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+Project Gutenberg's Nurse and Spy in the Union Army, by S. Emma E. Edmonds
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Nurse and Spy in the Union Army
+       The Adventures and Experiences of a Woman in Hospitals,
+       Camps, and Battle-Fields
+
+Author: S. Emma E. Edmonds
+
+Release Date: January 5, 2012 [EBook #38497]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NURSE AND SPY IN THE UNION ARMY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Edwards and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: S. E. E. Edmonds
+
+Engraved by Geo. E. Perine, N. Y.
+
+ENGRAVED FOR THE NURSE & SPY.]
+
+
+
+
+  NURSE AND SPY IN THE UNION ARMY:
+
+  COMPRISING
+
+  The Adventures and Experiences of a Woman
+  in Hospitals, Camps, and Battle-Fields.
+
+
+  By S. EMMA E. EDMONDS.
+
+
+  WITH ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+  Published by Subscription only by
+  W. S. WILLIAMS & CO., HARTFORD, CONN.
+  JONES BROS. & CO., PHILADELPHIA AND CINCINNATI.
+  J. A. STODDARD & CO., CHICAGO, ILL.
+  1865.
+
+
+
+
+  Entered According to Act of Congress in the year 1864,
+  By W. S. Williams & Company
+  In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States,
+  For the District of Connecticut.
+
+  Printed by Wiley, Waterman, & Eaton, Hartford, Conn.
+
+
+
+
+  To the
+  Sick and Wounded Soldiers
+  of the
+  Army of the Potomac,
+  This Volume
+  Is Respectfully Inscribed
+  BY
+  The Author.
+
+
+
+
+EMBELLISHMENTS.
+
+
+PORTRAIT Engraved on Steel by Geo. E. Perine, N. Y. Disguises and other
+Scenes, Drawn and Engraved on Wood by R. O'Brien, New York.
+
+                                           PAGE.
+
+  PORTRAIT OF THE AUTHOR,          FRONTISPIECE.
+
+  HOSPITAL TREE AT FAIR OAKS,                 17
+
+  CATERING FOR HOSPITALS,                     94
+
+  DISGUISED AS A CONTRABAND,                 113
+
+  MAKING HOE-CAKE FOR A SICK REBEL,          153
+
+  ACTING ORDERLY ON THE BATTLE-FIELD,        178
+
+  RIDING FOR LIFE,                           217
+
+  RELIEF FOR THE FAMISHING,                  228
+
+  DISGUISED AS FEMALE CONTRABAND,            263
+
+  AN INTERESTING PATIENT,                    272
+
+  PLAYING POSSUM,                            295
+
+  PAYING A DEBT OF GRATITUDE,                316
+
+  BURSTING OF A SHELL IN VICKSBURG,          358
+
+
+
+
+PUBLISHERS' NOTICE.
+
+
+No apology is necessary for adding one more to the numerous "War Books"
+which already fill a large space in American Literature; for, to the
+general reader, nothing connected with the Rebellion can be more
+interesting than the personal experiences of those who have been
+intimately associated with the different phases of military life, in Camp,
+Field, and Hospital.
+
+The "Nurse and Spy" is simply a record of events which have transpired in
+the experience and under the observation of one who has been on the field
+and participated in numerous battles--among which are the first and second
+Bull Run, Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, the Seven days in front of Richmond,
+Antietam, and Fredericksburg--serving in the capacity of "Spy" and as
+"Field Nurse" for over two years.
+
+While in the "Secret Service" as a "Spy," which is one of the most
+hazardous positions in the army--she penetrated the enemy's lines, in
+various disguises, no less than eleven times; always with complete success
+and without detection.
+
+Her efficient labors in the different Hospitals as well as her arduous
+duties as "Field Nurse," embrace many thrilling and touching incidents,
+which are here most graphically described.
+
+Should any of her readers object to some of her disguises, it may be
+sufficient to remind them it was from the purest motives and most
+praiseworthy patriotism, that she laid aside, for a time, her own costume,
+and assumed that of the opposite sex, enduring hardships, suffering untold
+privations, and hazarding her life for her adopted country, in its trying
+hour of need.
+
+In the opinion of many, it is the privilege of woman to minister to the
+sick and soothe the sorrowing--and in the present crisis of our country's
+history, to aid our brothers to the extent of her capacity--and whether
+duty leads her to the couch of luxury, the abode of poverty, the crowded
+hospital, or the terrible battle field--it makes but little difference
+what costume she assumes while in the discharge of her duties.--Perhaps
+she should have the privilege of choosing for herself whatever may be the
+surest protection from insult and inconvenience in her blessed,
+self-sacrificing work.
+
+The moral character of the work,--being true to virtue, patriotism, and
+philanthropy--together with the fine embellishments and neat mechanical
+execution--will, we trust, render it an interesting and welcome visitor at
+every fireside.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+Pages 17-28.
+
+COMMENCEMENT OF THE WAR--MY HOME AND MY DUTY--I ENLIST IN THE
+CAUSE--EXCITEMENT AT THE WEST--TROOPS ON THE MARCH--MOBS AT
+BALTIMORE--TEMPORARY HOSPITALS--UNAVOIDABLE EVILS--BEGGING FOR
+COMFORTS--SUPPLIES FOR THE SICK--CAMP HOSPITALS--THUNDER STORMS IN CAMP--A
+DYING OFFICER--SOLDIERS IN THE PUBLIC BUILDINGS--PREPARATIONS FOR THE
+ADVANCE.
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+Pages 29-41.
+
+MARCHING ORDERS--REMOVAL OF THE SICK--A YOUNG PATIENT--VISIT FROM HIS
+MOTHER--MARCH TOWARD MANASSAS--COLLECTING SUPPLIES--FATIGUES OF THE
+MARCH--PREPARATIONS FOR BATTLE--A CAMP PRAYER MEETING--DIVISIONS
+DETAILED--MY PLACE ON THE FIELD--"RATHER CLOSE QUARTERS"--A BATTLE
+SUNDAY--SKULKING FROM THE FIELD.
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+Pages 41-54.
+
+WATER FOR THE WOUNDED--COL. CAMERON KILLED--SCENES ON THE
+BATTLE-FIELD--BURNSIDE'S BRIGADE--CAPTURE OF GRIFFIN'S AND RICKETT'S
+BATTERIES--REBELS REINFORCED--THE PANIC AND RETREAT--THE WOUNDED AT
+CENTERVILLE--MY RECONNOISSANCE--AN INSANE WOMAN ON THE FIELD--HIDING FROM
+THE ENEMY--RETURN TO THE WOUNDED--EXPECTATION OF CAPTURE--ESCAPE FROM THE
+REBELS--MY WALK TO ALEXANDRIA--FOOTSORE AND WEARY--ARRIVAL IN
+WASHINGTON--LETTERS FROM DEAD SOLDIERS' FRIENDS.
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+Pages 55-70.
+
+WASHINGTON AFTER BULL RUN--DEMORALIZATION OF THE ARMY--SICK
+SOLDIERS--HOSPITAL SCENES--EXTRACTS FROM MY JOURNAL--SYMPATHY OF
+SOLDIERS--FISHING FOR THE SICK--A FISH-LOVING DUTCHMAN--REORGANIZATION OF
+THE ARMY--A VISIT TO THE PICKETS--PICKET DUTIES AND DANGERS--THE ARMY
+INACTIVE--MCCLELLAN'S ADDRESS--MARCHING ORDERS AGAIN--EMBARKATION OF THE
+ARMY FOR FORTRESS MONROE--THE CROWDED TRANSPORTS--DESCRIPTION OF THE
+MONITOR--HER BUILD, ARMAMENT, TURRET AND ENGINES.
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+Pages 71-82.
+
+ARRIVAL AT FORTRESS MONROE--THE VILLAGE OF HAMPTON--VISITING THE
+CONTRABANDS--ARRIVAL OF FUGITIVES--A REAL "CAMP MEETING"--FEEDING THE
+NEGROES--CAMP MISERIES--MULES--MISS PERIWINKLE'S MULES--THE COQUETTISH,
+THE MORAL, THE HISTRIONIC, AND THE PATHETIC MULE--OUR JACK--LINES OF
+LOVE--MY BOX AND PRESENTS--A THREE-STORY CAKE--A SERENADE AND SURPRISE
+PARTY--GOOD AND BAD CHAPLAINS--THE MORALS OF THE ARMY--SLANDERS ABOUT
+SOLDIERS.
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+Pages 82-97.
+
+THE MARCH TO YORKTOWN--SCARCITY OF SUPPLIES--CAMP COOKERY--DIFFERENT
+CHARACTERS IN THE ARMY--ARRIVAL OF TRAINS--CHANGE OF CAMP--TRYING TO SHELL
+US OUT--THE OLD SAW-MILL--A CONSTANT TARGET--ASSAULTS ON OUR OUTPOSTS--A
+REBEL APPEAL--YORKTOWN AND VICINITY--THE SITUATION--BALLOON
+RECONNOISSANCES--PROF. LOWE ON HIGH--REBEL VIXENS--A CURIOUS VISIT--A
+STRANGE HOSTESS--SHE TRIES TO KILL ME--I WOUND HER AND CAPTURE A
+PRISONER--A CONVERSION--THE SECESH WOMAN BECOMES A FEDERAL NURSE.
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+Pages 97-109.
+
+A LOST FRIEND--DEATH OF LIEUTENANT JAMES V.--HIS BURIAL--THE GRAVE BY
+NIGHT--MY VOW--A SOLDIER-CHAPLAIN--RECOGNITIONS IN HEAVEN--DOUBTS AND
+DISSATISFACTION--CAPTURE OF A SPY--MY EXAMINATIONS AT HEADQUARTERS--MY
+DISGUISE AS A SPY--I AM METAMORPHOSED INTO A CONTRABAND--HIRED AS A
+COOK--BISCUIT MAKING--THE DOCTOR'S TEA.
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+Pages 110-121.
+
+MY FIRST SECRET EXPEDITION--MY WORK AMONG CONTRABANDS--PICKAXE, SHOVEL AND
+WHEELBARROW--COUNTING THE GUNS IN A REBEL FORTIFICATION--A CHANGE OF
+WORK--CARRYING WATER TO THE REBEL SOLDIERS--GENERALS LEE AND JOHNSON--THE
+REBEL FORCE AT YORKTOWN--A COUNCIL OF WAR--TURNING WHITE AGAIN--A REBEL
+SPY--LIEUTENANT V.'S MURDERER--ON PICKET DUTY--MY RETURN TO OUR LINES--I
+PUT ON UNIFORM AND MAKE MY REPORT.
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+Pages 122-137.
+
+EVACUATION OF YORKTOWN--OUR ARMY ON THE DOUBLE QUICK--PURSUIT OF THE
+FUGITIVES--THE ENEMY'S WORKS--A BATTLE--ON THE FIELD--A "WOUNDED," AND NOT
+INJURED COLONEL--CARRYING THE WOUNDED--FORT MAGRUDER SILENCED--THE VICTORY
+WON--BURYING THE DEAD--STORY OF A RING--WOUNDED REBELS--A BRAVE YOUNG
+SERGEANT--CHRISTIAN SOLDIERS--A SOLDIER'S DEATH-BED--CLOSING SCENES--LAST
+WORDS.
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+Pages 137-146.
+
+MCCLELLAN'S DESPATCH FROM EWELL'S FARM--CALL FOR REINFORCEMENTS--NEWS FROM
+NORFOLK--DESCRIPTION OF THE MERRIMAC--THE ENGAGEMENT IN HAMPTON
+ROADS--FIRST AND LAST FIGHT OF THE MERRIMAC--VICTORY OF THE
+MONITOR--ADVANCE ON THE PENINSULA--THE BATTLE SONG--A MUDDY MARCH--ON THE
+CHICKAHOMINY--CRITICAL POSITION OF GENERAL BANKS--THE PRESIDENT'S
+DESPATCHES--MCCLELLAN'S REPLY.
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+Pages 147-160.
+
+ANOTHER DISGUISE--I BECOME AN IRISH PEDDLER--FEVER AND AGUE--A NIGHT OF
+SUFFERING IN THE SWAMP--RETROSPECTION--LOST IN THE SWAMP--CANNON MY
+GUIDES--A SICK REBEL--I FIND SOMETHING TO EAT--MY NEW PATIENT--SYMPATHY
+FOR SUFFERING--TALK WITH A DYING REBEL--A WILLING DETENTION--EXTEMPORIZING
+A LIGHT--THE LAST HOUR--SOLDIERS OF CHRIST--THE CHAMBER OF DEATH.
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+Pages 161-173.
+
+AM I A STOIC?--SOMEONE'S DARLING--COMPLETING MY DISGUISE--ANOTHER START
+FOR THE REBEL LINES--PEPPERING MY EYES--CHALLENGED BY A PICKET--A COCKNEY
+SENTINEL--GETTING INFORMATION--PLENTY OF BEEF, BUT NO SALT--RICE AND CORN
+MEAL BREAD--PREPARING TO VISIT HEADQUARTERS--INTERVIEW WITH MAJOR
+MCKEE--THE MAJOR'S MISPLACED CONFIDENCE--RETURN FOR THE BODY OF THE REBEL
+CAPTAIN--MY LOOK-OUT FOR YANKEES--NEW ORDERS.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+Pages 173-186.
+
+OUR COMMUNICATIONS WITH THE CHICKAHOMINY--PORTER'S SUCCESSES--DESPATCHES
+TO THE PRESIDENT--HIS REPLY--HANOVER COURT HOUSE--TERRIBLE STORM AND
+FLOOD--HOPES OF THE ENEMY--A SUDDEN AND STRONG ATTACK--I ACT AS AN
+ORDERLY--THROUGH THE FLOOD--MY RETURN AND REPORT--JOYFUL NEWS--MY OWN
+DISASTER--SCENES IN THE OLD MILL--WAITING ON THE WOUNDED--MY SUFFERINGS BY
+THE ROADSIDE--A HARD-HEARTED CHAPLAIN--A STUMBLING BLOCK.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+Pages 186-196.
+
+RENEWAL OF THE BATTLE--VICTORY FOR THE FEDERAL ARMS--ADDRESS TO THE
+ARMY--MORE DESPATCHES--MY BATTLE TROPHY--PONY REB'S PERFORMANCES--THE
+HOSPITAL TREE--TOUCHING SCENES--BISHOP SIMPSON--THE CROSS AND THE
+FLAG--AFTER THE BATTLE--DELAYS BY STORMS, FLOODS AND MUD--MCCLELLAN'S CALL
+FOR MORE MEN--IN READINESS TO MARCH--PROMISED REINFORCEMENTS.
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+Pages 197-206.
+
+LEAVE OF ABSENCE--VISIT TO THE WILLIAMSBURG HOSPITALS--EFFECTIVE
+PREACHING--YORKTOWN REVISITED--LONGINGS--WHITE HOUSE LANDING--TIRED OF
+IDLENESS--PREPARATIONS TO RETURN TO DUTY--STUART'S CAVALRY RAID--A TRAIN
+FIRED INTO--FAIR OAKS GROVE--THE STRENGTH OF THE ENEMY--TRYING TIMES ON
+THE PENINSULA--THE ENDURANCE OF OUR SOLDIERS--LABORS OF MR. ALVORD.
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+Pages 207-219.
+
+CHANGE OF BASE ACROSS THE PENINSULA--EVACUATION OF WHITE HOUSE--THE
+MOVEMENT--BATTLE OF MECHANICSVILLE--GAINES' MILL--A REPULSE--MCCLELLAN'S
+DESPATCH--HOSPITALS IN DANGER--CONVALESCENT OFFICERS--LENDING MY HORSE--A
+LOTTERY--INSPECTING FARM STOCK--CATCHING A COLT--DANGER OF CAPTURE--RIDING
+FOR LIFE--BETWEEN TWO FIRES.
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+Pages 219-233.
+
+WITHDRAWAL TO MALVERN HILL--THE SOLDIER'S LAST WATCH--TROWBRIDGE'S
+GRAVE--SCENES IN A HOSPITAL--CAPTURE OF THE WOUNDED--A NOBLE SURGEON--LINE
+OF BATTLE--HARD FIGHTING--THE ENEMY REPULSED--HUNTING FOR FOOD--IN A
+FARM-HOUSE--PERILOUS POSITION--SECURING THE SPOILS--RELIEF OF THE
+FAMISHING--SUBLIME SCENE--ON THE MARCH--GENERAL KEYES--GUN-BOATS--ARRIVAL
+AT HARRISON'S LANDING--SAD CONDITION OF TROOPS--OUR LOSSES--MCCLELLAN'S
+ADDRESS TO THE ARMY.
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+Pages 233-248.
+
+RETURN OF OLD ACQUAINTANCES--THE WOUNDED COLONEL--I VISIT
+WASHINGTON--MILITARY DISPLAY--EPAULETS--ARISTOCRACY--SPIRIT OF JOHNNY
+BULL--SOLDIERS' FREE LIBRARY--CONTRABAND CAMP--NEGRO TESTIMONY--PATIENT
+CHARLEY--PAINFUL POSITION--BROTHER'S LAST CONVERSATION--RETURN TO THE
+ARMY--CHRISTIAN COMMISSION--GENERAL HOWARD'S SPEECH.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+Pages 249-260.
+
+MY CONSTANT COMPANION--DISPELLING THE BLUES--GENTLE NELLIE--FACES IN THE
+HOSPITAL--ASLEEP AND AWAKE--MY HORSE AGAIN--AT HARRISON'S
+LANDING--IMPATIENT TO MOVE--DISSATISFACTION IN THE ARMY--RETREAT FROM
+RICHMOND--RETURN TO NEWPORT NEWS--SUSPICIOUS QUARTERS--SEARCHING THE HOUSE
+AND FINDING REBEL SOLDIERS--THANKS TO THE ARMY--OUR ARRIVAL AT ACQUIA
+CREEK.
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+Pages 261-273.
+
+POPE'S ARMY--A GENERAL S REQUEST--AGAIN A CONTRABAND--ENTERING THE REBEL
+LINES AS A SPY--MY ESCAPE TO THE FEDERAL LINES--IN PERIL--KEARNEY
+KILLED--CRAWLING THROUGH THE WOODS--BURIAL OF A PICKET--LOOKING FOR A
+GENERAL--MR. NEGATIVE--MCCLELLAN AND POPE--THE BATTLE OF ANTIETAM--A
+TOUCHING DEATH-SCENE--AN INTERESTING PATIENT--BURIAL OF A FEMALE SOLDIER.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+Pages 273-285.
+
+AFTER ANTIETAM--SURGEONS ON THE FIELD--THE HOSPITALS--LIEUTENANT-COLONEL
+DWIGHT MORTALLY WOUNDED--A BRUTAL SURGEON--A WOUNDED CAPTAIN--AGONY FROM
+THIRST--CHRISTIAN SOLDIERS--PRAYING AND FIGHTING--FOPS ON THE FIELD--A
+REBEL PROGRAMME--PENNSYLVANIA TO BE STRIPPED--CAMP LIFE--DAILY
+ROUTINE--BURIAL SERVICES.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+Pages 286-296.
+
+A MILITARY EXECUTION--THE PREPARATIONS--THE DEATH--HARPER'S FERRY--OLD
+JOHN BROWN--CONTRAST--ADVANCE INTO VIRGINIA--CONDITION OF THE ARMY--A
+DREARY RIDE--A GREEN GUARD--SEEKING SHELTER--A GUERRILLA FIGHT--MY HORSE
+KILLED--PLAYING POSSUM--MY POCKETS PICKED--A NARROW ESCAPE--RETURN TO
+CAMP--AN INTERESTING MEETING.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+Pages 297-308.
+
+MCCLELLAN REMOVED--HIS ADDRESS--BURNSIDE IN COMMAND--ON THE MARCH--MY
+RIDE--OLD BATTLEFIELDS--SAD SIGHTS--"YANKEE SKULLS"--"BONE
+ORNAMENTS"--FALMOUTH--SHELLING FREDERICKSBURG--PONTOON BRIDGES--OCCUPATION
+OF THE CITY--AIDE-DE-CAMP--DREADFUL SLAUGHTER--A GALLANT MAJOR--STRANGE
+SIGHTS--DARK NIGHT--DEATH OF GENERAL BAYARD--SOMEONE'S PET--RECROSSING THE
+RAPPAHANNOCK.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV.
+
+Pages 309-318.
+
+AFTER THE BATTLE--SUFFERINGS OF THE WOUNDED--GENERAL BURNSIDE'S
+ORDER--"STUCK IN THE MUD"--HOOKER IN COMMAND--WESTERN CAMPAIGN--CAVALRY
+RECONNOISSANCE--ANOTHER DISGUISE--AGAIN IN DIXIE--A WEDDING PARTY--IN A
+TRAP--REBEL CONSCRIPT--ON THE MARCH--A REBEL CAPTAIN--A FIERCE
+ENGAGEMENT--PAYING A DEBT OF GRATITUDE--AGAIN UNDER THE OLD FLAG.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV.
+
+Pages 319-330.
+
+APPOINTED DETECTIVE--I VISIT LOUISVILLE--SECESH ACQUAINTANCES--SEEKING
+EMPLOYMENT--PEDDLING--REBEL SPIES--ACTING AS CLERK--TRAPPING SPIES--START
+FOR VICKSBURG--PRO-SLAVERY TROOPS--CRUELTY TO NEGROES--VISITING
+HOSPITALS--TOUCHING SCENES--AN ARMLESS SOLDIER--PATIENT
+SUFFERING--TRIUMPHANT DEATH--RALLY ROUND THE FLAG--WESTERN
+CHAPLAINS--SOLDIERS' TESTIMONY--EFFECT OF PRAYER IN BATTLE--CARRYING THE
+WOUNDED.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI.
+
+Pages 331-340.
+
+A UNIONIST FROM THE REBEL ARMY--HIS TESTIMONY--SOUTHERN
+HOSPITALS--PATRIOTISM--FEMALE RECRUITING--CRINOLINE--"SWEET LITTLE
+MAN"--CONFEDERATE SYSTEM--NORTH AND SOUTH CONTRASTED--REBEL
+IMPRESSMENT--BROTHERS' CRUELTY--DYING FOR THE UNION--FATE OF A TENNESSEE
+PATRIOT--ON THE MISSISSIPPI--INVISIBLE ATTRACTION--AN IMPORTANT
+QUESTION--MORAL SUBLIMITY--CONTRABANDS JUBILEE.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVII.
+
+Pages 341-353.
+
+ARRIVAL AT VICKSBURG--ITS SURROUNDINGS--GRANT'S ARMY--ASSAULT ON THE REBEL
+WORKS--THE SEVEN COLOR-BEARERS--PEMBERTON'S HARANGUE--IN THE
+TRENCHES--SUFFERINGS OF THE WOUNDED--PEMBERTON'S PROPOSED
+CAPITULATION--GRANT'S REPLY--TERMS OF SURRENDER--OCCUPATION OF THE
+CITY--LOSS OF THE ENEMY--COMPLIMENTARY LETTER--GRANT'S SUCCESS--ATTACHMENT
+OF HIS SOLDIERS--"FIGHTING DICK"--GOLD LACE--REBEL SUFFERINGS--SIGHTS IN
+VICKSBURG--INCIDENTS OF THE SIEGE--CAVE LIFE.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII.
+
+Pages 353-362.
+
+WESTERN GIBRALTAR--THE "LEAD MINERS"--THE PALMETTO EXCHANGED FOR THE STARS
+AND STRIPES--ENTHUSIASM OF TROOPS--SUFFERINGS FORGOTTEN--I AM ATTACKED BY
+FEVER--UNFIT FOR DUTY--"VICKSBURG IS OURS"--SPIRIT YEARNINGS--"ROCK ME TO
+SLEEP MOTHER"--IMPOSITION OF STEAMBOAT OFFICERS--GRANT'S CARE FOR HIS
+MEN--BURSTING OF A SHELL IN CAMP--CONSEQUENCES--SPEECHLESS AGONY--I AM
+RELEASED FROM DUTY--MY TRIP TO CAIRO--MISS MARY SAFFORD--ARRIVAL AT
+WASHINGTON.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIX.
+
+Pages 362-373.
+
+REVIEW OF HOSPITAL AND CAMP LIFE--QUESTIONS ANSWERED--BEHIND THE
+SCENES--BLESSED EMPLOYMENT--LIVING PAST SCENES OVER AGAIN--MY MOST
+IMPORTANT LABORS--MOTHER AND SON--STRANGE POWER OF SYMPATHY--HERO'S
+REPOSE--OFFICERS AND MEN--THE BRAVEST ARE KINDEST--GENERAL
+SEDGWICK--BATTLE SCENES--MR. ALVORD'S DESCRIPTION--VOLUNTEER
+SURGEONS--HEART SICKENING SIGHTS--AN AWFUL PICTURE--FEMALE
+NURSES--SENTIMENTAL--PATRIOTIC--MEDICAL DEPARTMENT--YOUNG
+SURGEONS--ANECDOTES.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXX.
+
+Pages 374-384.
+
+CLOSING INCIDENTS--PROFESSOR LOWE'S BALLOON--FITZ JOHN PORTER'S
+ADVENTURE--HIS UPWARD FLIGHT--RECONNOITERING FROM A DANGEROUS
+POSITION--COOL COURAGE--ENTHUSIASTIC GREETING--AN EARNEST INQUIRER--A
+BAPTISM IN THE ARMY--PREACHING BY MOONLIGHT--A MAGNIFICENT SCENE--A
+WEDDING IN CAMP--GAY TIMES--A CONTRAST--HOSPITAL IN WINCHESTER--SPIRIT OF
+REVENGE--SABLE HEROINE--A WHITE DARKEY--COLORED SOLDIERS--CONCLUSION.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: HOSPITAL TREE AT FAIR OAKS.--Page 191.]
+
+
+
+
+NURSE AND SPY.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+    COMMENCEMENT OF THE WAR--MY HOME AND MY DUTY--I ENLIST IN THE
+    CAUSE--EXCITEMENT AT THE WEST--TROOPS ON THE MARCH--MOBS AT
+    BALTIMORE--TEMPORARY HOSPITALS--UNAVOIDABLE EVILS--BEGGING FOR
+    COMFORTS--SUPPLIES FOR THE SICK--CAMP HOSPITALS--THUNDERS STORMS IN
+    CAMP--A DYING OFFICER--SOLDIERS IN THE PUBLIC BUILDINGS--PREPARATIONS
+    FOR THE ADVANCE.
+
+
+Early in the spring of 1861, I was returning from the far West, and as I
+sat waiting for the train which was to bear me to my adopted home in New
+England, and was meditating upon the events which had transpired during
+the past few months, the record of which was destined to blacken the fair
+pages of American history, I was aroused from my reverie by a voice in the
+street crying "New York Herald--Fall of Fort Sumter--President's
+Proclamation--Call for seventy-five thousand men!" This announcement
+startled me, while my imagination portrayed the coming struggle in all its
+fearful magnitude. War, civil war, with all its horrors seemed inevitable,
+and even then was ready to burst like a volcano upon the most happy and
+prosperous nation the sun ever shone upon. The contemplation of this sad
+picture filled my eyes with tears and my heart with sorrow.
+
+It is true, I was not an American--I was not obliged to remain here during
+this terrible strife--I could return to my native land where my parents
+would welcome me to the home of my childhood, and my brothers and sisters
+would rejoice at my coming. But these were not the thoughts which occupied
+my mind. It was not my intention, or desire, to seek my own personal ease
+and comfort while so much sorrow and distress filled the land. But the
+great question to be decided, was, what can I do? What part am I to act in
+this great drama? I was not able to decide for myself--so I carried this
+question to the Throne of Grace, and found a satisfactory answer there.
+
+Five years previous to the time of which I write, I left my rural home,
+not far from the banks of the St. John's River, in the Province of New
+Brunswick, and made my way to the United States. An insatiable thirst for
+education led me to do this, for I believed then, as now, that the
+"Foreign Missionary" field was the one in which I must labor, sooner or
+later. I came here a stranger, with but little to recommend me to the
+favorable notice of the good people, except a letter from the Pastor of
+the church to which I belonged, and one from my
+class-leader--notwithstanding, I found kind friends to help me in all my
+undertakings, and whether in business, education, or spiritual
+advancement, I have been assisted beyond my highest expectation. I thank
+God that I am permitted in this hour of my adopted country's need to
+express a tithe of the gratitude which I feel toward the people of the
+Northern States.
+
+Ten days after the President's proclamation was issued, I was ready to
+start for Washington, having been employed by the Government, and
+furnished with all the necessary equipments. I was not merely to go to
+Washington and remain there until a battle had been fought and the wounded
+brought in, and then in some comfortable hospital sit quietly and fan the
+patients, after the Surgeon had dressed their wounds; but I was to go to
+the front and participate in all the excitement of the battle scenes, or
+in other words, be a "FIELD NURSE."
+
+The great West was stirred to its center, and began to look like a vast
+military camp. Recruiting offices were filled with men eager to enroll
+their names as defenders of their country--and women were busily engaged
+in preparing all the comforts that love and patriotism could suggest, for
+those who were so soon to go forth to victory or to death, while the clash
+of arms and strains of martial music almost drowned the hum of industry,
+and war became the theme of every tongue.
+
+About this time I witnessed the departure of the first western troops
+which started for Washington. The regiments were drawn up in line--fully
+equipped for their journey--with their bright bayonets flashing in the
+morning sunlight. It was on the principal street of a pleasant little
+village of about a thousand inhabitants, where there was scarcely a family
+who had not a father, husband, son, or brother in that little band of
+soldiers who stood there ready to bid them farewell, perhaps for
+years--perhaps forever. A farewell address was delivered by the village
+Pastor, and a new Testament presented to each soldier, with the following
+inscription: "Put your trust in God--and keep your powder dry." Then came
+the leave-taking--but it is too painful to dwell upon--the last fond word
+was spoken, the last embrace given, then came the order "march"--and amid
+the cheers of the citizens--with banners proudly floating, and the bands
+playing "The Star Spangled Banner," they moved forward on their way to the
+Capital. On looking back now upon the scenes of that morning,
+notwithstanding I have looked upon others much more thrilling since then,
+yet I cannot recall that hour without feelings of deep emotion. While I
+stood there and beheld those manly forms convulsed with emotion, and heard
+the sobs of those whom they were leaving behind, I could only thank God
+that I was free and could go forward and work, and was not obliged to
+stay at home and weep. A few hours more, and I, too, was on my way to
+Washington.
+
+When I reached Baltimore I found the city in an uproar--mobs were gathered
+in the streets and the utmost excitement prevailed: and as the crowded
+cars moved through the city toward the depot, the infuriated mob threw
+showers of stones, brickbats, and other missiles, breaking the windows and
+wounding some of the soldiers. Some of the men could not forbear firing
+into the crowd--notwithstanding their orders were to the
+contrary--however, it had a good effect, for the mob soon dispersed; they
+probably had not forgotten the Sixth Massachusetts and the Pennsylvania
+troops which had passed through a short time before. The cars soon reached
+the depot, and started immediately for Washington--where we arrived in due
+time--weary, and in great need of food and sleep.
+
+Soon after reaching Washington I commenced visiting the temporary
+hospitals which were prepared to receive the soldiers who arrived there
+sick. The troops came pouring in so fast, and the weather being extremely
+warm, all the general hospitals were soon filled, and it seemed impossible
+to prepare suitable, or comfortable, accommodations for all who required
+medical attention.
+
+There are many things in connection with this war that we are disposed to
+find fault with, and we think the blame rests upon such and such
+individuals--but after investigating the matter, we find that they are all
+owing to a combination of circumstances entirely beyond the control of
+those individuals--and it requires time to bring about the desired
+results. This has been my experience with regard to the hospital
+department. After walking through the streets for hours on a sultry
+southern day in search of one of those temporary hospitals, I would find a
+number of men there delirious with fever--others had been sun-struck and
+carried there--but no physician to be found in attendance. Then, I would
+naturally come to the conclusion that the surgeons were all slack
+concerning their duty--but upon going to the office of the Surgeon in
+charge of that department, would find that a certain number of surgeons
+were detailed every morning to visit those hospitals, and were faithfully
+performing their duty; but that the number of hospitals and patients were
+increasing so fast that it required all day to make the tour. Consequently
+the last ones visited were obliged to wait and suffer--without any blame
+attaching to the surgeons.
+
+Then another great evil was to be remedied--there were thousands of sick
+men to be taken care of--but for these the Government had made no
+provision as regards more delicate kinds of food--nothing but hard bread,
+coffee and pork, for sick and well, alike. The Sanitary Commission had not
+yet come into operation and the consequence was our poor sick soldiers
+suffered unspeakably from want of proper nourishment. I was speaking upon
+this subject one day to Chaplain B. and his wife--my constant companions
+in hospital labor--when Mrs. B. suggested that she and I should appeal to
+the sympathies of the ladies of Washington and Georgetown, and try our
+hand at begging. I agreed to the proposal at once, and wondered why I had
+not thought of it myself--among all my schemes for alleviating the
+sufferings of these men, it had never entered into my head to _beg_ for
+them. We decided to go to Georgetown first and if we succeeded there, to
+canvass Washington. So we started, and commenced operations by calling
+first upon a clergyman's wife. We made inquiry there with regard to our
+prospects of success, and the sentiments of the ladies generally upon the
+war question, and finding that the majority were in our favor, we started
+again quite hopefully--but not until the lady above mentioned had given us
+an order on her grocer to the amount of five dollars. I gave Sister B. the
+credit of that, for I had introduced her as the wife of the Rev. Mr. B.,
+chaplain of the 7th. Then I suggested that we should separate for a few
+hours--she to take one street and I another, so that we might sooner get
+through the city. My next call was at a doctor's mansion, but I did not
+find the lady at home; however, I learned that the doctor in question
+kept a drug-store near by; she might be there; went, but found no lady;
+thought fit to make my business known to the doctor, and the consequence
+was, half a dozen bottles of blackberry wine and two of lemon syrup, with
+a cordial invitation to call again. So prospered our mission throughout
+the day, and at the close of it we had a sufficient supply of groceries,
+brandy, ice, jellies, etc., to fill our little ambulance; and oh, what a
+change those little delicacies wrought upon our poor sick boys. We were
+encouraged by that day's work, to continue our efforts in that direction,
+and finally made Dr. W.'s store a depot for the donations of those kind
+friends who wished to assist us in restoring to health the defenders of
+our beloved country.
+
+Typhoid fever began to make its appearance in camp, as the burning sun of
+June came pouring down upon us, and the hospitals were soon crowded with
+its victims. It was then that my labors began in earnest, and as I went
+from tent to tent, ministering to the wants of those delirious, helpless
+men, I wondered if there ever was a "Missionary Field" which promised a
+richer harvest, than the one in which I was already engaged; and oh, how
+thankful I was that it was my privilege to take some small part in so
+great a work.
+
+I shall notice, briefly, the manner in which the hospitals are conducted
+in camp. There are large tents furnished for hospital purposes, which
+will accommodate from twenty to twenty-five men. These tents are usually
+put up in the most pleasant and shady part of the camp; the inside is
+nicely leveled, and board floors laid, if boards can be procured, if not,
+rubber blankets are laid down instead. Sometimes there are straw ticks and
+cot bedsteads furnished, but not in sufficient quantity to supply all the
+hospitals. Along each side of the tent the sick are laid, on blankets or
+cots, leaving room to pass between the beds. In the center of the tent
+stands a temporary board table, on which are kept books, medicines, et
+cetera. The hospital corps consists of a surgeon, an assistant surgeon, a
+hospital steward, a ward-master, four nurses, two cooks, and a man of all
+work to carry water, cut wood, and make himself generally useful. The
+immediate care of the sick devolves upon those four nurses, who are
+generally detailed from the ranks, each one being on duty six hours
+without intermission. The surgeons visit the patients twice every day,
+oftener if required; the prescriptions are filled by the hospital steward,
+and the medicine is administered by the nurses. The nurses are usually
+very kind to the sick, and when off duty in the hospital, spend much of
+their time in digging drains around the tents, planting evergreens, and
+putting up awnings, all of which add much to the coolness and comfort of
+the hospital. Draining the grounds is a very important part of hospital
+duty, for when those terrible thunder-storms come, which are so frequent
+in the south, it is morally impossible to keep the tent floors from being
+flooded, unless there are drains all around the tents. Great excitement
+prevails in camp during those tempests--the rain comes down in torrents,
+while the wind blows a hurricane--lifting the tents from the ground, and
+throwing everything into wild confusion. I have seen a dozen men stand for
+hours around one hospital, holding down the ropes and tent poles to
+prevent the sick from being exposed to the raging elements.
+
+In one of those storms, I saw a tent blown down, in which one of our
+officers lay suffering from typhoid fever. We did our best to keep him dry
+until a stretcher could be procured, but all in vain. Notwithstanding we
+wrapped him in rubber blankets and shawls, yet the rain penetrated them
+all, and by the time he was carried to a house, a quarter of a mile
+distant, he was completely drenched. He was a noble fellow and I love to
+speak of him. Mrs. B. and I remained with him alternately until he died,
+which was five days from that time. We sent for his wife, who arrived just
+in time to see him die. He was unconscious when she came, and we were
+standing around his cot watching every shadow which the sable wing of
+advancing death cast upon his features, and eagerly looking for a single
+ray of returning reason. He looked up suddenly, and seeing his wife
+standing weeping, he beckoned her to come to him. Kneeling beside him, she
+bent her ear close to the lips of the dying man. He whispered distinctly,
+"I am going--the way is bright, don't weep--farewell!" A little later he
+was asked, "What is the foundation of your hope of Heaven?" His face was
+calm and beautiful in its expression, and his splendid dark eyes lit up
+with holy confidence and trust, as he replied, "Christ--Christ!" These
+were his last words. Glorious words for a dying soldier. He lingered a few
+hours, and then quietly and peacefully breathed out his life. So passed
+away one of the most exemplary men it has ever been my lot to meet, either
+in the army or elsewhere. The same day, the sorrowing widow, with the
+remains of her beloved and noble husband, started for her northern home;
+and that christian patriot now sleeps in a beautiful little cemetery near
+the city of Detroit, Michigan, having rendered up his life a willing
+sacrifice for his country.
+
+Mrs. B. was desirous of visiting some of the public buildings in
+Washington and wished me to accompany her. I did so, but found that it was
+almost impossible to get along through the crowded streets. The gallant
+troops were coming in by thousands from every loyal State in the Union.
+The Capitol and White House were common places of resort for soldiers.
+Arms were stacked in the rotunda of the one and the lobbies of the other,
+while our "noble boys in blue" lounged in the cushioned seats of members
+of Congress, or reclined in easy chairs in the President's Mansion.
+
+Camps of instruction were prepared near the city, while every hillside and
+valley for miles around was thickly dotted with snow white tents. Soldiers
+drilling, fatigue parties building forts, artillery practicing, and the
+supply trains moving to and from the various headquarters, presented a
+picture deeply interesting. As I rode from camp to camp and contemplated
+that immense army concentrating its force on the banks of the Potomac, and
+saw with what zeal and enthusiasm the soldiers entered upon their duties,
+I could but feel assured of the speedy termination of the conflict, and
+look forward with eager anticipation to the day when that mighty host
+would advance upon the enemy, and like an overwhelming torrent sweep
+rebellion from the land.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+    MARCHING ORDERS--REMOVAL OF THE SICK--A YOUNG PATIENT--VISIT FROM HIS
+    MOTHER--MARCH TOWARD MANASSAS--COLLECTING SUPPLIES--FATIGUES OF THE
+    MARCH--PREPARATIONS FOR BATTLE--A CAMP PRAYER MEETING--DIVISIONS
+    DETAILED--MY PLACE ON THE FIELD--"RATHER CLOSE QUARTERS"--A BATTLE
+    SUNDAY--SKULKING FROM THE FIELD.
+
+
+Marching orders received to-day--two days more, and the Army of the
+Potomac will be on its way to Bull Run. I find this registered in my
+journal July 15th, 1861, without any comment whatever. But I do not
+require a journal to refresh my memory with regard to the events of those
+two days of preparation which followed their announcement. The Army of the
+Potomac was soon to meet the enemy for the first time--a great battle was
+to be fought. Oh, what excitement and enthusiasm that order
+produced--nothing could be heard but the wild cheering of the men, as
+regiment after regiment received their orders. The possibility of a defeat
+never seemed to enter the mind of any. All the sick in camp now were to be
+sent to Washington, clothes changed, knapsacks packed, letters written
+home, packages sent to the express office, etc. After all was done,
+everything in readiness, and the sick men tenderly laid in the ambulances,
+Mrs. B. said: "Now let us go to every ambulance and bid the boys
+good-bye." As we passed along from one ambulance to another, speaking
+words of encouragement to each soldier, many a tear would start from
+grateful eyes, and many a feeble voice uttered an earnest "God bless you,"
+while others would draw from their bosoms some cherished relic, and give
+as a token of remembrance. Oh how hard it was to part with those men, with
+whom we had watched so many weary days and nights--we felt that they had,
+truly, "become endeared to us through suffering."
+
+There was one patient, however, we did not put into an ambulance, and who
+was a great source of anxiety to us. He lay there upon a stretcher close
+by, waiting to be carried to a house not far distant. He was young, not
+seventeen, with clear blue eyes, curly auburn hair, and a broad, white
+brow; his mother's pride, and an only son. Two weeks previously he had
+been attacked with typhoid fever. The surgeon said, "You may do all you
+can for him, but it is a hopeless case." Mrs. B. had devoted most of her
+time to him and I was often called to assist her. He was delirious and
+became quite unmanageable at times, and it required all the strength we
+possessed to keep him in bed; but now the delirium of fever had passed
+away and he was helpless as an infant. We had written for his mother to
+come if possible, and had just received a letter from her, stating that
+she was on her way to Washington; but would she come before we were
+obliged to leave? Oh, we hoped so, and were anxiously looking for her.
+
+The ambulances started with their freight of emaciated, suffering men.
+Slowly that long train wound its way toward the city looking like a great
+funeral procession, and sadly we turned to our remaining patient, who was
+deeply affected at the removal of his comrades. He was then carried to the
+house above mentioned and a nurse left to take care of him, while we were
+obliged to prepare for our own comfort on the long weary march which was
+so near at hand. We had just commenced to pack our saddle-bags, when we
+heard an unusual noise, as of some one crying piteously, and going out to
+learn the cause of the excitement, whom should we find but the mother of
+our handsome blue-eyed patient. She had called at the surgeon's tent to
+inquire for her son, and he had told her that all the sick had been sent
+to Washington, he having forgotten for the moment, the exception with
+regard to her son. The first words I heard were spoken in the most
+touching manner--"Oh, why did you send away my boy? I wrote you I was
+coming; Oh, why did you send him away!"
+
+I shall never forget the expression of that mother's face as she stood
+there wringing her hands and repeating the question. We very soon
+rectified the mistake which the surgeon had made, and in a few moments she
+was kneeling by the bedside of her darling boy, and we returned rejoicing
+that it had been our privilege to "deliver him to his mother." Oh, how
+many, who come to Washington in search of loved ones, are caused
+unnecessary pain, yes, weeks of torturing suspense and fruitless search,
+in consequence of some little mistake on the part of a surgeon, a nurse,
+or some person who is supposed to know just where the sought for are to be
+found.
+
+The 17th of July dawned bright and clear, and everything being in
+readiness, the Army of the Potomac took up its line of march for Manassas.
+In gay spirits the army moved forward, the air resounding with the music
+of the regimental bands, and patriotic songs of the soldiers. No gloomy
+forebodings seemed to damp the spirits of the men, for a moment, but "On
+to Richmond," was echoed and re-echoed, as that vast army moved rapidly
+over the country. I felt strangely out of harmony with the wild, joyous
+spirit which pervaded the troops. As I rode slowly along, watching those
+long lines of bayonets as they gleamed and flashed in the sunlight, I
+thought that many, very many, of those enthusiastic men who appeared so
+eager to meet the enemy, would never return to relate the success or
+defeat of that splendid army. Even if victory should perch upon their
+banners, and I had no doubt it would, yet many noble lives must be
+sacrificed ere it could be obtained.
+
+The main column reached Fairfax toward evening and encamped for the night.
+Col. R.'s wife of the Second ----, Mrs. B. and myself were, I think, the
+only three females who reached Fairfax that night. The day had been
+extremely hot, and not being accustomed to ride all day beneath a burning
+sun, we felt its effects very sensibly, and consequently, hailed with joy
+the order to encamp for the night. Notwithstanding the heat and fatigue of
+the day's march, the troops were in high spirits, and immediately began
+preparing supper. Some built fires while others went in search of, and
+appropriated, every available article which might in any way add to the
+comfort of hungry and fatigued men.
+
+The whole neighborhood was ransacked for milk, butter, eggs, poultry, etc.
+which were found insufficient in quantity to supply the wants of such a
+multitude. There might have been heard some stray shots fired in the
+direction of a field where a drove of cattle were quietly grazing; and
+soon after the odor of fresh steak was issuing from every part of the
+camp. I wish to state, however, that all "raids" made upon hen-coops, etc.
+were contrary to the orders of the General in command, for during the day
+I had seen men put under arrest for shooting chickens by the roadside.
+
+I was amused to hear the answer of a hopeful young darkey cook, when
+interrogated with regard to the broiled chickens and beef steak which he
+brought on for supper. Col. R. demanded, in a very stern voice, "Jack,
+where did you get that beef steak and those chickens?" "Massa, I'se
+carried dem cl'ar from Washington; thought I'd cook 'em 'fore dey
+sp'il'd"; and then added, with a broad grin, "I aint no thief, I aint."
+Col. R. replied: "That will do, Jack, you can go now." Then the Colonel
+told us how he had seen Jack running out of a house, as he rode along, and
+a woman ran out calling after him with all her might, but Jack never
+looked behind him, but escaped as fast as he could, and was soon out of
+sight. Said he, "I thought the young rascal had been up to some mischief,
+so I rode up and asked the woman what was the matter, and found he had
+stolen all her chickens; I asked her how much they were worth; she
+"reckoned" about two dollars. I think she made a pretty good hit, for
+after I paid her, she told me she had had only two chickens." Supper being
+over, pickets posted, and camp guards detailed, all became quiet for the
+night.
+
+Early the next morning the reveille beat, the whole camp was soon in
+motion, and after a slight breakfast from our haversacks the march was
+resumed. The day was very hot, and we found great difficulty in obtaining
+water, the want of which caused the troops much suffering. Many of the
+men were sun-struck, and others began to drop out of the ranks from
+exhaustion. All such as were not able to march were put into ambulances
+and sent back to Washington. Toward noon, the tedium of the march began to
+be enlivened by sharp volleys of musketry, in the direction of the advance
+guard; but those alarms were only occasioned by our skirmishers, pouring a
+volley into everything which looked as if it might contain a masked
+battery, or a band of the enemy's sharpshooters.
+
+Considerable excitement prevailed throughout the day, as we were every
+hour in expectation of meeting the enemy. Carefully feeling its way,
+however, the army moved steadily on, investigating every field, building,
+and ravine, for miles in front and to the right and left, until it reached
+Centerville, where we halted for the night.
+
+The troops now began to feel the effects of the march, and there was
+evidently a lack of that pic-nic hilarity which had characterized them the
+day before. Several regiments had been supplied with new shoes the day
+before leaving camp, and they found by sad experience, that they were not
+the most comfortable things to march in, as their poor blistered feet
+testified; in many cases their feet were literally raw, the thick woolen
+stockings having chafed the skin off. Mrs. B. and I, having provided
+ourselves before leaving camp, with a quantity of linen, bandages, lint,
+ointment, etc. found it very convenient now, even before a shot had been
+fired by the enemy.
+
+Our surgeons began to prepare for the coming battle, by appropriating
+several buildings and fitting them up for the wounded--among others the
+stone church at Centerville--a church which many a soldier will remember,
+as long as memory lasts. Late that evening as I was returning from this
+church, accompanied by Mr. and Mrs. B., I proposed that we should walk
+through the entire camp to see how the boys were employed, on this, the
+eve of their first battle. We found many engaged in writing by the
+glimmering light of the camp-fire--soldiers always carry writing materials
+on a march; some were reading their bibles, perhaps with more than usual
+interest; while others sat in groups, conversing in low earnest tones; but
+the great mass were stretched upon the ground, wrapped in their blankets,
+fast asleep, and all unconscious of the dangers of the morrow.
+
+We were about to return to our quarters in a log cabin built by the rebel
+soldiers, and which had been evacuated only a few days previous, when we
+heard several voices singing in a little grove not far from camp. We
+turned and walked toward the grove, until we could hear distinctly, the
+words of the following beautiful hymn:
+
+  "O, for a faith that will not shrink,
+    Though press'd by every foe,
+  That will not tremble on the brink
+    Of any earthly woe;
+
+  That will not murmur or complain
+    Beneath the chastening rod,
+  But, in the hour of grief and pain,
+    Will lean upon its God;
+
+  A faith that shines more bright and clear
+    When tempests rage without;
+  That, when in danger, knows no fear,
+    In darkness knows no doubt."
+
+"Ah!" exclaimed Mr. B., "I recognize Willie L.'s voice there. I understand
+now; this is Willie's prayer meeting night, and notwithstanding the
+fatigue of the march and blistered feet, he has not forgotten it." We drew
+nearer to listen to and enjoy the exercises unperceived, for no sooner had
+the last words of the hymn died away on the still midnight air, than
+Willie's clear voice rose in prayer, filling the grove with its rich,
+pathetic tones. He prayed for victory on the morrow, for his comrades, for
+loved ones at home, and his voice grew tremulous with emotion, as he plead
+with the Saviour to comfort and support his widowed mother, if he should
+fall in battle.
+
+Then followed a practical talk about being faithful soldiers of Jesus, as
+well as of their beloved country; of the necessity of being prepared at
+any moment, to lay down the cross and take up the crown. One after another
+prayed and spoke, until about a dozen--and that included the whole number
+present--had addressed the Throne of Grace, and testified to the power of
+the Gospel of Christ in the salvation of sinners. No one was called upon
+to pray or speak, no one said he had nothing to say and then talked long
+enough to prove it, no one excused his inability to interest his brethren,
+and no time was lost by delay, but every one did his duty, and did it
+promptly. We retired feeling refreshed and encouraged.
+
+After ascertaining the position of the enemy, Gen. McDowell ordered
+forward three divisions, commanded by Heintzelman, Hunter and Tyler, Miles
+being left in reserve at Centerville. Sunday morning before dawn, those
+three divisions moved forward, presenting a magnificent spectacle, as
+column after column wound its way over the green hills and through the
+hazy valleys, with the soft moonlight falling on the long lines of shining
+steel. Not a drum or bugle was heard during the march, and the deep
+silence was only broken by the rumbling of artillery, the muffled tread of
+infantry, or the low hum of thousands of subdued voices.
+
+The divisions separated where three roads branch off toward Bull Run, each
+taking the road leading to its respective position. Soon the morning broke
+bright and clear, bringing the two contending armies in plain sight of
+each other. The enemy was posted on heights that rose in regular slopes
+from the shore crowned here and there by earthworks. The woods that
+interfered with his cannon ranges had all been cut away, and his guns had
+a clean sweep of every approach. On our side the descent was more
+gradual, and covered with a dense forest. The roar of artillery soon
+announced that the battle had actually commenced.
+
+Mrs. B. and myself took our position on the field, according to orders, in
+connection with Gen. Heintzelman's division, having delivered our horses
+to Jack for safe keeping, with strict orders to remain where he was, for
+we might require them at any moment. I imagine now, I see Mrs. B., as she
+stood there, looking as brave as possible, with her narrow brimmed leghorn
+hat, black cloth riding habit, shortened to walking length by the use of a
+page, a silver-mounted seven-shooter in her belt, a canteen of water swung
+over one shoulder and a flask of brandy over the other, and a haversack
+with provision, lint, bandages, adhesive plaster, etc. hanging by her
+side. She was tall and slender, with dark brown hair, pale face, and blue
+eyes.
+
+Chaplain B. sat upon his horse looking as solemn as if standing face to
+face with the angel of death. The first man I saw killed was a gunner
+belonging to Col. R.'s command. A shell had burst in the midst of the
+battery, killing one and wounding three men and two horses. Mr. B. jumped
+from his horse, hitched it to a tree, and ran forward to the battery; Mrs.
+B. and I following his example as fast as we could. I stooped over one of
+the wounded, who lay upon his face weltering in his blood; I raised his
+head, and who should it be but Willie L. He was mortally wounded in the
+breast, and the tide of life was fast ebbing away; the stretchers were
+soon brought, and he was carried from the field.
+
+Seeing the disaster from a distance, Col. R. rode up to the battery, and
+as he was engaged in giving orders, a solid shot came whizzing by in such
+close proximity to his head, that it stunned him for a moment; but soon
+recovering, he turned up the side of his head and shrugged his shoulders,
+a peculiarity of his, and in his usual nasal twang, said, "rather close
+quarters," and rode away, apparently as unconcerned as if it had been a
+humming bird which crossed his path. But not content with admonishing the
+Colonel, the same shot struck my poor little flask of brandy which lay
+near me on a drum-head, shattering it as spitefully as if sent by the
+combined force of the Order of "Good Templars."
+
+Now the battle began to rage with terrible fury. Nothing could be heard
+save the thunder of artillery, the clash of steel, and the continuous roar
+of musketry. Oh, what a scene for the bright sun of a holy Sabbath morning
+to shine upon! Instead of the sweet influences which we associate with the
+Sabbath--the chiming of church bells calling us to the house of prayer,
+the Sabbath school, and all the solemn duties of the sanctuary, there was
+confusion, destruction and death. There was no place of safety for miles
+around; the safest place was the post of duty. Many that day who turned
+their backs upon the enemy and sought refuge in the woods some two miles
+distant, were found torn to pieces by shell, or mangled by cannon ball--a
+proper reward for those who, insensible to shame, duty, or patriotism,
+desert their cause and comrades in the trying hour of battle, and skulk
+away cringing under the fear of death.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+    WATER FOR THE WOUNDED--COL. CAMERON KILLED--SCENES ON THE
+    BATTLE-FIELD--BURNSIDE'S BRIGADE--CAPTURE OF GRIFFIN'S AND RICKETT'S
+    BATTERIES--REBELS REINFORCED--THE PANIC AND RETREAT--THE WOUNDED AT
+    CENTERVILLE--MY RECONNOISSANCE--AN INSANE WOMAN ON THE FIELD--HIDING
+    FROM THE ENEMY--RETURN TO THE WOUNDED--EXPECTATION OF CAPTURE--ESCAPE
+    FROM THE REBELS--MY WALK TO ALEXANDRIA--FOOTSORE AND WEARY--ARRIVAL IN
+    WASHINGTON--LETTERS FROM DEAD SOLDIERS' FRIENDS.
+
+
+I was hurried off to Centerville, a distance of seven miles, for a fresh
+supply of brandy, lint, etc. When I returned, the field was literally
+strewn with wounded, dead and dying. Mrs. B. was nowhere to be found. Had
+she been killed or wounded? A few moments of torturing suspense and then I
+saw her coming toward me, running her horse with all possible speed, with
+about fifty canteens hanging from the pommel of her saddle. To all my
+inquiries there was but one answer: "Don't stay to care for the wounded
+now; the troops are famishing with thirst and are beginning to fall back."
+Mr. B. then rode up with the same order, and we three started for a spring
+a mile distant, having gathered up the empty canteens which lay strewn on
+the field. This was the nearest spring; the enemy knew it, and
+consequently had posted sharpshooters within rifle range to prevent the
+troops being supplied with water. Notwithstanding this, we filled our
+canteens, while the Minnie balls fell thick and fast around us, and
+returned in safety to distribute the fruits of our labor among the
+exhausted men.
+
+We spent three hours in this manner, while the tide of battle rolled on
+more fiercely than before, until the enemy made a desperate charge on our
+troops driving them back and taking full possession of the spring.
+Chaplain B.'s horse was shot through the neck and bled to death in a few
+moments. Then Mrs. B. and I dismounted and went to work again among the
+wounded.
+
+Not long afterwards Col. Cameron, brother of the Secretary of War, came
+dashing along the line, shouting, "Come on boys, the rebels are in full
+retreat." The words had scarcely been uttered when he fell, pierced to the
+heart by a bullet. Surgeon P. was on the ground in an instant, but nothing
+could be done for him; his wound was mortal, and he soon ceased to
+breathe. There was no time to carry off the dead; we folded his arms
+across his breast, closed his eyes, and left him in the cold embrace of
+death.
+
+Still the battle continues without cessation; the grape and canister fill
+the air as they go screaming on their fearful errand; the sight of that
+field is perfectly appalling; men tossing their arms wildly calling for
+help; there they lie bleeding, torn and mangled; legs, arms and bodies are
+crushed and broken as if smitten by thunder-bolts; the ground is crimson
+with blood; it is terrible to witness. Burnside's brigade is being mown
+down like grass by the rebel batteries; the men are not able to stand that
+terrible storm of shot and shell; they begin to waver and fall back
+slowly, but just at the right moment Capt. Sykes comes up to their relief
+with his command of regulars. They sweep up the hill where Burnside's
+exhausted, shattered brigade still lingers, and are greeted with a shout
+of joy, such as none but soldiers, who are almost overpowered by a fierce
+enemy, and are reinforced by their brave comrades, can give.
+
+Onward they go, close up to the cloud of flame and smoke rolling from the
+hill upon which the rebel batteries are placed--their muskets are
+leveled--there is a click, click--a sheet of flame--a deep roll like that
+of thunder, and the rebel gunners are seen to stagger and fall. The guns
+become silent, and in a few moments are abandoned. This seems to occasion
+great confusion in the rebel ranks. Regiments were scattered, and
+officers were seen riding furiously and shouting their orders, which were
+heard above the roar and din of battle.
+
+Captain Griffin's and Rickett's batteries are ordered forward to an
+eminence from which the rebels have been driven. They come into position
+and open a most destructive fire which completely routs the enemy. The
+battle seems almost won and the enemy is retreating in confusion. Hear
+what rebel Gen. Johnson says of his prospects at that time, in his
+official report: "The long contest against a powerful enemy, and heavy
+losses, especially of field officers, had greatly discouraged the troops
+of Gen. Bee and Col. Evans. The aspect of affairs was critical." Another
+writes: "Fighting for hours under a burning sun, without a drop of water,
+the conduct of our men could not be excelled; but human endurance has its
+bounds, and all seemed about to be lost." This goes to prove that it was a
+desperately hard fought battle on both sides, and if no fresh troops had
+been brought into the field, the victory would assuredly have been ours.
+
+But just as our army is confident of success, and is following up the
+advantage which it has gained, rebel reinforcements arrive and turn the
+tide of battle. Two rebel regiments of fresh troops are sent to make a
+flank movement in order to capture Griffin's and Rickett's batteries.
+They march through the woods, reach the top of the hill, and form a line
+so completely in our rear as to fire almost upon the backs of the gunners.
+Griffin sees them approach, but supposes them to be his supports sent by
+Major Barry. However looking more intently at them, he thinks they are
+rebels, and turns his guns upon them. Just as he is about to give the
+order to fire, Major B. rides up shouting, "They are your supports, don't
+fire." "No, sir, they are rebels," replied Capt. Griffin. "I tell you,
+sir, they are your supports," said Major B. In obedience to orders the
+guns were turned again, and while in the act of doing so, the supposed
+supports fired a volley upon the gunners. Men and horses went down in an
+instant. A moment more and those famous batteries were in the hands of the
+enemy.
+
+The news of this disaster spread along our lines like wildfire; officers
+and men were alike confounded; regiment after regiment broke and ran, and
+almost immediately the panic commenced. Companies of cavalry were drawn up
+in line across the road, with drawn sabers, but all was not sufficient to
+stop the refluent tide of fugitives. Then came the artillery thundering
+along, drivers lashing their horses furiously, which greatly added to the
+terror of the panic stricken thousands crowded together en masse. In this
+manner we reached Centerville where order was in some measure restored.
+
+Mrs. B. and I made our way to the stone church around which we saw stacks
+of dead bodies piled up, and arms and legs were thrown together in heaps.
+But how shall I describe the scene within the church at that hour. Oh,
+there was suffering there which no pen can ever describe. One case I can
+never forget. It was that of a poor fellow whose legs were both broken
+above the knees, and from the knees to the thighs they were literally
+smashed to fragments. He was dying; but oh, what a death was that. He was
+insane, perfectly wild, and required two persons to hold him. Inflammation
+had set in, and was rapidly doing its work; death soon released him, and
+it was a relief to all present as well as to the poor sufferer.
+
+I went to another dying one who was bearing patiently all his sufferings.
+Oh, poor pale face! I see it now, with its white lips and beseeching eyes;
+and then the touching inquiry, "Do you think I'll die before morning?" I
+told him I thought he would, and asked: "Has death any terrors for you?"
+He smiled that beautiful trusting smile which we sometimes see on the lips
+of the dying saint, as he replied: "Oh no, I shall soon be asleep in
+Jesus"; and then in a low plaintive voice he repeated the verse
+commencing,
+
+  Asleep in Jesus, blessed sleep.
+
+While I stood beside him thus, someone tapped me on the shoulder. On
+turning round I was beckoned to the side of one who was laid in a corner,
+on the floor, with his face toward the wall. I knelt beside him and asked:
+"What can I do for you, my friend?" He opened his eyes, with an effort,
+and said, "I wish you to take that," pointing to a small package which lay
+beside him, "keep it until you get to Washington, and then, if it is not
+too much trouble, I want you to write to mother and tell her how I was
+wounded, and that I died trusting in Jesus." Then I knew that I was
+kneeling beside Willie L. He was almost gone--just ready "to lay down the
+cross and take up the crown." He signed to me to come nearer; and as I did
+so, he put his hand to his head and tried to separate a lock of hair with
+his fingers, but his strength failed; however, I understood that he wished
+me to cut off a lock to send to his mother with the package. When he saw
+that I understood him he seemed pleased that his last request was complied
+with.
+
+Chaplain B. came and prayed with him, and while he was praying, the happy
+spirit of Willie returned to Him who gave it. Heaven gained in this
+instance another soul, but there was mourning in that widowed mother's
+heart. I thought, oh, how appropriate were the words of the poet to that
+lonely mother:
+
+  Not on the tented field,
+    O terror-fronted War!
+  Not on the battle-field,
+    All thy bleeding victims are;
+
+  But in the lowly homes
+    Where sorrow broods like death,
+  And fast the mother's sobs
+    Rise with each quick-drawn breath.
+
+  That dimmed eye, fainting close--
+    And she may not be nigh!
+  'Tis mothers die--O God!
+    'Tis but we mothers die.
+
+Our hearts and hands being fully occupied with such scenes as these, we
+thought of nothing else. We knew nothing of the true state of affairs
+outside, nor could we believe it possible when we learned that the whole
+army had retreated toward Washington, leaving the wounded in the hands of
+the enemy, and us, too, in rather an unpleasant situation. I could not
+believe the stern truth, and was determined to find out for myself.
+Consequently I went back to the heights, where I had seen the troops stack
+their guns and throw themselves upon the ground at night-fall, but no
+troops were there. I thought then that they had merely changed their
+position, and that by going over the field I should certainly find them. I
+had not gone far before I saw a camp fire in the distance. Supposing that
+I had found a clue to the secret, I made all haste toward the fire; but as
+I drew near I saw but one solitary figure sitting by it, and that was the
+form of a female.
+
+Upon going up to her I recognised her as one of the washerwomen of our
+army, I asked her what she was doing there and where the army had gone.
+Said she: "I don't know anything about the army; I am cooking my husband's
+supper, and am expecting him home every minute; see what a lot of things I
+have got for him," pointing to a huge pile of blankets, haversacks and
+canteens which she had gathered up, and over which she had constituted
+herself sentinel. I soon found out that the poor creature had become
+insane. The excitement of battle had proved too much for her, and all my
+endeavors to persuade her to come with me were unavailing. I had no time
+to spare, for I was convinced that the army had really decamped.
+
+Once more I started in the direction of Centerville. I had not gone more
+than a few rods before I heard the clatter of horses' hoofs. I stopped,
+and looking in the direction of the fire I had just quitted, I saw a squad
+of cavalry ride up to the woman who still sat there. Fortunately I had no
+horse to make a noise or attract attention, having left mine at the
+hospital with the intention of returning immediately. It was evident to my
+mind that those were the enemy's cavalry, and that it was necessary for me
+to keep out of sight if possible until they were gone. Then the thought
+came to me that the woman at the fire knew no better than to tell them
+that I had been there a few minutes before. Happily, however, I was near a
+fence, against which there were great piles of brush, and as the night was
+becoming very dark and it was beginning to rain, I thought I could remain
+undetected, at least until morning. My suspicions proved to be correct.
+They were coming toward me, and compelling the woman to come and show them
+the direction I had taken; I decided to crawl under one of those brush
+heaps, which I did, and had scarcely done so, when up they came and
+stopped over against the identical pile in which I was concealed.
+
+One of the men said "See here old woman, are you sure that she can tell us
+if we find her?" "Oh, yes, she can tell you, I know she can," was the
+woman's reply. They would go away a little distance and then come back
+again; by and by they began to accuse the woman of playing a false game;
+then they swore, threatened to shoot her, and she began to cry. All this
+was an interesting performance I admit; but I did not enjoy it quite so
+much, in consequence of being rather uncomfortably near the performers. At
+last they gave it up as a hopeless case and rode away taking the woman
+with them, and I was left in blissful ignorance of the mystery which they
+wished me to unravel, and for once in my life I rejoiced at not having my
+"curiosity" gratified.
+
+I remained there until the last echo of their retreating footsteps had
+died away in the distance; then I came forth very cautiously and made my
+way to Centerville, where the interesting intelligence awaited me that Mr.
+and Mrs. B. had gone, and had taken my horse, supposing that I had been
+taken prisoner.
+
+The village of Centerville was not yet occupied by the rebels, so that I
+might have made my escape without any further trouble; but how could I go
+and leave those hospitals full of dying men, without a soul to give them a
+drink of water? I must go into that Stone Church once more, even at the
+risk of being taken prisoner. I did so--and the cry of "Water," "water,"
+was heard above the groans of the dying. Chaplain B. had told them before
+leaving that they would soon be in the hands of the enemy--that the army
+had retreated to Washington, and that there was no possibility of removing
+the wounded. There they lay, calmly awaiting the approach of their cruel
+captors, and apparently prepared to accept with resignation any fate which
+their cruelty might suggest. Oh, how brave those men were! What moral
+courage they possessed! Nothing but the grace of God and a right
+appreciation of the great cause in which they had nobly fought, and bled,
+could reconcile them to such suffering and humiliation.
+
+They all urged me to leave them, and not subject myself to the barbarous
+treatment which I would be likely to receive if I should be taken
+prisoner, adding--"If you do stay the rebels will not let you do anything
+for us." One of the men said: "Dr. E. has only been gone a little
+while--he extracted three balls from my leg and arm, and that, too, with
+his pen-knife. I saw twenty-one balls which he had taken from the limbs of
+men in this hospital. He was determined to remain with us, but we would
+not consent, for we knew he would not be allowed to do any more for us
+after the rebels came; and you must go too, and go very soon or they will
+be here."
+
+After placing water within the reach of as many as could use their arms,
+and giving some to those who could not--I turned to leave them, with
+feelings that I cannot describe; but ere I reached the door a feeble voice
+called me back--it was that of a young officer from Massachusetts; he held
+in his hand a gold locket, and as he handed it to me he said--"Will you
+please to open it?" I did so, and then held it for him to take a last look
+at the picture which it contained. He grasped it eagerly and pressed it to
+his lips again and again. The picture was that of a lady of rare beauty,
+with an infant in her arms. She seemed scarcely more than a child herself;
+on the opposite side was printed her name and address. While he still
+gazed upon it with quivering lip, and I stood there waiting for some
+tender message for the loved ones, the unmistakable tramp of cavalry was
+heard in the street--a moment more, and I had snatched the locket from the
+hands of the dying man and was gone.
+
+The streets were full of cavalry, but not near enough to discover me, as
+the night was exceedingly dark and the rain came down in torrents. One
+glance was sufficient to convince me that I could not escape by either
+street. The only way was to climb a fence and go across lots, which I
+immediately did, and came out on the Fairfax road about a mile from the
+village, and then started for Washington on the "double quick." I did not
+reach Alexandria until noon the next day--almost exhausted, and my shoes
+literally worn off my feet. Having walked all the way from Centerville in
+the rain, without food, together with want of sleep and the fatigue of the
+past week, caused me to present rather an interesting appearance. I
+remained there two days before I could persuade my limbs to bear the
+weight of my body. I then made my way to Washington, where I found my
+friends quite anxious lest I had fallen into the hands of the enemy. A
+number of men from whom I had received packages, money, etc., before going
+into battle, and who reached Washington two days before I did, had come to
+the conclusion that they had taken a pretty sure way of sending those
+precious things to Richmond, and therefore my arrival was rather an
+important event, and I was greeted with a hearty welcome.
+
+My first duty was to attend to those dying soldiers' requests, which I did
+immediately by writing to their friends and inclosing the articles which I
+had received from the hands of those loved ones who were now cold in
+death. The answers to many of those letters lie before me while I write,
+and are full of gratitude and kind wishes. One in particular I cannot read
+without weeping. It is from Willie's Mother. The following are a few
+extracts: "Oh, can it be that my Willie will return to me no more? Shall I
+never see my darling boy again, until I see him clothed in the
+righteousness of Christ--thank God I shall see him then--I shall see him
+then."
+
+  Now with all the mother's heart
+  Torn and quivering with the smart,
+  I yield him, 'neath the chastening rod,
+  To my country and my God.
+
+"Oh, how I want to kiss those hands that closed my darling's eyes, and
+those lips which spoke words of comfort to him in a dying hour. The love
+and prayers of a bereaved mother will follow you all through the journey
+of life." Yes, he is gone to return to her no more on earth, but her loss
+is his eternal gain.
+
+  Servant of God well done!
+    Rest from thy loved employ;
+  The battle fought, the victory won,
+    Enter thy Master's joy.
+
+He at least had won a victory--notwithstanding the defeat of the federal
+army. Yes, a glorious victory.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+    WASHINGTON AFTER BULL RUN--DEMORALIZATION OF THE ARMY--SICK
+    SOLDIERS--HOSPITAL SCENES--EXTRACTS FROM MY JOURNAL--SYMPATHY OF
+    SOLDIERS--FISHING FOR THE SICK--A FISH-LOVING DUTCHMAN--REORGANIZATION
+    OF THE ARMY--A VISIT TO THE PICKETS--PICKET DUTIES AND DANGERS--THE
+    ARMY INACTIVE--MCCLELLAN'S ADDRESS--MARCHING ORDERS AGAIN--EMBARKATION
+    OF THE ARMY FOR FORTRESS MONROE--THE CROWDED TRANSPORTS--DESCRIPTIONS
+    OF THE MONITOR--HER BUILD AND ARMAMENT--HER TURRET AND ENGINES.
+
+
+Washington at that time presented a picture strikingly illustrative of
+military life in its most depressing form. To use the words of Captain
+Noyes--"There were stragglers sneaking along through the mud inquiring for
+their regiments, wanderers driven in by the pickets, some with guns and
+some without, while every one you met had a sleepy, downcast appearance,
+and looked as if he would like to hide his head from all the world." Every
+bar-room and groggery seemed filled to overflowing with officers and men,
+and military discipline was nearly, or quite, forgotten for a time in the
+army of the Potomac. While Washington was in this chaotic condition, the
+rebel flag was floating over Munson's Hill, in plain sight of the Federal
+Capital.
+
+When General McClellan took command of the army of the Potomac, he found
+it in a most lamentable condition, and the task of reorganizing and
+disciplining such a mass of demoralized men was a Herculean one. However,
+he proved himself equal to the task, and I think, that even his enemies
+are willing to admit, that there is no parallel case in history where
+there has been more tact, energy and skill displayed in transforming a
+disorganized mob into an efficient and effective army; in fact, of
+bringing order out of confusion.
+
+The hospitals in Washington, Alexandria and Georgetown were crowded with
+wounded, sick, discouraged soldiers. That extraordinary march from Bull
+Run, through rain, mud, and chagrin, did more toward filling the hospitals
+than did the battle itself. I found Mrs. B. in a hospital, suffering from
+typhoid fever, while Chaplain B. was looking after the temporal and
+spiritual wants of the men with his usual energy and sympathy. He had many
+apologies to offer "for running away with my horse," as he termed it.
+There were many familiar faces missing, and it required considerable time
+to ascertain the fate of my friends. Many a weary walk I had from one
+hospital to another to find some missing one who was reported to have been
+sent to such and such a hospital; but after reading the register from top
+to bottom I would find no such name there. Perhaps on my way out, in
+passing the open door of one of the wards, who should I see, laid upon a
+cot, but the very object of my search, and upon returning to the office to
+inform the steward of the fact, I would find that it was a slight mistake;
+in registering the name; instead of being Josiah Phelps, it was Joseph
+Philips; only a slight mistake, but such mistakes cause a great deal of
+trouble sometimes.
+
+Measels, dysentery and typhoid fever were the prevailing diseases after
+the retreat. After spending several days in visiting the different
+hospitals, looking after personal friends, and writing letters for the
+soldiers who were not able to write for themselves, I was regularly
+installed in one of the general hospitals. I will here insert an extract
+from my journal: "Aug. 3d, 1861. Georgetown, D. C. Have been on duty all
+day. John C. is perfectly wild with delirium, and keeps shouting at the
+top of his voice some military command, or, when vivid recollections of
+the battle-field come to his mind, he enacts a pantomime of the terrible
+strife--he goes through the whole manual of arms as correctly as if he
+were in the ranks; and as he, in imagination, loads and fires in quick
+succession, the flashing of his dying eye and the nervous vigor of his
+trembling hands give fearful interest to the supposed encounter with the
+enemy. When we tell him the enemy has retreated, he persists in pursuing;
+and throwing his arms wildly around him he shouts to his men--'Come on and
+fight while there is a rebel left in Virginia!' My friend Lieut. M. is
+extremely weak and nervous, and the wild ravings of J. C. disturb him
+exceedingly. I requested Surgeon P. to have him removed to a more quiet
+ward, and received in reply--'This is the most quiet ward in the whole
+building.' There are five hundred patients here who require constant
+attention, and not half enough nurses to take care of them.
+
+"Oh, what an amount of suffering I am called to witness every hour and
+every moment. There is no cessation, and yet it is strange that the sight
+of all this suffering and death does not affect me more. I am simply eyes,
+ears, hands and feet. It does seem as if there is a sort of stoicism
+granted for such occasions. There are great, strong men dying all around
+me, and while I write there are three being carried past the window to the
+dead room. This is an excellent hospital--everything is kept in good
+order, and the medical officers are skillful, kind and attentive."
+
+The weary weeks went slowly by, while disease and death preyed upon the
+men, and the "Soldiers' Cemetery" was being quickly filled with new made
+graves. The kindness of the soldiers toward each other is proverbial, and
+is manifested in various ways. It is a common thing to see soldiers stand
+guard night after night for sick comrades--and when off duty try, to the
+utmost of their skill, to prepare their food in such a way as to tempt the
+appetite of those poor fellows whom the surgeons "do not consider
+sufficiently ill to excuse from duty;" but their comrades do, and do not
+hesitate to perform their duty and their own also. And when brought to
+camp hospital, helpless, worn down by disease, and fever preying upon
+their vitals--those brave and faithful comrades do not forsake them, but
+come several times every day to inquire how they are, and if there is
+anything they can do for them. And it is touching to see those men, with
+faces bronzed and stern, tenderly bending over the dying, while the tears
+course down their sunburnt cheeks.
+
+There is scarcely a soldier's grave where there is not to be seen some
+marks of this noble characteristic of the soldier--the tastefully cut sod,
+the planted evergreen, the carefully carved head-board, all tell of the
+affectionate remembrance of the loved comrade. You will scarcely find such
+strong and enduring friendship--such a spirit of self-sacrifice, and such
+noble and grateful hearts, as among the soldiers. I think this is one
+reason why the nurses do not feel the fatigue of hospital duty more than
+they do; the gratitude of the men seems to act as a stimulant, and the
+patient, uncomplaining faces of those suffering men almost invariably
+greet you with a smile. I used to think that it was a disgrace for any
+one, under ordinary circumstances, to be heard complaining, when those
+mutilated, pain-racked ones bore everything with such heroic fortitude.
+
+I was not in the habit of going among the patients with a long, doleful
+face, nor intimating by word or look that their case was a hopeless one,
+unless a man was actually dying, and I felt it to be my duty to tell him
+so. Cheerfulness was my motto, and a wonderful effect it had sometimes on
+the despondent, gloomy feelings of discouraged and homesick sufferers. I
+noticed that whenever I failed to arouse a man from such a state of
+feeling, it generally proved a hopeless case. They were very likely not to
+recover if they made up their minds that they must die, and persisted in
+believing that there was no alternative.
+
+There were a great many pleasant things in connection with our camp
+hospital duties. I really enjoyed gratifying some of the whims and strange
+fancies of our poor convalescent boys, with whom I had become quite a
+favorite. As I would pass along through the hospital in the morning, I
+would generally have plenty of assistants in helping to make out my
+programme for the day. For one I had to write letters, read some
+particular book to another, and for a third I must catch some fish. I
+remember on one occasion of an old Dutchman, a typhoid convalescent,
+declaring that he could eat nothing until he could get some fresh fish,
+and of course I must procure them for him. "But," said I, "the doctor must
+be consulted; perhaps he will not think it best for you to have any fish
+yet, until you are stronger." "Vell, I dusn't care for te toctor--he
+dusn't know vat mine appetite ish--te feesh I must have. Oh, mine Cot! I
+must have some feesh." And the old man wept like a child at the thought of
+being disappointed. "Hunter's Creek" was about a mile and a half from
+camp, where Mr. and Mrs. B. and I had spent many an hour fishing and
+shooting at the flocks of wild ducks which frequented it; so, after
+providing myself with hook, line and bait, I made my way to the creek.
+Soon after I commenced operations I drew up a monstrous eel, which defied
+all my efforts to release the hook from its jaws. At last I was obliged to
+draw it into camp by means of the line--and I was amply repaid for my
+trouble on seeing the delight of the convalescents, and especially of my
+old Dutchman, who continued to slap his hands together and say--"Dhat ish
+coot--dhat ish coot." The eel was handed over to the cook to be prepared
+for dinner, and to the great satisfaction of the Dutchman he was permitted
+to enjoy a portion of it.
+
+The army under McClellan began to assume a warlike aspect--perfect order
+and military discipline were observed everywhere among the soldiers. It
+was a splendid sight to see those well drilled troops on dress-parade--or
+being reviewed by their gallant young commander, upon whose shoulders the
+"stars" sat with so much grace and dignity.
+
+The monotony of camp life began to be broken up by armed reconnoissances
+and skirmishing between the pickets. Our lines were pushed forward to
+Lewinsville on the right, and to Munson's Hill in front. The pickets of
+both armies were posted in plain sight of each other, only separated by
+the beautiful corn-fields and peach-orchards. Picket firing was kept up
+all along the lines on both sides, notwithstanding that flags of truce had
+been sent in by both parties, several times, requesting that this
+barbarous practice might cease.
+
+As soon as Mrs. B. was so far recovered as to be able to ride, we started
+one day, accompanied by Mr. B. and Dr. E., for Munson's Hill, to see the
+pickets on duty. We rode along until we came within a short distance of
+the rifle pits where our men were, when the rebels fired upon us. We
+turned and rode back until we came to a clump of trees, where we
+dismounted, hitched our horses, and proceeded the rest of the way on
+foot--part of the way having to crouch along on our hands and knees, in
+order to escape the bullets which were whistling above us. We reached the
+rifle pits in safety, which were close to a rail fence, the rails of which
+were perfectly riddled with Minnie balls. While we sat there looking
+through an opera-glass, whiz! came a ball and struck the rail against
+which my head rested; glancing, it passed through Dr. E.'s cap and lodged
+in the shoulder of one of the men. We remained there until the firing
+ceased, then returned to camp, carrying with us the wounded man.
+
+Picket duty is one of the most perilous and trying duties connected with
+the service. A clergyman-soldier writing upon this subject, briefly
+describes it: "Picket duty at all times is arbitrary, but at night it is
+trebly so. No monarch on a throne, with absolute power, is more
+independent, or exercises greater sway for the time being, than a private
+soldier stationed on his beat with an enemy in front. Darkness veils all
+distinctions. He is not obliged to know his own officers or comrades, or
+the commanding general, only through the means of the countersign. With
+musket loaded and capped he walks his rounds, having to do with matters
+only of life and death, and at the same time clothed with absolute power.
+It is a position of fearful importance and responsibility, one that makes
+a man feel solemn and terribly in earnest. Often, too, these posts are in
+thick woods, where the soldier stands alone, cut off from camp, cut off
+from his fellows, subject only to the harrassings of his own imagination
+and sense of danger. The shadows deepen into inky night; all objects
+around him, even the little birds that were his companions during the day,
+are gathered within the curtains of a hushed repose; but the soldier, with
+every nerve and faculty of his mind strained to the utmost tension of
+keenness and sensibility, speaks only in whispers; his fingers tighten
+round the stock of his musket as he leans forward to catch the sound of
+approaching footsteps, or, in absence of danger, looks longingly up to
+the cold, grey sky, with its wealth of shining stars."
+
+Yes, the picket is exposed to danger constantly, and to various kinds of
+danger. He knows not what moment a lurking foe may spring upon him from
+the darkness, or a bullet from a scout or sharpshooter may reach him at
+any time. Then, too, he is exposed to the raging elements--heat and cold,
+rain and snow; no matter whether in the depths of the forest, or in the
+open plain, or in the rifle-pit standing in water knee deep, the poor
+picket must not heed the storm, but keep both eyes and ears open to catch
+the slightest sound. After severe marches, when the men are greatly
+fatigued, and it seems almost impossible to perform any more duty without
+rest and sleep, some, of course, are sent on picket duty, while the rest
+are permitted to sleep. Oh, how my heart has ached for those men; and it
+seemed to me that the persons and regiments in which I was most interested
+always had the most picket duty to perform.
+
+On the 14th of March General McClellan issued an address to the army of
+the Potomac, announcing the reasons why they had been so long unemployed.
+The battle of Bull Run was fought in July, 1861. It was now March, 1862,
+and during this interval the army of the Potomac, numbering some two
+hundred and fifty thousand men, had been inactive, excepting their daily
+drills behind their entrenchments. The flags of the enemy were in sight.
+Washington was in a state of siege, and not a transport could ascend the
+river without running the gauntlet of the rebel batteries. In his address
+General McClellan announced the reasons for their inactivity as follows:
+
+"Soldiers of the Army of the Potomac: For a long time I have kept you
+inactive, but not without a purpose. You were to be disciplined, armed and
+instructed. The formidable artillery you now have had to be created. Other
+armies were to move and accomplish certain results. I have held you back
+that you might give the death-blow to the rebellion that has distracted
+our once happy country. The patience you have shown, and your confidence
+in your General, are worth a dozen victories. These preliminary results
+are now accomplished. I feel that the patient labors of many months have
+produced their fruit. The army of the Potomac is now a real army,
+magnificent in material, admirable in discipline and instruction,
+excellently equipped and armed. Your commanders are all that I could wish.
+The moment for action has arrived, and I know that I can trust in you to
+save our country. The period of inaction has passed. I will bring you now
+face to face with the rebels, and only pray that God may defend the
+right."
+
+Marching orders were issued once more to the army of the Potomac. The sick
+were sent off, camps broken up, and all stood prepared for another
+encounter with the enemy. The bitter remembrance of the defeat at Bull Run
+still rankled in the minds of the men, and now they were anxious for an
+opportunity to retaliate upon the foe, and win back the laurels they had
+so ingloriously lost upon that disastrous field. Various speculations were
+indulged in with regard to their destination. One prophesied that they
+were going to Richmond by way of Fredericksburg, another was positive that
+they were to go by the way of Manassas, and a third declared that it was
+down the Shenandoah valley to take Richmond on the flank and rear; but, to
+the utter astonishment of all, they were ordered to Alexandria to embark
+for Fortress Monroe. Regiment after regiment was huddled together on board
+until every foot of room was occupied, and there remained but little
+prospect of comfort for either officers or men.
+
+As soon as each transport received its cargo of men, horses and
+provisions, it floated out into the stream, while another steamed up to
+the wharf in its place, until the whole fleet lay side by side, freighted
+with over a hundred thousand human lives, and awaiting the signal to weigh
+anchor. The troops were eager for a campaign; they had lain inactive so
+long, while "victory" thundered all around them, that they were becoming
+impatient to strike another blow at rebellion, and blot out the
+remembrance of the past. Roanoke, Pea Ridge, Newbern, Winchester and
+Donelson--were a succession of victories which had been achieved, and the
+army of the Potomac had not participated in them. The men felt this, and
+were prepared for anything but inactivity. Everything being in readiness,
+the signal was given, and the whole fleet was soon moving in the direction
+of Fortress Monroe, with the stars and stripes floating from every
+mast-head, and the music of national airs awakening the slumbering echoes
+as we swiftly glided over the quiet waters of the Potomac.
+
+The first real object of interest which presented itself was the "Monitor"
+lying off Fortress Monroe. It reminded me of what I once heard a man say
+to his neighbor about his wife; said he, "Neighbor, you might worship your
+wife without breaking either of the ten commandments." "How is that?"
+asked the man; "Because she is not the likeness of anything in heaven
+above, or in the earth beneath, or in the waters under the earth." So
+thought I of the Monitor.
+
+There she sat upon the water a glorious impregnable battery, the wonder of
+the age, the terror of rebels, and the pride of the North. The Monitor is
+so novel in structure that a minute description will be necessary to
+convey an accurate idea of her character. "She has two hulls. The lower
+one is of iron, five-eighths of an inch thick. The bottom is flat, and six
+feet six inches in depth--sharp at both ends, the cut-water retreating at
+an angle of about thirty degrees. The sides, instead of having the
+ordinary bulge, incline at an angle of about fifty-one degrees. This hull
+is one hundred and twenty-four feet long, and thirty-four feet broad at
+the top. Resting on this is the upper hull, flat-bottomed, and both longer
+and wider than the lower hull, so that it projects over in every
+direction, like the guards of a steamboat. It is one hundred and
+seventy-four feet long, forty-one feet four inches wide, and five feet
+deep. These sides constitute the armor of the vessel. In the first place
+is an inner guard of iron, half an inch thick. To this is fastened a wall
+of white oak, placed endways, and thirty inches thick, to which are bolted
+six plates of iron, each an inch thick, thus making a solid wall of
+thirty-six and a half inches of wood and iron. This hull is fastened upon
+the lower hull, so that the latter is entirely submerged, and the upper
+one sinks down three feet into the water. Thus but two feet of hull are
+exposed to a shot. The under hull is so guarded by the projecting upper
+hull, that a ball, to strike it, would have to pass through twenty-five
+feet of water. The upper hull is also pointed at both ends. The deck comes
+flush with the top of the hull, and is made bomb-proof. No railing or
+bulwark rises above the deck. The projecting ends serve as a protection to
+the propeller, rudder and anchor, which cannot be struck. Neither the
+anchor or chain is ever exposed. The anchor is peculiar, being very
+short, but heavy. It is hoisted into a place fitted for it, outside of the
+lower hull, but within the impenetrable shield of the upper one. On the
+deck are but two structures rising above the surface, the pilot-house and
+turret. The pilot-house is forward, made of plates of iron, the whole
+about ten inches in thickness, and shot-proof. Small slits and holes are
+cut through, to enable the pilot to see his course. The turret, which is
+apparently the main feature of the battery, is a round cylinder, twenty
+feet in interior diameter, and nine feet high. It is built entirely of
+iron plates, one inch in thickness, eight of them securely bolted
+together, one over another. Within this is a lining of one-inch iron,
+acting as a damper to deaden the effects of a concussion when struck by a
+ball--thus there is a shield of nine inches of iron. The turret rests on a
+bed-plate, or ring, of composition, which is fastened to the deck. To help
+support the weight, which is about a hundred tons, a vertical shaft, ten
+inches in diameter, is attached and fastened to the bulk-head. The top is
+made shot-proof by huge iron beams, and perforated to allow of
+ventilation. It has two circular port-holes, both on one side of the
+turret, three feet above the deck, and just large enough for the muzzle of
+the gun to be run out. The turret is made to revolve, being turned by a
+special engine. The operator within, by a rod connected with the engine,
+is enabled to turn it at pleasure. It can be made to revolve at the rate
+of sixty revolutions a minute, and can be regulated to stop within half a
+degree of a given point. When the guns are drawn in to load, the port-hole
+is stopped by a huge iron pendulum, which falls to its place, and makes
+that part as secure as any, and can be quickly hoisted to one side. The
+armament consists of two eleven-inch Dahlgren guns. Various improvements
+in the gun-carriage enable the gunner to secure almost perfect aim.
+
+"The engine is not of great power, as the vessel was designed as a
+battery, and not for swift sailing. It being almost entirely under water,
+the ventilation is secured by blowers, drawing the air in forward, and
+discharging it aft. A separate engine moves the blowers and fans the
+fires. There is no chimney, so the draft must be entirely artificial. The
+smoke passes out of gratings in the deck. Many suppose the Monitor to be
+merely an iron-clad vessel, with a turret; but there are, in fact, between
+thirty and forty patentable inventions upon her, and the turret is by no
+means the most important one. Very properly, what these inventions are is
+not proclaimed to the public."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+    ARRIVAL AT FORTRESS MONROE--THE VILLAGE OF HAMPTON--VISITING THE
+    CONTRABANDS--ARRIVAL OF FUGITIVES--A REAL "CAMP MEETING"--FEEDING THE
+    NEGROES--CAMP MISERIES--MULES--MISS PERIWINKLE'S MULES--THE
+    COQUETTISH, THE MORAL, THE HISTRIONIC, AND THE PATHETIC MULE--OUR
+    JACK--LINES OF LOVE--MY BOX AND PRESENTS--A THREE-STORY CAKE--A
+    SERENADE AND SURPRISE PARTY--GOOD AND BAD CHAPLAINS--THE MORALS OF THE
+    ARMY--SLANDERS ABOUT SOLDIERS.
+
+
+We arrived at Fortress Monroe in a drenching rain, immediately
+disembarked, and proceeded at once to Hampton--formerly a beautiful little
+village containing about five hundred houses, many of them elegant brick
+buildings, but which now lay a blackened mass of ruins, having been burned
+a few months previous by order of rebel General Magruder. The village was
+about three miles from Fortress Monroe, and situated on the west side of a
+creek, or arm of the sea, called Hampton river, the Yorktown road passing
+directly through its center. It was a great relief to the troops to
+disembark from the filthy, crowded transports, notwithstanding they had to
+march through the mud and rain, and then pitch their tents on the wet
+ground. Fires were soon built, coffee made, and nice fresh bread served
+out, which was brought to us by the commissary department at the fort.
+
+As Mrs. B. and I had a little respite at this particular juncture, we set
+about visiting the contrabands. They occupied a long row of board
+buildings near the fort. The men were employed in loading and unloading
+Government vessels, and the women were busily engaged in cooking and
+washing. No language can describe the joy of these men and women at being
+liberated from bondage. As the Jews of old were looking for the promised
+Messiah, so the slaves universally regarded the advent of the northern
+army as the harbinger of their deliverance.
+
+Mr. A. relates the following anecdote, illustrative of this fact, which
+took place at the battle of Newbern: "A slaveholder, breathless with
+terror, spurred his horse to his utmost speed past his own house, not
+venturing to stop. Just then a shell, with its terrific, unearthly shriek,
+rushed through the air over his head. A poor slave, a man of unfeigned
+piety and fervent prayer, in uncontrollable emotions of joy, ran into his
+humble cabin, shouting: 'Wife, he is running, he is running, and the wrath
+of God is after him. Glory hallelujah! the appointed time has come; we are
+free, we are free!'"
+
+With regard to my own visit to the contraband quarters, I give the
+following extract from my journal: "Visited the contrabands to-day, and
+was much pleased with their cheerful, happy appearance. They are
+exceedingly ignorant, yet there is one subject upon which they can
+converse freely and intelligibly, and that is--Christ--the way of
+salvation. Almost all with whom I conversed to-day were praying men and
+women. Oh, how I should like to teach these people! They seem so anxious
+for instruction, I know they would learn quickly. Some of them are whiter
+and prettier than most of our northern ladies. There is a family here, all
+of whom have blue eyes, light hair, fair skin and rosy cheeks; yet they
+are contrabands, and have been slaves. But why should blue eyes and golden
+hair be the distinction between bond and free?"
+
+One bitter, stormy night, about eleven o'clock, a band of these poor
+fugitives, numbering over forty, presented themselves at the picket line,
+for admittance to the federal camp, imploring protection. The officer of
+the picket guard being called, and the case presented, the contrabands
+were permitted to pass through. But no sooner had their poor torn and
+bleeding feet touched the federal soil, than they fell upon their knees,
+and returned thanks to God and to the soldiers for their deliverance. They
+came into camp about one o'clock in the morning, shouting "Glory! Glory to
+God!" Notwithstanding the early hour, and the stormy night, the whole camp
+was aroused; every one rushed out to find out the cause of the
+excitement. There they were, black as midnight, all huddled together in a
+little group--some praying, some singing, and others shouting. We had a
+real "camp meeting" time for a while. Soon the exercises changed, and they
+began to relate their experiences, not only religious experiences, but a
+brief history of their lives. Some were husbands and fathers. Their
+masters had sold them down south, lest they should escape. In their terror
+they had escaped by night, and fled to the National banner for refuge,
+leaving all behind that was dear to them.
+
+In conclusion, one old man, evidently their leader, stood up and said: "I
+tell you, my breddern, dat de good Lord has borne wid dis yere slav'ry
+long time wid great patience. But now he can't bore it no longer, no how;
+and he has said to de people ob de North--go and tell de slaveholders to
+let de people go, dat dey may sarve me." There were many there who had
+listened to the old colored man's speech and believed, as I did, that
+there was more truth than poetry in it. Many hearts were moved with
+sympathy towards them, as was soon proved by the actions of the soldiers.
+
+An immense fire was built, around which these poor darkies eagerly
+gathered, as they were both wet, cold and hungry; then a large camp kettle
+of coffee was made and set before them, with plenty of bread and meat to
+satisfy their ravenous appetites--for ravenous they were, not having
+tasted food for more than two days. Then blankets were provided, and they
+soon became comfortable, and as happy as human beings could be under such
+circumstances. Mrs. B. and I returned to our tents feeling very much like
+indorsing the sentiment of "Will Jones' resolve:"
+
+  Resolved, although my brother be a slave,
+    And poor and black, he is my brother still;
+  Can I, o'er trampled "institutions," save
+    That brother from the chain and lash, I will.
+
+A cold, drizzling rain continued to descend for several days, and our camp
+became a fair specimen of "Virginia mud." I began to feel the effects of
+the miasma which came floating on every breeze from the adjacent swamps
+and marshes, and fever and ague became my daily companions for a time. As
+I sat in my tent, roasting or shivering as the case might be, I took a
+strange pleasure in watching the long trains of six mule teams which were
+constantly passing and repassing within a few rods of my tent. As "Miss
+Periwinkle" remarks, there are several classes of mules. "The coquettish
+mule has small feet, a nicely trimmed tail, perked up ears, and seems much
+given to little tosses of the head, affected skips and prances, and, if he
+wears bells or streamers, puts on as many airs as any belle. The moral
+mule is a stout, hardworking creature, always tugging with all his might,
+often pulling away after the rest have stopped, laboring under the
+conscientious delusion that food for the entire army depends upon his
+individual exertions. The histrionic mule is a melo-dramatic sort of
+quadruped, prone to startle humanity by erratic leaps and wild plunges,
+much shaking of the stubborn head and lashing of his vicious heels; now
+and then falling flat, and apparently dying _a la_ Forrest, a gasp, a
+groan, a shudder, etc., till the street is blocked up, the drivers all
+swearing like so many demons, and the chief actor's circulation becomes
+decidedly quickened by every variety of kick, cuff and jerk imaginable.
+When the last breath seems to have gone with the last kick, and the
+harness has been taken off, then a sudden resurrection takes place. He
+springs to his feet, and proceeds to give himself two or three comfortable
+shakes, and if ever mule laughed in scornful triumph it is he, and as he
+calmly surveys the excited crowd, seems to say: 'A hit! a decided hit!'
+For once the most stupid of all animals has outwitted more than a dozen of
+the lords of creation. The pathetic mule is, perhaps, the most interesting
+of all; for although he always seems to be the smallest, thinnest, and
+weakest of the six, yet, in addition to his equal portion of the heavy
+load, he carries on his back a great postillion, with tremendous boots,
+long tailed coat, and heavy whip. This poor creature struggles feebly
+along, head down, coat muddy and rough, eye spiritless and sad, and his
+whole appearance a perfect picture of meek misery, fit to touch a heart of
+stone. Then there is another class of mules which always have a jolly,
+cheer-up sort of look about them--they take everything good naturedly,
+from cudgeling to carressing, and march along with a roguish twinkle in
+their eye which is very interesting."
+
+One morning, as I was just recovering from fever and ague, Jack, our
+faithful colored boy, made his appearance at the door of my tent, touching
+his hat in the most approved military style, and handed me a letter
+bearing my address, saying, as he did so, "Dar's a box at de 'spress
+office for you. May I run and fotch it?" I said, "Oh, yes, Jack, you may
+bring it, but be careful and keep the cover on, there may be chickens in
+it." Jack knew the meaning of that allusion to chickens, and so ran off
+singing:
+
+  Massa run, ha, ha!
+    Darkies stay, ho, ho!
+  It must be now dat de kingdom's cumin
+    In de year ob jubilo.
+
+In the meantime I opened my letter, from which I make the following
+extract: "Having learned your address through Mrs. L----, whose son was
+killed at the battle of Bull Run, we send you a donation in token of our
+respect and esteem, and of our gratitude for your faithfulness on the
+field and in the hospital." The following lines were also inclosed:
+
+  In the ranks of the sick and dying, in the chamber where death-dews fall,
+  Where the sleeper wakes from his trances to leap to the bugle-call,
+  Is there hope for the wounded soldier? Ah, no! for his heart-blood flows,
+  And the flickering flames of life must wane, to fail at the evening's
+      close.
+
+  Oh, thou who goest, like a sunbeam, to lighten the darkness and gloom,
+  Make way for the path of glory through the dim and shadowy room;
+  Go speak to him words of comfort, and teach him the way to die,
+  With his eyes upraised from the starry flag to the blessed cross on high.
+
+  And tell him brave hearts are beating with pulses as noble as thine;
+  That we count them at home by the thousands--thou sweetest sister of
+      mine;
+  That they fail not and flinch not from duty while the vials of wrath are
+      outpoured,
+  And tell him to call it not grievous, but joyous to fall by the sword.
+
+  When the hosts of the foe are outnumbered, and the day of the Lord is at
+      hand,
+  Shall we halt in the heat of the battle, and fail at the word of command?
+  Oh, no! through the trouble and anguish, by the terrible pathway of
+      blood,
+  We must bear up the flag of our freedom, on--on through the perilous
+      flood.
+
+  And if one should be brought faint and bleeding, though wounded, yet not
+      unto death,
+  Oh plead with the soft airs of heaven to favor his languishing breath;
+  Be faithful to heal and to save him, assuaging the fever and pains,
+  Till the pulse in his strong arm be strengthened and the blood courses
+      free in his veins.
+
+While Mrs. B. and I were speculating with regard to the contents of the
+box, Jack's woolly head reappeared in the doorway, and the subject of our
+curiosity was before us. "Dar it be, and mity heavy, too; guess it mus' be
+from ----." So saying, young hopeful disappeared. The box was soon opened,
+its contents examined and commented upon. First came a beautiful silk and
+rubber reversible cloak, which could be folded into such a small compass
+that it could be put into an ordinary sized pocket, and a pair of rubber
+boots.
+
+Then came a splendid silver-mounted revolver, belt and miniature
+cartridge-box. But the greatest piece of perfection I ever saw came in the
+shape of a "housewife;" it was lined and covered with oil silk, and my
+name printed on it in gilt letters, above which was an eagle, and below
+was the following inscription: "A thousand shall fall at thy side, and ten
+thousand at thy right hand; but it shall not come nigh thee." Then came
+pocket-handkerchiefs, gloves, and other articles too numerous to mention.
+But last, not least, was found in the bottom, stowed away in one corner,
+two bottles of the best currant wine, a nice jar of jelly, and a large
+loaf of cake, frosted and mottoed in fine style. This cake was certainly a
+great curiosity. It was a three-story cake, with three doors made to slide
+back by gently pulling a bell-handle which was made of rosettes of red,
+white and blue ribbon. To the first bell-cord was attached a splendid gold
+ring, to the second a ten dollar gold piece, and to the third and last a
+small sized hunting cased gold watch and chain. At such revelations I
+began to feel as if my humble tent had become an enchanted palace, and
+that all I should have to do in future would be to rub that mysterious
+ring, and the genii would appear, ready to supply all my wants. We then
+commenced to divide the spoil, Mrs. B. positively asserting that she had
+no right to any part of the donation, and I telling her that in all
+probability it was all intended for her, and through one of those "slight
+mistakes" it was directed to me.
+
+The news of this wonderful box soon spread through camp, and the result
+was that we had a surprise party as soon as evening came, Chaplain B.
+taking the opportunity of making some very appropriate remarks on the
+occasion. Then came the band to serenade us, and the consequence was that
+our cake and wine disappeared with our numerous friends, for we found that
+all were willing to obey the scriptural injunction, "Take a little wine,"
+etc. Chaplain B. is a very worthy, zealous, faithful minister, and I have
+spoken very highly of him, but perhaps in doing so I have given the
+impression that all chaplains are good and faithful. I am very sorry to
+state that it is not so. There are some who have no fitness for their
+work, and some a disgrace to their profession. I think I am safe in saying
+that one bad chaplain will do more harm in a regiment than a hundred good
+men can counteract. If there is any place on earth where faithful
+ministers are needed more than another, it is in the army--it is in the
+hospital. But may God have mercy upon those who go there, whose object is
+dollars and cents--who neglect their duty, and fill the places which
+should be occupied by Christ-like heralds of the cross who love the souls
+of their fellow men. I think the words of the Saviour are particularly
+applicable to some of the chaplains of the army when He says: "Woe unto
+you hypocrites! for ye shut up the kingdom of heaven against men," etc. I
+have conversed with many in the army upon the subject of religion, who
+told me that the conduct of certain chaplains had more influence in
+keeping them away from the Saviour than all the combined forces of the
+evil one. Such chaplains are there through political influence, regardless
+of qualifications.
+
+Some persons have tried very hard to get up the general belief that the
+army is terribly demoralized in its best estate, and all who go there must
+inevitably plunge into vice; but a greater slander was never propagated.
+There is, undoubtedly, vice in the army; but where is there a city or
+community throughout the North where vice is not to be found?
+notwithstanding the tide of moral and religious influence which is daily
+brought to bear against it. Although the outer man appears rough, and much
+drunkenness and other evils exist in the army, yet there is much that is
+pure, lovely, and of good report in the character of both officers and
+men. "I can speak of that I do know, and testify of that which I have
+seen," and I am free to say that I think the morals of the majority of the
+men are quite as good, if not better than you will find among the same
+number at home, made up of all classes as we find them in the army.
+
+It is true many have backslidden since they left home; but is equally true
+that _very_ many have been reformed, and are now better men than when they
+enlisted. Every day's history proves that there are thousands of noble
+hearted, pure minded christians in our army, and none but traitors and
+infidels, the enemies of God and man, will deny this fact.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+    THE MARCH TO YORKTOWN--SCARCITY OF SUPPLIES--CAMP COOKERY--DIFFERENT
+    CHARACTERS IN THE ARMY--ARRIVAL OF TRAINS--CHANGE OF CAMP--TRYING TO
+    SHELL US OUT--THE OLD SAW-MILL--A CONSTANT TARGET--ASSAULTS ON OUR
+    OUTPOSTS--A REBEL APPEAL--YORKTOWN AND VICINITY--THE
+    SITUATION--BALLOON RECONNOISSANCES--PROF. LOWE ON HIGH--REBEL
+    VIXENS--A CURIOUS VISIT--A STRANGE HOSTESS--SHE TRIES TO KILL ME--I
+    WOUND HER AND CAPTURE A PRISONER--A CONVERSION--THE SECESH WOMAN
+    BECOMES A FEDERAL NURSE.
+
+
+On to Richmond once more resounded through the camp, and the army was
+again in motion. The Yorktown road is one long to be remembered,
+especially by those who that day had to toil through its mud and mire, or,
+by making a mis-step, fall into one of the yawning chasms from which some
+unfortunate mule had been drawn. The rain had continued almost all the
+time we were encamped at Hampton, "saturating the clayey soil, which soon
+became a vast bed of mortar under the artillery trains." The distance from
+Hampton to Yorktown is about twenty-three miles, and it required all the
+determination and energy of veterans to march half that distance in a day.
+With two days' rations in their haversacks, the men marched until they
+arrived in front of Yorktown, where they bivouacked on the ground, over
+which the water was running like a flood. We remained three days in that
+condition, and it was the first time I ever saw anything like scarcity of
+food in the army.
+
+It was scarce indeed, for we were only supplied with two days' rations on
+starting from Hampton. The fifth day had arrived, but no provisions had
+yet appeared, and it seemed morally impossible to get a supply train over
+the road. Mile after mile of corduroy bridge had to be made before a team
+dare venture to approach. Our horses, too, were as badly off for forage as
+the men were for provisions. On the fifth day, with several others, I
+received permission to go out and buy what we could at the houses anywhere
+within three miles of our encampment.
+
+After procuring a quantity of biscuit, pies, and corn bread, we returned
+to camp, and were quite surprised to find the boys engaged in cutting up
+and cooking fresh steak. We thought, of course, our provisions had
+arrived, but found that it was only a little dash they had just made upon
+the "chivalry's" cattle, appropriating them to their own use with a sort
+of earnestness which seemed to say, I firmly believe in the old proverb,
+_Aide toi, et le ciel t'aidera_.
+
+Oh, what a place the army is for the study of human nature! As I looked
+around upon that mass of busy men, I thought I could discover almost every
+trait in the human character depicted upon their countenances. There was
+the selfish man, only intent upon serving himself, and fearing there would
+not enough come to his share to satisfy his wants; then there was old
+churlish Nabal away by himself building a fire for his own especial
+benefit, and which "no man dare approach unto," no, not within baking,
+broiling, or roasting distance, not even to get a coal to kindle one for
+himself. But that class of character, thank heaven, was a very small
+minority. There, too, was the cheerful, happy man, who had been several
+hours engaged in cutting up and serving out to others, and had no lot or
+part in the broiled steaks which were smoking around him; yet he looked as
+good natured as if he had dined on roast beef and plum pudding. Then there
+was another phase of character--one who always made it the first duty,
+under all circumstances, to look after those who were not able to look
+after themselves.
+
+While the little trials of camp life have a tendency to harden and sour
+the dispositions of some, they seem to bring to light and develop the
+cheerful, happy, unselfish spirit of others. One has truthfully said that
+"there is no other quality so diffusive of joy, both to him who possesses
+it and to those with whom he has friendly intercourse, as cheerfulness. It
+is the phase of a soul sitting in its own sunshine. There are luminous
+planets which are viewed by the aid of their own light, others there are
+which are seen through borrowed light. So it is with individuals. There
+seem to be some who have scarcely any light of their own, and who shine by
+the reflection of the light of others; while others there are who possess
+an intrinsic and inexhaustible source of sunshine, which renders them not
+only self-illuminating, but capable of irradiating those around them. Many
+are cheerful when a sparkling rill of pleasure is gurgling in their
+hearts, or when prosperity encircles them, or looms up gorgeously in their
+prospective vision. But few are cheerful when adversity casts its gloomy
+shadows around them; when sorrow and disappointment dry up their fountains
+of pleasure and wither their hopes. In such crises cheerfulness is an
+independent virtue, and in others an accidental mood."
+
+The despondency of the few was soon removed, and the patience and
+cheerfulness of the many rewarded by the arrival of the provision and
+baggage trains. We then exchanged our camp for one in a more pleasant
+locality, where there was more wood and not quite so much water, which
+added much to the comfort of the troops. The enemy soon found out our
+position, and did not fail to inform us of the fact by frequently saluting
+us with an immense shell, or thirty-two pound cannon ball, which would
+burst over our heads or fall within a few rods--often within a few
+feet--of our tents. We remained in that camp just one month, and,
+notwithstanding the enemy shelled us night and day, I never saw a man or
+beast injured by shot or shell in camp while we remained there.
+
+I presume many of my readers will remember seeing or hearing of the old
+saw-mill which stood near a peach orchard, and which the soldiers
+persisted in running, to the great annoyance of the rebels. That old
+saw-mill deserves to be immortalized in song as well as in history; and if
+it stood in any other than a christian land, it would undoubtedly become
+an object of idolatry. There it stood, in perfect range of the enemy's
+batteries, a target at which they never seemed tired of firing, while our
+brave soldiers risked their lives in sawing lumber for the purpose of
+laying board floors in the hospital tents, to secure some degree of
+comfort, for their poor sick comrades.
+
+Time after time the mill was set on fire by the explosion of shells as
+they passed through it, but up would go some brave young hero, and stand
+in the very jaws of death while his companions would hand him bucket after
+bucket of water to quench the flames. As soon as the fire was
+extinguished the men resumed their labor, and the old mill steamed away
+with all its might, as if proud of the "stars and stripes" which waved
+from its summit, and of being permitted to show its patriotism and zeal
+for the glorious cause of freedom by working for good old "Uncle Sam" and
+his noble sons. Then it would give vent to its pent up wrath in hisses and
+shrieks, bidding proud defiance to Jeff. Davis and his minions, who were
+trying in vain to stop its humane and patriotic efforts. For more than
+three weeks those brave men kept the steam up in that mill, until their
+object was accomplished, having to stop almost every half hour to repair
+the ravages of shot and shell. Notwithstanding the constant fire of the
+rebel batteries, the dilapidated appearance of the mill from its effects,
+and the danger of the situation, yet not a man was killed in or about it,
+and not one wounded, to my knowledge.
+
+I remember one day of passing the mill in a great hurry--and it was well
+that I was in a hurry, for I had scarcely rode by it when I heard a
+terrific crash close at hand, which made my horse leap from the ground
+with terror. Upon turning round I saw that a part of the smoke stack had
+been carried away, and the mill was on fire. I rode up to the door and
+inquired if any one was killed or injured; no, not a man was hurt, and the
+fire was soon subdued by the vigorous efforts of those sturdy soldiers,
+who looked as jolly over the disaster as if it had really been a good
+joke.
+
+The rebels were beginning to make some desperate assaults upon our
+outposts; they were driving in the advance pickets on our left wing, and
+making similar demonstrations along different parts of the line. They were
+evidently concentrating a large force behind their fortifications, and
+were determined to make a desperate resistance. Deserters came in bringing
+Richmond papers crowded with appeals to the Southern "chivalry," of which
+the following is a specimen:
+
+"The next few days may decide the fate of Richmond. It is either to remain
+the Capital of the Confederacy, or to be turned over to the Federal
+Government as a Yankee conquest. The Capital is either to be secured or
+lost--it may be feared not temporarily, and with it Virginia. Then, if
+there is blood to be shed, let it be shed here; no soil of the Confederacy
+could drink it up more acceptably, and none would hold it more gratefully.
+Wife, family, and friends are nothing. Leave them all for one glorious
+hour to be devoted to the Republic. Life, death, and wounds are nothing if
+we only be saved from the fate of a captured and humiliated Confederacy.
+Let the Government act; let the people act. There is time yet. If fate
+comes to its worst, let the ruins of Richmond be its most lasting
+monument."
+
+General McClellan's despatch to the War Department will best describe the
+state of affairs at this time in Yorktown and vicinity; he says:
+
+"The whole line of the Warwick, which really heads within a mile of
+Yorktown, is strongly defended by detached redoubts and other
+fortifications, armed with heavy and light guns. The approaches, except at
+Yorktown, are covered by the Warwick, over which there is but one, or at
+most, two passages, both of which are covered by strong batteries. All the
+prisoners state that General J. E. Johnson arrived at Yorktown yesterday,
+with strong reinforcements. It seems clear that I shall have the whole
+force of the enemy on my hands--probably not less than one hundred
+thousand men, and possibly more.
+
+"Under the circumstances which have been developed since we arrived here,
+I feel fully impressed with the conviction that here is to be fought the
+great battle that is to decide the existing contest. I shall of course
+commence the attack as soon as I can get up my siege train, and shall do
+all in my power to carry the enemy's works; but to do this, with a
+reasonable degree of certainty, requires, in my judgment, that I should,
+if possible, have at least the whole of the first corps to land upon the
+Severn river and attack Gloucester in the rear. My present strength will
+not admit of a detachment sufficient for this purpose without materially
+impairing the efficiency of this column."
+
+While these preparations were going forward on both sides, Professor Lowe
+was making balloon reconnoissances, and transmitting the result of his
+observations to General McClellan by telegraph from his castle in the air,
+which seemed suspended from the clouds, reminding one of the fabled gods
+of old looking down from their ethereal abodes upon the conflicts of the
+inhabitants of this mundane sphere. One of the officers one day playfully
+remarked: "Professor, I am always sorry when I see you descend with your
+balloon." "Why are you sorry, Colonel? Would you wish to see me suspended
+between heaven and earth all the time?" "Oh, no, not that; but when I see
+you coming down I am afraid you will never get so near heaven again."
+
+I was often sent out to procure supplies for the hospitals, butter, eggs,
+milk, chickens, etc., and in my rambles I used to meet with many
+interesting adventures. In some instances I met with narrow escapes with
+my life, which were not quite so interesting; and the timely appearance of
+my revolver often rescued me from the hands of the female rebels of the
+Peninsula. Persons dwelling in regions which slavery has not debased can
+hardly imagine the malice and ferocity manifested by the rebel vixens of
+the slave states. Upon this point the testimony from all parts of the
+South is invariable. The Louisville Journal says: "Thousands have read
+with astonishment the account which historians give of the conduct of
+women in Paris during the Reign of Terror. The women are said to have been
+more fierce and bloodthirsty than even the fiercest and most bloodthirsty
+of the men. Many of our people have supposed that the accounts given of
+those things must surely be fictions or exaggerations. They have felt
+themselves unable to conceive that woman's nature could become a thing so
+utterly revolting. But if they will look and listen in this region, at the
+present time, they will find that they have no further reason for
+incredulity or scepticism. The bitter and ferocious spirit of thousands of
+rebel women in Kentucky, Tennessee, and other States, is scarcely, if at
+all, surpassed by the female monsters that shrieked and howled for victims
+in the French Revolution."
+
+I will here relate a little incident illustrative of the peculiarity of my
+adventures while on this catering business: One morning I started, all
+alone, for a five mile ride to an isolated farm-house about three miles
+back from the Hampton road, and which report said was well supplied with
+all the articles of which I was in search. I cantered along briskly until
+I came to a gate which opened into a lane leading directly to the house.
+It was a large old fashioned two-story house, with immense chimneys built
+outside, Virginia style. The farm appeared to be in good condition, fences
+all up, a rare thing on the Peninsula, and corn-fields flourishing as if
+there were no such thing as war in the land.
+
+I rode up to the house and dismounted, hitched my horse to a post at the
+door, and proceeded to ring the bell. A tall, stately lady made her
+appearance, and invited me in with much apparent courtesy. She was dressed
+in deep mourning, which was very becoming to her pale, sad face. She
+seemed to be about thirty years of age, very prepossessing in appearance,
+and evidently belonged to one of the "F. F. V's." As soon as I was seated
+she inquired: "To what fortunate circumstance am I to attribute the
+pleasure of this unexpected call?" I told her in a few words the nature of
+my business. The intelligence seemed to cast a deep shadow over her pale
+features, which all her efforts could not control. She seemed nervous and
+excited, and something in her appearance aroused my suspicion,
+notwithstanding her blandness of manner and lady-like deportment.
+
+She invited me into another room, while she prepared the articles which
+she proposed to let me have, but I declined, giving as an excuse that I
+preferred to sit where I could see whether my horse remained quiet. I
+watched all her movements narrowly, not daring to turn my eyes aside for a
+single moment. She walked round in her stately way for some time, without
+accomplishing much in the way of facilitating my departure, and she was
+evidently trying to detain me for some purpose or other. Could it be that
+she was meditating the best mode of attack, or was she expecting some one
+to come, and trying to detain me until their arrival? Thoughts like these
+passed through my mind in quick succession.
+
+At last I rose up abruptly, and asked her if the things were ready. She
+answered me with an assumed smile of surprise, and said: "Oh, I did not
+know that you were in a hurry: I was waiting for the boys to come and
+catch some chickens for you." "And pray, madam, where are the boys?" I
+asked; "Oh, not far from here," was her reply. "Well, I have decided not
+to wait; you will please not detain me longer," said I, as I moved toward
+the door. She began to pack some butter and eggs both together in a small
+basket which I had brought with me, while another stood beside her without
+anything in it. I looked at her; she was trembling violently, and was as
+pale as death. In a moment more she handed me the basket, and I held out a
+greenback for her acceptance; "Oh, it was no consequence about the pay;"
+she did not wish anything for it. So I thanked her and went out.
+
+In a few moments she came to the door, but did not offer to assist me, or
+to hold the basket, or anything, but stood looking at me most maliciously,
+I thought. I placed the basket on the top of the post to which my horse
+had been hitched, took my seat in the saddle, and then rode up and took
+my basket. Turning to her I bade her good morning, and thanking her again
+for her kindness, I turned to ride away.
+
+I had scarcely gone a rod when she discharged a pistol at me; by some
+intuitive movement I threw myself forward on my horse's neck and the ball
+passed over my head. I turned my horse in a twinkling, and grasped my
+revolver. She was in the act of firing the second time, but was so excited
+that the bullet went wide of its mark. I held my seven-shooter in my hand,
+considering where to aim. I did not wish to kill the wretch, but did
+intend to wound her. When she saw that two could play at this game, she
+dropped her pistol and threw up her hands imploringly. I took deliberate
+aim at one of her hands, and sent the ball through the palm of her left
+hand. She fell to the ground in an instant with a loud shriek. I
+dismounted, and took the pistol which lay beside her, and placing it in my
+belt, proceeded to take care of her ladyship after the following manner: I
+unfastened the end of my halter-strap and tied it painfully tight around
+her right wrist, and remounting my horse, I started, and brought the lady
+to consciousness by dragging her by the wrist two or three rods along the
+ground. I stopped, and she rose to her feet, and with wild entreaties she
+begged me to release her, but, instead of doing so, I presented a pistol,
+and told her that if she uttered another word or scream she was a dead
+woman. In that way I succeeded in keeping her from alarming any one who
+might be within calling distance, and so made my way toward McClellan's
+headquarters.
+
+
+[Illustration: CATERING FOR HOSPITALS.--Page 94.]
+
+
+After we had gone in that way about a mile and a half, I told her that she
+might ride if she wished to do so, for I saw she was becoming weak from
+loss of blood. She was glad to accept the offer, and I bound up her hand
+with my handkerchief, gave her my scarf to throw over her head, and
+assisted her to the saddle. I marched along beside her, holding tight to
+the bridle rein all the while. When we were about a mile from McClellan's
+headquarters she fainted, and I caught her as she was falling from the
+horse. I laid her by the roadside while I went for some water, which I
+brought in my hat, and after bathing her face for some time she recovered.
+
+For the first time since we started I entered into conversation with her,
+and found that within the last three weeks she had lost her father,
+husband, and two brothers in the rebel army. They had all belonged to a
+company of sharpshooters, and were the first to fall. She had been almost
+insane since the intelligence reached her. She said I was the first Yankee
+that she had seen since the death of her relatives, the evil one seemed to
+urge her on to the step she had taken, and if I would not deliver her up
+to the military powers, she would go with me and take care of the
+wounded. She even proposed to take the oath of allegiance, and seemed
+deeply penitent. "If thy brother (or sister) sin against thee, and repent,
+forgive him," are the words of the Saviour. I tried to follow their sacred
+teachings there and then, and told her that I forgave her fully if she was
+only truly penitent. Her answer was sobs and tears.
+
+Soon after this conversation we started for camp, she weak and humbled,
+and I strong and rejoicing. None ever knew from that day to this the
+secret of that secesh woman becoming a nurse. Instead of being taken to
+General McClellan's headquarters, she went direct to the hospital, where
+Dr. P. dressed her hand, which was causing her extreme pain. The good old
+surgeon never could solve the mystery connected with her hand, for we both
+refused to answer any questions relating to the wound, except that she was
+shot by a "Yankee," which placed the surgeon under obligations to take
+care of the patient until she recovered--that is to say as long as it was
+convenient for him to do so.
+
+The next day she returned to her house in an ambulance, accompanied by a
+hospital steward, and brought away everything which could be made use of
+in the hospitals, and so took up her abode with us. Her name was Alice M.,
+but we called her Nellie J. She soon proved the genuineness of her
+conversion to the Federal faith by her zeal for the cause which she had so
+recently espoused. As soon as she was well enough to act in the capacity
+of nurse she commenced in good earnest, and became one of the most
+faithful and efficient nurses in the army of the Potomac. But that was the
+first and the only instance of a female rebel changing her sentiments, or
+abating one iota in her cruelty or hatred toward the "Yankees;" and also
+the only real lady in personal appearance, education and refinement, that
+I ever met among the females of the Peninsula.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+    A LOST FRIEND--DEATH OF LIEUTENANT JAMES V.--HIS BURIAL--THE GRAVE BY
+    NIGHT--MY VOW--A SOLDIER-CHAPLAIN--RECOGNITIONS IN HEAVEN--DOUBTS AND
+    DISSATISFACTION--CAPTURE OF A SPY--MY EXAMINATIONS AT HEADQUARTERS--MY
+    DISGUISE AS A SPY--I AM METAMORPHOSED INTO A CONTRABAND--HIRED AS A
+    COOK--BISCUIT MAKING--THE DOCTOR'S TEA.
+
+
+Not long after these events, returning one day from an excursion, I found
+the camp almost deserted, and an unusual silence pervading all around.
+Upon looking to the right and left to discover the cause of so much
+quietness, I saw a procession of soldiers slowly winding their way from a
+peach orchard, where they had just deposited the remains of a comrade.
+Who could it have been? I did not dare to go and meet them to inquire, but
+I waited in painful suspense until the procession came up, with arms
+reversed. With sad faces and slow and measured tread they returned in
+order as they had gone. I stepped forward and inquired whom they had
+buried. Lieutenant James V. was the reply.
+
+My friend! They had buried him, and I had not seen him! I went to my tent
+without uttering a word. I felt as if it could not be possible that what I
+heard was true. It must be some one else. I did not inquire how, when or
+where he had been killed, but there I sat with tearless eyes. Mr. and Mrs.
+B. came in, she sobbing aloud, he calm and dignified, but with tears
+slowly rolling down his face. Lieutenant V. was thirty-two years of age;
+he was tall, had black wavy hair, and large black eyes. He was a sincere
+christian, active in all the duties devolving upon a christian soldier,
+and was greatly beloved both by officers and men. His loss was deeply
+felt. His heart, though brave, was tender as a woman's. He was noble and
+generous, and had the highest regard for truth and law. Although gentle
+and kind to all, yet he had an indomitable spirit and a peculiar courage
+and daring, which almost amounted to recklessness in time of danger. He
+was not an American, but was born of English parents, and was a native of
+St. John, New Brunswick. I had known him almost from childhood, and found
+him always a faithful friend.
+
+When we met in the army we met as strangers. The changes which five years
+had wrought, and the costume which I wore, together with change of name,
+rendered it impossible for him to recognize me. I was glad that he did
+not, and took peculiar pleasure in remaining unrecognized. We became
+acquainted again, and a new friendship sprang up, on his part, for mine
+was not new, which was very pleasant, at least to me. At times my position
+became very embarrassing, for I was obliged to listen to a recapitulation
+of my own former conversations and correspondence with him, which made me
+feel very much like an eavesdropper. He had neither wife, mother nor
+sister, and, like myself, was a wanderer from his native land. There was a
+strong bond of sympathy existing between us, for we both believed that
+duty called us there, and were willing to lay down even life itself, if
+need be, in this glorious cause. Now he was gone, and I was left alone
+with a deeper sorrow in my heart than I had ever known before.
+
+Chaplain B. broke the painful silence by informing me how he had met his
+fate. He was acting in the capacity of aide-de-camp on General C.'s staff.
+He was sent to carry an order from headquarters to the officer in command
+of the outer picket line, and while riding along the line he was struck by
+a Minnie ball, which passed through the temple, killing him instantly.
+His remains were brought to camp and prepared for their last resting
+place. Without shroud or coffin, wrapped in his blanket, his body was
+committed to the cold ground. They made his grave under a beautiful pear
+tree, in full bloom, where he sleeps peacefully, notwithstanding the roar
+of cannon and the din of battle which peal forth their funeral notes over
+his dreamless bed.
+
+  One more buried
+    Beneath the sod,
+  One more standing
+    Before his God.
+
+  We should not weep
+    That he has gone;
+  With us 'tis night,
+    With him 'tis morn.
+
+Night came at last with its friendly mantle, and our camp was again hushed
+in comparative repose. Twelve o'clock came, but I could not sleep. Visions
+of a pale face and a mass of black wavy hair, matted with gore which oozed
+from a dark purple spot on the temple, haunted me. I rose up quietly and
+passed out into the open air. The cool night breeze felt grateful to my
+burning brow, which glowed with feverish excitement. With a hasty word of
+explanation I passed the camp guard, and was soon beside the grave of
+Lieutenant V. The solemn grandeur of the heavens, the silent stars looking
+lovingly down upon that little heaped up mound of earth, the death-like
+stillness of the hour, only broken by the occasional booming of the
+enemy's cannon, all combined to make the scene awfully impressive. I felt
+that I was not alone. I was in the presence of that God who had summoned
+my friend to the eternal world, and the spirit of the departed one was
+hovering near, although my dim eyes could not penetrate the mysterious
+veil which hid him from my view. It was there, in that midnight hour,
+kneeling beside the grave of him who was very dear to me, that I vowed to
+avenge the death of that christian hero. I could now better understand the
+feelings of poor Nellie when she fired the pistol at me, because I was
+"one of the hated Yankees who was in sympathy with the murderers of her
+husband, father and brothers."
+
+But I could not forgive his murderers as she had done. I did not enjoy
+taking care of the sick and wounded as I once did, but I longed to go
+forth and do, as a noble chaplain did at the battle of Pittsburg Landing.
+He picked up the musket and cartridge-box of a wounded soldier, stepped
+into the front rank, and took deliberate aim at one rebel after another
+until he had fired sixty rounds of cartridge; and as he sent a messenger
+of death to each heart he also sent up the following brief prayer: "May
+God have mercy upon your miserable soul."
+
+From this time forward I became strangely interested in the fifteenth
+chapter of first Corinthians--the doctrine of the resurrection, and the
+hope of "recognition of friends in heaven" became very precious to me. For
+I believe with regard to our departed loved ones, that
+
+  When safely landed on that heavenly shore
+  Where sighings cease and sorrows come no more--
+  With hearts no more by cruel anguish riven,
+  As we have loved on earth we'll love in heaven.
+
+And infinitely more than we are capable of loving here. "Few things
+connected with the great hereafter so deeply concern the heart as the
+question of personal recognition in heaven. Dear ones of earth, linked to
+our hearts by the most tender ties, have departed and gone away into the
+unknown realm. We have carefully and tearfully laid their bodies in the
+grave to slumber till the great awakening morning. If there is no personal
+recognition in heaven, if we shall neither see nor know our friends there,
+so far as we are concerned they are annihilated, and heaven has no genuine
+antidote for the soul's agony in the hour of bereavement. All the precious
+memories of toil and trial, of conflict and victory, of gracious
+manifestations and of holy joy, shared with them in the time of our
+pilgrimage, will have perished forever. The anxiety of the soul with
+regard to the recognition of our friends in the future state is natural.
+It springs from the holiest sympathies of the human heart, and any inquiry
+that may solve our doubts or relieve our anxiety is equally rational and
+commendable.
+
+"Tell me, ye who have seen the open tomb receive into its bosom the sacred
+trust committed to its keeping, in hope of the first resurrection--ye who
+have heard the sullen rumbling of the clods as they dropped upon the
+coffin lid, and told you that earth had gone back to earth; when the
+separation from the object of your love was realized in all the desolation
+of bereavement, next to the thought that you should ere long see Christ as
+he is and be like him, was not that consolation the strongest which
+assured you that the departed one, whom God has put from you into
+darkness, will run to meet you when you cross the threshold of
+immortality, and, with the holy rapture to which the redeemed alone can
+give utterance, lead you to the exalted Saviour, and with you bow at his
+feet and cast the conqueror's crown before him? And is this hope vain?
+Shall we not even know those dear ones in the spirit world? Was this light
+of hope that gilded so beautifully the sad, dark hour of human woe, only a
+mocking _ignis fatuus_, so soon to go out in everlasting darkness? Is this
+affection, so deep, so holy, yearning over its object with undying love,
+to be nipped in the very bud of its being? Nay, it cannot be. There must
+have been some higher purpose; God could not delight in the bestowal of
+affections that were to be blighted in their very beginning, and of hopes
+that were to end only in the mockery of eternal disappointment."
+
+  If fate unite the faithful but to part,
+  Why is their memory sacred to the heart?
+
+Oh, thank God for FAITH! for a faith that takes hold of that which is
+within the veil. There we behold our loved ones basking in the sunshine of
+the Redeemer's love--there they see Him face to face, and know as they are
+known. And they speak to us from the bright eternal world, and bid us
+
+  Weep not at nature's transient pain;
+  Congenial spirits part to meet again.
+
+Just at this crisis I received a letter from a friend of mine at the
+North, disapproving in strong terms of my remaining any longer in the
+army, requesting me to give up my situation immediately, and to meet him
+in Washington two weeks from date. I regarded that friend's opinions very
+much, especially when they coincided with my own; but upon this point no
+two opinions could differ more widely than did ours.
+
+It is true I was becoming dissatisfied with my situation as nurse, and was
+determined to leave the hospital; but before doing so I thought it best to
+call a council of three, Mr. and Mrs. B. and I, to decide what was the
+best course to pursue. After an hour's conference together the matter was
+decided in my mind. Chaplain B. told me that he knew of a situation he
+could get for me if I had sufficient moral courage to undertake its
+duties; and, said he, "it is a situation of great danger and of vast
+responsibility."
+
+That morning a detachment of the Thirty-seventh New York had been sent out
+as scouts, and had returned bringing in several prisoners, who stated that
+one of the Federal spies had been captured at Richmond and was to be
+executed. This information proved to be correct, and we lost a valuable
+soldier from the secret service of the United States. Now it was necessary
+for that vacancy to be supplied, and, as the Chaplain had said with
+reference to it, it was a situation of great danger and vast
+responsibility, and this was the one which Mr. B. could procure for me.
+But was I capable of filling it with honor to myself and advantage to the
+Federal Government? This was an important question for me to consider ere
+I proceeded further. I did consider it thoroughly, and made up my mind to
+accept it with all its fearful responsibilities. The subject of life and
+death was not weighed in the balance; I left that in the hands of my
+Creator, feeling assured that I was just as safe in passing the picket
+lines of the enemy, if it was God's will that I should go there, as I
+would be in the Federal camp. And if not, then His will be done:
+
+  Then welcome death, the end of fears.
+
+My name was sent in to headquarters, and I was soon summoned to appear
+there myself. Mr. and Mrs. B. accompanied me. We were ushered into the
+presence of Generals Mc., M. and H., where I was questioned and
+cross-questioned with regard to my views of the rebellion and my motive in
+wishing to engage in so perilous an undertaking. My views were freely
+given, my object briefly stated, and I had passed trial number one.
+
+Next I was examined with regard to my knowledge of the use of firearms,
+and in that department I sustained my character in a manner worthy of a
+veteran. Then I was again cross-questioned, but this time by a new
+committee of military stars. Next came a phrenological examination, and
+finding that my organs of secretiveness, combativeness, etc., were largely
+developed, the oath of allegiance was administered, and I was dismissed
+with a few complimentary remarks which made the good Mr. B. feel quite
+proud of his _protege_. This was the third time that I had taken the oath
+of allegiance to the United States, and I began to think, as many of our
+soldiers do, that profanity had become a military necessity.
+
+I had three days in which to prepare for my debut into rebeldom, and I
+commenced at once to remodel, transform and metamorphose for the occasion.
+Early next morning I started for Fortress Monroe, where I procured a
+number of articles indispensably necessary to a complete disguise. In the
+first place I purchased a suit of contraband clothing, real plantation
+style, and then I went to a barber and had my hair sheared close to my
+head.
+
+Next came the coloring process--head, face, neck, hands and arms were
+colored black as any African, and then, to complete my contraband costume,
+I required a wig of real negro wool. But how or where was it to be found?
+There was no such thing at the Fortress, and none short of Washington.
+Happily I found the mail-boat was about to start, and hastened on board,
+and finding a Postmaster with whom I was acquainted, I stepped forward to
+speak to him, forgetting my contraband appearance, and was saluted
+with--"Well, Massa Cuff--what will you have?" Said I: "Massa send me to
+you wid dis yere money for you to fotch him a darkie wig from Washington."
+"What the ---- does he want of a darkie wig?" asked the Postmaster. "No
+matter, dat's my orders; guess it's for some 'noiterin' business." "Oh,
+for reconnoitering you mean; all right old fellow, I will bring it, tell
+him." I remained at Fortress Monroe until the Postmaster returned with the
+article which was to complete my disguise, and then returned to camp near
+Yorktown.
+
+On my return, I found myself without friends--a striking illustration of
+the frailty of human friendship--I had been forgotten in those three short
+days. I went to Mrs. B.'s tent and inquired if she wanted to hire a boy to
+take care of her horse. She was very civil to me, asked if I came from
+Fortress Monroe, and whether I could cook. She did not want to hire me,
+but she thought she could find some one who did require a boy. Off she
+went to Dr. E. and told him that there was a smart little contraband there
+who was in search of work. Dr. E. came along, looking as important as two
+year old doctors generally do. "Well, my boy, how much work can you do in
+a day?" "Oh, I reckon I kin work right smart; kin do heaps o' work. Will
+you hire me, Massa?" "Don't know but I may; can you cook?" "Yes, Massa,
+kin cook anything I ebber seen." "How much do you think you can earn a
+month?" "Guess I kin earn ten dollars easy nuff." Turning to Mrs. B. he
+said in an undertone: "That darkie understands his business." "Yes indeed,
+I would hire him by all means, Doctor," said Mrs. B. "Well, if you wish,
+you can stay with me a month, and by that time I will be a better judge
+how much you can earn."
+
+So saying Dr. E. proceeded to give a synopsis of a contraband's duty
+toward a master of whom he expected ten dollars per month, especially
+emphasising the last clause. Then I was introduced to the culinary
+department, which comprised flour, pork, beans, a small portable stove, a
+spider, and a medicine chest. It was now supper time, and I was supposed
+to understand my business sufficiently to prepare supper without asking
+any questions whatever, and also to display some of my boasted talents by
+making warm biscuit for supper. But how was I to make biscuit with my
+colored hands? and how dare I wash them for fear the color would wash off?
+All this trouble was soon put to an end, however, by Jack's making his
+appearance while I was stirring up the biscuit with a stick, and in his
+bustling, officious, negro style, he said: "See here nig--you don't know
+nuffin bout makin bisket. Jis let me show you once, and dat ar will save
+you heaps o' trouble wid Massa doct'r for time to come." I very willingly
+accepted of this proffered assistance, for I had all the necessary
+ingredients in the dish, with pork fat for shortening, and soda and
+cream-tartar, which I found in the medicine chest, ready for kneading and
+rolling out. After washing his hands and rolling up his sleeves, Jack went
+to work with a flourish and a grin of satisfaction at being "boss" over
+the new cook. Tea made, biscuit baked, and the medicine chest set off with
+tin cups, plates, etc., supper was announced. Dr. E. was much pleased with
+the general appearance of things, and was evidently beginning to think
+that he had found rather an intelligent contraband for a cook.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+    MY FIRST SECRET EXPEDITION--MY WORK AMONG CONTRABANDS--PICKAXE, SHOVEL
+    AND WHEELBARROW--COUNTING THE GUNS IN A REBEL FORTIFICATION--A CHANGE
+    OF WORK--CARRYING WATER TO THE REBEL SOLDIERS--GENERALS LEE AND
+    JOHNSON--THE REBEL FORCE AT YORKTOWN--A COUNCIL OF WAR--TURNING WHITE
+    AGAIN--A REBEL SPY--LIEUTENANT V.'S MURDERER--ON PICKET DUTY--MY
+    RETURN TO OUR LINES--I PUT ON UNIFORM AND MAKE MY REPORT.
+
+
+After supper I was left to my own reflections, which were anything but
+pleasant at that time; for in the short space of three hours I must take
+up my line of march toward the camp of the enemy. As I sat there
+considering whether it was best for me to make myself known to Mrs. B.
+before I started, Dr. E. put his head in at the tent door and said in a
+hurried manner: "Ned, I want you to black my boots to-night; I shall
+require them early in the morning." "All right, Massa Doct'r," said I; "I
+allers blacks de boots over night." After washing up the few articles
+which had taken the place of dishes, and blacking the Doctor's boots, I
+went to seek an interview with Mrs. B. I found her alone and told her who
+I was, but was obliged to give her satisfactory proofs of my identity
+before she was convinced that I was the identical nurse with whom she had
+parted three days previously.
+
+My arrangements were soon made, and I was ready to start on my first
+secret expedition toward the Confederate capital. Mrs. B. was pledged to
+secrecy with regard to her knowledge of "Ned" and his mysterious
+disappearance. She was not permitted even to tell Mr. B. or Dr. E., and I
+believe she kept her pledge faithfully. With a few hard crackers in my
+pocket, and my revolver loaded and capped, I started on foot, without even
+a blanket or anything which might create suspicion. At half-past nine
+o'clock I passed through the outer picket line of the Union army, at
+twelve o'clock I was within the rebel lines, and had not so much as been
+halted once by a sentinel. I had passed within less than ten rods of a
+rebel picket, and he had not seen me. I took this as a favorable omen, and
+thanked heaven for it.
+
+As soon as I had gone a safe distance from the picket lines I lay down and
+rested until morning. The night was chilly and the ground cold and damp,
+and I passed the weary hours in fear and trembling. The first object which
+met my view in the morning was a party of negroes carrying out hot coffee
+and provisions to the rebel pickets. This was another fortunate
+circumstance, for I immediately made their acquaintance, and was rewarded
+for my promptness by receiving a cup of coffee and a piece of corn bread,
+which helped very much to chase away the lingering chills of the
+preceding night. I remained there until the darkies returned, and then
+marched into Yorktown with them without eliciting the least suspicion.
+
+The negroes went to work immediately on the fortifications after reporting
+to their overseers, and I was left standing alone, not having quite made
+up my mind what part to act next. I was saved all further trouble in that
+direction, for my idleness had attracted the notice of an officer, who
+stepped forward and began to interrogate me after the following manner:
+"Who do you belong to, and why are you not at work?" I answered in my best
+negro dialect: "I dusn't belong to nobody, Massa, I'se free and allers
+was; I'se gwyne to Richmond to work." But that availed me nothing, for
+turning to a man who was dressed in citizen's clothes and who seemed to be
+in charge of the colored department, he said: "Take that black rascal and
+set him to work, and if he don't work well tie him up and give him twenty
+lashes, just to impress upon his mind that there's no free niggers here
+while there's a d--d Yankee left in Virginia."
+
+So saying he rode away, and I was conducted to a breast-work which was in
+course of erection, where about a hundred negroes were at work. I was soon
+furnished with a pickaxe, shovel, and a monstrous wheelbarrow, and I
+commenced forthwith to imitate my companions in bondage. That portion
+of the parapet upon which I was sent to work was about eight feet high.
+The gravel was wheeled up in wheelbarrows on single planks, one end of
+which rested on the brow of the breast-work and the other on the ground. I
+need not say that this work was exceedingly hard for the strongest man;
+but few were able to take up their wheelbarrows alone, and I was often
+helped by some good natured darkie when I was just on the verge of
+tumbling off the plank. All day long I worked in this manner, until my
+hands were blistered from my wrists to the finger ends.
+
+
+[Illustration: DISGUISED AS A CONTRABAND.--Page 113.]
+
+
+The colored men's rations were different from those of the soldiers. They
+had neither meat nor coffee, while the white men had both. Whiskey was
+freely distributed to both black and white, but not in sufficient quantity
+to unfit them for duty. The soldiers seemed to be as much in earnest as
+the officers, and could curse the Yankees with quite as much vehemence.
+Notwithstanding the hardships of the day I had had my eyes and ears open,
+and had gained more than would counterbalance the day's work.
+
+Night came, and I was released from toil. I was free to go where I pleased
+within the fortifications, and I made good use of my liberty. I made out a
+brief report of the mounted guns which I saw that night in my ramble round
+the fort, viz.: fifteen three-inch rifled cannon, eighteen four and a
+half-inch rifled cannon, twenty-nine thirty-two pounders, twenty-one
+forty-two pounders, twenty-three eight-inch Columbiads, eleven nine-inch
+Dahlgrens, thirteen ten-inch Columbiads, fourteen ten-inch mortars, and
+seven eight-inch siege howitzers. This, together with a rough sketch of
+the outer works, I put under the inner sole of my contraband shoe and
+returned to the negro quarters.
+
+Finding my hands would not be in a condition to shovel much earth on the
+morrow, I began to look round among the negroes to find some one who would
+exchange places with me whose duty was of a less arduous character. I
+succeeded in finding a lad of about my own size who was engaged in
+carrying water to the troops. He said he would take my place the next day,
+and he thought he could find a friend to do the same the day following,
+for which brotherly kindness I gave him five dollars in greenbacks; but he
+declared he could not take so much money--"he neber had so much money in
+all his life before." So by that operation I escaped the scrutiny of the
+overseer, which would probably have resulted in the detection of my
+assumed African complexion.
+
+The second day in the Confederate service was much pleasanter than the
+first. I had only to supply one brigade with water, which did not require
+much exertion, for the day was cool and the well was not far distant;
+consequently I had an opportunity of lounging a little among the
+soldiers, and of hearing important subjects discussed. In that way I
+learned the number of reinforcements which had arrived from different
+places, and also had the pleasure of seeing General Lee, who arrived while
+I was there. It was whispered among the men that he had been telegraphed
+to for the purpose of inspecting the Yankee fortifications, as he was the
+best engineer in the Confederacy, and that he had pronounced it impossible
+to hold Yorktown after McClellan opened his siege guns upon it. Then, too,
+General J. E. Johnson was hourly expected with a portion of his command.
+Including all, the rebels estimated their force at one hundred and fifty
+thousand at Yorktown and in that vicinity.
+
+When Johnson arrived there was a council of war held, and things began to
+look gloomy. Then the report began to circulate that the town was to be
+evacuated. One thing I noticed in the rebel army, that they do not keep
+their soldiers in the dark as our officers do with regard to the movements
+and destination of the troops. When an order comes to the Federal army
+requiring them to make some important movement, no person knows whether
+they are advancing or retreating until they get to Washington, or in sight
+of the enemy's guns, excepting two or three of the leading generals.
+
+Having a little spare time I visited my sable friends and carried some
+water for them. After taking a draught of the cool beverage, one young
+darkie looked up at me in a puzzled sort of manner, and turning round to
+one of his companions, said: "Jim, I'll be darned if that feller aint
+turnin' white; if he aint then I'm no nigger." I felt greatly alarmed at
+the remark, but said, very carelessly, "Well, gem'in I'se allers 'spected
+to come white some time; my mudder's a white woman." This had the desired
+effect, for they all laughed at my simplicity, and made no further remarks
+upon the subject. As soon as I could conveniently get out of sight I took
+a look at my complexion by means of a small pocket looking-glass which I
+carried for that very purpose--and sure enough, as the negro had said, I
+was really turning white. I was only a dark mulatto color now, whereas two
+days previous I was as black as Cloe. However, I had a small vial of
+nitrate of silver in weak solution, which I applied to prevent the
+remaining color from coming off.
+
+Upon returning to my post with a fresh supply of water, I saw a group of
+soldiers gathered around some individual who was haranguing them in real
+Southern style. I went up quietly, put down my cans of water, and of
+course had to fill the men's canteens, which required considerable time,
+especially as I was not in any particular hurry just then. I thought the
+voice sounded familiar, and upon taking a sly look at the speaker I
+recognized him at once as a peddler who used to come to the Federal camp
+regularly once every week with newspapers and stationery, and especially
+at headquarters. He would hang round there, under some pretext or other,
+for half a day at a time.
+
+There he was, giving the rebels a full description of our camp and forces,
+and also brought out a map of the entire works of McClellan's position. He
+wound up his discourse by saying: "They lost a splendid officer through my
+means since I have been gone this time. It was a pity though to kill such
+a man if he was a d--d Yankee." Then he went on to tell how he had been at
+headquarters, and heard "Lieutenant V." say that he was going to visit the
+picket line at such a time, and he had hastened away and informed the
+rebel sharpshooters that one of the headquarter officers would be there at
+a certain time, and if they would charge on that portion of the line they
+might capture him and obtain some valuable information. Instead of this,
+however, they watched for his approach, and shot him as soon as he made
+his appearance.
+
+I thanked God for that information. I would willingly have wrought with
+those negroes on that parapet for two months, and have worn the skin off
+my hands half a dozen times, to have gained that single item. He was a
+fated man from that moment; his life was not worth three cents in
+Confederate scrip. But fortunately he did not know the feelings that
+agitated the heart of that little black urchin who sat there so quietly
+filling those canteens, and it was well that he did not.
+
+On the evening of the third day from the time I entered the camp of the
+enemy I was sent, in company with the colored men, to carry supper to the
+outer picket posts on the right wing. This was just what I wished for, and
+had been making preparations during the day, in view of the possibility of
+such an event, providing, among other things, a canteen full of whiskey.
+Some of the men on picket duty were black and some were white. I had a
+great partiality for those of my own color, so calling out several darkies
+I spread before them some corn cake, and gave them a little whiskey for
+dessert. While we were thus engaged the Yankee Minnie balls were whistling
+round our heads, for the picket lines of the contending parties were not
+half a mile distant from each other. The rebel pickets do not remain
+together in groups of three or four as our men do, but are strung along,
+one in each place, from three to four rods apart. I proposed to remain a
+while with the pickets, and the darkies returned to camp without me.
+
+Not long after night an officer came riding along the lines, and seeing me
+he inquired what I was doing there. One of the darkies replied that I had
+helped to carry out their supper, and was waiting until the Yankees
+stopped firing before I started to go back. Turning to me he said, "You
+come along with me." I did as I was ordered, and he turned and went back
+the same way he came until we had gone about fifty rods, then halting in
+front of a petty officer he said, "Put this fellow on the post where that
+man was shot until I return." I was conducted a few rods farther, and then
+a rifle was put into my hands, which I was told to use freely in case I
+should see anything or anybody approaching from the enemy. Then followed
+the flattering remark, after taking me by the coat-collar and giving me a
+pretty hard shake, "Now, you black rascal, if you sleep on your post I'll
+shoot you like a dog." "Oh no, Massa, I'se too feerd to sleep," was my
+only reply.
+
+The night was very dark, and it was beginning to rain. I was all alone
+now, but how long before the officer might return with some one to fill my
+place I did not know, and I thought the best thing I could do was to make
+good use of the present moment. After ascertaining as well as possible the
+position of the picket on each side of me, each of whom I found to be
+enjoying the shelter of the nearest tree, I deliberately and noiselessly
+stepped into the darkness, and was soon gliding swiftly through the forest
+toward the "land of the free," with my splendid rifle grasped tightly lest
+I should lose the prize. I did not dare to approach very near the Federal
+lines, for I was in more danger of being shot by them than by the enemy;
+so I spent the remainder of the night within hailing distance of our
+lines, and with the first dawn of morning I hoisted the well known signal
+and was welcomed once more to a sight of the dear old stars and stripes.
+
+I went immediately to my tent. Mrs. B. was delighted at my return; she was
+the only person in camp who knew me. Jack was sent to the quartermaster's
+with an order for a new suit of soldier's clothes. When he saw they were
+for me, on his return, he said: "Hi! dat darkie tinks he's some. Guess he
+don't cook no more for Massa Doct'r." After removing as much of the color
+as it was possible for soap and water to do, my complexion was a nice
+maroon color, which my new costume showed off to good advantage. Had my
+own mother seen me then, it would have been difficult to convince her of
+our relationship. I made out my report immediately and carried it to
+General McClellan's headquarters, together with my trophy from the land of
+traitors. I saw General G. B., but he did not recognize me, and ordered me
+to go and tell A. to appear before him in an hour from that time. I
+returned again to my tent, chalked my face, and dressed in the same style
+as on examination day, went at the hour appointed, and received the hearty
+congratulations of the General. The rifle was sent to Washington, and is
+now in the capitol as a memento of the war.
+
+Do my friends wish to know how I felt in such a position and in such a
+costume? I will tell them. I felt just as happy and as comfortable as it
+was possible for any one to be under similar circumstances. I am naturally
+fond of adventure, a little ambitious and a good deal romantic, and this
+together with my devotion to the Federal cause and determination to assist
+to the utmost of my ability in crushing the rebellion, made me forget the
+unpleasant items, and not only endure, but really enjoy, the privations
+connected with my perilous positions. Perhaps a spirit of adventure was
+important--but _patriotism_ was the grand secret of my success.
+
+Being fatigued, and the palms of both my hands in raw flesh, I thought it
+best to wait a few days before setting out upon another adventure.
+
+While I was thus situated I made a point of becoming acquainted with
+Nellie, my rebel captive. She was trying to make herself useful in the
+hospital, notwithstanding her hand was very painful--often waiting upon
+those who were suffering less than she was herself. Her pale, pensive face
+and widow's weeds seemed to possess peculiar attractions for Doctor E.,
+and her hand was a bond of mutual sympathy between them, and afforded many
+pretexts for a half hour's conversation.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+    EVACUATION OF YORKTOWN--OUR ARMY ON THE DOUBLE QUICK--PURSUIT OF THE
+    FUGITIVES--THE ENEMY'S WORKS--A BATTLE--ON THE FIELD--A "WOUNDED," AND
+    NOT INJURED COLONEL--CARRYING THE WOUNDED--FORT MAGRUDER SILENCED--THE
+    VICTORY WON--BURYING THE DEAD--STORY OF A RING--WOUNDED REBELS--A
+    BRAVE YOUNG SERGEANT--CHRISTIAN SOLDIERS--A SOLDIER'S
+    DEATH-BED--CLOSING SCENES--LAST WORDS.
+
+
+The next day the continuous roar of cannon all along the lines of the
+enemy was kept up incessantly. "Nor did it cease at night, for when
+darkness settled over the encampment, from the ramparts that stretched
+away from Yorktown there were constant gushes of flame, while the heavy
+thunder rolled far away in the gloom." A little after midnight the
+cannonading ceased, and a strange silence rested upon hill and valley. The
+first dawn of day which broke peacefully over the landscape discovered to
+the practiced eye of Professor Lowe that the entrenchments of the enemy
+were deserted; the rebels had abandoned their stronghold during the night
+and had fled toward Richmond.
+
+The news spread throughout the Federal army like lightning; from right to
+left and from center to circumference the entire encampment was one wild
+scene of joy. Music and cheering were the first items in the programme,
+and then came the following order: "Commandants of regiments will prepare
+to march with two days' rations, with the utmost dispatch. Leave, not to
+return." At about eight o'clock in the morning our advance guard entered
+Yorktown. There were nearly one hundred guns of different kinds and
+calibers and a large quantity of ammunition. The road over which the
+fugitive army passed during the night was beat up into mortar, knee deep,
+and was strewn with fragments of army wagons, tents and baggage.
+
+The Federal troops were in excellent spirits, and pushed on after the
+retreating army almost on the double quick. In this manner they kept up
+the pursuit until toward evening, when the cavalry came up with the
+rear-guard of the enemy about two miles from Williamsburg, where a sharp
+skirmish followed. Night came on and firing ceased; the rebels were behind
+their entrenchments, and our army bivouaced for the night. The cavalry and
+artillery forces were under command of General Stoneman; Generals
+Heintzelman, Hooker and Smith were in command of the advance column of
+infantry, while Generals Kearney, Couch and Casey brought up the rear.
+
+The enemy's works were four miles in extent, nearly three-fourths of their
+front being covered by the tributaries of Queen's Creek and College
+Creek. The main works were a large fortification, called Fort Magruder,
+and twelve redoubts for field guns. The woods around and inside of those
+works were felled, and the ground was thickly dotted with rifle pits. The
+battle commenced the next morning at half-past seven o'clock. General
+Hooker began the attack. The enemy were heavily reinforced, and made a
+desperate resistance. Hooker lost a great number of men and five pieces of
+artillery before Kearney, Couch or Casey came up. The roads were a perfect
+sea of mud, and now it was raining in torrents. The roar of battle sounded
+all along the lines; the thunder of cannon and the crash of musketry
+reverberated through the woods and over the plain, assuring the advancing
+troops that their companions were engaged in deadly strife.
+
+The thick growth of heavy timber was felled in all directions, forming a
+splendid ambush for the rebel sharpshooters. The Federals moved forward in
+the direction of the enemy's works, steadily, firmly, through ditch and
+swamp, mud and mire, loading and firing as they went, and from every tree,
+bush and covert, which could conceal a man, the rebels poured a deadly
+fire into the ranks of our advancing troops. I was glad now that I had
+postponed my second visit to the enemy, for there was plenty of work for
+me to do here, as the ghastly faces of the wounded and dying testified. I
+was subject to all kinds of orders. One moment I was ordered to the front
+with a musket in my hands; the next to mount a horse and carry an order to
+some general, and very often to take hold of a stretcher with some strong
+man and carry the wounded from the field.
+
+I remember one little incident in connection with my experience that day
+which I shall never forget, viz.: Colonel ---- fell, and I ran to help put
+him on a stretcher and carry him to a place of safety, or where the
+surgeons were, which was more than I was able to do without overtaxing my
+strength, for he was a very heavy man. A poor little stripling of a
+soldier and myself carried him about a quarter of a mile through a
+terrific storm of bullets, and he groaning in a most piteous manner. We
+laid him down carefully at the surgeon's feet, and raised him tenderly
+from the stretcher, spread a blanket and laid him upon it, then lingered
+just a moment to see whether the wound was mortal. The surgeon commenced
+to examine the case; there was no blood to indicate where the wound was,
+and the poor sufferer was in such agony that he could not tell where it
+was. So the surgeon examined by piecemeal until he had gone through with a
+thorough examination, and there was not even a scratch to be seen. Doctor
+E. straightened himself up and said, "Colonel, you are not wounded at all;
+you had better let these boys carry you back again." The Colonel became
+indignant, and rose to his feet with the air of an insulted hero and said:
+"Doctor, if I live to get out of this battle I'll call you to account for
+those words;" to which Doctor E. replied with decision, "Sir, if you are
+not with your regiment in fifteen minutes I shall report you to General
+H."
+
+I turned and left the spot in disgust, mentally regretting that the lead
+or steel of the enemy had not entered the breast of one who seemed so
+ambitious of the honor without the effect. As I returned to my post I made
+up my mind in future to ascertain whether a man was wounded or not before
+I did anything for him. The next I came to was Captain Wm. R. M., of the
+---- Michigan. His leg was broken and shattered from the ankle to the
+knee. As we went to lift him on a stretcher he said: "Just carry me out of
+range of the guns, and then go back and look after the boys. Mc---- and L.
+have fallen, and perhaps they are worse off than I am." Oh how glad I was
+to hear those words from his lips. It confirmed the opinion I had formed
+of him long before; he was one of my first acquaintances in the army, and,
+though he was a strict disciplinarian, I had watched his christian
+deportment and kind and affectionate manner toward his men with admiration
+and interest. I believed him noble and brave, and those few words on the
+battle-field at such a moment spoke volumes for that faithful captain's
+heroism and love for his men.
+
+The battle was raging fiercely, the men were almost exhausted, the rebels
+were fighting like demons, and were driving our troops back step by step,
+while the space between the two lines was literally covered with dead and
+wounded men and horses. One tremendous shout from the Federals rent the
+air and fairly shook the earth. We all knew in an instant, as if by
+intuition, what called forth such wild cheers from that weary and almost
+overpowered army. "Kearney!" was shouted enthusiastically along the
+Federal lines, while the fresh troops were hurled like thunderbolts upon
+the foe. One battery after another was taken from the enemy, and charge
+after charge was made upon their works, until the tide of battle was
+turned, Fort Magruder silenced, and the stars and stripes were floating in
+triumph over the rebel works.
+
+The battle was won, and victory crowned the Union arms. The rebels were
+flying precipitately from the field, and showers of bullets thick as hail
+followed the retreating fugitives. Night closed around us, and a darkness
+which almost equaled that of "Egypt" settled over the battle-field, and
+the pitiless rain came down in torrents, drenching alike the living and
+the dead. There lay upon that crimson field two thousand two hundred and
+twenty-eight of our own men, and more than that number of the enemy. It
+was indescribably sad to see our weary, exhausted men, with torches,
+wading through mud to their knees piloting the ambulances over the field,
+lest they should trample upon the bodies of their fallen comrades.
+
+All night long we toiled in this manner, and when morning came still there
+were hundreds found upon the field. Those of the enemy were found in
+heaps, both dead and wounded piled together in ravines, among the felled
+timber, and in rifle pits half covered with mud. Now the mournful duty
+came of identifying and burying the dead. Oh, what a day was that in the
+history of my life, as well as of thousands both North and South. It makes
+me shudder now while I recall its scenes.
+
+  To see those fair young forms
+    Crushed by the war-horse tread,
+  The dear and bleeding ones
+    Stretched by the piled-up dead.
+
+Oh, war, cruel war! Thou dost pierce the soul with untold sorrows, as well
+as thy bleeding victims with death. How many joyous hopes and bright
+prospects hast thou blasted; and how many hearts and homes hast thou made
+desolate! "As we think of the great wave of woe and misery surging over
+the land, we could cry out in very bitterness of soul--Oh God! how long,
+how long!"
+
+The dead lay in long rows on the field, their ghastly faces hid from view
+by handkerchiefs or the capes of their overcoats, while the faithful
+soldiers were digging trenches in which to bury the mangled bodies of the
+slain. I passed along the entire line and uncovered every face, in search
+of one who had given me a small package the day before when going into
+battle, telling me that if he should be killed to send it home; and, said
+he, "here is a ring on my finger which I want you to send to ----. It has
+never been off my finger since she placed it there the morning I started
+for Washington. If I am killed please take it off and send it to her." I
+was now in search of him, but could find nothing of the missing one. At
+last I saw a group of men nearly half a mile distant, who also seemed to
+be engaged in burying the dead. I made my way toward them as fast as I
+could, but when I reached them the bodies had all been lowered into the
+trench, and they were already filling it up.
+
+I begged them to let me go down and see if my friend was among the dead,
+to which the kind hearted boys consented. His body lay there partially
+covered with earth; I uncovered his face; he was so changed I should not
+have recognized him, but the ring told me that it was he. I tried with all
+my might to remove the ring, but could not. The fingers were so swollen
+that it was impossible to get it off. In life it was a pledge of
+faithfulness from one he loved, "and in death they were not divided."
+
+The dead having been buried and the wounded removed to the churches and
+college buildings in Williamsburg, the fatigued troops sought repose. Upon
+visiting the wounded rebels I saw several whom I had met in Yorktown,
+among them the sergeant of the picket post who had given me a friendly
+shake and told me if I slept on my post he would shoot me like a dog. He
+was pretty badly wounded, and did not seem to remember me. A little
+farther on a young darkie lay groaning upon the floor. I went to look at
+him, and asked if I could do anything for him. I recognized in the
+distorted face before me the same darkie who had befriended me at
+Yorktown, and to whom I had offered the five dollar greenback. I assure my
+friends that I repaid that boy's kindness with double interest; I told
+Doctor E. what he had done for me when my "hands" turned traitors. He was
+made an especial object of interest and care.
+
+Some few of the rebel prisoners were gentlemanly and intelligent, and
+their countenances betokened a high state of moral culture. Many were low,
+insolent, bloodthirsty creatures, who "neither feared God nor regarded
+man;" while others there were who seemed not to know enough to be either
+one thing or the other, but were simply living, breathing animals, subject
+to any order, and who would just as soon retreat as advance, so long as
+they did not have to fight. They did not care which way the battle went.
+On the whole there was a vast contrast between the northern and southern
+soldiers as they appeared in the hospitals, but perhaps prejudice had
+something to do in making the rebels appear so much inferior to our men.
+
+In passing through the college building I noticed a young sergeant, a mere
+boy, who was shot in the temple. He attracted my attention, and I made
+some inquiry concerning him. He was a Federal, and belonged to the
+--Massachusetts regiment. An old soldier sitting by him told me the
+following: "That boy is not sixteen yet; he enlisted as a private, and
+has, by his bravery and good conduct, earned the three stripes which you
+see on his arm. He fought all day yesterday like a young lion, leading
+charges again and again upon the enemy. After we lost our captain and
+lieutenants he took command of the company, and led it through the battle
+with the skill and courage of a young brigadier, until he fell stunned and
+bleeding. I carried him off the field, but could not tell whether he was
+dead or alive. I washed the blood from his face; the cold water had a
+salutary effect upon him, for when Hancock and Kearney had completed their
+work, and the cheers of victory rang over the bloody field, he was
+sufficiently revived to hear the inspiring tones of triumph. Leaping to
+his feet, faint and sick as he was, he took up the shout of victory in
+unison with the conquerers on the field. But he had scarcely uttered the
+notes of victory and glory when his strength deserted him and he fell
+insensible to the ground." The old man added: "General ---- says if he
+lives through this he will go into the next battle with shoulder straps
+on." I went up to him, took his feverish hand, and told him that I was
+glad that his wound was not mortal. He thanked me, and said with
+enthusiasm, "I would rather have been killed than to have lost the
+battle."
+
+There is one thing that I have noticed on the field in every battle that I
+have witnessed, viz.: that the christian man is the best soldier. Says a
+minister of the Gospel, writing upon this subject: "It is a common saying
+among the officers that, as a class, the men who stand foremost when the
+battle rages are the christian men. Many a time I have talked with them
+about such scenes, and they have told me that their souls have stood firm
+in that hour of strife, and that they have been perfectly calm. I have had
+christian generals tell me this. I have heard General Howard often say
+that in the midst of the most terrific portion of the battle, when his
+heart for a moment quailed, he would pause, and lift up his soul to God
+and receive strength. "And," said he, "I have gone through battles without
+a particle of fear. I have thought that God sent me to defend my country.
+I believed it was a christian duty to stand in the foremost of the fight,
+and why should I be afraid?"
+
+I once heard an eminently pious lady say that she never could reconcile
+the idea in her mind of a christian going into the army to fight; it was
+so inconsistent with the christian character that she was tempted to doubt
+the piety of all fighting men. I respect the lady's views upon the
+subject, but beg leave to differ from her; for I believe that a man can
+serve God just as acceptably in fighting the enemies of liberty, truth and
+righteousness with the musket down South, as he can in the quiet pulpits
+of the North; in fact I am inclined to think he can do so a little more
+effectually in the former place. I only wish that there were more of our
+holy men willing to take up the carnal weapons of warfare, forego the
+luxuries of home, and, by setting examples worthy of emulation, both in
+camp and on the battle field, thus strike a fatal blow at this unholy
+rebellion.
+
+The last night I spent in the hospital before leaving Williamsburg, I
+witnessed the death of a christian soldier, a perfect description of which
+I find in the "Memorials of the War:" "It was the hour of midnight, when
+the chaplain was summoned to the cot of a wounded soldier. He had only
+left him an hour before, with confident hopes of his speedy
+recovery--hopes which were shared by the surgeon and the wounded man
+himself. But a sudden change had taken place, and the surgeon had come to
+say that the man could live but an hour or two at most, and to beg the
+chaplain to make the announcement to the dying man. He was soon at his
+side, but overpowered by his emotions, was utterly unable to deliver his
+message. The dying man, however, quickly read the solemn truth in the
+altered looks of the chaplain, his faltering voice and ambiguous words. He
+had not before entertained a doubt of his recovery. He was expecting soon
+to see his mother, and with her kind nursing soon to be well. He was
+therefore entirely unprepared for the announcement, and at first it was
+overwhelming.
+
+"'I am to die then; and--how long?' As he had before expressed hope in
+Christ, the chaplain replied: 'You have made your peace with God; let
+death come as soon as it will, He will carry you safely over the river.'
+'Yes; but this is so awfully sudden, awfully sudden!' His lips quivered;
+he looked up grievingly: 'And I shall not see my mother.' 'Christ is
+better than a mother,' murmured the chaplain. 'Yes.' The word came in a
+whisper. His eyes were closed; the lips still wore that trembling grief,
+as if the chastisement were too sore, too hard to be borne; but as the
+minutes passed, and the soul lifted itself up stronger and more steadily
+upon the wings of prayer, the countenance grew calmer, the lips steadier,
+and when the eyes opened again there was a light in their depths that
+could have come only from heaven.
+
+"'I thank you for your courage,' he said more feebly, taking the
+chaplain's hand; 'the bitterness is over now, and I feel willing to die.
+Tell my mother'--he paused, gave one sob, dry, and full of the last
+anguish of earth--'tell her how I longed to see her; but if God will
+permit me I will be near her. Tell her to comfort all who loved me; to say
+that I thought of them all. Tell my father that I am glad that he gave his
+consent. Tell my minister, by word or letter, that I thought of him, and
+that I thank him for all his counsels. Tell him I find that Christ will
+not desert the passing soul, and that I wish him to give my testimony to
+the living, that nothing is of real worth but the religion of Jesus; and
+now, will you pray with me?' With swelling emotion and tender tones the
+chaplain besought God's grace and presence; then, restraining his sobs, he
+bowed down and pressed upon the beautiful brow, already chilled with the
+breath of the coming angel, twice, thrice, a fervent kiss. They might have
+been as tokens from the father and mother, as well as for himself.
+
+"So thought, perhaps, the dying soldier, for a heavenly smile touched his
+face with new beauty, as he said, 'Thank you; I won't trouble you any
+longer. You are wearied out; go to your rest.' 'The Lord God be with you!'
+was the firm response. 'Amen,' trembled from the fast whitening lips.
+Another hour passed, still the chaplain did not go to rest, but retired to
+an adjoining room; he was about to return to the bedside of the dying
+when the surgeon met him and whispered softly, 'He is gone.' Christ's
+soldier had found the captain of his salvation, and received his reward."
+
+  Tell my mother, when you see her,
+    That I fell amid the strife;
+  And for freedom and my country
+    I have given up my life;
+  Tell her that I sent this message
+    Ere my tongue refused to speak,
+  And you tell her, comrade, won't you?
+    Tell my mother not to weep.
+
+  Tell her, comrade, how we battled
+    For our country and the right;
+  How I held the starry banner
+    In the thickest of the fight;
+  Tell her how they struggled for it,
+    And, with curses loud and deep,
+  Took my bosom for their target--
+    But tell her not to weep.
+
+  Tell her I held up the banner
+    'Mid the screaming shot and shell,
+  Till the fatal leaden missile
+    Pierced my side, and then I fell.
+  Tell her I was ready, waiting,
+    When my pulses ceased to beat,
+  And I longed once more to see her--
+    But you tell her not to weep.
+
+  Tell her that the truths she taught me
+    Nerved my arm and led my feet,
+  And I trusted in the promise
+    'Mid the battle's fiercest heat.
+  Tell her, while my life was ebbing,
+    That I kissed her face so sweet--
+  Kissed the picture that she gave me--
+    And you tell her not to weep.
+
+  Tell her, comrade, when you see her,
+    That my battlefields are o'er,
+  And I've gone to join an army
+    Where rebellion comes no more;
+  Tell her that I hope to greet her,
+    When together we shall meet,
+  In that better home in heaven,
+    Where we never more shall weep.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+    MCCLELLAN'S DESPATCH FROM EWELL'S FARM--CALL FOR REINFORCEMENTS--NEWS
+    FROM NORFOLK--DESCRIPTION OF THE MERRIMAC--THE ENGAGEMENT IN HAMPTON
+    ROADS--FIRST AND LAST FIGHT OF THE MERRIMAC--VICTORY OF THE
+    MONITOR--ADVANCE ON THE PENINSULA--THE BATTLE SONG--A MUDDY MARCH--ON
+    THE CHICKAHOMINY--CRITICAL POSITION OF GENERAL BANKS--THE PRESIDENT'S
+    DESPATCHES--MCCLELLAN'S REPLY.
+
+
+On the tenth of May headquarters were established beyond Williamsburg, and
+communications were opened between the forces moving by land and water.
+The following despatch was then sent by General McClellan to Secretary
+Stanton:
+
+
+    "CAMP AT EWELL'S FARM,
+    "Three miles beyond Williamsburg,
+    "_May 10th--5 a. m._
+
+    "From the information reaching me from every source, I regard it as
+    certain that the enemy will meet us with all his force on or near the
+    Chickahominy. They can concentrate many more men than I have, and are
+    collecting troops from all quarters, especially well disciplined
+    troops from the South. Casualties, sickness, garrisons and guards have
+    much reduced our numbers, and will continue to do so. I shall fight
+    the rebel army with whatever force I may have, but duty requires me to
+    urge that every effort be made to reinforce me, without delay, with
+    all the disposable troops in Eastern Virginia, and that we concentrate
+    all our forces, as far as possible, to fight the great battle now
+    impending, and to make it decisive. It is possible that the enemy may
+    abandon Richmond without a serious struggle, but I do not believe he
+    will; and it would be unwise to count upon anything but a stubborn and
+    desperate defense--a life and death contest. I see no other hope for
+    him than to fight this battle, and we must win it. I shall fight them
+    whatever their force may be; but I ask for every man that the
+    department can send me. No troops should now be left unemployed. Those
+    who entertain the opinion that the rebels will abandon Richmond
+    without a struggle are, in my judgment, badly advised, and do not
+    comprehend their situation, which is one requiring desperate measures.
+    I beg that the President and Secretary will maturely weigh what I say,
+    and leave nothing undone to comply with my request. If I am not
+    reinforced it is probable that I will be obliged to fight nearly
+    double my numbers strongly entrenched."
+
+Four days later he writes:
+
+    "I will fight the enemy, whatever their force may be, with whatever
+    force I may have, and I believe that we shall beat them; but our
+    triumph should be made decisive and complete. The soldiers of this
+    army love their Government, and will fight well in its support. You
+    may rely upon them. They have confidence in me as their general, and
+    in you as their President. Strong reinforcements will at least save
+    the lives of many of them; the greater our force the more perfect will
+    be our combinations, and the less our loss. For obvious reasons I beg
+    you to give immediate consideration to this communication, and to
+    inform me fully, at the earliest moment, of your final decision."
+
+A few days' rest after the fatigues of the battle, and the glorious news
+of the evacuation of Norfolk and the total annihilation of the Merrimac,
+had a wonderful effect upon the spirits of our troops; they seemed
+inspired with new courage and enthusiasm. Hitherto I have said nothing
+concerning that great bugbear, the Merrimac. Perhaps some of my
+"blue-nose" readers are not so well posted with regard to the origin and
+structure of this formidable rebel battery as the Americans are, and it
+may be interesting to some to listen to a brief description of it.
+
+"Upon the burning and evacuation of the Norfolk Navy Yard the steam
+frigate Merrimac was scuttled and sunk, by order of Commodore Macaulay.
+This was one of the most magnificent ships in the American navy, being
+rated as a forty-gun frigate, of four thousand tons burden. She was built
+in Charlestown, Massachusetts, in 1856, and was considered one of the
+finest specimens of naval architecture then afloat. She was two hundred
+and eighty-one feet long, fifty-two feet broad, and drew twenty-three feet
+of water. Her engines were of eight hundred horse power, driving a
+two-bladed propeller fourteen feet in diameter, and so adjusted as to be
+raised from the water when the vessel was driven by wind alone. Her
+armament consisted of twenty-four nine-inch shell guns, fourteen
+eight-inch, and two one hundred-pound pivot guns. This magnificent
+structure was raised by the rebels and cut down, leaving only the hull,
+which was exceedingly massive and solid. Over this they constructed a
+sloping shield of railroad iron, firmly plaited together, and extending
+two feet under the water. Its appearance was much like the slanting roof
+of a house set upon a ship's hull, like an extinguisher, the ends of the
+vessel, fore and aft, projecting a few feet beyond this roof. The gun-deck
+was completely inclosed by this shield, and nothing appeared above it but
+a short smoke-stack and two flag-staffs."
+
+An eye witness gives the following account of the first appearance and
+conflict of the Merrimac: "About noon of Saturday, the eighth of March,
+1862, this monster was seen coming around Craney Island from Norfolk,
+accompanied by two other war vessels, the Jamestown and Yorktown, and
+quite a little fleet of armed tugs. The Merrimac, with her imposing
+retinue in train, headed for Newport News, where there was a national
+garrison, guarded by the sailing frigates the Cumberland, of one thousand
+seven hundred and twenty-six tons, and the Congress, of one thousand eight
+hundred and sixty-seven tons burden. The Merrimac steamed majestically
+along, as if conscious of resistless strength, and as she passed the
+Congress discharged a single broadside into the doomed ship, and then,
+leaving her to the attention of the Jamestown and Yorktown, made directly
+for the Cumberland. When the Merrimac was within a hundred yards of the
+two frigates, they both discharged their tremendous broadsides against her
+armor.
+
+"The mailed monster quivered a moment under the fearful concussion, but
+every ball glanced from her sloping shield like the wooden arrows of the
+Indian from the hide of the crocodile. Her ports were all closed. Not
+deigning to pay any attention to the fierce but harmless assault of the
+two frigates, she rushed straight forward upon her prey. The formidable
+national battery at Newport News opened, with all its immense guns, at
+point-blank range, and these solid shot and shells also glanced harmlessly
+away. On rushed the silent Merrimac, with not a soul on board to be seen,
+true as an arrow, and with all the power of her irresistible weight,
+plunged headlong with a fearful crash into the side of the helpless
+frigate. The iron prow of the assailant struck the Cumberland amidships,
+crushing in her side with a mortal gash. Then, reversing her engine, and
+not even annoyed by the cannon balls rattling against her impervious mail,
+she retraced her steps a few rods for another butt.
+
+"As she drew back she turned her broadside to the wounded victim, and
+hurled into her bosom a merciless volley of shot and shells. The ponderous
+missiles tore through the crowded ship, hurling her massive guns about her
+decks, and scattering mutilated bodies in all directions. Again gathering
+headway, she crowded on all steam and made another plunge at the
+Cumberland. She struck directly upon the former wound, and crushed in the
+whole side of the ship as if it had been a lattice work of laths.
+
+"Timbers as strong as nature and art could make them, were snapped and
+crushed like dry twigs. As the sun went down, that night, over Hampton
+Roads, every Union heart in the fleet and in the fortress throbbed with
+despair. There was no gleam of hope. The Merrimac was impervious to balls,
+and could go where she pleased. In the morning it would be easy work for
+her to destroy our whole fleet. She could then shell Newport News and
+Fortress Monroe at her leisure, setting everything combustible in flames,
+and driving every man from the guns.
+
+"'That morrow! How anxiously we waited for it! how much we feared its
+results! At sundown there was nothing to dispute the empire of the seas
+with the Merrimac, and had a land attack been made by Magruder then, God
+only knows what our fate would have been.' All at once a speck of light
+gleamed on the distant wave; it moved; it came nearer and nearer, and at
+ten o'clock that night the Monitor appeared. 'When the tale of brick is
+doubled, Moses comes.' I never more firmly believed in special providences
+than at that hour. Even skeptics were converted, and said, 'God has sent
+her.' But how insignificant she looked; she was but a speck on the dark
+blue wave at night, and almost a laughable object by day. The enemy call
+her a 'cheese-box on a raft,' and the comparison is a good one." But
+insignificant as she appeared, she saved the Union fleet, silenced the
+rebel monster, and eventually caused her to commit suicide. No wonder then
+that the news of the death of this formidable foe caused great rejoicing
+among the Union troops.
+
+Orders were issued to continue the advance up the Peninsula; and as the
+jubilant troops were engaged in striking tents and making the necessary
+preparations consequent upon a hurried march, "The Battle Song of the
+Republic" was being sung with enthusiasm throughout the encampment by
+thousands of manly voices, and every loyal heart seemed inspired by the
+glorious sentiments which it contained.
+
+  Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord;
+  He is trampling out the vintage where the grape of wrath is stored;
+  He hath loosed the fateful lightning of his terrible swift sword;
+                                          His truth is marching on.
+
+                                      CHORUS--Glory, glory, hallelujah!
+                                              Glory, glory, hallelujah!
+                                              Glory, glory, hallelujah!
+                                          His truth is marching on.
+
+  I have seen him in the watch-fires of a hundred circling camps;
+  They have builded Him an altar in the evening's dews and damps;
+  I can read his righteous sentence by the dim and flaming lamps;
+                                          His day is marching on, etc.
+
+  I have read a fiery gospel writ in burnished rows of steel:
+  As ye deal with my contemners, so with you my grace shall deal;
+  Let the Hero, born of woman, crush the serpent with his heel,
+                                          Since God is marching on, etc.
+
+  He has sounded forth the trumpet that shall never call retreat;
+  He is sifting out the hearts of men before his judgment seat;
+  O, be swift, my soul, to answer Him! be jubilant, my feet!
+                                          Our God is marching on, etc.
+
+  In the beauty of the lilies Christ was born across the sea,
+  With a glory in his bosom that transfigures you and me:
+  As he died to make men holy, let us die to make men free,
+                                          While God is marching on, etc.
+
+The roads were so indescribably bad at this time that the army could make
+but little progress. I remember it required thirty-six hours for one train
+to accomplish the distance of five miles. However, after several days
+wading through mud and water, the troops reached the White House, where a
+portion of the army remained for a time, while the advance guards pushed
+on to the Chickahominy River, and established headquarters at Bottom's
+Bridge--its further progress being impeded by the destruction of the
+bridge by the rebels.
+
+"The position of the troops were as follows: Stoneman's advance-guard one
+mile from New Bridge; Franklin's corps three miles from New Bridge, with
+Porter's corps in advancing distance in its rear; Sumner's corps on the
+railroad, about three miles from the Chickahominy, connecting the right
+with the left; Keyes' on New Kent road, near Bottom's Bridge, with
+Heintzelman's corps at supporting distance in its rear." The ford was in
+possession of the federal troops, and a reconstruction of the bridge was
+immediately commenced.
+
+On the 24th of May the two following despatches were received by Gen.
+McClellan from the President: "I wish you to move cautiously and safely.
+You will have command of McDowell precisely as you indicated in your
+despatch to us."
+
+"In consequence of Gen. Banks' critical position, I have been compelled to
+suspend Gen. McDowell's movement to join you. The enemy are making a
+desperate push upon Harper's Ferry, and we are trying to throw Gen.
+Fremont's force, and part of Gen. McDowell's, in their rear!"
+
+On the 25th, the President also sent the following to McClellan: "The
+enemy is moving north in sufficient force to drive Gen. Banks before him;
+precisely in what force we cannot tell. He is also threatening Leesburg
+and Geary on the Manassas Gap Railroad, from north and south; I think the
+movement is a general and concerted one--such as would not be if he was
+acting upon the purpose of a very desperate defense of Richmond. I think
+the time is near when you must either attack Richmond or give up the job,
+and come to the defense of Washington. Let me hear from you instantly."
+
+To which McClellan replied: "Telegram received. Independently of it, the
+time is very near when I shall attack Richmond. The object of the movement
+is probably to prevent reinforcements being sent to me. All the
+information obtained agree in the statement that the mass of the rebel
+troops are still in the vicinity of Richmond. I have no knowledge of
+Banks' position and force, nor what there is at Manassas; therefore cannot
+form a definite opinion as to the forces against him. I have two corps
+across Chickahominy, within six miles of Richmond; the others on this side
+at other crossings, within same distance, and ready to cross when bridges
+are completed."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+    ANOTHER DISGUISE--I BECOME AN IRISH PEDDLER--FEVER AND AGUE--A NIGHT
+    OF SUFFERING IN THE SWAMP--RETROSPECTION--LOST IN THE SWAMP--CANNON MY
+    GUIDES--A SICK REBEL--I FIND SOMETHING TO EAT--MY NEW
+    PATIENT--SYMPATHY FOR SUFFERING--TALK WITH A DYING REBEL--A WILLING
+    DETENTION--EXTEMPORIZING A LIGHT--THE LAST HOUR--SOLDIERS OF
+    CHRIST--THE CHAMBER OF DEATH.
+
+
+While all these preparations were going forward, I was meditating another
+visit to the rebel camp. It was not safe for me to attempt to palm myself
+off again on the rebels as a colored boy. In the first place, I should be
+in danger of being recognized as the cowardly picket who deserted his
+post--a crime worthy of death; and in the next place, I should be in
+imminent danger of blistering my hands again--a thing which I felt
+particularly anxious to avoid, especially in performing labor that would
+enable the enemy more successfully to repel the attacks of the Federals.
+Now a new disguise was necessary, and I decided to abandon the African
+relation, and assume that of the Hibernian. Having had this in view before
+leaving Williamsburg, I procured the dress and outfit of an Irish female
+peddler, following the army, selling cakes, pies, etc., together with a
+considerable amount of brogue, and a set of Irish phrases, which did much
+toward characterizing me as one of the "rale ould stock of bog-trotters."
+
+The bridges were not finished across the Chickahominy when I was ready to
+cross the river, so I packed up my new disguise in my cake and pie basket,
+and my horse, "Frank," and I took a bath in the cool water of the
+Chickahominy. After swimming my noble steed across the river, I
+dismounted, and led him to the edge of the water--gave him a farewell pat,
+and let him swim back again to the other side, where a soldier awaited his
+return. It was now evening; I did not know the precise distance to the
+enemy's picket line, but thought it best to avoid the roads, and
+consequently I must spend the night in the swamp, as the only safe
+retreat. It required some little time to don my new disguise, and feel at
+home in the clothes. I thought the best place for my debut was the
+"Chickahominy swamp." I did not purpose, this time, to pass the enemy's
+lines in the night, but to present myself at the picket line, at a
+seasonable hour, and ask admission as one of the fugitives of that section
+flying from the approach of the Yankees, which was a usual thing.
+
+In crossing the river I had my basket strapped on my back, and did not
+know that all it contained was completely drenched, until I required to
+use its contents. It was, therefore, with feelings of dread and
+disappointment that I discovered this sad fact, for I had been suffering
+from slight ague chills during the day, and feared the consequences of
+spending the night in wet clothing, especially in that malaria-infested
+region. However, there was no alternative, and I was obliged to make the
+best of it. I had brought a patch-work quilt with me from the hospital,
+but that, too, was wet. Yet it kept off some of the chill night air, and
+the miasmatic breath of that "dismal swamp." The remembrance of the
+sufferings of that night seem to be written upon my memory "as with a pen
+of iron." There I was, all alone, surrounded by worse, yes, infinitely
+worse, than wild beasts--by blood-thirsty savages--who considered death
+far too good for those who were in the employment of the United States
+Government.
+
+That night I was attacked by severe chills--chills beyond description, or
+even conception, except by those who have experienced the freezing
+sensation of a genuine ague chill. During the latter part of the night the
+other extreme presented itself, and it seemed as if I should roast alive,
+and not a single drop of water to cool my parched tongue; it was enough to
+make any one think of the "rich man" of the Bible, and in sympathy with
+his feelings cry to "Father Abraham" for assistance. My mind began to
+wander, and I became quite delirious. There seemed to be the horrors of a
+thousand deaths concentrated around me; I was tortured by fiends of every
+conceivable shape and magnitude. Oh, how it makes me shudder to recall
+the scenes which my imagination conjured up during those dark weary hours!
+Morning at last came, and I was aroused from the horrible night-mare which
+had paralyzed my senses through the night, by the roar of cannon and the
+screaming of shell through the forest.
+
+But there I was, helpless as an infant, equally unable to advance or
+retreat, without friend or foe to molest or console me, and nothing even
+to amuse me but my own thoughts. I looked upon the surrounding scenery,
+and pronounced it very unromantic; then my eye fell upon my Irish costume,
+and I began to remember the fine phrases which I had taken so much pains
+to learn, when the perfect absurdity of my position rushed over my mind
+with overwhelming force, and the ludicrousness of it made me, for the
+moment, forget my lamentable condition, and with one uncontrollable burst
+of laughter I made that swamp resound in a manner which would have done
+credit to a person under happier circumstances, and in a better state of
+health.
+
+That mood soon passed away, and I began a retrospection of my past life.
+It certainly had been an eventful one. I took great interest in carefully
+tracing each link in the chain of circumstances which had brought me to
+the spot whereon I now lay, deserted and alone, in that notorious
+Chickahominy swamp. And ere I was aware of it, I was sighing over a few
+episodes in my past history--and mentally saying, well, only for this
+intense love of adventure, such and such things "might have been," and I
+should now be rejoicing in the honorable title of ---- ----, instead of
+"wasting my sweetness on the desert air," in the wilderness of the
+Peninsula.
+
+  Of all the sad words, of tongue or of pen,
+  The saddest are these--"_it might have been_."
+
+The cannonading was only the result of a reconnoissance, and in a few
+hours ceased altogether. But not so my fever and chills; they were my
+constant companions for two days and two nights in succession. At the end
+of that time I was an object of pity. With no medicine, no food, and
+consequently little strength; I was nearly in a state of starvation. My
+pies and cakes were spoiled in the basket, in consequence of the drenching
+they had received in crossing the river, and now I had no means of
+procuring more. But something must be done; I could not bear the thought
+of thus starving to death in that inglorious manner; better die upon the
+scaffold at Richmond, or be shot by the rebel pickets; anything but this.
+So I thought and said, as I rallied all my remaining strength to arrange
+my toilette preparatory to emerging from my concealment in the swamp.
+
+It was about nine o'clock in the morning of the third day after crossing
+the river, when I started, as I thought, towards the enemy's lines, and a
+more broken-hearted, forlorn-looking "Bridget" never left "ould Ireland,"
+than I appeared to be that morning. I traveled from that time until five
+o'clock in the afternoon, and was then deeper in the swamp than when I
+started. My head or brain was completely turned. I knew not which way to
+go, nor did I know east from west, or north from south.
+
+It was a dark day in every sense of the word--and I had neither sun nor
+compass to guide me. At five o'clock the glorious booming of cannon
+reverberated through the dense wilderness, and to me, at that hour, it was
+the sweetest and most soul-inspiring music that ever greeted my ear. I now
+turned my face in the direction of the scene of action, and was not long
+in extricating myself from the desert which had so long enveloped me.
+
+Soon after emerging from the swamp I saw, in the distance, a small white
+house, and thither I bent my weary footsteps. I found it deserted, with
+the exception of a sick rebel soldier, who lay upon a straw-tick on the
+floor in a helpless condition. I went to him, and assuming the Irish
+brogue, I inquired how he came to be left alone, and if I could render him
+any assistance. He could only speak in a low whisper, and with much
+difficulty, said he had been ill with typhoid fever a few weeks before,
+and had not fully recovered when General Stoneman attacked the rebels
+in the vicinity of Coal Harbor, and he was ordered to join his company. He
+participated in a sharp skirmish, in which the rebels were obliged to
+retreat; but he fell out by the way, and fearing to fall into the hands of
+the Yankees, he had crawled along as best he could, sometimes on his hands
+and knees, until he reached the house in which I found him.
+
+
+[Illustration: MAKING HOE-CAKE FOR A SICK REBEL.--Page 153.]
+
+
+He had not eaten anything since leaving camp, and he was truly in a
+starving condition. I did not dare say to him "ditto"--with regard to poor
+"Bridget's" case--but thought so, and realized it most painfully. He also
+told me that the family who had occupied the house had abandoned it since
+he came there, and that they had left some flour and corn-meal, but had
+not time to cook anything for him. This was good news for me, and
+exhausted as I was, I soon kindled a fire, and in less than fifteen
+minutes a large hoe-cake was before it in process of baking, and a
+sauce-pan of water heating, for there was no kettle to be found. After
+searching about the premises, I found some tea packed away in a small
+basket, with some earthearn ware, which the family had forgotten to take
+with them. My cake being cooked, and tea made, I fed the poor famished
+rebel as tenderly as if he had been my brother, and he seemed as grateful
+for my kindness, and thanked me with as much politeness, as if I had been
+Mrs. Jeff Davis. The next important item was to attend to the cravings of
+my own appetite, which I did without much ceremony.
+
+After making my toilet and adjusting my wig in the most approved Irish
+style, I approached the sick man, and for the first time noticed his
+features and general appearance. He was a man about thirty years of age,
+was tall and had a slight figure, regular features, dark hair and large,
+mournful, hazel eyes; altogether he was a very pleasing and intelligent
+looking man. I thought him quite an interesting patient, and if I had had
+nothing more important to attend to, I should have enjoyed the privilege
+of caring for him until he recovered. It is strange how sickness and
+disease disarm our antipathy and remove our prejudices. There lay before
+me an enemy to the Government for which I was daily and willingly exposing
+my life and suffering unspeakable privation; he may have been the very man
+who took deadly aim at my friend and sent the cruel bullet through his
+temple; and yet, as I looked upon him in his helpless condition, I did not
+feel the least resentment, or entertain an unkind thought toward him
+personally, but looked upon him only as an unfortunate, suffering man,
+whose sad condition called forth the best feelings of my nature, and I
+longed to restore him to health and strength; not considering that the
+very health and strength which I wished to secure for him would be
+employed against the cause which I had espoused.
+
+I had a great desire to know more of this man who had so strangely called
+forth my sympathies, and finding that he had grown stronger since he had
+partaken of some nourishment, I entered into conversation with him. I
+found that he was wholly and conscientiously a Confederate soldier, but,
+strange to say, completely divested of that inveterate hatred of the
+Yankees which is almost universal among the Southerners. I dared not
+express my sentiments in very strong terms, but gently interrogated him
+with regard to the right which he claimed the rebels had to take up arms
+against the United States Government.
+
+At length I asked him if he professed to be a Soldier of the Cross; he
+replied with emotion and enthusiasm, "Yes, thank God! I have fought longer
+under the Captain of my Salvation than I have yet done under Jeff. Davis."
+My next and last question upon that subject was--"Can you, as a disciple
+of Christ, conscientiously and consistently uphold the institution of
+Slavery?" He made no reply, but fixed those mournful eyes on my face with
+a sad expression, as much as to say--"Ah, Bridget, you have touched a
+point upon which my own heart condemns me, and I know that God is greater
+than my heart, and will also condemn me."
+
+In this earnest conversation I had unconsciously forgotten much of my
+Hibernian accent, and I thought that the sick man began to suspect that I
+was not what my appearance indicated. It alarmed me for a moment, but I
+soon recovered my composure after stepping forward and examining his
+pulse, for he was fast sinking, and the little strength which he seemed to
+have a short time before was nearly exhausted. After studying my
+countenance a few moments he asked me to pray with him. I did not dare to
+refuse the dying man's request, nor did I dare to approach my Maker in an
+assumed tone of voice; so I knelt down beside him, and in my own natural
+voice breathed a brief and earnest prayer for the departing soldier, for
+grace to sustain him in that trying hour, and finally for the triumph of
+truth and right.
+
+When I arose from my knees he grasped my hand eagerly and said: "Please
+tell me who you are. I cannot, if I would, betray you, for I shall very
+soon be standing before that God whom you have just addressed." I could
+not tell him the truth and I would not tell him a falsehood, so I evaded a
+direct reply, but promised that when he became stronger I would tell him
+my history. He smiled languidly and closed his eyes, as much as to say
+that he understood me.
+
+It was now growing late. I was not far from the rebel lines, but was not
+able to successfully act a part in my present debilitated condition, and
+besides, I was glad that I could consistently remain over night with that
+poor dying man, rebel though he was. I began to look around for something
+which I might convert into a light, but did not succeed in finding
+anything better than a piece of salt pork, which I fried, pouring the fat
+into a dish in which I put a cotton rag, and then lighting the end of the
+rag I found I had secured quite a respectable light. After making some
+corn-meal gruel for my patient, I took care to fasten the doors and
+windows so that no one could enter the house without my knowledge, and
+screened the windows so that no light might attract the rebel scouts.
+
+Thus with a sort of feeling of security I took my seat beside the sick
+man. The dews of death were already gathering on his pallid brow. I took
+his hand in mine, examined his pulse again, and wiped the cold
+perspiration from his forehead. Oh how those beautiful eyes thanked me for
+these little acts of kindness! He felt in his heart that I did not
+sympathize with him as a rebel, but that I was willing to do all that a
+sister could do for him in this hour of trial. This seemed to call forth
+more gratitude than if I had been heart and hand with the South. He looked
+up suddenly and saw me weeping--for I could not restrain my tears--he
+seemed then to understand that he was really dying. Looking a little
+startled he exclaimed--"Am I really dying?"
+
+Oh, how often have I been obliged to answer that awful question in the
+affirmative! "Yes, you are dying, my friend. Is your peace made with
+God?" He replied, "My trust is in Christ; He was mine in life, and in
+death He will not forsake me"--almost the very words I heard a dying
+Federal soldier say, a few days before, at the hospital in Williamsburg. A
+few weeks previous these two men had been arrayed against each other in
+deadly strife; yet they were brethren; their faith and hope were the same;
+they both trusted in the same Saviour for salvation.
+
+Then he said, "I have a last request to make. If you ever pass through the
+Confederate camp between this and Richmond inquire for Major McKee, of
+General Ewell's staff, and give him a gold watch which you will find in my
+pocket; he will know what to do with it; and tell him I died happy,
+peacefully." He then told me his name and the regiment to which he had
+belonged. His name was Allen Hall. Taking a ring from his finger he tried
+to put it on mine, but his strength failed, and after a pause he said,
+"Keep that ring in memory of one whose sufferings you have alleviated, and
+whose soul has been refreshed by your prayers in the hour of dissolution."
+Then folding his hands together as a little child would do at its mother's
+knee, he smiled a mute invitation for prayer. After a few moments'
+agonizing prayer in behalf of that departing spirit, the dying man raised
+himself up in the bed and cried out with his dying breath, "Glory to God!
+Glory to God! I am almost home!"
+
+He was almost gone. I gave him some water, raised the window, and using my
+hat for a fan, I sat down and watched the last glimmering spark of light
+go out from those beautiful windows of the soul. Putting his hand in mine
+he signed to me to raise his head in my arms. I did so, and in a few
+moments he ceased to breathe.
+
+He died about twelve o'clock--his hand clasping mine in the painful grip
+of death, my arm supporting him, and his head leaning on my bosom like a
+wearied child. I laid him down, closed his eyes, and straightened his
+rigid limbs; then folding his hands across his breast, I drew his blanket
+close around him and left him in the silent embrace of death. The
+beautiful, calm expression of his face made me think he looked
+
+  Like one who wraps the drapery of his couch
+  About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams.
+
+This was rather a strange position for me to occupy at midnight--alone
+with death! Yet I thanked God that it was my privilege to be there; and I
+thanked Him for the religion of Jesus which was the strength of my heart
+in that trying hour. Yes, I could then rejoice in the providence which had
+detained me in the Chickahominy swamp, and had thus brought me to the
+bedside of that suffering stranger. Profound silence reigned supreme, and
+there was naught to chase away the darkness of that gloomy midnight hour
+save the consciousness that God was there.
+
+I felt it good thus to be drawn away from the tumult of war, and there, in
+the presence of the angel of death, hold communion with my own heart and
+drink deep from the well of holy meditation. I thought there were happy
+spirits hovering round the lifeless form of him who was so lovable in life
+and lovely in death. Yes, I imagined the shining host had returned from
+escorting the triumphant spirit to the Throne of God, and were now
+watching the beautiful casket which had encased the bright spirit whose
+companionship had made some southern home bright and joyous.
+
+I thought, too, of the loved ones who had gone and left me to finish my
+journey alone, and who would soon come to bear me away to that bright
+eternal world, if I only proved faithful unto death. "How impressively
+sad, how thrillingly beautiful, the lesson we glean from this silent
+spirit communion! Our physical nature starts and shudders at the thought
+of joining the silent numbers of the dead; but our spiritual nature
+catches a glimpse of that spirit-life beyond the portals of the tomb,
+where life, pure, free and joyous, shall be ours."
+
+  A lesson sad, but fraught with good--
+  A tearful one, but strengthening food--
+        Thou givest me;
+  We learn that "dust returns to dust,"
+  Anew in God we put our trust,
+        And bow the knee.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+    AM I A STOIC?--SOMEONE'S DARLING--COMPLETING MY DISGUISE--ANOTHER
+    START FOR THE REBEL LINES--PEPPERING MY EYES--CHALLENGED BY A
+    PICKET--A COCKNEY SENTINEL--GETTING INFORMATION--PLENTY OF BEEF, BUT
+    NO SALT--RICE AND CORN MEAL BREAD--PREPARING TO VISIT
+    HEADQUARTERS--INTERVIEW WITH MAJOR MCKEE--THE MAJOR'S MISPLACED
+    CONFIDENCE--RETURN FOR THE BODY OF THE REBEL CAPTAIN--MY LOOK-OUT FOR
+    YANKEES--NEW ORDERS.
+
+
+Perhaps some of my readers will pronounce me a stoic, entirely devoid of
+feeling, when I tell them that two hours after I wrapped the unconscious
+form of my late patient in his winding-sheet, I enveloped myself in my
+patchwork quilt, and laid me down not far from the corpse, and slept
+soundly until six o'clock in the morning. Feeling much refreshed I arose,
+and after spending a few moments by the side of my silent companion,
+contemplating the changes which the King of Terrors had wrought, I cut a
+lock of hair from his temple, took the watch and a small package of
+letters from his pocket, replaced the blanket reverently, and bade him
+farewell.
+
+  Kiss him once for somebody's sake
+    Murmur a prayer soft and low;
+  One bright curl from its dark mates take,
+    They were somebody's pride, you know:
+  Somebody's hand hath rested there--
+    Was it a mother's, soft and white?
+  And have the lips of a sister fair
+    Been baptized in their waves of light?
+
+  God knows best! He was somebody's love;
+    Somebody's heart enshrined him there;
+  Somebody wafted his name above,
+    Night and morn, on the wings of prayer.
+  Somebody wept when he marched away,
+    Looking so handsome, brave and grand;
+  Somebody's kiss on his forehead lay,
+    Somebody clung to his parting hand.
+
+  Somebody's waiting and watching for him,
+    Yearning to hold him again to her heart;
+  And there he lies with his dark eyes dim,
+    And the smiling, childlike lips apart.
+  Tenderly bury the fair young dead,
+    Pausing to drop in his grave a tear;
+  Carve on the wooden slab at his head
+    "Somebody's darling slumbers here."
+
+After hastily partaking of a slight repast, which I could scarcely term
+breakfast, I commenced immediate preparations to leave the house. Upon
+examining the basket in which I had found the tea on my arrival, I found a
+number of articles which assisted me much in assuming a more perfect
+disguise. There was mustard, pepper, an old pair of green spectacles, and
+a bottle of red ink. Of the mustard I made a strong plaster about the size
+of a dollar, and tied it on one side of my face until it blistered it
+thoroughly. I then cut off the blister and put on a large patch of black
+court-plaster; with the ink I painted a red line around my eyes, and after
+giving my pale complexion a deep tinge with some ochre which I found in a
+closet, I put on my green glasses and my Irish hood, which came over my
+face about six inches.
+
+I then made the tour of the house from garret to cellar, to find all the
+household fixings which an Irishwoman would be supposed to carry with her
+in such an emergency--for I expected to be searched before I was admitted
+through the lines. I packed both my baskets, for I had two now, and was
+ready for another start. But before leaving I thought best to bury my
+pistol and every article in my possession which could in any way induce
+suspicion. Then taking a farewell look at the beautiful features of the
+dead, I left the house, going directly the nearest road to the rebel
+picket line. I felt perfectly safe in doing so, for the rebel soldier's
+watch was a sufficient passport in daylight, and a message for Major McKee
+would insure me civility at least.
+
+I followed the Richmond road about five miles before meeting or seeing any
+one. At length I saw a sentinel in the distance, but before he observed me
+I sat down to rest and prepare my mind for the coming interview. While
+thus waiting to have my courage reinforced, I took from my basket the
+black pepper and sprinkled a little of it on my pocket handkerchief, which
+I applied to my eyes. The effect was all I could have desired, for taking
+a view of my prepossessing countenance in the small mirror which I always
+carried with me, I perceived that my eyes had a fine tender expression,
+which added very much to the beauty of their red borders. I was reminded
+of poor Leah of old who failed to secure the affection of her husband in
+consequence of a similar blemish, and thought myself safe from the
+slightest approach to admiration on the part of the chivalry.
+
+I now resumed my journey, and displayed a flag of truce, a piece of a
+cotton window curtain which I brought from the house at which I had
+stopped over night. As I came nearer the picket-guard signaled to me to
+advance, which I did as fast as I could under the circumstances, being
+encumbered with two heavy baskets packed full of earthenware, clothing,
+quilts, etc. Upon coming up to the guard, instead of being dismayed at his
+formidable appearance, I felt rejoiced, for there stood before me an
+immense specimen of a jolly Englishman, with a blind smile on his
+good-natured face, provoked, I presume, by the supremely ludicrous figure
+I presented.
+
+He mildly questioned me with regard to my hopes and fears, whence I came
+and whither I was going, and if I had seen any Yankees. My sorrowful story
+was soon told. My peppery handkerchief was freely applied to my eyes, and
+the tears ran down my face without the least effort on my part. The
+good-natured guard's sympathy was excited, more especially as I was a
+foreigner like himself, and he told me I could pass along and go just
+wherever I pleased, so far as he was concerned, adding in a sad tone, "I
+wish I was hat 'ome with my family, hand then Jeff. Davis hand the
+Confederacy might go to 'ell for hall me. Hinglishmen 'ave no business
+'ere."
+
+I mentally exclaimed, "Good for you--you are one after my own heart," but
+I replied to the Englishman's patriotic speech after the following manner:
+"Och, indade I wish yez was all at home wid yer families, barrin them as
+have no families; an sure its we poor craythurs of wimen that's
+heartbroken intirely, an fairly kilt wid this onnathral war;" and here my
+eyes were again carefully wiped with my handkerchief.
+
+After thanking the picket-guard for his kindness, I went on my way toward
+the rebel camp. I had not gone far when the guard called me back and
+advised me not to stay in camp over night, for, said he, "One of our spies
+has just come in and reported that the Yankees have finished the bridges
+across the Chickahominy, and intend to attack us either to-day or
+to-night, but Jackson and Lee are ready for them." He went on to tell me
+how many masked batteries they had prepared, and said he, "There is one,"
+pointing to a brush-heap by the roadside, "that will give them fits if
+they come this way."
+
+Feeling somewhat in a hurry, I started once more for camp. I concluded
+after getting through the lines that I could dispense with one of my
+baskets, so setting one of them down under a tree I felt much more
+comfortable, and was not quite so conspicuous an object going into camp. I
+went directly to headquarters and inquired for Major McKee. I was told
+that he would not be there before evening, and my informant drawled out
+after me, "He's gone to set a trap for the d--d Yankees."
+
+I made up my mind at once that I must find out as much as possible before
+night, and make my way back before the impending battle came on. Upon
+looking around the camp I saw a shanty where some negro women were cooking
+meat. I went and told them that I was hungry and would like to have
+something to eat. "Oh yes, honey, we'se got lots o' meat and bread, but
+haint got no salt; but reckon ye can eat it without." So saying an old
+auntie brought me a piece of boiled fresh beef and some bread; but I could
+not make out what the bread was made of; as near as I could guess,
+however, it was made of boiled rice and corn-meal, and that also was
+without salt.
+
+I thought it would be well to look a little smarter before I presented
+myself at headquarters again, lest I might not meet with that confidence
+which I felt it was important for me to secure. My patched and painted
+face made it impossible for any one to define the expression of my
+countenance. My blistered cheek was becoming very painful in consequence
+of the drawing of the court-plaster. I took off my glasses and bathed my
+face in clear, cold water, which did not remove much of the color, but
+made me a shade more like myself; then I succeeded in getting one of the
+colored women to go to the doctor's quarters and get me some unguent, or
+simple cerate, with which I dressed the blister. My eyes were sufficiently
+disfigured by this time to dispense with the glasses, so putting them in
+my basket I laid them aside for another occasion. There was no difficulty
+in finding out the force of the enemy or their plans for the coming
+battle, for every one, men and women, seemed to think and talk of nothing
+else.
+
+Five o'clock came, and with it Major McKee. I lost no time in presenting
+myself before his majorship, and with a profound Irish courtesy I made
+known my business, and delivered the watch and package. I did not require
+any black pepper now to assist the lachrymal glands in performing their
+duty, for the sad mementoes which I had just delivered to the major so
+forcibly reminded me of the scenes of the past night that I could not
+refrain from weeping. The major, rough and stern as he was, sat there with
+his face between his hands and sobbed like a child. Soon he rose to his
+feet, surveyed me from head to foot, and said, "You are a faithful woman,
+and you shall be rewarded."
+
+He then asked: "Can you go direct to that house, and show my men where
+Allen's body is?" I answered in the affirmative--whereupon he handed me a
+ten dollar Federal bill, saying, as he did so: "If you succeed in finding
+the house, I will give you as much more." I thanked him, but positively
+declined taking the money. He did not seem to understand the philosophy of
+a person in my circumstances refusing money, and when I looked at him
+again his face wore a doubtful, puzzled expression, which alarmed me. I
+was actually frightened, and bursting into a passionate fit of weeping, I
+exclaimed vehemently: "Oh, Gineral, forgive me! but me conshins wud niver
+give me pace in this world nor in the nixt, if I wud take money for
+carying the dyin missage for that swate boy that's dead and gone--God rest
+his soul. Och, indade, indade I nivir cud do sich a mane thing, if I im a
+poor woman." The major seemed satisfied, and told me to wait until he
+returned with a detachment of men.
+
+When he returned with the men, I told him that I did not feel able to walk
+that distance, and requested him to let me have a horse, stating the fact
+that I had been sick for several days, and had slept but little the night
+before. He did not answer a word, but ordered a horse saddled immediately,
+which was led forward by a colored boy, who assisted me to mount. I really
+felt mean, and for the first time since I had acted in the capacity of
+spy, I despised myself for the very act which I was about to perform. I
+must betray the confidence which that man reposed in me. He was too
+generous to harbor a suspicion against me, and thus furnished me the very
+means of betraying him.
+
+This feeling did not last long, however, for as we started on our mission
+he said to his men: "Now, boys, bring back the body of Captain Hall, if
+you have to walk through Yankee blood to the knees." That speech eased my
+conscience considerably. I was surprised to hear him say "Captain Hall,"
+for I did not know until then that he was an officer. There was nothing
+about his uniform or person to indicate his rank, and I had supposed he
+was a private soldier.
+
+We made our way toward the house very cautiously, lest we should be
+surprised by the Federals. I rode at the head of the little band of rebels
+as guide, not knowing but that I was leading them into the jaws of death
+every step we advanced, and if so it would probably be death for me as
+well as for them. Thus we traveled those five miles, silently,
+thoughtfully, and stealthily. The sun had gone down behind the western
+hills, and the deepening shadows were fast gathering around us as we came
+in sight of the little white cottage in the forest, where I had so
+recently spent such a strangely, awfully solemn night.
+
+The little detachment halted to rest, and to make arrangements before
+approaching the house. This detachment consisted of twenty-four men,
+under a sergeant and a corporal. The men were divided into squads, each of
+which was to take its turn at carrying the body of their late Captain upon
+a stretcher, which they had brought for that purpose. As we drew near, and
+saw no sign of an approaching enemy, they regretted that they had not
+brought an ambulance; but I did not regret it, for the present arrangement
+suited me exactly. Having settled things satisfactorily among themselves,
+we again resumed our march and were soon at the gate. The sergeant then
+ordered the corporal to proceed to the house with a squad of men and bring
+out the corpse, while he stationed the remaining men to guard all the
+approaches to the house.
+
+He then asked me to ride down the road a little way, and if I should see
+or hear anything of the Yankees to ride back as fast as possible and let
+them know. I assented, and joyfully complied with the first part of his
+request. This was a very pleasant duty assigned me, for which I mentally
+thanked the sergeant a thousand times. I turned and rode slowly down the
+road, but not "seeing or hearing anything of the Yankees," I thought it
+best to keep on in that direction until I did. I was like the zouave,
+after the battle of Bull Run, who said he was ordered to retreat, but not
+being ordered to halt at any particular place, he preferred to keep on
+until he reached New York. So I preferred to keep on until I reached the
+Chickahominy, where I reported progress to the Federal general.
+
+I had no desire to have that little escort captured, and consequently said
+nothing about it in my report; so the sergeant, with his men, were
+permitted to return to the rebel camp unmolested, bearing with them the
+remains of their beloved captain. After getting out of sight of the rebel
+guards, I made that horse go over the ground about as fast, I think, as he
+ever did before--which seemed to give him a bad impression of Yankees in
+general, and of me in particular, for ever after that night, it was as
+much as a person's life was worth to saddle him; at every attempt he would
+kick and bite most savagely.
+
+The next day the following order was issued: "Upon advancing beyond the
+Chickahominy the troops will go prepared for battle at a moment's notice,
+and will be entirely unencumbered, with the exception of ambulances. All
+vehicles will be left on the eastern side of the Chickahominy, and
+carefully packed.
+
+"The men will leave their knapsacks, packed, with the wagons, and will
+carry three days rations. The arms will be put in perfect order before the
+troops march, and a careful inspection made of them, as well as of the
+cartridge-boxes, which in all cases will contain at least forty rounds;
+twenty additional rounds will be carried by the men in their pockets.
+Commanders of batteries will see that their limber and caisson-boxes are
+filled to their utmost capacity.
+
+"Commanders of Army Corps will devote their personal attention to the
+fulfillment of these orders, and will personally see that the proper
+arrangements are made for packing and properly guarding the trains and
+surplus baggage, taking all the steps necessary to insure their being
+brought promptly to the front when needed; they will also take steps to
+prevent the ambulances from interfering with the movements of any troops.
+Sufficient guards and staff-officers will be detailed to carry out these
+orders. The ammunition-wagons will be in readiness to march to their
+respective brigades and batteries at a moment's warning, but will not
+cross the Chickahominy until they are sent for. All quarter-masters and
+ordnance officers are to remain with their trains.
+
+"In the approaching battle the general commanding trusts that the troops
+will preserve the discipline which he has been so anxious to enforce, and
+which they have so generally observed. He calls upon all the officers and
+soldiers to obey promptly and intelligently all the orders they may
+receive; let them bear in mind that the Army of the Potomac has never yet
+been checked, and let them preserve in battle perfect coolness and
+confidence, the sure forerunners of success. They must keep well together,
+throw away no shots, but aim carefully and low, and, above all things,
+rely upon the bayonet. Commanders of regiments are reminded of the great
+responsibility that rests upon them; upon their coolness, judgment and
+discretion, the destinies of their regiments and success of the day will
+depend."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+    OUR COMMUNICATIONS WITH THE CHICKAHOMINY--PORTER'S
+    SUCCESSES--DESPATCHES TO THE PRESIDENT--HIS REPLY--HANOVER COURT
+    HOUSE--TERRIBLE STORM AND FLOOD--HOPES OF THE ENEMY--A SUDDEN AND
+    STRONG ATTACK--I ACT AS AN ORDERLY--THROUGH THE FLOOD--MY RETURN AND
+    REPORT--JOYFUL NEWS--MY OWN DISASTER--SCENES IN THE OLD MILL--WAITING
+    ON THE WOUNDED--MY SUFFERINGS BY THE ROADSIDE--A HARD-HEARTED
+    CHAPLAIN--A STUMBLING BLOCK.
+
+
+For several days the enemy had been concentrating a large force on the
+right flank of the Federals, with the intention of cutting off their
+communications with the river. A portion of Fitz John Porter's corps was
+detailed to dispose of this force, and also to cut the Virginia Central,
+Richmond and Fredericksburg railroads. The communication was cut off, and
+after two severe engagements the enemy retreated, leaving behind them
+several hundred prisoners, their cannon and camp equipage. On the same day
+the following despatch was sent to the Secretary of War by the commanding
+general:
+
+"Camp near New Bridge, May 28th. Porter has gained two complete victories
+over superior forces; yet I feel obliged to move in the morning with
+reinforcements to secure the complete destruction of the rebels in that
+quarter. In doing so I run some risk here, but cannot help it. The enemy
+are even in greater force than I had supposed. I will do all that quick
+movements can accomplish, but you must send me all the troops you can, and
+leave me to full latitude as to choice of commanders. It is absolutely
+necessary to destroy the rebels near Hanover Court House before I can
+advance."
+
+To which the President replied: "I am very glad of General Porter's
+victory. Still, if it was a total rout of the enemy, I am puzzled to know
+why the Richmond and Fredericksburg railroad was not seized again, as you
+say you have all the railroads but the Richmond and Fredericksburg. I am
+painfully impressed with the importance of the struggle before you, and
+shall aid you all I can consistently with my view of due regard to other
+points."
+
+Two days later McClellan telegraphs again: "From the tone of your
+despatches I do not think that you appreciate the value and magnitude of
+Porter's victory. It has entirely relieved my right flank, which was
+seriously threatened, it has routed and demoralized a considerable
+portion of the rebel forces, taken over seven hundred and fifty prisoners,
+killed and wounded large numbers; one gun, many small arms, and much
+baggage taken. It was one of the handsomest things in the war, both in
+itself and in its results. Porter has returned, and my army is again well
+in hand. Another day will make the probable field of battle passable for
+artillery. It is quite certain that there is nothing in front of McDowell
+at Fredericksburg. I regard the burning of South Anne bridge as the least
+important result of Porter's movement."
+
+The battle of Hanover Court House was certainly a splendid affair, and a
+very important victory to the Army of the Potomac. Three days after this
+battle, while the army was divided by the river, a portion of the troops
+having crossed over the day before, a most fearful storm swept over the
+Peninsula, accompanied with terrible exhibitions of lightning and
+explosions of thunder. The water came down all night and all day in
+perfect floods, completely inundating the valley through which the
+Chickahominy flows, turning the narrow stream into a broad river,
+converting the swamps into lakes, and carrying away one bridge and
+rendering the other unsafe. And still the rain came pouring down in
+torrents, reminding one of that crisis in the world's history when "the
+fountains of the great deep were broken up, and the windows of heaven were
+opened." Had it not been for McClellan's faith in the bible and in God's
+covenant with Noah, he would no doubt have seriously contemplated building
+an ark, in order to save himself and his army from destruction. The rebels
+seemed to think this flood was sent as a judgment from the Almighty upon
+their hated enemies, and was a direct interposition of Providence in their
+behalf, which would enable them to visit wholesale destruction upon the
+Yankees.
+
+On the thirtieth of May the enemy, taking advantage of this terrible state
+of things caused by the disastrous storm, came rushing down upon our
+troops in immense force. A battle opened at about one o'clock in the
+afternoon, and after three hours' desperate fighting, General Casey's
+division, occupying the first line, was compelled to fall back in
+considerable disorder upon the second line, causing temporary confusion;
+but the rapid advance of Generals Heintzelman and Kearney with their
+divisions soon checked the rebels. Sumner, Sedgwick, Couch, Keyes and the
+other commanders also labored valiantly to retrieve the injury effected by
+the unfortunate retirement of Casey's command.
+
+The enemy, led by Hill and Longstreet, advanced in massive columns, with
+threefold lines, and came boldly on like an overwhelming wave, as if
+determined to crush all opposition by the suddenness and fierceness of the
+attack. Total annihilation seemed to be their motto, and the determined
+and reckless daring of the fierce and bloodthirsty rebels in such
+overpowering numbers carried conviction to many loyal hearts that they
+would succeed in driving that devoted fragment of an army into the
+Chickahominy, before it would be possible for reinforcements to arrive.
+
+At this time I was in military uniform, mounted upon my rebel horse, and
+was acting orderly for General K. Several aides and orderlies had been
+sent with messages and despatches, but no reinforcement had yet arrived,
+and, taking a Federal view of it, the picture presented a gloomy
+appearance. General K. reined in his horse abruptly, and taking from his
+pocket an envelope, he hastily wrote on the back of it with a pencil--"In
+the name of God bring your command to our relief, if you have to swim in
+order to get here--or we are lost." Handing it to me he said--"Go just as
+fast as that horse can carry you to General G., present this with my
+compliments, return immediately, and report to me."
+
+I put poor little "Reb" over the road at the very top of his speed until
+he was nearly white with foam, then plunged him into the Chickahominy and
+swam him across the river. I met General G. about a hundred rods from the
+river making the best of his way toward the bridge. Engineers were at once
+set to work strengthening the crazy structure, which was swaying to and
+fro with the rushing tide. The eager, excited troops dashed into the
+water waist deep, and getting upon the floating planks went pouring over
+in massive columns. I preferred to swim my horse back again rather than
+risk myself upon such a bridge, for I looked every moment to see it give
+way and engulf the whole division in the turbid waters of the swollen
+creek. However, all reached the other side in safety, and started along
+the flooded road on the double quick. This was cheering news to carry back
+to General K., so I started again for the field in order to claim the
+reward of "him who bringeth good tidings."
+
+I found General K. in the thickest of the fight, encouraging his men and
+shouting his orders distinctly above the roar and din of battle. Riding up
+to him and touching my hat, I reported--"Just returned, sir. General G.,
+with his command, will be here immediately." It was too good to keep to
+himself, so he turned to his men and shouted at the top of his
+voice--"Reinforcements! reinforcements!" then swinging his hat in the air
+he perfectly electrified the whole line as far as his voice could reach,
+and the glorious word "reinforcements" was passed along until that almost
+exhausted line was reanimated and inspired with new hope.
+
+While I was thus watching with delight the effects of this joyful news
+upon the soldiers, my attention was directed to another object. General
+H., who had made himself conspicuous by his gallant conduct, was struck
+by a ball which shattered his arm badly. He was only a few rods from me,
+and there was none near to help him. I asked General K. if I might go to
+him, and after obtaining permission I rode up to him, leaped from my
+horse, and hitched him near by. I then removed the clothing from his arm,
+gave him some water, poured some on the wound, and went to my saddle-bags
+to get some bandages, when my rebel pony laid hold of my arm with his
+teeth and almost tore the flesh from the bone. Not content with that, he
+turned his heels in an instant and kicked with both feet, sending me about
+a rod. My arm was now almost as bad as General H.'s, and I could do but
+little to help him, for in ten minutes it was swollen terribly, and I
+could not raise it to my head; finally I was ordered back to an old
+saw-mill about a mile and a half from the field, where were considerable
+quantities of quarter-masters' and commissary stores, with orders to have
+them removed further to the rear; and all who were able to come to the
+front, together with the surgeon and a portion of the hospital corps who
+had been left there in charge of the sick, were to lose no time in
+reporting themselves for duty on the field.
+
+
+[Illustration: ACTING ORDERLY.--Page 178.]
+
+
+Upon arriving at the old saw-mill I found it crowded with wounded men who
+had crawled there from the battle-field, to have their wounds dressed if
+possible, and if not to lie down and suffer where the shot and shell
+could not reach them. I delivered my orders. In a few moments more there
+was not a soul left to minister to those poor fellows who were huddled
+together in that mill by the score; all had gone to the front, and I was
+left there in a sad plight.
+
+I put my vicious little "Reb" in a building near the mill, where there was
+plenty of hay and corn, but did not dare to unsaddle him. I then examined
+the extent of the injury done to my arm, and found it was worse than I had
+supposed. It was badly mangled by the horse's teeth, and in one place a
+large piece of flesh was torn from the arm and hung by small shreds. But
+the arm was not the worst; he had kicked me in the side, which had lamed
+and bruised me sadly. Yet this was no time to groan over a slight kick
+from a horse, when so many lay around me with shattered limbs and ghastly
+saber wounds, some of them even now in the very agonies of death. So,
+resolutely saying to pain and lameness, "Stay thou here while I go
+yonder," I bound up my arm in a sling, and set about removing the
+blood-clotted clothing from the wounds of those who needed it most; but
+having neither knife or scissors, I was obliged in many instances to use
+my teeth in order to tear the thick woolen garments stiffened and
+saturated with blood, the very remembrance of which now makes me feel
+rather uncomfortable in the gastric region; but then there was no
+unpleasant sensation.
+
+The next thing to be thought of was, how I could procure some bandages;
+but as to getting them from the saddle-bags, I would as soon have thought
+of bearding a lion in his den, as of tempting the jaws of that ferocious
+animal again. However, there were two houses within a mile, and I decided
+to try my fortune in that direction. First of all I went among the sick,
+who were left there by the surgeon, and inquired if there were any who
+were able to assist me in dressing wounds. Yes, I found two; one a little
+mail-carrier, and the other a commissary sergeant, both of whom were
+scarcely able to stand alone. These two I set to work pouring cold water
+upon the wounded limbs occasionally, and giving the men water to drink
+until I returned.
+
+At the first house I went to they would not let me in at all, but raised
+the window and wished to know what was wanted. I told them, anything that
+would admit of tearing up for bandages. No, they had nothing of the kind,
+and closed the window again. I limped along to the next house. A man came
+to the door, holding it, to prevent my attempting to get in. The same
+question was asked, and a similar answer returned. By this time my
+patience and strength were both exhausted, and my mind was made up with
+regard to the course I should pursue. Therefore, drawing both my pistols
+from my belt, I demanded some cotton, new or old--sheets, pillow-cases, or
+any other article which would answer the purpose for bandages. The man
+trembled from head to foot, and called his wife to know if she could let
+me have anything of the sort; yes, she could, if I would pay her for it;
+and of course I was willing to pay her; so she brought me an old sheet, a
+pair of pillow-cases, and three yards of new factory cotton cloth, for
+which she demanded five dollars. Happening to have only three dollars in
+change, I told her I thought that would be sufficient; and so saying, I
+left immediately.
+
+I did not know, until I had proceeded some distance, that the blood was
+running from my arm in a perfect stream. In my excitement and
+determination, I had grasped one of my pistols with the lame hand and
+started those terrible gashes bleeding afresh. I grew faint and dizzy, and
+sat down by the road-side to gather a little strength before proceeding
+further. While I sat there I saw a horseman coming in the distance, but
+could not tell whether it was friend or foe, for it was growing dark. I
+waited until he came nearer, when I was rejoiced to see that it was a
+chaplain; not Mr. B., but of course he was a good man, being a chaplain
+and a Federal. So I felt that relief was at hand. But imagine my
+disappointment and chagrin when he came up and, priest-like, looked upon
+me, "and passed by on the other side." Well, after all, I did not care so
+much for myself, but I thanked heaven that he had come on the poor men's
+account, for he would, no doubt, do much during the night to relieve their
+sufferings.
+
+Taking courage, I made my way slowly toward the mill, where I found, on my
+arrival, the chaplain dismounted, coat off, and wisp in hand, rubbing and
+brushing every speck of mud from his horse. After performing this
+important duty, he then went to the nearest house, ordered supper, and
+after partaking of a warm meal, he returned to the mill. Oh how glad I was
+that all these preliminaries were gone through with, for now he would at
+once enter upon the care of the wounded, and my heart ached for those two
+sick boys, who were still attending to the wants of such as they could
+assist, notwithstanding they required waiting upon themselves.
+
+The wounded were coming in faster than ever, and I was busy tearing up the
+cotton in strips, and trying to bind up some of the poor mangled limbs,
+the little sick sergeant being my right hand man. I looked around for the
+chaplain, but he was no where to be seen. I hobbled out to the building
+where I had seen him put his horse, to see if he had really gone away; no,
+he had not gone. There he lay on the floor, upon which was a quantity of
+hay, wrapped up in his blanket, apparently unconscious that there was any
+such thing as suffering in the world. Oh how I wanted to go to him,
+quietly lay my hand on him, and say: "Chaplain, will you be so kind as to
+take the saddle from my horse; it has been on since early morning, and I
+am not able to take it off." Not that I cared particularly for having the
+saddle removed, but just for sake of having "Reb" bring the chaplain to
+his senses, and give him a little shaking up, so that he might realize
+that these were war times, and that consequently it was out of the
+question for chaplains in the army, especially in time of battle, to
+
+  Be carried to the skies
+    On flowery beds of ease;
+  While others fought to win the prize,
+    And sailed through bloody seas.
+
+But instead of doing so, I sat down and wept bitter tears of
+disappointment and sorrow, and then, with a heavy heart and aching limbs,
+I returned again to the mill.
+
+All that weary night my heart burned with indignation, and I seemed
+endowed with supernatural powers of endurance, for when morning came and
+found me still at my post, without having tasted food for twenty-four
+hours, I felt stronger and fresher than I had done the day before. My two
+young sick friends had been persuaded to lie down, and were now fast
+asleep, side by side with the wounded. But where was the chaplain? What
+had become of him? He had escaped with the earliest dawn, without so much
+as inquiring whether the men were dead or alive. This was the conduct of
+a man who professed to be a faithful follower of Him who went about doing
+good! This was a man whom I had reverenced and loved as a brother in
+Christ. Oh, what a stumbling-block that man was to my soul; for weeks and
+months Satan took occasion to make this a severe temptation and trial to
+me. I was tempted to judge every christian by that unholy example, and to
+doubt the truth of every christian experience which I heard related from
+time to time. But, thank God, I had the example of my faithful friend, Mr.
+B., to counterbalance this, and by God's grace I was enabled to rise above
+this temptation. My doubts were gradually removed, and my faith in
+christians re-established--but I never sufficiently recovered from my
+feelings of disgust towards that particular chaplain, to ever again be
+able to persuade myself to listen to a sermon delivered by him, or to
+attend any religious meeting at which he presided. I always looked upon
+him afterwards, as "one who had stolen the livery of heaven to serve the
+devil in;" a mere whited sepulchre, and unworthy the sacred name of a
+minister of the Gospel.
+
+  Oh, may our sympathizing breasts
+    That generous pleasure know;
+  Kindly to share in others' joy,
+    And weep for others' woe.
+
+  When poor and helpless sons of grief
+    In deep distress are laid;
+  Soft be our hearts their pains to feel,
+    And swift our hands to aid.
+
+  On wings of love the Saviour flew,
+    To bless a ruined race;
+  We would, O Lord, thy steps pursue,
+    Thy bright example trace.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+    RENEWAL OF THE BATTLE--VICTORY FOR THE FEDERAL ARMS--ADDRESS TO THE
+    ARMY--MORE DESPATCHES--MY BATTLE TROPHY--PONY REB'S PERFORMANCES--THE
+    HOSPITAL TREE--TOUCHING SCENES--BISHOP SIMPSON--THE CROSS AND THE
+    FLAG--AFTER THE BATTLE--DELAYS BY STORMS, FLOODS AND MUD--MCCLELLAN'S
+    CALL FOR MORE MEN--IN READINESS TO MARCH--PROMISED REINFORCEMENTS.
+
+
+Night brought a cessation of hostilities to the weary troops, but to
+neither side a decided victory or defeat. Both armies bivouaced on the
+bloody field, within a few rods of each other. There they lay waiting for
+the morning light to decide the contest. The excitement and din of battle
+had ceased; those brief hours of darkness proved a sweet respite from the
+fierce struggle of the day, and in the holy calm of that midnight hour,
+when silence brooded over the blood-washed plain, many brave soldiers lay
+down on that gory field--
+
+  The weary to sleep, and the wounded to die.
+
+Sunday, the first of June, dawned beautifully, a day of hallowed rest and
+promise to the millions who rose to their devotions, ere the bell called
+them to the house of prayer, but not of rest to the weary, broken armies
+the drum-beat called from their wet and muddy beds to renew the contest.
+At a quarter-past seven o'clock the battle again commenced, and raged
+fiercely until about noon. Both armies fought with determination and
+heroic bravery until the rebels were compelled to yield, and victory once
+more perched upon the banners of the National troops.
+
+I came on the field about ten o'clock, and remained until the close of the
+battle, but could do little more than look upon the terrible scene.
+General McClellan was on the field when I arrived. I saw him ride along
+the entire battle-front, and if I had not seen him, I could not have long
+remained in ignorance of his presence--for the cheers from all parts of
+the Federal lines told as plainly as words could express that their
+beloved commander was with them, amid that desperate struggle for victory.
+It was a terrible slaughter--more than fifteen thousand lay upon the
+field. It was enough to make angels weep, to look down upon that field of
+carnage. The dead and wounded of the enemy fell into the hands of the
+Unionists, which added fearfully to the labors of that exhausted,
+battle-worn army.
+
+On the evening of the third of June, General McClellan issued the
+following address to his troops, which was read on dress parade, and was
+received with tremendous cheering:
+
+"Soldiers of the Army of the Potomac! I have fulfilled at least a part of
+my promise to you. You are now face to face with the rebels, who are held
+at bay in front of their capital. The final and decisive battle is at
+hand. Unless you belie your past history, the result cannot be for a
+moment doubtful. If the troops who labored so faithfully at Yorktown, and
+fought so bravely, and won the hard fights at Williamsburg, West Point,
+Hanover Court-house and Fair Oaks, now prove themselves worthy of their
+antecedents, the victory is surely ours. The events of every day prove
+your superiority; wherever you have met the enemy, you have beaten him;
+wherever you have used the bayonet, he has given way in panic and
+disorder.
+
+"I ask of you, now, one last crowning effort. The enemy has staked his all
+on the issue of the coming battle. Let us meet him, crush him here, in the
+very centre of the rebellion. Soldiers! I will be with you in this battle,
+and share its dangers with you. Our confidence in each other is now
+founded upon the past. Let us strike the blow which is to restore peace
+and union to this distracted land. Upon your valor, discipline and mutual
+confidence, the result depends."
+
+Every battle fought on the Peninsula fearfully reduced the strength of the
+Army of the Potomac, and proved to a demonstration that the enemy far
+outnumbered the Union forces. Still there were no reinforcements,
+notwithstanding McClellan's daily urgent despatches to the President and
+Secretary of War, and the great impending battle in front of the rebel
+Capital so near at hand.
+
+The next day McClellan sent another despatch, as follows:
+
+"Please inform me at once what reinforcements, if any, I can count upon
+having at Fortress Monroe or White House, within the next three days, and
+when each regiment may be expected to arrive. It is of the utmost
+importance that I should know this immediately. The losses in the battle
+of the thirty-first and first will amount to seven thousand. Regard this
+as confidential for the present. After the losses in our last battle, I
+trust that I shall no longer be regarded as an alarmist. I believe we have
+at least one more desperate battle to fight."
+
+The day after the battle of Fair Oaks, a splendid sword was presented to
+me. It had been struck from the hand of a rebel colonel, while in the act
+of raising it to strike one of our officers after he had fallen from his
+horse. Oh, how proud I felt of that beautiful silver-mounted trophy, from
+the bloody field of Fair Oaks, which had so recently been wielded by a
+powerful arm, but powerless now, for he lay in the agonies of death, while
+his splendid sword had passed into my feeble hands. I presume if he had
+known this, it would have added another pang to his already agonized
+spirit. The sword was presented by General K., to whom I gave my rebel
+pony, with the comforting assurance that he was only intended for
+ornament, and not for use; for generals were too scarce on the Peninsula
+to risk their precious lives by coming in contact with him. The General
+was delighted with him, and without paying the slightest attention to my
+suggestion deliberately walked up to the pony and commenced patting him
+and handling his limbs as if he were the most quiet creature in the world,
+while "Reb" stood eyeing his new master with apparent satisfaction, and
+seemed to rejoice that he had passed from my insignificant hands, and was
+henceforth to be the honored bearer of shoulder-straps. After thoroughly
+examining him he said: "He is certainly a splendid horse, and worth three
+hundred dollars of any man's money; all he requires is kind treatment, and
+he will be as gentle as any one could desire."
+
+But "Reb" very soon gave him to understand decidedly that he was
+overrating his good qualities; for no sooner had the General turned his
+back toward him than he struck him between the shoulders with both hind
+feet, sending him his full length upon the ground; and as soon as he
+attempted to rise he repeated the same performance until he had knocked
+him down four or five times in succession. By that time the General was
+pretty thoroughly convinced that "Reb's" social qualities were somewhat
+deficient, his bump of combativeness largely developed, and his gymnastics
+quite impressive.
+
+On the evening of the same day in which the victory was won I visited what
+was then, and is still called, the "hospital tree," near Fair Oaks. It was
+an immense tree under whose shady, extended branches the wounded were
+carried and laid down to await the stimulant, the opiate, or the
+amputating knife, as the case might require. The ground around that tree
+for several acres in extent was literally drenched with human blood, and
+the men were laid so close together that there was no such thing as
+passing between them; but each one was removed in their turn as the
+surgeons could attend to them. I witnessed there some of the most
+heart-rending sights it is possible for the human mind to conceive. Read
+what a Massachusetts chaplain writes concerning it:
+
+"There is a large tree near the battle-ground of Fair Oaks, the top of
+which was used as an observatory during the fight, which stands as a
+memento of untold, and perhaps never to be told, suffering and sorrow.
+Many of the wounded and dying were laid beneath its branches after the
+battle, in order to receive surgical help, or to breathe their last more
+quietly. What heart-rending scenes did I witness in that place, so full of
+saddened memories to me and to others. Brave, uncomplaining men were
+brought thither out of the woodland, the crimson tide of whose life was
+ebbing away in the arms of those who carried them. Almost all who died met
+death like heroes, with scarcely a groan. Those wounded, but not
+mortally--how nobly they bore the necessary probings and needed
+amputations! Two instances of this heroic fortitude deserve to be
+specially mentioned. One of them is that of William C. Bentley, of the
+Second Rhode Island regiment, both of whose legs were broken by a
+bomb-shell, whose wrist and breast were mangled, and who yet was as calm
+as if he suffered no pain. He refused any opiate or stimulant that might
+dim his consciousness. He asked only that we should pray for him, that he
+might be patient and submissive, and dictated a letter to be sent to his
+mother. Then, and not till then, opiates were given him, and he fell
+gently asleep, and for the last time.
+
+"The other case was that of Francis Sweetzer, of Company E, of the
+Sixteenth Massachusetts Regiment, who witnessed in death, as he had
+uniformly done in life, a good confession of Christ. 'Thank God,' he said,
+'that I am permitted to die for my country. Thank God more yet that I am
+prepared to die;' and then after a moment's thought he modestly added, 'at
+least I hope I am.' When he died he was in the act of prayer, and in that
+position his limbs grew rigid, and so remained after the spirit had left
+his body."
+
+Oh, who that has witnessed such triumphant deaths on the battle-field will
+presume to doubt that the spirit of that patriot who falls amid the
+terrible clash of arms and the fierce surge of battle, is prepared to go
+from that scene of blood and strife, and to enter into that rest that God
+has prepared for them that love Him? Yes, the noble men who have gone from
+under the sheltering wings of the different evangelical churches
+throughout the land, have gone in the strength of God, and with the full
+assurance that if they should fall fighting for the God-given rights of
+humanity, there, amid the shock of battle, the still, small voice of Jesus
+would be heard speaking peace to the departing soul, and that their
+triumphant spirits would go home rejoicing to be forever with the Lord!
+When I see a man first lay himself upon the altar of God, and then upon
+the altar of his country, I have no fear for that man's happiness in time
+or in eternity.
+
+Good Bishop Simpson, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, soon after the
+outbreak of the great rebellion, delivered a sermon on the National
+crisis, at Chicago. It is represented as one of the ablest efforts of this
+clergyman, so distinguished for his power in the pulpit. As it was one of
+the anniversaries of the denomination, thousands were present to hear the
+discourse. Suddenly, at one point in the sermon, and as the fitting close
+of a most impassioned paragraph, he gave utterance to the following noble
+sentiment: "We will take our glorious flag, the flag of our country, and
+nail it just below the cross! That is high enough. There let it wave as it
+waved of old. Around it let us gather: first Christ's; then our
+country's." Oh, that the sentiments of the following beautiful lines were
+the sentiments of every heart in the United States:
+
+  O Lord of Hosts! Almighty King!
+  Behold the sacrifice we bring!
+  To every arm thy strength impart,
+  Thy spirit shed through every heart!
+
+  Wake in our breasts the living fires,
+  The holy faith that warmed our sires;
+  Thy hand hath made our nation free;
+  To die for her is serving Thee.
+
+  Be Thou a pillar'd flame to show
+  The midnight snare, the silent foe,
+  And when the battle thunders loud,
+  Still guide us in its moving cloud.
+
+  God of all nations! sovereign Lord!
+  In thy dread name we draw the sword,
+  We lift the starry flag on high
+  That fills with light our stormy sky.
+
+  No more its flaming emblems wave
+  To bar from hope the trembling slave;
+  No more its radiant glories shine
+  To blast with woe one child of Thine!
+
+  From treason's rent, from murderer's stain,
+  Guard Thou its folds till peace shall reign,
+  Till fort and field, till shore and sea,
+  Join our loud anthem, Praise to Thee!
+
+I cannot better describe the state of affairs after the battle of Fair
+Oaks than by giving the following despatch from McClellan, dated June 7th:
+"In reply to your despatch of 2 p. m. to-day, I have the honor to state
+that the Chickahominy river has risen so as to flood the entire bottoms
+to the depth of three or four feet; I am pushing forward the bridges in
+spite of this, and the men are working night and day, up to their waists
+in water, to complete them. The whole face of the country is a perfect
+bog, entirely impassable for artillery, or even cavalry, except directly
+in the narrow roads, which renders any general movement, either of this or
+the rebel army, entirely out of the question until we have more favorable
+weather. I am glad to learn that you are pressing forward reinforcements
+so vigorously. I shall be in perfect readiness to move forward and take
+Richmond the moment McCall reaches here and the ground will admit the
+passage of artillery. I have advanced my pickets about a mile to-day,
+driving off the rebel pickets and securing a very advantageous position.
+The rebels have several batteries established, commanding the debouches
+from two of our bridges, and fire upon our working parties continually;
+but as yet they have killed but few of our men."
+
+Again, June 10th, he says: "I am completely checked by the weather. The
+roads and fields are literally impassable for artillery--almost so for
+infantry. The Chickahominy is in a dreadful state. We have another rain
+storm on our hands. I wish to be distinctly understood that whenever the
+weather permits I will attack with whatever force I may have, although a
+larger force would enable me to gain much more decisive results. I would
+be glad to have McCall's infantry sent forward by water at once, without
+waiting for his artillery and cavalry."
+
+The next day the Secretary of War replied: "Your despatch of 3.30 p. m.
+yesterday has been received. I am fully impressed with the difficulties
+mentioned, and which no art or skill can avoid, but only endure. Be
+assured, General, that there never has been a moment when my desire has
+been otherwise than to aid you with my whole heart, mind and strength,
+since the hour we first met; and whatever others may say for their own
+purposes, you never have had, and never can have, any one more truly your
+friend, or more anxious to support you, or more joyful than I shall be at
+the success which I have no doubt will soon be achieved by your arms."
+
+The above despatch has the appearance of the genuine article--but I am
+inclined to think it a clever counterfeit. While McClellan's requests were
+cheerfully complied with, as far as promises were concerned, little was
+done to strengthen his weakened forces in view of the coming struggle with
+an overwhelming force in front, and the flooded Chickahominy in the rear.
+By unreliable promises he was filled with delusive hopes, and lead on to
+more certain destruction--to disaster and failure, at least.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+    LEAVE OF ABSENCE--VISIT TO THE WILLIAMSBURG HOSPITALS--EFFECTIVE
+    PREACHING--YORKTOWN REVISITED--LONGINGS--WHITE HOUSE LANDING--TIRED OF
+    IDLENESS--PREPARATIONS TO RETURN TO DUTY--STUART'S CAVALRY RAID--A
+    TRAIN FIRED INTO--FAIR OAKS GROVE--THE STRENGTH OF THE ENEMY--TRYING
+    TIMES ON THE PENINSULA--THE ENDURANCE OF OUR SOLDIERS--LABORS OF MR.
+    ALVORD.
+
+
+While preparations were going on for the great battle in front of
+Richmond, I obtained leave of absence for a week, and recruited my
+shattered health, lame side and arm. Mr. and Mrs. B. were both gone home
+on furlough, and Nellie was at the Williamsburg Hospital. I thought I
+should like to visit the different hospitals, while I was thus riding
+round from place to place in search of something of interest. I visited
+Williamsburg Hospitals, both Union and rebel, and found many things
+amusing and interesting.
+
+Nellie was delighted to see me, and told me much of her experience since
+the battle of Williamsburg. Her hand was still in a sling, which reminded
+me of my first shot at a rebel female. She was a most faithful nurse, and
+had endeared herself to all the boys by her kindness and patience toward
+them. She introduced me to several of her favorites, calling each by some
+pet name, to which they seemed to answer as a matter of course. I spent a
+day and a night there, and attended a meeting in the evening, which was
+held by a minister from the Christian Commission for the benefit of the
+wounded soldiers. Oh, what a sermon was that! The tender mercies of the
+Father, the love of the Son of God, were described; the wailings of the
+lost and the raptures of the redeemed were portrayed in the most powerful
+and touching manner. I have never heard the sinner invited to the cross in
+more persuasive strains than flowed from his lips.
+
+His countenance was pleasing, his manners courteous, and his deportment
+unassuming. He did not preach one of those high-toned, intellectual
+discourses which we so often hear, and which almost invariably fail to
+reach the heart. But he preached Christ with such winning simplicity, such
+forgetfulness of self, and with such an eager yearning after souls, that
+even the most depraved were melted to tears. How soul-refreshing is this
+simple mode of preaching! I seem to see him standing before me now, with
+uplifted hands, glowing cheeks and streaming eyes--and though I have
+forgotten much of the discourse, yet I can distinctly remember the
+impression which it made upon me then. It was good, humbling, purifying.
+He was evidently not a highly educated man, yet he proclaimed the
+unsearchable riches of Christ in such a way as to make the proudest
+eloquence and the most profound philosophy, seem in comparison, "like
+sounding brass or tinkling cymbal."
+
+Often, when hearing a certain class of ministers preach, I am reminded of
+the saying of a good Baptist clergyman with regard to A. and B., two
+ministers of his own denomination: "When I hear Brother A. preach, I am in
+love with the man; but when I hear Brother B. preach, I am in love with
+Jesus." This is the kind of preaching we want--that which makes us fall in
+love with Jesus, instead of the preacher. Oh, that there were more of
+Christ, and less of self, preached.
+
+After leaving Williamsburg, I kept on down the Peninsula until I came to
+Yorktown. After visiting the hospitals there, I then went to the old camp
+where I had spent so many weeks. There were the dear old familiar places,
+but all that gave them interest were gone now. The old saw-mill, too, was
+gone, and all that remained was a heap of ruins, to tell where it once
+stood. But there was a spot undisturbed, away in the corner of the peach
+orchard, under an isolated pear tree, a heaped up mound, underneath which
+rested the noble form of Lieutenant V. It was sweet to me to visit this
+spot once more. I knew that in all probability it would be the last time;
+at least for a long period, perhaps forever.
+
+  When this frail body shall be done with earth,
+    And this heart shall be free from care;
+  When my spirit enters that other world,
+    Oh, say, shall I know thee there?
+
+  When the last hours of life are closing around
+    And death's summons cometh to me;
+  Will God send an angel messenger down?
+    Shall I know the bright spirit as thee?
+
+  Rest weary heart, rest patient and wait,
+    Till thy happiness cometh to thee;
+  Thou'lt meet and thou'lt know when thou gainest that shore
+    Which opes to eternity.
+
+From Yorktown I went to the White House Landing, where everything looked
+neat, orderly, peaceful and happy, as a quiet little country village. The
+grounds were laid out in broad streets and squares, which were swept clean
+as a floor, and there were long rows of snow-white tents, with their
+neatly printed cotton sign-boards, "to guide the traveler on his way" to
+the different head-quarters, provost marshal, hospital, sutlers,
+blacksmith, etc.
+
+After spending a day there, and beginning to feel tired of idleness, I
+made up my mind to return to camp again. So going to Colonel Ingalls, I
+procured transportation for myself and horse, and stepping aboard of a
+provision train destined for Fair Oaks Station, I anticipated a pleasant
+ride; but, as usual, was blessed with quite a little adventure before I
+reached my destination. The train started, and, after steaming over the
+road for some time at its usual rate, had reached the vicinity of
+Tunstall's Station, when we heard the down train whistle, and immediately
+after a sharp volley of musketry was fired in the same direction. The
+engineer switched off the track, and awaited the other train. It came
+thundering on as if the engineer was possessed by the _sauve qui peut_
+spirit, and, as it passed, the wildest confusion was visible on board, and
+the groans of the wounded could be heard above the screaming of the
+engine. On it went, like a streak of lightning, signaling for our train to
+follow.
+
+There was no time to be lost; our train was immediately in hot pursuit of
+the other, and both were soon at the White House. Among those I saw taken
+from the cars wounded, was the spy whom I had met in the rebel camp in
+front of Yorktown, and heard haranguing his fellow countryman upon the
+important service he had rendered the Confederate Government, and
+confessing himself to be the cause of Lieutenant's V's death.
+
+Everything was thrown into wild confusion by the arrival of the trains and
+the news of the attack. The troops at the White House were immediately
+called out under arms to protect the depot. All this excitement had been
+produced by a detachment of Stuart's cavalry, consisting of about fifteen
+hundred men, and which resulted in the slight disaster to the train; the
+burning of two schooners laden with forage, and fourteen Government
+wagons; the destruction of some sutler's stores; the killing of several
+of the guard and teamsters; some damage done to Tunstall's Station; and
+the tearing up of a portion of the railroad. There was but little damage
+done to the train, considering that there were three hundred passengers.
+Some military officers of high rank were on board, who would have been a
+rich prize for the rebels if they had succeeded in capturing the train;
+but it had eluded their grasp by the admirable conduct and presence of
+mind of the engineer, who crowded on all possible steam, and escaped with
+his freight of human life with only a loss of fourteen in killed and
+wounded.
+
+As soon as the wounded were taken care of I visited the provost marshal,
+and made known the fact that there was among the wounded a rebel spy who
+required immediate attention. He sent a guard with me, who searched his
+person and found satisfactory proof that my statement was correct. He was
+only slightly wounded, and by the time the railroad was repaired he was
+able to bear the fatigue of a journey to headquarters, and I returned to
+camp.
+
+On the twenty-fifth of June the battle of Fair Oaks Grove was fought.
+Hooker's command had been ordered to occupy a new and important position,
+when they were suddenly attacked while passing through a dense thicket and
+almost impassable swamp. The foe was gradually pushed back until he was
+obliged to seek safety behind his rifle-pits. About noon General
+McClellan, who had remained at headquarters to communicate with the left
+wing, rode upon the field and, to the joy of his soldiers, ordered them
+again to advance. The order was cheerfully obeyed, and after renewed
+desperate fighting, at sunset the day was won by the Federal arms.
+
+At this time it was not necessary for me to use any stratagem in order to
+visit the rebel encampment, for all that was necessary to be known of the
+rebel force and movements had been already ascertained. Consequently I was
+quietly awaiting further developments, and while waiting was trying to
+make myself generally useful in the hospitals. A singular case came under
+my notice there: that of a man being stunned by the near approach of a
+cannon-ball. It did not come in contact with even his clothing, and yet he
+was knocked down senseless, and for several days he could neither hear nor
+speak.
+
+I think the most trying time that the Army of the Potomac ever had on the
+Peninsula was in front of Richmond, just before the seven days'
+battle--that is to say, if anything could be worse than the seven day's
+battle itself. A heavy and almost incessant firing was kept up day and
+night, along the entire left wing, and the men were kept in those rifle
+pits, (to say in water to the knees is a very moderate estimate), day
+after day, until they looked like fit subjects for the hospital or
+lunatic asylum, and those troops in camp who were not supposed to be on
+duty, but were kept in reserve, were often called out ten times in one
+night. The firing would become so alarmingly hot that it was supposed a
+general engagement was at hand; but on going out to the front, perhaps it
+would cease for a moment, then they would be ordered back to camp again.
+In that manner I have known the entire force to be kept in motion almost
+all night, and sleep for any one was a thing out of the question.
+
+It soon became evident that there was some movement on foot which was not
+understood by the great mass of the army, and I have no doubt it was a
+good thing that the troops did not even imagine that a retreat was already
+being planned by their commander. The men endured all these hardships most
+uncomplainingly; yes, cheerfully; and every day was supposed to be the
+last ere they would walk the streets of Richmond triumphantly, and thus
+reap the fruits of their summer's campaign.
+
+The constant fire kept up along the entire line, and the frequent charges
+made upon rifle-pits, rapidly increased the numbers in the hospital, and
+kept the surgeons and nurses busy night and day, and then they could not
+attend to all who required assistance. Just at this particular juncture I
+remember the timely aid afforded by the members of the Christian
+Commission and Tract Society. They brought relief not only in one sense,
+but in many. Spiritual food for the hungry, dying soldier--consolation for
+the worn out and discouraged--delicacies for the sick and
+feeble--warm-gushing heart sympathy for the suffering, and actual
+assistance with their own hands in cases of amputations, and the removal
+of the sick from one place to another. Rev. Mr. Alvord gives a very modest
+account of the services which he rendered, when he says: "I went to the
+hospitals, where I worked hour after hour with the surgeons. Men were
+brought in with all sorts of wounds. Surgeons were scarce and were engaged
+in amputations, so you know I could attend to minor matters. Where the
+bullet had gone through body or limb, I could dress it perhaps as well as
+any one; also, all sorts of flesh wounds. I cannot tell you of the variety
+of operations I performed. The wounds had been stiffening since the day
+before, not having been dressed. I enjoyed the work, as in every case such
+relief was given. Then I could carry water to the thirsty, and speak words
+of comfort to the dying; for, as you may suppose, there were many in this
+state."
+
+Again he says: "Just now, by my side, lies a Philadelphia zouave, a fine
+boy to whom I have been ministering. I gave him some hot tea, with the
+charming crackers Mr. Broughton sent; he is now sitting up, looking more
+cheerful. I mention this in detail, that you may have a specimen of the
+work which occupies one every moment through the day and night, who is
+able or willing to work in this department. On the other side of me, as I
+write here on my knees, lies a colored boy, haggard and sick, to whom I
+have given medicine and similar food. His dark face is full of gratitude."
+
+Many an hour I have worked and watched in hospitals by the side of Mr.
+Alvord, and marked his cheerful christian spirit and warm sympathies for
+the sufferers. And often, on a march, I have gone to him, and asked if he
+would let some weary sick soldier ride in his carriage, who had fallen out
+by the way--and my request was never refused, although to do so he would
+sometimes have to walk through the mud himself, his horse being frequently
+heavily loaded. I have also distributed publications for him, and have
+stood by the cot of many a dying soldier where he has ministered
+consolation to the departing spirit. He is one of those who will have many
+stars in his crown of rejoicing when eternity unfolds the results of his
+faithful labors.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+    CHANGE OF BASE ACROSS THE PENINSULA--EVACUATION OF WHITE HOUSE--THE
+    MOVEMENT--BATTLE OF MECHANICSVILLE--GAINES' MILL--A
+    REPULSE--MCCLELLAN'S DESPATCH--HOSPITALS IN DANGER--CONVALESCENT
+    OFFICERS--LENDING MY HORSE--A LOTTERY--INSPECTING FARM STOCK--CATCHING
+    A COLT--DANGER OF CAPTURE--RIDING FOR LIFE--BETWEEN TWO FIRES.
+
+
+The employment of General McDowell's force in the defense of Washington,
+and its failure to co-operate by land with McClellan, necessitated on the
+part of the Army of the Potomac an immediate change of base across the
+Peninsula. Such a change in the face of a powerful enemy is considered one
+of the most hazardous undertakings in war. But McClellan had no doubt of
+the ability of his army to fight its way, even against superior numbers,
+through to the James River, and thus secure a new position for an advance
+against Richmond.
+
+The entire energy of the army was now directed to this object. A despatch
+was sent by General Van Vliet, chief quartermaster of the Army of the
+Potomac, to Colonel Ingalls, quartermaster at White House, as follows:
+
+"Run the cars to the last moment, and load them with provision and
+ammunition. Load every wagon you have with subsistence, and send them to
+Savage's Station, by way of Bottom's Bridge. If you are obliged to abandon
+White House, burn everything that you cannot get off. You must throw all
+our supplies up the James River as soon as possible, and accompany them
+yourself with all your force. It will be of vast importance to establish
+our depots on James River, without delay, if we abandon White House. I
+will keep you advised of every movement so long as the wires work; after
+that you must exercise your own judgment."
+
+All these commands were obeyed. So excellent were the dispositions of the
+different officers in command of the troops, depots and gunboats, and so
+thorough was the warning of the approach of the enemy, that almost
+everything was saved, and but a small amount of stores was destroyed to
+prevent them from falling into the hands of the enemy. General Stoneman's
+communications with the main army being cut off, he fell back upon White
+House Station, thence to Yorktown, when White House was evacuated.
+
+On the twenty-sixth instant orders were sent to all the corps commanders
+on the right bank of the Chickahominy to be prepared to send as many
+troops as they could spare on the following day to the left bank of the
+river. General Franklin received instructions to hold General Slocum's
+division in readiness by daybreak on the twenty-seventh, and if heavy
+firing should at that time be heard in the direction of General Porter, to
+move at once to his assistance without further orders. At noon, on the
+twenty-sixth, the approach of the enemy, who had crossed above Meadow
+Bridge, was discovered by the advanced pickets at that point, and at
+half-past twelve in the afternoon they were attacked and driven in. All
+the pickets were now called in, and the regiment and battery at
+Mechanicsville were withdrawn.
+
+About three o'clock in the afternoon the enemy formed his line of battle,
+and came down upon our troops like a torrent--attacking the entire line.
+McClellan, anticipating a fierce onset, was prepared for such an event,
+and gave him a warm reception. Our artillery occupied positions commanding
+all the roads and open ground. Timber had been felled, rifle-pits dug, and
+the infantry were under cover of the thick woods. All remained quiet until
+the rebel mass came rushing on--yelling as they came--within a short
+distance of our line, when every battery and division opened
+simultaneously a most destructive fire, which drove the enemy back with
+tremendous slaughter. Several other attacks were made on our lines during
+the afternoon, which proved disastrous to the enemy. At nine o'clock in
+the evening the firing ceased, the action having lasted six hours.
+
+During the night the heavy siege guns and wagons were removed to the right
+bank of the Chickahominy, and most of the troops withdrawn, unknown to
+the enemy. About noon the next day another general engagement came on, and
+after seven hours hard fighting the left flank of the Federal line was
+turned, and they were driven from their position.
+
+General McClellan says: "About seven o'clock in the evening they threw
+fresh troops against General Porter with still greater fury, and finally
+gained the woods held by our left. This reverse, aided by the confusion
+that followed an unsuccessful charge by five companies of the Fifth
+Cavalry, and followed as it was by more determined assaults on the
+remainder of our lines, now outflanked, caused a general retreat from our
+position to the hill in rear overlooking the bridge. French's and
+Meagher's brigades now appeared, driving before them the stragglers who
+were thronging toward the bridge. These brigades advanced boldly to the
+front, and by their example, as well as by the steadiness of their
+bearing, reanimated our troops and warned the enemy that reinforcements
+had arrived. It was now dusk. The enemy, already repulsed several times
+with terrible slaughter, and hearing the shouts of the fresh troops,
+failed to follow up their advantage. This gave an opportunity to rally our
+men behind the brigades of Generals French and Meagher, and they again
+advanced up the hill, ready to repulse another attack. During the night
+our thinned and exhausted regiments were all withdrawn in safety, and by
+the following morning all had reached the other side of the stream."
+
+A despatch from General McClellan to Secretary Stanton, on the
+twenty-eighth, tells a sad story, a part of which I quote:
+
+"Had I twenty thousand, or even ten thousand fresh troops to use
+to-morrow, I could take Richmond; but I have not a man in reserve, and
+shall be glad to cover my retreat, and save the material and _personnel_
+of the army. If we have lost the day, we have yet preserved our honor, and
+no one need blush for the Army of the Potomac. I have lost this battle
+because my force was too small. I again repeat that I am not responsible
+for this, and I say it with the earnestness of a General who feels in his
+heart the loss of every brave man who has been needlessly sacrificed
+to-day.
+
+"In addition to what I have already said, I only wish to say to the
+President that I think he is wrong in regarding me as ungenerous, when I
+said that my force was too weak. I merely intimated a truth which to-day
+has been too plainly proved. If, at this instant, I could dispose of ten
+thousand fresh men, I could gain the victory to-morrow. I know that a few
+thousand more men would have changed this defeat to a victory. As it is,
+the Government must not and cannot hold me responsible for the result.
+
+"I feel too earnestly to-night. I have seen too many dead and wounded
+comrades to feel otherwise than that the Government has not sustained this
+army. If you do not do so now, the game is lost. If I save this army now,
+I tell you plainly that I owe no thanks to you, or to any other persons in
+Washington. You have done your best to sacrifice this army."
+
+While the battle of Gaines' Mill was in progress, I was despatched to
+several hospitals remote from the direct line of communication, with
+orders to the surgeons, nurses, and such of the patients as could walk, to
+take care of themselves as best they could, for no ambulances could reach
+them; that the army was retreating to the James River, and if they
+remained longer they would fall into the hands of the enemy.
+
+At one of the hospitals, about eight miles distant, I found a captain and
+three lieutenants with whom I was acquainted. They were just recovering
+from fever and unable to endure much fatigue, but could probably reach the
+James River if they should try. I was beset on every side to give up my
+horse to one and to another of them until I knew not what to say or do. I
+did not feel unwilling to give my horse to assist them in escaping from
+the rebels, and walk all the way myself, but I knew I was expected to
+return immediately and report to the officer in command of the ambulance
+corps, and undoubtedly would be required to perform other missions during
+the day. But all such excuses as these were thrown into the shade by the
+powerful oratory of the convalescent captain, who poured forth a vehement
+torrent of overwhelming arguments which would have made a less experienced
+messenger believe that the horse was for the captain individually, had
+been sent for his especial benefit, and was consequently entirely at his
+disposal.
+
+His eloquence had not quite this effect upon me, notwithstanding I decided
+to give up my horse and to take the consequences. I did not feel so
+particularly drawn toward Captain A. as to let him have the horse entirely
+to himself, and to leave the other three poor fellows to live or die. Upon
+coming to the conclusion, after mature deliberation, to part with my
+faithful horse, the same one I rode on the Bull Run battle-field, I
+informed those officers of my intention. But, said I, not for the benefit
+of any one of you in particular, but for the mutual benefit of all four;
+then I proceeded to make arrangements that two of them should ride
+alternately, and not faster than the other two could walk. Then I took two
+slips of paper and told them to cast lots to see who should ride first.
+
+After they had drawn the lots to settle this matter, and the poor captain
+was doomed to foot it the first part of the journey, and I saw that he
+looked rather maliciously at me, as much as to say that I had assisted
+fate in deciding that he should walk instead of ride, the thought struck
+me that there would probably be some trouble when it came his turn to
+ride. So I delivered the following brief lecture, which was especially
+intended for his ear: "Gentlemen, you are aware that by giving you my
+horse I am running the risk of incurring Major N.'s displeasure, and am
+exposing myself to the very danger from which I am assisting you to
+escape. Now, in return, I make one request of you, that is that you all do
+as you have agreed to; don't play false one with the other. Those who ride
+are not to go faster than the others can walk, and you are to ride equal
+distances as near as you may be able to judge, unless otherwise arranged
+among yourselves. The horse you are to have taken care of when you arrive
+at your destination. I trust these matters to your honor, but if honor
+should forget to assert its rights, the case will be reported at
+headquarters."
+
+There were several others in the same hospital, but some were unconscious
+of the state of affairs around them; others were conscious, but unable to
+help themselves in the least. One of the noble hearted nurses refused to
+leave those helpless men, whom he had taken care of so long, and was taken
+prisoner. I marked that noble boy's countenance, dress and general
+appearance, and by making inquiry afterwards I found out that his name was
+J. Robbins, of the Second Michigan Regiment, and after he had undergone
+the hardships of imprisonment and had been exchanged, I had the honor of
+meeting and congratulating him, I felt that it was a greater honor than to
+converse with many of our major generals.
+
+As I turned to retrace my steps I began to think over the lottery
+business, and wondered if I had not introduced a species of gambling into
+my charitable deed. I did not feel clear on this point until I thought of
+reading in the Bible something about casting lots. Yes, it must be right,
+for there were instances of it in the Bible. I tried to remember an
+instance to find out in what connection I had read it, but my mind was
+quite confused, and it required some time to recall one of those passages.
+After a while, however, I thought of the one where the Roman soldiers cast
+lots for the vestments of the Saviour, but this text did not bring much
+comfort to my mind; I was somehow reminded of the woman who had named her
+child Beelzebub because it was a Scripture name, and I concluded to leave
+the further discussion of the subject until a more convenient season.
+
+I remembered now of having noticed a farm house when I came that way in
+the mornings around which were a number of horses, mules, or something of
+that sort, and I thought it would be well to investigate the matter.
+Moving along in that direction as fast as possible, I soon came to the
+house and saw the animals there, feeding as before. Whatever I intended to
+do must be done quickly, for the near approach of the cannonading warned
+me that the army was fast retreating and I would soon be cut off from the
+James river road. I went at once to examine the stock on the farm for the
+purpose of ascertaining whether there was anything worth appropriating.
+
+There were four splendid mules and a colt, but whether the colt was a two
+year old or ten I could not tell, for it was very small and very handsome,
+looking much like an Indian pony, and it might be a dozen years old. But
+the all absorbing questions in my mind were how was I going to secure this
+colt, and if I should catch him what was I going to do with him, having
+neither saddle nor bridle? I went to the barn, looked around and found an
+old halter that, for want of something better, would be of service. Now
+was the time to catch the colt, but this was easier said than done, for
+upon going towards it I found that it was about as wild as a young
+buffalo. Not discouraged, however, I started it, together with the mules,
+in the direction of the barn, and opened a door leading into a long shed
+connected with the barn. This plan succeeded admirably, for they all ran
+into the shed without the least trouble. But the greatest difficulty was
+to put the halter on the colt and get on his back; however, I at length
+succeed, and, mounting it, started toward James river.
+
+The enemy had by this time succeeded in driving the Federals from their
+first position, and were now between them and me. Turning off from the
+main road, I struck out into the woods and rode as fast as possible. The
+woods were open and clear so that I could see a long way ahead. On I went
+until I came near a little thicket so dense that I could not see anything
+beyond its border. Not daring to go into any place which looked
+suspicious, I turned to go round it, when my ear caught the click, click
+of a dozen rifles, and a shower of Minnie balls came round me thick as
+hailstones, but not one of them pierced even my clothing. My colt took
+fright at this unexpected salute, and plunged into the woods in another
+direction with the speed of lightning.
+
+
+[Illustration: RIDING FOR LIFE.--Page 217.]
+
+
+I soon came to an open field and saw in the distance a large number of
+soldiers. One glance convinced me that they were Federals, for they wore
+United States uniform. Bounding over the field in an instant I had come
+within a hundred yards of them before I noticed that they were prisoners,
+guarded by a band of rebels. The first thing that caused me to discover
+this fact was one of the prisoners waving his hand for me to go in another
+direction, upon seeing which one of the rebel guards sprang forward and
+struck the prisoner with the butt of his musket.
+
+This little demonstration revealed to me at once my position, and turning
+I fled in the direction indicated by the prisoner, when another volley
+followed me which proved as harmless as the first. I began now to think
+that I was about as safe inside the rebel lines as anywhere, for their
+bullets seemed quite harmless so far as I was personally concerned. I
+remembered that when I was a child, I heard my mother once tell a Scotch
+Presbyterian clergyman she was afraid I would meet with some violent
+death, for I was always in some unheard of mischief, such as riding the
+wildest colt on the farm, firing off my father's shot-gun, and climbing to
+the highest point of the buildings. To which the good old predestinarian
+replied: "Ah weel, my guid woman, dinna fret; it is an auld saying, an' I
+believe a true one, 'A wean that's born to be hung 'ill ne'er be
+droon'd.'" Then turning to me and laying his hand on my head, he said:
+"But, me wee lassie, ye mauna tempt Providence wi' your madcap antics, or
+ye may no live oot half your days." I did not know after all but that the
+fates were reserving me for a more exalted death on the scaffold at
+Richmond--for the old minister's words would occasionally ring in my ears:
+"If the wean is born to be hung it will ne'er be droon'd"--and, I added,
+or be shot either. I was now outside of the rebel lines, but I was just
+between two fires, and tremendous hot ones at that, for the whole lines
+were a perfect blaze both of musketry and artillery. Nothing but the power
+of the Almighty could have shielded me from such a storm of shot and
+shell, and brought me through unscathed. It seems to me now that it was
+almost as much of a miracle as that of the three Hebrew children coming
+forth from the fiery furnace without even the smell of fire upon them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+    WITHDRAWAL TO MALVERN HILL--THE SOLDIER'S LAST WATCH--TROWBRIDGE'S
+    GRAVE--SCENES IN A HOSPITAL--CAPTURE OF THE WOUNDED--A NOBLE
+    SURGEON--LINE OF BATTLE--HARD FIGHTING--THE ENEMY REPULSED--HUNTING
+    FOR FOOD--IN A FARM-HOUSE--PERILOUS POSITION--SECURING THE
+    SPOILS--RELIEF OF THE FAMISHING--SUBLIME SCENE--ON THE MARCH--GENERAL
+    KEYES--GUN-BOATS--ARRIVAL AT HARRISON'S LANDING--SAD CONDITION OF
+    TROOPS--OUR LOSSES--MCCLELLAN'S ADDRESS TO THE ARMY.
+
+
+When I reached the main army the troops had gained a new position, and
+were driving the enemy back. The troops were well nigh exhausted, yet
+fighting bravely and determinedly. Night came and put an end to that day's
+battle, but instead of spending the night in taking care of our poor
+wounded men, we were obliged to retreat, under cover of darkness, to
+Malvern Hill, and leave our wounded in the hands of the enemy.
+
+Of the many who died from exhaustion, as well as wounds, during our
+retreat from the vicinity of Richmond, I know of none more worthy of
+record than that of a young man of my acquaintance who died on the field
+the night after this battle. He was not wounded, but died at his post
+from sheer exhaustion. In the course of the evening, I had seen and
+offered him some brandy from my flask, which I had for the wounded. He was
+then scarcely able to stand on his feet, yet he refused to take the
+brandy, saying, "that others needed it more than he did; and besides,"
+said he, "I never take any intoxicating liquor under any circumstances."
+
+A notice of his death by an eye-witness, given under the heading, "the
+Soldier's Last Watch," says: "A lonely grave, a little apart from others,
+stands on the ground of one of the battles fought in the retreat from
+Richmond, in the summer of 1862, which bears on its wooden head-board
+simply the name, TROWBRIDGE.
+
+"The turf covers the remains of a youthful soldier who was not only brave
+and patient, but exemplary as a christian. Those battles renewed from day
+to day, and attended by so many hardships, destroyed many lives, in
+addition to those lost in conflict with the enemy. Hundreds and thousands
+of our gallant men, worn out by marches, fighting, hunger, and loss of
+sleep, became discouraged, and either recklessly threw themselves into the
+jaws of death, or fell into the hands of the enemy, because they were
+unable to keep up with their more robust, though not braver companions.
+
+"The circumstances of the death of one of these silent martyrs to their
+country were taken down from the lips of a soldier who was with him in
+his last hours. It is all that may be known, save to a few bleeding
+hearts, of one who, alas! like so many others, sleeps in that saddest of
+all places, a battle-field. The worn-out soldier, the day before his
+death, said to his lieutenant, 'I am so weak and helpless, I do not know
+what I can do further.' He was told to lie down, and get what rest he
+could on the battle-field. About ten at night, said his companion, as we
+were talking together, an officer of the company came up, and told us we
+should retreat at two o'clock in the morning. He ordered us to stand guard
+till then, two hours each in turn. We took straws, and drew lots to decide
+who should stand first. The lot fell on Trowbridge. I threw myself on the
+ground, under a tree, with my blanket drawn over me, and was soon fast
+asleep. At twelve I was aroused, but said, 'you must be mistaken; it
+cannot be five minutes since I lay down.' We had been ordered not to speak
+aloud, or to have a light; and he replied in a whisper, 'Feel the hands of
+my watch--it is twelve.'
+
+"I took his place, and he was soon asleep, or seemed to be. At half-past
+one o'clock the order came to move. I went to awake Trowbridge, but had no
+answer, except that he groaned heavily once and again. I tried to soothe
+him, and awake him gently, but he turned aside his head, groaned once
+more, and was gone. I struck a match, and looked upon his features; they
+were set, and ghastly in death. I placed his hand on my cheek, and asked
+him if he was still conscious to press it. There was no response; life was
+evidently extinct.
+
+"I made an attempt to find the surgeon, or chaplain, but they had both
+gone forward with the army. So I searched his pockets, and taking from
+them six dollars for his mother, and a letter directed to himself, I
+replaced the envelope, that his name, at least, might be known to those
+who should find the body. Several days after this, I was one of the number
+detailed to go back to that spot and bury the dead. On searching near the
+place where Trowbridge died, I found a grave with a wooden tablet, bearing
+his name. Not far distant was a house at which I called, and asked the
+inmates if they knew anything of that grave. The woman of the family then
+brought forward an envelope, (the very one that I had replaced), and said
+they had buried a soldier there, from whose pocket it was taken. It was a
+relief to know what had become of the body. Of course I wrote to his
+mother, sending the money, and giving an account of her son's last
+moments, and his burial."
+
+This is only a solitary instance of the bravery and faithfulness of the
+men who fought those terrible battles, day after day, many of whom died
+with their muskets in their hands, and without receiving a wound, died
+from hunger, thirst, and fatigue.
+
+There was a farm-house near the battle-field, to which the wounded were
+carried, and the surgeons of the Union Army made it their headquarters
+during the battle. I will not attempt to describe the scenes which I
+witnessed in that building, for it beggars all description. The poor
+fellows seemed to know that they could not be removed, and would
+inevitably fall into the hands of the enemy. One man asked a surgeon, who
+had just performed an operation on one of his arms, "Doctor, is there no
+alternative--must I be taken prisoner?" The doctor was only a boy in
+appearance, a little Scotchman, and as noble-hearted a man as ever
+amputated a limb. He replied, in broad Scotch, "No, my man, there is no
+alternative; but keep up a good heart, I am not going to leave you, I
+shall be a prisoner for your sakes, and will take care of you as long as I
+can." He did so, and was really taken prisoner, but was not permitted to
+do much for those for whom he had made such a noble sacrifice. He was
+Doctor Cleland, of Detroit, Michigan.
+
+When the order was given to retreat that night, I started with my colt,
+having a good saddle and bridle on him now, which I had taken off a dead
+horse on the battle-field, and reached Malvern Hill about two o'clock in
+the morning. After hitching my horse, and unstrapping a small bag of oats
+and my blanket from the saddle, I fed him, and proceeded to take a glance
+around, to see how things looked. The artillery was already in position,
+and the weary troops were in line of battle, but flat on the ground and
+fast asleep--all except the guards, who were pacing backward and forward
+in front of the line, ready to arouse the sleepers at any moment. Feeling
+safe to consign myself to the arms of Morpheus after this reconnoissance,
+I returned, wrapped myself in my blanket, and slept until the thundering
+of cannon awoke me in the morning.
+
+Malvern Hill is an elevated plateau, about a mile and a half by
+three-fourths of a mile in area, nearly cleared of timber, and with
+several converging roads running over it. In front there are numerous
+ravines. The ground slopes gradually toward the northeast to the wooded
+plain beyond, giving clear ranges for artillery in different directions.
+
+The batteries were advantageously posted on those hills, while the reserve
+troops were sheltered as much as possible by the ravines. The artillery of
+the reserve was placed in position so as to bring the concentrated fire of
+sixty guns to bear upon the enemy's front and left, approaching from
+Richmond or White Oak Swamp. The brave Colonel Tyler, First Connecticut,
+with great exertion succeeded in getting ten of his siege guns in position
+on the highest point of the hill; the men having to haul many of them up
+by hand. Commodore Rodgers, commanding the flotilla on James river,
+placed his gun-boats in position to protect the left flank and to command
+the approaches from Richmond.
+
+The battle commenced about nine o'clock in the morning, and raged all day
+with terrible fury. At three in the afternoon the enemy attacked our right
+and center with tremendous force both of artillery and infantry. The
+artillery was replied to with good effect, but our infantry lay upon the
+ground and withheld their fire until the advancing column was within short
+musket range, when they sprang to their feet and poured in a deadly volley
+which entirely broke the attacking force, and drove the rebels back some
+eight hundred yards in great confusion.
+
+The battle raged most furiously hour after hour, the enemy advancing in
+massive column, often without order, but with perfect recklessness; and
+the concentrated fire of our gun-boats, batteries and infantry mowing down
+the advancing host in a most fearful manner, until the slain lay in heaps
+upon the field.
+
+At four o'clock the firing ceased along the rebel line, and it was
+supposed the battle was over; but it proved only a calm before a more
+terrible storm.
+
+At six o'clock the enemy suddenly opened upon the left of our line with
+the whole strength of his artillery, and fiercely pushed forward his
+column of attack to carry the hill. His infantry in immense force formed
+under cover of the woods, and starting on a run across the open space,
+charging almost up to the muzzle of the guns of our advance batteries,
+came rushing on with yells and imprecations--but in a moment the whole
+hill was one blaze of light--those terrible siege guns had belched forth a
+murderous fire, and a simultaneous volley from the gun boats, infantry and
+numerous batteries, sent the enemy reeling back to shelter, leaving the
+ground covered with their dead and wounded. Then our men dashed forward
+with the bayonet, with wild shouts and cheers, capturing prisoners and
+colors, and driving the routed rebels in confusion from the field.
+
+At a little past four in the afternoon, when there was a lull in the
+terrible storm of grape and cannister, I ventured to go to a house which
+stood about half way between our line of battle and that of the enemy. I
+found a large quantity of flour, bacon, smoked ham, etc. The appearance of
+everything in the house indicated that the family had left suddenly,
+without disturbing anything. The dishes were on the table, as if the
+family had risen from dinner; the beds and bedding too remained
+undisturbed; the late inhabitants seemed to have thought of nothing but of
+saving their lives and escaping from the Yankees.
+
+
+[Illustration: FOOD FOR THE FAMISHING.--Page 227.]
+
+
+I was not long in searching cupboard, pantry and store-room, and
+appropriating tea, baking-soda, cream-of-tartar, et cetera. But in order
+to reach the house unobserved by the rebels I had been obliged to
+crawl there on my hands and feet, and now the question arose how was I to
+carry anything back with me? Taking a bed-quilt I spread it on the floor
+and commenced selecting the most important articles, such as a small bag
+of flour, ham, an iron spider, a large coffee-pot, and some other things;
+after tying these up in the quilt I attached a long bed-cord to the
+bundle, intending to drag it along the ground. Just as I was completing my
+arrangements, a shell came crashing through the side of the house, and
+passing through the window on the opposite side, it made the house tremble
+as if shaken by an earthquake. Then another and another came in quick
+succession until I was obliged to seek refuge in the cellar. The rebels
+evidently thought that the house contained a band of our sharpshooters,
+and were determined to dislodge them if possible, for they brought three
+pieces to bear upon it for about twenty minutes, until they succeeded in
+setting it on fire. Before the echo of the last shot had died away I heard
+the crackling of the fire above my head, and thought it prudent to make an
+attempt to escape. I did not find it very difficult to do so, as the fire
+was principally confined to the upper part of the house. So taking my
+precious burden of provisions, which still lay unharmed on the floor, I
+began my retreat in the same manner in which I had advanced, drawing my
+pack after me by means of the cord. I could not make much progress,
+however, for I found it very difficult to drag that immense weight over
+the rough ground. But I at length succeeded in reaching the lines, and was
+hailed by hearty cheers from those who were anxiously awaiting the result
+of my hazardous mission. Several of the boys caught up the spoil and
+carried it to the rear, where we built a fire and commenced cooking
+immediately. An hour later we had a nice lot of hot bread, fried ham and
+tea ready for disposal.
+
+Oh, I shall never forget the thrill of pleasure which I experienced when I
+carried this food and set it before those famishing men, and saw them eat
+it with a sort of awe and reverence as if it had fallen from heaven. One
+of the men looked up, with moistened eyes, and said: "Bob, do you know
+that this food has been sent us by our heavenly Father, just as much as
+the manna was sent to the Children of Israel? That boy risked his life in
+procuring it for us, but he never would have returned from that burning
+building if God had not shielded him from the bursting shell. I believe it
+has just come in time to save me from sharing the fate of poor
+Trowbridge."
+
+The battle of Malvern Hill presented, by far, the most sublime spectacle I
+ever witnessed. All the battles I had seen before, and those which I have
+seen since, were nothing to be compared to it. The elevated position which
+the army occupied, the concentration of such an immense force in so small
+compass, such a quantity of artillery on those hills all in operation at
+the same time, the reflection of the flashes of fire from hundreds of guns
+upon the dense cloud of smoke which hung suspended in the heavens, turning
+it into a pillar of fire which reminded one of the camp of the Israelites
+and of God's dealings with His people of old, the vivid flashes of
+lightning, the terrific peals of thunder mingled with the continuous blaze
+of musketry, sudden explosions of shell and the deafening roar of cannon,
+combined to make a scene which was _awfully grand_. My soul was filled
+with the sublimity and grandeur of the scene, notwithstanding the ghastly
+wounds and piteous groans of the mangled, helpless ones around me. Thus it
+continued from seven to nine in the evening, the most thrilling picture
+which the imagination can conceive.
+
+As soon as the firing ceased the rear of the army began to move off in the
+direction of Harrison's Landing, and the exhausted troops in front threw
+themselves upon the ground to rest.
+
+The greater portion of the transportation of the army having been started
+for Harrison's Landing during the night, the order was at once issued for
+the movement of the army upon the final repulse of the enemy at Malvern
+Hill. The troops were to move by the left and rear; General Keyes' corps
+being ordered to remain in position until all had moved off--then to cover
+the retreat.
+
+General McClellan, in his official report, awards great credit to General
+Keyes for the manner in which he carried out these orders. He took every
+advantage of the ground to open new avenues to aid the movement, and made
+preparations to obstruct the roads as soon as the army had withdrawn.
+
+In this way the march to Harrison's Landing was continued; the bridges
+were all destroyed and timber felled across the roads immediately after
+the army passed, thus rendering any rapid pursuit by the enemy impossible.
+The trains were kept in the middle of the road, leaving room for the
+infantry on each side, so as to be in good position to repel any attack
+which might be made during the march. His dispositions were so successful
+that, to use his own words: "I do not think more vehicles or any more
+public property were abandoned on the march from Turkey bridge than would
+have been left, in the same state of the roads, if the army had been
+moving toward the enemy instead of away from him; and when it is
+understood that the carriages and teams belonging to the army, stretched
+out in one line, would extend not far from forty miles, the energy and
+caution necessary for their safe withdrawal from the presence of an enemy
+in vastly superior numbers will be appreciated."
+
+"High praise," says the commanding general, "is also due to the officers
+and men of the First Connecticut Artillery, Colonel Tyler, for the manner
+in which they withdrew all the heavy guns during the seven days and from
+Malvern Hill. Owing to the crowded state of the roads the teams could not
+be brought within a couple of miles of the position; but these energetic
+soldiers removed the guns by hand for that distance, leaving nothing
+behind."
+
+The enemy followed the army with a small force, and occasionally threw a
+few shells at the rear-guard, but were quickly dispersed by our batteries
+and gun-boats, and on the evening of the third of July the entire army
+reached the Landing.
+
+The troops presented a most distressing appearance as they drew up in
+line, and stacked their guns at Harrison's Bar. The rain had been pouring
+down most of the night, and was still drenching the poor battle-worn,
+foot-sore soldiers, and turning the roads into beds of mortar, and the low
+marshy ground at the Landing into such a condition that it was impossible
+to get along dry shod, except for those who rejoiced in the possession of
+high boots.
+
+The aggregate of our entire losses in the seven days' battles, from the
+twenty-sixth of June to the first of July, inclusive, was ascertained,
+after arriving at Harrison's Landing, to be fifteen thousand two hundred
+and forty-nine, namely: fifteen hundred and eighty-two killed; seven
+thousand seven hundred and nine wounded, and five thousand nine hundred
+and fifty-eight missing.
+
+On the fourth of July the following address was issued to the troops by
+General McClellan:
+
+    "HEADQUARTERS, ARMY OF THE POTOMAC
+    _Camp near Harrison's Landing_, July 4, 1862.
+
+    "Soldiers of the Army of the Potomac:--Your achievements of the last
+    ten days have illustrated the valor and endurance of the American
+    soldier. Attacked by superior forces, and without hope of
+    reinforcements, you have succeeded in changing your base of operations
+    by a flank movement, always regarded as the most hazardous of military
+    expedients. You have saved all your material, all your trains and all
+    your guns, except a few lost in battle, taking in return guns and
+    colors from the enemy. Upon your march, you have been assailed day
+    after day, with desperate fury, by men of the same race and nation,
+    skillfully massed and led. Under every disadvantage of number, and
+    necessarily of position also, you have in every conflict beaten back
+    your foes with enormous slaughter. Your conduct ranks you among the
+    celebrated armies of history. No one will now question that each of
+    you may always with pride say: 'I belong to the Army of the Potomac.'
+    You have reached the new base, complete in organization and unimpaired
+    in spirit. The enemy may at any moment attack you. We are prepared to
+    meet them. I have personally established your lines. Let them come,
+    and we will convert their repulse into a final defeat. Your
+    Government is strengthening you with the resources of a great people.
+    On this, our nation's birth-day, we declare to our foes, who are
+    enemies against the best interests of mankind, that this army shall
+    enter the capital of the so-called confederacy; that our national
+    constitution shall prevail, and that the Union, which can alone insure
+    internal peace and external security to each State, 'must and shall be
+    preserved,' cost what it may in time, treasure, and blood."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+    RETURN OF OLD ACQUAINTANCES--THE WOUNDED COLONEL--I VISIT
+    WASHINGTON--MILITARY DISPLAY--EPAULETS--ARISTOCRACY--SPIRIT OF JOHNNY
+    BULL--SOLDIERS' FREE LIBRARY--CONTRABAND CAMP--NEGRO
+    TESTIMONY--PATIENT CHARLEY--PAINFUL POSITION--BROTHER'S LAST
+    CONVERSATION--RETURN TO THE ARMY--CHRISTIAN COMMISSION--GENERAL
+    HOWARD'S SPEECH.
+
+
+About a week after we arrived at Harrison's Landing a number of our absent
+ones joined us, among whom were Mr. and Mrs. B., Nellie, Jack, my wounded
+darkie friend from Williamsburg Hospital, and last and least of all came
+that pusillanimous coward, Colonel ----, whom I had assisted in carrying
+from the field at the battle of Williamsburg, and whom Doctor E. had
+ordered back to his regiment under penalty of being reported to his
+superior officer. The next day after the arrival of this individual I
+received a message requesting me to appear at the headquarters of the ----
+regiment. I started immediately, and found to my astonishment that it was
+this Colonel who desired an interview with me.
+
+He had been gone on furlough ever since the battle of Williamsburg, and
+had played his cards so well that he had been promoted to the command of a
+brigade. He had also managed, by false representations, to have the
+following notice inserted in the leading newspapers of his native State,
+viz.: "Colonel ---- was severely wounded at the battle of Williamsburg,
+while gallantly leading a desperate charge on the enemy's works, and was
+carried from the field, but no sooner had the surgeons bound up his wound
+than the noble and patriotic colonel returned again to his command and led
+his men again and again upon the foe, until the day was won; when he sank
+upon the ground, exhausted from loss of blood and fatigue, and was carried
+the second time by his men from the field."
+
+The paper in which this false statement was published found its way to
+camp, and Doctor E. replied to it, somewhat changing the editor's
+sentiments with regard to the conduct of the "noble and patriotic
+colonel." He, the colonel, had now returned to wreak vengeance upon Doctor
+E.
+
+Going to his tent I found the colonel alone. He arose as I entered, and in
+rather an excited manner spoke as follows: "I am informed that you are
+one of the persons who carried me off the field when I was wounded at
+Williamsburg, and witnessed the infamous conduct of Doctor E., and heard
+the insulting language which he used toward me." I did not reply, but
+stood gazing at the man before me. He looked me in the face for the first
+time since I entered, and discovering the smile of contempt which I could
+not suppress, he seized me roughly by the arm and exclaimed: "See here
+boy, what do you mean? Why do you not answer me?" I replied with provoking
+coolness and the same sarcastic smile: "Pardon me, sir, I was not aware
+that you asked me a direct question; I understood you to say that you were
+informed that I was one of the persons who carried you off the
+battle-field at Williamsburg. I have the honor to inform you that thus far
+your informant was correct."
+
+"Then you saw the treatment which I received, and heard the abusive
+language which Doctor E. made use of on that occasion?"
+
+"I saw Doctor E. examine you carefully and thoroughly, and when he could
+discover no cause for your being brought there, I heard him say--'Colonel,
+you are not wounded at all. You had better let these boys carry you back
+to your regiment;' and when you so suddenly recovered your strength and
+sprang to your feet, making use of threats and profane language, he said:
+'If you do not return to your regiment within fifteen minutes I will
+report you to General ----.'"
+
+Suddenly relaxing his grasp of my arm, he assumed a fawning tone and
+manner, and taking a paper from his pocket he asked me to put my name to
+it, and he would reward me handsomely. I took the document from his hand
+and read it carefully. It was drawn up, as near as I can remember after
+the following manner: "This is to certify that Colonel ---- has been
+infamously treated and maliciously slandered by Doctor E., while said
+colonel was suffering from a wound received at Williamsburg battle. Two of
+the undersigned carried him bleeding from the field, and witnessed the
+cruel treatment and insulting language of Doctor E."
+
+After reading the document, I said very calmly and decidedly, "Colonel, I
+must decline signing this paper."
+
+By this time I had become indignant, and determined to cut short the
+interview; so touching my hat in mock respect, I left him to his own
+reflections.
+
+Now it came my turn to visit Washington--and the very next boat that left
+the landing bore me over the quiet waters of the James river. In due time
+I reached the Capital, and spent three days in visiting the hospitals in
+Washington, Georgetown and Alexandria, and various other places of
+interest.
+
+I was commissioned with numerous orders and had any amount of messages to
+deliver for officers and others; as many of our men were in the different
+hospitals in those cities, and I was expected to find them and deliver
+letters, packages, etc.
+
+The military display made in Washington is certainly astonishing,
+especially to those who are accustomed to see major generals go round in
+slouched hats and fatigue coats, without even a star to designate their
+rank. But cocked and plumed hats, scarlet lined riding cloaks, swords and
+sashes, high boots and Spanish spurs, immense epaulets, glittering stars,
+and gaily caparisoned horses, are to be seen by the hundred around
+Willard's hotel and other places of resort.
+
+I noticed that some in particular wore painfully tight uniforms and very
+small caps, kept on by some new law of gravitation, as one portion rested
+on the bump of self esteem and the other on the bridge of the nose. "Miss
+Periwinkle" says of this class of military heroes: "They look like stuffed
+fowls, and ride as if the safety of the nation depended upon their speed
+alone."
+
+Chaplain A. H. Quint manfully defends the multiplicity of epaulets in
+Washington, and very appropriately remarks: "Willard's is the news depot.
+Consider how easily a hundred, interested to read the bulletin there,
+could assemble. First, the general-in-chief is in Washington, and has a
+staff necessarily. Secondly, the quartermaster general, the adjutant
+general, the military governor, the paymaster-general, and the
+surgeon-general, have each a staff. Thirdly, what military force there is
+in the city has officers. Fourthly, there is a multitude of surgeons
+easily mistaken for army officers, as they wear uniforms. Add to these the
+convalescent officers just able to move about, and you have hundreds
+necessarily in Washington. And of course the display of epaulets is
+great."
+
+Notwithstanding the "troublous times," there are generally gay times at
+the Capital. Levees and public receptions are frequent, except during the
+reign of terror, when some bold dash of rebel cavalry is made upon the
+devoted city, and then there is a genuine panic for a short time.
+
+In Washington I think there is as much of the aristocratic spirit as you
+will find in the United States. People there are respected and graded
+according to their uniform; everything is regulated according to caste,
+and it is as David Crocket says about dining: common people dine at
+twelve, common clerks in departments at one, head clerks at two,
+representatives at three, heads of departments at four, senators at five,
+ambassadors at six, and the President--well, he doesn't dine till the next
+day.
+
+In one of my rambles I visited the Senate chamber. It was unoccupied,
+except by a few specimens of young America, who were playing leapfrog over
+the seats and desks. I leisurely surveyed every item of interest--sat in
+Sumner's chair, and recalled the scene enacted there a few years previous,
+and in imagination thrashed Brooks until he was a fit subject for a
+hospital--then giving him a farewell _coup de pied_, I betook me to the
+picture galleries.
+
+After admiring Pocahontas sufficiently, and gazing at expiring heroes, who
+all "appeared to be quitting their earthly tabernacles in convulsions,"
+ruffled shirts, and a tremendous shower of bomb-shell, until my head
+ached; I then turned for relief to the noble form of "The Father of his
+Country," which looked out from the canvas in all the princely majesty
+which characterized that _great_ and _good_ man. I stood wrapped in
+profound reverence, when a friend drew my attention to two paintings which
+I had not noticed before. They represented the surrender of Lord
+Cornwallis and General Burgoyne. I felt a warm current of blood rush to my
+face, as I contemplated the humiliating scene--the spirit of Johnny Bull
+triumphed over my Yankee predilections--and I left the building with
+feelings of humiliation and disgust.
+
+Next in order, I visited the "Soldier's Free Library," in Fifth street,
+under the superintendence of John A. Fowle, Esq. He has accumulated over
+two thousand five hundred volumes of well selected historical,
+biographical and religious works. The soldiers in the different hospitals
+have the free use of the library, which is open daily. The room is nicely
+furnished, and the pictures hanging on the walls give it a cheerful,
+home-look, and the soldiers come there by the score. It is an excellent
+arrangement. Thanks to the benevolent hearts and hands that have provided
+such a luxury for the soldier.
+
+An hour's walk through the contraband camp was amusing and instructive.
+Here were specimens of all grades of the negro character, from the genuine
+pious, cheerful trusting christian, to the saucy, lazy, degraded creature,
+which generations of slavery has made almost on a level with the beasts of
+the field. But all of them kind-hearted, merry-tempered, and quick to feel
+and accept the least token of kindness.
+
+Their cheerfulness is proverbial; old women, with wool white with age,
+bent over the wash-tub, grinned and gossiped in the most cheerful
+manner--girls romped with their dusky sweethearts, and mothers tossed
+their babies with that tender pride and mother-love which beautifies the
+blackest and homeliest face.
+
+All were happy, because they were free--and there seemed to be no room for
+anything like gloom or despondency in their hearts. Men, women, and
+children sang, whistled and laughed together--and whether their songs were
+of heaven, or of hoe-cakes, they were equally inspiring.
+
+I found a young lady there, from the North, who had come to Washington
+with the intention of nursing the sick soldiers, but her sympathies being
+divided between sick America and down-trodden Africa, she decided to teach
+the contrabands instead. She seemed delighted with her employment, and the
+little black faces were beaming with joy as they gathered around her to
+receive instruction.
+
+One colored man stood listening to the questions which were being asked
+and answered, and looked as if he would like to give in his testimony. I
+turned to him, and asked: "How is it with you? do you think you can take
+care of yourself, now that you have no master to look after you?" "Gosh
+a-mighty, guess I can! Ben taking car' of self and massa too for dis
+fifteen year. Guess I can take car' of dis nig all alone now."
+
+While at one of the hospitals in Alexandria, the head steward told me the
+following touching incident, which occurred in that hospital. Said he:
+
+"A young man had been placed under our care, who had a severe wound in the
+thigh. The ball passed completely through, and amputation was necessary.
+The limb was cut up close to the body, the arteries taken up, and he
+seemed to be doing well. Subsequently, one of the small arteries sloughed
+off; an incision was made, and it was taken up. 'It is well it was not the
+main artery,' said the surgeon, as he performed the operation. 'He might
+have bled to death before it could have been taken up.' But the patient,
+(Charley, as we always spoke of him), got on finely for a time, and was a
+favorite with us all.
+
+"I was passing through the ward one night, about midnight, when suddenly,
+as I was passing Charley's bed, he spoke to me: 'H----, my leg is bleeding
+again.' I threw back the bedclothes, and the blood spirted in the air. The
+main artery had sloughed off.
+
+"Fortunately, I knew just what to do; and in an instant I had pressed my
+thumb on the place, and stopped the bleeding. It was so close to the body
+that there was barely room for my thumb, but I succeeded in keeping it
+there, and arousing one of the convalescents, sent him for the surgeon,
+who came in on a run.
+
+"'I am so thankful,' said he, as he saw me, 'that you were up, and knew
+what to do, for otherwise he must have bled to death before I could have
+got here.'
+
+"But on examination of the case, he looked exceedingly serious, and sent
+for other surgeons. All came who were within reach, and a consultation was
+held over the poor fellow. One conclusion was reached by all. There was no
+place to work, save the spot where my thumb was placed; they could not
+work under my thumb, and if I removed it he would bleed to death before
+the artery could be taken up. There was no way to save his life.
+
+"Poor Charley! He was very calm when they told him, and he requested that
+his brother, who was in the same hospital, might be called up. He came and
+sat down by the bedside, and for three hours I stood, and by the pressure
+of my thumb kept up the life of Charley, while the brothers had their last
+conversation on earth. It was a strange position for me to occupy, to feel
+that I held the life of a fellow mortal in my hands, and stranger yet to
+feel that an act of mine must cause that life to depart. Loving the poor
+fellow as I did, it was a hard thought; but there was no alternative. The
+last words were spoken. Charley had arranged all his business affairs, and
+sent tender messages to absent ones, who little dreamed how near their
+loved one stood to the grave. The tears filled my eyes more than once as I
+listened to those parting words. The last good-bye was spoken; then
+turning to me, he said: 'Now, H----, I guess you had better remove your
+thumb.' 'Oh, Charley! how can I,' said I. 'But it must be done, you know,'
+he replied. 'I thank you very much for your kindness, and now, good-bye.'
+He turned away his head. I raised my thumb--once more the life-current
+gushed forth, and in three minutes he was dead."
+
+Having heard and seen considerable on my little pleasure trip, and my
+leave of absence having nearly expired, I prepared to return once more to
+duty, and on my way to the boat I was fortunate enough to meet with some
+of the Christian Commission delegates, who were going to Harrison's
+Landing on the same boat, and had quite a supply of good things for our
+sick and wounded. May God bless the Christian Commission--it is doing a
+noble work, not only for the sick and wounded, but for our soldiers
+generally.
+
+General Howard, of Maine, that noble christian patriot of whom I have
+spoken in a previous chapter, was one of the speakers at the great meeting
+in Philadelphia, January twenty-eighth, the second anniversary of the
+United States Christian Commission. He delivered a most touching and
+appropriate address on that occasion, and as it expresses my own
+sentiments, both with regard to the Christian Commission and the religion
+of Christ generally, I will quote a portion of his speech, for the benefit
+of my readers who may not have read it elsewhere:
+
+"I may be allowed to speak freely to the friends who are here to-night.
+Let me tell you one thing which I need not suppress if I could, and that
+is, that I feel in my heart a deep and abiding interest in the cause of my
+Redeemer. I know that this is also the cause of the Christian Commission,
+and therefore I love it, and identify myself with it; and I doubt not that
+you love it, and will do everything to sustain it, for a like reason. And
+now I ask you, as I am to go back to the field to take up my cross anew,
+and to stand up night and day, evening and morning, for the cause of Him
+I love, that your earnest, importunate prayers may follow me, and that
+God would bless the soldiers, that evil may be repressed among them, and
+that when they go into battle they may go without a fear, because they
+know in whom they have believed.
+
+"I assert that the highest type of courage is christian courage. When your
+spirit yearns up to God in prayer, 'Oh, Lord, be my protector, and in this
+peril let me run under the shadow of thy wing,' then you will fear no
+evil, though you walk through the valley and the shadow of death. My
+friends, these things are realities with me. By the blessing of God, by
+his spirit, he has enabled me to have a clear conviction that should he
+take me away I shall go to be with him. Not because I am good, or holy, or
+righteous; but because I have a Saviour; an all-sufficient Saviour, who is
+able to save even the chief of sinners unto the utmost. Therefore, I am
+able to say that I can go into the battle fearing no evil. And would to
+God, for their sakes, that every officer in the army and every soldier in
+the ranks could declare, in sincerity from the depths of his heart, that
+God had done such great things for him! These, to me, are settled, solemn
+convictions; and I speak them freely and frankly, as I am encouraged to do
+on this auspicious occasion.
+
+"It may seem to some that it is expressing one's feelings too publicly;
+but I think it well for me to bear such testimony in a work like yours,
+which contemplates this great and all-important result, the promotion of
+heart religion and the salvation of souls. And especially do I feel this
+in these times of excitement and terror--over the mere temporal
+accessories of war, the dreadful sacrifice of lives, the horrible sights
+of wounds, the caring for the sick and wounded, the lamentations for the
+dead--amid all this I fear that the still, small voice has not always been
+listened to; the silent and beautiful, though wonderful work of the Spirit
+of God has not been seen, and its importance felt as it should be in our
+land. This the Christian Commission is striving to accomplish; it seeks to
+keep alive the spirit of Christianity among our soldiers. Their agency is
+the leaven in our armies. May they leaven the whole lump!
+
+"It is this only that will prepare us for our liberty. This bond, the bond
+of christian love, is the true bond after all that shall permanently unite
+us. There is no other. We speak of the claims of commerce and trade, of
+corn and cotton, that will unite the sections of our country; but these
+are temporary, fluctuating, perishing links. The religion of Jesus Christ
+is the lasting bond that connects not only Maine with Massachusetts and
+Massachusetts with Connecticut, but Maine with Texas and Florida with
+Wisconsin.
+
+"We boast of being an asylum for all nations. From England, Ireland,
+France, Germany, Russia, and almost every country beyond the ocean, come
+men, women and children, who settle down in our midst. How shall we cause
+them to assimilate to us? How shall we ever make them good and useful
+citizens? Will it be, think you, by merely giving them land on which to
+settle? Will they become one with us because they grow in material wealth
+and prosperity? No, no! Nothing but an education, a true education of
+heart and morals, such as the religion of Jesus Christ imparts, can ever
+truly and safely assimilate all these heterogeneous elements, and enable
+us to be truly one people.
+
+"The gospel has its victories to achieve for us as well as the sword. Many
+of the rebels hated us worse before the war than they do now. They respect
+us much more than they once did, after seeing that we are not afraid to
+expose our bodies to be burned, if necessary, in a just cause--the cause
+of our country that we love; that we shrink from no sacrifice of money,
+time or life in order to maintain and perpetuate the beautiful Government
+that our fathers bequeathed to us. But this is not all. They have felt,
+too, the power of the spirit of kindness and love, of which the religion
+of Jesus has borne so many fruits in this struggle.
+
+"They have been astonished at the kindness which has been shown to them
+when they have fallen into our hands. It was this that demoralized them at
+Vicksburg. In the West the rebels are not so violent as they were. When
+they come into our lines now they say they were forced to fight, that they
+are Union men, and always were Union men. And they are coming in every
+day. We have just heard that when General Rosecrans took command of the
+Cumberland army, eight thousand delivered themselves up to us. And do they
+hate us? No! We have melted them down by christian kindness and love. And,
+my friends, this is the way to disarm them. I believe, and say it with
+emphatic assurance, that if we all have the spirit of the Master in our
+hearts we shall demoralize them wherever we find them!
+
+"I do not advocate any shrinking back or checking of the terrible steeds
+of war. No! Fill up the ranks. Make the next campaign more vigorous than
+any that has gone before it, so that it shall be, by the Divine help,
+perfectly impossible for the rebels to keep the field. But let us wield
+this power along with the alleviating and saving influences of the
+religion of Christ. Let these, as diffused by the Christian Commission and
+in other ways, follow our armies everywhere, blessing friend and foe
+alike, and we shall then cause the enemy to come within our lines, not
+only by the eight thousand, but by the sixteen and sixty thousand. It is
+this that will ruin their cause, and finally break down their
+opposition."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+    MY CONSTANT COMPANION--DISPELLING THE BLUES--GENTLE NELLIE--FACES IN
+    THE HOSPITAL--ASLEEP AND AWAKE--MY HORSE AGAIN--AT HARRISON'S
+    LANDING--IMPATIENT TO MOVE--DISSATISFACTION IN THE ARMY--RETREAT FROM
+    RICHMOND--RETURN TO NEWPORT NEWS--SUSPICIOUS QUARTERS--SEARCHING THE
+    HOUSE AND FINDING REBEL SOLDIERS--THANKS TO THE ARMY--OUR ARRIVAL AT
+    ACQUIA CREEK.
+
+
+While we remained at Harrison's Landing I spent much of my time in the
+hospitals. Nellie was now my faithful friend and companion, my colleague
+when on duty, and my escort on all occasions in my rides and rambles. She
+was a splendid woman, and had the best faculty of dispelling the blues,
+dumps and dismals of any person I ever met. When we went to a hospital and
+found the nurses looking tired and anxious and the patients gloomy and
+sad, it never required more than half an hour for us to get up a different
+state of feeling, and dispel that "Hark-from-the-tombs-a-doleful-sound"
+sort of spirit, and we invariably left the men in a more cheerful mood,
+evidently benefited by having a little respite from that depressing
+melancholy so prevalent among the sick, and so often indulged by nurses.
+
+In our own hospital we generally managed to so assort and arrange the
+patients as to have all of the same temperament and disease together, so
+that we knew just what to do and what to say to suit each department. We
+had our patients divided into three classes; one was our working
+department, another our pleasure department, and a third our pathetic
+department. One we visited with bandages, plasters and pins; another, with
+books and flowers; and the third, with beef tea, currant wine, and general
+consolation. Sometimes Nellie would sit and fan the patients for hours in
+the latter department, and sing some soothing pieces in her soft, sweet
+strains, until she would have them all asleep, or quiet as babies. I think
+the soldiers may truly say of the gentle Nellie:
+
+  Her soothing tones with peace beguile
+    The weary hours of pain,
+  And make the lonely sufferer smile
+    And joy to come again.
+
+  Still let me often hear thy voice,
+    Which gently whispers peace,
+  And let my troubled heart rejoice,
+    And strains of sadness cease;
+
+  Still speak to me of pleasant things--
+    Of faith, and hope, and joy;
+  Then shall I rise on lightsome wings
+    Where pains no more annoy.
+
+I used to watch with much interest the countenances of those men as they
+lay fast asleep, and I often thought that I could read their characters
+better when asleep than when awake. Some faces would grow stern and
+grim--they were evidently dreaming of war, and living over again those
+terrible battles in which they had so recently participated; some groaned
+over their wounds, and cursed the rebels vigorously; others grew sad, and
+would talk in the most pathetic tones, as if the pain borne so silently
+through the day revenged itself now by betraying what the man's pride
+concealed so well while awake. Often the roughest grew young and pleasant
+when sleep smoothed away the hard lines from the brow, letting the real
+nature assert itself. Many times I would be quite disappointed, for the
+faces which looked merry and pleasing when awake would suddenly grow dark
+and hideous, as if communing with some dark spirits of another world.
+
+One poor fellow, whose brain was injured more than his body, would wear
+himself out more in an hour when asleep than in a whole day when awake.
+His imagination would conjure up the wildest fancies; one moment he was
+cheering on his men, the next he was hurrying them back again; then
+counting the dead around him, while an incessant stream of shouts,
+whispered warnings and broken lamentations would escape from his lips.
+
+I became acquainted with a young man from Rhode Island in one of the
+hospitals, who was the most patient and cheerful person it has been my lot
+to meet under such circumstances. I find the following notice with regard
+to him:
+
+"I came out here," said he, "as rough and as bad as any of them. But I had
+left a praying mother at home. While in camp at Poolesville I heard that
+she was dead. After that her image was never out of my thoughts. It seemed
+as if her form appeared to me as in a mirror, and always as wrestling for
+her wayward son. Go where I might I felt as if I saw her in her place of
+prayer, kneeling and putting up her petitions to God, and not even the
+roar of battle could drown the soft tones of her voice."
+
+He was at the battle of Fair Oaks, and when it ceased sat down on a log,
+exhausted, by the wayside, and then, to use his own words, he "thought
+over the matter." Heaps of dead men lay on every side of him. They had
+fallen, but he was still unharmed. The melting words of his mother's
+prayer came back to his mind with new power. He thought of his own
+condition, and of her happy home, so far removed from the strife and agony
+of war. A pious soldier of his company noticed that he was very
+thoughtful, and inquired the reason. To this friend he opened his mind
+freely, and told him how he felt. They sought occasion for private
+conference, communed together and prayed; strength was given him to make
+the "last resolve," and the soldier who had been so rough and had became a
+soldier in the Army of Jesus. The sainted mother had not prayed in vain. A
+battle had just been fought, a victory won, which was spreading joy
+throughout the nation; but here, too, was a triumph, a different triumph,
+such as cause the angels of God in heaven to rejoice.
+
+  Just as I am, without one plea,
+    But that Thy blood was shed for me,
+  And that Thou bid'st me come to Thee,
+    O Lamb of God! I come.
+
+One day, while employed in the hospital assisting Nellie in some new
+arrangement for the amusement of the men, I received a letter from the
+captain to whom I had given my horse for the use of himself and three
+companions on the retreat from before Richmond. He and his friends had
+reached the James river in safety, and had been so fortunate as to get on
+board of one of the transports which had been sent for the wounded, and
+were now comfortably installed in a hospital in Washington. He also wrote
+that he had given my horse in charge of one of the quartermasters of
+General G.'s brigade, a piece of information which I was exceedingly glad
+to hear, for my colt was well nigh spoiled on the retreat, and if it had
+not been, was not fit to ride much, or indeed at all, to do it justice,
+for it proved to be not quite two years old.
+
+But upon finding the quartermaster I was politely informed that he had
+bought and paid for the horse, and of course I could not have it. I said
+nothing, but went to General M.'s headquarters, stated the case, and
+procured an order which brought the horse in double-quick time, and no
+thanks to the quartermaster.
+
+A month passed away, and everything remained quiet at Harrison's Landing
+and vicinity. The troops, having rested, began to grow tired of the
+routine of camp life, and were anxious for another brush with the enemy.
+The vigilant eye of McClellan noted the impatience of the men, and he
+daily kept urging the necessity of reinforcements, and protested against
+leaving the Peninsula, as retreat, in his opinion, would prove disastrous
+both to the army and the cause. Our commander's patience was well nigh
+exhausted, as the following brief despatch of July 30th indicates:
+
+"I hope that it may soon be decided what is to be done by this army, and
+that the decision may be to reinforce it at once. We are losing much
+valuable time, and that at a moment when energy and decision are sadly
+needed."
+
+About this time an order came from Washington for all the sick to be sent
+away, without giving any definite information with regard to the intended
+movements of the army.
+
+August fourteenth orders came for the army to evacuate Harrison's Landing.
+None knew whither they were going, but notwithstanding every pain was
+taken to conceal the destination from the troops, it was evident that we
+were retreating; for the ominous fact that we turned our backs toward
+Richmond was very suggestive of a retreat. This had a demoralizing effect
+upon the troops, for they had confidently expected to advance upon
+Richmond and avenge the blood of their fallen comrades, whose graves
+dotted so many hillsides on the Peninsula, and whose remains would now be
+desecrated by rebel hands. The men were deeply moved; some wept like
+children, others swore like demons, and all partook in the general
+dissatisfaction of the movement.
+
+On the morning of the sixteenth the whole army was _en route_ for parts
+unknown. Our destination proved to be Newport News--a march of nearly
+seventy miles. It was well for us we did not know it then, or probably
+there would have been more swearing and less weeping among the soldiers.
+So far as I was personally concerned, I had a very pleasant time during
+that march. Mr. and Mrs. B., Dr. E., Nellie and myself, made up a small
+party, independent of military discipline, and rode fast or slow, just as
+it suited our fancy, called at the farm-houses and bought refreshments
+when we were hungry, and had a good time generally. Nellie rode my
+confiscated colt, and pronounced it a perfect gem. Dr. E. playfully said
+that he supposed she admired it because it was a rebel, and I suggested
+that he too must be a rebel, from the same premises.
+
+Time passed away pleasantly until we drew near to Yorktown, where sad
+memories interrupted the animated conversation. Nellie was near her
+former home, with all its pleasant and sad associations. We visited the
+grave of Lieutenant V. I could but rejoice that he had been taken away
+from the evil to come. He had been saved from all those terrible marches
+and horrible battles, and from this distressing and humiliating retreat.
+We hitched our horses and remained some time there, some of the party
+gathering the rich, ripe fruit, which hung in abundance from the peach
+trees around us. Before leaving, we all bowed around the grave of our
+friend. Chaplain B. offered up an ardent prayer that we might all be
+faithful, and follow the example of our departed loved one, as he had
+followed Christ, and meet him where war and strife would be heard no more.
+
+  I know thou art gone to a clime of light,
+    To a world of joy and love,
+  Beyond the reach of the sunbeam's flight,
+    In the shadowless above.
+
+  And I will rejoice in thy smiles again,
+    And hap'ly thy whisper hear;
+  Dispelling the gloom of sorrow and pain,
+    When the twilight of death is near.
+
+We stopped at a farm-house one evening during our march, and engaged
+lodgings for the night. The house was very large, and afforded ample
+accommodations. It was the first one on the Peninsula at which I had seen
+a strong, healthy-looking man, attending to his farm as if there was no
+such thing as war in the land. The lady of the house was an active,
+business-like sort of woman, and went to work to make us comfortable. But
+there was evidently something in or about that house which was not just
+right--and we had not been there long when I detected suspicious
+movements, and drew the attention of Dr. E. to the fact. The man seemed
+very uneasy and restless, going from one room to another, shutting the
+doors very carefully behind him, carrying parcels up stairs in a half
+frightened way which increased our suspicion. I proposed to our little
+party that they should remain while I rode back to the army for a
+detachment of the provost-guard. My proposal was agreed to, and I started
+back in the direction of the main column.
+
+The family seemed alarmed, and asked a great many questions concerning my
+departure, to which I replied: "I am only going a short distance; I shall
+probably be back by the time supper is ready." I made all haste after I
+disappeared from view of the house, and in an hour I was on my way back
+again, having succeeded in finding the provost-marshal, and getting a
+corporal and six men to go with me. They entered the house boldly, and
+told the inmates that they had been informed that there were rebels
+concealed in the house, and they had come for the purpose of searching it;
+adding, that they would not disturb anything, if their suspicions were
+unfounded.
+
+The lady said that she had some sick persons in the house, and did not
+wish them disturbed, assuring them that her family were all Union, and
+they would not harbor any rebels whatever. But all her excuses and
+pretensions did not deter the guard from accomplishing their object. So
+marching up stairs, they searched every room. In one room were found four
+rebel soldiers, or guerillas, all of whom pretended to be very ill. Dr. E.
+was called to examine the patients, and pronounced them well as he was. In
+another room were two officers; they made no excuse at all, but said that
+they were the landlord's sons; had been in the rebel service, and were now
+home on furlough. They said they had been home ever since Stuart's cavalry
+raid at White House, and were waiting for another such dash in order to
+get back again.
+
+The provost-guard marched them all back to headquarters, which was in the
+saddle, and our little party thought proper to take shelter that night
+under the wing of the main column, instead of at a farm-house where we
+were not sure but that our lives would pay for that piece of information
+given, before morning.
+
+The army marched on until it reached the transports. Some embarked at
+Yorktown, some at Newport News, and others at Fortress Monroe. The troops
+were literally worn out and discouraged, caring but little where they
+went, or what they did. They were huddled on board of transports, and were
+landed at Aquia Creek.
+
+General McClellan finding his army, as he had anticipated, much depressed
+and discouraged in consequence of the retreat from the Peninsula, sent the
+following appeal to General Halleck: "Please say a kind word to my army,
+that I can repeat to them in general orders, in regard to their conduct at
+Yorktown, Williamsburg, West Point, Hanover Court-house, and on the
+Chickahominy, as well as in regard to the Seven Days, and the recent
+retreat. No one has ever said anything to cheer them but myself. Say
+nothing about me; merely give my men and officers credit for what they
+have done. They deserve it."
+
+The Army of the Potomac had performed an enormous amount of labor in
+making entrenchments, constructing roads, bridges, etc., and did it with
+the most gratifying cheerfulness and devotion to the interests of the
+service. During the entire campaign they had fought ten severely contested
+battles, and had beaten the enemy on every occasion, showing the most
+determined bravery and invincible qualities it was possible for an army to
+exhibit. They had submitted to exposure, sickness and death, without a
+murmur; and they deserved the thanks of the government and the people for
+their services.
+
+On arriving at Aquia Creek, we found ourselves the victims of another
+rainstorm. Five of us went on board of a little steam-tug, and thus
+escaped a severe drenching during the night, for we had not yet seen our
+tents. When morning came we were treated to breakfast, and the captain
+was very kind indeed. We were just congratulating ourselves on our good
+fortune, when we discovered that all our little valuables, relics which we
+had brought from the Peninsula, toilet arrangements, and even our Bibles,
+had been stolen while we were asleep. Nellie and I were indulging in some
+uncharitable remarks concerning those persons upon whose hospitality we
+had fared sumptuously and slept comfortably, and who had so generously
+refused to take any remuneration in the shape of greenbacks, but who had
+helped themselves to things more precious to us than money, when good
+Chaplain B. entered just in time to catch the most unchristian-like
+sentence we had uttered, and forthwith gave us a lecture upon the heinous
+sin of ingratitude. When he had concluded, instead of saying amen, I said:
+"from such hospitality in future, good Lord deliver us."
+
+We did not remain long at Aquia Creek, but were ordered to embark
+immediately for Alexandria, Virginia. When we arrived there, Pope's army
+was in danger of annihilation; and, consequently, as fast as the Army of
+the Potomac arrived, it was ordered to Pope's assistance; one portion in
+one direction, and another in another direction, until it was cut up into
+sections, and General McClellan was left at Washington, without an army or
+anything to command except his staff.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+    POPE'S ARMY--A GENERAL'S REQUEST--AGAIN A CONTRABAND--ENTERING THE
+    REBEL LINES AS A SPY--MY ESCAPE TO THE FEDERAL LINES--IN
+    PERIL--KEARNEY KILLED--CRAWLING THROUGH THE WOODS--BURIAL OF A
+    PICKET--LOOKING FOR A GENERAL--MR. NEGATIVE--MCCLELLAN AND POPE--THE
+    BATTLE OF ANTIETAM--A TOUCHING DEATH-SCENE--AN INTERESTING
+    PATIENT--BURIAL OF A FEMALE SOLDIER.
+
+
+Immediately after arriving at Alexandria, I started for the battle-field,
+where a portion of McClellan's army had gone to reinforce Pope. Everything
+seemed to be in a confused state. There was no definite information with
+regard to the force of the enemy in that direction, and it seemed
+impossible to obtain any from reliable sources. McClellan's troops were
+ordered to the front, under new commanders, just as they came off the
+transports in which they arrived from the Peninsula, without any rest, or
+a proper supply of clothing, shoes, or blankets; all of which they much
+needed, after such a march as they had just accomplished.
+
+While the battle raged, and the roar of cannon was reverberating over the
+National Capital, McClellan sent the following request to General Halleck:
+"I cannot express to you the pain and mortification I have experienced
+to-day, in listening to the distant firing of my men. As I can be of no
+further use here, I respectfully ask that, if there is a probability of
+the conflict being renewed to-morrow, I may be permitted to go to the
+scene of battle with my staff, merely to be with my own men, if nothing
+more. They will fight none the worse for my being with them. If it is not
+deemed best to intrust me with the command even of my own army, I simply
+ask to be permitted to share their fate on the field of battle."
+
+The troops under Pope were several days in the vicinity of the Shenandoah
+Valley, with no rations but those they found in the fields, such as fruit,
+green corn, and vegetables. They certainly were in a poor condition to
+fight, and there was evidently a lack of that cheerful, enthusiastic
+spirit, which had characterized them on the Peninsula.
+
+I was ordered by General H. to pass the rebel lines, and return as soon as
+possible. I took the train at Warrenton Junction, went to Washington,
+procured a disguise, that of a female contraband, and returned the same
+night. I passed through the enemy's lines in company with nine
+contrabands, men, women, and children, who preferred to live in bondage
+with their friends, rather than to be free without them. I had no
+difficulty whatever in getting along, for I, with several others, was
+ordered to headquarters to cook rations enough, the rebels said, to last
+them until they reached Washington.
+
+
+[Illustration: AT REBEL HEADQUARTERS.--Page 263.]
+
+
+The officers generally talked in low tones, but would sometimes become
+excited, forget that there were darkies around, and would speak their
+minds freely. When I had been there a few hours, I had obtained the very
+information which I had been sent for. I had heard the plan of the morrow
+discussed, the number of troops at several important points, and the
+number expected to arrive during the night; and this, too, from the lips
+of the commanding general and his staff.
+
+The rebel lines were guarded so strongly and so faithfully, that I did not
+dare to return that night, but waited anxiously for the dawn of the
+morrow.
+
+Early on the following morning, while assisting the cook to carry in
+breakfast, I removed a coat from a camp-stool which stood in my way, and a
+number of papers fell from its pockets, which I instantly transferred to
+my own. I then hurried my arrangements in the tent, lest the documents
+should be missed before I could make my escape. Breakfast was announced,
+and I suddenly disappeared.
+
+Going toward the picket line nearest the Federals, and seeing an old house
+in the distance, I went and hid myself in the cellar. Soon, firing
+commenced in different directions, and grew hotter and hotter, until the
+shot and shell began to shake the old house in which I had taken refuge,
+and by and by it came tumbling down around me. A part of the floor was
+broken down, but still I remained unharmed, and did not attempt to leave
+the ruins. I remembered that good old Elijah remained in the cave during
+the tempest, the earthquake and the fire, and afterward came the still
+small voice. So I waited patiently for the still small voice, and felt
+secure; knowing that the Lord was a sure refuge, and could protect me
+there as well as in a drawing-room in the quiet city.
+
+It was not long before deliverance came, and the rebels were obliged to
+fall back and take a new position. When the firing ceased, I was safely
+within the Federal lines. I went immediately to headquarters, and reported
+myself as having just returned from rebeldom; gave a brief relation of my
+experience, and delivered the documents which I had brought from rebel
+headquarters. These proved to be orders intended for the different corps
+commanders, with instructions how and when to move, so as to act in
+concert with the entire plan of the morrow, and insure the capture of
+Washington.
+
+During those battles and skirmishes of Pope's memorable campaign, I
+visited the rebel generals three times at their own camp-fires, within a
+period of ten days, and came away with valuable information, unsuspected
+and unmolested.
+
+While the second battle of Bull Run was in progress, I was a part of the
+time with the Confederates, and then back again to the Federals, having
+made my escape while the battle raged most fiercely by concealing myself
+in a ravine, and watching until the rebels charged upon a battery. While
+they were engaged in a hand-to-hand fight, I escaped unobserved by friend
+or foe.
+
+The last of these visits was made the night before the battle of
+Chentilla, in which the brave Kearney was killed. I was within a few rods
+of him when he fell, and was in the act of returning to the Union camp
+under cover of the extreme darkness of that never-to-be-forgotten night. I
+saw him ride up to the line, but supposed him to be a rebel officer until
+the pickets fired at him, and even then I thought they had fired at me,
+until I saw him fall from his horse, and heard their exclamations of joy
+when they discovered who he was; for the one-armed general was known
+throughout both armies for his bravery and brilliant career, and the name
+of Kearney had become a word of terror to the rebels.
+
+When I learned who was their victim, I regretted that it had not been me
+instead of him, whom they had discovered and shot. I would willingly have
+died to save such a general to the Union army. But he was taken, while I,
+poor insignificant creature, was left; but left with a heart and soul as
+fully devoted to the Union cause as Kearney's was; only lacking the
+ability to accomplish the same results.
+
+I lost no time in making good my escape, while the attention of the
+pickets were drawn in another direction. When I came to our lines, I found
+it almost as difficult to get through as I had found it on the other side.
+The night was so dark I could not make any sign by which the pickets could
+recognize me, and I was in the depths of the forest, where the rustling of
+the leaves and the crackling of dry branches under my feet betrayed my
+foot-steps as I went along. However, after crawling up pretty close to the
+line, and getting behind a tree to screen me from the bullets, if they
+should fire, I managed to make myself understood. The picket said: "All
+right," and I passed through in safety.
+
+Coming within the lines, I saw a group of men kneeling on the ground
+digging a grave with their bayonets, with the least possible noise; for
+the picket lines were within half musket shot of each other. One of their
+comrades had been killed, and they were thus preparing his last
+resting-place.
+
+  They buried him darkly at dead of night,
+  The turf with their bayonets turning.
+
+But there were no "struggling moonbeams," or glimmering stars, to shed a
+ray of light upon the midnight gloom of that solitary funeral--naught save
+the vivid flashes of lurid flame which the lightning cast upon the sad
+scene, lighting up for a moment the surrounding forest, and then dying
+away, leaving the darkness more intolerable.
+
+We may well say of such as die at their post:
+
+  Sweet be the death of those
+    Who for their country die;
+  Sleep on her bosom for repose,
+    And triumph where they lie.
+
+After reaching headquarters and donning another costume, I was dispatched
+to Washington with official documents to McClellan, who was now in command
+of the defenses of the Capital, and had control of all the troops who came
+streaming in from the disastrous battle-field. I arrived in the city just
+as the morning light was breaking, drenched from head to foot, and looking
+as if mud was my native element.
+
+Making my way to where I supposed headquarters to be, I saw an important
+looking individual near by, whom I addressed, and inquired if he could
+tell me where General McClellan was to be found? "No, I can not." Could he
+tell me when he was expected at headquarters? "No." Was there any person
+there of whom I could inquire? "Not a person." Did he know of any place
+where the necessary information could be obtained? "Not a place." Could he
+make any suggestion, or throw the least ray of light upon the subject,
+which might lead to the whereabouts of the general? "Not the slightest."
+
+Turning away in disgust, I said to the man, "Well, good-by, Mr. Negative.
+I hope the effort which you have made to assist me will not injure you
+mentally or physically;" and so saying I rode away, feeling that if I was
+as big as he imagined himself, and as strong as he was indifferent, I
+would give him a vigorous shaking before leaving him.
+
+I went next to General H.'s headquarters. No one there could tell me
+anything more definite than that the general had been gone all night,
+carrying out General Halleck's orders and making the best possible
+disposition of the troops as fast as they came in, for the whole army was
+now in full retreat. After two hours search I found him, delivered the
+despatches, and returned to Washington, where I remained until the next
+day, being completely tired out, not having had a night's sleep for five
+nights previous.
+
+On the first of September, General McClellan had an interview with the
+President, who requested him to use all his influence with the Army of the
+Potomac to insure its hearty co-operation with General Pope's army. In
+compliance with the President's request, McClellan sent the following
+despatch to General Porter: "I ask of you, for my sake, that of the
+country, and the old Army of the Potomac, that you and all my friends will
+lend the fullest and most cordial co-operation to General Pope in all the
+operations now going on. The destinies of our country, the honor of our
+arms, are at stake, and all depends upon the cheerful co-operation of all
+in the field. This week is the crisis of our fate. Say the same thing to
+my friends in the Army of the Potomac, and that the last request I have to
+make of them is, that, for their country's sake, they will extend to
+General Pope the same support they ever have to me."
+
+Immediately after this followed the brilliant and triumphant victories at
+South Mountain and Antietam, which more than counterbalanced the
+disastrous campaign of Pope, and which sent a thrill of joy throughout the
+North.
+
+But in this, as in most other instances of earthly bliss, the joy was not
+unmixed with sorrow--sorrow for the noble dead and wounded upon those
+bloody fields. At the memorable battle of Antietam there were nearly two
+hundred thousand men and five hundred pieces of artillery engaged during a
+period of fourteen hours without cessation; and at its termination two
+thousand seven hundred of the enemy's dead lay upon the field. The report
+of the Federal general in command says: "Thirteen guns, thirty-nine
+colors, upwards of fifteen thousand stand of small arms, and more than six
+thousand prisoners, were the trophies which attest the success of our army
+in the battles of South Mountain, Crampton's Gap, and Antietam. Not a
+single gun or color was lost by our army during these battles."
+
+At the close of the battle I stood by the side of a dying officer of one
+of the Massachusetts regiments, who had passed through the thickest of
+the fight unhurt, but just at the close of the battle he was struck by a
+random shot which wounded him mortally. As he lay there, conscious of
+approaching death, the musicians of the regiment happened to pass by. He
+requested that they might be asked to play the "Star-Spangled Banner."
+They cheerfully complied with the dying man's request, and while they
+played the grand old tune his countenance beamed with joy. He inquired the
+result of the battle, and when told that it was a victory he
+exclaimed--"Oh! it is glorious to die for one's country at such a time as
+this!" Then turning to the chaplain he spoke in the most affecting manner;
+he said his trust was in the Redeemer; then he sent loving messages to his
+mother and friends at home. The chaplain read some comforting passages of
+Scripture and prayed with him, and soon after the happy spirit passed
+away.
+
+Some one very appropriately says: "When such sacrifices are laid upon the
+altar of our country, we have surely new incentives to uphold the cause
+for which they are made, and, with God's help, not to allow the treason
+which has slain so many victims, to accomplish its purpose. And, through
+this bloody baptism, shall not our nation be purified at length, and
+fitted to act a nobler part in the world's history?" God grant it.
+
+In passing among the wounded after they had been carried from the
+field, my attention was attracted by the pale, sweet face of a youthful
+soldier who was severely wounded in the neck. The wound still bled
+profusely, and the boy was growing faint from loss of blood. I stooped
+down and asked him if there was anything he would like to have done for
+him. The soldier turned a pair of beautiful, clear, intelligent eyes upon
+me for a moment in an earnest gaze, and then, as if satisfied with the
+scrutiny, said faintly: "Yes, yes; there is something to be done, and that
+quickly, for I am dying."
+
+
+[Illustration: AN INTERESTING PATIENT.--Page 271.]
+
+
+Something in the tone and voice made me look more closely at the face of
+the speaker, and that look satisfied me that my suspicion was well
+founded. I went to one of the surgeons in attendance, and requested him to
+come and see my patient. He did so, and after a moment's examination of
+the wound told me that nothing could be done whatever to save him. He then
+left me, and I administered a little brandy and water to strengthen the
+wounded boy, for he evidently wished to tell me something that was on his
+mind before he died. The little trembling hand beckoned me closer, and I
+knelt down beside him and bent my head until it touched the golden locks
+on the pale brow before me; I listened with breathless attention to catch
+every sound which fell from those dying lips, the substance of which was
+as follows:
+
+"I can trust you, and will tell you a secret. I am not what I seem, but
+am a female. I enlisted from the purest motives, and have remained
+undiscovered and unsuspected. I have neither father, mother nor sister. My
+only brother was killed to-day. I closed his eyes about an hour before I
+was wounded. I shall soon be with him. I am a christian, and have
+maintained the christian character ever since I entered the army. I have
+performed the duties of a soldier faithfully, and am willing to die for
+the cause of truth and freedom. My trust is in God, and I die in peace. I
+wish you to bury me with your own hands, that none may know after my death
+that I am other than my appearance indicates." Then looking at me again in
+that earnest, scrutinizing manner, she said: "I know I can trust you--you
+will do as I have requested?"
+
+I assured her that she might place implicit confidence in me, and that I
+would do as she had desired me. Then I sought out a chaplain, who came and
+prayed with her. She was calm and peaceful. I remained with her until she
+died, which was about an hour. Then making a grave for her under the
+shadow of a mulberry tree near the battle-field, apart from all others,
+with the assistance of two of the boys who were detailed to bury the dead,
+I carried her remains to that lonely spot and gave her a soldier's burial,
+without coffin or shroud, only a blanket for a winding-sheet. There she
+sleeps in that beautiful forest where the soft southern breezes sigh
+mournfully through the foliage, and the little birds sing sweetly above
+her grave.
+
+  Her race is run. In Southern clime
+    She rests among the brave;
+  Where perfumed blossoms gently fall,
+    Like tears, around her grave.
+
+  No loving friends are near to weep
+    Or plant bright flowers there;
+  But birdlings chant a requiem sweet,
+    And strangers breathe a prayer.
+
+  She sleeps in peace; yes, sweetly sleeps,
+    Her sorrows all are o'er;
+  With her the storms of life are past:
+    She's found the heavenly shore.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+    AFTER ANTIETAM--SURGEONS ON THE FIELD--THE
+    HOSPITALS--LIEUTENANT-COLONEL DWIGHT MORTALLY WOUNDED--A BRUTAL
+    SURGEON--A WOUNDED CAPTAIN--AGONY FROM THIRST--CHRISTIAN
+    SOLDIERS--PRAYING AND FIGHTING--FOPS ON THE FIELD--A REBEL
+    PROGRAMME--PENNSYLVANIA TO BE STRIPPED--CAMP LIFE--DAILY
+    ROUTINE--BURIAL SERVICES.
+
+
+After the battle of Antietam, one of the chaplains who was on the field
+paid a fitting tribute to the colonel commanding the regiment to which he
+belonged, and vividly described many scenes that came under my own
+observation on that day, he says:
+
+"How faithfully many a surgeon labored! Our own assistant surgeon was a
+hero; regardless of bullets in the hottest fire, he kept coolly on in his
+work, while near by Dr. Kendall, of the Twelfth Massachusetts, was killed.
+The nearest hospital, that of our own corps, was necessarily in range of
+the enemy's shell, which every now and then fell around and beyond. Near
+by were five other hospitals, all for one wing. Here were generals and
+privates brought together. General Mansfield I saw dying, and a few feet
+off, an unknown private; General Hartsuff badly wounded, and by his side a
+throng of others now on the same level. There is no distinction as to what
+body or soul needs then.
+
+"Our own regiment helped to fill these hospitals. Our gallant dead are
+remembered with all the other dead of Massachusetts. But one we lost, hard
+to replace: Our brilliant, brave, generous, kind-hearted Lieut.-Colonel
+Wilder Dwight, shot mortally, but living two days. Of wonderful promise at
+home, cheerful, resigned, strong in faith and trust, ready to die; his
+only wish being to see his father and mother. While lying in the garden,
+moved only on a stretcher, he sent our own surgeon to relieve the wounded
+who were lying all around, the surgeons being occupied in amputating limbs
+of men in the hospitals; and again and again sent water provided for
+himself to the poor fellows calling for it. Yet Colonel Dwight was not
+free from brutal insolence. While waiting there in the night for an
+ambulance in which to place him, only for shelter, suddenly a harsh voice
+insisted on turning him out with all our men.
+
+"I found a pompous little surgeon angry and furious. I informed him why
+the men were there, assured him of their good behavior, and requested
+permission for them to remain as we were momentarily expecting the
+ambulance. It was all in vain. Colonel Dwight himself was treated most
+harshly, although of higher rank than the brute himself; and
+notwithstanding I told the surgeon he was mortally wounded, he ordered the
+guard to turn them out at the point of the bayonet, and to prevent their
+return even to remove Colonel Dwight; refusing to tell his rank and even
+his name, until I obtained it of another party. The men were driven away
+while actually giving water to the wounded who had been calling in vain
+for help. I assured him I would take care that his conduct was made known,
+knowing from several scenes I had witnessed that day that he was, from
+brutality, pomposity and harshness, utterly unfit to be in charge of
+wounded men, and from gross disrespect to an officer higher in rank, unfit
+to be in the army. This fellow was a medical director in General Reynolds'
+corps, Pennsylvania Reserves," and the writer adds, "too good a corps to
+have such a fellow among them."
+
+The ordinary scene which presents itself after the strife of arms has
+ceased, is familiar to every one. Heaps of slain, where friend and foe
+lie side by side, mangled bodies, shrieks and groans of the wounded and
+dying, are things which we always associate with the victories and defeats
+of war. But we seldom expect or hear of songs of praise and shouts of
+triumph from dying lips on the dreadful battle-field. The following
+account was received from the lips of a brave and pious captain in one of
+the Western regiments, as some friends were conveying him to a hospital
+from the battle-field:
+
+"The man had been shot through both thighs with a rifle bullet; it was a
+wound from which he could not recover. While lying on the field he
+suffered intense agony from thirst. He supported his head upon his hand,
+and the rain from heaven was falling around him. In a short time a little
+pool of water collected near his elbow, and he thought if he could reach
+that spot he might allay his raging thirst. He tried to get into a
+position which would enable him to obtain a mouthful of the muddy water,
+but in vain; and he must suffer the torture of seeing the means of relief
+within sight, while all his efforts were unavailing.
+
+"'Never,' said he, 'did I feel so much the loss of any earthly blessing.
+By and by the shades of night fell around us, and the stars shone out
+clear and beautiful above the dark field, where so many others lay
+wounded, writhing in pain or faint from loss of blood. Thus situated, I
+began to think of the great God who had given His son to die a death of
+agony for me, and that He was in the heavens to which my eyes were turned;
+that He was there above that scene of suffering and above those glorious
+stars; and I felt that I was hastening home to meet Him, and praise Him
+there. I felt that I ought to praise Him then, even wounded as I was, on
+the battle-field. I could not help singing that beautiful hymn--
+
+  "'When I can read my title clear
+    To mansions in the skies,
+  I'll bid farewell to every fear,
+    And wipe my weeping eyes.'
+
+"'And though I was not aware of it till then,'" he continued, "'it proved
+there was a christian brother in the thicket near me. I could not see him,
+but was near enough to hear him. He took up the strain from me, and beyond
+him another, and another, caught the words, and made them resound far and
+wide over the terrible battle-field. There was a peculiar echo in the
+place, and that added to the effect, as we made the night vocal with our
+hymns of praise to God.'"
+
+The presence of such men in the army, animated by faith in God, and
+conscious of Serving Him in serving their country, adds materially to its
+elements of strength and success. The religious element has always been
+acknowledged as a great power in military success. The more intelligent
+that principle is, the more efficient it must be in securing this result.
+There is every reason, natural as well as rational, why those who hold
+their lives in their hand should acknowledge the God of battle, and pray
+for themselves and their country in the midst of danger. The simplest
+expression of the relations of praying and fighting was, perhaps, the
+blunt order of the puritan chief, "Put your trust in God, and keep your
+powder dry." Cromwell and his praying puritans were dangerous men to meet
+in battle. "The sword of the Lord and of Gideon was exceeding sharp,
+tempered as it was by hourly prayers." Who can but admire the sublime
+spectacle which Gustavus Adolphus and his vast army presented on the eve
+of the battle of Lutzen, in which the King fell, praying on bended knees,
+and then chanting:
+
+  Be of good cheer; your cause belongs
+  To Him who can avenge your wrongs;
+  Leave it to Him our Lord.
+
+The King fell, but the battle was gloriously won.
+
+"And so," says a writer upon this subject, "unless we are untrue to our
+better nature, it must ever be. Before going into battle, the foolish,
+wicked oath is silent. With the bracing of the nerves for the shock of
+battle, there goes up a silent prayer for strength, and valor and
+deliverance. The wounded pray to be saved from death; the dying recall the
+words of old petitions learned in childhood, and in those broken accents
+commit their souls to God."
+
+The only amusing incident after a battle is, the crowd of spectators from
+Washington and other places. If they are in carriages, their vehicles are
+sure to get smashed, and then the trouble arises, what are they to do with
+their baggage? Carry it, of course, or leave it behind. Even the wounded
+soldiers cannot help laughing at their sorry plight, gesticulations, and
+absurd questions.
+
+Among all this class of individuals, there are none to be compared with
+government clerks for importance and absurdity. On one of these occasions
+I remember of a number of those pompous creatures being distressed beyond
+measure, because they could not return to Washington on a train which was
+crowded beyond description with the wounded. After the cars moved off
+there they stood gazing after it in the most disconsolate manner. Said
+one, "I came out here by invitation of the Secretary of War, and now I
+must return on foot, or remain here." One of the soldiers contemptuously
+surveyed him from head to foot, as he stood there with kid gloves, white
+bosom, standing collar, etc., in all the glory and finery of a brainless
+fop, starched up for display. "Well," said the soldier, "we don't know any
+such individual as the Secretary of War out here, but I guess we can find
+you something to do; perhaps you would take a fancy to one of these
+muskets," laying his hand on a pile beside him.
+
+The clerk turned away in disgust, and disdaining to reply to the soldier,
+he inquired, "But where shall I sleep to-night?" The soldier replied,
+"Just where you please, chummy; there is lots of room all around here,"
+pointing to a spot of ground which was not occupied by the wounded. A
+chaplain stepped up to him, and said: "If you wish to sleep, there is some
+hay you can have;" and went on to give him a brief lecture upon the
+impropriety of a young man, in perfect health, just fresh from the city,
+talking about comfortable lodgings, and a place to sleep, when so many
+wounded and dying lay all around him. He was horrified, and disappeared
+immediately.
+
+Before the rebels attempted to cross into Maryland in force, the Richmond
+papers were full of editorials, of which the following is a specimen:
+
+"Let not a blade of grass, or a stalk of corn, or a barrel of flour, or a
+bushel of meal, or a sack of salt, or a horse, or a cow, or a hog, or a
+sheep, be left wherever the Confederate troops move along. Let vengeance
+be taken for all that has been done, until retribution itself shall stand
+aghast. This is the country of the would-be-gentleman, McClellan. He has
+caused a loss to us, in Virginia, of at least thirty thousand negroes, the
+most valuable property that a Virginian can own. They have no negroes in
+Pennsylvania. Retaliation, therefore, must fall upon something else. A
+Dutch farmer has no negroes, but he has horses that can be seized, grain
+that can be confiscated, cattle that can be killed, and houses that can
+be burned."
+
+But when they really attempted to accomplish these feats, and found with
+whom they had to contend, they were very glad to re-cross the Potomac,
+without confiscating property or burning houses, and to escape, leaving
+their dead and wounded on the field.
+
+After the battle of Antietam, the army was not in a condition to follow up
+the rebels; but as soon as the Capital was safe, and the rebels were
+driven from Maryland and Pennsylvania, vigorous efforts were made to
+recruit, clothe, and reorganize the army. Harper's Ferry was again
+occupied, every weak point strengthened, and all the fords were strongly
+guarded. While the army thus remained inactive for a few weeks, camp
+duties and discipline were again strictly enforced and attended to.
+
+I would not have my readers think that camp-life in the army is so very
+unpleasant, after all. I do not think so, for I have spent some of the
+pleasantest, happiest hours of my life in camp, and I think thousands can
+give the same testimony.
+
+One of our good chaplains from the North says that even the city of New
+York itself can bear no favorable comparison to military life in the Army
+of the Potomac. "After all," he says: "New York is a humbug compared with
+the army. It is tattoo, as I write; what music it is, compared with the
+nuisance noises of those city streets! Our candles are not brilliant; but
+the sight of the lights of the camps all around, is more pleasant than the
+glare of the city gas. The air is the pure air of heaven, not the choky
+stuff of the metropolis. The men are doing something noble, not dawdling
+away these glorious days in selling tape and ribbons. The soldier lives to
+some purpose, and if he dies it is a hero's death. The silks of that
+wealthy mart may be coveted by some; but what are the whole to our
+bullet-riddled old flag, which passed from the stiffening hands of one
+color-bearer to another, in the days of many a battle?"
+
+To give my reader a more definite idea of the routine of camp life, I will
+enter into a detail of it more fully. At sunrise _reveille_ beats, drum
+echoing to drum until the entire encampment is astir, and busy as a
+bee-hive. Roll-call immediately follows, which brings every man to his
+place in the ranks, to answer to his name. An hour later breakfast call is
+sounded by fife and drum, and the company cooks, who are detailed for that
+purpose, deal out the rations to the men as they sit or stand around the
+cook's quarters.
+
+At half-past seven o'clock sick call announces to surgeons and patients
+that they are expected to appear at the dispensing tent--if able to go
+there. Then comes a general examination of tongues and pulses, and a
+liberal distribution of _quinine_ and blue pills, and sometimes a little
+_eau de vie_, to wash down the bitter drugs.
+
+Guard mounting at eight, which is an imposing affair in itself. The band
+marches to the usual place of dress parade and strikes up some appropriate
+piece, which is the signal for the regimental details to march to the
+place of inspection. The line is formed, arms inspected, and general
+appearance noted. Then the men are marched in review, and divided into
+three reliefs--one of which is marched to the post of each sentinel,
+where, after various important conferences, the old sentinel is relieved
+and the new one takes his place, and so on around the whole camp. The old
+guard is then marched to their quarters and formally dismissed, having
+been on duty two hours out of every six during the last twenty-four hours.
+
+At nine o'clock the music sounds for company drill, which drill lasts an
+hour and a half. The bugle announces dinner at one o'clock.
+
+At three in the afternoon battalion drill commences, which occupies an
+hour. At half-past four is heard the first call for evening parade, and at
+five o'clock comes off the great display of the day--dress parade.
+
+Supper at six, tattoo at half past eight, and roll-call again at nine;
+immediately after which comes "taps" on the drum, which means "lights
+out."
+
+But between all these calls drills and parades are more interesting
+services and duties. Away in one corner of the camp is our canvas or log
+meeting-house, and besides our regular preaching, we have conference and
+prayer meetings, debating clubs, military lectures, and numerous musical
+entertainments.
+
+Then, too, comes visiting the sick in different hospitals, distribution of
+reading matter and delicacies, and the blessed privilege of religious
+conversation. And often the solemn services in connection with burying the
+dead. I will here give a brief description of this service:
+
+The burial of a soldier in camp is a most solemn scene. A suitable escort
+is formed in two ranks opposite the tent of the deceased, with shouldered
+arms and bayonets unfixed. On the appearance of the coffin the soldiers
+present arms. The procession then forms--on each side of the coffin are
+the pall-bearers without muskets--and the escort moves forward with arms
+reversed, viz.: musket under the left arm, barrel downward, and steadied
+behind the back with the right hand. The band marches in front, with slow
+and measured tread and muffled drum they move, pouring out their
+melancholy wailings for the dead--a sadder dirge than which never fell
+upon mortal ear.
+
+On reaching the place of interment the coffin is lowered into the grave,
+the soldiers leaning upon their muskets, muzzle downward, the hands
+clasped upon the butt of their guns, with heads uncovered and reverently
+bowed upon their hands. The chaplain, who has walked in the rear of the
+procession, conducts the burial service, at the end of which three
+volleys are fired over the grave, the trench is filled up, and the
+soldiers return to duty.
+
+  Warrior, rest! thy toils are ended:
+    Life's last fearful strife is o'er;
+  Clarion-calls, with death-notes blended,
+    Shall disturb thine ear no more!
+  Peaceful is thy dreamless slumber;
+    Peaceful, but how cold and stern!
+  Thou hast joined that silent number
+    In the land whence none return!
+
+  Warrior, rest! thy banner o'er thee
+    Hangs in many a drooping fold;
+  Many a manly cheek before thee
+    Stain'd with tear-drops we behold.
+  Thine was not a hand to falter
+    When thy sword should leave its sheath:
+  Thine was not a cheek to alter,
+    Though thy duty led to death!
+
+  Warrior, rest! a dirge is knelling
+    Solemnly from shore to shore:
+  'Tis a nation's tribute, telling
+    That a patriot is no more!
+  And thy young bride weeps in sorrow
+    That no more she hears thy tread;
+  That the night which knows no morrow
+    Darkly veils thy laurel'd head!
+
+  Warrior, rest! we smooth thy pillow,
+    For thy last, long earthly sleep;
+  And beneath yon verdant willow
+    Storms unheard will o'er thee sweep!
+  There, 'tis done! thy couch awaits thee!
+    Softly down thy head we lay;
+  Here repose, till God translates thee
+    From the dust to endless day!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+    A MILITARY EXECUTION--THE PREPARATIONS--THE DEATH--HARPER'S FERRY--OLD
+    JOHN BROWN--CONTRAST--ADVANCE INTO VIRGINIA--CONDITION OF THE ARMY--A
+    DREARY RIDE--A GREEN GUARD--SEEKING SHELTER--A GUERRILLA FIGHT--MY
+    HORSE KILLED--PLAYING POSSUM--MY POCKETS PICKED--A NARROW
+    ESCAPE--RETURN TO CAMP--AN INTERESTING MEETING.
+
+
+About this time one of those horrible and soul-revolting sights, a
+"military execution," took place; in other words, a soldier was shot in
+cold blood by his comrades. I did not witness the execution, although it
+occurred within a short distance of camp, and I give the particulars
+relating to it from the record of the chaplain who attended the unhappy
+man to the place of execution:
+
+"A painful episode, the first of the kind I have witnessed, took place
+last Friday. It was a military execution. The person thus punished
+belonged to the Third Maryland, which is in our division. On Tuesday last
+his sentence was formally read to him. He was to be shot to death with
+musketry on the next Friday, between the hours of noon and four in the
+afternoon. He had learned the decision on the Sunday before. The day of
+his execution was wet and gloomy. That morning, in the midst of the
+provost guard, he was sitting on a bag of grain, leaning against a tree,
+while a sentry with fixed bayonet stood behind, never turning away from
+him, save as another took his place. Useless seemed the watch, for arms
+and feet had been secured, though not painfully, since the sentence was
+read. The captain of the guard had humanely done all he could, and it was
+partly by his request that I was there. A chaplain could minister where
+others would not be allowed. The rain fell silently on him; the hours of
+his life were numbered, even the minutes. He was to meet death, not in the
+shock and excitement of battle, not as a martyr for his country, not in
+disease, but in full health, and as a criminal. I have seen many a man
+die, and have tried to perform the sacred duties of my station. I never
+had so painful a task as this, because of these circumstances. Willingly,
+gladly, he conversed, heard and answered. While such a work is painful,
+yet it has its bright side, because of the 'exceeding great and precious
+promises' it is one's privilege to tell.
+
+"When the time came for removal to the place of execution, he entered an
+ambulance, the chaplain accompanying him. Next, in another ambulance, was
+the coffin; before, behind, and on either side a guard. Half a mile of
+this sad journey brought him within a short distance of the spot. Then
+leaving the ambulance, he walked to the place selected. The rain had
+ceased, the sun was shining on the dark lines of the whole division drawn
+up in three sides of a hollow square. With guard in front and rear, he
+passed with steady step to the open side of the square, accompanied by the
+chaplain. There was a grave dug, and in front of it was his coffin. He sat
+upon the coffin; his feet were reconfined, to allow of which he lifted
+them voluntarily, and then his eyes were bandaged. In front of him the
+firing party, of two from each regiment, were then drawn up, half held in
+reserve, during which there was still a little time for words with his
+chaplain.
+
+"The General (not McClellan) stood by, and the Provost Marshal read the
+sentence and shook hands with the condemned. Then a prayer was offered,
+amid uncovered heads and solemn faces. A last hand-shake with the
+chaplain, which he had twice requested; a few words from him to the
+chaplain; a lingering pressure by the hand of the condemned, his lips
+moving with a prayer-sentence which he had been taught, and on which his
+thoughts had dwelt before; and he was left alone. The word of command was
+immediately given. One volley, and he fell over instantly, unconscious. A
+record of the wounds were made by the surgeons who immediately examined
+him. The troops filed by his grave, and returned by the way they came. He
+left a mother and sister, and was twenty years of age."
+
+Soon after I spent a night at Harper's Ferry. John Brown is still
+remembered there, and the soldiers go round singing "His soul goes
+marching on." That medley of a song does not seem so senseless after all,
+for the spirit of John Brown does seem to march along wonderfully fast,
+and our troops are becoming imbued with it to a greater extent than is
+generally supposed.
+
+I also visited the court-house, where public service was held by a
+Massachusetts chaplain in the very room where John Brown was tried,
+convicted and sentenced. There was the spot where he had lain upon his
+litter. There in front of the judge's platform were the juror's seats. The
+chair which the judge had occupied was now tenanted by an abolition
+preacher. Oh! if old John Brown had only lived to see that day! but he is
+gone, and
+
+  His soul goes marching on.
+
+On the 25th of October, the pontoon bridges being completed at Harper's
+Ferry and at Berlin, the army once more advanced into Virginia. The ninth
+corps and Pleasanton's cavalry occupied Lovettsville, a pretty little
+village reminding one of New England. The army was now in admirable
+condition and fine spirits, and enjoyed this march exceedingly, scarcely a
+man dropping out of the ranks for any cause whatever, but entering into
+the spirit of the campaign with an energy which surpassed all their former
+enthusiasm. As the army marched rapidly over the country from village to
+village, the advance guard driving the enemy's pickets from one covert to
+another, many thrilling adventures occurred, several of which came under
+my own observation, and as I am expected particularly to relate those in
+which I was personally concerned, I will here relate one which came very
+near being my last on this side the "river."
+
+On the morning of the third day after we left Lovettsville I was sent back
+to headquarters, which was said to be some twelve miles in the rear. I was
+then with the advance guard, and when they started forward at daylight I
+went to the rear. In order to go more quickly I left all my traps in an
+ambulance--blankets, overcoat and grain, excepting enough to feed once.
+Then starting at a brisk canter I soon lost sight of the advancing column.
+I rode on mile after mile, and passed train after train, but could find no
+one that could tell me where McClellan's headquarters were.
+
+On I went in this way until noon, and then found that I was six miles from
+headquarters. After riding a distance which seemed to me all of ten miles,
+I at length found the place sought for. I fed my horse, attended to the
+business which I had been sent to transact, and then tried to find
+something in the way of rations for myself, but failed utterly. Not a
+mouthful could I procure either at the sutler's headquarters, cook-house,
+or in any other place. I went to two houses and they told me they had not
+a mouthful in the house cooked or uncooked--but of course I believed as
+much of that story as I pleased.
+
+The day had been very cold; there had been several smart showers during my
+ride, and now it began to snow--a sort of sleet which froze as fast as it
+fell. This was an October day in Old Virginia. Oh! what an afternoon I
+spent in the saddle on my return; hungry, wet, and shivering with cold. I
+traveled as fast as my horse was able to go until ten o'clock at night,
+with the hope of overtaking the troops I had left in the morning, but all
+in vain, for the whole line of march and programme for the day had been
+changed, in consequence of coming in contact with the enemy and having a
+sharp skirmish, which resulted in our troops being nearly outflanked and
+cut off from the main body of the army.
+
+Of course I had no opportunity of knowing this that night, so on I went in
+another direction from that in which the advance guard had gone. By and by
+I came to some fresh troops just from the North, who had lately enlisted
+and been sent down to Washington, and now were on their way to join
+McClellan's army. They had been put on guard duty for the first time, and
+that too without any definite orders, their officers having concluded to
+remain there until the main column came up, and they scarcely knew where
+they were or what orders to give their men. As I rode up, one of the
+boys--for if boy he was, not more than sixteen summers had graced his
+youthful brow--stepped out in the middle of the road with his musket at a
+"trail arms," and there he stood till I came up close to him, and then he
+did not even say "halt," but quietly told me that I could not go any
+farther in that direction. Why not? Well, he didn't exactly know, but he
+was put there on guard, and he supposed it was to prevent any one from
+going backward or forward. Whether they have the countersign or not? Well,
+he did not know how that was. I then asked him if the officer of the guard
+had given him the countersign. Yes, but he did not know whether it was
+right or not.
+
+"Well," said I, "perhaps I can tell you whether it is correct; I have just
+come from headquarters." He seemed to think that there could be no harm in
+telling me if I had been at headquarters, so he told me without any
+hesitation. Whereupon I proceeded to tell him of the impropriety of doing
+so; that it was a military offense for which he could be punished
+severely; and that he had no right to give the countersign to any one, not
+even the general in command. Then told him how to hold his musket when he
+challenged any one on his beat, and within how many paces to let them
+approach him before halting them, etc. The boy received both lecture and
+instructions "in the spirit of meekness," and by the time I had finished
+a number of the men were standing around me eager to ask questions, and
+especially if I knew to what portion of the army that particular regiment
+was to be assigned.
+
+After passing along through these green troops I rode on till I came to a
+little village, which I never learned the name of, and intended to stop
+there the remainder of the night; but upon learning that a band of
+guerrillas occupied it, I turned aside, preferring to seek some other
+place of rest. I traveled till two o'clock in the morning, when my horse
+began to show signs of giving out; then I stopped at a farm-house, but not
+being able to make any one hear me, I hitched my horse under cover of a
+wood-shed, and taking the blanket from under the saddle, I lay down beside
+him, the saddle-blanket being my only covering. The storm had ceased, but
+the night was intensely cold, and the snow was about two or three inches
+deep. I shall always believe that I would have perished that night, had
+not my faithful horse lain down beside me, and by the heat of his
+beautiful head, which he laid across my shoulders, (a thing which he
+always did whenever I lay down where he could reach me,) kept me from
+perishing in my wet clothes.
+
+It will be remembered that I had started at daylight the previous morning,
+and had never been out of the saddle, or fed my horse but once since I
+started, and had not eaten a mouthful myself for twenty-four hours, and
+had ridden all day and almost all night in the storm. In the morning my
+feet and hands were so chilled that they were perfectly numb, and I could
+scarcely stand. However, as soon as daylight came I started again. About a
+mile from there I went into a field where the unhusked corn stood in
+stacks, and fed my horse.
+
+While employed in this manner, there came along a party of our cavalry
+looking after that band of guerrillas which I had passed the night before.
+It was known that they were in the neighborhood, and these men were sent
+out in search of them. I told them what I knew about it, and intimated
+that if I were not so hungry, I would go back with them to the village.
+That objection was soon removed, by supplying me with a substantial
+breakfast from their haversacks. We started for the village, and had gone
+about five miles when we were suddenly surprised and fired upon by the
+guerrillas. Two of our men were killed on the spot, and my horse received
+three bullets. He reared and plunged before he fell, and in doing so the
+saddle-girth was broken, and saddle and rider were thrown over his head. I
+was thrown on the ground violently which stunned me for a moment, and my
+horse soon fell beside me, his blood pouring from three wounds. Making a
+desperate effort to rise, he groaned once, fell back, and throwing his
+neck across my body, he saturated me from head to foot with his blood.
+He died in a few minutes. I remained in that position, not daring to rise,
+for our party had fled and the rebels pursued them. A very few minutes
+elapsed when the guerrillas returned, and the first thing I saw was one of
+the men thrusting his sabre into one of the dead men beside me. I was
+lying partially on my face, so I closed my eyes and passed for dead. The
+rebels evidently thought I was unworthy of their notice, for after
+searching the bodies of the two dead men they rode away; but just as I was
+making up my mind to crawl out from under the dead horse, I heard the
+tramp of a horse's feet, and lay perfectly still and held my breath. It
+was one of the same men, who had returned. Dismounting, he came up and
+took hold of my feet, and partially drew me from under the horse's head,
+and then examined my pockets. Fortunately, I had no official documents
+with me, and very little money--not more than five dollars. After
+transferring the contents of my pockets to his own, he re-mounted his
+horse and rode away, without ever suspecting that the object before him
+was playing possum.
+
+
+[Illustration: PLAYING POSSUM.--Page 295.]
+
+
+Not long after the departure of the guerrillas, our party returned with
+reinforcements and pursued the rebel band. One of the men returned to camp
+with me, letting me ride his horse, and walked all the way himself. The
+guerrillas were captured that day, and, after searching them, my
+pocket-book was found upon one of them, and was returned to me with its
+contents undisturbed. It lies before me, while I write, reminding me of
+that narrow escape, and of the mercy of God in sparing my unprofitable
+life.
+
+  A Sov'reign Protector I have,
+    Unseen, yet forever at hand;
+  Unchangeably faithful to save,--
+    Almighty to rule and command.
+
+After returning to camp, I found that I had sustained more injury by my
+fall from the horse than I had realized at the time. But a broken limb
+would have been borne cheerfully, if I could only have had my pet horse
+again. That evening we held our weekly prayer-meeting, notwithstanding we
+were on a march. Chaplain and Mrs. B., Nellie, and Dr. E. were present,
+and joined heartily in singing the following hymn:
+
+  And are we yet alive,
+    And see each other's face?
+  Glory and praise to Jesus give,
+    For His redeeming grace.
+  Preserved by power divine
+    To full salvation here,
+  Again in Jesus' praise we join,
+    And in his sight appear.
+
+  What troubles have we seen!
+    What conflicts have we past!
+  Fightings without, and fears within,
+    Since we assembled last!
+  But out of all the Lord
+    Hath brought us by His love;
+  And still he doth his help afford,
+    And hides our life above.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+    MCCLELLAN RELIEVED--HIS ADDRESS--BURNSIDE IN COMMAND--ON THE
+    MARCH--FALMOUTH--MY RIDE--OLD BATTLEFIELDS--SAD SIGHTS--"YANKEE
+    SKULLS"--"BONE ORNAMENTS"--SHELLING FREDERICKSBURG--PONTOON
+    BRIDGES--OCCUPATION OF THE CITY--AIDE-DE-CAMP--DREADFUL SLAUGHTER--A
+    GALLANT MAJOR--STRANGE SIGHTS--DARK NIGHT--DEATH OF GENERAL
+    BAYARD--SOMEONE'S PET--RECROSSING THE RAPPAHANNOCK.
+
+
+After reaching Warrenton the army encamped in that vicinity for a few
+days--during which "Father Abraham" took the favorable opportunity of
+relieving the idol of the Army of the Potomac from his command, and
+ordered him to report at Trenton, New Jersey, just as he was entering upon
+another campaign, with his army in splendid condition.
+
+After a brief address and an affecting farewell to officers and men, he
+hastened to comply with the order. His farewell address was as follows:
+
+"November 7th, 1862. Officers and Soldiers of the Army of the Potomac: An
+order of the President devolves upon Major-General Burnside the command of
+this army. In parting from you I cannot express the love and gratitude I
+bear you. As an army you have grown up under my care. In you I have never
+found doubt or coldness. The battles you have fought under my command will
+proudly live in our nation's history. The glory you have achieved, our
+mutual perils and fatigues, the graves of our comrades fallen in battle
+and by disease, the broken forms of those whom wounds and sickness have
+disabled--the strongest associations which can exist among men--unite us
+still by an indissoluble tie. We shall ever be comrades in supporting the
+constitution of our country and the nationality of its people."
+
+That was a sad day for the Army of the Potomac.
+
+The new commander marched the army immediately to Falmouth, opposite
+Fredericksburg. Of the incidents of that march I know nothing, for I went
+to Washington, and from thence to Aquia Creek by water.
+
+I did not return to Washington on the cars, but rode on horseback, and
+made a two days' trip of it, visiting all the old places as I went. The
+battle-ground of the first and second Bull Run battles, Centerville,
+Fairfax Court House, and Chentilla.
+
+But how shall I describe the sights which I saw and the impressions which
+I had as I rode over those fields! There were men and horses thrown
+together in heaps, and some clay thrown on them above ground; others lay
+where they had fallen, their limbs bleaching in the sun without the
+appearance of burial.
+
+There was one in particular--a cavalryman: he and his horse both lay
+together, nothing but the bones and clothing remained; but one of his arms
+stood straight up, or rather the bones and the coatsleeve, his hand had
+dropped off at the wrist and lay on the ground; not a finger or joint was
+separated, but the hand was perfect. I dismounted twice for the purpose of
+bringing away that hand, but did not do so after all. I would have done so
+if it had been possible to find a clue to his name or regiment.
+
+The few families who still live in that vicinity tell horrid stories of
+the brutal conduct of the rebels after those battles.
+
+A Southern clergyman declares that in the town where he now resides he saw
+rebel soldiers selling "Yankee skulls" at ten dollars apiece. And it is a
+common thing to see rebel women wear rings and ornaments made of our
+soldiers' bones--in fact they boast of it, even to the Union soldiers,
+that they have "Yankee bone ornaments."
+
+This to me was a far more sickening sight than was presented at the time
+of the battles, with dead and wounded lying in their gore. I looked in
+vain for the old "brush heap" which had once screened me from the rebel
+cavalry; the fire had consumed it. But the remains of the Stone Church at
+Centerville was an object of deep interest to me.
+
+I went from Washington to Aquia Creek by steamer, and from thence to
+Falmouth on horseback. I found the army encamped in the mud for miles
+along the Rappahannock river.
+
+The river is very narrow between Falmouth and Fredericksburg, not more
+than a stone's cast in some places. I have often seen the pickets on both
+sides amusing themselves by throwing stones across it.
+
+Some writer in describing the picturesque scenery in this locality says:
+"There is a young river meandering through its center, towards which slope
+down beautiful banks of mud on either side, while the fields are
+delightfully variegated by alternate patches of snow and swamp, and the
+numerous roads are in such condition that no matter which one you take you
+are sure to wish you had tried another instead."
+
+All the mud and bad roads on the Peninsula could not bear the least
+comparison with that of Falmouth and along the Rappahannock.
+
+It was now December and the weather was extremely cold, yet the constant
+rains kept the roads in the most terrible state imaginable.
+
+On riding along the brink of the river we could see distinctly the rebel
+batteries frowning on the heights beyond the city of Fredericksburg, and
+the rebel sentinels walking their rounds within talking distance of our
+own pickets.
+
+On the eleventh the city was shelled by our troops. The pontoon bridges
+were laid amid showers of bullets from the sharpshooters of the enemy,
+who were ensconced in the houses on the opposite bank. However, the work
+went steadily on, notwithstanding that two out of every three who were
+engaged in laying the bridges were either killed or wounded. But as fast
+as one fell another took his place.
+
+Soon it was deemed expedient to take care of those sharpshooters before
+the bridges could be finished. Several companies filed into boats and
+rowed across in a few minutes, the men of the Seventh Michigan leading the
+van, and drove the rebels from the houses, killing some and taking many
+prisoners.
+
+The bridges were soon completed, the troops marched over and took
+possession of the city. Headquarters were established in the principal
+building, and a church and other large buildings were appropriated for
+hospital purposes.
+
+The following is an extract from my journal, written on the battlefield
+the second day after we crossed the river:
+
+  BATTLE-FIELD, FREDERICKSBURG, VA.,
+  _December 13, 1862_.
+
+In consequence of one of General H.'s staff officers being ill I have
+volunteered to take his place, and am now aide-de-camp to General H. I
+wish my friends could see me in my present uniform! This division will
+probably charge on the enemy's works this afternoon. God grant them
+success! While I write the roar of cannon and musketry is almost
+deafening, and the shot and shell are falling fast on all sides. This may
+be my last entry in this journal. God's will be done. I commit myself to
+Him, soul and body. I must close. General H. has mounted his horse, and
+says Come--!
+
+Of course it is not for me to say whose fault it was in sacrificing those
+thousands of noble lives which fell upon that disastrous field, or in
+charging again and again upon those terrible stone walls and
+fortifications, after being repulsed every time with more than half their
+number lying on the ground. The brave men, nothing daunted by their
+thinned ranks, advanced more fiercely on the foe--
+
+  Plunged in the battery's smoke,
+  Fiercely the line they broke;
+  Strong was the saber stroke,
+    Making an army reel.
+
+But when it was proved to a demonstration that it was morally impossible
+to take and retain those heights, in consequence of the natural advantage
+of position which the rebels occupied, and still would occupy if they
+should fall back--whose fault was it that the attempt was made time after
+time, until the field was literally piled with dead and ran red with
+blood? We may truly say of the brave soldiers thus sacrificed--
+
+  Their's not to reason why,
+  Their's not to make reply,
+  Their's but to do and die.
+
+Among the many who fell in that dreadful battle perhaps there is none more
+worthy of notice than the brave and heroic Major Edward E. Sturtevant, of
+Keene, New Hampshire, who fell while leading the gallant Fifth in a charge
+upon the enemy. He was the first man in New Hampshire who enlisted _for
+the war_. He was immediately authorized by the Governor to make
+enlistments for the First New Hampshire Volunteers, and was eminently
+successful. He held the commission of captain in the First Regiment, and
+afterwards was promoted major of the Fifth.
+
+One of the leading papers of his native State has the following with
+regard to him: "He was in every battle where the regiment was engaged,
+nine or ten in number, besides skirmishes, and was slightly wounded at the
+battle of Fair Oaks. He commanded the regiment most of the time on the
+retreat from the Chickahominy to James river. The filial affection of the
+deceased was of the strongest character, and made manifest in substantial
+ways on many occasions. His death is the first in the household, and deep
+is the grief that is experienced there; but that grief will doubtless be
+mitigated by the consoling circumstance that the departed son and brother
+died in a service that will hallow his memory forever. A braver man or
+more faithful friend never yielded up his spirit amidst the clash of arms
+and the wail of the dying."
+
+I well remember the desperate charge which that brave officer made upon
+the enemy just before he fell, and the thinned and bleeding ranks of his
+men as they returned, leaving their beloved commander on the field,
+reminded me of the "gallant six hundred," of whom Tennyson has written the
+following lines:
+
+  Stormed at with shot and shell,
+  They that had struck so well
+  Rode through the jaws of death,
+  Half a league back again
+  Up, from the mouth of hell--
+  All that was left of them.
+
+I have since had the pleasure of becoming acquainted with the bereaved
+family of the deceased, and deeply sympathize with them in the loss of one
+so noble, kind, and brave.
+
+Major Sturtevant was the son of George W. Sturtevant, Esq., and nephew of
+Rev. David. Kilburn--one of the pioneers of Methodism--whom thousands will
+remember as a faithful and efficient minister of the Gospel.
+
+During the progress of that battle I saw many strange sights--although I
+had been in many a fierce battle before. I never saw, till then, a man
+deliberately shoot himself, with his own pistol, in order to save the
+rebels the satisfaction of doing so, as it would seem.
+
+As one brigade was ordered into line of battle, I saw an officer take out
+his pistol and shoot himself through the side--not mortally, I am sorry
+to say, but just sufficient to unfit him for duty; so he was carried to
+the rear--he protesting that it was done by accident.
+
+Another officer I saw there, a young and handsome lieutenant, disgrace his
+shoulder-straps by showing the white feather at the very moment when he
+was most needed.
+
+I rode three miles with General H. to General Franklin's headquarters, the
+second night we were at Fredericksburg, and of all the nights that I can
+recall to mind that was the darkest. On our way we had numerous ditches to
+leap, various ravines to cross, and mountains to climb, which can be
+better imagined than described. It was not only once or twice that horse
+and rider went tumbling into chasms head first, but frequently.
+
+As we passed along, we stopped at the headquarters of General Bayard
+(General of Cavalry) a few minutes--found him enjoying a cup of coffee
+under a large tree, which constituted his headquarters. We called again
+when we returned, but he was cold in death, having been struck by a stray
+shot, and died in a short time. He was killed just where we had left him,
+under the tree. He was a splendid officer, and his removal was a great
+loss to the Federal cause. His death cast a gloom over his whole command
+which was deeply felt.
+
+Of the wounded of this battle I can say but little, for my time was fully
+occupied in the responsible duties which I had volunteered to perform;
+and so constantly was I employed, that I was not out of the saddle but
+once in twelve hours, and that was to assist an officer of the
+Seventy-ninth, who lay writhing in agony on the field, having been seized
+with cramps and spasms, and was suffering the most extreme pain. He was
+one of the brave and fearless ones, however, and in less than an hour,
+after having taken some powerful medicine which I procured for him, he was
+again on his horse, at the general's side.
+
+On going to the Church hospital in search of Doctor E., I saw an immense
+shell which had been sent through the building and fell on the floor, in
+the centre of those wounded and dying men who had just been carried off
+the field, and placed there for safety. But strange to say, it did not
+burst or injure any one, and was carried out and laid beside the mangled
+limbs which had been amputated in consequence of contact with just such
+instruments of death. I saw the remains of the Rev. A. B. Fuller, Chaplain
+of the Sixteenth Massachusetts, as they were removed to the camp. He was
+faithful to his trust, and died at his post.
+
+On one of my necessary rides, in the darkness of that dreadful night, I
+passed by a grave-yard near by where our reserves were lying--and there,
+in that hour of darkness and danger, I heard the voice of prayer ascend. A
+group of soldiers were there holding communion with God--strengthening
+their souls for the coming conflict. There are, scattered over the
+battle-fields and camping-grounds of this war, Bethels, consecrated to
+God, and sacred to souls who have wrestled and prevailed. This retirement
+was a grave-yard, with a marble slab for an altar, where that little band
+met to worship God--perhaps for the last time.
+
+But among all the dead and wounded, I saw none who touched my heart so
+much as one beautiful boy, severely wounded; he was scarcely more than a
+child, and certainly a very attractive one. Some one writes the following,
+after he was sent to a hospital:
+
+"Among the many brave, uncomplaining fellows who were brought up to the
+hospital from the battle of Fredericksburg, was a bright-eyed and
+intelligent youth, sixteen years old, who belonged to a northern regiment.
+He appeared more affectionate and tender, more refined and thoughtful than
+many of his comrades, and attracted a good deal of attention from the
+attendants and visitors. Manifestly the pet of some household which he had
+left, perhaps, in spite of entreaty and tears. He expressed an anxious
+longing for the arrival of his mother, who was expected, having been
+informed that he was mortally wounded, and failing fast. Ere she arrived,
+however, he died. But before the end, almost his last act of consciousness
+was the thought that she had really come; for, as a lady sat by his pillow
+and wiped the death-dews from his brow, just as his sight was failing, he
+rallied a little, like an expiring taper in its socket, looked up
+longingly and joyfully, and in tones that drew tears from every eye
+whispered audibly, 'Is that mother?' Then drawing her toward him with all
+his feeble power, he nestled his head in her arms, like a sleeping child,
+and thus died, with the sweet word, 'Mother,' on his lips."
+
+  Raise me in your arms, dear mother,
+    Let me once more look
+  On the green and waving willows,
+    And the flowing brook;
+  Hark, those strains of angel music
+    From the choirs above!
+  Dearest mother, I am going,
+    Truly "God is love."
+
+A council of war was held by our generals, and the conclusion arrived at
+that the enterprise should be abandoned, and that the army should recross
+the Rappahannock under cover of darkness. Everything was conducted in the
+most quiet manner; so quiet, indeed, that the enemy never suspected the
+movement, and the retreat was accomplished, and the bridges partially
+removed, before the fact was discovered.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV.
+
+    AFTER THE BATTLE--SUFFERINGS OF THE WOUNDED--GENERAL BURNSIDE'S
+    ORDER--"STUCK IN THE MUD"--HOOKER IN COMMAND--WESTERN
+    CAMPAIGN--CAVALRY RECONNOISSANCE--ANOTHER DISGUISE--AGAIN IN DIXIE--A
+    WEDDING PARTY--IN A TRAP--REBEL CONSCRIPT--ON THE MARCH--A REBEL
+    CAPTAIN--A FIERCE ENGAGEMENT--AGAIN UNDER THE OLD FLAG--PAYING A DEBT
+    OF GRATITUDE.
+
+
+After the battle of Fredericksburg the weather was very cold, and the
+wounded suffered exceedingly--even after they were sent to Aquia Creek,
+and other places--for they could not all be provided for and made
+comfortable immediately. Our troops returned to their old camps in the
+mud, and remained stationary for several weeks, notwithstanding our daily
+orders were to be ready to march at a moment's notice. The unnecessary
+slaughter of our men at Fredericksburg had a sad effect upon our troops,
+and the tone of the northern press was truly distressing. The wailing for
+the noble dead seemed wafted on every breeze, for
+
+  In the city, in the village,
+    In the hamlet far away,
+  Sit the mothers, watching, waiting,
+    For their soldier boys to-day.
+
+  They are coming, daily coming,
+    One by one, and score by score,
+  In their leaden casings folded,
+    Underneath the flag they bore.
+
+On the twentieth of January General Burnside issued the following order to
+the army, which was joyfully received; for of all places for an
+encampment, that seemed to be the most inconvenient and disagreeable:
+
+    HEAD-QUARTERS, ARMY OF THE POTOMAC,
+    _Camp near Falmouth, Va._, Jan. 20, 1863.
+
+    GENERAL ORDERS--No. 7.
+
+    The Commanding General announces to the Army of the Potomac that they
+    are about to meet the enemy once more. The late brilliant actions in
+    North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas, have divided and weakened the
+    enemy on the Rappahannock, and the auspicious moment seems to have
+    arrived to strike a great and mortal blow to the rebellion, and to
+    gain that decisive victory which is due to the country.
+
+    Let the gallant soldiers of so many brilliant battle-fields accomplish
+    this achievement, and a fame the most glorious awaits them.
+
+    The Commanding General calls for the firm and united action of
+    officers and men, and, under the providence of God, the Army of the
+    Potomac will have taken the great step towards restoring peace to the
+    country, and the Government to its rightful authority.
+
+    By command of MAJOR-GENERAL BURNSIDE.
+
+    LEWIS RICHMOND, _Assistant Adjutant-General_.
+
+Soon after this order was issued a portion of the army did really
+move--but the pontoons became "stuck in the mud," and the troops returned
+again. In this manner the winter wore away, and a severe winter I thought
+it was; for in riding a distance of two miles, in two instances, I had my
+feet frozen.
+
+General Hooker was now put in command of the Army of the Potomac, and
+Burnside, with the Ninth Army Corps, ordered to the Western department.
+Being desirous of leaving the Army of the Potomac, I now applied for
+permission to go with the Ninth Corps, which was granted. I did not go
+with the troops, however, but went to Washington first, and remained
+several days; then took the cars and proceeded to Louisville, Kentucky,
+and arrived there before the troops did.
+
+The last entry in my journal, before leaving the Army of the Potomac, was
+as follows: "The _weather_ department is in perfect keeping with the War
+Department; its policy being to make as many changes as possible, and
+every one worse than the last. May God bless the old Army of the Potomac,
+and save it from total annihilation."
+
+On the arrival of the troops at Louisville, they were sent in detachments
+to different places--some to Bardstown, some to Lebanon, and others to
+guard different portions of the railroad.
+
+The third day after my arrival I went out with a reconnoitering
+expedition, under command of General M. It was entirely composed of
+cavalry. We rode thirty-six miles that afternoon--the roads were splendid.
+When we were about twelve miles from our lines we changed our course and
+struck through the woods, fording creeks and crossing swamps, which was
+anything but pleasant.
+
+After emerging from the thick undergrowth, on one occasion, we came upon
+an inferior force of the enemy's cavalry; a sharp skirmish ensued, which
+resulted in the capture of five prisoners from the rebel band, and
+wounding several. Three of our men were slightly wounded, but we returned
+to Louisville in good order, and enjoyed the luxury of a good supper at a
+hotel, which is a rare thing in that city.
+
+I took the cars the next day and went to Lebanon--dressed in one of the
+rebel prisoner's clothes--and thus disguised, made another trip to
+rebeldom. My business purported to be buying up butter and eggs, at the
+farm-houses, for the rebel army. I passed through the lines somewhere,
+without knowing it; for on coming to a little village toward evening, I
+found it occupied by a strong force of rebel cavalry. The first house I
+went to was filled with officers and citizens. I had stumbled upon a
+wedding party, unawares. Captain Logan, a recruiting officer, had been
+married that afternoon to a brilliant young widow whose husband had been
+killed in the rebel army a few months before. She had discovered that
+widow's weeds were not becoming to her style of beauty, so had decided to
+appear once more in bridal costume, for a change.
+
+I was questioned pretty sharply by the handsome captain in regard to the
+nature of my business in that locality, but finding me an innocent,
+straightforward Kentuckian, he came to the conclusion that I was all
+right. But he also arrived at the conclusion that I was old enough to be
+in the army, and bantered me considerably upon my want of patriotism.
+
+The rebel soldier's clothes which I wore did not indicate any thing more
+than that I was a Kentuckian--for their cavalry do not dress in any
+particular uniform, for scarcely two of them dress alike--the only
+uniformity being that they most generally dress in butternut color.
+
+I tried to make my escape from that village as soon as possible, but just
+as I was beginning to congratulate myself upon my good fortune, who should
+confront me but Captain Logan. Said he: "See here, my lad; I think the
+best thing you can do is to enlist, and join a company which is just
+forming here in the village, and will leave in the morning. We are giving
+a bounty to all who freely enlist, and are conscripting those who refuse.
+Which do you propose to do, enlist and get the bounty, or refuse, and be
+obliged to go without anything?" I replied, "I think I shall wait a few
+days before I decide." "But we can't wait for you to decide," said the
+captain; "the Yankees may be upon us any moment, for we are not far from
+their lines, and we will leave here either to-night or in the morning
+early. I will give you two hours to decide this question, and in the mean
+time you must be put under guard." So saying, he marched me back with him,
+and gave me in charge of the guards. In two or three hours he came for my
+decision, and I told him that I had concluded to wait until I was
+conscripted. "Well," said he, "you will not have long to wait for that, so
+you may consider yourself a soldier of the Confederacy from this hour, and
+subject to military discipline."
+
+This seemed to me like pretty serious business, especially as I would be
+required to take the oath of allegiance to the Confederate Government.
+However, I did not despair, but trusted in Providence and my own ingenuity
+to escape from this dilemma also; and as I was not required to take the
+oath until the company was filled up, I was determined to be among the
+missing ere it became necessary for me to make any professions of loyalty
+to the rebel cause. I knew that if I should refuse to be sworn into the
+service after I was conscripted, that in all probability my true character
+would be suspected, and I would have to suffer the penalty of death--and
+that, too, in the most barbarous manner.
+
+I was glad to find that it was a company of cavalry that was being
+organized, for if I could once get on a good horse there would be some
+hope of my escape. There was no time to be lost, as the captain remarked,
+for the Yankees might make a dash upon us at any moment; consequently a
+horse and saddle was furnished me, and everything was made ready for a
+start immediately. Ten o'clock came, and we had not yet started. The
+captain finally concluded that, as everything seemed quiet, we would not
+start until daylight.
+
+Music and dancing was kept up all night, and it was some time after
+daylight when the captain made his appearance. A few moments more and we
+were trotting briskly over the country, the captain complimenting me upon
+my horsemanship, and telling me how grateful I would be to him when the
+war was over and the South had gained her independence, and that I would
+be proud that I had been one of the soldiers of the Southern confederacy,
+who had steeped my saber in Yankee blood, and driven the vandals from our
+soil. "Then," said he, "you will thank me for the interest which I have
+taken in you, and for the _gentle persuasives_ which I made use of to
+stir up your patriotism and remind you of your duty to your country."
+
+In this manner we had traveled about half an hour, when we suddenly
+encountered a reconnoitering party of the Federals, cavalry in advance,
+and infantry in the rear. A contest soon commenced; we were ordered to
+advance in line, which we did, until we came within a few yards of the
+Yankees.
+
+The company advanced, but my horse suddenly became unmanageable, and it
+required a second or two to bring him right again; and before I could
+overtake the company and get in line the contending parties had met in a
+hand to hand fight.
+
+All were engaged, so that when I, by accident, got on the Federal side of
+the line, none observed me for several minutes, except the Federal
+officer, who had recognized me and signed to me to fall in next to him.
+That brought me face to face with my rebel captain, to whom I owed such a
+debt of gratitude. Thinking this would be a good time to cancel all
+obligations in that direction, I discharged the contents of my pistol in
+his face.
+
+This act made me the center of attraction. Every rebel seemed determined
+to have the pleasure of killing me first, and a simultaneous dash was made
+toward me and numerous saber strokes aimed at my head. Our men with one
+accord rushed between me and the enemy, and warded off the blows with
+their sabers, and attacked them with such fury that they were driven back
+several rods.
+
+
+[Illustration: PAYING A DEBT OF GRATITUDE.--Page 316.]
+
+
+The infantry now came up and deployed as skirmishers, and succeeded in
+getting a position where they had a complete cross-fire on the rebels, and
+poured in volley after volley until nearly half their number lay upon the
+ground. Finding it useless to fight longer at such a disadvantage they
+turned and fled, leaving behind them eleven killed, twenty-nine wounded,
+and seventeen prisoners.
+
+The confederate captain was wounded badly but not mortally; his handsome
+face was very much disfigured, a part of his nose and nearly half of his
+upper lip being shot away. I was sorry, for the graceful curve of his
+mustache was sadly spoiled, and the happy bride of the previous morning
+would no longer rejoice in the beauty of that manly face and exquisite
+mustache of which she seemed so proud, and which had captivated her heart
+ere she had been three months a widow.
+
+Our men suffered considerable loss before the infantry came up, but
+afterward scarcely lost a man. I escaped without receiving a scratch, but
+my horse was badly cut across the neck with a saber, but which did not
+injure him materially, only for a short time.
+
+After burying the dead, Federal and rebel, we returned to camp with our
+prisoners and wounded, and I rejoiced at having once more escaped from
+the confederate lines.
+
+I was highly commended by the commanding general for my coolness
+throughout the whole affair, and was told kindly and candidly that I would
+not be permitted to go out again in that vicinity, in the capacity of spy,
+as I would most assuredly meet with some of those who had seen me desert
+their ranks, and I would consequently be hung up to the nearest tree.
+
+Not having any particular fancy for such an exalted position, and not at
+all ambitious of having my name handed down to posterity among the list of
+those who "expiated their crimes upon the gallows," I turned my attention
+to more quiet and less dangerous duties.
+
+Then sweet thoughts of home came stealing over my mind, and I exclaimed:
+
+        Adieu, dear land,
+        With beauty teeming,
+  Where first I roved a careless child;
+        Of thee my heart
+        Will e'er be dreaming--
+  Thy snow-clad peaks and mountains wild.
+        Dear land, that I cherish,
+        O, long may'st thou flourish!
+        My memory must perish
+        Ere I forget thee.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV.
+
+    APPOINTED DETECTIVE--I VISIT LOUISVILLE--SECESH ACQUAINTANCES--SEEKING
+    EMPLOYMENT--PEDDLING--REBEL SPIES--ACTING AS CLERK--TRAPPING
+    SPIES--START FOR VICKSBURG--PRO-SLAVERY TROOPS--CRUELTY TO
+    NEGROES--VISITING HOSPITALS--TOUCHING SCENES--AN ARMLESS
+    SOLDIER--PATIENT SUFFERING--TRIUMPHANT DEATH--RALLY ROUND THE
+    FLAG--WESTERN CHAPLAINS--SOLDIERS' TESTIMONY--EFFECT OF PRAYER IN
+    BATTLE--CARRYING THE WOUNDED.
+
+
+Being prohibited from further explorations in that region outside of our
+lines, I was appointed to act as detective inside of the lines, as there
+were many spies in our midst who were daily giving information to the
+enemy, and had baffled all attempts at discovery.
+
+I forthwith dressed in citizen's clothes and proceeded to Louisville, and
+there mingled freely with the citizens, visited the different places of
+public resort, and made many secesh acquaintances.
+
+At length I found a merchant who was the most bitter in his denunciations
+of the Yankees that it has ever been my lot to meet, and I thought he
+would be a pretty good person to assist me in my undertakings. Stepping
+into his store one morning I inquired if he was in need of a clerk. He
+replied that he would require help in a few days, as one of his clerks was
+going to leave.
+
+Then came the interrogatory process--Who was I, where did I come from, and
+what had brought me to that city? Well, I was a foreigner, and wishing to
+see a little of this great American war, I had come "down South;" and now
+that I was here, finding myself scarce of money, I would like to find some
+employment. This was literally true. I was a foreigner, and very often
+scarce of money, and really wished him to employ me.
+
+He finally told me that I might come in the course of a week; but that did
+not suit my purpose, so I told him I would rather come at once, as I would
+be learning considerable before the other clerk went away; adding that he
+might give me just whatever he pleased for the first week's work. That
+seemed to suit him and I was at once set to work.
+
+After I had been there several days, I was asked how I would like to go
+out to the nearest camp and sell some small articles to the soldiers. I
+would like it much; so was sent accordingly with an assortment of pocket
+knives, combs and suspenders. By the middle of the afternoon I had sold
+out my stock in trade, returned to the store, and gave a good account of
+myself and of the goods intrusted to my care.
+
+My employer was pleased with my success and seemed interested in me, and
+each day brought some new proof of his confidence. Things went on this way
+for two weeks, in which time I had succeeded, by the good merchant's
+assistance, in finding a clue to three rebel spies then within our lines.
+
+I was often questioned by my employer with regard to my political
+sentiments, but of course I did not know anything about politics--in fact
+I hardly knew how to apply the terms Federal and Confederate, and often
+misapplied them when talking in the store, and was frequently told that I
+must not call the d--d Yankees, Confederates, and all due pains were taken
+to instruct me, and give me a proper insight into the true state of
+affairs, as seen by Southern secessionists.
+
+At last I expressed a desire to enter the Confederate service, and asked
+the merchant how I should manage to get through the Yankee lines if I
+should decide to take such a step. After a long conversation, and much
+planning, we at last decided that I should go through our lines the next
+night with a person who was considered by our troops a thorough Union man,
+as he had taken the oath of allegiance to the Federal Government--but who
+was in reality a rebel spy.
+
+That afternoon I was sent out again to dispose of some goods to the
+soldiers, and while I was gone took the favorable opportunity of informing
+the Provost Marshal of my intended escape the following night together
+with my brother spy.
+
+After telling him that I might not be able to leave the store again with
+any more definite information without incurring suspicion, and that he
+had better send some one to the store at a certain hour the next day to
+purchase some trifle, so that I might inclose in the parcel the necessary
+information, I went back to the store, and my clever employer told me that
+I had better not trouble myself any more about anything, but get ready for
+my journey. Having but little preparation to make, however, I soon
+returned to the store.
+
+Not long after a gentleman came in, to whom I was introduced, and was told
+that this was the person who proposed to conduct me through the lines. He
+was not announced in his true character, but I understood at once that
+this gentlemanly personage was no less than the spy before referred to. He
+questioned me pretty sharply, but I being "slow of speech," referred him
+to the merchant, whose eloquence had convinced me of my duty to the
+Southern confederacy.
+
+My employer stood beside me and gave him a brief history of our
+acquaintance and of his confidence in me; also of his own peculiar faculty
+of impressing the truth upon unprejudiced minds.
+
+The spy evidently took me for a poor green boy whom the merchant had
+flattered into the idea of becoming a soldier, but who did not realize the
+responsibility of my position, and I confirmed him in that opinion by
+saying--"Well, I suppose if I don't like soldiering they will let me go
+home again?"
+
+The Provost Marshal himself came in during the day, and I had my document
+ready informing him what time we would start and what direction we were to
+take.
+
+The night came, and we started about nine o'clock. As we walked along
+toward the rebel lines the spy seemed to think that I was a true patriot
+in the rebel cause, for he entertained me with a long conversation
+concerning his exploits in the secret service; and of the other two who
+were still in camp he said one of them was a sutler, and the other sold
+photographs of our generals.
+
+We were pursuing our way in the darkness, talking in a low, confidential
+tone, when suddenly a number of cavalry dashed upon us and took us both
+prisoners. As soon as we were captured we were searched, and documents
+found on my companion which condemned him as a spy. We were then marched
+back to Louisville and put under guard. The next morning he was taken care
+of, and I was sent to General M.'s headquarters.
+
+The next thing to be done was to find the other two spies. The sutler was
+found and put under arrest, and his goods confiscated, but the dealer in
+photographs had made his escape.
+
+I never dared go back to Louisville again, for I had ample reason to
+believe that my life would pay the penalty if I did.
+
+About this time the Ninth Army Corps was ordered to Vicksburg, where
+General Grant had already commenced his siege. While the troops waited at
+the depot for transportation a little incident occurred which illustrates
+the spirit of the Kentucky soldiers on the slavery question.
+
+Two of our Kentucky regiments were stationed as guards at the depot, and
+on this occasion were amusing themselves by throwing stones at every poor
+negro who had occasion to pass within a stone's throw of them.
+
+A Michigan regiment marched into the depot on its way to Vicksburg, and
+along with it some smart, saucy darkies, in the capacity of servants. The
+native soldiers began the same game with them, by throwing stones at and
+abusing them; but the Michigan men informed them that "if they did not
+stop that kind of business immediately they would find more work on hand
+than they could attend to," as they considered their servants a necessary
+part of their regiment, and would not permit them to be abused or insulted
+any more than if they were white men.
+
+This gave rise to a warm discussion between the troops, and ended in the
+Kentuckians forbidding and prohibiting the different regiments from taking
+a negro with them from the State under any circumstances. Of course this
+incensed our patriotic troops, and in five minutes they were in line of
+battle arrayed against their pro-slavery brethren in arms. But before
+blood was shed the commander of the post was informed, and hastened to the
+spot to prevent further mischief. When the case was fully made known to
+him he could not settle the matter, for he was a Kentuckian by birth, and
+his sympathies were with the native troops--yet he knew if he should
+decide in their favor that a bloody fight would be the consequence, as the
+troops still remained in line of battle awaiting the decision of the
+commander. He finally told them that they must remain there until he
+telegraphed to the headquarters of the department and received an answer.
+Consequently the troops were detained two days waiting for the despatch
+that would decide the contest. The men became tired of the fun and marched
+back to camp.
+
+In consequence of this affair the poor negroes fared worse than ever, and
+the troops had no sooner gone back to camp than the Kentuckians swore they
+would hang every "nigger" that came into their camp.
+
+During the day I was passing through the depot, and saw a little black
+urchin selling cakes and pies, who had no sooner made his appearance than
+the guards took his basket away from him. The boy commenced to cry, when
+four of the soldiers took hold of him, each one taking hold of a hand or
+foot, and pulled him almost limb from limb--just as I have seen cruel
+schoolboys torture frogs. When they threw him on the ground he could
+neither speak, cry, nor walk, but there he lay a little quivering,
+convulsive heap of pain and misery.
+
+The telegram came at last, and the troops were permitted to depart in
+peace--taking with them their colored friends, to the chagrin of the
+Kentucky guards.
+
+Before reaching Vicksburg I visited several hospitals where the wounded
+had been brought from those terrible battles preceding the siege of
+Vicksburg, where thousands lay, with all conceivable sorts of wounds.
+
+Several I saw without either arms or legs, having been torn and mangled by
+shell so that it was impossible to save even a single limb--and yet they
+lived, and would probably recover.
+
+One handsome young man lay on one of the hospital boats who had lost both
+arms--a most noble specimen of the patient, cheerful, suffering soldier.
+
+Of this young man the Rev. Mr. Savage writes: "There he lay upon his cot,
+armless, and knowing that this must be his condition through life; but yet
+with a cheerful, happy countenance, and not a single word of complaint. I
+ministered to his wants, and as I cut up fruit in mouthfuls, and put them
+in his mouth, he would say, 'Well, now, how good that is! How kind of you!
+The Lord will bless you for it. I don't see why you are so kind to me. As
+if any one could be too kind to a man who had suffered such a loss in
+defense of his country. His soul seemed to be resting peacefully upon
+Jesus amid all his great sufferings. One thing touched me exceedingly: As
+I spoke of his feelings, the tears coursed down his cheeks and lay upon
+them. He had no hands with which even to wipe away the tears from his own
+face; and as I took a handkerchief and tenderly performed this office,
+that beautiful passage of scripture occurred to me with a force it never
+did before: 'and God shall wipe away all tears from their eyes.'"
+
+Near by lay another young man, an officer, mortally wounded--fast
+breathing his life away--he seemed unconscious of his dying state. I asked
+the nurse, in a low whisper, if he knew he was dying, but before the nurse
+could reply, he looked up with a smile, and said: "Yes, yes, I know it.
+Praise God! there is not a cloud between my soul and Jesus. I am
+waiting--I--waiting--." These were his last words. A few moments more and
+his tongue was silent in death.
+
+  But he's gone to rest in heaven above,
+  To sing his Saviour's praise.
+
+One of the military agents at Nashville relates a most thrilling incident,
+which he witnessed in a hospital at that place. He says:
+
+"Last evening, when passing by the post hospital, my attention was
+arrested by the singing, in rather a loud voice, of 'Rally round the
+flag, boys,' by one of the patients inside. While listening to the
+beautiful music of that popular song, I observed to a nurse standing in
+the door-way, that the person singing must be in a very merry mood, and
+could not be very sick. 'You are mistaken, sir,' said he; 'the poor fellow
+engaged in singing that good old song is now grappling with death--has
+been dying all day. I am his nurse,' he continued, 'and the scene so
+affected me that I was obliged to leave the room. He is just about
+breathing his last.'
+
+"I stepped into the ward, and true enough, the brave man was near his end.
+His eyes were already fixed in death. He was struggling with all his
+remaining strength against the grim monster, while at the same time there
+gushed forth from his patriotic soul incoherently the words: 'Rally round
+the flag, boys,' which had so often cheered him through his weary march,
+and braced him up when entering the field of blood in defense of his
+country. Finally he sank away into his death-slumber, and joined his
+Maker's command, that is marching onward to that far-off, better land. The
+last audible sound that escaped his lips was, 'Rally boys, rally once
+again!' As his eyes were closing, some dozen of his comrades joined in a
+solemn, yet beautiful hymn, appropriate to the occasion. Take it
+altogether, this was one of the most affecting scenes I have ever
+witnessed in a hospital. It drew tears copiously from near one hundred of
+us. It occurred in the large ward which occupies the entire body of the
+church on Cherry street. The deceased was an Illinoisan, and had been
+wounded in one of the recent skirmishes."
+
+I noticed in the Western department that the chaplains were much more
+faithful to their trust, and attentive to the sick and wounded, than the
+chaplains in the Army of the Potomac--taking them as a class.
+
+One man in speaking of his chaplain, said: "He is one of the best men in
+the world; he has a temperance meeting once a week, a prayer meeting twice
+a week, and other meetings as he is able to hold them; and then he labors
+personally among the men. He also comforts the sick and dying. I saw him
+with one of our comrades before he died, watching and praying with him;
+and when he died, he closed his eyes and prepared him for the grave with
+his own hands."
+
+Another said: "Over at Frederickstown, as our lines were beginning to give
+way, and many thought the day was lost, our chaplain stepped right out
+from the ranks, between us and the enemy's lines, knelt down upon the
+ground, and lifted up his voice in most earnest prayer to God for divine
+help in that hour of need. I never felt so in all my life as I did at that
+moment. An inspiration, as from God, seemed to seize us all; we rallied,
+charged, drove the enemy before us, and gained the important victory at
+Frederickstown, which perhaps has saved to us the State of Mississippi."
+
+And yet another soldier gave testimony like the following, with regard to
+a chaplain who had followed his regiment through every battle in which it
+had participated. Said he: "He was with us day after day, and as soon as a
+man fell wounded, he would take him up in his arms and carry him out where
+the surgeon could take care of him; and the last day I saw him, his
+clothes, from head to foot, were literally dripping with the blood of dead
+and wounded men that he had carried from the battle-field."
+
+This noble chaplain reminds me of a brave soldier in the Army of the
+Potomac, who was in the hottest of the battle at Antietam, where the
+bullets were sweeping like death-hail through the ranks. The line wavered;
+there were strong symptoms of falling back on the part of his regiment.
+This man rushed toward the color-bearer, who stood hesitating, seized the
+standard and advanced with firm and rapid step several paces in front of
+the foremost man; then thrusting down the flag-staff into the ground he
+looked up at the banner, then at the wavering line, and said--"There,
+boys, come up to that!"
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI.
+
+    A UNIONIST FROM THE REBEL ARMY--HIS TESTIMONY--SOUTHERN
+    HOSPITALS--PATRIOTISM--FEMALE RECRUITING--CRINOLINE--"SWEET LITTLE
+    MAN"--CONFEDERATE SYSTEM--NORTH AND SOUTH CONTRASTED--REBEL
+    IMPRESSMENT--BROTHERS' CRUELTY--DYING FOR THE UNION--FATE OF A
+    TENNESSEE PATRIOT--ON THE MISSISSIPPI--INVISIBLE ATTRACTION--AN
+    IMPORTANT QUESTION--MORAL SUBLIMITY--CONTRABAND'S JUBILEE.
+
+
+At one of the hospitals near Vicksburg I met a man who had served a year
+in the Confederate army, having been conscripted by the rebels, and
+remained that length of time before he found an opportunity to escape.
+
+He was an educated, and highly intelligent young man, and it was deeply
+interesting to listen to his account of the Southern side of this
+rebellion. He told me that the Southern people, and especially the ladies,
+were much more patriotic than the people of the North.
+
+After a battle, the citizens, both men and women, come with one accord to
+assist in taking care of the wounded; bringing with them, gratuitously,
+every article of comfort and convenience that their means will admit, and
+their patriotism suggest.
+
+Farmers come to the hospitals with loads of provisions, and the women
+come with fruits, wines, jellies, etc., and cheerfully submit to the
+hardships and fatigue of hospital labor without the slightest
+remuneration. Said he: "The women down South are the best recruiting
+officers--for they absolutely refuse to tolerate, or admit to their
+society, any young man who refuses to enlist; and very often send their
+lovers, who have not enlisted, skirts and crinoline, with a note attached,
+suggesting the appropriateness of such a costume unless they donned the
+Confederate uniform at once."
+
+I have often thought of this trait of the Southern ladies' character, and
+contrasted it with the flattering receptions so lavishly bestowed upon our
+able-bodied "home guards," by the New-England fair ones who profess to
+love the old flag and despise its enemies. And I have wondered if an
+extensive donation of "crinoline" would not be more effectual in filling
+up our ranks, than graceful bows and bewitching smiles. And I would mildly
+suggest that each package of crinoline be accompanied by the following
+appropriate lines:
+
+  Now, while our soldiers are fighting our battles,
+    Each at his post to do all that he can,
+  Down among rebels and contraband chattels,
+    What are _you_ doing, my sweet little man?
+
+  All the brave boys under canvas are sleeping,
+    All of them pressing to march with the van,
+  Far from their homes where their sweethearts are weeping;
+    What are _you_ waiting for, sweet little man?
+
+  You, with the terrible warlike mustaches,
+    Fit for a colonel or chief of a clan,
+  You with the waist made for sword-belts and sashes,
+    Where are your shoulder-straps, sweet little man?
+
+  We send you the buttonless garments of woman!
+    Cover your face lest it freckle or tan;
+  Muster the apron-string guards on the common--
+    That is the corps for the sweet little man.
+
+  All the fair maidens about him shall cluster,
+    Pluck the white feathers from bonnet and fan,
+  Make him a plume like a turkey-wing duster--
+    That is the crest for the sweet little man.
+
+  Give him for escort a file of young misses,
+    Each of them armed with a deadly rattan,
+  They shall defend him from laughter and hisses
+    Aimed by low boys at the sweet little man.
+
+And now, while I am contrasting the conduct of the North and South, I may
+as well give another testimony in favor of the confederate system.
+
+The following testimony comes from one who has served in the rebel army in
+the capacity of surgeon. He says: "The confederate military authorities
+have complete control of the press, so that nothing is ever allowed to
+appear in print which can in any way give information to the North or
+prove a clue to Southern movements. In this it appears to me that they
+have an unspeakable advantage over the North, with its numberless papers
+and hundreds of correspondents in the loyal army. With what the
+correspondents tell and surmise, and what the Confederates find out
+through spies and informers of various kinds, they are able to see through
+many of the plans of the Union forces before they are put into execution.
+No more common remark did I hear than this as officers were reading the
+Northern papers: 'See what d--d fools those Yankees are. General A---- has
+left B---- for C----. We will cut him off. Why the Northern generals or
+the Secretary of War tolerate this freedom of news we cannot imagine.'"
+
+And he further adds: "Every daily paper I have read since I came North has
+contained information, either by direct statement or implication, by which
+the enemy can profit. If we meant to play into the hands of the rebels, we
+could hardly do it more successfully than our papers are doing it daily.
+Sure am I that if a Southern paper contained such information of their
+movements as do the Northern of ours, the editor's neck would not be safe
+an hour. But some will say: 'We often see information quoted from the
+Southern papers of their movements.' Never, until the movement has been
+carried out. It is always safe to conclude, if you see in a Southern paper
+any statement with regard to the movement of troops, or that the army is
+about to do a certain thing, that it will not be done, but something
+different."
+
+Freedom of opinion and of the press is certainly a precious boon, but when
+it endangers the lives of our soldiers and frustrates the plans of our
+Government, surely it is time to adopt measures to control it, just as
+much as it is necessary to arrest the spies who come within our lines.
+
+Another relates the following touching incident of the Southern style of
+increasing their army, and punishing offenders: "When the rebels were
+raising a force in Eastern Tennessee, two brothers by the name of Rowland
+volunteered. A younger brother was a Union man, and refusing to enlist,
+was seized and forced into the army. He constantly protested against his
+impressment, but without avail. He then warned them that he would desert
+the first opportunity, as he would not fight against the cause of right
+and good government. They were inexorable, and he was torn from his family
+and hurried to the field. At the battle of Fort Donaldson, Rowland escaped
+from the rebels in the second day's fight, and immediately joined the
+loyal army. Though now to fight against his own brothers, he felt that he
+was in a righteous cause, and contending for a worthy end. In the battle
+of Pittsburg Landing he was taken prisoner by the very regiment to which
+he had formerly belonged. This sealed his fate. On his way to Corinth
+several of his old comrades, among them his two brothers, attempted to
+kill him, one of them nearly running him through with a bayonet. He was,
+however, rescued by the guard, and brought to camp. Three days after the
+retreating army had reached Corinth, General Hardee, in whose division was
+the regiment claiming this man as a deserter, gave orders to have Rowland
+executed. About four o'clock in the afternoon, the same day, some ten
+thousand Tennessee troops were drawn up in two parallel lines, facing
+inward, three hundred yards apart. The doomed man, surrounded by the
+guard, detailed from his own regiment to shoot him, marched with a firm
+step into the middle of the space between the two lines of troops. Here
+his grave was already dug, and a black pine coffin lay beside it. No
+minister of religion offered to direct his thoughts to a gracious Saviour.
+The sentence was read, and he was asked if he had anything to say why it
+should not be executed. He spoke in a firm, decided tone, in a voice which
+could be heard by many hundreds, and nearly in the following words:
+'Fellow-soldiers, Tennesseeans--I was forced into Southern service against
+my will, and against my conscience. I told them I would desert the first
+opportunity I found, and I did it. I was always a Union man, and never
+denied it; and I joined the Union army to do all the damage I could to the
+Confederates. I believe the Union cause is right, and will triumph. They
+can kill me but once, and I am not afraid to die in a good cause. My only
+request is, that you let my wife and family know that I died in supporting
+my principles. My brothers there would shoot me if they had a chance, but
+I forgive them. Now shoot me through the heart, that I may die instantly.'
+
+"After Rowland had ceased to speak, he took off hat, coat and neck-tie,
+and laying his hand on his heart, he said, "Aim here." The sergeant of
+the guard advanced to tie his hands and blindfold him. He asked the
+privilege of standing untied, but the request was not granted. His eyes
+were bandaged, he knelt upon his coffin and engaged in prayer for several
+minutes, and then said he was ready. The lieutenant of the guard then gave
+the word, 'Fire!' and twenty-four muskets were discharged. When the smoke
+lifted, the body had fallen backward, and was still. Several bullets had
+passed through his head, and some through his heart. His body was tumbled
+into the rough pine box, and was buried by the men who shot him."
+
+Such was the fate of a Tennessee patriot, who was not afraid to declare
+his love for the Union, and his faith in its final triumph, in the very
+presence of some of the leading traitors, and of thousands of his
+rebellious countrymen, a moment, before sealing his patriotism with his
+blood.
+
+On board of a transport, on the Mississippi river, as we glided toward our
+destination, I sat quietly listening to the variety of topics which was
+being discussed around me, until a peculiarly sweet voice caused me to
+turn and look in the direction from whence it proceeded.
+
+Reader, has your heart ever been taken by storm, in consequence of the
+mere intonations of a voice--ere you beheld the individual who gave them
+utterance? On this occasion, I turned and saw "one of God's images cut in
+ebony." Time had wrinkled his face, and the frosts of four-score winters
+had whitened his woolly locks, palsied his limbs, and dimmed his vision.
+He had been a slave all his life, and now, at the eleventh hour, when "the
+silver cord was almost loosed, and the golden bowl well nigh broken," he
+was liberated from bondage, and was rejoicing in freedom from slavery, and
+in that freedom wherewith Christ makes His children free.
+
+By some invisible attraction, a large crowd gathered around this old,
+decrepid slave, and every eye was fixed upon his sable withered face, as
+he gave a brief and touching history of his slave life.
+
+When he had finished, the soldiers eagerly began to ask questions--but
+suddenly the old colored man turned querist, and raising himself up, and
+leaning forward toward the crowd, he asked, in a voice strangely thrilling
+and solemn, "Are any of you soldiers of the Lord Jesus Christ?"
+
+One looked at another with evident embarrassment; but at length some one
+stammered out--"We don't know exactly; that is a hard question, Uncle."
+"Oh no," said he, "dat is not a hard question--if you be soldiers of
+Christ you _know_ it, you must know it; de Lord does not do His work so
+poorly dat His people don't know when it's done. Now jes' let me say a
+word more: Dear soldiers--before eber you lebe dis boat--before eber you
+go into anoder battle--enlist for Jesus; become soldiers ob de blessed
+Redeemer, and you are safe; safe when de battle rages, safe when de chills
+ob death come, safe when de world's on fire."
+
+One of the men, desirous of changing the conversation, said: "Uncle, are
+you blind?" He replied: "Oh no, bless de Lord, I am not blind to de tings
+ob de spirit. I see by an eye ob faith my blessed Saviour sitting at de
+right hand ob God, and I'll soon see Him more clearly, for Jesus loves dis
+old blind darkie, and will soon take him home."
+
+Now, when we talk of moral sublimity we are apt to point to Alexander
+conquering the world, to Hannibal surmounting the Alps, to Caesar crossing
+the Rubicon, or to Lawrence wrapping himself in the American flag and
+crying "Don't give up the ship!" But in my opinion here was a specimen of
+moral sublimity equal to anything that ever graced the pages of history or
+was ever exhibited upon a battle-field--a poor old, blind, palsied slave,
+resting upon the "Rock of Ages," while the waves of affliction dashed like
+mountains at his feet; yet, looking up to heaven, and trusting in the
+great and precious promises, he gave glory to God, and triumphed over pain
+and disease, rejoicing even in tribulation.
+
+While the old slave was talking to the soldiers a number of young darkies
+came forward, and when the conversation ceased they all struck up the
+following piece, and sang it with good effect:
+
+  Oh, praise an' tanks! De Lord he come
+    To set de people free;
+  An' massa tink it day ob doom,
+    An' we ob jubilee.
+  De Lord dat heap de Red Sea waves,
+    He jes' as strong as den;
+  He say de word--we las' night slaves,
+    To-day de Lord's free men.
+
+        CHORUS--De yam will grow, de cotton blow,
+                  We'll hab de rice an' corn,
+                O nebber you fear if nebber you hear
+                  De driber blow his horn.
+
+  Ole massa on his trabbles gone
+    He lebe de land behind;
+  De Lord's breff blow him furder on,
+    Like corn-shuck in de wind.
+  We own de hoe, we own de plow,
+    We own de hands dat hold;
+  We sell de pig, we sell de cow,
+    But neber chile be sold.
+
+        CHORUS--De yam will grow, etc.
+
+  We know de promise nebber fail,
+    An' nebber lie de Word;
+  So, like de 'postles in de jail,
+    We waited for de Lord.
+  An' now He open ebery door,
+    An' trow away de key,
+  He tink we lub Him so before,
+    We lub Him better free.
+
+        CHORUS--De yam will grow, etc.
+
+Then a collection was taken up among the soldiers and presented to the old
+blind colored man, who wept with delight as he received it, for said
+he--"I hab no home, no money, an' no friend, but de Lord Jesus."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVII.
+
+    ARRIVAL AT VICKSBURG--ITS SURROUNDINGS--GRANT'S ARMY--ASSAULT ON THE
+    REBEL WORKS--THE SEVEN COLOR-BEARERS--PEMBERTON'S HARANGUE--IN THE
+    TRENCHES--SUFFERINGS OF THE WOUNDED--PEMBERTON'S PROPOSED
+    CAPITULATION--GRANT'S REPLY--TERMS OF SURRENDER--OCCUPATION OF THE
+    CITY--LOSS OF THE ENEMY--COMPLIMENTARY LETTER--GRANT'S
+    SUCCESS--ATTACHMENT OF HIS SOLDIERS--"FIGHTING DICK"--GOLD LACE--REBEL
+    SUFFERINGS--SIGHTS IN VICKSBURG--INCIDENTS OF THE SIEGE--CAVE LIFE.
+
+
+Our troops at length joined General Grant's army near Vicksburg, where
+those veterans had been digging and fighting so many weeks.
+
+The city of Vicksburg is nestled among numerous terraced hills, and would
+under other circumstances present a magnificent and romantic appearance;
+but I could not at that time realize its beauty, for the knowledge of the
+sufferings and distress of thousands within its walls detracted materially
+from its outward grandeur.
+
+The enemy's works had consisted of a series of redoubts extending from
+Haines' Bluff to the Warrenton road, a distance of some ten miles. It was
+a vast plateau, upon which a multitude of little hills seemed to have been
+sown broadcast, giving the enemy a position from which it could sweep
+every neighboring crest and enfilade every approach. But the rebels had
+already been driven from this position after a severe struggle.
+
+On the twenty-second of May, at two o'clock in the morning, heavy guns
+were opened upon the rebel works, and continued until ten o'clock, when a
+desperate assault was made by three corps moving simultaneously. After a
+severe engagement and heavy loss the flag of the Seventh Missouri was
+planted on one of the rebel parapets, after seven color-bearers had been
+shot down.
+
+After this contest the rebel general, Pemberton, addressed his men as
+follows: "You have heard that I was incompetent and a traitor, and that it
+was my intention to sell Vicksburg. Follow me, and you will see the cost
+at which I will sell Vicksburg. When the last pound of beef, bacon and
+flour, the last grain of corn, the last cow and hog, horse and dog shall
+have been consumed, and the last man shall have perished in the trenches,
+then, and not till then, will I sell Vicksburg."
+
+It became evident that the works could not be carried by assault, and that
+nothing but a regular siege could reduce the fortifications.
+
+While the siege was in progress our soldiers endured hardships, privations
+and sufferings which words can but inadequately express. Our men were
+closely packed in the trenches, often in water to the knees, and not
+daring to lift their heads above the brow of the rifle pits, as the rebel
+sharpshooters lost no time in saluting every unfortunate head which made
+its appearance above ground.
+
+The sufferings of the wounded were extreme. Those who were wounded during
+the day in the trenches nearest the city could not be removed until the
+curtain of night fell upon the scene and screened them from the vigilant
+eye of the enemy.
+
+General Grant steadily approached the doomed city by means of saps and
+mines, and continued to blow up their defenses, until it was evident that
+another day's work would complete the capture of the city.
+
+Such was the position of affairs on the third of July, when General
+Pemberton proposed an armistice and capitulation.
+
+Major General Bowen, of the Confederate army, was the bearer of a despatch
+to General Grant, under a flag of truce, proposing the surrender of the
+city, which was as follows:
+
+    HEADQUARTERS, VICKSBURG,
+    _July 3d, 1863_.
+
+    Major General Grant, commanding United States forces:
+
+    GENERAL--I have the honor to propose to you an armistice for--hours,
+    with a view of arranging terms for the capitulation of Vicksburg. To
+    this end, if agreeable to you, I will appoint three commissioners to
+    meet a like number to be named by yourself, at such place and hour
+    to-day as you may find convenient. I make this proposition to save
+    the farther effusion of blood, which must otherwise be shed to a
+    frightful extent, feeling myself fully able to maintain my position
+    for a yet indefinite period. This communication will be handed to you,
+    under flag of truce, by Major General James Bowen.
+
+    Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
+
+    J. C. PEMBERTON.
+
+To which General Grant replied:
+
+    HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF TENNESSEE,
+    In the Field, near Vicksburg,
+    _July 3d, 1863_.
+
+    Lieutenant General J. C. Pemberton, commanding Confederate forces,
+    etc.:
+
+    GENERAL--Your note of this date, just received, proposes an armistice
+    of several hours for the purpose of arranging terms of capitulation,
+    through commissioners to be appointed, etc. The effusion of blood you
+    propose stopping by this course can be ended at any time you may
+    choose by an unconditional surrender of the city and garrison. Men who
+    have shown so much endurance and courage as those now in Vicksburg
+    will always challenge the respect of an adversary, and, I can assure
+    you, will be treated with all the respect due them as prisoners of
+    war. I do not favor the proposition of appointing commissioners to
+    arrange terms of capitulation, because I have no other terms than
+    those indicated above.
+
+    I am, General, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
+
+    U. S. GRANT.
+
+Then the following document was made out by General Grant, and submitted
+for acceptance:
+
+GENERAL--In conformity with the agreement of this afternoon, I will submit
+the following proposition for the surrender of the city of Vicksburg,
+public stores, etc. On your accepting the terms proposed, I will march in
+one division, as a guard, and take possession at eight o'clock to-morrow
+morning. As soon as paroles can be made out and signed by the officers and
+men, you will be allowed to march out of our lines, the officers taking
+with them their regimental clothing, and staff, field and cavalry
+officers, one horse each. The rank and file will be allowed all their
+clothing, but no other property. If these conditions are accepted, any
+amount of rations you may deem necessary can be taken from the stores you
+now have, and also the necessary cooking utensils for preparing them;
+thirty wagons also, counting two two-horse or mule teams as one. You will
+be allowed to transport such articles as cannot be carried along. The same
+conditions will be allowed to all sick and wounded officers and privates
+as fast as they become able to travel. The paroles for these latter must
+be signed, however, whilst officers are present authorized to sign the
+roll of prisoners.
+
+After some further correspondence on both sides this proposition was
+accepted, and on the fourth of July the Federals took possession of the
+city of Vicksburg.
+
+A paragraph from General Grant's official despatch will best explain the
+result of his campaign, together with the surrender of Vicksburg: "The
+defeat of the enemy in five battles outside of Vicksburg, the occupation
+of Jackson, the capital of the State of Mississippi, and the capture of
+Vicksburg and its garrison and munitions of war, a loss to the enemy of
+thirty-seven thousand prisoners, among whom were fifteen general officers,
+at least ten thousand killed and wounded, and among the killed Generals
+Tracy, Tilghman and Green, and hundreds, perhaps thousands, of stragglers,
+who can never be collected and organized. Arms and munitions of war for an
+army of sixty thousand have fallen into our hands, besides a large amount
+of other public property, consisting of railroads, locomotives, cars,
+steamboats, cotton, etc., and much was destroyed to prevent our capturing
+it."
+
+On the thirteenth of July the President sent an autograph letter to
+General Grant, of which the following is a copy:
+
+    EXECUTIVE MANSION, WASHINGTON,
+    _July 13th, 1863_.
+
+    To Major General Grant:
+
+    MY DEAR GENERAL--I do not remember that you and I ever met
+    personally. I write this now as a grateful acknowledgment for the
+    almost inestimable service you have done the country. I wish to say a
+    word further. When you first reached the vicinity of Vicksburg I
+    thought you should do what you finally did--march the troops across
+    the neck, run the batteries with the transports, and thus go below;
+    and I never had any faith, except a general hope that you knew better
+    than I, that the Yazoo Pass expedition and the like could succeed.
+    When you got below and took Port Gipson, Grand Gulf and vicinity, I
+    thought you should go down the river and join Banks; and when you
+    turned northward, east of the Big Black, I feared it was a mistake. I
+    now wish to make a personal acknowledgment that you were right and I
+    was wrong.
+
+    Yours, very truly,
+
+    A. LINCOLN.
+
+It is stated on good authority that at the time the news of Grant's
+success reached the President, there were several gentlemen present some
+of whom had just been informing Mr. Lincoln that there were great
+complaints against General Grant with regard to his intemperate habits.
+After reading the telegram announcing the fall of Vicksburg, the President
+turned to his anxious friends of the temperance question and said:
+
+"So I understand Grant drinks whiskey to excess?"
+
+"Yes," was the reply.
+
+"What whiskey does he drink?"
+
+"What whiskey?" doubtfully queried his hearers.
+
+"Yes. Is it Bourbon or Monongahela?"
+
+"Why do you ask, Mr. President?"
+
+"Because if it makes him win victories like that at Vicksburg, I will send
+a demijohn of the same kind to every general in the army."
+
+It is also stated on the same authority that General Grant is strictly
+temperate.
+
+His men are almost as much attached to him as are the Army of the Potomac
+to General McClellan. He is a true soldier, and shares all the hardships
+with his men, sleeping on the ground in the open air, and eating hard
+bread and salt pork with as good a grace as any private soldier.
+
+He seldom wears a sword, except when absolutely necessary, and frequently
+wears a semi-military coat and low crowned hat.
+
+The mistakes which people used to make, when coming to headquarters to see
+the general, often reminded me of a genuine anecdote which is told of
+General Richardson, or "Fighting Dick," as we familiarly called him. It
+occurred when the troops were encamped near Washington, and was as
+follows:
+
+The general was sauntering along toward a fort, which was in course of
+erection not far from headquarters, dressed in his usual uniform for
+fatigue, namely: citizen's pants, undress coat, and an old straw hat
+which had once been white, but was now two or three shades nearer the
+general's own complexion.
+
+Along came one of those dashing city staff officers, in white gloves, and
+trimmed off with gold lace to the very extreme of military regulations. He
+was in search of General Richardson, but did not know him personally.
+Reining up his horse some little distance from the general, he shouted:
+"hallo, old fellow! can you tell me where General Richardson's
+headquarters are?"
+
+The general pointed out the tent to him, and the young officer went
+dashing along, without ever saying "thank you." The general then turned on
+his heel and went back to his tent, where he found the officer making a
+fuss because there was no orderly to hold his horse. Turning to General
+R., as he came up, he said: "Won't you hold my horse while I find General
+R.?" "Oh yes, certainly," said he.
+
+After hitching the horse to a post near by for that purpose, the general
+walked into the tent, and, confronting young pomposity, he said in his
+peculiar twang, "Well, sir, what will you have?"
+
+When the Federal troops marched into Vicksburg, what a heart-sickening
+sight it presented; the half-famished inhabitants had crawled from their
+dens and caves in the earth, to find their houses demolished by shell, and
+all their pleasant places laid waste.
+
+But the appearance of the soldiers as they came from the entrenchments
+covered with mud and bespattered with the blood of their comrades who had
+been killed or wounded, would have touched a heart of stone.
+
+The poor horses, and mules, too, were a sad sight, for they had fared even
+worse than the soldiers--for there was no place of safety for them--not
+even entrenchments, and they had scarcely anything at all to eat for
+weeks, except mulberry leaves.
+
+One man, in speaking of the state of affairs in the city, during the
+siege, said: "The terror of the women and children, their constant screams
+and wailings over the dead bodies of their friends, mingled as they were
+with the shrieks of bursting shell, and the pitiful groans of the dying,
+was enough to appall the stoutest heart." And others said it was a strange
+fact that the women could not venture out of their caves a moment without
+either being killed or wounded, while the men and officers walked or rode
+about with but little loss of life comparatively.
+
+A lady says: "Sitting in my cave, one evening, I heard the most
+heart-rending shrieks and groans, and upon making inquiry, I was told that
+a mother had taken her child into a cave about a hundred yards from us,
+and having laid it on its little bed, as the poor woman thought, in
+safety, she took her seat near the entrance of the cave. A mortar-shell
+came rushing through the air, and fell upon the cave, and bursting in the
+ground entered the cave; a fragment of the shell mashed the head of the
+little sleeper, crushing out the young life, and leaving the distracted
+mother to pierce the heavens with her cries of agony."
+
+How blightingly the hand of war lay upon that once flourishing city! The
+closed and desolate houses, the gardens with open gates, and the poor,
+starving mules, standing amid the flowers, picking off every green leaf,
+to allay their hunger, presented a sad picture.
+
+I will give the following quotation as a specimen of cave life in
+Vicksburg: "I was sitting near the entrance of my cave about five o'clock
+in the afternoon, when the bombardment commenced more furiously than
+usual, the shells falling thickly around us, causing vast columns of earth
+to fly upward, mingled with smoke. As usual, I was uncertain whether to
+remain within, or to run out. As the rocking and trembling of the earth
+was distinctly felt, and the explosions alarmingly near, I stood within
+the mouth of the cave ready to make my escape, should one chance to fall
+above our domicile.
+
+"In my anxiety I was startled by the shouts of the servants, and a most
+fearful jar and rocking of the earth, followed by a deafening explosion,
+such as I had never heard before. The cave filled instantly with smoke and
+dust. I stood there, with a tingling, prickling sensation in my head,
+hands and feet, and with confused brain. Yet alive! was the first glad
+thought that came to me--child, servants, all here, and saved!
+
+"I stepped out and found a group of persons before my cave, looking
+anxiously for me, and lying all around were freshly-torn rose bushes,
+arborvitae trees, large clods of earth, splinters, and pieces of plank.
+
+"A mortar-shell had struck the corner of the cave; fortunately, so near
+the brow of the hill, that it had gone obliquely into the earth, exploding
+as it went, breaking large masses from the side of the hill--tearing away
+the fence, the shrubbery and flowers--sweeping all like an avalanche down
+near the entrance of my poor refuge.
+
+"On another occasion I sat reading in safety, I imagined, when the
+unmistakable whirring of Parrott shells told us that the battery we so
+much dreaded had opened from the entrenchments. I ran to the entrance to
+call the servants in. Immediately after they entered a shell struck the
+earth a few feet from the entrance, burying itself without exploding.
+
+"A man came in, much frightened, and asked permission to remain until the
+danger was over. He had been there but a short time when a Parrott shell
+came whirling in at the entrance and fell in the center of the cave before
+us, and lay there, the fuse still smoking.
+
+"Our eyes were fastened upon that terrible missile of death as by the
+fascination of a serpent, while we expected every moment that the terrific
+explosion would take place. I pressed my child closer to my heart and drew
+nearer the wall. Our fate seemed certain--our doom was sealed.
+
+"Just at this dreadful moment, George, a negro boy, rushed forward, seized
+the shell, and threw it into the street, then ran swiftly in the opposite
+direction.
+
+"Fortunately the fuse became extinguished and the shell fell harmless to
+the ground, and is still looked upon as a monument of terror."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII.
+
+    WESTERN GIBRALTAR--THE "LEAD MINERS"--THE PALMETTO EXCHANGED FOR THE
+    STARS AND STRIPES--ENTHUSIASM OF TROOPS--SUFFERINGS FORGOTTEN--I AM
+    ATTACKED BY FEVER--UNFIT FOR DUTY--"VICKSBURG IS OURS"--SPIRIT
+    YEARNINGS--"ROCK ME TO SLEEP MOTHER"--IMPOSITION OF STEAMBOAT
+    OFFICERS--GRANT'S CARE FOR HIS MEN--BURSTING OF A SHELL IN
+    CAMP--CONSEQUENCES--SPEECHLESS AGONY--I AM RELEASED FROM DUTY--MY TRIP
+    TO CAIRO--MISS MARY SAFFORD--ARRIVAL AT WASHINGTON.
+
+
+It was a proud day for the Union army when General U. S. Grant marched his
+victorious troops into the rebel Sebastopol--or "the western Gibraltar,"
+as the rebels were pleased to term it.
+
+The troops marched in triumphantly, the Forty-fifth Illinois, the "lead
+miners," leading the van, and as they halted in front of the fine white
+marble Court House, and flung out the National banner to the breeze, and
+planted the battle-worn flags bearing the dear old stars and
+stripes--where the "palmetto" had so recently floated--then went up
+tremendous shouts of triumphant and enthusiastic cheers, which were caught
+up and re-echoed by the advancing troops until all was one wild scene of
+joy; and the devastated city and its miserable inhabitants were forgotten
+in the triumph of the hour.
+
+This excitement proved too much for me, as I had been suffering from fever
+for several days previous, and had risen from my cot and mounted my horse
+for the purpose of witnessing the crowning act of the campaign. Now it was
+over, and I was exhausted and weak as a child.
+
+I was urged to go to a hospital, but refused; yet at length I was obliged
+to report myself unfit for duty, but still persisted in sitting up most of
+the time. Oh what dreary days and nights I passed in that dilapidated
+city! A slow fever had fastened itself upon me, and in spite of all my
+fortitude and determination to shake it off, I was each day becoming more
+surely its victim.
+
+I could not bear the shouts of the men, or their songs of triumph which
+rung out upon every breeze--one of which I can never forget, as I heard it
+sung until my poor brain was distracted, and in my hours of delirium I
+kept repeating "Vicksburg is ours," "Vicksburg is ours," in a manner more
+amusing than musical.
+
+I will here quote a few verses which I think are the same:
+
+  Hark! borne upon the Southern breeze,
+  As whispers breathed above the trees,
+  Or as the swell from off the seas,
+        In summer showers,
+  Fall softly on the ears of men
+  Strains sweetly indistinct, and then--
+  Hist! listen! catch the sound again--
+        "Vicksburg is ours!"
+
+  O'er sea-waves beating on the shore,
+  'Bove the thunder-storm and tempest o'er,
+  O'er cataracts in headlong roar,
+        High, high it towers.
+  O'er all the breastworks and the moats,
+  The Starry Flag in triumph floats,
+  And heroes thunder from' their throats
+        "Vicksburg is ours!"
+
+  Spread all your banners in the sky,
+  The sword of victory gleams on high,
+  Our conquering eagles upward fly,
+        And kiss the stars;
+  For Liberty the Gods awake,
+  And hurl the shattered foes a wreck,
+  The Northern arms make strong to break
+        The Southern bars.
+
+  All honor to the brave and true
+  Who fought the bloody battles through,
+  And from the ramparts victory drew
+        Where Vicksburg cowers;
+  And o'er the trenches, o'er the slain,
+  Through iron hail and leaden rain,
+  Still plunging onward, might and main,
+        Made Vicksburg ours.
+
+I think I realized, in those hours of feverish restlessness and pain, the
+heart-yearnings for the touch of a mother's cool hand upon my brow, which
+I had so often heard the poor sick and wounded soldiers speak of. Oh how I
+longed for one gentle caress from her loving hand! and when I would
+sometimes fall into a quiet slumber, and forget my surroundings, I would
+often wake up and imagine my mother sat beside me, and would only realize
+my sad mistake when looking in the direction I supposed her to be, there
+would be seen some great bearded soldier, wrapped up in an overcoat,
+smoking his pipe.
+
+The following lines in some measure express my spirit-longings for the
+presence of my mother in those nights of torturing fever and days of
+languor and despondency:
+
+  Backward, turn backward, O Time, in your flight;
+  Make me a child again, just for to-night!
+  Mother, O come from the far-distant shore,
+  Take me again to your heart as of yore;
+  Over my slumbers your loving watch keep--
+  Rock me to sleep, mother, rock me to sleep.
+
+     *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Backward, flow backward, O tide of the years!
+  I am so weary of toils and of tears,
+  Toil without recompense--tears all in vain--
+  Take them, and give me my childhood again.
+  I have grown weary of warfare and strife,
+  Weary of bartering my health and my life,
+  Weary of sowing for others to reap--
+  Rock me to sleep, mother, rock me to sleep.
+
+After the fall of Vicksburg a large proportion of the soldiers in that
+vicinity, who had fought so bravely, endured so many hardships, and lain
+in the entrenchments so many weary weeks during the siege, were permitted
+to visit their homes on furlough.
+
+In view of this General Grant issued a special order forbidding steamboat
+officers to charge more than five dollars to enlisted men, and seven
+dollars to officers, as fare between Vicksburg and Cairo. Notwithstanding
+this order the captains of steamers were in the habit of charging from
+fifteen to thirty dollars apiece.
+
+On one occasion one of those steamers had on board an unusually large
+number of soldiers, said to be over one thousand enlisted men and nearly
+two hundred and fifty officers, _en route_ for home on leave of absence;
+and all had paid from twenty to twenty-five dollars each. But just as the
+boat was about to push off from the wharf an order came from General Grant
+requiring the money to be refunded to men and officers over and above the
+stipulated sum mentioned in a previous order, or the captain to have his
+boat confiscated and submit himself to imprisonment for disobedience of
+orders. Of course the captain handed over the money, and amid cheers for
+General Grant, sarcastic smiles, and many amusing and insinuating speeches
+and doubtful compliments to the captain, the men pocketed the recovered
+"greenbacks," and went on their way rejoicing.
+
+When the General was told of the imposition practiced by the boatmen on
+his soldiers, he replied: "I will teach them, if they need the lesson,
+that the men who have periled their lives to open the Mississippi for
+their benefit cannot be imposed upon with impunity."
+
+A noble trait in the character of this brave general is that he looks
+after the welfare of his men as one who has to give an account of his
+stewardship, or of those intrusted to his care.
+
+I remained in my tent for several days, not being able to walk about, or
+scarcely able to sit up. I was startled one day from my usual quietude by
+the bursting of a shell which had lain in front of my tent, and from which
+no danger was apprehended; yet it burst at a moment when a number of
+soldiers were gathered round it--and oh, what sad havoc it made of those
+cheerful, happy boys of a moment previous! Two of them were killed
+instantly and four were wounded seriously, and the tent where I lay was
+cut in several places with fragments of shell, the tent poles knocked out
+of their places, and the tent filled with dust and smoke.
+
+
+[Illustration: EXPLOSION OF A SHELL--Page 358.]
+
+
+One poor colored boy had one of his hands torn off at the wrist; and of
+all the wounded that I have ever seen I never heard such unearthly yells
+and unceasing lamentations as that boy poured forth night and day; ether
+and chloroform were alike unavailing in hushing the cries of the poor
+sufferer. At length the voice began to grow weaker, and soon afterwards
+ceased altogether; and upon making inquiry I found he had died groaning
+and crying until his voice was hushed in death.
+
+The mother and sister of one of the soldiers who was killed by the
+explosion of the shell arrived a short time after the accident occurred,
+and it was truly a most pitiful sight to see the speechless grief of those
+stricken ones as they sat beside the senseless clay of that beloved son
+and brother.
+
+All my soldierly qualities seemed to have fled, and I was again a poor,
+cowardly, nervous, whining woman; and as if to make up for lost time, and
+to give vent to my long pent up feelings, I could do nothing but weep hour
+after hour, until it would seem that my head was literally a fountain of
+tears and my heart one great burden of sorrow. All the horrid scenes that
+I had witnessed during the past two years seemed now before me with vivid
+distinctness, and I could think of nothing else.
+
+It was under these circumstances that I made up my mind to leave the army;
+and when once my mind is made up on any subject I am very apt to act at
+once upon that decision. So it was in this case. I sent for the surgeon
+and told him I was not able to remain longer--that I would certainly die
+if I did not leave immediately.
+
+The good old surgeon concurred in my opinion, and made out a certificate
+of disability, and I was forthwith released from further duty as "Nurse
+and Spy" in the Federal army.
+
+The very next day I embarked for Cairo, and on my arrival there I procured
+female attire, and laid aside forever (perhaps) my military uniform; but I
+had become so accustomed to it that I parted with it with much reluctance.
+
+While in Cairo I had the pleasure of seeing the celebrated Miss Mary
+Safford, of whom so much has been said and written.
+
+One writer gives the following account of her, which is correct with
+regard to personal appearance, and I have no doubt is correct throughout:
+
+"I cannot close this letter without a passing word in regard to one whose
+name is mentioned by thousands of our soldiers with gratitude and
+blessing.
+
+"Miss Mary Safford is a resident of this town, whose life, since the
+beginning of this war, has been devoted to the amelioration of the
+soldier's lot and his comfort in the hospital.
+
+"She is a young lady, _petite_ in figure, unpretending, but highly
+cultivated, by no means officious, and so wholly unconscious of her
+excellencies and the great work that she is achieving, that I fear this
+public allusion to her may pain her modest nature.
+
+"Her sweet young face, full of benevolence, her pleasant voice and winning
+manner, install her in every one's heart directly; and the more one sees
+of her the more they admire her great soul and noble nature.
+
+"Not a day elapses but she is found in the hospitals, unless indeed she is
+absent on an errand of mercy up the Tennessee, or to the hospitals in
+Kentucky.
+
+"Every sick and wounded soldier in Cairo knows and loves her, and, as she
+enters the ward, every pale face brightens at her approach. As she passes
+along she inquires of each one how he had passed the night, if he is well
+supplied with books and tracts, and if there is anything she can do for
+him. All tell her their story frankly--the old man old enough to be her
+father, and the boy in his teens, all confide in her.
+
+"For one she must write a letter to his friend at home; she must sit down
+and read at the cot of another; must procure, if the surgeon will allow
+it, this or that article of food for a third; must soothe and encourage a
+fourth who desponds and is ready to give up his hold on life; must pray
+for a fifth who is afraid to die, and wrestle for him till light shines
+through the dark valley; and so on, varied as may be the personal or
+spiritual wants of the sufferers.
+
+"Surgeons, nurses, medical directors, and army officers, are all her true
+friends, and so judicious and trustworthy is she, that the Chicago
+Sanitary Commission have given her _carte blanche_ to draw on their
+stores at Cairo for anything she may need in her errands of mercy in the
+hospitals.
+
+"She is performing a noble work, and that too in the most quiet and
+unassuming manner."
+
+From Cairo I went to Washington, where I spent several weeks, until I
+recovered from my fever and was able to endure the fatigue of traveling.
+Then after visiting the hospitals once more, and bidding farewell to old
+scenes and associations, I returned to my friends to recruit my shattered
+health.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIX.
+
+    REVIEW OF HOSPITAL AND CAMP LIFE--QUESTIONS ANSWERED--BEHIND THE
+    SCENES--BLESSED EMPLOYMENT--LIVING PAST SCENES OVER AGAIN--MY MOST
+    IMPORTANT LABORS--MOTHER AND SON--STRANGE POWER OF SYMPATHY--HERO'S
+    REPOSE--OFFICERS AND MEN--THE BRAVEST ARE KINDEST--GENERAL
+    SEDGWICK--BATTLE SCENES--MR. ALVORD'S DESCRIPTION--VOLUNTEER
+    SURGEONS--HEART SICKENING SIGHTS--AN AWFUL PICTURE--FEMALE
+    NURSES--SENTIMENTAL--PATRIOTIC--MEDICAL DEPARTMENT--YOUNG
+    SURGEONS--ANECDOTES.
+
+
+Since I returned to New England there have been numerous questions asked
+me with regard to hospitals, camp life, etc., which have not been fully
+answered in the preceding narrative, and I have thought that perhaps it
+would not be out of place to devote a chapter to that particular object.
+
+One great question is: "Do the soldiers get the clothing and delicacies
+which we send them--or is it true that the surgeons, officers and nurses
+appropriate them to their own use?"
+
+In reply to this question I dare not assert that all the things which are
+sent to the soldiers are faithfully distributed, and reach the individuals
+for whom they were intended. But I have no hesitation in saying that I
+have reason to believe that the cases are very rare where surgeons or
+nurses tamper with those articles sent for the comfort of the sick and
+wounded.
+
+If the ladies of the Soldiers' Aid Societies and other benevolent
+organizations could have seen even the quantity which I have seen with my
+own eyes distributed, and the smile of gratitude with which those supplies
+are welcomed by the sufferers, they would think that they were amply
+rewarded for all their labor in preparing them.
+
+Just let those benevolent hearted ladies imagine themselves in my place
+for a single day; removing blood-clotted and stiffened woollen garments
+from ghastly wounds, and after applying the sponge and water remedy,
+replacing those coarse, rough shirts by nice, cool, clean linen ones, then
+dress the wounds with those soft white bandages and lint; take from the
+express box sheet after sheet, and dainty little pillows with their snowy
+cases, until you have the entire hospital supplied and every cot looking
+clean and inviting to the weary, wounded men--then as they are carried
+and laid upon those comfortable beds, you will often see the tears of
+gratitude gush forth, and hear the earnest "God bless the benevolent
+ladies who send us these comforts."
+
+Then, after the washing and clothing process is gone through with, the
+nice wine or Boston crackers are brought forward, preserved fruits, wines,
+jellies, etc., and distributed as the different cases may require.
+
+I have spent whole days in this blessed employment without realizing
+weariness or fatigue, so completely absorbed would I become in my work,
+and so rejoiced in having those comforts provided for our brave, suffering
+soldiers.
+
+Time and again, since I have been engaged in writing this little
+narrative, I have thrown down my pen, closed my eyes, and lived over again
+those hours which I spent in ministering to the wants of those noble men,
+and have longed to go back and engage in the same duties once more.
+
+I look back now upon my hospital labors as being the most important and
+interesting in my life's history. The many touching incidents which come
+to my mind as I recall those thrilling scenes make me feel as if I should
+never be satisfied until I had recorded them all, so that they might never
+be forgotten. One occurs to my mind now which I must not omit:
+
+"In one of the fierce engagements with the rebels near Mechanicsville, a
+young lieutenant of a Rhode Island battery had his right foot so shattered
+by a fragment of shell that on reaching Washington, after one of those
+horrible ambulance rides, and a journey of a week's duration, he was
+obliged to undergo amputation.
+
+"He telegraphed home, hundreds of miles away, that all was going on well,
+and with a soldier's fortitude composed his mind and determined to bear
+his sufferings alone. Unknown to him, however, his mother--one of those
+dear reserves of the army--hastened up to join the main force. She reached
+the city at midnight, and hastened to the hospital, but her son being in
+such a critical condition, the nurses would have kept her from him until
+morning. One sat by his side fanning him as he slept, her hand on the
+feeble, fluctuating pulsations which foreboded sad results. But what
+woman's heart could resist the pleading of a mother at such a moment? In
+the darkness she was finally allowed to glide in and take the nurse's
+place at his side. She touched his pulse as the nurse had done. Not a word
+had been spoken; but the sleeping boy opened his eyes and said: 'That
+feels like my mother's hand! Who is this beside me? It is my mother; turn
+up the gas and let me see mother!' The two loving faces met in one long,
+joyful, sobbing embrace, and the fondness pent up in each heart wept forth
+its own language.
+
+"The gallant fellow underwent operation after operation, and at last, when
+death drew near, and he was told by tearful friends that it only remained
+to make him comfortable, he said he 'had looked death in the face too many
+times to be afraid now,' and died as gallantly as did the men of the
+Cumberland."
+
+        When a hero goes
+        Unto his last repose,
+  When earth's trump of fame shall wake him no more;
+        When in the heavenly land
+        Another soul doth stand,
+  Who perished for a Nation ere he reached the shore;
+        Whose eyes should sorrow dim?
+        Say, who should mourn for him?
+
+        Mourn for the traitor--mourn
+        When honor is forsworn;
+  When the base wretch sells his land for gold,
+        Stands up unblushingly
+        And boasts his perfidy,
+  Then, then, O patriots! let your grief be told
+        But when God's soldier yieldeth up his breath,
+        O mourn ye not for him! it is not death!
+
+Another question is frequently asked me--"Are not the private soldiers
+cruelly treated by the officers?" I never knew but a very few instances of
+it, and then it was invariably by mean, cowardly officers, who were not
+fit to be in command of so many mules. I have always noticed that the
+bravest and best fighting officers are the kindest and most forbearing
+toward their men.
+
+An interesting anecdote is told of the late brave General Sedgwick, which
+illustrates this fact:
+
+"One day, while on a march, one of our best soldiers had fallen exhausted
+by fatigue and illness, and lay helpless in the road, when an officer came
+dashing along in evident haste to join his staff in advance.
+
+"It was pitiable to see the effort the poor boy made to drag his unwilling
+limbs out of the road. He struggled up only to sink back with a look that
+asked only the privilege of lying there undisturbed to die.
+
+"In an instant he found his head pillowed on an arm as gentle as his
+far-away mother's might have been, and a face bent over him expressive of
+the deepest pity.
+
+"It is characteristic of our brave boys that they say but little. The
+uncomplaining words of the soldier in this instance were few, but
+understood.
+
+"The officer raised him in his arms and placed him in his own saddle,
+supporting the limp and swaying figure by one firm arm, while with the
+other he curbed the step of his impatient horse to a gentler pace.
+
+"For two miles, without a gesture of impatience, he traveled in this
+tedious way, until he reached an ambulance train and placed the sick man
+in one of the ambulances.
+
+"This was our noble Sedgwick--our brave general of the Sixth
+Corps--pressed with great anxieties and knowing the preciousness of every
+moment. His men used to say: 'We all know that great things are to be
+done, and well done, when we see that earnest figure in its rough blouse
+hurrying past, and never have we been disappointed in him. He works
+incessantly, is unostentatious, and when he appears among us all eyes
+follow him with outspoken blessings.'"
+
+I have often been asked: "Have you ever been on a battle-field before the
+dead and wounded were removed?" "How did it appear?" "Please describe
+one."
+
+I have been on many a battle-field, and have often tried to describe the
+horrible scenes which I there witnessed, but have never yet been able to
+find language to express half the horrors of such sights as I have seen on
+those terrible fields.
+
+The Rev. Mr. Alvord has furnished us with a vivid description of a
+battle-field, which I will give for the benefit of those who wish a true
+and horrifying description of those bloody fields:
+
+"To-day I have witnessed more horrible scenes than ever before since I
+have been in the army. Hundreds of wounded had lain since the battle,
+among rebels, intermingled with heaps of slain--hungering, thirsting, and
+with wounds inflaming and festering. Many had died simply from want of
+care. Their last battle was fought! Almost every shattered limb required
+amputation, so putrid had the wounds become.
+
+"I was angry (I think without sin) at your volunteer surgeons. Those of
+the army were too few, and almost exhausted. But squads of volunteers, as
+is usual, had come on without instruments, and without sense enough to set
+themselves at work in any way, and without any idea of dressing small
+wounds. They wanted to see amputation, and so, while hundreds were crying
+for help, I found five of these gentlemen sitting at their ease, with legs
+crossed, waiting for their expected reception by the medical director, who
+was, of course, up to his elbows in work with saw and amputating knife. I
+invited them to assist me in my labors among the suffering, but they had
+'not come to nurse'--they were 'surgeons.'
+
+"The disgusting details of the field I need not describe. Over miles of
+shattered forest and torn earth the dead lie, sometimes in _heaps_ and
+_winrows_--I mean literally! friend and foe, black and white, with
+distorted features, among mangled and dead horses, trampled in mud, and
+thrown in all conceivable sorts of places. You can distinctly hear, over
+the whole field, the hum and hissing of decomposition. Of course you can
+imagine shattered muskets, bayonets, cartridge-boxes, caps, torn clothing,
+cannon-balls, fragments of shell, broken artillery, etc. I went over it
+all just before evening, and after a couple of hours turned away in
+sickening horror from the dreadful sight. I write in the midst of the
+dead, buried and unburied--in the midst of hospitals full of dying,
+suffering men, and weary, shattered regiments."
+
+This is a very mild illustration of some battle-fields, and yet it
+presents an awful picture.
+
+  O God! this land grows rich in loyal blood
+    Poured out upon it to its utmost length!
+  The incense of a people's sacrifice--
+    The wrested offering of a people's strength.
+
+  It is the costliest land beneath the sun!
+    'Tis purchaseless! and scarce a rood
+  But hath its title written clear, and signed
+    In some slain hero's consecrated blood.
+
+  And not a flower that gems its mellowing soil
+    But thriveth well beneath the holy dew
+  Of tears, that ease a nation's straining heart
+    When the Lord of Battles smites it through and through.
+
+Now a word about female nurses who go from the North to take care of the
+soldiers in hospitals. I have said but little upon this point, but could
+say much, as I have had ample opportunity for observation.
+
+Many of the noble women who have gone from the New England and other loyal
+States have done, and are still doing, a work which will engrave their
+names upon the hearts of the soldiers, as the name of Florence Nightingale
+is engraved upon the hearts of her countrymen.
+
+It is a strange fact that the more highly cultivated and refined the
+ladies are, they make all the better nurses. They are sure to submit to
+inconvenience and privations with a much better grace than those of the
+lower classes.
+
+It is true we have some sentimental young ladies, who go down there and
+expect to find everything in drawing-room style, with nothing to do but
+sit and fan handsome young mustached heroes in shoulder-straps, and read
+poetry, etc.; and on finding the _real_ somewhat different from the
+_ideal_, which their ardent imaginations had created, they become homesick
+at once, and declare that they "cannot endure such work as washing private
+soldiers' dirty faces and combing tangled, matted hair; and, what is more,
+won't do it." So after making considerable fuss, and trailing round in
+very long silk skirts for several days, until everybody becomes disgusted,
+they are politely invited by the surgeon in charge to migrate to some more
+congenial atmosphere.
+
+But the patriotic, whole-souled, educated woman twists up her hair in a
+"cleared-for-action" sort of style, rolls up the sleeves of her plain
+cotton dress, and goes to work washing dirty faces, hands and feet, as if
+she knew just what to do and how to do it. And when she gets through with
+that part of the programme, she is just as willing to enter upon some new
+duty, whether it is writing letters for the boys or reading for them,
+administering medicine or helping to dress wounds. And everything is done
+so cheerfully that one would think it was really a pleasure instead of a
+disagreeable task.
+
+But the medical department is unquestionably the greatest institution in
+the whole army. I will not attempt to answer all the questions I have
+been asked concerning it, but will say that there are many true stories,
+and some false ones, circulated with regard to that indispensable
+fraternity.
+
+I think I may freely say that there is a shadow of truth in that old story
+of "whiskey" and "incompetency" which we have so often heard applied to
+individuals in the medical department, who are intrusted with the
+treatment, and often the lives of our soldiers.
+
+There is a vast difference in surgeons; some are harsh and cruel--whether
+it is from habit or insensibility I am not prepared to say--but I know the
+men would face a rebel battery with less forebodings than they do some of
+our worthy surgeons.
+
+There is a class who seem to act upon the principle of "no smart no cure,"
+if we may be allowed to judge from the manner in which they twitch off
+bandages and the scientific twists and jerks given to shattered limbs.
+
+Others again are very gentle and tender with the men, and seem to study
+how to perform the necessary operations with the least possible pain to
+the patients.
+
+But the young surgeons, fresh from the dissecting room, when operating in
+conjunction with our old Western practitioners, forcibly reminded me of
+the anecdote of the young collegian teaching his grandmother to suck an
+egg: "We make an incision at the apex and an aperture at the base; then
+making a vacuum with the tongue and palate, we suffer the contained matter
+to be protruded into the mouth by atmospheric pressure." "La! how
+strange!" said his grandmother; "in my day we just made a hole in each
+end, and then sucked it without half that trouble."
+
+I once saw a young surgeon amputate a limb, and I could think of nothing
+else than of a Kennebec Yankee whom I once saw carve a Thanksgiving
+turkey; it was his first attempt at carving, and the way in which he
+disjointed those limbs I shall never forget.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXX.
+
+    CLOSING INCIDENTS--PROFESSOR LOWE'S BALLOON--FITZ JOHN PORTER'S
+    ADVENTURE--HIS UPWARD FLIGHT--RECONNOITERING FROM A DANGEROUS
+    POSITION--COOL COURAGE--ENTHUSIASTIC GREETING--AN EARNEST INQUIRER--A
+    BAPTISM IN THE ARMY--PREACHING BY MOONLIGHT--A MAGNIFICENT SCENE--A
+    WEDDING IN CAMP--GAY TIMES--A CONTRAST--HOSPITAL IN WINCHESTER--SPIRIT
+    OF REVENGE--SABLE HEROINE--A WHITE DARKEY--COLORED
+    SOLDIERS--CONCLUSION.
+
+
+In looking back over the events of the two years which I spent in the
+army, I see so much worthy of record I scarcely know where to stop.
+
+A most thrilling incident occurs to my mind at this moment in connection
+with Professor Lowe and his balloon, which I must relate before closing.
+It took place while McClellan's army was in front of Yorktown.
+
+General Fitz John Porter having been in the habit of making frequent
+ascensions in company with Professor Lowe, learned to go aloft alone.
+
+One morning he stepped into the car and ordered the cable to be let out
+with all speed. We saw with surprise that the flurried assistants were
+sending up the great straining canvas with a single rope attached. The
+enormous bag was only partially inflated, and the loose folds opened and
+shut with a sharp report like that of a pistol. Noisily, fitfully, the
+great yellow mass rose toward the sky, the basket rocking like a feather
+in the breeze. Presently a sound came from overhead like the explosion of
+a shell--the cable had snapped asunder, and the balloon was adrift.
+
+All eyes were turned toward the receding car, where General Porter sat in
+his aerial castle, being borne heavenward as fast as if on eagle wings,
+without the power either to check or guide his upward flight.
+
+The whole army was agitated by this unwonted occurrence, and the rebel
+army evidently partook in the general excitement.
+
+Lowe's voice could be heard above the confusion and tumult shouting to the
+soaring hero--"Open--the--valve! Climb--to--the--netting--and--reach--the
+valve--rope!"
+
+"The valve--the valve!" repeated a multitude of voices, but all in vain,
+for it was impossible to make him hear.
+
+Soon the signal corps began to operate, and at last the general was made
+to understand by signals when it was impossible to reach him by the human
+voice.
+
+He appeared directly over the edge of the car, and then clambered up the
+netting and reached for the cord, but he was so far above us then he
+looked no bigger than a great black spider.
+
+It was a weird spectacle--that frail, fading object floating in the azure
+sky, with the miniature boat swinging silently beneath, looking no bigger
+than a humming-bird's nest; and a hundred thousand brave hearts beneath
+beating with the wildest excitement and warmest sympathy, yet powerless to
+render the least assistance to their exalted brother-in-arms.
+
+"Had the general been floating down the rapids of Niagara he could not
+have been farther from human assistance."
+
+We at length saw him descend from the netting and reappear over the edge
+of the basket, and he seemed to be motioning to the breathless crowd below
+the story of his failure.
+
+Soon after the balloon began slowly to descend, and when we next saw him
+it was with spyglass in hand, reconnoitering the rebel works. Shouts of
+joy and laughter went up from the long lines of spectators as this cool
+procedure was observed.
+
+For a moment it seemed doubtful in which direction the balloon would
+float; it faltered like an irresolute being, and at length moved
+reluctantly toward Fortress Monroe. Bursting cheers, half uttered,
+quivered on every lip. All eyes glistened, and many were dim with tears.
+But the wayward canvas now turned due west, and was blown rapidly toward
+the confederate works.
+
+Its course was fitfully direct, and the wind seemed to veer often, as if
+contrary currents, conscious of the opportunity, were struggling for the
+possession of the daring navigator.
+
+The south wind held the mastery for awhile, and the balloon passed the
+Federal front amid groans of despair from the soldiers. It kept right on,
+over sharpshooters, rifle-pits, etc., until it stood directly over the
+rebel fortifications at Yorktown. The cool courage, either of heroism or
+despair, seemed to seize the general, for turning his tremendous glass
+upon the ramparts and masked batteries below, he viewed the remote camps,
+the beleaguered town, the guns of Gloucester Point, and distant Norfolk.
+Had he been reconnoitering from a secure perch on the top of the moon he
+could not have been more vigilant; and the Confederates probably thought
+this some Yankee device to peer into their sanctum in spite of ball or
+shell. None of their large guns could be brought to bear upon the balloon,
+but there were some discharges of musketry, which seemed to have no
+effect whatever, and finally even these demonstrations ceased.
+
+Both armies were gazing aloft in breathless suspense, while the deliberate
+general continued to spy out the land.
+
+Suddenly another change of position, and the air craft plunged and tacked
+about, and steered rapidly for the Federal lines again. Making a desperate
+effort to catch the valve-rope, the general at length succeeded, and
+giving it a jerk, the balloon came suddenly to the ground; fortunately,
+however, it struck a tent as it descended, which perhaps saved the general
+from any serious injuries from the fall.
+
+By the time the crowd had reached the spot, Porter had disentangled
+himself from the folds of oiled canvas, and was ready to greet his anxious
+friends; and amid hearty congratulations and vociferous cheers, he was
+escorted to his quarters.
+
+As this chapter is devoted to incidents in camp, I will try to illustrate
+the variety of interesting events with which our camps abound.
+
+After one of the most severe battles ever fought in Virginia, and while
+our troops were still rejoicing over their victory, a young soldier sought
+the chaplain for the purpose of religious conversation. Said the chaplain:
+"The tears were in his eyes, and his lips trembled with emotion. I knew
+that he was in earnest. We knelt down together and I prayed with him, and
+he prayed for himself. In this manner we spent several hours, pleading
+with God in his behalf, until light broke through the darkness, and he
+arose from his knees praising God."
+
+Wishing to manifest by some outward sign his consecration to God and to
+His service, he requested the chaplain to baptize him by immersion. The
+next day being the Sabbath his request was complied with, in the presence
+of thousands of his comrades.
+
+The scene was a most solemn one, and after the ordinance was administered
+there was scarcely a dry eye in the company to which he belonged.
+
+In the evening one of the delegates of the Christian Commission preached
+to an immense congregation of grim warriors seated on the ground--a little
+pine grove for a church, the great blue dome of heaven for galleries, and
+the clear, bright moon for a chandelier.
+
+The scene was a magnificent one. A little to the right lay a cloud of
+white canvas tents shining in the moonlight, and just below, in plain
+sight, were the transports dotting the water, with their gleaming lights
+and star-spangled banners floating in the evening breeze. All combined to
+make the scene beautiful and interesting.
+
+The discourse was excellent and well chosen, and the men listened with
+profound attention, and I have no doubt with much profit. Then was sung
+
+  Lord, dismiss us with thy blessing,
+
+and the benediction being pronounced, the vast assembly marched to their
+quarters as solemnly as if going from a funeral.
+
+Next came a wedding! Yes; a real wedding in camp. You must know that when
+military necessity prevents our young heroes from going home to fulfill
+their engagements to their devoted fair ones, it is the privilege of the
+waiting damsels, in war times, to remove all unnecessary obstacles, and
+facilitate matters by declaring themselves in favor of the _union_, and
+claiming their lovers on the field.
+
+This wedding was a grand affair, and took place in a camp which was very
+prettily decorated, being picturesquely arranged among pine trees--just
+the most romantic place imaginable for such an event.
+
+A little before noon the guests began to arrive in large numbers. Among
+them were Generals Hooker, Sickles, Carr, Mott, Hobart, Ward, Revere,
+Bartlett, Birney, and Berry.
+
+The troops, looking their very best, formed a hollow square, in the center
+of which a canopy was erected, and an altar formed of drums.
+
+As the generals marched into the square--General Hooker leading the
+van--and grouped themselves on each side of the altar, the bands struck up
+"Hail to the Chief," and on the appearance of the bridal party the
+"Wedding March" was played.
+
+The day was cold and windy, with a few snow-flakes interspersed, which
+made the ladies in attendance look very much like "blue noses"; but the
+blushing bride bore the cold and the admiring glances of the soldiers like
+a martyr, and retained her dignity and self-possession throughout the
+ceremony worthy of a heroine, as she was.
+
+To add to the dramatic effect of the scene, a line of battle was formed by
+the remaining troops in that section, a short distance from camp, to repel
+an expected attack of the enemy.
+
+The ceremony having been performed, dinner was announced, and all partook
+of the good things provided for the occasion.
+
+After dinner, came numerous toasts, speeches, songs, and music from the
+bands, and, to close up the day in good style, a regular military ball was
+held, and fireworks exhibited in the evening--"and on the whole," a
+newspaper correspondent says, "it entirely eclipsed an opera at the
+Academy of Music."
+
+I have before alluded to the vindictive spirit manifested by the women of
+Virginia toward our soldiers. I will illustrate this fact by an incident
+which took place in one of the hospitals just after a severe battle.
+
+Many wounded soldiers, both Union and Confederate, were brought into the
+town of Winchester, and placed in the churches and court-house side by
+side.
+
+The ladies (beg pardon, ladies, I mean females) of that place brought into
+the hospital many things to nourish and tempt the appetites of the
+sufferers, but they gave all these delicacies to the Confederate soldiers:
+our men were passed by as unworthy of notice or sympathy.
+
+One day a lady, who had been a constant visitor, brought in a supply of
+fragrant tea. She went from one cot to another of her friends, but had no
+eye or heart of pity for others.
+
+One of our wounded men, who lay near his end, longed for a cup of this tea
+as he saw it handed to those around him, and requested the chaplain, who
+stood by his side, to ask the lady for a little of the tea.
+
+He did so in a very polite manner, at the same time telling her how ill
+the man was, and that it was the soldier himself who wished him to make
+the request.
+
+"No," said she, and her face flushed with anger; "not a drop of it; this
+tea is all for our suffering martyrs."
+
+The chaplain replied: "Madam, I looked for no other answer. I beg pardon
+for having seemed for a moment to expect a different one."
+
+A few moments afterwards, as the poor disappointed man lay there seeing
+the delicious tea passed on all sides of him and could not procure a drop
+of it, an old lame negro woman came limping up the aisle with a large
+basket on each arm.
+
+Coming up to where the chaplain stood, she laid down the baskets and
+addressed him thus:
+
+"Massa, I'se a slave--my husban' and chil'en is slaves. Will you 'cept
+dese tings for de poor men?"
+
+Then taking up a roll of stockings, she said: "Dem I knit wid my own hands
+for de soldiers, when all sleep, in my cabin. We know'd dis war was comin'
+long 'fore you Yankees did. We see it 'proaching, an' we began to prepare
+for it."
+
+Then taking packages of tea, cans of fruit, pears and peaches, lint, linen
+for bandages, and pocket-handkerchiefs, she said: "Massa, permit me to
+give you dese for de poor men. I have not stole 'em. My own hands have
+earned 'em over de washtub. I wish to do something for de Union soldiers,
+Lord bless 'em!"
+
+"As she talked," says the chaplain, "she grew more earnest, and looking
+around on the mutilated men the tears rolled down her black face, and fell
+on her hands, as she lifted the treasures out of the baskets and handed
+them to me."
+
+Our sick men looked with wonder and admiration on the old colored woman,
+and soon a hundred voices cried out "God bless you, aunty! You are the
+only white woman we have seen since we came to Winchester."
+
+Some people assert that colored people have no souls. Which, think you,
+acted most as if lacking soul--the black or the white woman in the
+hospital at Winchester?
+
+The devotion of the negro woman, as manifested in the hospital, is a
+perfect sample of the devotion of the contrabands, male and female, to the
+Union cause.
+
+And now that the time has come when the colored men are permitted, by the
+laws of the land, to assume the privileges of rational beings, and to go
+forth as American soldiers to meet their cruel oppressors on the bloody
+field, there is evidently as great, if not greater, enthusiasm and true
+patriotism manifested by them, as by any troops in the United States army.
+
+And still further--it has been proved satisfactorily within the last
+twelve months that the colored troops endure fatigue as cheerfully and
+fight as well (and get less pay) as any of the white troops. Thank God,
+this is one great point gained for the poor down-trodden descendants of
+Africa.
+
+I imagine I see them, with their great shiny eyes and grinning faces, as
+they march to the field, singing--
+
+  Oh! we're de bully soldiers of de "First of Arkansas,"
+  We are fightin' for de Union, we are fightin' for de law,
+  We can hit a rebel furder dan a white man eber saw,
+              As we go marchin' on:
+              Glory, glory, hallelujah, etc.
+
+  See dar! above de center, where de flag is wavin' bright;
+  We are goin' out of slavery; we are bound for freedom's light;
+  We mean to show Jeff. Davis how de Africans can fight!
+              Glory, glory, hallelujah,
+              Glory, glory, hallelujah,
+              Glory, glory, hallelujah,
+              As we go marching on.
+
+And now, what shall I say in conclusion? The war still continues--our
+soldiers are daily falling in battle, and thousands are languishing in
+hospitals or in Southern prisons; and I for months past have not given
+even a cup of cold water to the sufferers. I am ashamed to acknowledge it!
+But when I look around and see the streets crowded with strong, healthy
+young men who ought to be foremost in the ranks of their country's
+defenders, I am not only ashamed, but I am indignant!
+
+To prove to my friends that I am not ambitious of gaining the reputation
+of that venerable general (Halleck) whose "pen is mightier than his
+sword," I am about to return to the army to offer my services in any
+capacity which will best promote the interests of the Federal cause--no
+matter how perilous the position may be.
+
+And now I lay aside my pen, hoping that after "this cruel war is over,"
+and peace shall have once more shed her sweet influence over our land, I
+may be permitted to resume it again to record the annihilation of
+rebellion, and the final triumph of Truth, Right, and _Liberty_.
+
+  O Lord of Peace, who art Lord of Righteousness,
+  Constrain the anguished worlds from sin and grief,
+  Pierce them with conscience, purge them with redress,
+  AND GIVE US PEACE WHICH IS NO COUNTERFEIT!
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Nurse and Spy in the Union Army, by
+S. Emma E. Edmonds
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