to
+be sacred by whomsoeuer it be borne. And therefore they obeyed not only
+_Charles_ the simple, but _Charles_ the sixt also; who reigned many
+yeres in plaine distraction of his mind. It was an ancient custome in
+_Scotland_, that the most sufficient of the blood of _Fergusus_[66] was
+receiued for King; but such warres, murthers, and other mischiefes did
+thereupon ensue, that a law was made vnder _Kenet_ the third, and
+afterwards confirmed by _Millcolumbus_, that the nighest in blood should
+alwayes succeede. And accordingly the Scots refused not for their King
+_Iohn_ the eldest sonne of _Robert_ the second, albeit he was borne out
+of marriage, and did halt, and was both in wit and in courage dull.
+
+For what if he who is debarred for disabilitie shall afterward haue a
+sonne free from all defects?[67] It is without question that the right
+of the Kingdome should deuolue vnto him: for that the calamitie of
+parents doeth not preiudice their children, especially in their
+naturall rights, which they may claime from the person of former
+ancestors. But what if another be in possession of the Kingdome?[68]
+will he readily giue place to this right? will he readily abandon that
+honour, for which men will not spare, to climbe ouer all difficulties,
+to vndergoe all dangers; to put their goods, their liues, their soules
+in aduenture? If a man be once mounted into the chaire of Maiestie, it
+standeth not, I will not say with his dignitie, but with his safetie, to
+betake himselfe to a priuate State; as well for the eternall iealousie
+wherein he shall be held, as for the enuie which shall be borne against
+him vpon many of his actions: So as what some few would not doe for
+ambition, the same they must doe to preserue themselues. Hereupon it
+will follow, that the possession of the Kingdome being in one, and the
+right in another; disunions, factions, warres may easily ensue.
+
+It is inconuenient (I grant) to be vnder a King who is defectiue in body
+or in mind; but it is a greater inconuenience, by disturbing a setled
+forme of gouernment, to open an entrance for all disorders; wherein
+ambition and insolencie (two riotous humours) may range at large. For
+as euill is generally of that nature, that it cannot stand, but by
+supportance of another euill; and so multiplieth in it selfe, vntill it
+doth ruine with the proper weight: so mindes hauing once exceeded the
+strict bounds of obedience, cease not to strengthen one bouldnesse by
+another, vntil they haue inuolued the whole State in confusion.
+
+
+Bvt now to returne to the person and gouernment of this King _William_.
+He was a man of meane stature, thicke and square bodied, his belly
+swelling somewhat round; his face was red, his haire deepely yealow, by
+reason whereof he was called _Rufus_; his forehead foure square like a
+window, his eyes spotted and not one like the other; his speech
+vnpleasant and not easily vttered, especially when he was mooued with
+anger. He was of great abilitie in body, as well for naturall strength,
+as for hardinesse to endure all ordinary extremities both of trauaile
+and of want. In Armes he was both expert and aduenturous; full of inward
+brauerie and fiercenesse; neuer dismayed, alwayes forward, and for the
+most part fortunate; in counsaile sudden, in performance a man; not
+doubting to vndertake any thing which inuincible valour durst promise to
+atchieue. Hee had bene bred with the sword; alwayes in action, alwayes
+on the fauourable hand of Fortune: so as, albeit he was but yong, yet
+was he in experience well grounded; for inuention subtill, in counsaile
+quicke, in execution resolute; wise to foresee a danger, and expedite to
+auoid it. In a word, the generall reputation of his valour and
+celeritie, made him esteemed one of the best Chiefetaines in his time.
+
+His behauiour was variable and inconstant; earnest in euery present
+passion, and for the most part accompanying the disposition of his mind,
+with outward demonstrations. Of nature he was rough, haughtie,
+obstinate, inuincible, which was much enlarged both by his soueraigntie
+and youth: so singular in his owne conceit, that he did interprete it to
+his dishonour, that the world should deeme, that he did not gouerne by
+his owne iudgement. In publicke he composed his countenance to a stately
+terrour; his face sowerly swelling, his eyes truculent, his voyce
+violent and fierce, scarce thinking himselfe Maiesticall in the glasse
+of his vnderstanding, but when he flashed feare from his presence. And
+yet in priuate he was so affable and pleasant, that he approched neere
+the degree of leuitie: much giuen to scoffing, and passing ouer many of
+his euill actions with a ieast. In all the other carriages of his life,
+he maintained no stable and constant course; but declared himselfe for
+euery present, as well in vertue as in vice, strong, violent, extreeme.
+
+In the beginning of his reigne he was esteemed a most accomplished
+Prince; and seemed not so much of power to bridle himselfe from vice, as
+naturally disposed to abhorre it. Afterwards, either with variation of
+times, or yeelding to the pleasures which prosperity vseth to ingender
+euen in moderate minds, or perhaps his nature beginning to disclose that
+which hee had cunningly concealed before, corruptions crept vp, and he
+waued vncertainely betweene vertue and vice. Lastly, being imboldned by
+euill teachers, and by continuance both of prosperitie and rule, he is
+said to haue made his height a priuiledge of loosenesse, and to haue
+abandoned himselfe to all licentious demeanour; wherein he seemed little
+to regard God, and nothing man.
+
+Assuredly, there is no greater enemie to great men, then too great
+prosperitie in their affaires; which taketh from them all iudgement and
+rule of themselues; which maketh them ful of libertie, and bould to doe
+euill. And yet I cannot conceiue that this King was so bould, so
+carelesse, so shamelesse in vices, as many writers doe report. It is
+certaine that hee doubted of some points of Religion, at that time
+without any great contradiction professed; and namely, of praying to
+Saints, worshipping of Reliques, & such like. It is certain also, that
+out of policie in State, he endeuoured to abate the tumorous greatnes of
+the Clergie at that time; as well in riches, as in authority and power
+with the people: and that he attributed not so much to the Sea of
+_Rome_, as diuers Kings before him had done. Insomuch as he restrained
+his subiects from going to _Rome_, and withheld the annuall paiment of
+_Peter_ pence, and was oftentimes heard to giue foorth, that _they
+follow not the trace of S. Peter, they greedily gape after gifts and
+rewards, they retein not his power, whose pietie they do not imitate_.
+These were causes sufficient for the writers of his time (who were for
+the most part Clergie-men) to enlarge his vices beyond the trueth, to
+surmise many vices vntruely, to wrest his true vertues to be vices.
+
+And this I doe the rather coniecture, for that I doe not find his
+particular actions of like nature, with the generall imputation which is
+cast vpon him; for that also I finde the chiefe of these generall
+imputations to bee these:[69] _That he was grieuous to the Church, of no
+deuotion to God, preferring respect of temporall state before the rules
+of the Gospel_. Verely, it is hard to doe that which will beare a cleere
+beauty in the eyes of all men; and if our actions haue not the fauour of
+time, and the opinion of those men who doe estimate and report them,
+they are much dimmed with disgrace.[70] Out of all doubt he was a
+magnanimous Prince, mercifull and liberall, and in martiall affaires
+most expert, diligent and prosperous; wise to contriue his best
+aduantage, and most couragious to atchieue it. But two things chiefly
+obscured his glory; one, the incomparable greatnesse of his father, to
+whom he did immediatly succeede; the other was the prowesse of those
+men, against whom he did contend in armes; especially of _Malcolme_ King
+of _Scots_, and of _Robert_ Duke of _Normandie_. To these I may adde,
+that hee died in the principall strength and flourish of his age, before
+his iudgement had full command ouer his courage.
+
+Many doe attribute his excellent beginnings to _Lanfranck_ Archb. of
+_Canterburie_: who during the time of his life, partly by authoritie,
+and partly by aduise, supported the vnstable yeeres and disposition of
+the King: which after the death of _Lanfranck_ returned by degrees to
+their proper sway. But I do rather attribute many of his first vertues
+to the troubles which happened in the very entrance of his reigne; which
+partly by employment, and partly by feare, held his inclination in some
+restraint. For _Odo_ Bishop of _Baion_ and Earle of _Kent_, the Kings
+vncle by the mothers side, had drawen the greatest part of all the
+Prelates and Nobilitie that were _Normans_, into a dangerous
+confederacie against the King; to deiect him from his State, and to
+aduance _Robert_ his elder brother for their King.
+
+The secret cause of this conspiracie was partly vpon a generall
+discontentment, at the great, though worthy estimation and authoritie (a
+most capitall offence in the eye of enuie) of _Lanfrank_ Archbishop of
+_Canterburie_; by means whereof many of the conspirators liued in farre
+meaner reputation, then their ambitious minds could easily breake: but
+chiefly it was vpon a more particular grudge, which _Odo_ did beare
+against the same _Lanfranck_; because by his perswasion, _Odo_ had been
+committed to prison by King _William_ the elder. For when the King
+complained to _Lanfranck_ of the intolerable both auarice and ambition
+of his brother _Odo_, the Archbishop gaue aduise, that hee should bee
+restrained of his libertie. And when the King doubted, how he being a
+Bishop, might be committed to prison, without impeaching the priuiledges
+of the Church; indeede answered _Lanfranck_, you may not imprison the
+Bishop of _Baion_, but you may doe what you please with the Earle of
+_Kent_.
+
+The publike and open pretenses were these. _Robert_ Duke of _Normandie_
+had the prerogatiue of birth; which being a benefit proceeding from
+nature, could not bee reuersed by his fathers acte. He had also wonne a
+most honorable reputation for his militarie vertues; and had by many
+trauels of warre wasted the wilde follies of youth. Hee was no lesse
+famous for courtesie and liberalitie, two most amiable ornaments of
+honour; being so desirous that no man should depart discontented from
+him, that he would oftentimes promise more then hee was able to
+performe, and yet performe more then his estate could expediently
+afford. As for K. _William_, besides that he was the yonger brother, his
+nature was held to be doubtfull and suspect, and the iudgement of most
+men enclined to the worst. And what are we then aduantaged, (said they)
+by the death of his father? if whom he hath fleeced, this shall flay; if
+this shall execute those whom he hath fettered and surely bound; If
+after his seuerities that are past, wee shall be freshly charged with
+those rigours, which tyrants in the height and pride of their Fortune
+are wont to vse? And as stronger combinations are alwayes made betweene
+men drawne together by one common feare, then betweene those that are
+ioyned by hope or desire; so vpon these iealousies and feares,
+accompanied also with vehement desires, the Confederats supposed that
+they had knit a most assured league.
+
+Now it happened that at the time of the death of _William_ the elder,
+_Robert_ his eldest sonne was absent in _Almaine_; and at once heard
+both of the death of his father, and that his brother _William_ was
+acknowledged to be King. Hereupon in great hast, but greater heat both
+of anger and ambition, he returned into _Normandie_: and there whilest
+he was breathing foorth his discontentment and desire of reuenge, he
+receiued a message from the Confederats in _England_; that with all
+speed hee should come ouer vnto them, to accomplish the enterprise, to
+furnish their forces with a head: that they had no want of able bodies;
+they wanted no meanes to maintaine them together; they wanted onely his
+person both to countenance and conduct them. The Duke thought it no
+wisdome, to aduenture himselfe altogether; vpon the fauour and faith of
+discontented persons: and he had bene so loosely liberall before, that
+he was vnprouided of money, to appoint himselfe with any competent
+forces of his owne. Hereupon he pawned a part of _Normandie_ to his
+brother _Henry_, for waging Souldiers: many also flocked voluntarily
+vnto him; vpon inducement, that hee who of his owne nature was most
+liberall & full of humanitie, would not faile both of pay and reward,
+vnlesse by reason of disabilitie & want.
+
+In the meane time the Confederats resolued to breake forth in Armes, in
+diuers parts of the Realme at once; vpon conceit, that if the King
+should endeuour to represse them in one place, they might more easily
+preuaile in the other. And so accordingly _Odo_ fortified and spoiled in
+_Kent_; _Geoffrey_ Bishop of _Exceter_, with his nephew _Robert Mowbray_
+Earle of _Northumberland_, at _Bristow_; _Roger Montgomerie_ in
+_Northfolke_, _Suffolke_ and _Cambridgeshire_; _Hugh de Grandemenill_,
+in _Leicestershire_ and _Northamptonshire_; _William_ Bishop
+of _Durhame_, in the North parts of the Realme; diuers others
+of the Clergie and Nobilitie in _Herefordshire_, _Shropshire_,
+_Worcestershire_, and all the Countreys adioyning to _Wales_. And as in
+time of pestilence all diseases turne to the plague; so in this generall
+tumult, all discontentments sorted to Rebellion. Many who were oppressed
+with violence or with feare; many who were kept lower either by want or
+disgrace then they had set their mounting minds, adioyned daily to the
+side, and encreased both the number and the hope. And thus was all the
+Realme in a ruinous rage against K. _William_, who wanted neither
+courage to beare, nor wisdome to decline it.
+
+And first hee endeuoured by all meanes to make the _English_ assured
+vnto him. And albeit few of them were at that time in any great place,
+either of credite or of charge, but were all wounded by his fathers
+wrongs; yet for that they were the greatest part, he made the greatest
+reckoning of them. For this cause hee released many _English_ Lords who
+had bene committed to custodie by his father. He composed himselfe to
+courtesie and affabilitie towards the people, and distributed much
+treasure among them. But especially hee wanne their inclination by
+promises of great assurance, to restore vnto them their ancient lawes,
+to ease them of tributes and taxations, and to permit them free libertie
+of hunting: which being their principall pleasure and exercise before,
+was either taken away, or much restrained from them by King _William_
+the elder. Herewith he applied himselfe to appease the mutinous minds of
+his Nobilitie, to seuer the Confederats, to breake the faction; to
+diuide it first, and thereby to defeat it.
+
+To this purpose he dealt with _Roger Montgomerie_, who next vnto _Odo_
+was a principall both countenance and strength to the reuolt; he dealt
+also with diuers others, inferiour vnto him in authority and degree;
+that he could not coniecture for what cause they were so violent against
+him: did they want money? His fathers treasure was at their deuotion:
+desired they encrease of possessions? they should not be otherwise
+bounded then by their owne desires: that hee would willingly also giue
+ouer his estate, in case it should be iudged expedient by themselues,
+whom his father had put in trust to support him: that they should doe
+wel to foresee, whether by ouerthrowing his fathers iudgement in
+appointing the kingdome vnto him, they should not doe that which might
+be preiudiciall to themselues; for the same man who had appointed him to
+bee King, had also conferred vnto them those honours and possessions
+which they held. Thus sometimes dealing priuately with particulars, and
+sometimes with many together, and eftsoones filling them with promises
+and hopes, and that with such new vehemencie of words as they beleeued
+could not proceede from dissembled intents; he so preuailed in the end,
+that hereby, and by example of some inducing the rest, _Roger
+Montgomerie_ and diuers others were reconciled to the King; in whom was
+thought to rest no smal matter to hold vp the reputation of the
+enterprise.
+
+And further, hee prepared a nauie to guard the seas, and to impeach the
+passage of his brother into _England_. Hee prepared great forces also by
+meanes of the treasure which his father had left, and disposed them in
+places conuenient, either to preuent or to represse these scattered
+tumults. But the successe of his affaires was by no meanes so much
+aduanced, as by _Lanfranck_ Archbishop of _Canterbury_, and by
+_Woolstane_ Bishop of _Worcester_: the authority of which two men, the
+one for his learning, wisedome, and mild moderation, the other for his
+simple sanctitie and integritie of life, was greatly regarded by all
+sorts of people. By encouragement of _Woolstane_ not onely the citie of
+_Worcester_ was maintained in firme condition for the King, but his
+enemies receiued there a famous foyle; the greatest part being slaine,
+and the residue dispersed. This was the first sad blow which the
+confederates tooke; afterward they declined mainely, and the King as
+mainly did increase.
+
+The King in person led his chiefe forces into _Kent_, against _Odo_ his
+vncle, the principall firebrand of all this flame. Hee tooke there the
+castle of _Tunbridge_ and of _Pemsey_, which _Odo_ had fortified; and
+lastly hee besieged _Odo_ himselfe in the castle of _Rochester_, and
+with much trauell tooke him prisoner, and compelled him to abiure the
+Realme. Vpon these euents, the Bishop of _Durham_, aduising onely with
+feare and despaire, fled out of the Realme; but after three yeeres he
+was againe restored to the dignitie of his Sea. The residue did submit
+themselues to the Kings discretion; and were by him receiued, all to
+pardon, some to gracious and deare account. For in offences of so high
+nature, pardon neuer sufficeth to assure offenders, vnlesse by further
+benefits their loyaltie bee bound.
+
+_Robert_ Duke of _Normandy_ was busied all this time, in making
+preparation for his iourney into _England_: but his delayes much abated
+the affections of those who fauoured either his person or cause. At the
+length, hauing made vp a competent power, he committed to sea; where,
+his infelicities concurring with his negligence, diuers of his ships
+which he had sent somewhat before him, to assure the confederats of his
+approach, were set vpon and surprised by the nauie of King _William_.
+After this hee arriued in _England_, sent vnto many of his secret
+friends, and made his comming knowen vnto all: but no man resorted to
+him, he receiued no aduertisement from any man; but plainely found, that
+by the fortunate celeritie of King _William_, the heart of the
+conspiracie in all places was broken. So the Duke returned into
+_Normandie_, hauing then good leisure, to looke into the errour of his
+leisurely proceedings.
+
+When the King had in this sort either wisely reconciled, or valiantly
+repressed his domesticall enemies; because an vnperfect victory is
+alwayes the seede of a new warre, he followed his brother with a mighty
+armie, and remoued the seate of the warre into _Normandie_. For he
+coniectured (as in trueth it fell out) that the Duke his brother vpon
+his returne, would presently disperse his companies, for want of money;
+and for the same cause would not easily be able to draw them together
+againe. So his valour and his power being much aduantaged by his sudden
+comming, ioyned to the want of foresight and preparation in the Duke;
+he tooke in short time the Castles of _Walerick_ and _Aubemarle_, with
+the whole Countrey of _Eu_; the Abbacie of _Mount S Michael_,
+_Fescampe_, _Chereburge_, and diuers other places; which he furnished
+with men of Armes, and Souldiers of assured trust.
+
+The Duke feeling his owne weakenesse, dealt with _Philip_ King of
+_France_, and by liberall promises so preuailed with him, that he
+descended into _Normandie_ with a faire Armie, and bent his siege
+against one of those pieces which K. _William_ had taken. But he found
+it so knottie a piece of worke, that in short time wearied with
+hardnesse and hazards of the field, he fell to a capitulation with King
+_William_, and so departed out of _Normandie_; receiuing a certaine
+summe of money in regard of his charges, and conceiuing that he had won
+honour ynough, in that no honour had bene won against him.
+
+The money that was payd to the King of _France_, was raised in _England_
+by this deuise. King _William_ commanded that 20. Thousand men should be
+mustered in _England_, and transported into _Normandie_, to furnish his
+warres against the _French_. When they were conducted neere to
+_Hastings_, and almost ready to be embarked, it was signified to them
+from the King; that aswell for their particular safeties, as not to
+disfurnish the Realme of strength, whosoeuer would pay 10. shillings
+towards the waging of Souldiers in _Normandie_, he might be excused to
+stay at home. Among 20. Thousand scarce any was found, who was not
+ioyfull to embrace the condition; who was not ready to redeeme his
+aduenture with so small a summe: which being gathered together, was both
+a surer and easier meanes to finish the warres, then if the King had
+still struggeled by force of Armes. For when the _French_ King had
+abandoned the partie, Duke _Robert_, being prepared neither with money,
+nor constancie of mind to continue the warre, enclined to peace; which
+at the last, by diligence of friends, was concluded betweene the two
+brothers, vpon these conditions.
+
+    _That the Duke should yeeld to the King the Countie of Eu, the Abbey
+    of Fescampe, the Abbey of S. Michaels mount, Chereburge, and all
+    other Castles and fortifications which the King had taken._
+
+    _That the King should subdue to the vse of the Duke, all other
+    Castles and houldes, which had reuolted from him in Normandie._
+
+    _That the King should giue to the Duke certaine dignities and
+    possessions in England._
+
+    _That the King should restore all those to their dignities and lands
+    in England, who had taken part with the Duke against him._
+
+    _That if either of them should die without issue male, the suruiuour
+    should succeed in his estate._
+
+These Articles were confirmed by twelue Barons on the Kings part, and as
+many on the part of the Duke; so long obserued, as either of them wanted
+either power or pretence to disanull them.
+
+This peace being made, the Duke vsed the aide of King _William_, to
+recouer the fort of _Mount S. Michael_, which their brother _Henrie_ did
+forceably hold, for the money which hee had lent to the Duke of
+_Normandie_. Fourtie dayes they layed siege to this castle; hauing no
+hope to carrie it, but by the last necessity, which is hunger. Within
+the compasse of this time, as the King straggled alone vpon the shoare,
+certaine horsemen salied foorth and charged vpon him; of whom three
+strooke him together so violently with their lances, as because he could
+not be driuen out of his saddle, together with his saddle he was cast
+vpon the ground, and his horse slaine vpon the place, for which he had
+payed the same day 15. markes. Extremitie of danger (as it often
+happeneth) tooke from the King all feare of danger: wherefore taking vp
+his saddle with both his hands, he did therewith defend himselfe for a
+time. But because to stand vpon defence onely is alwayes vnsure, he drew
+his sword, and would not depart one foot from his saddle; but making
+shew of braue ioy, that he had nothing to trust vnto but his owne
+valour, he defended both his saddle and himselfe, till rescue came.
+Afterward when some of his Souldiers in blaming maner expostulated with
+him, wherefore he was so obstinate to saue his saddle: his answere was,
+that a King should loose nothing which he can possibly saue: _It would
+haue angred mee_, (said he) _at the very heart, that the knaues should
+haue bragged, that they had wonne the saddle from mee_. And this was one
+of his perpetuall felicities, to escape easily out of desperate dangers.
+
+In the end _Henry_ grew to extreeme want of water, and other prouisions:
+by which meanes he was ready to fall into the hands of those, who
+desired to auoyd necessitie to hurt him. And first he sent to the Duke
+his brother, to request some libertie to take in fresh water. The Duke
+sent to him a tunne of wine, and granted a surcease of hostilitie for
+one day, to furnish him with water. At this the King seemed
+discontented, as being a meanes to prolong the warre. But the Duke told
+him, that it had bene hard to deny a brother a little water for his
+necessitie. Herewith likewise the King relenting, they sent for their
+brother _Henry_; and wisdome preuailing more then iniuries or hate, they
+fell to an agreement, That vpon a day appointed, _Henry_ should receiue
+his money at _Roan_; and that in the meane time, hee should hold the
+countrey of _Constantine_ in morgage. The King enterteined with pay many
+of his brother _Henries_ souldiers; especially he receiued those who
+ouerthrew him, to a very neere degree of fauour. And thus all parties
+ordered their ambition with great modestie; the custome of former warres
+running in a course of more humanitie, then since they haue done.
+
+The King was the more desirous to perfect these agreements of Peace, for
+that _Malcolme_ King of _Scots_ (as Princes often times make vse of the
+contentions of their neighbours) tooke occasion vpon these confusions,
+to enterprise vpon the parts of _England_ which confined vpon him. So as
+he inuaded _Northumberland_, made great spoile, tooke much prey, caried
+away many prisoners; whose calamitie was the more miserable, for that
+they were to endure seruitude in a hard Countrey. For this cause the
+King with his accustomed celeritie returned into _England_, accompanied
+with the Duke of _Normandie_ his brother; and led a mighty armie against
+the _Scots_ by land, and sent also a nauie to infest them by sea. But by
+a sudden and stiffe storme, by a hideous confusion of all ill disposed
+weather, his ships were cruelly crushed; and hauing long wrought against
+the violence and rage of the tempest, were in the end dispersed, and
+diuers of them cast away. Many of his souldiers also perished, partly by
+penurie and want, and partly by the euill qualitied ayre.
+
+Notwithstanding the _Scots_, knowing the King of _England_ to bee an
+enemie mighty and resolute, began to wauer in their assurance; framing
+fearefull opinions, of the number, valour and experience of his armie.
+Hereupon some ouertures of peace were made; the _Scots_ expecting that
+the King, by reason of his late losses, would be the more moderate in
+his demands. But hee then shewed himselfe most resolute and firme;
+following his naturall custome, not to yeelde to any difficulty. King
+_Malcolme_ coniecturing that such confidence could not be without good
+cause, consented at the last to these conditions.
+
+    _That King Malcolme should make a certaine satisfaction for the
+    spoyles which hee had done in England._
+
+    _That King William should restore to him certaine lands in England._
+
+    _That K. Malcolme should doe homage to King William._
+
+Now the day was come wherein _Henrie_ was appointed to receiue his money
+at _Roan_, from the Duke of _Normandie_. But as affaires of Princes haue
+great variations, so they are not alwayes constant in their Counsels.
+And so the Duke, caried by his occasions, and ready to lay downe his
+faith and word more to the traine of times, then to the preseruation of
+his honour; instead of paying the money, committed his brother _Henry_
+to prison: from whence he could not be released, vntill hee renounced
+the Countie of _Constantine_, and bound himselfe by oath neuer to claime
+any thing in _Normandie_.
+
+_Henrie_ complained hereof to _Philip_ King of _France_; who gaue him a
+faire enterteinement in his Court, but was content rather to feede then
+finish the contention: either expecting thereby some opportunitie to
+himselfe, or els the opinion of his owne greatnesse not suffring him to
+feare, that others might grow to haue fortune against him. _Henry_ had
+not long remained in the Court of _France_, but a _Normane_ Knight named
+_Hacharde_ conueyed him disguised into _Normandie_; where the Castle of
+_Damfronc_ was deliuered vnto him; and in short time after hee gate all
+the Countrey of _Passays_, and a good part of _Constantine_; either
+without resistance, or without difficultie and perill.
+
+Hereupon the Duke leuied his forces, and earnestly assayed to recouer
+_Damfronc_: but then hee found that his brother _Henrie_ was secretly,
+yet surely vnderset by the king of _England_. Hereupon, incensed with
+the furie of an iniuried minde, hee exclaimed against his brother of
+_England_, and almost proclaimed him a violator of his league. On the
+other side, the King of _England_ iustified his action, for that hee was
+both a meanes and a partie to the agreement: and therefore stood bound
+in honour, not onely to vrge, but to enforce performance. So the flame
+brake foorth more furious then it was before, and ouer went King
+_William_ with an able armie; where hee found the Duke also in good
+condition of strength commanding the field. And albeit in so neere
+approach of two mighty enemies, equall both in ambition and power, it is
+hard to conteine men of seruice; yet was nothing executed betweene them,
+but certaine light skirmishes, and surprizements of some places of
+defence. In the end, the King hearing of new troubles in _England_, and
+the Duke finding himselfe vnable either to preuaile with few souldiers,
+or to maintaine many, and both distrusting to put a speedie end to the
+warre; they were easily drawne to capitulations of peace. And thus ended
+the contention betweene these brethren; who vntill this time had
+continued like the waues of the Sea, alwayes in motion, and one beating
+against the other.
+
+Besides these businesses which befell the King, against his Nobilitie,
+against the Duke of _Normandie_ his brother, and against the King and
+nation of the _Scots_; the _Welshmen_ also (who alwayes struggled for
+libertie and reuenge) perceiuing that the King was often absent, and
+much entangled with hostile affaires; enforced the fauour of that
+aduantage, to free themselues from subiection of the _English_, and
+happily to enlarge or enrich themselues vpon them. So hauing both desire
+and opportunitie, they wanted not meanes to assemble in armes, to expell
+the _English_ that were amongst them, and to cast downe the Castles
+erected in their Countrey, as the principall yoakes of their subiection.
+Afterwards, rising in boldnesse with successe, they made diuers
+incursions vpon the bordering parts of _England_; spoiled the Citie of
+_Glocester_, and exercised all those outrages, which vnciuill people,
+incensed both with want and with hate doe not vsually omit. But being a
+company neither in discipline nor pay, raw and vnarmed, they proceeded
+more like to robbers then to Souldiers; hauing no intention to vanquish,
+but to spoile.
+
+Hereupon the King twice in person inuaded _Wales_, but with small shew
+of successe for the present. For the _Welsh_-enemies scattered the
+warre, by diuiding themselues into small companies, and retiring into
+the mountaines and woods, and other places of naturall defence. Here
+they trauailed the King with a fugitiue fight; flying when they were
+pursued, and houering vpon him when they were giuen ouer: cutting off
+many stragling souldiers, and taking some carriages, which in those
+rough places could not easily either be passed, or defended. And so by
+shifting alwayes into places of aduantage, they sought at one time, both
+to auoyd fighting, and to hinder the King from doing any thing of
+importance. At the last, the King hauing made sufficient proofe how
+vaine it is, to follow a light footed enemie with a heauie Armie,
+pestered with traine of carriage, in places where the seruice of
+horsemen is almost vnprofitable; he gaue ouer the pursuit, and retired
+into _England_. But first he repaired those Castles which the _Welsh_
+had destroyed, and built new Castles also vpon the frontiers and within
+the bosome of _Wales_; which he furnished with so sure garrisons, as
+might suffice with fauour of opportunitie, either to weary or consume
+the enemies.
+
+And indeed the _Welsh_ being by this meanes, alwayes exercised, and
+dayly wasted; declined in short time, no lesse to cowardise then to
+wearinesse and wants; so as _Hugh_ Earle of _Chester_, & _Hugh_ Earle of
+_Shrewesbury_, dispossessed them of the Isle of _Anglesey_, which they
+had surprised not long before. The _Welsh_ that were there taken, were
+very hardly, or rather vnmercifully and cruelly entreated; Some had
+their eyes pulled out, some their hands cut off, some their armes, some
+their noses, some their genitalles. An aged Priest named _Kenredus_, who
+had bene a chiefe directer of the common affaires, was drawne out of a
+Church whereinto he had fled, had one of his eyes pulled out, and his
+tongue torne from his throat. I make no doubt but these seuerities were
+vsed against them, vpon some sauage outrages which they had done;
+wherein the lesse compassion was borne to their calamities, for the
+cowardise which they shewed in their owne defence.
+
+Shortly after, _Magnus_ King of _Norway_ the sonne of _Olaus_, the sonne
+of _Harold Harfager_, hauing brought the Isles of _Orkeney_ vnder his
+dominion, subdued also from the _Welsh_ the Isle of _Man_; and
+enterprised vpon the Isle of _Anglesey_ against the _English_. But at
+his landing he was encountred by the Earle of _Shrewsbury_ and the Earle
+of _Chester_; in which fight the _Norwegians_ were vanquished and
+repelled, but the Earle of _Shrewsbury_ with too braue boldnesse lost
+his life: leauing his honourable both actions and end as an excellent
+ornament to his posteritie. Afterwards the Earle of _Chester_ led an
+armie into _Wales_; and found the people so consumed by the _English_
+garisons, that he easily reduced many to professe obedience to the
+Crowne of _England_; and disabled others, hauing no leaders of
+experience and valour, for shewing their faces as enemies in the field.
+
+Also vpon some variances which did rise betweene _Iustinus_, sonne to
+_Gurguntus_, Earle of _Glamorgane_ and _Morganock_; and _Rhesus_ sonne
+to _Theodore_ Prince of Southwales: _Iustinus_, not of power to
+maintaine either his right or his will, sent _Aeneas_, sonne to
+_Genidorus_, sometimes Lord of _Demetia_, to craue aide in _England_.
+This he obtained, not onely readily, but in greater measure then the
+seruice did require. _Robert Fitzhamond_ was generall Commander of the
+_English_ armie; who encountred _Rhesus_ at a place called _Blackhill_;
+and in that fight _Rhesus_ was slaine: after whose death the name of
+King ceased in _Wales_. Then _Iustinus_ failing, and happily not able to
+performe such conditions as in necessitie hee had assured, _Fitzhamond_
+turned his forces against him; chased the _Welsh_ out of the champaine
+Countrey, and diuided the same among his principall Gentlemen. These
+erected Castles, in places conuenient for their mutuall ayde; and so
+well defended themselues, that they left the Countrey to their
+posterity. Thus was the Lordship of _Glamorgane_ and _Morganock_, which
+conteineth 27. miles in length, & 22. in bredth, subdued to the
+_English_; giuing example how dangerous it is for any people, to call in
+a greater force of strangers to their ayde, then being victorious, they
+may easily be able to limit and restraine. This being a Lordship
+marcher, hath enioyed royall liberties, since the time wherein it was
+first subdued. It hath acknowledged seruice and obedience onely to the
+Crowne. It hath had the triall of all actions, as well reall as
+personall, and also held Pleas of the Crowne; with authority to pardon
+all offences, Treason onely excepted.
+
+Whilest the King was entertained with these chases, rather then warres
+in _Wales_, hee lay at _Gloucester_ many times; as not esteeming that
+his presence should alwayes be necessary, and yet not farre off if
+occasion should require. To this place _Malcolme_ King of _Scots_ came
+vnto him, vpon an honourable visitation. But the King hauing conceiued
+some displeasure against him, refused to admit him to his presence.
+Hereupon King _Malcolme_, full of fury and disdaine, returned into
+_Scotland_, assembled an armie, enuaded _Northumberland_, harrased and
+spoyled a great part thereof; hauing done the like foure times before.
+Such is the heate of hate in mindes that are mighty; who seldome hold it
+any breach of Iustice, to bee reuenged of him who offereth dishonor.
+When he was come neere to _Alnewicke_, and his souldiers were much
+pestered with prey, (a notable impediment both for readinesse and
+resolution to fight) hee was set vpon both suddenly and sharply by
+_Robert Mowbray_ Earle of _Northumberland_; his troupes hewen in pieces,
+himselfe together with his eldest sonne _Edward_ slaine. The third day
+ensuing, _Margaret_ wife to King _Malcolme_, and sister to _Edgar
+Adeling_, not able to beare so sad and heauie a blow of fortune, ended
+also her life. Shee was famous for pietie and for modestie, two
+excellent endowments of that Sexe. By her perswasion _Malcolme_ made a
+law, that whereas by a former law made by King _Eugenius_, the Lord
+enioyed the first night with any new married woman within his dominion;
+the husband might redeeme that abuse by paiment of halfe a mark of
+siluer.
+
+King _Malcolme_ being slaine, _Dunwald_ his brother vsurped the
+kingdome; but after a few dayes he was dispossessed thereof by
+_Duncane_, bastard son to K. _Malcolme_. In this action _Duncane_ was
+chiefly supported by the King of _England_; with whom he had remained in
+hostage, and to whom hee had made his submission by oath. And because
+the _Scots_ did either see or suspect that hee bare a fauourable
+affection to the _English_, they would not receiue him for their King,
+but vnder promise that hee should not entertaine any _English_ or
+_Normane_, either in place of seruice, or as a follower at large. The
+yeere next following _Duncane_ was slaine, and _Dunwald_ was againe
+possessed of the kingdom. Hereupon King _William_ sent _Clito Edgar_
+with an armie into _Scotland_; by whose meanes _Dunwald_ was dispoiled
+againe of his Kingdome, and _Edgar_ sonne to King _Malcolme_ aduanced to
+his fathers estate.
+
+These were the principall aduentures by Armes which concerned _England_,
+during the reigne of K. _William_ the second: wherein he so behaued
+himselfe, that he did worthily winne an opinion to be one, who both knew
+and durst. In all actions hee esteemed himselfe greatly dishonoured, if
+hee were not both in Armes with the first, and with the forwardest in
+fight; doing double seruice, as well by example, as by direction: In
+which heate of valour, the fauour of his Fortune excused many of his
+attempts from the blame of rashnesse. He was oftentimes most constant,
+or rather obstinate in pursuing those purposes, which with small
+deliberation he vndertooke.
+
+At a certaine time when he was in hunting within the new Forrest, he
+receiued aduertisement, that _Mans_ was surprised by _Helie_, Count _de
+la Flesch_, who pretended title thereto in right of his wife: that he
+was aided in this enterprise by _Fouques d'Angiers_, an ancient enemie
+to the Dukes of _Normandie_: and that the castle which held good for the
+King, must also be rendered, if in very short time it were not
+relieued. Vpon these newes, as if he had bene in the heat of a chase, he
+presently turned his horse; and his passion not staying to consult with
+reason, in great haste roade towards the Sea. And when he was aduised by
+some to stay a time, and take with him such forces as the importance of
+the seruice did require; with a heart resolute and violent voice he
+answered, _That they who loued him, would not faile to follow; and that
+if no man else would stirre, he alone would relieue Mans_.
+
+When he came to _Dortmouth_, he commanded ships to be brought for his
+passage. The winds were then both contrary and stiffe, and the Sea
+swelled exceeding bigge; for which cause the Shipmasters perswaded him
+to await a more fauourable season, and not to cast himselfe vpon the
+miserable mercie of that storme. Notwithstanding the King, whose feare
+was alwayes least when dangers were greatest, mounted vpon Shipboard,
+and commanded them to put to Sea; affirming, That it was no Prince-like
+mind to breake a iourney for foulenesse of weather; and that he neuer
+heard of any King that had bene drowned. And so for that the chiefe
+point of rescue rested in expedition, hee presently committed to Sea;
+taking few with him, and leauing order that others should follow. After
+hee had long wrastled with the winds and waues, he arriued in _France_,
+where running on in the humour of his courage and forwardnesse, he
+acquitted himselfe with greater honour then at any time before. So
+effectuall is celeritie for the benefit of a seruice, that oftentimes it
+more auaileth, then either multitude or courage of Souldiers.
+
+In this expedition, _Helie_ the principall commander against him was
+taken. And when he was brought to the Kings presence, the King said
+pleasantly vnto him: _Ah master! in faith I haue you now; and I hope I
+shal be able to keepe you in quiet_. Then he: _It is true indeed, the
+successe of my attempts haue not bene answerable to the resolution of my
+minde; by meere aduenture now you haue me: but if I were at libertie
+againe, I doe better know what I had to doe, and would not so easily be
+held in quiet_. The King with a braue scorne replied: _I see thou art
+but a foolish knaue; vnable to vse, either thy libertie or thy restreint
+aright. But goe thy wayes, make good thy confidence: I set thee free and
+at libertie againe; vse thy aduantage, and doe thy worst_. _Helie_
+daunted more with this high courage, then before he had bin with the
+victory of the King, submitted himselfe, and made his peace vnder such
+conditions as it pleased the King to lay vpon him. Certainely this
+magnanimous example hath seldome bin equalled, neuer excelled by those,
+who are admired for the principall worthies of the world.
+
+He little fauoured flatterers; the flies which blow corruption vpon
+sweetest vertues; the myrie dogs of the Court, who defile Princes with
+fawning on them; who commonly are fatted with bread which is made with
+the teares of miserable people. He was most firme and assured in his
+word: and to those who did otherwise aduise him, he would say; That _God
+did stand obliged by his word_.[71]
+
+He is commended for his manly mercie; in releasing prisoners, and in
+pardoning offences of highest qualitie: which to a people that then
+liued vnder a Law, both rigorous, and almost arbitrarie, and (as well
+for the noueltie as for the vncertaintie thereof) in a manner vnknowne,
+was a most high valued vertue. He not onely pardoned many great
+offenders, but partly by gifts, and partly by aduancements he knit them
+most assuredly vnto him. And therefore although in the beginning of his
+reigne, most of the Nobilitie, and many Gentlemen of best quality and
+rancke endeuoured to displace him, and to set vp _Robert_ his elder
+brother for their King; yet doeth it not appeare, either that any
+seueritie was executed vpon them, or that afterward they were dangerous
+vnto him. Notwithstanding in some actions he was noted of crueltie, or
+at the least of sharpnesse and seuerity in iustice. For albeit hee
+promised to the _English_, whilest his first feares and iealousies
+continued, that they should enioy free libertie of hunting; yet did hee
+afterwards so seuerely restraine it, that the penalty for killing a
+Deere was death.
+
+_Robert Mowbray_ Earle of _Northumberland_, after he had defeated the
+_Scots_ and slaine _Malcolme_ their King, not finding himselfe either
+honoured or respected according to his seruice; first refrained, and
+afterwards refused to come vnto the Court. Hereupon the King, ouerruled
+indifferently with suspition and hate, (two violent passions in minds
+placed in authoritie) sent his brother _Henry_ with an armie against
+him; who spoyled the Countrey, tooke the Earle, and committed him to
+prison. Then was hee charged with diuers crimes, which were sufficient
+(although but surmised) to vndoe an Innocent. Many examinations were
+also made, but for appearance onely and terrour, not to any bottome or
+depth. The especiall matter obiected against him was, for contriuing to
+despoyle the King both of life and state, and to set vp _Stephen
+Albamerle_ his Aunts sonne for King. And thus it often happeneth, that
+great deserts are occasions to men of their destruction; either because
+Princes generally loue not those to whom they are exceedingly beholding,
+or else for that thereby men doe grow proud, insolent, disdainefull,
+bould, immoderate both in expectation and demand, discontented,
+impatient if they be not satisfied, and apt to breake forth into
+dangerous attempts.
+
+Of those who any wayes declared themselues in his fauour or defence;
+some were despoiled of their goods, some were banished the Realme;
+others were punished with losse of their eyes, or of their eares, or of
+some other part of their bodie. _William d'Owe_ was accused in a
+Councell holden at _Salisbury_, to bee a complice of this Treason. And
+albeit he challenged his accuser to the combate, yet his eyes were
+pulled out, and his stones cut off by commandement of the King. And yet
+some authours affirme, that he was ouercome in combate before. For the
+same cause the King commanded _William Aluerie_ to be hanged; a man of
+goodly personage and modest behauiour; the Kings sewer, his Aunts sonne,
+and his godfather. Before his execution hee desired to be whipped
+through manie Churches in _London_: he distributed his garments to the
+poore, and bloodied the street as he went, with often kneeling vpon the
+stones. At the time of his death he tooke it vpon the charge of his
+soule, that he was cleere of the offence for which he suffered. And so
+committing his innocencie to God, and to the world his complaints, he
+submitted himselfe to the Executioners hands: leauing an opinion in
+some, a suspition in many, that others also died without desert. For the
+king gaue an easie eare to any man, that would appeach others for his
+aduantage: whereby it sometimes happened, that offenders were acquited
+by accusing innocents.
+
+He was liberall aboue measure; either in regard of his owne abilities,
+or of the worthinesse of the receiuers. Especially hee was bountifull
+(if that terme may be applyed to immoderate lauishing)[72] to men of
+warre: for which cause many resorted to him from farre Countries for
+entertainement. To winne and retaine the fauour of these, hee much
+impouerished his peaceable people. From many he tooke without iustice,
+to giue to others without desert: esteeming it no vnequall dealing, that
+the money of the one, should bee aduentured and expended with the blood
+of the other.
+
+He much exceeded in sumptuousnes of diet and of apparell, wherewith
+great men vse to dazel the eyes of the people: both which waies he
+esteemed the goodnesse of things, by their price. It is reported, that
+when his Chamberlaine vpon a certaine morning brought him a new paire of
+hose, the King demaunded what they cost; and the Chamberlaine answered,
+three shillings. Hereat the King grew impatient, and said: _What? heauie
+beast! doest thou take these to be conuenient hose for a King? Away
+begger, and bring me other of a better price_. Then the Chamberlaine
+departed and brought a farre worse paire of hose (for a better could not
+at that time bee found) and told the king that they cost a marke. The
+king not onely allowed them for fine enough, but commended them also as
+exceeding fit. Assuredly this immoderate excesse of a King is now farre
+exceeded by many base shifting vnthrifts.
+
+In building his expences were very great. He repaired the Citie and
+Castle of _Caerlile_, which had been wasted by the _Danes_ 200. yeres
+before. Hee finished New castle vpon _Tine_. Many other Castles he
+erected or repaired vpon the frontiers of _Scotland_; many also vpon the
+frontiers and within the very brest of _Wales_. Hee much enlarged the
+Towre of _London_, and enuironed it with a new wall. Hee also built the
+great Hall at _Westminster_, which is 270. foote in length, and 74.
+foote in breadth. And when many did admire the vast largenes thereof, he
+would say vnto them, that it was but a bed chamber, but a closet, in
+comparison of that which he intended to build. And accordingly he layd
+the foundation of another Hall, which stretched from the Riuer _Thames_
+to the Kings high street: the further erection wherof, with diuers other
+heroicall enterprises, ceased together with his life.
+
+Thus partly by reason of his infinite plots and inuentions, and partly
+by his disorders and vnbrideled liberalities, he alwayes liued at great
+charges and expences; which whilest the large treasure lasted which his
+father left him, were borne without grieuance to the subiects: But when
+that was once drained, he was reduced to seeke money by extraordinary
+meanes. So, many hard taxes were laid vpon the people, partly for
+supplie to his owne necessities, and partly to imitate the policie of
+his father; that the people being busied how to liue, should reteine
+small either leisure or meanes to contriue innouations. For this cause
+he was supposed, vpon purpose to haue enterprised many actions of
+charge; that thereby he might haue colour to impose, both imployments
+and taxations vpon the people.
+
+And because the riches of the clergie at that time were not onely an
+eye-sore vnto many, but esteemed also by some, to bee very farre aboue
+due proportion; Hee often fleeced them of great summes of money. For
+which cause it is euident, that the writers of that age (who were for
+the most part Clergie men) did both generally enueigh against him, and
+much depraue his particular actions. He withheld his annuall paiment to
+the Sea of _Rome_, vpon occasion of a Schisme betweene _Vrbane_ at
+_Rome_, and _Clement_ at _Rauenna_. He claimed the inuestiture of
+Prelates to be his right: Hee forbade Appeales and entercourse to
+_Rome_: For which and other like causes he had a very great contention
+with the Clergie of his Realme, especially with _Anselme_ Archbishop of
+_Canterbury_.
+
+The seedes of this contention were cast, when _Anselme_ was first
+receiued to his Sea. For at that time two did striue for the Papacie of
+_Rome_; _Vrbanus_ and _Guibert_, called _Clement_ the third: some
+Christian States fauouring the one, and some the other. King _William_
+inclined to _Clement_ the third, and with him the Realme generally went;
+but _Anselme_ did fully goe with _Vrbane_; making so his condition
+before he did consent to accept his dignitie.
+
+When he was elected and before his consecration, the King demanded of
+him, that such lands of the Church of _Canterbury_ as the King had giuen
+to his friends since the death of _Lanfranck_, might still be held by
+them as their lawfull right: but to this _Anselme_ would in no case
+agree. Hereupon the King stayed his consecration a certaine time; but at
+length by importunitie of the people hee was content to receiue his
+homage, and to giue way to his consecration. Not long after, the
+Archbishop desired licence of the king to goe to _Rome_, to receiue his
+Pall; which when the King refused to grant, he appealed to the Sea of
+_Rome_. Now this was the first Appeale that euer before had been made in
+_England_. For Appeales were not here in ordinarie vse, vntil after this
+time, vnder the reigne of King _Stephen_; when _Henrie_ Bishop of
+_Wint._ being the Popes Legate, brought them in.
+
+Wherefore the King offended with this noueltie, charged _Anselme_ with
+breach of his fealtie and oath. _Anselme_ answered, that this was to be
+referred to the iudgement of a Councell, whether it bee a breach of
+allegiance to a terrene Prince, if a man appeale to the Vicar of Christ.
+The King alleaged; that the custome of his Realme admitted no appeale
+from the king; that supreame appeale was a most principall marke of
+Maiestie, because no appeale can be made but to a superiour; that
+therefore the Archbishop by appealing from him, denied his Souereignty,
+derogated from the dignitie of his Crowne, and subiected both him and
+that to another Prince, to whom as to a superiour he did appeale; That
+herein hee was an enemie and a Traitour to him and to the State.
+_Anselme_ replyed, that this question was determined by our Lord, who
+taught vs what allegiance is due to the Pope, where he saith; _Thou art
+Peter, and vpon this Rocke will I build my Church, &c._ And againe; _To
+thee will I giue the Keyes of the Kingdome of Heauen, &c._ And againe in
+generall; _Hee that heareth you heareth me, and who despiseth you
+despiseth me_. And againe, _He that toucheth you, toucheth the apple of
+my eye_. But for the allegiance due to the King, he saith; _Giue to
+Caesar that which belongeth to Caesar, and to God what pertaineth to God_.
+To this the king finally said; That hauing made themselues Masters to
+interprete and giue sence to the Scriptures, it was easie to maintaine
+by them whatsoeuer they desired or did; it was easie for them to burst
+their ambition with their swelling greatnes. But well he was assured,
+that CHRIST intended not to dissolue orders for Ciuill gouernment, to
+ruine kingdoms, to embase authority and right of Kings, by meanes of his
+Church: this right of a King he had, and this right he would maintaine.
+
+In this contention few of the Bishops did openly take part with
+_Anselme_; but some, and especially the Bishop of _Durhame_, did
+directly declare against him. The residue, when he asked their aduise,
+would answere him, That he was wise ynough, and knew what was best for
+him to doe; as for them, they neither durst nor would stand against
+their Lord. By assistance of these the King purposed to depriue
+_Anselme_, and to expell him out of the Realme. But _Anselme_ auowed,
+That as he was ready to depart the Realme, so would he take his
+authoritie with him, though he tooke nothing else.
+
+Now the King had sent two messengers to Pope _Vrbane_ at _Rome_, to
+entreat him to send the Pall to the King; to be disposed by him as he
+should thinke fit. These messengers were by this time returned; and with
+them came _Guibert_ the Popes Legate, who brought the Pall. The Legate
+went first priuily to the King, and promised that if _Vrbane_ should be
+receiued for Pope in _England_, the King should obtaine of him
+whatsoeuer he would. The King required that _Anselme_ might be remoued.
+The Legate answered, that it could not be, that such a man without iust
+cause should be remoued; Notwithstanding some other things being
+granted to the King, _Vrbane_ was declared to be lawfull Pope; and the
+King was content to swallow downe that morsel, which had bene so
+vnpleasant for him to champe on. The Pall was caried to _Anselme_ with
+great pompe, in a vessell of siluer; and he came foorth bare footed, in
+his Priestly Vestments to meete and to receiue it.
+
+The yeere next following the King inuaded _Wales_; where he repressed
+the rebellious enemies, and returned victorious. _Anselme_ prepared to
+goe vnto him, to salute him, to congratulate his good successe. But the
+King preuented him by messengers, who layde to his charge, both the
+small number, and euill appointment of the Souldiers, which he sent to
+that seruice; and therefore warned him to appeare at the Court, to make
+his answere. Happely also the King was incensed by matters more light;
+but taken in the worst part, as it commonly falleth out in suspitions
+and quarels. At the day appointed _Anselme_ appeared, but auoyded his
+answere by appealing to the Pope: for prosecution whereof, hee made suit
+for the Kings licence to goe to _Rome_. The King said as before; That
+this appeale was against the custome of the Realme, and against the
+dignitie of his Crowne, to both which _Anselme_ had sworne. _Anselme_
+answered, That he was sworne to neither of them, but so farre as they
+were consonant to the Lawes of GOD, and to the rules of equitie and
+right. The King replied, That no limitation being expressed, it was not
+reasonable that vpon his owne conceit of pietie or equitie, he should
+slip out of the band of his oath. Thus was the contention on both sides
+obstinately maintained; and for a long time _Anselme_ was commanded to
+attend the Court.
+
+At the last hee was released, but vnder expresse charge, that he should
+not depart out of the Realme; or if he did, that it should neuer be
+lawfull for him to returne. _Anselme_ departed from the Court, went
+streight to _Douer_, with purpose to passe the Seas into _France_. Here
+hee was either awaited or ouertaken by _William Warlewast_ the Kings
+officer; not to stay him from his passage, but to rifle him of all that
+he had. Others also were appointed to seise his goods in other places,
+and to conuert the profits of his Archbishopricke to the vse of the
+King; making a bare allowance to the Monks, of meat, drinke and
+cloathing. So the Archbishop crossed the Seas into _France_, rested a
+while at _Lions_, and then trauailed ouer the _Alpes_ to _Rome_; where
+he was enterteined by Pope _Vrbane_, with more then ordinarie ceremonies
+of honour.
+
+And first the Pope wrote to the king of _England_ on the behalfe of
+_Anselme_; and reteined him in his Palace vntill he should receiue
+answere from the king. When the messenger was returned with such answere
+as _Anselme_ did not like, he desired of the Pope to be discharged of
+his dignitie; which he had found (he said) a wearisome stage, whereon
+hee played a part much against his will. But hereto the Pope would in no
+case agree; charging him vpon vertue of his obedience, That wheresoeuer
+he went, he should beare both the name and honour of Archbishop of
+_Canterburie_. _As for these matters_, (said he) _we shall sufficiently
+prouide for them at the next Councell where your selfe shalbe present_.
+
+When the Councell was assembled, _Anselme_[73] sate on the outside of
+the Bishops; but the Pope called him vp, and placed him at his right
+foot with these words; _Includamus hunc in orbe nostro, tanquam alterius
+orbis Papam_. Afterwards in all generall Councels, the Archb. of
+_Canterburie_ tooke that place. In this Councell the points of
+difference betweene the Greeke and Latine Churches were strongly
+debated; especially concerning the proceeding of the _Holy Ghost_, and
+for leauened bread in the administration of the _Eucharist_: wherein
+_Anselme_ shewed such deepe learning, weight of iudgement, and edge of
+wit, that he approched neerer admiration then applause. These matters
+determined, complaints were brought against the King of _England_, and
+the Pope is said to haue bene ready to excommunicate him: but _Anselme_
+kneeled before the Pope, and obteined for the King a longer terme. The
+Pope was then at great contention with _Henry_ the fourth Emperour, who
+had bene excommunicated before by _Hildebrand_, and was then againe
+excommunicate by _Vrbane_: being the first Christian Prince with
+Souereigne power, who was euer excommunicate by any Pope. And for that
+_Vrbane_ at that time had his hands full against the Emperour, for that
+also hee would not make the example too odious at the first; he was
+willing ynough to forbeare excommunication against the King. And the
+rather for that _Anselme_ had intelligence from his friends in
+_England_, that the excommunication would not be regarded. Hereupon,
+accompting it a sufficient declaration of his power for the time, to
+haue menaced excommunication, he caused a generall decree to be made;
+That as well all Lay-persons who should giue inuestiture of Churches, as
+those of the Clergie who should be so inuested; also those who should
+yeeld themselues in subiection to Lay-men for Ecclesiastical liuings,
+should be excommunicate.
+
+This generall sentence was pronounced. The Pope also signified by
+letters to the King, that if he would auoyd particular proceeding
+against himselfe, he should foorthwith restore _Anselme_ to the exercise
+of his Office in his Church, and to all the goods and possessions
+perteining thereto. Hereupon the King sent messengers to the Pope, who
+declared vnto him; That their great Master the King marueiled not a
+litle, wherefore he should so sharply vrge the restitution of _Anselme_;
+seeing it was expresly told him, That if he departed out of _England_
+without licence, he should expect no other vsage. Well, said the Pope,
+Haue you no other cause against _Anselme_, but that he hath appealed to
+the Apostolicall Sea, and without licence of your King hath trauailed
+thither? They answered, No. And haue you taken all this paines (said he)
+haue you trauailed thus farre to tell me this? Goe tell your Lord, if he
+will not be excommunicate, that he presently restore _Anselme_ to his
+Sea: And see that you bring mee answere hereof the next Councell, which
+shalbe in the third weeke after Easter: make haste, and looke to your
+terme, lest I cause you to be hanged for your tarryance.
+
+The messenger was herewith much abashed; yet collecting himselfe, he
+desired priuate audience of the Pope: affirming, that he had some secret
+instructions from the King to impart vnto him. What this secret was it
+is vnknowne. Whatsoeuer it was, a longer day was obtained for the King,
+vntill Michaelmas then next ensuing. And when that day was come, albeit
+complaints were renued, yet was nothing done against the King. The
+Archb. seeing the small assurance of the Pope, returned to _Lions_ in
+_France_; and there remained vntil the death, first of Pope _Vrbane_,
+and afterwards of the king; which was almost the space of 3. yeeres.
+
+By this great conflict the king lost the hearts of many of the Clergie;
+but his displeasure had seasoned reuenge with contentment: and finding
+himselfe sufficient, both in courage and meanes to beare out his
+actions, he became many other wayes heauie vnto them. When any
+Bishopricke or Monasterie fell voyd, he kept them vacant a long time in
+his hands, and applied the profits to himselfe: At the last hee would
+set them to open sale, and receiue him for Prelate, who would giue for
+them the greatest price. Herehence two great inconueniences did ensue;
+the best places were furnished with men of least sufficiencie and worth;
+and no man hoping to rise by desert, the generall endeuour for vertue
+and knowledge were layd aside: the direct way to aduancement, was by
+plaine purchase from the king.
+
+In this seazing and farming and marchandizing of Church-liuings, one
+_Ranulph_, commonly called the Kings Chapleine, was a great agent for
+the King. Hee was a man of faire vse of speach, and liuely in witte,
+which hee made seruants to licentious designes; but both in birth and
+behauiour base, and shamelesse in dishonestie; a very bawde to all the
+Kings purposes and desires. Hee could be so euill as hee listed, and
+listed no lesse then was to his aduantage. The King would often laugh at
+him, and say; that he was a notable fellow to compasse matters for a
+King. And yet besides more then ordinary fauour of countenance, the King
+aduanced him, first to be his Chancellour, and afterward to be Bishop of
+_Duresme_. By his aduise, so soone as any Church fell voide, an
+Inuentory was made of all the goods that were found, as if they should
+bee preserued for the next successor; and then they were committed to
+the custodie of the King, but neuer restored to the Church againe. So
+the next incumbent receiued his Church naked and bare, notwithstanding
+that he paid a good price for it. From this King the vse is said to haue
+first risen in _England_, that the Kings succeeding had the Temporalties
+of Bishops Seas so long as they remained voide. Hee also set the first
+enformers to worke, and for small transgressions appointed great
+penalties. Hee is also reported to haue been the first King of this
+Realme, who restreined his subiects from ranging into forreine Countreys
+without licence.
+
+And yet what did the King by this sale of Church dignities, but that
+which was most frequent in other places? For in other places also few
+attained to such dignities freely. The difference was this: here the
+money was receiued by the King, there by fauorites or inferiour
+officers: here it was expended in the publike vses of the State; there
+to priuate and many times odious enrichments: this seemeth the more
+easie, that the more extreme pressure, as done by more hungrie and
+degenerous persons: this may bee esteemed by some the more base, but
+assuredly it was the better dealing. And further, it is euident that the
+King did freely aduance many excellent persons to principall dignities
+in the Church; and especially _Anselme_ to the Archbishopricke of
+_Canterburie_, who was so vnwilling to accept that honour, that the King
+had much to doe to thrust it vpon him. And the rather to enduce him, he
+gaue him wholly the citie of _Canterburie_, which his predecessors had
+held but at the pleasure of the King. This _Anselme_ was one whose
+learned labours doe plainely testifie, how little his spirits were fed
+with the fulsome fumes of surfeting and ease; which to many others,
+together with their bodies, doe fatten and engrosse their mindes. He so
+detested singularitie, that he accounted it the sinne which threw Angels
+out of Heauen, and man out of Paradise. This detestation of singularitie
+might happily encline him to the other extreme; to adhere ouer lightly
+to some common receiued errours. It is attributed to him that hee would
+often wish, to bee rather in hell without sinne, then with sinne in
+heauen.
+
+The king also aduanced _Robert Bloet_, to the Bishopricke of _Lincolne_:
+a man whose wisedom was highly graced, with goodly personage, and good
+deliuery of speach: from whom notwithstanding the king afterwards wiped
+fiue thousand markes. Hee also freely receiued _Hugh de Floriaco_, a man
+for his vertue much esteemed, to be Abbot of the Monastery of S.
+_Augustines_ in _Canterburie_; and likewise diuers others to other
+Ecclesiasticall preferments: whereby I am confirmed in opinion, that
+many odious imputations against the king, were either altogether
+inuented, or much enlarged aboue the trueth.
+
+It happened vpon auoidance of a certaine Monastery, that two Monkes went
+to the king, either of them contending, as well by friends, as by large
+offer of purse, to procure to be made Abbot of the place. The king
+espying a third Monke standing by, who came with the other two, either
+to accompany them, or to obtaine some inferiour place vnder him that
+should preuaile, demaunded of him what hee would giue? The Monke
+answered, that hee had small meanes, and lesse minde, to purchase that
+or any other dignitie of the Church: For with that intention did he
+first betake himselfe to a religious life, that holding riches and
+honour (the two beauties of the world) in contempt, he might more freely
+and quietly dispose himselfe to the seruice of God. The King replied,
+that he iudged him most worthy of that preferment; and therefore first
+offred it vnto him, then intreated, and lastly enioyned him to accept
+it. Assuredly, the force of vertue is such, that often times wee honour
+it in others, euen when we little esteeme it in ourselues.
+
+He is charged with some actions and speaches tending to profanenesse.
+The Iewes at _Roan_ so preuailed with him by gifts, that they drew him
+to reprehend one who had forsaken their superstition. At _London_ a
+disputation was appointed betweene certaine Christians and Iewes. The
+Iewes a little before the day prefixed, brought to the King a rich
+present; At which time he encouraged them (no doubt but by the way of
+ioylitie and mirth) to acquite themselues like tall fellowes, and if
+they preuailed by plaine strength of trueth, hee sware (as was his
+vsuall) by S. _Lukes_ face, that hee would become one of their Secte.
+These things happely not much spoken amisse, might easily bee depraued
+by report.
+
+It is affirmed of him that he so much exceeded in bodily lust, (then
+which nothing maketh a man more contemptible) that thereby hee seemed to
+decline from the Maiestie of a Prince. This vice did cast a great mist
+ouer his glorie. And yet neither is it infrequent in lusty bodies,
+placed in a State both prosperous and high, neither can the pleasure of
+one man that way extend it selfe to the iniurie of many. The worst was,
+that after his example, many others did follow licentious traces;[74]
+examples of Princes being alwayes of greater force then their Lawes, to
+induce the people to good or to euill. As the King turned the
+prosperitie of his actions to serue his vanities and delights, so his
+followers by felicitie became insolent, and let goe at aduenture serious
+affaires; not receiuing into their thoughts any other impression then of
+brauery and pleasure. And they who were greatest in the counsailes and
+fauours of the King, respected all things no further, then as they were
+aduantageable to themselues.
+
+Then rose vp costly apparell, and dainty fare, two assured tokens of a
+diseased State; the one the vainest, the other the grossest prodigalitie
+that can be. Then was brought into vse the laying out of haire, strange
+fashions and disguisings in attire, and all delicacies pertaining to the
+bodie. Then were practised nice treadings, lasciuious lookes, and other
+dissolute and wanton behauiour: many effeminate persons did accompanie
+the Court, by whose immodest demeanour the maiestie of that place was
+much embased. From hence also the poyson brake foorth, first into the
+citie, and after wards into other places of the Realme; for as in
+fishes, so in families, and so likewise in States, putrifaction commonly
+beginneth at the head.
+
+
+In the second yeere of this kings reigne _Lanfranck_ Archb. of
+_Canterburie_ ended his life: A man highly esteemed, with good men, for
+his learning and integritie; with great men, for his diligence and
+discretion to sound deepely into affaires; with the common people for
+his moderate and modest behauiour. King _William_ the first did honour
+and embrace him with great respect, and was much guided by his aduise.
+He was as a Protector to King _William_ the second. When he went to
+_Rome_ to obteine his Pall, the Pope rose from his chaire, stepped
+forwards to meet him, and with many ceremonies of courtesie did
+enterteine him. Then he returned to his seat, and said: _Now Lanfrancke,
+I haue done to thee what is due to thy vertue, come thou and doe to me
+what apperteineth to my place_. He was an earnest enemie to all vices,
+especially to auarice and pride, the two banes of all vertues. He renued
+the great Church of _Canterburie_, and enriched it with 25. mannours. He
+repaired the walles of that Citie, and built two Hospitals therein; one
+of S. _Iohn_, the other _Harlebaldowne_. He gaue a thousand markes
+towards the repairing and enlarging of the Abbey of S. _Albones_, and
+procured _Redbourne_ to be restored thereto. By his Testament hee gaue
+to the same Church 1000. pounds, besides many rich ornaments. He tooke
+great paines in purging ancient Authors from such corruptions as had
+crept into them: diuers workes also he wrote of his owne, but the
+greatest part of them are perished. Thus he liued in honour, and died
+with fame; his time imployed in honest studies and exercises, his goods
+to good and Religious vses.
+
+The same yeere a strange and great earthquake happened throughout all
+the Realme; after which ensued a great scarcitie of fruit, and a late
+haruest of corne, so as much graine was not fully ripe at the end of
+Nouember.
+
+In the fourth yere of the reigne of this King, a strong stroke of
+lightning made a hole in the Abbey steeple at _Winchelscombe_, neere to
+the top; rent one of the beames of the Church, brake one of the legges
+of the Crucifixe, cast downe the head thereof, together with the Image
+of the Virgine _Marie_ that was placed by it: Herewith a thicke smoke
+darkened the Church, and breathed foorth a marueilous stincke, which
+annoyed the Church a long time after. In the same yeere a mightie winde
+from the Southwest did prostrate 606. houses in _London_: And breaking
+into the Church of S. _Mary Bow_ in Cheape, slew two men with some part
+of the ruines which it made, raised the roofe of the Church, and carried
+many of the beames on such a height, that in the fall six of them, being
+27. or 28. foot in length, were driuen so deepe into the ground (the
+streets not then paued with stone) that not aboue 4. foote remained in
+sight: and so they stood, in such order and rancke as the workemen had
+placed them vpon the Church. The parts vnder the earth were neuer
+raised, but so much was cut away as did appeare aboue the ground;
+because it was an impediment for passage. The Tower of _London_ at the
+same time was also broken, and much other harme done.
+
+The next yeere _Osmund_ Bishop of _Salisbury_ finished the Cathedrall
+Church of old _Salisburie_; and the fifth day after the Consecration,
+the steeple thereof was fired with lightning.
+
+The yeere following much raine fell, and so great frosts ensued, that
+riuers were passable with loaden carts.
+
+The yeere next ensuing was exceeding remarkeable both for the number and
+fashion of gliding Starres, which seemed to dash together in maner of a
+conflict.
+
+About this time Pope _Vrbane_ assembled a Councell at _Cleremont_ in
+_Auergne_, wherein hee exhorted Christian Princes to ioyne in action for
+recouery of _Palestine_, commonly called _The Holy Land_, out of the
+seruile possession of the _Saracenes_. This motion was first set on
+foote, and afterwards pursued by _Peter_ the Heremite of _Amiens_; which
+falling in an age both actiue and Religious, was so generally embraced,
+as it drew 300000. men to assemble together from diuers Countreys; and
+that with such sober and harmlesse behauiour, that they seemed rather
+Pilgrimes then Souldiers. Among others, _Robert_ Duke of _Normandie_
+addressed himselfe to this Voyage; and to furnish his expenses therein,
+he layed his Duchie of _Normandie_ to gage to his brother of _England_
+for 6666. li. or as other Authors report, for 13600. pounds of Siluer.
+
+This money was taken vp part by imposition, and part by loane, of the
+most wealthy inhabitants within the Realme: But especially the charge
+was layd vpon religious persons, for that it was to furnish a religious
+warre. When many Bishops and Abbots complained, that they were not able
+to satisfie such summes of money as the King demanded of them, vnles
+they should sel the Chalices & siluer vessels which pertained to their
+Churches. Nay answered the King, you may better make meanes with the
+siluer and gold which vainely you haue wrapped about dead mens bones;
+meaning thereby their rich Relickes and Shrines.
+
+The yeare following a blasing starre appeared, for the space of fifteene
+dayes together; the greatest bush whereof pointed towards the East, and
+the lesser towards the West. Gliding starres were often seene, which
+seemed to dart one against another. The people began (as to mindes
+fearefull all fancies seeme both weightie and true) to make hard
+constructions of these vnusuall sights; supposing that the heauens did
+threaten them, not accustomed to shew it selfe so disposed, but towards
+some variation.
+
+In the 13. yeere of his reigne, the Sea surmounted his vsuall bounds, in
+diuers parts of _England_ and _Scotland_: whereby not only fields, but
+many villages, castles, and townes were ouerflowen, and some ouerturned,
+and some ouerwhelmed with sand; much people, and almost innumerable
+cattel was destroyed. At the same time certaine lands in _Kent_, which
+did once belong to _Godwine_ Earle of _Kent_, were ouerflowed and
+couered with sand, which to this day do beare the name of _Godwins_
+sands. Thunders were more frequent & terrible then had been vsuall;
+through violence whereof diuers persons were slaine. Many feareful
+formes and apparitions are reported to haue bin seene; whether errours,
+or inuentions, or truethes, I will not aduow. The heauens often seemed
+to flame with fire. At _Finchamsted_[75] in _Barkeshire_ neere vnto
+_Abington_, a spring cast vp a liquor for the space of fifteene dayes,
+in substance and colour like vnto blood; which did taint and infect the
+next water brooke whereinto it did runne. The King was often terrified
+in his sleepe with vncouth, ougly, vnquiet dreames: and many fearefull
+visions of others were oftentimes reported vnto him. At the same time
+hee held in his handes three Bishoprickes, _Canterburie_, _Winchester_,
+and _Salisburie_; and twelue Abbeys.
+
+The same yeere vpon the second of August, a little before the falling of
+the Sunne, as the King was hunting within the newe forrest, at a place
+called _Choringham_ (where since a Chappell hath beene erected) hee
+strooke a Deere lightly with an arrow. The Deere ranne away, and the
+King stayed his horse to looke after it; holding his hand ouer his eyes,
+because the beames of the Sunne (which then drew somewhat lowe) much
+dazeled his sight. Herewith another Deere crossed the way; whereat a
+certaine Knight, named Sir _Walter Tirrell_, aimed with an arrow: and
+loosing his bowe, either too carelessly at the Deere, or too steadily at
+the King, strooke him therewith full vpon the brest. The King hauing so
+receiued the wound, gaue foorth a heauie groane, and presently fell
+downe dead; neither by speach nor motion expressing any token of life.
+Onely so much of the arrowe as was without his bodie was found broken;
+whether with his hand, or by his fall, it is not certainely knowen. The
+men that were neere vnto him (especially Sir _Walter Tirrell_) galloped
+away; some for astonishment, others for feare. But a fewe collecting
+themselues returned againe, and layd his bodie vpon a Colliers Cart,
+which by aduenture passed that way; wherin it was drawen by one leane
+euill-fauoured, base beast, to the Citie of _Winchester_; bleeding
+abundantly all the way, by reason of the rude iogging of the Carte. The
+day following hee was buried, without any funerall pompe, with no more
+then ordinarie solemnities, in the Cathedrall Church or Monasterie of
+Saint _Swithen_; vnder a plaine flat marble stone, before the Lectorne
+in the Quire. But afterwards his bones were translated, and layd by King
+_Canutus_ bones.
+
+Most writers doe interprete this extraordinarie accident to bee a
+iudgement of God, for the extraordinarie loose behauiour of the King,
+But it may rather seeme a iudgement of God, that King _William_ the
+first, who threw downe Churches, and dispeopled Villages and Townes; who
+banished both the seruice of God, and societie of men, to make a vaste
+habitation for sauage beasts, had two sonnes slaine vpon that place. It
+may also seeme a iudgement of God, that King _William_ the second, who
+so greatly fauoured beastes of game, that he ordeined the same penaltie
+for killing of a deere, as for killing of a man; should as a beast, and
+for a beast, and among beasts be slaine. And thus God doth often punish
+vs by our greatest pleasures; if they be either vnlawfull, or
+immoderately affected; whereby good things become vnlawfull.
+
+Hee died in the principall strength, both of his age, and of his
+distastfull actions; wherein hee had bene much carried by the hoate
+humour of his courage and youth; his iudgement not then raised to that
+stayednesse and strength,[76] whereto yeeres and experience in short
+time would haue brought it. Hee reigned in great varietie of opinion
+with his Subiects (some applauding his vertues, others aggrauating his
+vices) twelue yeeres, eleuen moneths wanting eight dayes: and was at his
+death fourtie and three yeeres old. At this time he presumed most
+highly, and promised greatest matters to himselfe, hee proiected also
+many difficult aduentures, if his life had continued the naturall
+course; wherein his hopes were nothing inferiour to his desires.
+
+Hee gaue to the Monckes of _Charitie_ in _Southwarke_ his Mannour of
+_Bermondsey_, and built for them the great new Church of Saint
+_Sauiour_. Also of an old Monasterie in the Citie of _Yorke_, he founded
+an Hospitall for the sustentation of poore persons and dedicated it to
+S. _Peter_. This Hospitall was afterward augmented by King _Stephen_,
+and by him dedicated to S. _Leonard_.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+KING HENRY
+
+THE FIRST,
+
+_Sirnamed_
+
+BEAVCLERKE.
+
+
+Robert Duke of _Normandie_, the eldest brother to King _William_ the
+second, was in _Palestina_ when King _William_ was slaine; being one of
+the principal leaders in that Heroical warre, which diuers Christian
+Princes of _Europe_ set vp, to recouer _Hierusalem_ out of the power and
+possession of the _Saracens_. In this expedition hee purchased so
+honourable reputation, for skill, industrie, and valour of hand, that
+when the Christian forces had surprised _Hierusalem_, and diuers other
+Cities in those quarters, the kingdome thereof was offered vnto him.
+But the Duke, whether he coniectured the difficulties of that warre,
+for that the enemie was both at hand, and vnder one command, but the
+Armie of the Christians was to be supplied from farre, and also
+consisted of many Confederats; In which case albeit sometimes men
+performe well at the first, yet in short time inconueniences encreasing,
+they alwayes either dissipate and dissolue, or else fall into confusion.
+Or whether he heard of the death of his brother, to whose Kingdome he
+pretended right; as well by prerogatiue of blood, as by expresse
+couenant betweene them confirmed by oath; refused the offer, which was
+the last period of all his honour, and in short time after tooke his
+iourney from _Palestine_ towards _France_.
+
+But _Henry_ the Kings yonger brother, apprehending the opportunitie of
+the Dukes absence, did foorthwith seaze vpon the treasure of the King,
+and thereby also vpon his State, and so was crowned at _Westminster_
+vpon the second day of August, in the yeere 1100. by _Maurice_ Bishop of
+_London_; because _Anselme_ Archb. of _Canterburie_ was then in exile.
+This enterprise was much aduanced by the authoritie and industrie of
+_Henry Newborow_ Earle of _Warwicke_, who appeased all opposition that
+was made against it. The people also, albeit they had bene managed so
+tame, as easily to yeeld their backe to the first sitter; yet to _Henry_
+they expressed a prone inclination, for that hee was borne in _England_,
+at a place called _Selby_ in _Lincolneshire_, since his father was
+crowned King: whereas Duke _Robert_ his brother was borne before his
+father attained the kingdome.
+
+This serued Prince _Henry_ not onely to knit vnto him the affections of
+the people, but also to forme a title to the Crowne. For it hath bin a
+question often debated, both by Arguments and by Armes, and by both
+trials diuersly decided; when a king hath two sonnes, one borne before
+he was King, and the other after, whether of them hath right to succeed?
+
+_Herodotus_ writeth, That when _Darius_[77] the sonne of _Hysdaspis_
+King of _Persia_ made preparation for warre against the _Graecians_ and
+_Egyptians_, he first went about to settle his succession: because by
+the Lawes of _Persia_, the King might not enter into enterprise of
+Armes, before he had declared his successour. Now _Darius_ had three
+children before he was King, by his first wife the daughter of _Gobris_.
+After he was King he had other foure, by _Atossa_ the daughter of
+_Cyrus_. _Artabazanes_, or (as other terme him) _Arthemenes_ was eldest
+of the first sort; _Xerxes_ of the second. _Artabazanes_ alleaged that
+he was the eldest of all the Kings sonnes, and that it was a custome
+among all nations, That in principalities the eldest should succeed.
+_Xerxes_ alleaged, that he was begotten of _Atossa_ the daughter of
+_Cyrus_, by whose valour the _Persians_ had obteined their Empire.
+Before _Darius_ had giuen sentence, _Demaratus_ the sonne of _Aristo_,
+cast out of his kingdome of _Sparta_ and then liuing an exile in
+_Persia_, came vnto _Xerxes_, and aduised him further to alleage, that
+he was the eldest sonne of _Darius_ after hee was King; And that it was
+the custome of _Sparta_, that if a man had a sonne in priuate state, and
+afterwards another when he was King, this last sonne should succeed in
+his kingdome. Vpon this ground _Artabazanes_ was reiected, and _Darius_
+gaue iudgement for _Xerxes_. This history is likewise reported by
+_Iustine_,[78] and touched also by _Plutarch_: although they disagree in
+names, and some other points of circumstance.
+
+So when _Herode_ King of _Iudea_ appointed _Antipater_ his eldest
+sonne, but borne to him in priuate state, to succeed in his Royaltie,
+and excluded _Alexander_ and _Aristobulus_ his yonger sonnes, whom he
+had begot of _Mariamne_, after he had obteined his kingdome;
+_Iosephus_[79] plainly reprehendeth the fact, and condemneth the
+iudgement of _Herode_ for partiall and vniust. So _Lewes_ borne after
+his father was Duke of _Milane_,[80] was preferred in succession before
+his brother _Galeace_, who was borne before. And so when _Otho_ the
+first was elected Emperour, his yonger brother _Henry_ pretended against
+him; for that _Otho_[81] was borne before their father was Emperour, and
+_Henry_ after. In which quarrell _Henry_ was aided by _Euerharde_ Earle
+Palatine, and _Giselbert_ Duke of _Lorreine_, with diuers other Princes
+of _Almaine_: But when the cause came to be canuased by the sword, the
+victorie adiudged the Empire to _Otho_.
+
+Furthermore, this right of title seemeth to be confirmed by many grounds
+of the Imperial Law. As[82] that sonnes borne after their father is
+aduanced to a dignitie, doe hold certaine priuiledges, which sonnes
+formerly borne doe not enioy. That[83] those children which are borne
+after a person is freed from any infamous or seruile condition, doe
+participate onely of that libertie, and not they who were borne before.
+That if a man taketh a wife in the Prouince wherein he holdeth office,
+the marriage is good, if after the time his Office shall expire, they
+continue in the same consent[84]: but so that the children borne before,
+shall not be thereby helde for legitimate. That[85] those children which
+are borne after their father is honoured with the title of
+_Clarissimus_, do enioy the rights due vnto that degree of dignitie, and
+not they who were borne before. That as a sonne borne after the father
+hath lost his kingdome, is not esteemed for the sonne of a King[86]: so
+neither hee that is borne before the father be a King[87].
+
+And although these and diuers like passages of Law commonly alleadged,
+doe seeme little or nothing pertinent to this purpose; for that they
+concern not any vniuersall right of inheritance, which is due vnto
+children after the death of their parents; but certaine particular
+priuiledges and rights attributed vnto them whilest their parents were
+in life, which for the most part are arbitrarie and mutable, as
+depending vpon the pleasure of the Prince: Yet many Interpreters of both
+Lawes haue bene drawen by these reasons to subscribe their iudgements
+for this kind of Title: and namely _Pet. Cynus_, _Baldus_,
+_Albericus_[88], _Iac. Rebuffus_, _& Luc. Penna_[89]. Also
+_Panormitane_[90], _Collect._[91], _Dynus_[92], _Franc. Cremen._[93],
+_Marti. Laud._[94], _Card. Alexander_[95], _Phil. Decius_[96],
+_Alceat_[97], _Bon. Curti._[98]. And lastly, _Anton. Corsetta_[99],
+deliuereth it for a common receiued and followed opinion. Which must be
+vnderstood with this distinction, if the kingdome be either newly
+erected, or else newly acquired by Conquest, Election, or any such
+title, other then by hereditarie succession according to proximitie in
+blood. For if the kingdome bee once seded in a certaine course of
+succession, because the dignitie is inherent in the blood of that
+stocke; because it is not taken from the father but from the ancestors;
+because it is not taken onely from the ancestors, but from the
+fundamentall law of the State; the eldest sonne shall indistinctly
+succeede, although hee were borne before his father was King[100]. And
+therefore after the kingdome of _Persia_ had been caried by succession
+in some descents, when _Darius_ the King had foure sonnes, _Artaxerxes_
+the eldest, _Cyrus_ the next, and two others; _Parysates_ the wife of
+_Darius_ hauing a desire that _Cyrus_ should succeede in the kingdome,
+alleaged in his behalfe the same reason wherewith _Xerxes_ had preuailed
+before: to wit, that shee had brought foorth _Artaxerxes_ to _Darius_,
+when hee was in priuate state; but _Cyrus_ was borne to him when he was
+a King. Yet _Plutarch_[101] affirmeth, that the reason which she vsed
+was nothing probable, and that _Artaxerxes_ the eldest sonne was
+appointed to be King. And so _Blondus_[102] and _Ritius_ doe report,
+that _Bela_ the King of _Hungarie_ being dead, _Geysa_ succeeded,
+although borne vnto him before he was a King.
+
+Others inferiour in number, but not in weight of Iudgement do affirme,
+that whether a Kingdome be setled in succession, or whether by any other
+title newly attained, the right to succeed by all true grounds of law
+pertaineth to the eldest sonne; albeit borne before his fathers
+aduancement to the kingdome, in case there be no expresse law of the
+state to the contrary. The principall reason is, because this is the
+nature of all successions by way of inheritance: For, if a father
+purchaseth lands, leases, cattell, or other goods, the inheritance shall
+bee transmitted to his eldest sonne, although borne before the purchase.
+Likewise if a father be aduanced to any title of honour, as Duke, Earle,
+Marquesse, &c. it was neuer, I will not say denied, but once doubted,
+but that the eldest sonne should succeede in the same, albeit he was
+borne before the aduancement. And therefore seeing this is the generall
+rule of all other inheritable successions, and there is no reason of
+singularitie in a kingdome; it followeth, that in like case the
+succession of a kingdome should also descend to the eldest sonne,
+although borne before the kingdome were atchieued.
+
+Againe, the sonne who was borne before his father was a King, had once a
+right to succeede in the kingdome; for if another sonne had not
+afterwards beene borne, without all question hee should haue succeeded.
+But a right which a man by his owne person hath acquired; albeit in some
+cases it may be diminished, yet can it not bee altogether extinguished
+by any externall or casuall euent, which hath no dependencie vpon
+himselfe. And so the right which the eldest sonne hath to his fathers
+inheritance, may bee diminished by the birth of other children, in
+regard of those goods which are to bee distributed in parts among them;
+but it cannot possibly be extinguished. Neither can it bee diminished in
+those things which are not of nature to bee either valued or diuided (of
+which sort a Kingdome is the chiefe) but doe passe entirely vnto one.
+For the right of blood which onely is regarded in lawfull successions,
+is acquired and held from the natiuitie of the childe, and doth not
+begin at the fathers death; at which time the inheritance doth fall.
+
+Lastly, if it be true in sonnes, that he shal succeede in a kingdome who
+is first borne, after the father is exalted to bee a King; then is it
+true also in other remote degrees of consanguinitie. And hereby it
+should often happen, that when a King dieth without issue of his body,
+they who are not onely inferiour in age, but more remote in degree,
+should exclude both the elder and the neerer in blood; because perhaps
+borne after the kingdome was attained: which is against all lawes of
+lawfull succession.
+
+Howsoeuer the right standeth, _Henry_ the yonger brother to King
+_William Rufus_, vpon aduantage of the absence of Duke _Robert_ his
+eldest brother, formed this title to the Crowne of _England_. In which
+pretence he was strongly supported, first by a generall inclination of
+the common people, for that he had both his birth and education within
+the Realme, and they were well perswaded of his good nature and
+disposition. Secondly, by the fauour and trauaile of many of the
+nobilitie, especially of _Henry Neuborow_ Earle of _Warwicke_. Thirdly,
+(for that the sailes of popular fauours are filled most violently with
+reports) by his giuing forth, that his brother _Robert_ intended neuer
+to returne; for that he was elected King of _Hierusalem_, and of all
+those large Countreys in _Asia_, which the Christians had lately wrung
+out of the _Saracens_ hands. Lastly, by vsing celeritie the very life of
+actions; for he was Crowned at _Westminster_ (as it hath bene said) vpon
+the fifth day of August, in the yeere 1100. which was the third day
+after his brothers death.
+
+In person he was both stately and strong; tall, broad brested, his
+limmes fairely fourmed, well knit, and fully furnished with flesh. He
+was exceeding both comely and manly in countenance, his face wel
+fashioned, his colour cleere, his eyes liuely and faire, his eye-browes
+large and thicke, his haire blacke and somewhat thinne towards his
+forehead. He was of an excellent wit, free from ostentation; his
+thoughts high, yet honourable and iust: in speach ready and eloquent,
+much graced with sweetnesse of voyce. In priuate he was affable, open,
+wittily pleasant, and very full of merrie simplicitie: in publicke he
+looked with a graue Maiestie, as finding in himselfe cause to be
+honoured. He was brought vp in the studie of Liberall Arts at
+_Cambridge_, where he attained that measure of knowledge, which was
+sufficient both for ornament and vse; but ranne not into intemperate
+excesse, either for ostentation, or for a cloake to vnprofitable expense
+of time. By his example the yong Nobilitie of the Realme began to affect
+a praise for learning: Insomuch as, at a certaine enteruiew betweene the
+King and Pope _Innocent_ the 2. the sonnes of _Robert_ Earle of
+_Mellent_, maintained open disputations against diuers Cardinals and
+Chapleines of the Pope.
+
+He was an exact esteemer of himselfe, not so much for his strength as
+for his weakenesses: lesse inclined to confidence then to distrust; and
+yet in weighty affaires resolute and firme; neuer dismaied, and alwayes
+fortunate; his spirits being of force to oppose against any sort of
+difficulties or doubts. Extremities made him the more assured; and like
+a well knit Arch, hee then lay most strong when hee sustained the
+greatest weight. Hee was no more disposed to valour, then well setled in
+vertue and goodnes; which made his valour of more precious valuation. He
+had good command ouer his passions; and thereby attained both peace
+within himselfe, and victory ouer others. In giuing hee was moderate,
+but bountifull in recompence; his countenance enlarging the worth of his
+gift. Hee was prone to relieue, euen where there was least likelihood of
+requitall. He hated flatterie, the poysoned sugar, the counterfeit
+ciuilitie and loue, the most base brokery of wordes: yet was no musicke
+so pleasing vnto him as well deserued thankes. He was vigilant and
+industrious in his affaires; knowing right well that honour not onely
+hath a paineful and dangerous birth, but must in like manner be
+nourished and fed.
+
+He was somewhat immoderate and excessiue, as well in aduancing those he
+fauoured, as in beating downe and disabling his enemies. The sword was
+alwayes the last of his trials; so as he neuer either sought or
+apprehended occasions of warre, where with honour he could reteine
+peace. But if it were iniuriously vrged, he wanted neither wisedome, nor
+diligence, nor magnanimous heart to encounter the danger; to beare it
+ouer with courage and successe. He was frugall of the blood and
+slaughter of his Souldiers; neuer aduenturing both his honour & their
+liues to the hazard of the sword, without either necessitie or
+aduantage. He oftentimes preuailed against his enemies more by policie
+then by power; and for victories thus attained, he attributed to
+himselfe the greatest glory. For wisedome is most proper to man, but
+force is common and most eminent in beasts; by wisedome the honour was
+entire to himselfe, by force it was participated to inferiour
+Commanders, to euery priuate ordinarie Souldier: the effects of force,
+are heauie, hideous, and sometimes inhumane; but the same wrought to
+euent by wisedome, is, as lesse odious, so more assured and firme.
+
+After that he was mounted into the seate of Maiestie, hee neglected no
+meanes to settle himselfe most surely therin, against the returne of his
+brother _Robert_. To this end he contracted both amitie and alliance
+with _Edgar_ King of _Scots_, by taking his sister _Matild_ to wife: by
+which meanes he not onely remoued his hostilitie, but stood assured of
+his assistance, in case his occasions should so require. Shee was
+daughter to _Malcolme_ King of _Scots_, by _Margaret_ his wife; who was
+sister to _Edgar_ surnamed _Adeling_, and daughter to _Edward_, sonne to
+_Edmund Ironside_, the most valiant Saxon King, the scourge and terrour
+of the _Danes_. So as after the death of _Adeling_ who left no issue,
+this _Matild_ was next by discent from the Saxon Kings to the
+inheritance of the Crowne of _England_: and by her entermariage with
+King _Henry_, the two families of _Normans_ and _Saxons_ were vnited
+together both in blood and title to the Crowne. This more then any other
+respect made the whole nation of the _English_ not onely firme to King
+_Henrie_, against his brother, but loyall and peaceable during all his
+reigne: for that they saw the blood of their _Saxon_ Kings restored
+again to the possession of the Crowne.
+
+Shee was a Lady vertuous, religious, beautifull and wise: farre from
+the ordinary either vices or weakenesses incident to her sexe. She had
+been brought vp among the Nunnes of _Winchester_, and _Rumsey_, whether
+professed or onely veiled our writers doe diuersly report; but most
+affirme that shee was professed. Yet for the common good, for the
+publique peace and tranquilitie of the State, shee abandoned her deuoted
+life, and was ioyned to King _Henrie_ in mariage, by consent of
+_Anselme_, without any dispensation from _Rome_. Of this _Matild_ the
+King begate _William_ a sonne, who perished by shipwracke; and _Matild_
+a daughter, first married to _Henry_ the fifth Emperour, by whom she had
+no issue; afterward to _Geoffrey Plantagenet_ Earle of _Aniou_, by whom
+shee brought foorth a sonne named _Henrie_, in whom the blood of the
+Saxon Kings was aduanced againe to the gouernment of this Realme.
+
+Now to purchase the fauour of the Clergie, he called _Anselme_ out of
+exile, and restored him both to the dignitie and reuenues of the Sea of
+_Canterbury_. Other Bishoprickes and Abbeys which King _William_ kept
+voide at the time of his death, hee furnished with men of best
+sufficiencie and reputation. Hee committed _Radulph_ Bishop of _Durham_
+to prison, who had been both authour and agent to King _William_ in most
+of his distastfull actions against the Clergie. This _Radulph_ was a man
+of smooth vse of speach, wittie onely in deuising, or speaking, or doing
+euill: but to honestie and vertue his heart was a lumpe of lead. Enuious
+aboue all measure; nothing was so grieuous to his eyes as the
+prosperitie, nothing so harsh to his eares as the commendations of
+others. His tongue alwayes slauish to the Princes desires; not regarding
+how truely or faithfully, but how pleasingly he did aduise. Thus as a
+principall infamie of that age, hee liued without loue, and died without
+pitie; sauing of those who thought it pitie that he liued so long.
+
+Further, to make the Clergie the more assured, the King renounced the
+right which his Ancesters vsed in giuing Inuestitures; and acknowledged
+the same to appertaine to the Pope. This hee yeelded at his first
+entrance, partly not knowing of what importance it was, and partly being
+in necessitie to promise any thing. But afterwards he resumed that right
+againe; albeit in a Councell not long before held at _Rome_, the
+contrary had bene decreed. For hee inuested _William Gifford_ into the
+Bishopricke of _Winchester_, and all the possessions belonging to the
+same. He gaue the Archbishopricke of _Canterburie_ to _Radulph_ Bishop
+of _London_, and inuested him therein by a Ring and a staffe: he
+inuested also two of his Chapleins at _Westminster_; _Roger_ his
+Chanceller in the Bishopricke of _Salisburie_, and _Roger_ his Larderer
+in the Bishopricke of _Hereford_. Further he assumed the custome of his
+father and brother, in taking the reuenues of Bishopricks whilest they
+remained void: and for that cause did many times keepe them a longer
+season vacant in his hands, then many of the Clergie could with patience
+endure.
+
+But especially the Clergie did fauour him much, by reason of his
+liberall leaue either to erect, or to enlarge, or else to enrich
+Religious buildings. For to these workes the King was so ready to giue,
+not onely way, but encouragement and helpe, that in no Princes time they
+did more within this Realme either flourish or increase. And namely the
+house of S. _Iohn_ of _Hierusalem_ was then founded neere _Smithfield_
+in London, with the house of Nunnes by _Clerken-well_. Then were also
+founded the Church of _Theukesburie_, with all Offices thereto
+belonging: the Priorie and Hospitall of S. _Bartholomewes_ in
+_Smithfield_, the Church of S. _Giles_ without _Creeplegate_; the
+Colledge of Seculare Canons in the castle of _Leicester_; the Abbey
+without the Northgate of the same towne called S. _Mary de prato_. Also
+the Monasterie of S. _Iohn_ of _Lanthonie_ by _Glocester_; the Church of
+_Dunmow_ in _Essex_; the Monasterie of S. _Iohn_ at _Colchester_, which
+was the first house of _Augustine_ Chanons in _England_: the Church of
+S. _Mary Oueries_ furnished with Chanons in _Southwarke_; the Priory of
+the holy Trinity now called _Christs Church_ within _Algate_; and the
+Hospitall of S. _Giles_ in the field: The Priorie of _Kenelworth_; The
+Abbey of _Kenshame_; The Monasterie of _Plimpton_ in _Deuonshire_; with
+the Cathedrall Church of _Exceter_; the Priorie of _Merton_; the
+Colledge of _Warwicke_; the Hospitall of _Kepar_; the Priorie of _Osney_
+neere _Oxeford_; the Hospital of S. _Crosse_ neere _Winchester_; the
+Priorie of _Norton_ in _Cheshire_, with diuers others. The King also
+founded and erected the Priorie of _Dunstable_, the Abbey of
+_Circester_, the Abbey of _Reading_, the Abbey of _Shirebourne_. Hee
+also changed the Abbey of _Eley_ into a Bishops Sea; he erected a
+Bishopricke at _Caerlile_, placed Chanons there, and endowed it with
+many honours. These and many other Religious buildings either done, or
+helped forward, or permitted and allowed by the King, much encreased the
+affection of the Clergie towards him.
+
+Now to draw the loue of the common people, he composed himselfe to a
+sober ciuilitie; easie for accesse, faire in speach, in countenance and
+behauiour kind: his Maiestie so tempered with mildnesse and courtesie,
+that his Subiects did more see the fruits, then feele the weight of his
+high estate. These were things of great moment with the vulgar sort; who
+loue more where they are louingly intreated, then where they are
+benefited, or happely preserued. He eased them of many publicke
+grieuances. Hee restored them to the vse of fire and candle after eight
+of the clocke at night, which his father had most straitly forbidden.
+Punishments of losse of member vsed before, he made pecuniarie. Hee
+moderated the Law of his brother, which inflicted death for killing any
+of the Kings Deere; and ordeined, that if any man killed a Deere in his
+owne wood, the wood should be forfeited to the King. He permitted to
+make enclosures for Parkes; which taking beginning in his time, did rise
+to that excessiue encrease, that in a few succeeding ages more Parkes
+were in _England_, then in all _Europe_ beside. He promised that the
+Lawes of K. _Edward_ should againe be restored; but to put off the
+present performance, he gaue forth, that first they should be reuiewed
+and corrected, and made appliable to the present time. And albeit in
+trueth they were neuer either reuiewed or corrected, yet the onely hope
+thereof did worke in the people a fauourable inclination to his part.
+
+Whilest the King did thus Immure himselfe in the state of _England_, as
+well by ordering his affaires, as by winning the hearts of the people
+vnto him, Duke _Robert_ was returning from _Palestine_, by easie and
+pleasurable iourneys; vsing neither the celeritie nor forecast which the
+necessitie of his occasions did require. Hee visited many Princes by the
+way, and consumed much time in entertainments and other complements of
+Court. Hee tooke to wife as he came _Sibell_ the daughter of _Roger_
+Duke of _Apulia_ and Earle of _Cicill_, who was a _Norman_: and the
+great portion of money which he receiued for her dower, he loosely
+lauished foorth amongst his followers; of whom he receiued nothing
+againe, but thankes when he (scattered rather then) gaue, and pitie when
+he wanted.
+
+At the last he arriued in _Normandie_, and foorthwith was sollicited out
+of _England_ by letters from many, who either vpon conscience or
+discontentment fauoured his Title; and especially from _Radulph_ Bishop
+of _Durham_, who had lately escaped out of prison, a man odious ynough
+to vndoe a good cause; that he would omit no time, that hee would let
+fall no diligence, to embarke himselfe in the enterprise for _England_:
+that he had many friends there, both powerfull and sure, who would
+partake with him in his dangers, although not in the honour atchieued by
+his dangers: that therewith the peoples fauour towards the King did
+begin to ebbe, and that it was good taking the first of the tide.
+Hereupon he shuffled vp an Armie in haste; neither for number, nor
+furniture, nor choise of men answerable to the enterprise in hand. Then
+he crossed the Seas, landed at _Portesmouth_, and marched a small way
+into the Countrey; vainely expecting the concourse and ayd which had
+bene assured him out of _England_. But King _Henry_ had made so good vse
+both of his warning and time to prouide against this tempest, that hee
+did at once both cut from the Duke all meanes of ayd, and was ready to
+encounter him in braue appointment. Hereupon many who were vnable by
+Armes to relieue the Duke, by aduise did to him the best offices they
+could. For they laboured both the King and him to a reconcilement; The
+King with respect of his new vnsettled estate, the Duke with respect of
+his weakenesses and wants; both with regard of naturall duetie and loue,
+knit betweene them by band of blood. So after some trauaile and
+debatement, a peace was concluded vpon these Conditions.
+
+_That Henry should reteine the kingdome of England, and pay to his
+brother Robert 3000. markes yeerely._
+
+_That if either of them should die without issue, the suruiuour should
+succeed._
+
+_That no man should receiue preiudice for following the part of the one
+or of the other._
+
+These conditions being solemnely sworne by the king and the Duke, and
+twelue Noble men on either part, the Duke returned into _Normandie_,
+and about two yeeres after went againe into _England_, to visit the
+King, and to spend some time with him in feasting and disport. At which
+time, to requite the Kings kind vsage and entertainment, but especially
+to gratifie _Matild_ the Queene, to whom he was godfather, he released
+to the King the annuall payment of 3000. markes. But as a wound is more
+painefull the day following, then when it was first and freshly taken;
+so this loose leuitie of the Duke, which was an exceeding sad and sore
+blow to his estate, was scarce sensible at his departure out of
+_England_, but most grieuous to him after hee had remained in
+_Normandie_ a while: whereby many motions were occasioned, as well in
+the one place as in the other.
+
+The Duke complained, that hee had bene circumuented by his brother the
+King: that his courtesies were nothing else but allurements to
+mischiefe; that his gifts were pleasant baites, to couer and conuey most
+dangerous hookes; that his faire speaches were sugred poysons; that his
+kinde embracements were euen to tickle his friends to death. _Robert
+Belasme_ Earle of _Shrewsbury_, a man of great estate, but doubtfull
+whether of lesse wisedome or feare, tooke part with the Duke, and
+fortified the Towne and Castle of _Shrewsbury_, the Castles of
+_Bridgenorth_, _Tichel_, and _Arundel_, and certaine other pieces in
+_Wales_ against King _Henry_. And hauing drawen vnto him some persons of
+wretched state and worse minde, whose fortunes could not bee empaired by
+any euent, hee entred _Stafford shire_, and droue away light booties of
+cattell; being prepared neither in forces nor in courage, to stay the
+doing of greater mischiefe.
+
+But neither was this sudden to the King, neither was he euer vnprouided
+against sudden aduentures. Wherefore encountring the danger before it
+grew to perfection and strength, he first brought his power against the
+Castle of _Bridgenorth_, which was forthwith rendred vnto him. The
+residue followed the example (which in enterprise of armes is of
+greatest moment) and submitted themselues to the Kings discretion. Onely
+the Castle of _Arundel_ yeelded vpon condition, that _Robert Belasme_
+their Lord should be permitted to depart safely into _Normandie_: And
+vpon the same condition they of _Shrewsbury_ sent to the King the keys
+of their Castle, and therewith pledges for their allegeance. Then
+_Robert_ with his brother _Ernulphus_, and _Roger_ of _Poictiers_
+abiured the Realme, and departed into _Normandie_: where being full of
+rashnesse, which is nothing but courage out of his wits; and measuring
+their actions not by their abilities, but by their desires; they did
+more aduance the Kings affaires by hostilitie, then by seruice and
+subiection they could possibly haue done.
+
+Also _William_ Earle of _Mortaigne_ in _Normandie_, and of _Cornewall_
+in _England_, sonne of _Robert_, vncle to the king, and brother to king
+_William_ the first, required of the King the Earledome of _Kent_, which
+had been lately held by _Odo_ vncle to them both. And being a man braue
+in his owne liking, and esteming nothing of that which hee had in regard
+of that which hee did desire, he was most earnest, violent, peremptorie
+in his pursuit. Insomuch as, blinded with ambitious haste, he would
+often say, that hee would not put off his vpper garment, vntill hee had
+obtained that dignitie of the King. These errours were excused by the
+greenenesse of his youth, and by his desire of rising, which expelled
+all feare of a fall. Wherefore the King first deferred, and afterwards
+moderately denied his demaund. But so farre had the Earle fed his
+follies with assured expectation, that he accompted himselfe fallen from
+such estate as his hungry hopes had already swallowed. Hereupon his
+desire turned to rage, and the one no lesse vaine then the other: but
+both together casting him from a high degree of fauour, which seldome
+stoppeth the race vntill it come to a headlong downefall.
+
+For now the King made a counter-challenge to many of his possessions in
+_England_; and thereupon seazed his lands, dismantled his castles, and
+compelled him in the end to forsake the Realme. Not for any great
+offence he had done, being apt to the fault rather of rough rage then of
+practise and deceit; but his stubborne stoutnesse was his offence; and
+it was sufficient to hold him guiltie, that he thought himselfe to haue
+cause and meanes to be guiltie. So hauing lost his owne state in
+_England_, he departed into _Normandie_, to further also the losse of
+that countrey. There he confederated with _Robert Belasme_, and made
+diuers vaine attempts against the Kings castles; neither guided by
+wisedome, nor followed by successe. Especially hee vented his furie
+against _Richard_ Earle of _Chester_, who was but a childe, and in
+wardship to the King, whom he daily infested with inuasions and spoiles;
+being no lesse full of desire to hurt, then voyd of counsaile and meanes
+to hurt.
+
+On the other side, diuers of the Nobilitie of _Normandie_, finding their
+Duke without iudgement to rule, had no disposition to obey; but
+conceiued a carelesse contempt against him. For he seemed not so much to
+regard his substantiall good, as a vaine breath of praise, and the
+fruitlesse fauour of mens opinions, which are no fewer in varietie then
+they are in number. All the reuenues of his Duchie he either sold or
+morgaged; all his Cities he did alien, and was vpon the point of passing
+away his principall Citie of _Roan_ to the Burgers thereof, but that the
+conditions were esteemed too hard. Hereupon many resolued to fall from
+him, and to set their sailes with the fauourable gale which blew vpon
+the fortune of the King. To this end they offered their submission to
+the King, in case he would inuade _Normandie_; whereto with many reasons
+they did perswade him: especially in regard of the late hostile
+attempts there made against him, by the plaine permission of the Duke
+his brother, and not without his secret support.
+
+The King embraced the faire occasion, and with a strong Armie passed
+into _Normandie_. Here he first relieued his forts, which were any wayes
+distressed or annoyed; then he recouered those that were lost; Lastly,
+he wanne from the Duke the towne and castle of _Caen_, with certaine
+other castles besides: And by the help of the President of _Aniou_,
+fired _Baion_, with the stately Church of S. _Marie_ therein. Vpon these
+euents, all the Priories of _Normandie_, resembling certaine flowers,
+which open and close according to the rising or declining of the Sunne;
+abandoned the Duke, and made their submission to King _Henry_. So the
+King hauing both enlarged and assured his state in _Normandie_, by
+reason of the approch of winter, departed into _England_: but this was
+like the recuiling of Rammes, to returne againe with the greater
+strength.
+
+He had not long remained in _England_, but his brother _Robert_ came to
+him at _Northampton_, to treat of some agreement of peace. Here the
+words and behauiours of both were obserued. At their first meeting they
+rested with their eyes fast fixed one vpon the other; in such sort as
+did plainely declare, that discourtesie then trencheth most deep, when
+it is betweene those who should most dearely loue. The Duke was in
+demaunds moderate, in countenance and speech enclined to submisnesse;
+and with a kinde vnkindnesse did rather entreate then perswade, that in
+regard of the naturall Obligation betweene them by blood, in regard of
+many offices and benefits wherewith he had endeuoured to purchase the
+Kings loue, all hostilitie betweene them, all iniurie or extremitie by
+Armes might cease. _For I call you_ (said he) _before the Seate of your
+owne Iudgement, whether the relinquishing of my Title to the Crowne of
+England, whether the releasing of my annuity of 3000. markes, whether
+many other kindnesses, so much vndeserued as scarce desired; should not
+in reason withdraw you from those prosecutions, where warre cannot be
+made without shame, nor victory attained without dishonour_.
+
+The King vsed him with honourable respect; but perceiuing that he was
+embarked in some disaduantage, conceiuing also that his courage with his
+Fortune began to decline, he made resemblance at the first, to be no
+lesse desirous of peace then the Duke: But afterwards, albeit he did not
+directly deny, yet hee found euasions to auoyd all offers of agreement.
+
+The more desirous the Duke was of peace, the greater was his disdaine
+that his brother did refuse it. Wherefore cleering his countenance from
+all shewes of deiection or griefe, as then chiefly resolute when his
+passion was stirred, with a voice rather violent then quicke, he rose
+into these words.
+
+_I haue cast my selfe so low, as your haughty heart can possibly wish;
+whereby I haue wronged both my selfe and you: my selfe, in occasioning
+some suspition of weakenesse; you, in making you obstinate in your
+ambitious purposes. But assure your selfe, that this desire did not
+proceed from want either of courage, or of meanes, or of assistance of
+friends: I can also be both vnthankefull and vnnaturall if I bee
+compelled. And if all other supportance faile, yet no arme is to be
+esteemed weake, which striketh with the sword of necessitie and
+Iustice._
+
+The King with a well appeased stayednesse returned answere; that he
+could easily endure the iniurie of his angry wordes: but to men of
+moderate iudgement hee would make it appeare, that hee entended no more
+in offending him, then to prouide for defending himselfe. So the Duke
+obseruing few complements, but such as were spiced with anger and
+disdaine, returned into _Normandie_, associated to him the _English_
+exiles, and made preparation for his defence.
+
+The King followed with a great power, and found him in good appointment
+of armes: nothing inferiour to the King in resolute courage, but farre
+inferiour both in number of men, and in fine contriuance of his
+affaires. For the King had purchased assured intelligence, among those
+that were neerest both in place and counsaile to the Duke: in whom the
+Duke found treacherie, euen when he reposed most confident trust.
+Herewith Pope _Paschal_, to attaine his purpose in _England_, for
+deuesting the King of inuesting Bishops; did not onely allow this
+enterprise for lawful, but encouraged the King, that hee should doe
+thereby a noble and a memorable benefit to his Realme.
+
+So, many stiffe battels were executed betweene them, with small
+difference of aduantage at the first; but after some continuance, the
+Dukes side (as it commonly happeneth to euill managed courage) declined
+dayly, by reason of his dayly increase of wants. At the last the Duke,
+wearied and ouerlayed, both with company of men and cunning working,
+resolued to bring his whole state to the stake, and to aduenture the
+same vpon one cast: committing to Fortune, what valour and industry
+could bring forth. The king being the Inuader, thought it not his part
+to shrinke from the shocke; being also aduertised that the _French_ King
+prepared to relieue the Duke. On the Dukes side, disdaine, rage, and
+reuenge, attended vpon hate: the King retained inuincible valour,
+assured hope to ouercome, grounded vpon experience how to ouercome.
+
+They met vpon the same day of the moneth iust 40. yeeres, after the
+great battaile of _William_ the first against King _Harold_ of
+_England_. The Kings footemen farre exceeding their enemies in number,
+began the charge, in small and scattering troupes; lightly assayling
+where they could espie the weakest resistance. But the Dukes Armie
+receiued them in close and firme order; so as vpon the losse of many of
+the foremost, the residue began somewhat to retire. And now, whether the
+Duke had cause, or whether confidence the inseparable companion of
+courage perswaded him that he had cause; he supposed that hee had the
+best of the field, and that the victory was euen in his hand. But
+suddenly the King with his whole forces of horse charged him in flanke,
+and with great violence brake into his battaile. Herewith the footmen
+also returned, and turned them all to a ruinous rout. The Duke performed
+admirable effects of valour, and so did most of the _English_ exiles: as
+fearing ouerthrow worse then death. But no courage was sufficient to
+sustaine the disorder; the _Normans_ on euery hand were chased, ruffled,
+and beaten downe. Hereupon the Dukes courage boyling in choller, hee
+doubled many blowes vpon his enemies; more furiously driuen, then well
+placed and set: and pressing vp hardly among them, was suddenly engaged
+so farre, that hee could not possibly recouer himselfe. So he was taken
+manfully fighting, or as some other authours affirme, was beastly
+betrayed by his owne followers. With him were also taken the Earle of
+_Mortaigne_, _William Crispine_, _William Ferreis_, _Robert Estotiuill_,
+with foure hundred men of armes, and ten thousand ordinary souldiers.
+The number of the slaine on both sides, is not reported by any authour;
+but all authours agree, that this was the most bloody medly that euer
+had been executed in _Normandie_ before: portended as it is thought by a
+Comet, and by two full Moones, which late before were seene, the one in
+the East, and the other in the West.
+
+After this victorie the King reduced _Normandie_ entirely into his
+possession, and annexed it to the Realme of _England_. Then hee built
+therein many Castles, and planted garrisons; and with no lesse wisedome
+assured that State, then with valour he had wonne it. When he had setled
+all things according to his iudgement, he returned into _England_,
+brought with him his brother _Robert_, and committed him to safe
+custodie in the Castle of _Cardiff_. But either by reason of his
+fauourable restraint, or else by negligence or corruption of his
+keepers, he escaped away, and fled for his libertie as if it had been
+for his life. Notwithstanding this proued but a false fauour, or rather
+a true flatterie or scorne of Fortune. For being sharply pursued, he was
+taken againe, sitting vpon horsebacke; his horse legs fast locked in
+deep & tough clay.
+
+Then hee was committed to straight and close prison, his eyes put out
+(as if hee should not see his miserie) and a sure guard set vpon him.
+Thus he remained in desolate darkenesse; neither reuerenced by any for
+his former greatnesse, not pitied for his present distresse. Thus hee
+continued about 27. yeeres, in a life farre more grieuous then death;
+euen vntill the yere before the death of King _Henrie_. So long was he a
+suitor in wooing of death: so long did the one brother ouerliue his good
+fortune, the other his good nature and disposition; esteeming it a faire
+fauour, that the vttermost extremitie was not inflicted. Albeit some
+writers doe affirme, that the Dukes eyes were not violently put out, but
+that either through age or infirmitie he fell blind: that he was
+honourably attended and cared for: that hauing digested in his iudgement
+the worst of his case, the greatnesse of his courage did neuer descend
+to any base degree of sorrow or griefe: that his braue behauiour did set
+a Maiestie vpon his deiected fortunes: that his noble heart like the
+Sunne, did shew greatest countenance in lowest state. And to this report
+I am the more inclineable, for that it agreeth best, both to the faire
+conditions, and to the former behauiours, and to the succeeding fortunes
+and felicities of the King: For assuredly hee had a heart of manly
+clemencie; and this was a punishment barbarously cruell: For which cause
+_Constantine_[103] did forbid, that the face of man, adorned with
+Celestiall beauty, should be deformed for any offence.
+
+Others auow that he was neuer blind; but that it was the Earle of
+_Mortaigne_ whose eyes were put out. And this seemeth to be confirmed,
+by that which _Matth. Paris_ and _Matth. Westm._ doe report. That not
+long before the death of _Robert_, the King vpon a festiuall day had a
+new robe of Scarlet brought vnto him: the cape whereof being somewhat
+too streight for his head, he did teare a little in striuing to put it
+on. And perceiuing that it would not serue, hee laid it aside and said:
+_Let my brother Robert haue this Robe, for whose head it is fitter then
+for mine_. When it was caried vnto him, being then not perfectly in
+health, he espied the crackt place, and thereupon enquired, if any man
+had worne it before? The messenger declared the whole matter. Which when
+_Robert_ heard, he tooke it for a great indignitie, and said: _I
+perceiue now that I haue liued too long, that my brother doth clothe me
+like his almoseman, with cast and torne garments_. So hee grew weary of
+his life: and his disease encreasing with his discontentment, pined
+away, and in short time after died, and was buried at _Glocester_.
+
+And this was the end of that excellent commander; brought to this game
+and gaze of fortune, after many trauerses that he had troden. He was for
+courage and direction inferiour to none; but neither prouident nor
+constant in his affaires, whereby the true end of his actions were
+ouerthrowen. His valour had triumphed ouer desperate dangers: and verely
+he was no more setled in valour, then disposed to vertue and goodnesse;
+neuer wilfully or willingly doing euill, neuer but by errour, as finding
+it disguised vnder some maske of goodnesse. His performances in armes
+had raised him to a high point of opinion for his prowesse; which made
+him the more vnhappy, as vnhappie after a fall from high state of honor.
+He had one sonne named _William_, vpon whose birth the mother died: of
+this _William_ shall somewhat hereafter be said.
+
+And now, as Princes oftentimes doe make aduantage of the calamity of
+their neighbours, so vpon this downefall of the Duke of
+_Normandie_,[104] _Fulke_ Earle of _Aniou_ sharing for himselfe, seized
+vpon _Maine_, and certain other places; made large waste, tooke great
+booties and spoyles; not onely out of ancient and almost hereditary hate
+against the house of _Normandie_, but as fearing harme from the King of
+_England_, hee endeauoured to harme him first. In like sort _Baldwine_
+Earle of _Flanders_ declared in armes against the King for a yeerely
+pension of 300. markes; the occasion of which demand was this. King
+_William_ the first, in recompence of the ayde which he receiued in his
+enterprise for _England_, from _Baldwine_ 5. Earle of _Flanders_, payd
+him yeerely three hundred markes, which after his death was continued to
+his sonne. _Robert_ Earle of _Flanders_ from a collaterall line,
+demanded the same Pension; but it was denied him by K. _Henrie_:
+wherefore _Baldwine_ his sonne attempted now to recouer it by Armes.
+
+With these, or rather as principall of these, _Lewes_ the grosse King of
+_France_, seeing his ouersight in permitting _Normandie_ to bee annexed
+to the Realme of _England_, assembled a great armie; and vpon pretence
+of a trifling quarrell about the demolishing of the Castle of _Gisors_,
+declared _William_ sonne to _Robert Curtcuise_ for Duke of _Normandie_:
+and vndertooke to place him in possession of that state, which his
+vnfortunate father had lost. And besides those open hostilities in
+Armes, _Hugh_ the kings Chamberlaine and certaine others were suborned
+traiterously to kill the King: but the practise was in good time
+discouered, and the conspirators punished by death.
+
+Hereupon the King both with celeritie and power answerable to the danger
+at hand, passed the Seas into _Normandie_: hauing first drawen to his
+assistance _Theobald_ Earle of _Champaine_, the Earles of _Crecie_,
+_Pissaux_, and _Dammartine_, who aspired to be absolute Lords within
+their territories, as were many other Princes at that time in _France_.
+These deteined the _French_ King in some tariance in _France_, whilest
+the King of _England_ either recouered or reuenged his losses against
+the Earle of _Aniou_. At the last hee was assailed in _Normandie_ on
+three parts at once: by the Earle of _Aniou_ from _Maine_, from
+_Ponthieu_ by the Earle of _Flanders_, and by the _French_ King betweene
+both. The King of _England_ appointed certaine forces to guard the
+passages against the Earle of _Aniou_: with directions to hold
+themselues within their strength, and not to aduenture into the field.
+Against the Earle of _Flanders_ hee went in person; and in a sharpe
+shocke betweene them the Earle was defeated and hurt, and (as some
+Authors affirme) slaine: albeit others doe report, that hee was
+afterwards slaine in a battaile betweene the two Kings of _England_ and
+of _France_.
+
+After this he turned against _Lewes_ King of _France_, and fought with
+him before the towne of _Nice_ in _Normandie_; which towne the _French_
+had surprised and taken from the King of _England_. This battaile
+continued aboue the space of nine houres, with incredible obstinacie;
+the doubt of victory being no lesse great, then was the desire: and yet
+neither part so hastie to end, as not to stay for the best aduantage.
+The first battaile on both sides was hewen in pieces; valour of
+inestimable value was there cast away: much braue blood was lost; many
+men esteemed both for their place and worth, lay groaning and grinning
+vnder the heauy hand of death. The sad blowes, the grisle wounds, the
+grieuous deathes that were dealt that day, might well haue moued any
+man to haue said, That warre is nothing else but inhumane manhood.
+
+The Kings courage, guided with his Fortune, and guarded both with his
+strength and his skill, was neuer idle, neuer but working memorable
+effects. In all places his directions were followed by his presence;
+being witnesse both of the diligence and valour of euery man, and not
+suffering any good aduantage or aduise for want of timely taking to be
+lost. He aduentured so farre in perfourming with his hand, that his
+armour in many places was battered to his body, and by reason of the
+sturdie strokes set vpon his helme, he cast blood out of his mouth. But
+this was so farre from dismaying his powers, that it did rather assemble
+and vnite them: so as aduancing his braue head, his furie did breath
+such vigour into his arme, that his sword made way through the thickest
+throngs of his enemies, and hee brake into them euen to the last
+ranckes. He was first seconded by the truely valiant; whose vndanted
+spirits did assure the best, and therewith contemne the very worst. Then
+came in they whom despaire, the last of resolutions had made valiant;
+who discerned no meanes of hope for life, but by bold aduenturing vpon
+death. Lastly he was followed by all; being enflamed by this example to
+a new life of resolution. Generally, the swords went so fast, that the
+_French_ vnable to endure that deadly storme, were vtterly disbanded and
+turned to flight. K. _Henry_ after a bloody chase, recouered _Nice_; and
+with great triumph returned to _Roan_. Afterwards he would often say,
+That in other battailes he fought for victory, but in this for his life:
+and that hee would but little ioy in many such victories.
+
+Vpon this euent the King sent certaine forces into _France_, to harrase
+the countrey, and to strike a terrour into the enemie. The _French_
+King, besides the abatement of his power by reason of his late
+ouerthrow, was then preparing in Armes against _Henry_ the Emperour, who
+intended to destroy _Rhemes_: partly drawen on by _Henry_ King of
+_England_, whose daughter he had taken to wife; but chiefly for that a
+Councell had bene there held against him by Pope _Calixtus_ a French
+man, wherein the Emperour was declared enemie to the Church, and
+degraded from his Imperiall dignitie. This brought the _English_ to a
+carelesse conceit, and to a loose and licentious demeanure in their
+action; a most assured token of some mischiefe at hand. And so, as they
+scattered and ranged after prey (as greedy men are seldome circumspect)
+they were suddenly set vpon by _Almaricke_ Earle of _Mountfort_,
+appointed by the _French_ K. to defend the Country, & with no small
+execution put to the chase. The more they resisted, the greater was
+their losse: The sooner they fled, the more assured was their escape.
+And for that they were dispersed into many small companies, they had the
+better opportunitie to saue themselues.
+
+Many other like aduentures were enterprised betweene the two Kings and
+their adherents; some in _France_, and some in _Normandie_; with large
+losse on both sides. But especially the King of _France_ was most
+subiect to harme; for that his countrey was the more ample, open and
+rich. The King of _England_ held this aduantage, that no aduantage could
+be wonne against him: which in regard of the number, valour and
+greatnesse of his enemies, was a very honourable aduantage indeed.
+
+At the last he made peace with the Earle of _Aniou_; taking the Earles
+daughter to be wife to his sonne _William_, whom he had declared for
+successour in his estate; to whom all the Nobilitie and Prelates were
+sworne; and who seemed to want nothing through all his fathers
+dominions, but onely the name and Title of King. This sinew being cut
+from the King of _France_, and also for that _Henry_ the Emperour made
+preparation of hostilitie against him, he fell likewise to agreement of
+peace. By the conditions whereof, _William_ sonne to the King of
+_England_ was inuested into the Duchie of _Normandie_, doing homage for
+the same to the K. of _France_. In this peace was comprised on the part
+of the _French_ K. _William_ son to _Robert Curtcuise_, who had bene
+declared Duke of _Normandie_. On the part of the king of _England_, the
+Earle of _Champeigne_ and certaine other Lords were comprised; who had
+either serued or aided him against the king of _France_. After this the
+warres betweene the Emperour and the _French_ king did forthwith
+dissolue.
+
+King _Henry_ hauing happily finished these affaires, returned out of
+_Normandie_, and loosing from _Barbeflote_, vpon the 24. of Nouember
+towards euening, with a prosperous gale arriued in _England_; where
+great preparation was made to entertaine him with many well deuised
+honours. His sonne _William_ then duke of _Normandie_, and somewhat
+aboue 17. yeeres of age, tooke another ship; and in his company went
+_Mary_ his sister Countesse of _Perch_, _Richard_ his brother, begotten
+of a concubine as some affirme; and the Earle of _Chester_ with his wife
+_Lucie_, who was the Kings niece by his sister _Adela_. Also the yong
+Nobilitie and best knights flocked vnto him, some to discharge their
+dueties, others to testifie their loue and respect. Of such passengers
+the ship receiued to the number of 140. besides 50. sailers which
+belonged vnto her.
+
+So they loosed from land somewhat after the King; and with a gentle
+winde from the Southwest, danced through the soft swelling floods. The
+sailers full of proud ioy, by reason of their honourable charge; and of
+little feare or forecast, both for that they had bene accustomed to
+dangers, and for that they were then well tippeled with wine; gaue forth
+in a brauery, that they would soone outstrip the vessell wherein the
+King sailed. In the middest of this drunken ioylitie the ship strake
+against a rocke, the head whereof was aboue water, not farre from the
+shoare. The passengers cried out, and the sailers laboured to winde or
+beare off the ship from the danger; but the labour was no lesse vaine
+then the cry: for she leaned so stiffely against the rocke, that the
+sterage brake, the sides cracked, and the Sea gushed in at many
+breaches.
+
+Then was raised a lamentable cry within the ship; some yeelding to the
+tyrannie of despaire, betooke themselues (as in cases of extremitie
+weake courages are wont) to their deuotions; others emploied all
+industrie to saue their liues, and yet more in duetie to nature, then
+vpon hope to escape: all bewailed the vnfortunate darkenesse of that
+night, the last to the liues of so many persons both of honour and of
+worth. They had nothing to accompany them but their feares, nothing to
+helpe them but their wishes: the confused cries of them al, did much
+increase the particular astonishment of euery one. And assuredly no
+danger dismayeth like that vpon the seas; for that the place is
+vnnaturall to man. And further, the vnusuall obiects, the continuall
+motion, the desolation of all helpe or hope, will perplexe the minds
+euen of those who are best armed against discouragement.
+
+At the last the boat was hoysed foorth, and the Kings sonne taken into
+it. They had cleered themselues from the danger of the ship, and might
+safely haue rowed to land. But the yong Prince hearing the shrill
+shrikes of his Sister _Mary_ Countesse of _Perch_, and of the Countesse
+of _Chester_ his cousin, crying after him, and crauing his help; he
+preferred pitie before safety, & commanded the boat to be rowed back to
+the ship for preseruation of their liues. But as they approached, the
+boate was suddenly so ouercharged with those, who (strugling to breake
+out of the armes of death) leaped at all aduentures into it, that it
+sunke vnder them: and so all the company perished by drowning. Onely one
+ordinary Sayler, who had been a butcher, by swimming all night vpon the
+mast escaped to land; reserued as it may seeme, to relate the manner of
+the misaduenture. This ship raised much matter of nouelty and discourse
+abroad; but neuer did ship bring such calamitie to the Realme:
+especially for that it was iudged, that the life of this Prince would
+haue preuented those intestine warres, which afterwards did fall,
+betweene King _Steuen_ and _Matild_ daughter to King _Henry_. The King
+was so ouercharged with this heauy accident; that his reason seemed to
+bee darkened, or rather drowned in sorrow. Hee caused the coasts a long
+time after to bee watched; but scarce any of the bodies were euer found.
+Afterwards he tooke to wife _Adalisia_ daughter to _Godfrey_ Duke of
+_Louaine_, of the house of _Lorraine_: She was crowned at _Westminster_
+by _Roger_ B. of _Salisburie_, because _Radulph_ Archbishop of
+_Canterburie_, by reason of his palsey was vnable to performe that
+office. And yet because _Roger_ was not appointed by him, the doting old
+man fell into such a pelting chafe, that hee offered to strike the Kings
+Crowne from his head. And albeit this Lady was in the principall flower
+both of her beauty and yeeres, yet the King had no issue by her.
+
+Now as after a storme a fewe gentle drops doe alwayes fall, before the
+weather turnes perfectly fayre, so after these great warres in _France_,
+certaine easie conflicts did ensue: neither dangerous nor almost
+troublesome to the King. For _Robert_ Earle of _Mellent_, who for a long
+time had continued both a sure friend, and most close and priuate in
+counsaile with the King, vpon some sudden either discontentment on his
+part, or dislike on the Kings, so estranged himselfe, as it was
+enterpreted to be a reuolt: being charged with intent, to aduance
+_William_, cousin to _William_, sonne to _Robert Curtcuise_, to the
+Duchie of _Normandie_. Wherefore the King besieged, and at last tooke
+his chiefe Castle called _Pont. Audomer_; and at the same time enuironed
+the towre of _Roan_ with a wall. He also repaired and fortified the
+Castles of _Caen_, _Arches_, _Gisore_, _Falace_, _Argentine_,
+_Donfronc_, _Oxine_, _Aubrois_, _Nanroye_, _Iuta_, and the Towne of
+_Vernone_ in such sort, as at that time, they were esteemed impregnable,
+and not to bee forced by any enemie; except God or gold.
+
+In the meane time the Earle of _Mellent_, with _Hugh Geruase_ his sonne,
+and _Hugh de Mountfort_ his sisters sonne, calling such as either
+alliance or friendship did draw vnto them; besides those whom youthful
+either age or minds had filled with vnlimited desires; whom
+discontentment also or want did vainly feed with hungry hopes; entred
+into _Normandy_ in armes: being so transported with desire to hurt, and
+troubled with feare of receiuing hurt, that they had neuer free scope
+of iudgement, either to prepare or manage the meanes to hurt. They were
+no sooner entred the Confines of _Normandie_, but _William Tankeruill_
+the kings Chamberlaine came against them, brauely appointed, and
+resolute to fight. The very view of an enemie turned their euill guided
+furie into a feare: and whatsoeuer they did (proceeding rather from
+violence of passion then ground of reason) made them stumble whilest
+they ran, and by their owne disorders hindered their owne desires. So
+with small difficultie they were surprised and taken, and brought to the
+King; who committed them to streit prison at _Roan_. An ordinary euent
+when rage runneth faster, then iudgement and power are able to hold
+pace.
+
+About this time _Charles_ Earle of _Flanders_ as he was at his deuotions
+in the Church of S. _Donatus_ in _Bruxels_, was suddenly slaine by
+conspiracie of his owne people. And because hee left no issue in life,
+_Lewes_ King of _France_ inuested _William_ sonne to _Robert Curtcuis_
+late Duke of _Normandie_, in the Earledome of _Flanders_; as descended
+from Earle _Baldwine_ sirnamed the Pious, whose daughter _Matilde_ was
+wife to King _William_ the first, and grandmother to this _William_.
+This he did, not so much in fauour to _William_, or in regard of his
+right, as to set vp an assured enemie against King _Henry_: an enemie
+not onely of singular expectation, but proofe: whose courage was apt to
+vndertake any danger; whether for glory, or for reuenge. And herein his
+proiect did nothing faile. For no sooner was the Earle aduanced to that
+estate, but he raised a great hostilitie against the King of _England_:
+as well to recouer the Duchie of _Normandie_, as either to relieue or to
+reuenge the hard captiuitie of his father.
+
+In this warre the Earle did winne a great opinion, both for iudgement to
+discerne, and for valour to execute what hee did discerne: shewing
+himselfe in nothing inferiour to his vnckle the king, but onely in
+treasure and command of men. For this cause he craued supply of _Lewes_
+king of _France_; who, as he was the first that blew the cole, so was he
+alwayes ready to put fuell to the flame. But the King of _England_
+entered _France_ with a strong Armie, where his sword ranged and raged
+without resistance: and yet more in prosecution of prey, then in
+execution of blood. He lodged at _Hesperdune_ the space of 8. dayes; no
+lesse quietly, no lesse safely, then if he had bene in the principall
+Citie of his kingdome. By this meanes hee kept the _French_ King from
+sending succour to the Earle of _Flanders_. And in the meane season drew
+_Theodoricke_ Earle of _Holsteine_, nephew to _Robert_ who had bene
+Earle of _Flanders_, and _Arnoldus_ sisters sonne to Earle _Charles_,
+not long before slaine, to inuade Earle _William_: Both pretending title
+to his dignitie, both bringing seueral armies, consisting of men, tough
+in temper, and well exercised in affaires of the field.
+
+_Theodorick_ vpon his first approch tooke _Bruges_, _Ipres_ and _Gandt_;
+either willingly yeelding, or with small resistance: and vpon the necke
+thereof _Arnoldus_ tooke the strong towne of S. _Omer_. Earle _William_
+being thus set as it were betweene the beetle and the blocke, was
+nothing deiected, nothing dismayed, either in courage or in hope. And
+first he went against _Arnoldus_, with a small company, but with such a
+liuely countenance of a Souldier, that _Arnoldus_ fell to capitulation
+for his safe departure; and so returned home as if he had bene
+vanquished. Then the Earle made head against _Theodorick_, and gaue him
+battaile, albeit farre inferiour to him, both for number and furniture
+of his men. The fight betweene them was long, furious and doubtfull. The
+_Germans_ confident in their number, which made them trust the lesse to
+their valour: the _Flemings_ rather desperate then resolute, vpon
+importance of their danger. And indeed it often happeneth, that good
+successe at the first doeth occasion the ouerthrow of many great
+actions: by working in the one side a confidence in themselues, and
+contempt of their enemies; and by making the other more earnest and
+entire. So at the last the violent valour of the Earle, well followed
+with the braue and resolute rage of his Souldiers, did such effects,
+that the _Germans_ were shaken and disordered, many slaine in the field,
+and the residue chased out of _Flanders_.
+
+The Earle hauing now no enemie in open field, layed siege to the castle
+of _Alhurst_, which was defended against him by the _English_. The
+assaults were so liuely enforced, and with such varietie of inuention
+and deuise; that a wide way was opened through all impediments, and the
+defendants were constrained by many necessities, to desire faire
+conditions of yeelding. This whilest the Earle delayed to grant, he
+receiued in a certaine light conflict a wound in his hand, whereof in a
+short time after he died: hauing first raised himselfe very high in
+opinion with all men, for his courage, industrie and skill in Armes. And
+thus Duke _Robert_ and his sonne _William_ were brought to their vnhappy
+ends; rather through the malice of their Fortune, then through any bad
+merit or insufficiencie in themselues: whereby the Duchie of
+_Normandie_, which had bene both the cause and the seate of very great
+warres, was then strongly setled in possession of King _Henry_.
+
+Hee was neuer infested with domesticall warres; which in regard of those
+tumultuous times, is a manifest argument both of his iustice and
+prouidence; the one not giuing cause, the other no hope, for his
+subiects to rebel. The King of _Scots_ did homage vnto him; for what
+territories I doe not determine. _Morcard_ King of _Ireland_ and some of
+his successors were so appliable vnto him, that they seemed to depend
+vpon his command. The _Welsh_ who hated idlenesse and peace alike, did
+striue beyond their strength to pull their feete out of the mire of
+subiection; but in loose straggling companies, without either discipline
+or head. For this cause hee made diuers expeditions into _Wales_, where
+he had many bickerings, and put many chases vpon them: but found nothing
+worthy the name, either of enemie or of warre. Wherefore by maintaining
+garrisons, and light troups of Souldiers, he consumed the most
+obstinate, and reduced the rest to his allegeance: receiuing the sonnes
+of their Nobilitie for hostages.
+
+At that time many Flemings inhabited in _England_; of whom some came
+ouer in the time of King _William_ the first, by occasion of his mariage
+with _Matild_ daughter to _Baldwine_ their Earle: but the greatest part
+came vnder the reigne of this King _Henrie_, by reason that _Flanders_
+at that time by irruption of the sea, was in many places ouerflowen. The
+King was willing to entertaine them, because they brought with them both
+industrie and trades; because they made the Countrey both populous and
+rich. For in making a place populous, it is thereby also made rich: draw
+people to a place, and plentie will follow; driue away people, and it is
+vndone. They were first planted neere the riuer of _Tweede_; besides
+those who dispersed into diuers Townes. But at this time the King sent
+many of them into _Rose_ in _Pembrokeshire_, whose progeny did euer
+since maintaine themselues in good condition against the _Welsh_: being
+a people euen at this day distinguished from all other bordering vpon
+them, both in language, and in nature, and in fashion of life.
+
+On a time as the king marched through _Powesland_ in _Southwales_, hee
+came to certaine streights, through which his maine army could not
+passe, by reason of their multitude and traine of cariage: wherefore hee
+sent the greatest part a further way about, and himselfe with a small
+company tooke the neerer way thorow those streights. When he was well
+entred, he was charged very sharpely, but rudely, and disordredly by the
+_Welsh_; who hauing the aduantage both in number and in place, did much
+annoy him from the higher ground; but durst not approach to close fight
+at hand. The King himselfe was smitten with an arrow full vpon the
+breast: whereat hee swore _By our Lords death_ (which was his vsuall
+oath) that it was no _Welsh_ arme which shot that arrow. Many of his men
+also were hurt, and the residue strangely disordred; the amazement being
+farre greater then the distresse. But the king with a firme countenance
+retired in time, the enemies not daring to pursue him any further, then
+they might be assured by aduantage of place. Then he sent peaceably vnto
+them, and after some ouertures, brought them to agree, that for a
+thousand head of cattell the passage should be left open vnto him.
+
+
+In his politicke gouernment he so managed the State, that neither
+subiects wanted iustice, nor Prince obedience. He repaired many defects,
+hee reformed many abuses, which would in the meane time enfeeble, and at
+last oppresse the Common-wealth. Hee ordred his affaires with such
+moderation, that he was not onely well obeyed by his subiects, but
+highly honoured and respected by forreine Princes: wherby it appeared,
+that learning may be both a guard and guide to Princes, if it be not so
+immoderately affected, as to bereaue them, either of the minde, or time
+for action. He vsed much seueritie in punishing offenders; seueritie,
+the life of iustice; of iustice, the most assured preseruer of States:
+affording no more fauour for the most part, then dead mercilesse law did
+allot. Against theeues he prouided, that no money should saue them from
+hanging. He ordeined that counterfeitures of money should loose both
+their eyes, and be depriued of their priuie parts. He tooke away the
+deceit which had been occasioned by varietie of measures, and made a
+measure by the length of his owne arme: which hath been Commonly vsed
+euer since by the name of a yard.
+
+And wheras there are two infallible signes of a diseased State; excesse
+in eating, and in attire; which could neuer be restrained by penalties
+or feare, but the more the people are therin forbidden, the more are
+they rauished into riot and vanitie: the King by two meanes cast a
+general restraint vpon them both: by example, and by reproofe: which by
+reason of the inclination of men to imitate and please their Prince,
+haue alwayes been of greater force then lawes, to reforme abuses in that
+kind. He much abhorred excesse in eating and drinking, and was so
+moderate in his owne diet, that he seemed to feede onely for necessitie
+of nature. Hee both vsed and commended ciuill modestie in apparell:
+especially he could not endure an absurd abuse of men in those times, in
+wearing long haire like vnto women. And when their owne haire failed,
+they set artificiall _Peruques_,[105] with long locks vpon their heads;
+whereas by censure of the Apostle, it is reprochfull for men to weare
+long haire. He discharged his Court of many loose lasciuious persons;
+affirming, that they were no good instruments of the kingdome; as being
+in peace chargeable, and vnprofitable for warre.
+
+During his absence in _Normandie_, which was sometimes three or foure
+yeeres together, he committed the gouernement of his Realme to _Roger_
+Bishop of _Salisburie_: A man harmelesse in life, in mind flourishing
+and fresh, in intention vpright: most wise in taking, and most faithfull
+and fortunate in giuing aduise. Hee had gouerned the Kings expenses of
+house when hee was but a Prince of priuate estate; whereby he gained
+that reputation for integritie and skill, which aduanced him to a higher
+trust. He was Doctor of the Canon and Ciuill lawes, as most of the
+Bishops at that time were, and did beare the title and name of
+_Iusticiarius totius Angliae_. Hee built the _Deuises_ in _Wiltshire_,
+the Castles of _Malmesburie_ and _Shireburne_. He repaired the Castle of
+_Salisburie_, and enuironed the same with a wall; hee built the stately
+Church at _Salisburie_, destined to a longer life then any of his other
+workes. And further, by reason of the Kings much abode in _Normandie_,
+the prouisions of his house were valued at certaine prices, and receiued
+in money, to the great contentment and ease of the people.
+
+In these times were mighty woods about the place where the two high
+wayes _Watling_ and _Ikening_ doe ioyne together; which woods were a
+safe couert and retreite for many robbers, who much infested those high
+wayes. The most famous thiefe among them, was named _Dunne_,[106] a man
+mischieuous without mercie, equally greedie of blood and of spoile, the
+first infamie of his name: Hee was in a sort as the most villanously
+aduentrous and vile; (for in lewd actions, the worst are greatest)
+Commander ouer the rest, and of him the place was called _Dunstable_. To
+represse this annoyance, the King caused the woods to bee cut downe,
+built there a Borough, to which hee granted Faire & Market, and that the
+Burgesses should be so free as any other Burgesses within the Realme.
+Hee erected there also a Palace for himselfe, and also a faire Church or
+Priorie; whereto he gaue large priuiledges and endowments. By these
+meanes hee made the place first populous, and consequently both
+plentifull and safe.
+
+Many other royall workes hee performed, some for Religion, as the
+Religious buildings specified before; some for strength, as diuers
+Castles in _Normandie_, in _Wales_, and some also in _England_: and
+namely the Castle of _Warwicke_, of _Bristoll_, the Castle Colledge and
+Towne of _Windsore_ on the hill, about a mile distant from the old Towne
+of _Windsore_; which afterward was much encreased by King _Edward_ the
+third, and after him by many Kings and Queenes succeeding. Many Palaces
+also he built for ornament & pleasure. And to this end he maintained his
+Parke at _Woodstocke_, wherein hee preserued diuers sorts of strange
+beasts; which because he did with many demonstrations of pleasure both
+accept and esteeme, were liberally sent vnto him from other Princes.
+
+Hee first instituted the forme of the high Court of Parliament, as now
+it is in vse. For before his time, onely certaine of the Nobilitie and
+Prelats of the Realme were called to consultation about the most
+important affaires of state: he caused the commons also to be assembled,
+by Knights and Burgesses of their owne appointment, and made that Court
+to consist of three parts; the Nobilitie, the Clergie, and the Common
+people; representing the whole body of the Realme. The first Councell of
+this sort was held at _Salisbury_, vpon the 19. day of April, in the 16.
+yeere of his reigne.
+
+His seueritie in iustice, the very heart string of a Common-wealth, his
+heauie hand in bearing downe his enemies, in disabling those from
+working him harme whom he knew would neuer loue him at the heart; was
+traduced by some vnder termes of crueltie. And yet was he alwayes more
+mindfull of benefits then of wrongs; and in offences of highest nature,
+euen for bearing Armes against him, he punished oftentimes by
+imprisonment or exile, and not by death.
+
+When _Matilde_ his daughter was giuen in mariage to _Henry_ the fifth
+Emperour, he tooke 3. shillings of euery hide of land throughout the
+Realme: which being followed by succeeding Kings, did grow to a custome
+of receiuing ayd, whensoeuer they gaue their daughters in marriage. For
+albeit the same be found in the great _Custumier_ of _Normandie_, yet
+was it neuer practised in _England_ before. This happened in the
+fifteenth yeere of his reigne: and he neuer had the like contribution
+after, but one for furnishing his warres in _France_. So the people were
+not charged with many extraordinary taxations, but their ordinary fines
+and payments were very great; and yet not very grieuous vnto them. For
+that they saw them expended, not in wanton wast, not in loose and
+immoderate liberalitie, but either vpon necessitie, or for the honour &
+dignitie of the state: wherein the preseruation or aduancement of the
+common good, made particular burthens not almost sensible.
+
+But both his actions and exactions were most displeasing to the Clergy;
+the Clergy did often times not onely murmure, but struggle and oppose
+against his actions: as taking their liberties to be infringed, and
+their state diminished; by abasing their authority, and abating both
+their riches and power. When any Bishopricke or Abbey fell voyd, hee did
+apply the reuenues thereof for supply of his necessities and wants: and
+for that cause kept some of them many yeeres together vacant in his
+hands. He would not permit appeales to _Rome_. Canons were not of force
+within the Realme, vnlesse they were confirmed by the King. Legats from
+the Pope were not obeyed; and no man would come to their conuocations.
+In so much as one of the Popes Legates in _France_ did excommunicate all
+the Priests of _Normandy_, because they would not come to his Synode.
+For this cause the King sent the Bishop of _Exceter_ to _Rome_, albeit
+he was both blind and in yeeres, to treat with the Pope concerning that
+businesse. Hee gaue inuestitures to Prelates, by Crosse, Ring and
+Staffe: and is charged to haue receiued of some of them great summes of
+money for their places. About this time the marriage of Priests was
+forbidden in _England_; but the King for money permitted them to reteine
+their wiues, and in the end set an imposition in that respect vpon euery
+Church throughout the Realme. It auailed not any man to say, that he had
+no purpose to keepe a wife: he must pay for a facultie to keepe a wife
+if he would.
+
+For these causes they fastened the infamie of couetousnesse vpon him.
+For these causes and especially for inuesting and receiuing homage of
+Prelats, he had a stiffe strife with _Anselme_ Archb. of _Canterburie_.
+For the King said, that it was against the custome of his ancesters, it
+could not stand with the safety of his State; that the Prelats, who at
+that time held the principall places both of trust and command in his
+kingdome, who in very deed ruled all the rest, should not be appointed
+onely by himselfe; should not sweare faith and allegiance vnto him;
+should either bee aduanced or depend vpon any forren Prince. On the
+other side _Anselme_ refused, not onely to confirme, but to communicate
+or common friendly with those who had bene inuested by the King:
+reproching them, as abortiues and children of destruction; traducing the
+King also, as a defiler of Religion, as a deformer of the beautie and
+dignitie of the Church. Hereupon by appointment of the King, they were
+confirmed & consecrated by the Archb. of _Yorke_. Onely _William
+Gifford_, to whom the K. had giuen the Bishopricke of _Winchester_,
+refused Consecration from the Archb. of _Yorke_; for which cause the
+King depriued him of all his goods, and banished him out of the Realme.
+
+Then the King required _Anselme_ to doe him homage, and to be present
+with him at giuing Inuestitures; as _Lanfranck_ his predecessor had bene
+with King _William_ his father. Against these demaunds _Anselme_
+obiected the decrees of the Councell lately held at _Rome_; whereby all
+Lay-persons were excommunicate, who should conferre any Spiritual
+promotions; and all those accursed, who for Ecclesiasticall dignities,
+should subiect themselues vnder the homage or seruice of any Lay-man.
+Hereupon messengers were dispatched from both parties to the Pope: who
+determined altogether in fauour of _Anselme_, or rather in fauour of
+himselfe. Notwithstanding the king desisted not to vrge _Anselme_, to
+sweare homage vnto him. _Anselme_ required, that the Popes letters
+should bee brought foorth; and he would doe as by them hee should be
+directed. The King answered, that he had nothing to doe with the Popes
+letters; that this was a Soueraigne right of his Crowne; that if any man
+may pull these Royalties from his Crowne, he may easily pull his Crowne
+from his head: that therefore _Anselme_ must doe him homage, or else
+depart out of his kingdome. _Anselme_ answered, that hee would not
+depart out of the Realme, but goe home to his Church, and there see,
+who would offer him violence.
+
+Then were messengers againe sent to the Bishop of _Rome_; two Bishops
+from the King, and two Monckes from _Anselme_. The King wrote to the
+Pope, first congratulating his aduancement to the Sea of _Rome_; then
+desiring the continuance of that amitie which had bene betweene their
+predecessours; Lastly, he tendred all honour and obedience, which in
+former times the Kings of _England_ did yeeld to the See of _Rome_;
+desiring againe, that he might not be abridged of such vsages as his
+father did enioy: concluding, that during his life, hee would not suffer
+the dignities of his Crowne to be empaired; and if he should so doe, yet
+the Nobilitie and common people of the Realme would in no case permit
+it, but would rather recede from obedience to his See.
+
+The Pope wrote backe againe to _Anselme_; that for one mans pleasure hee
+would not reuerse the decrees of former Popes; and therefore gaue him
+both encouragement & charge, to continue constant, and to see them
+obserued in euery point. Hee directed also his letters to the King,
+which the King did suppresse: but his Embassadours declared by word,
+that the Pope permitted Inuestitures to the King, so as in other things
+hee would execute the Office of a good Prince. _Anselme_ called for the
+Popes letters. The King answered, that his Bishops were to be credited
+before the Monckes, who were disabled either for voyce or testimonie in
+Secular affaires. _Anselme_ said, that he was desirous to yeeld vnto the
+King, but he durst not although it should cost him his head, vnlesse he
+had a warrant from _Rome_: and therefore he would send thither againe,
+to haue a more full and ample answere. The King and diuers of the
+Nobilitie perswaded him to goe in person, to trauaile to the Pope, and
+to trauaile with him, for the quiet of the Church, and of his countrey.
+With much adoe he was entreated, and so set forth on his iourney towards
+_Rome_: and after followed the kings Embassadour _William Warlewast_,
+new elect Bishop of _Exceter_.
+
+When the Bishop came to the Popes presence, he declared vnto him; what
+great commodities did rise out of _England_ to the See of _Rome_; that
+the Inuesting of Prelats had bene an ancient right to the crowne of that
+Realme; that as the King was by nature liberall, so was he stout and
+resolute in courage, that it should be a great dishonour to him, who in
+power exceeded any of his ancesters, if hee should not maintaine the
+dignities which they held; that for this cause the Pope should doe well
+to preferre to his consideration, what preiudice might follow to his
+Estate, if hee should remit nothing of the seuerities of those Canons
+which had bene lately made.
+
+The Pope gaue an attentiue eare, and seemed to pause vpon that which had
+been sayd. Which the Kings Ambassadour taking to be a degree of
+yeelding, did more earnestly insist, and said: that the King his master
+would not for the Crowne of his Realme, loose the authoritie of
+inuesting his Prelates. Hereto the Pope with a starting voice and
+countenance answered; _Neither will I lose the disposing of spirituall
+promotions in_ England, _for the Kings head that beareth the Crowne;
+before God_ (said hee) _I aduow it_. His flattering followers applauded
+this speach, as proceeding from a magnanimous courage, or rather as some
+flash of diuine inspiration: and the Kings Ambassador not a little
+abashed, was content to descend to lower demands. In the ende it was
+ordered, that the King should be restored to certaine customes which
+had been vsed by his father; but that all they who had bin inuested by
+the King, should be excommunicate, & that their satisfaction and
+absolution should be committed vnto _Anselme_.
+
+Thus _Anselme_, with full saile of victorie and ioy returned towards
+_England_; but the Kings Ambassadour stayed behind, to assay whether by
+any meanes hee could worke the Pope to a milder minde. But when hee saw
+that he trauailed in vaine, he followed _Anselme_, and ouertooke him at
+_Placentia_, and there deliuered vnto him certaine priuate instructions
+from the King: that if he would come into _England_, and behaue himselfe
+as his predecessours had done towards the Kings father, hee should be
+welcome; otherwise, you are wise enough (said hee) you know what I
+meane, and may easily coniecture what will ensue. With these words he
+flang suddenly away; by occasion whereof his speaches setled with a more
+strong impression, and multiplied many doubtfull constructions. So the
+Embassadour returned to the King; but _Anselme_ went to _Lions_, and
+remained there a yeere and halfe.
+
+In the meane time much posting was made betweene _England_, _Lions_,
+and _Rome_; but nothing was concluded, nothing could please: For neither
+the Pope would yeeld to the King, nor the King to _Anselme_. At the last
+_Anselme_ threatned to excommunicate the King: whereof the King being
+aduertised by the Countesse _Adela_ his sister, hee desired her to come
+to him into _Normandy_, and to bring _Anselme_ with her. Here the King
+restored _Anselme_ to his former possessions; but his returne into
+_England_ was respited, vntill the Pope had confirmed certaine things
+which _Anselme_ did assure. So the King tooke his passage into
+_England_, and _Anselme_ abode at the Abbey of _Beck_. Then were
+dispatched for _Rome_, _William Warlewast_ mentioned before, and
+_Baldwine_ Abbot of _Ramsey_; by whose meanes the controuersie was
+composed betweene the King and the Pope; that the King should receiue
+homage of Bishops elect, but should not inuest them by Staffe and Ring.
+After this the king went into _Normandie_, and there agreed to _Anselme_
+in these points following.
+
+    1 _That all his Churches which had been made tributary to King
+    William the second should bee set free._
+
+    2 _That the King should require nothing of the sayd Churches,
+    whilest the Sea should remaine vacant._
+
+    3 _That such Priests as had giuen money to the King to reteine their
+    wiues, should surcease from their function the space of three
+    yeeres; and that the king should take no more after such maner._
+
+    4 _That all such goods fruits and possessions as the King had taken
+    from the Sea of Canterbury, should bee restored to him at his
+    returne into England._
+
+Thus _Anselme_ returned into _England_, and after a short time the king
+followed; hauing taken his brother prisoner, and subdued _Normandie_ to
+his subiection.
+
+Forthwith _Anselme_ by permission of the K. assembled a great Councell
+of the Clergie at _Westminster_; wherein hee so wrought with the King,
+that at length (albeit not without great difficultie) it was newly
+decreed; that no temporal man should giue inuestiture with Crosse, or
+with Ring, or with Pastoral staffe. Also he directed Iniunctions to the
+Priests of his Prouince, that they and their wiues should neuer meete
+within one house; that they should not keepe any woman in their house,
+but such as were next in kinred vnto them; That hee who held his wife
+and presumed to say Masse within eight dayes after, should solemnely be
+excommunicate. That all Archdeacons and their Officials should bee
+sworne, not to winke at the meetings of Priests and their wiues for any
+respect, and if they would not take this oath, then to lose their
+office; that such Priests as would forsake their wiues, should cease
+fourty dayes from ministration in their office, and performe such
+penance as should be enioyned them by their Bishop. The execution of
+these Canons importing both a great and sudden alteration, occasioned
+much disquiet and disorder in many parts of the Realme.
+
+In the same Councel the censure of Excommunication was cast vpon those,
+who did exercise the vile vice of Sodomitrie: and it was further
+decreed, that the same sentence should be published euery Sonday in al
+the parish Churches of _England_. But afterward it was esteemed fit;
+that this general excommunication should be repealed. The pretence was,
+for that the prohibiting, yea, the publike naming of that vice might
+enflame the hearts of vngracious persons with desire vnto it. But wise
+men coniectured, that after this seuere restreint of marriage in the
+Clergie, it did grow so frequent and familiar among them, that they
+would not giue way to so generall a punishment. It is certaine that in
+this Kings dayes _Io. Cremensis_ a Priest Cardinal, by the Kings licence
+came into _England_, and held a solemne Synode at _London_; where hauing
+most sharpely enueighed against the marriage of Priests, the night
+following hee was taken in adulterie, and so with shame departed the
+Realme. It is certaine also that _Anselme_, the most earnest enforcer of
+single life, died not a Virgine; as by the lamentation which hee wrote
+for the losse thereof it may appeare.
+
+Not long after _Anselme_ died, being of the age of 70. yeeres. He had
+bestowed much money on _Christs_ Church in _Canterburie_; as well in
+buildings, as in ornaments, and encrease of possessions. Other workes of
+charge he left not many; neither in very deed could he, by reason of his
+often banishments, and the seasures of the reuenues of his Church. But
+this he did more then liberally supply by the eternall labours of his
+penne. After his decease the Archbishopricke remained voyd fiue yeeres:
+during which time, the King applied the fruits to himselfe. The like
+hee did to other vacant Churches; and compounded also with Priests for
+reteining their wiues; and made his profit by Ecclesiasticall persons
+and liuings, more largely and freely then he had done before. For which
+cause it is not vnlike that the imputation of couetousnesse was fixed
+vpon him. At the last _Radulph_ Bishop of _Rochester_ was aduanced to
+the See of _Canterburie_; and notwithstanding all former agreements and
+decrees, the King inuested him with Ring and with Staffe.
+
+But howsoeuer we may either excuse or extenuate the two vices of
+crueltie and couetousnesse, wherewith he is charged, his immoderate
+excesse in lust can no wayes be denied, no wayes defended: And when age
+had somewhat abated in him the heat of that humour, yet was hee too much
+pleased with remembrance of his youthfull follies. For this vice it is
+manifest, as well by the sudden and vnfortunate losse of his children,
+as for that he was the last King by descent from males of the _Norman_
+race, that the hand of God pressed hard vpon him.
+
+As _Radulph_ succeeded _Anselme_ in the See of _Canterburie_. So after
+the death of _Thomas_, _Thurstine_ the Kings Chapplaine was elected
+Archb. of _Yorke_. And because he refused to acknowledge obedience to
+the See of _Canterbury_, hee could not haue his Consecration, but was
+depriued of his dignitie by the King. Hereupon he tooke his iourney to
+_Rome_, complained to the Pope, and from him returned with a letter to
+the King: that the putting of a Bishop elect from his Church, without
+iudgement, was against diuine Iustice, against the decrees of holy
+Fathers: that the Pope intended no preiudice to either Church, but to
+maintaine the constitution which S. _Gregorie_, the Apostle of the
+_English_ Nation, had stablished betweene them: that the Bishop elect
+should be receiued to his Church, and if any question did rise between
+the two Churches, it should be handled before the King.
+
+Vpon occasion of this letter a solemne assembly was called at
+_Salisburie_, where the variance betweene the two Prelats was much
+debated. _Radulph_ would not giue Imposition of hands to _Thurstine_,
+vnlesse hee would professe obedience. _Thurstine_ said, that he would
+gladly embrace his benediction, but professe obedience to him he would
+not. The King signified to _Thurstine_, that without acknowledgement of
+subiection to the Archb. of _Canterburie_, hee should not be Consecrated
+Archb. of _Yorke_. _Thurstine_ replied nothing; but renounced his
+dignitie, and promised to make no more claime vnto it.
+
+Not long after, _Calixtus_ Bishop of _Rome_ assembled a Councell at
+_Rhemes_; and _Thurstine_ desired licence of the King to goe to that
+Councell. This hee obtained vnder faithfull promise, that he should
+there attempt nothing to the preiudice of the Church of _Canterburie_.
+In the meane time the King dealt secretly with the Pope, that
+_Thurstine_ should not bee consecrated by him. This the Pope did
+faithfully assure; and yet by meanes of some of his Cardinals, whom
+_Thurstine_ had wrought to bee suiters for him; by reason also of his
+hate against _Radulph_, for taking Inuestiture from the King; The Pope
+was drawen to giue him consecration, and therewith the Pall. For this
+cause the King was displeased with _Thurstine_, and forbad him to
+returne into the Realme.
+
+After this, the Pope came to _Gisors_, to which place the King went vnto
+him; and desired that he would not send any Legates into _England_,
+except the King should so require. The reason was, for that certaine
+Legates had come into _England_ lately before, to wit, one _Guido_, and
+another named _Anselme_, and another called _Peter_; who had demeaned
+themselues, not as Pillars of the Church, but as Pillagers of all the
+Realme. Also he required that hee might reteine all such customes, as
+his auncestors had vsed in _England_ and in _Normandie_. The Pope vpon
+promise that the King should ayd him against his enemies, yeelded to
+these demands: and required againe of the King, to permit _Thurstine_ to
+returne with his fauour into _England_. The King excused himselfe by his
+oath. The Pope answered, that he might and would dispence with him for
+his oath. The King craued respite, affirming that he would aduise with
+his Counsaile, and then signifie to the Pope what he should resolue. So
+in short time hee declared to the Pope, that for loue to him,
+_Thurstine_ should bee receiued both into the Realme and to his Church:
+vpon condition, that he should professe subiection to the Sea of
+_Canterburie_, as in former times his predecessors had done; otherwise
+(said hee) so long as I shall bee King of _England_, hee shall neuer
+sit Archbishop of _Yorke_.
+
+The yeere following the Pope directed his letters to the King, and
+likewise to _Radulph_. And herewith he interdicted both the Church of
+_Canterburie_ and the Church of _Yorke_, with all the Parish Churches of
+both Prouinces; from Diuine seruice, from Buriall of the dead, from all
+other offices of the Church; except onely baptizing of children, and
+absolution of those who shal lie at the point of death: vnlesse within
+one moneth after the receit of the same letters, _Thurstine_ should be
+receiued to the Sea of _Yorke_, without acknowledging subiection to the
+Sea of _Canterburie_. It was further signified to the King, that he
+should also be excommunicate, vnlesse hee would consent to the same.
+Vpon these letters _Thurstine_ was sent for, and reconciled to the King,
+and quietly placed in his Church at _Yorke_. And thus when the Bishops
+of Rome had gained absolute superiority ouer the state of the Church,
+euen for managing external actions and affaires (which seeme to be a
+part of ciuill gouernement) there wanted nothing but either a weake
+Prince, or a factious Nobilitie, or a headstrong tumultuous people, to
+giue him absolute superioritie ouer all.
+
+In the second yeere of this Kings reigne the Cities of _Gloucester_ and
+_Winchester_ were for the most part wasted with fire.
+
+In the fourth yeere a blasing starre appeared, and foure circles were
+seene about the Sunne. The yeere next following the King preuailed much
+in _Normandie_, and so did the Sea in _Flanders_: insomuch as a great
+part of that Countrey lay buried in the waters.
+
+In the seuenth yeere a blazing starre appeared: and vpon thursday night
+before Easter, two full Moones were seene, one in the East, and the
+other in the West. The same yeere _Robert_ Duke of _Normandie_ was taken
+& brought prisoner into _England_.
+
+In the tenth yeere the Abbey of _Elie_ was made a Bishops Sea, and
+Cambridge shire was appointed for the Diocesse thereof. In regard
+whereof, the King gaue the mannour of _Spalding_ to the Bishop of
+_Lincolne_, for that the shire of _Cambridge_ was formerly vnder the
+Iurisdiction of _Lincolne_. The same yeere a Comet appeared after a
+strange fashion. About _Shrewsburie_ was a great earthquake. The water
+of _Trent_ was dried vp at _Nottingham_ the space of a mile, from one
+of the clocke vntill three: so as men might passe ouer the Channell on
+foote. Warres ensued against the Earle of _Aniou_; a great mortalitie of
+men; a murraine of beastes both domesticke and of the fielde: yea, the
+foules perished in great abundance.
+
+In the 13. yeere the Citie of _Worcester_, and therein the chiefe
+Church, the Castle, with much people were consumed with fire. A pigge
+was farrowed with a face like a childe. A chicken was hatched with foure
+legs. The yeere next ensuing the riuer of _Medeway_ so fayled for many
+miles, that in the middest of the channell the smallest boates could not
+floate. In the _Thames_ also was such defect of water, that betweene the
+Tower and the Bridge many men and children did wade ouer on foote. This
+happened by reason of a great ebbe in the Ocean, which layd the sands
+bare many miles from the shoare, and so continued one whole day. Much
+rage and violence of weather ensued, and a blasing starre. The Citie of
+_Chichester_ with the principall Monastery was burnt. The yeere next
+following almost all the Bridges in _England_ being then of timber, by
+reason of a hard Winter were borne downe with Ice.
+
+In the 17. yeere the towne of _Peterborough_ with the stately Church
+were burned to the ground. The Citie of _Bath_ also was much ruined and
+defaced with fire. In March there happened fearefull lightning, and in
+December grieuous thunder and haile. The Moone at both times seemed to
+be turned into blood, by reason of the euill qualited vapours through
+which it gaue light. The yeere following, _Mathild_ the Queene departed
+this life: a woman in pietie, chastitie, modestie, and all other vertues
+nothing inferiour to her mother; but in learning and iudgement farre
+beyond her: who did not act, nor speake, nor scarce thinke any thing,
+but first it was weighed by wisdome and vertue. When the king desired
+her in marriage, for the publicke good and tranquilitie of the State, in
+reducing the _Saxon_ blood to the Crowne; she first modestly, then
+earnestly refused the offer; shewing no lesse magnanimitie in despising
+honours, then others doe in affecting them. But when she was not so much
+perswaded as importuned to forsake her profession, she is reported by
+some to haue taken the matter so to heart, that she cursed such issue
+as she should bring forth: which curse did afterwards lie heauie vpon
+them. For her sonne _William_ perished by shipwrack, and her daughter
+_Matild_ was neuer voyd of great vexations. As she trauailed ouer the
+riuer of _Lue_, at the _Old-foord_ neere _London_, she was well washed,
+and somewhat endangered in her passage: whereupon he caused two
+Stone-bridges to be built ouer the same riuer, one at the head of the
+towne of _Stratford_, the other ouer another streame thereof, commonly
+called _Channels-bridge_; and paued the way betweene them with grauel.
+She gaue also certaine mannours, and a mill called _Wiggon_ mill, for
+repairing of the same bridges and way. These were the first
+Stone-bridges that were made in _England_. And because they were arched
+like a bow, the towne of _Stratford_ was afterwards called _Bow_.
+
+In the 20. yere, a great earthquake hapned, in the moneth of September.
+In the 22. yeere, the Citie of _Glocester_, with the principal
+Monasterie was fired againe. The yeere next following, the Citie of
+_Lincolne_ was for the most part burned downe, and many persons perished
+with the rage of the flame. In the 27. yeere, the King receiued an oath
+of the chiefe of the Prelats and Nobilitie of the Realme; that after
+his death, they should maintaine the kingdom against al men for his
+daughter _Matild_, in case she should suruiue, and the king not leaue
+issue male in life.
+
+In the 30. yeere, the Citie of _Rochester_ was much defaced with fire,
+euen in the presence and view of the King. The yeere next following the
+oath to _Matild_ was receiued againe. About this time the King was much
+troubled with fearefull dreames; which did so affright him, that he
+would often leape out of his bed, and lay hand on his sword, as if it
+were to defend himselfe. This yeere as he returned out of _Normandie_
+into _England_, when he had bene caried not farre from land, the winde
+began to rise, and the Sea swelled somewhat bigge. This weather did
+almost suddenly encrease to so dangerous a storme, that all expected to
+be cast away. The King, dismayed the more by his sonnes mishap,
+reconciled himselfe to God; and vowed to reforme many errours of his
+life, if he did escape. So after his arriuall, he went to the Monasterie
+of S. _Edmund_; and there both ratified and renued the promise he had
+made. After this he was better ordered in his actions; he erected a
+Bishopricke at _Caerlile_, and endowed it with many honours: he caused
+Iustice indifferently to be administred; and eased the people of the
+tribute called _Dane guilt_.
+
+In the 32. yeere, _Matilde_ daughter to the King was deliuered of a
+sonne, who was named _Henry_. Hereupon the king assembled his Nobilitie
+at _Oxeford_, where he did celebrate his feast of Easter; and there
+ordeined, that shee and her heires should succeed him in the kingdome.
+And albeit they were often sworne to this appointment; albeit _Stephen_
+Earle of _Bloise_ was the first man who tooke that oath: yet was he the
+first who did rise against it; yet did many others also ioyne with him
+in his action. For oathes are commonly troden vnder foote, when they lye
+in the way, either to honour or reuenge. The same yeere the Citie of
+_London_ was very much defaced with fire.
+
+The yeere next following, many prodigies happened, which seemed to
+portend the death of the King, or rather the troublesome times which did
+thereupon ensue. In the moneth of August, the Sunne was so deepely
+eclipsed, that by reason of the darkenesse of the ayre, many starres did
+plainely appeare. The second day after this defect of light, the earth
+trembled with so great violence, that many buildings were shaken downe.
+_Malmesb._ sayth, that the house wherein he sate, was lift vp with a
+double remooue, and at the third time setled againe in the proper place.
+The earth in diuers places yeelded foorth a hideous noyse; It cast
+foorth flames at certaine rifts diuers dayes together, which neither by
+water nor by any other meanes could be suppressed.
+
+During the time of the eclipse mentioned before, the King was trauersing
+the sea into _Normandie_; whither hee vsually went, sometimes euery
+yeere, but euery third yeere at the furthest. Here he spent the whole
+yeere following, in ordering affaires of State, and in visiting euery
+corner of the Countrey. He neuer gaue greater contentment to the people,
+as well by his gifts, as by his gentle and courteous behauiour: he neuer
+receiued greater contentment from them, by the liuely expressing of
+their loue. But nothing did so much affect him with ioy, as that his
+daughter _Matild_ had brought foorth other two sonnes, _Geoffrey_ and
+_William_: whereby hee conceiued, that the succession of his issue to
+the Crowne of _England_ was so well backed, that he needed not to
+trouble his thoughts with any feare that his heires would faile.
+
+At the last he began to languish a little and droupe in health; and
+neither feeling nor fearing any great cause, hee rode on hunting, to
+passe it ouer with exercise and delight. Herewith being somewhat
+cheered, hee returned home, and eate of a Lamprey, albeit against his
+Physicians aduise, which meate he alwayes loued, but was neuer able well
+to digest. After this, and happely vpon this vicious feeding, he fell
+into a feuer; which increased in him by such dangerous degrees, that
+within seuen dayes it led him to the period of his life. Hee died vpon
+the first of December, in the 67. yere of his age: when hee had reigned
+35. yeeres and foure moneths, wanting one day. His bowels and eyes were
+buried at _Roan_: The rest of his bodie was stuffed with salt, wrapped
+vp in Oxe hides, and brought ouer into _England_; and with honourable
+exequies buried in the Monastery of _Reading_, which hee had founded.
+His Physician who tooke out his braines, by reason of the intolerable
+stinch which breathed from them, in short time after ended his life. So
+of all that King _Henrie_ slue, this Physician was the last.
+
+He had by his first wife a sonne named _William_, who perished by
+shipwracke; and _Matild_ a daughter, who was espoused to the Emperour
+_Henrie_ the 5. when she was scarce sixe yeeres olde, and at the age of
+eleuen yeeres was married vnto him. When shee had been married vnto him
+twelue yeeres, he died; and shee returned to the King her father, both
+against her owne minde, and against the desire of the greatest Princes
+of the Empire: who in regard of her wise and gracious behauiour, were
+suitors to the King more then once, to haue her remaine as Empresse
+among them. But the king would not consent to their intreatie: For that
+shee was the onely heire to his Crowne. Then many great Princes desired
+her in marriage. But the King bestowed her vpon _Geoffrey_, sonne to
+_Fulke_ Earle of _Aniou_: somewhat against her owne liking, but greatly
+to the suretie of his estate in _France_. By him she had _Henrie_, who
+afterwards was King of _England_.
+
+Further, the King had by a Concubine, _Richard_ a sonne, and _Mary_ a
+daughter; who were lost vpon the sea with their brother _William_. By
+another Concubine hee had a sonne named _Robert_, whom he created Earle
+of _Glocester_: a man for valour of minde and abilitie of bodie
+inferiour to none; in counsailes so aduised, as was fit for a right
+Noble commander. By his faith, industrie, and felicitie chiefly, his
+sister _Matild_ did afterwards resist and ouerbeare, both the forces and
+fortunes of King _Stephen_. He is reported to haue had 12. other
+bastards; which were of no great either note or continuance, according
+to that saying of the Wise man: _Bastard plants take no deepe
+rootes_.[107]
+
+This King in the beginning of his Reigne made many fauourable lawes: And
+namely, _That he would reserue no possessions of the Church vpon their
+vacancies: that the heires of his Nobilitie should possesse their
+fathers lands without redemption from him, and that the Nobilitie
+likewise should afford the like fauour to their Tenants: that Gentlemen
+might giue their daughters and kinsewomen in marriage without his
+licence, so it were not to his enemie: that the widow should haue her
+ioynture, and not be compelled to marrie against her owne liking: that
+the mother or next of kinred should bee Guardian of the lands of her
+children: that all debts to the Crowne and certaine offences also should
+bee remitted_. But these lawes afterwards were but slenderly obserued.
+
+Three vertues were most famous in him; wisedome, courage, and
+sweetenesse of speach. By the last hee gained much fauour from the
+people. By the other two he purchased, both peace at home, and victory
+abroad. He was noted also for some vices: but out of doubt they were
+farre exceeded by his vertues. And for these vices also, being himselfe
+of a pleasant disposition, he was well pleased with pleasant reproofes.
+_Guymund_ his Chapleine (obseruing that vnworthy men for the most part
+were aduanced to the best dignities of the Church) as he celebrated
+Diuine seruice before him, and was to read these words out of S.
+_Iames_; [_It rained not vpon the earth iij. yeres and vj.
+moneths_:][108] Hee did read it thus: [_It rained not vpon the earth
+one, one, one yeres, and fiue, one, moneths_.] The King obserued this
+reading, and afterwards rebuked his Chapleine for it: But _Guymund_
+answered, that he did it of purpose, for that such readers were soonest
+preferred by the King. The King smiled, and in short time after
+preferred him to the gouernment of S. _Frideswides_ in _Oxeford_. In
+this King failed the heires male of King _William_ the first: and then
+the Crowne was possessed by Title of heires generall.
+
+In these times flourished two excellent ornaments of the Church;
+_Anselme_ in _England_, and _Bernard_ in _France_: both of them enrolled
+in the list of Saints. And no lesse infamous for vice was _Gerard_,
+Archbishop of _Yorke_; a man of some learning; not so much in substance,
+as in seeming and shew; of commendable wit, which he applied chiefly, to
+giue a couler for euery vice of his owne, and for euery vertue of others
+either a slander or a ieast: Of enuious disposition; plagued lesse with
+his owne calamities, then with the well either doing or being of other
+men; in wiping money from his Subiects by dishonest meanes, subtill and
+shamelesse; and no lesse sordide in his expences: giuen to Magicall
+enchantments as many doe affirme. On a certaine day as he slept vpon a
+cushion after dinner, in his Garden at _Southwell_, and many of his
+Chapleines walked neere him; he was found in such a stiffe cold dead
+sleepe, as will require the trumpe of an Archangel to awake him. His
+face then looked with an ougly hell-burnt hue. His body was caried to
+_Yorke_; few vouchsafing to accompany, none to meete it (according to
+the vse of Exequies) when it came to the Citie; but the boyes in scorne
+throwing stones at the hearse. He was basely buried without the Church
+without any funerall solemnities, without any signe either of honour or
+of griefe.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Senticetum.
+
+[2] Scriptor omnium sceleratissimus.
+
+[3] Mendacissimus.
+
+[4] Adulator.
+
+[5] _Lib._ 3. _in princ. Ingulph. lib._ 6. _cap._ 19.
+
+[6] {pollakis de toi nothoi te polloi gnesion ameinones.} Eurip. in
+Androm.
+
+[7]
+
+        _Rich. 1._
+       |-----|-----|
+       |           |
+  _Rich. 2._    _Emma._
+       1.          1.
+  _Robert._   _Edward._
+       1.
+  _William._
+
+[8] _Heu vani monitus, fiustraq; morantia Parcas Prodigia. Lucan._
+
+[9] _Flo. lib._ 2. _Eutr. lib._ 4. _epit. Liu._ 59.
+
+[10] _Eutro. lib._ 6. _epit. Liu._ 93.
+
+[11] _Cic. Agrar. orat._ 2. _Liu. lib._ 70.
+
+[12] _Tacit. lib._ 14.
+
+[13] _Tacit. An._ 17.
+
+[14] _Salust. bel. Iug._
+
+[15] 1. _Reg._ 9.
+
+[16] _Geogr._ 3.
+
+[17] _Tritem. cap._ 22.
+
+[18] _Theod. Nehem. lib._ 2. _cap._ 25.
+
+[19] _Arg. l. creditor. & l. Claudius. D qui pot. in pign. ha._
+
+[20] _Moribus antiquis res stat Romana Virisque. Aeneid._
+
+[21] _Imperium ijs artibus facilime retinetur quibus partum est. Sal.
+Catil._
+
+[22] _Quos viceris caue amicos tibi credas. Curt. lib._ 7.
+
+[23] _Tranquil. in Calig_.
+
+[24] _Nicet. pag._ 19. {houto chrono kratynthe ethos genous kai
+threskeias estin ischyroteron.}
+
+[25] _Chrys. orat._ 76. {peri ethous}, _Suid. dict._ {ethos}.
+
+[26] _Agath. lib._ 2. {eudelon men hoti de ton anthropeion ethnon hos
+hekastos eige hotodeoun nomo ek pleistou nenikekoti embioteusaien,
+touton de ariston hegountai kai thespesion.}
+
+[27] _Temperatus enim timor est qui cohibet, assiduus & acer ad
+vindictam excitat. Senec. 1. de clemen._
+
+[28] _Perfecto demum scelere, magnitudo eius intelligitur. Tacit. xv.
+Annal._
+
+[29] 3. _Reg._ 1. & 2
+
+[30] 2. _Paral._ 11.
+
+[31] _Bald. in proem. decr. Sec. rex. nu._ 11. _Archid._ 2. _q._ 7. _Sec.
+item obijcitur._
+
+[32] _Gen._ 49.
+
+[33] _Iust. lib._ 16.
+
+[34] _Host. Io. And. Collect. Pet. Anch. Anto. Imo. Card. Flo. & sere
+omnes in c. licet de Voto._
+
+[35] _L. si arrogator. D. de Arrog. l. 3 de interd. & rel._
+
+[36] _Io. And. in c. significasti de fo. comp. Pan. cons._ 85. _li._ 1.
+_Molin. consuet. Paris. tit._ 1. Sec. 85. _gl._ 3. _q._ 2. _infi._
+
+[37] _Iust. lib._ 34
+
+[38] _Iust. lib._ 16.
+
+[39] _Pausan. lib._ 1. _Iustin. lib._ 39.
+
+[40] _Girard. lib._ 1. _de l'estate._
+
+[41] _D. Benedict. in. rep. c. Rainutius Verb. in eodem testamento le._
+1. _nu._ 209.
+
+[42] _Io. de terr. Rub. concl._ 9. 10. 11. 12.
+
+[43] _Li._ 1. _de l'estate de France._
+
+[44] _In c. vlt._ 24. _q._ 1.
+
+[45] _In Polyhim._
+
+[46] _L. ex hoc D. de Iust. & iure._
+
+[47] _In Epist. ad O nagr. & in gen._ 49.
+
+[48] _Chrys. hom._ 5. _aduers. Iudaeos._
+
+[49] _Glo. Pan. in. c._ 1. _de cens. Luc. Pen. in l. decurio. c. de
+decu. lib._ 10.
+
+[50] _Gen._ 4. 7.
+
+[51] _Deut._ 21. 17.
+
+[52] _Exo._ 13. & 22. & 34. _Levit._ 27. _Num._ 3. & 8. & 18. _Neh._ 10.
+_Ezech._ 44. _Luc._ 2. 23.
+
+[53] _Io. Ign. in. qu. An. Rex Franciae recognoscat superiorem. col._ 28.
+_Ang. in l. cum Praetor. Sec. non autem. D. de Iudi. Ias. in l. nemo D. de
+leg._ 1.
+
+[54] _L._ 1. _c. de tut. vel. cur. Illustr. c. grandi. de sup. negl.
+prael._
+
+[55] _Herod. in Terpsych._
+
+[56] _Herod. ibidem Pausan. lib._ 7.
+
+[57] _Plut. Aemil. in eius vita. Oros. lib._ 3. _cap._ 2.
+
+[58] _Plut. in Lisandr._
+
+[59] _Ioseph. Ant._ 14. _cap._ 1.
+
+[60] _Liu. lib._ 1. 2. _belli Punici._
+
+[61] _Allobroges._
+
+[62] _Plut. in eius vita._
+
+[63] _Mich. Riccius._
+
+[64] _Cons._ 20. _lib._ 2.
+
+[65] _De l'estate de France. lib._ 1.
+
+[66] Onely the Persians had rather a superstition then a law, that no
+man might be King who had but one eye: for which cause _Cosroes_ the
+sonne of _Cabades_ was preferred before _Bozi_ his elder brother.
+_Procop. lib._ 1.
+
+[67] _Bald. cons._ 389. _l._ 1. _Socin. cons._ 47. _l._ 3. _Card. Alex.
+in c._ 1. _tit. an. mut. vel imperfect. And. Isern. in c. vlt. tit.
+episc. vel Abb._
+
+[68] _L. vlt. D. de senat. l._ 3. _D. de interd. & rel. l._ 2. _c. de
+libert. & eo. lib. l. Diui. D. de iure patr. l. quaeritur. D. de bo. lib.
+Pan. cons._ 85. _l. 1. Io. And. in c. significasti. de fo. comp._
+
+[69] _Nubrig. lib._ 1. _ca._ 3.
+
+[70] _Nihil est quod male narrando non possit deprauarier. Ter. in Eun._
+
+[71] {kalon ti gloss' hoto pistis pare}, _Eurip. Res pulchra lingua cui
+siet fides._
+
+[72] {tous stratiotas ploutizete, ton oligon panton kataphroneite.}
+_Milites ditate, reliquos omnes spernite. Severus apud Dionem._
+
+[73] _Concilium Baronense._
+
+[74] _Haec conditio principum vt quicquid faciant praecipere videantur.
+Quint. declam._ 4.
+
+[75] _Quae fato manent quamuis significata non vitantur. Tacit._ 1.
+_hist._
+
+[76] _Seris venit vsus ab annis._ Ouid. 6. Metam.
+
+[77] _In Polyhim._
+
+[78] _Iust. lib._ 2. _Plut. de fraterna beneuolentia._
+
+[79] _Antiq. lib._ 16. _cap._ 3.
+
+[80] _Guicc. lib._ 1. _Blond. decad._ 2. _lib._ 2.
+
+[81] _Sigeb. in Chron._
+
+[82] _L. neque Doroth._ 61. _l. doctitij_ 63. _l. neminem._ 64. _cum l.
+pen. & vit. C. de decur. lib._ 10 _l. ex libera._ 6. _C. suis & legit._
+
+[83] _L. imperialis._ 23. _Sec. his illud. C. de nupt. l. quincunque_ 7.
+_C. de princip. agent. in reb._
+
+[84] _L. eos qui._ 65. _D. de rit. nupt. l. Etsi_ 6. _C. de nupt._
+
+[85] _L. senator._ 11. _C. de dignit. lib._ 10.
+
+[86] _L. emancipatum._ 7. _D. de Senat. facit l. Diuo Marco._ 11. _C. de
+quaest. l._ 3. _D. de Interd. & rel. l._ 2. _C. de lib. & eor. libe._
+
+[87] _Gl. in d. l. Imperialis. Bar. in l. si. Senator. C. de dig. li._
+12. _Bald. in l. cum suis D. de lib. posth. Anch. & Phil. Franc. in c.
+ne aliqui de priuil. li._ 6. 4. _Ana. in c._ 2. _de Iudae. facit l. ex
+libera. C. de su. & le. l. j. Sec. fi. D. de bo. po. co. ta. l. si neque.
+Sec. si deport. D. de bon. libert. l. filij. Sec. senatores. D. ad
+municipia. l. quicunq; C. de princ. agen. in reb. lib._ 12. _& ib. Luc.
+Pen._
+
+[88] _In d. l. Imperialis. Sec. illud._
+
+[89] _In l. si Senat. C. de dign. li._ 12.
+
+[90] _In c. licet. de Vot._
+
+[91] _In c. ex tenore. qui fil. sunt legit._
+
+[92] _In l._ 2 _Sec. in filijs. D. de Decu. & in l. moris. Sec. sed
+vtrum D. de poenis._
+
+[93] _Sing._ 50. _& ib. addit._
+
+[94] _In tract. primogen._
+
+[95] _In c. Adrianus. di._ 63.
+
+[96] _In c. inter ceteras de rescrip._
+
+[97] _In l. bona fides. D. deposit._
+
+[98] _In tract. nobilitatis. part._ 3. _ad fin._
+
+[99] _In tract. de poten. & excellentia regia._
+
+[100] _Pet. Iac. in. arb. succ. Reg. Franc. Io. Ray. in c. praeterea. de
+prohi. feud. ali. & in tract. nobil. q._ 10. _Iac. a S. Georgio. in
+tract. feud. D. Benedict. in rep. c. Ramutius. n._ 200. _de test._
+
+[101] _In Artax._
+
+[102] _Blond. dec._ 2. _lib._ 6. _Mich. Ritius. de Reg. Hung. lib._ 6.
+
+[103] _L. si quis. C. de poenis._
+
+[104] {dryos pesouses pas aner xyleuetai.}
+
+[105] 1. Cor. 11. 14.
+
+[106] _Dunne_ a famous thiefe.
+
+[107] _Sapien._ 4. 3.
+
+[108] _Iam._ 5. 17.
+
+
+
+
+      *      *      *      *      *      *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+   Original spellings were retained, including inconsistent
+   spellings.
+
+   Sidenotes have been repositioned as Endnotes.
+
+   Macrons have been replaced with the appropriate nasal (n, m).
+
+   Errata have been corrected in the text.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIVES OF THE III NORMANS, KINGS
+OF ENGLAND: WILLIAM THE FIRST, WILLIAM THE SECOND, HENRIE THE FIRST***
+
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