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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 20:10:25 -0700 |
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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 20:10:25 -0700 |
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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/38481-8.txt b/38481-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..36dfb90 --- /dev/null +++ b/38481-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6289 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Vol. XXXVII.--No. 2. +[New Series.], July 14, 1877, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Scientific American, Vol. XXXVII.--No. 2. [New Series.], July 14, 1877 + A Weekly Journal Of Practical Information, Art, Science, + Mechanics, Chemistry, And Manufactures + +Author: Various + +Release Date: January 3, 2012 [EBook #38481] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Lesley Halamek, and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +[Illustration] + + +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN + + +A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, +CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES. + + +NEW YORK, JULY 14, 1877. + +Vol. XXXVII.--No. 2. [NEW SERIES.] + +[$3.20 per Annum [POSTAGE PREPAID.]] + + * * * * * + + +CONTENTS. + +(Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.) + + Africa, carrying peace into 16 + Air compressor, Bower's * 15 + Alloy, new 18 + American inventions. N.S.Wales 25 + American Institute Exhibition 24 + Answers to correspondents 27 + Artesian well, pumping (13) 27 + Billiard ball holder * 22 + Billiard table * 22 + Bisulphide of lime (35) 28 + Bleaching silk and wool 24 + Boot and shoe machinery * 19 + Bookbinding, new method of * 19 + Books and publications 25 + Business prospects 15 + Carrigeen crop 17 + Catastrophism, Clarence King on 16 + Catastrophe in geology 17 + Chalk cup * 22 + Coloring matter from herbs (2) 27 + Copper plates covered with steel 22 + Curtain fixture * 19 + Disinfecting rooms 15 + Duplex education 17 + Dyspepsia, on 20 + Education in Germany 24 + Electricity, conducting power (21) 27 + Electrotyping cylinders (33) 28 + Electricity and magnetism (5) 27 + Gold, dentists' (24) 27 + Horses, dead, standing erect 20 + Inventions patented in England 25 + Lightning, effects of 20 + Lime, precipitating (22) 27 + Locomotive valves, setting 21 + Man's place in Nature 25 + Measures of the U. S. (32) 28 + Mints of the U. S. (30) 27 + Papier Mache (40) 28 + Patents, American and foreign 25 + Patent decisions, recent 25 + Patents, official list of 28 + Phosphorescent sweating 18 + Plague, extension of the 24 + Plants, curious carnivorous * 23 + Popular fallacies 24 + Santini, death of Professor 15 + Sebastin, a new explosive 18 + Solar heat, apparatus for utilizing 18 + Special notice 25 + Steamer, new 21 + Steam pump, pounding (20) 27 + Sulphur, test for 22 + Sunstroke 20 + Tin scrap, utilization of * 18 + Tin-can telephone 21 + Tin and phosphorus, alloy of 24 + Yule, John 15 + + * * * * * + + + + +BOWER'S PATENT AIR COMPRESSOR. + + +The new air compressor herewith illustrated may be operated by steam +or water power, and is available for work in mines, tunnels, or +quarries, for driving rock drills, coal cutters, and hauling and +pumping engines, working mining pumps, for use in factories, and in +fact for all service where a safe and efficient power is required. The +construction of the machine, the capacity of which differs according +to the amount of power required, will readily be understood from the +illustration. Above the air cylinder are two distinct air chambers, +each having two induction or receiving valves, which cushion on +rubbers. With the movement of the piston these chambers alternately +receive and force the compressed air through check valves placed +in the upper part of the air compartment, both compartments being +connected with one pipe conveying the air to the ordinary air +receiver. These check valves lift alternately, and cushion on water; +and as the compressed air is forced into the pipe connecting with the +receiver, without a possibility of any of it escaping back into the +receiving chambers, it is claimed that there is the smallest possible +loss of power, and that the machine will give fully 90 per cent of +steam power expended in the shape of compressed air. The compressor is +compact in form, strongly made, simple in construction, and not liable +to get out of order. One peculiarity in its construction is that no +water jacket or hollow piston is used; yet under any of the extreme +pressures to which the machine has been tested, no inconvenience, we +are informed, from heat has been perceptible. + +In connection with the compressor, receivers of various sizes are +used, into which the air is pumped and thence conveyed by pipe to the +location where required, even if it be a mile or more, the loss by +friction between receiver and point of utilization of the air being, +it is claimed, under 2 lbs. of the pressure. + +The manufacturers also build water-power compressors, one of which, +driven by 75 to 100 horse power, they have recently shipped to Utah. +The machine is intended to convey the air through iron tubes 5,000 +feet to the mouth of a silver mine, where a 50 horse power hoisting +and a 25 horse power pumping engine will be driven by air instead +of steam, and a tube will be extended into the mine 1,000 feet deep, +where the power drills and small pumps will be operated by air also. + +The manufacturers submit a number of excellent testimonials from +parties using the machine. From one, we learn, that at the Antelope +and Prince of Wales mine, near Alta City, Utah, the compressor runs 10 +hours per day, and supplies compressed air to two 3 inch drills used +in running levels. The distribution terminates at distances of from +1,000 to 2,000 feet from the compressor. The machine also drives one +hoisting engine and ventilates the lower part of the mine. The main +supply pipe is three inches in diameter, 2,300 feet long, and is +tapped by two inch pipe wherever power is required. The expenditure +of fuel is one cord of green pine wood and 600 lbs. of bituminous +coal per 10 hours. Air pressure in receiver 100 lbs. This pressure +is reported to be obtained by 70 lbs. of steam as indicated by the +gauges. + +For further particulars, address the manufacturers, Messrs. Griffith +and Wedge, Zanesville, Ohio. + +[Illustration: BOWER'S AIR COMPRESSOR.] + + * * * * * + + + + +DEATH OF PROFESSOR SANTINI. + + +A cable dispatch announces the death of the Italian astronomer, +Giovanni Santini. The Professor was born at Tuscany, June 30, 1786, +and was in the ninety-first year of his age. He graduated at the +University of Pisa. He soon devoted himself to a study of the exact +sciences, and in 1814 he had achieved so much distinction that he was +appointed to a professorship in the Padowa Observatory in place +of Vincenzo Cheminello. In 1825 he was appointed Rector of the +University, and up to the time of his death he held the position of +Professor of Astronomy and Director of Mathematical Studies. He was +generally esteemed by the learned societies of Europe, and held +a number of honorary titles and degrees from various leading +universities. He was also a correspondent of the French Academy. The +principal books published by him are strictly scientific, such +as "Decimal Arithmetic" (1808), "Elements of Astronomy" (1820), +"Logarithms and Trigonometry," and "Optical Problems" (1821-23). Some +of his elementary works on astronomy for beginners are the best ever +published in Italy. + + * * * * * + + + + +JOHN YULE. + + +The death is announced of Mr. John Yule, of the Hutchestown Engine +Works, Rutherglen, N. B., at the age of 66. During early life, Mr. +Yule went the round of the best engineers' shops in Scotland and +England, and became one of the recognized leaders in engineering +progress. His inventiveness took various directions, amongst other +fruits being an improved rotary engine, a compensating governor for +the steam engine, and a screw tap, drill, and mandrel. For the latter +he was awarded the silver medal of the Scottish Society of Arts. For +some years Mr. Yule acted as the manager of the boiler department of +Messrs. Robert Napier & Son's establishment, but eventually resumed +business at the Hutchestown Works, and devoted attention amongst +other matters to the improvement of swing bridges and steam cranes and +hammers. In the former line two of his most important works are the +plate girder bridge over the entrance to one of the docks at Port +Glasgow, for the Caledonian Railway, erected from plans by Messrs. +Bell and Miller, C.E., Glasgow; and a lattice girder bridge over the +entrance to Kingston Dock, Glasgow Harbor. Owing to the angle at which +this last bridge crosses the dock, great difficulties were experienced +in working out the mechanical details so as to admit of easy motion. +These were skillfully overcome, and the bridge was, as finally +erected, a monument of his design as well as workmanship. The +Blackhill incline on the Monkland Canal, constructed nearly a quarter +of a century ago, is a sample of Mr. Yule's mechanical powers. Of late +years he was largely engaged as a professional valuator. + + + * * * * * + + + + +BUSINESS PROSPECTS. + + +We have recently taken the pains to make inquiries from the more +eminent bankers and merchants in the chief cities of the interior, and +the results of our inquiries have tended to confirm the belief we have +more than once expressed in this journal, that although, from various +causes, there is overhanging a portion of our American industries a +cloud of gloom and depression, still throughout the nation at large +there is going on a process of growth and recovery from which the best +results are anticipated. How long we shall have to wait before the +life which is at work silently and secretly beneath the surface will +put forth its full power, in the full harvest of productive activity, +is, of course, impossible to foretell. What is chiefly important for +us to know, however, is that the progress we are making tends upwards +and not downwards, and that it promises to lead our industry and +commerce to a brighter and not to a darker future.--_Financial +Chronicle._ + + + * * * * * + + + + +TO DISINFECT ROOMS. + + +The disinfection of a room is not complete unless the walls have been +thoroughly cleansed. If they are papered, the paper must be removed +and the surface beneath carefully scraped and washed. If the walls are +painted, they should be washed with caustic soda. The ceiling should +also be subjected to a similar treatment. + + * * * * * + + + + +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. + +ESTABLISHED 1845. + +MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors. + +PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT NO. 37 PARK ROW, NEW YORK. + +O. D. MUNN. + +A. E. BEACH. + + * * * * * + + + + +TERMS FOR THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. + + +One copy, one year, postage included $3.20 +One copy, six months, postage included 1.60 + +CLUBS.--One extra copy of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN will be supplied +gratis for every club of five subscribers at $3.20 each; additional +copies at same proportionate rate. Postage prepaid. + + +THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT + + +is a distinct paper from the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. THE SUPPLEMENT is +issued weekly; every number contains 16 octavo pages, with handsome +cover, uniform in size with SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. Terms of subscription +for SUPPLEMENT, $5.00 a year, postage paid, to subscribers. Single +copies 10 cents. Sold by all news dealers throughout the country. + +COMBINED RATES.--The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and SUPPLEMENT will be sent +for one year, postage free, on receipt of _seven dollars_. Both papers +to one address or different addresses, as desired. + +The safest way to remit is by draft, postal order, or registered +letter. + +Address MUNN & CO., 37 Park Bow, N. Y. + +--> Subscriptions received and single copies of either paper sold by +all the news agents. + + + + +PUBLISHERS' NOTICE TO MAIL SUBSCRIBERS. + + +Mail subscribers will observe on the printed address of each paper the +time for which they have prepaid. Before the time indicated expires, +to insure a continuity of numbers, subscribers should remit for +another year. For the convenience of the mail clerks, they will please +also state when their subscriptions expire. + +New subscriptions will be entered from the time the order is received; +but the back numbers of either the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN or the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT will be sent from January when desired. +In this case, the subscription will date from the commencement of the +volume, and the latter will be complete for preservation or binding. + + * * * * * + + + + +VOL. XXXVII., NO. 2. [NEW SERIES.] _Thirty-second Year._ + +NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JULY 14, 1877. + + + * * * * * + + + + +TABLE OF CONTENTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, + +NO. 80, + +FOR THE WEEK ENDING JULY 14, 1877. + + +I. ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS.--Wrought Iron Bridge Designs: + by WILLIAM O. DOUGLAS. A method of construction whereby the + safety of the structure is not dependent on any single member. + 2 engravings.--Steel Wire Hawsers. + + Health and Sewage of Towns; by ALFRED CARPENTER, M.D., C.S.S. + A practical experience of the Dry system. + + Carlisle Bridge, Dublin, 1 engraving--Extinction of Fires.--Important + Dutch Enterprise. + + Foot Bridge across the River Ness at Inverness; by C. R. MANNERS, + Engineer. 13 illustrations. + + Radiating Steam Hercules for the St. Heliers' Harbor Works, Jersey. + 2 figures.--New Meat Trucks.--New Horseshoe.--Scott's Wheel-Cutting + and Moulding Machine. 3 figures. + + Compound Engine with Rope Driving Gear; by BENJAMIN GOODFELLOW, + Engineer. 3 engravings.--Differential Screw Pipe Joint. + 6 figures. + + Pipes for Gas and Other Purposes (continued from SUPPLEMENT No. + 77). Main-laying continued, with 4 figures.--Fittings of Gas and + Water Pipes; Includes the average "life" of pipes; an account of + various soils, and amount of corrosion in each; Professor Barff's + new iron-preserving process, and other processes in practical use + for preserving iron pipe; proving pipe; the utility of various + metals, and directions for pipe-laying: various fittings, + illustrated in 16 figures. + +II. TECHNOLOGY.--The Sizing of Cotton Goods; a paper read before the + Society of Arts, by W. THOMPSON, F.R.S. A very full and clear + description, embracing: An account of the process of weaving, + explaining the object and utility of size. A table of sizing + mixtures in which are enumerated all the substances used, (1) for + giving adhesive properties to the size, (2) to give weight and + body to the yarn, (3) for softening the size or yarn, and (4) for + preserving the size from mildew and decomposition. + Tests for these substances and directions for mixing, so as to + obtain the results required. Proportions of sizing. Use of flour + in size. Weighting materials, China clay and its substitutes. + "Softenings" and oils for softening. East winds. Glycerin, grape + sugar, mildew preventives, and tape sizing. "Slashing," packing, + mildew, damaged goods, etc.--Notes on Garment Dyeing. Giving + preparation of garments with cotton warps, green on garments with + cotton warps, brown on the same, etc. + +III. LIGHT, HEAT, ELECTRICITY, ETC.--On the Minute Measurements + of Modern Science. By ALFRED M. MAYER. Article IX. The dividing + engine and methods of making accurate linear scales. + 8 illustrations. + +IV. NATURAL HISTORY, ETC.--Catastrophism, or the Evolution of + Environment. An address by Clarence King before the Sheffield + Scientific School of Yale College, New Haven, Conn. + +V. AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE.--Pencils of Silver Nitrate.--The Black + Poplar.--Tree Leaves as a Fertilizer.--Improving Pastures.--Lawns + and Hay.--Thoroughbred Pigs.--Shall Country Houses have Cellars? + +VI. MISCELLANEOUS.--The New German Patent Law: being the Full + Text of the New Law for Patents, passed July 1, 1877, covering all + the States of the German Empire. + + +Terms.--SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, one year, postpaid, _five +dollars_. One copy of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and one copy of SCIENTIFIC +AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, one year, postpaid, _seven dollars_. CLUBS.--One +extra copy of the SUPPLEMENT will be supplied gratis for every club of +five SUPPLEMENT subscribers at $5.00 each. + +All the back numbers of the SUPPLEMENT, from the commencement, January +1, 1876, can be had. Price 10 cents each. + +NOW READY.--The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT for 1876, Complete +in two large volumes. Over 800 quarto pages; over 2,000 engravings. +Embracing History of the Centennial Exhibition. New Illustrated. +Instructions in Mechanical Drawing. Many valuable papers, etc. Price +five dollars for the two volumes, stitched in paper; or six dollars +and fifty cents, handsomely bound in stiff covers. + +Remit by postal order. Address + +MUNN & CO. PUBLISHERS, 37 Park Row, New York. + +--> Single copies of any desired number of the SUPPLEMENT sent to any +address on receipt of 10 cents. + + * * * * * + + + + +CARRYING PEACE INTO AFRICA. + + +To carry war into Africa has been a proverb ever since Rome vowed the +destruction of Carthage. But the Carthagenian invasion was a modern +episode in Africa's experiences of that nature. On one of the earlier +monuments of Egypt there is figured a slave-hunter's raid upon an +Ethiopian village, the horrid details of which are said by travelers +to be an accurate picture of a slave raid of to-day. The same +murderous work has been going on incessantly for at least 4,000 years: +how much longer there is no telling. For all these ages the African +borders have known war and war only, and of the most destructive and +barbarizing nature. + +Recently, under the influence of Sir Samuel Baker, Colonel Gordon, and +the civilized world in general, the Khedive of Egypt has carried war +into the interior in the interests of peace: a conquest in a measure +justified by the suppression of inter-tribal war for the filling of +slave pens, and the abolition of the slave trade down the Nile. A +similar reform has been effected on the east coast by the pressure of +English power on the Sultan of Zanzibar. And the immediate effect of +these two movements has been to prevent the butchery or enslavement of +not less than half a million negroes annually. + +A still more promising invasion of Africa has just been decided upon +in the International Geographical Conference in Brussels: an invasion +wholly in the interests of peace and civilization. At the meeting, +a year ago, it was declared advisable to establish, by international +effort, a line of permanent commercial stations from Bagomoyo, on the +coast of Zanzibar, to St. Paul de Loanda, on the opposite Atlantic +coast; the first stations to be at Ujiji, where Stanley found +Livingstone, on the eastern shore of lake Tanganyika; at Nyangwe, +Livingstone's furthest point northward on the Lualaba; and at some +point further west on the route of Cameron, to be fixed in the +dominions of Muata Yamvo, one of the most powerful chiefs of Central +Africa. At the second conference, which ended June 24, arrangements +were made for sending out the first expedition toward Tanganyika. + +The object of the proposed stations is the development of civilization +by commerce, not by religious propaganda. Primarily they will serve +as bases of operation for explorers of the interior, a sort of +_entrepôts_, where the explorer may supply himself with provisions, +instruments, and goods, and thus save the cost and embarrassment of +an army of porters from the coast. They will also serve as places of +refuge for explorers in times of sickness and other reverses, which +have hitherto so terribly hampered explorers. The heads of these +pioneer establishments are to be men of scientific training and proved +executive ability; and each will be aided by a physician-naturalist +and a few skilled artisans. The points thus far chosen are on a line +regularly traveled by the caravans of Arab traders, carrying coffee, +tea, sugar, arms, and woven goods to permanent Arab residences and +trading stations in the interior. An agent of the London Missionary +Society has already begun the survey of a route for ox teams as far +as lake Tanganyika; and Cameron has expressed the opinion that a light +narrow-gauge railway could be constructed from the coast to the lake +at a cost not exceeding four thousand dollars a mile. The traffic +along such a road, he thinks, would soon pay interest on the outlay. + +The unexplored region thus to be opened up to civilization and +commerce (other than in human beings) is larger than the United +States east of the Mississippi. Around it is a still larger region of +partially explored country of unequalled fertility, abounding in great +lakes and navigable rivers, and for the most part so high above +the sea that the products of the tropics mingle with those of +the temperate zone. The cereals, durah, maize, rice, sugar cane, +starch-yielding roots and tubers, cotton, coffee, tobacco, spices, +gums and caoutchouc, dye-stuffs and medicinal plants, the banana, +fig, date, orange, and the vine are among the known products of this +region; and all are capable of becoming important staples of foreign +commerce. The country is not less rich in coal, iron, copper, gold, +and other valuable minerals. The climate, though moist from abundant +rain, is less debilitating than India or Brazil; and everywhere, away +from the miasmatic coast regions and the marshes of the lower river +courses, European explorers have found small cause for complaining of +excessive heat or unhealthiness. On the elevated plateaus which cover +so large a part of Central Africa, the climate is like that of the +sanitariums of India; while among the mountains the finest climates of +the world are fairly rivalled. Stanley found in the mountainous region +between the great lakes and within a degree of the equator every +climatic condition and every element of landscape beauty that could +attract and delight a white colony. It was a perfect alpine country, +with mountains rising from twelve to fifteen thousand feet, yet free +from alpine cold and snow. Countless torrents from the hills watered +ever-verdant valleys as beautiful as those of Tyrol, lying under a +brilliant equatorial sun, yet with a climate as cool and equable as +any European might desire. Further south, among the mountains about +Lake Nyassa, the same features are presented on a grander scale: +a country aptly described as a second Switzerland of gigantic +proportions. + +There can be no question of the ability of Europeans to sustain +themselves in the greater part of the interior-certainly on all the +higher plateaus-nor of the possibility of building up in Central +Africa a great civilized empire. Nature offers every facility, and the +native population seem to be well fitted for productive industry. In +every respect they are physically and morally superior to the negroes +of the coast, and only need protection and the encouragement of +legitimate commerce to weld them into a great nation. Already +they stand on the borders of civilization. They are intelligent, +industrious, and not unskillful in the manufacture of iron and copper +ornaments, utensils, and weapons. The arts of tanning, spinning, +weaving, dyeing, mat-making, etc., are widely diffused among them, and +many of their products are remarkable for their fineness and +strength. They carry on agriculture with considerable success; +and, notwithstanding the chronic state of insecurity incident to +slave-hunting, their wealth in cattle is very great. As soon as the +disturbing and impoverishing influence of the slave traffic is abated, +and a market provided for the products of peace, the advancement of +the people in civilization is likely to go on with great rapidity. +As the source of raw materials which we need, and as a market for the +surplus manufactures of Europe and America, the country offers, to say +the least, many attractions; and it will not be surprising if, within +fifty years, thriving commercial stations will be founded on all +its great lakes and rivers, and connected with the outer world by +telegraphy, railways, and steamship lines. + + * * * * * + + + + +ADDRESS OF CLARENCE KING ON CATASTROPHISM. + + +Mr. Clarence King lately delivered an interesting address before the +Sheffield Scientific School of Yale College, New Haven, Conn., under +the title of "Catastrophism, or the Evolution of Environment," which +promises to evoke considerable discussion. We subjoin an abstract of +the principal features of the address, which is quite lengthy. The +full text will be found in our SUPPLEMENTS, Nos. 80, 81. + +Mr. King refuted the doctrine of slow evolution as taught by Huxley +and Darwin, and declared that the surface of the earth and climate had +been subject to sudden and catastrophic mutation, which included in +its environment all types of life. + +He reasoned that marine fossils are found entombed in rocky beds far +remote from present seas; and that these beds were once sea bottoms +that have been upheaved by convulsions of Nature. The earliest history +of mankind is pregnant with catastrophe, and we have historic story +and biblical record of its sudden and destructive energy. He called +to mind the vast and massive eruptions of the Pliocene basalt as seen +upon our own continent. + +The great obvious changes in the rocky crust were referred to a few +processes; the sub-aerial decay of continents, delivery by streams +of land-detritus into the sea, the spreading out of these comminuted +materials upon a pelagic floor, and lastly upheaval, by which oceanic +beds were lifted up into subsequent land masses. All these processes +he declared to have been more rapid in the past than now. Suddenness, +world-wide destructiveness, were the characteristics of geological +changes. Periods of calm, like the present, are suddenly terminated by +brief catastrophic epochs. Successive faunas and floras were created +only to be extinguished by general cataclysms. + +He believed in recurrent, abrupt accelerations of crust change, so +violent as to destroy all life on the globe. He declared the idea to +be the survival of a prehistoric terror, and was backed up by breaks +in the great palæontological record. Of the geologic features of +our continent, he said that beneath our America lies buried another +distinct continent, which he called Archæan America, which was made +up of what was originally ocean beds lifted into the air and locally +crumpled into vast mountain chains, which were in turn eroded by +torrents into mountain peaks. The original coast lines of this +continent we may never be able fully to survey, but its great +features, the lofty chains of the mountains which made its bones, were +very nearly co-extensive with our existing systems, the Appalachians +and Cordilleras. The cañon-cutting rivers of the present Western +mountains have dug out the peaks and flanks of those underlying, +primeval uplifts and developed an astonishing topography; peaks rising +in a single sweep 30,000 feet from their bases, precipices lifting +bold, solid fronts 10,000 feet into the air, and profound mountain +valleys. The work of erosion, which has been carried on by torrents +of the quaternary age, brings to light buried primeval chains loftier +than any of the present heights of the globe. + +At the close of the Palæzoic age, two enormous masses of what, +probably, were then continents began to sink, and as they disappeared +the present Atlantic and Pacific oceans appeared, while the sea-floor +of a then ocean, emerged, and became the new continent of America. +Dividing this new continent was a sea, but catastrophe removed this +sea and resulted in the folding up of mountain ranges 20,000 and +40,000 feet in height, thereby essentially changing the whole climate +of the continent. Of the land life of the mesozoic age we have +abundant remains. The wonderful reptilian and avian fauna of the +mesozoic age is now familiar to all. But after the catastrophe, and +the change of climate which must necessarily have ensued, this fauna +totally perished. + +After criticising the opinions of Huxley, Lyell, Hutton, Darwin, and +others, he recurred to the effects of sudden terrestrial or cosmical +changes, and conceived that the effects of these changes would +be, first, extermination; secondly, destruction of the biological +equilibrium; and thirdly, rapid morphological change on the part of +plastic species. When catastrophic change burst in upon the ages of +uniformity, and sounded in the ear of every living thing the words +"Change or die!" plasticity became the sole principle of salvation. +And plasticity is the key to survival and prosperity. Mr. King +remarked in conclusion of his address: "He who brought to bear that +mysterious energy we call life upon primeval matter bestowed at +the same time a power of development by change, arranging that the +interaction of energy and matter, which make up environment should, +from time to time, burst in upon the current of life and sweep it +onward and upward to ever higher and better manifestations. Moments of +great catastrophe, thus translated into the language of life, become +moments of creation, when out of plastic organisms something newer and +nobler is called into being." + + * * * * * + + + + +DUPLEX EDUCATION. + + +The age in which we live is a fast one, and he who does not move with +equal celerity, and keep pace with those around him, is ruthlessly +thrust to the wall, and remains there unless he has strength and will +to regain the lost position. We call to our aid every force of +Nature and invoke the assistance of every appliance with which we are +cognizant. We call our fathers slow, and to us they were so; but there +was the same need of celerity in their every-day life as to-day there +is in ours. + +While calling to our aid the elements of Nature and adapting thousands +of mechanical appliances to our wants, do we not often feel that there +is beyond all these a "something" that may be invoked and trained to +help us on in the race of life? Occasionally we find dim glimmerings +of this "something" that we believe will eventually grow to be one of +the prominent sciences. Physiologists tell us that the human brain is +double, that the right and left lobes act in a degree independent of +each other--the right lobe of the brain controlling the physiology of +the left side of the individual from head to heel, while the left lobe +exercises a like dominion on the opposite side. Grant this to be true, +then can be explained the idiosyncrasy that is occasionally seen in +individuals, of which we may instance that of writing at the same +time with both hands; and again we have heard of telegraph operators +sending and receiving two messages at the same time, operating with +both hands, and independent of each other. It is said that Nasmyth, +the inventor of the steam hammer, could actually produce two sketches +or drawings in this way and at the same time. It is also affirmed that +Sir Charles Fox, the architect of the Exhibition building of 1851, +could write upon two ideas at the same time and transfer these ideas +simultaneously to paper with right and left hand. The mechanic can +often be found who can operate upon one piece of mechanism, while at +the same time his brain is busy upon the study of some unborn idea, +foreign to that work upon which he is laboring. Writers can be found +who can write out one train of ideas, while ideas entirely different +are being cogitated upon somewhere in their craniums. We have even +heard it affirmed that an indistinct glimmering of a third idea would +occasionally peep around the corner of the caputs of these favored +ones. + +Why not educate this? Why not form schools and institutions to bring +it out and lead the brain to perform this double function? It can +certainly be done. The world wants it, surely. The age demands it. +Individuals need it. If these individuals can succeed and become +experts in this method of double work, will not double compensation +and a greater remuneration be their reward? This, certainly, will be +an incentive to its acquirement. Go to the apprentice when first he +takes position beside the vise, with chipping chisel in one hand and +hammer in the other. The injunction he mentally receives as he raises +the hammer is, that to miss the chisel is to hit his knuckles. After +a few demonstrative blows he knows what it means, and therefore chisel +and hammer soon come by some strange process to harmonize in action, +so that in whatever position the head of the chisel may be, the blow +is sure to be properly received, and that, too, without any sensible +effort on his part. In this illustration both right and left hand are +taught to act, by brain dictation, in a certain concerted manner. + +Again, we find that mutes have been learned to articulate words +and sentences by proper education, they being taught to imitate the +motions of the mouth and labial organs as by their tutors directed. +Education can do much, and these are some of its results. Can we not +by proper teaching produce all the results as shown in the case of +Nasmyth and Fox. The first lessons must necessarily be simple. For +instance, two things done at the same time with both hands, giving +expression at this time to ideas connected therewith, but distinct +from each other. From this simple lesson we progress, and, as the +ultimatum, we may arrive at greater achievements than Nasmyth or Fox +ever dreamed of. We may find that we can so divide our entity that we +can be conscious of a double-brain existence in a dual action. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE CARRIGEEN CROP. + + +To the great majority of people, Carrigeen, under the more familiar +name of Irish Moss, is known chiefly as the basis of a pleasant and +wholesome drink for the sick room, or as an article of use in the +preparation of delicacies for the table. Comparatively few are aware +of its wide and varied use in the arts, or that the thousands of +barrels of it employed annually by our manufacturers of paper, cloth, +felt, and straw hats, etc., and by brewers, is not an Irish, but an +American product, and, speaking strictly, is not a moss but a seaweed. + +Carrigeen (_chondrus crispus_) is to be found more or less abundantly +all along our northern coast, ranging between the low water line +and the depth of forty feet, or so; but as a rule its fronds, which +correspond to the leaves of air plants, are so numerously inhabited by +small mollusca that they are spoiled for other use. The clean-growing +article seems to be limited almost wholly to certain ledges in the +neighborhood of Scituate, Mass.--a section of coast guarded by the +celebrated Minot Ledge Lighthouse, and famous for its danger to +shipping. Here, where the waves of the Atlantic dash with full force +upon the rocky coast, the carrigeen grows to perfection; and wherever +it escapes the spawn of mussels and other shellfish, is gathered +during the summer season in vast quantities. + +The harvest begins in May and ends about the first of September. The +gathering is made in two ways--by hand-picking during exceptionally +low tides, and by means of long-handled iron-toothed rakes at ordinary +tides. Of course the work cannot be carried on except during fair +weather. Hand-pulling is possible only during the bi-monthly periods +of spring tides, that is, when the moon is full and again at new moon. +At such times high tide occurs about midday and midnight, and the +ledges are exposed for moss gathering morning and evening. The +mossers' boats are rowed to the rocks where the finest grades abound, +and the gatherers select with great care the growths that are freest +from minute shells and other foreign matter. This portion of the crop, +if properly handled afterwards, generally goes to the apothecary and +fetches a price two or three times that of the common grade. + +As the tide rises the pickers are driven to their boats, and proceed +to the outer moss-bearing rocks where the rake is used, as it also is +during ordinary low tides. Moss taken in this way is not so clean as +the hand-picked, and is always mixed with tape grass, which must be +removed during the process of curing and packing. + +The curing of the moss is the most critical part of this peculiar +farming. On being brought to the shore the moss is black and +unsightly; it must be bleached as well as dried. The bleaching is +effected by repeated wetting and drying in the sun; and as the moss +is readily soluble in fresh water the bleaching beds are situated +near the banks of the salt creeks that abound along the shore. After +drying, the moss is packed in tubs and rolled to the water, where it +is thoroughly washed, then rolled back to the bleaching bed, to +be dried again in the sun. Five or six such exposures are usually +sufficient. On the bleaching ground, the moss is carefully spread +and turned, and watchfully guarded against wetting by rain. In this +process it turns from black to red, then to the yellowish-white of the +perfected article. When properly cured the moss is stored in bulk, +in shanties; where, as time permits, it is picked over and packed in +barrels. The crop averages about half a million pounds a year; and +thanks to the brighter and more abundant sunshine of our coast, the +moss has a brighter color and is of finer quality than the Irish +product. + + * * * * * + + + + +CATASTROPHISM IN GEOLOGY. + + +Mr. Clarence King was probably not a little surprised to learn from +the Tribune that in his most suggestive address on "Catastrophism and +the Evolution of Environment," he had turned the guns of Geology upon +Biology; and that in calling attention to the influence of periods of +accelerated change in environment upon exposed types of life he had +swept away the "fundamental doctrines upon which has been built the +scheme of development by natural selection and the survival of the +fittest." Certainly nothing in the address betrays any consciousness +of possible effects of that sort. And it is quite probable also that +Mr. King will have to suffer some annoyance from seeing his name set +up at gaze, like Joshua's moon in Ajalon, by the unscientific press +generally, as that of the newest champion of orthodoxy against the +leaders of modern scientific thought: a penalty which scientific men +always have to pay for emphasizing neglected truths. + +Mr. King certainly deals some telling blows against the position of +the stricter school of Uniformitarians in geology, and brings into +prominence a much neglected element in the struggle for existence; but +there is no scientific revolution threatened, nor are any crumbs of +comfort spread for those endeavoring to arrest the natural drift of +scientific progress. + +The issue between Mr. King and the sticklers for uniformity in rates +of geological change is simply this: In the reaction against the +sweeping cataclysms, the sudden wipings out of whole creations and +the sudden introductions of new worlds of life believed in by earlier +geologists, the modern English school has come to look upon time and +the slower modifications of the earth's surface, now observable, with +the struggle for existence under easy conditions, as the chief factors +in geological change and its accompanying variations in the forms of +life. Mr. King, on the other hand, insists that in so doing they have +taken too little account of catastrophic changes, that is, widespread +and sudden movements of sea and land. In other words, he raises rapid +change of environment from the subordinate place it has hitherto +occupied in the scheme of historical development, and gives special +emphasis to the grand geologic movements which have to do with such +changes. + +In this Mr. King has unquestionably rendered good service to the +science he has done so much to extend and honor in the field; while +the illustrations from American geology which he brings to bear on the +subject are as likely as his sturdy opinions to attract attention. +Yet we are inclined to think that in some things he has allowed his +enthusiasm to run away with him. The stolid self-confidence of +extreme Uniformitarians has tempted him to exaggerate the periodic +accelerations of geologic and biologic movement, and to overstate +their effects quite as much as others have underestimated them; +and when he charges the followers of Lyell with intellectual +near-sightedness and a lack of "the very mechanism of imagination," +they may possibly be able to retort not unjustifiably that he has +mistaken the natural foreshortening of the geological vista due to +distance for actual brevity; and that his belief in the abruptness and +suddenness of the great changes which the earth's strata record, may +be due to his own lack of sustained imaginative power for grasping and +interpreting all the evidences of the enormous time really involved. +But this is a question not of imaginative capacity but of logical +deduction from observed facts; and however abrupt the beginning of +some of the great geologic movements may have been, their subsequent +progress cannot in all cases have been so rapid as to allow of their +being called catastrophic in any ordinary acceptation of the term. + +Take, for example, the alleged catastrophe which marked the close of +the mesozoic age in the West. Of this movement Mr. King remarks: "In +a quasi-uniformitarian way, 20,000 or 30,000 feet of sediment had +accumulated in the Pacific and 14,000 in the [American] mediterranean +sea; when these regions, which, during the reception of sediment, +had been areas of subsidence, suddenly upheaved, the doming up of the +middle of the continent quite obliterating the mediterranean sea and +uniting the two land masses into one. The catastrophe which removed +this sea resulted in the folding up of mountain ranges 20,000 and +40,000 feet in height, thereby essentially changing the whole climate +of the continent." + +That this great change occurred, and was attended with an obliteration +of the wonderful reptilian and avian fauna of the mesozoic age, is +most true: that it occurred suddenly does not appear. On the contrary, +there is evidence to show that the prodigious folding up of mountain +ranges involved could not have proceeded with sufficient rapidity to +turn the course of a stream of water. It happened that one of those +folds--one which, had no denudation been going on meanwhile, +would have lifted its crest higher than the highest peak of the +Himalayas--lay directly across the course of the Colorado river. The +river held its course uninterruptedly, sawing its way through the +uplift until six vertical miles of rocky strata had risen past it. At +no time, therefore, could the rapidity of motion in the bulging strata +have exceeded the capacity of the river to wear away the obstruction, +and the bulge was fifty miles across! We do not know how rapidly a +river may sink its channel through such a rising barrier; but we do +know that a process of that nature cannot legitimately be described +as swift or sudden. And surely it requires not less intellectual +far-sightedness and imaginative faculty to carry the mind across the +enormous stretch of time involved in such a change slowly wrought--a +period during which at least three vertical miles of the rising +mountain fold was worn down by rain and atmospheric abrasion--as to +mass the continental doming, the mountain folding, and the attendant +life changes together as a convulsive "catastrophe." + +Mr. King, however, is not a Catastrophist of a very violent sort. He +shelves among the errors of the past the belief in such cataclysms as +Cuvier believed in, involving world-wide destruction of all life--"the +mere survival of a prehistoric terror, backed up by breaks in the +palæontological record and protected within those safe cities of +refuge, the Cosmogonies;" though he rejects as equally unsatisfactory +the mild affirmations of the Uniformitarians, that existing rates +of change and indefinite time are enough to account for all the +geological record. With our present light, he holds, geological +history seems to be a dovetailing together of the two ideas. "The ages +have had their periods of geological serenity, when change progressed +in the still, unnoticeable way, and life through vast lapses of +time followed the stately flow of years; drifting on by insensible +gradations through higher and higher forms, and then all at once +a part of the earth suffered short, sharp, destructive revolution +unheralded as an earthquake or volcanic eruptions." Thus stated, his +position does not seem to be radically different from that of +the broader Uniformitarians, except that he marks the periods of +accelerated physical change, and not those of comparative quiescence, +as the dominant ones in their influence on life-change. He takes +high and strong ground, too, in insisting that it is the business +of geology not simply to decipher and map out the changes which have +taken place in the configuration of the globe and in its climatic +conditions, but also to investigate and fix the rates of change. And +when the evolution of environment takes form as a distinct branch of +geology, he expects to witness a marked modification in the dominant +views of biologists. Its few broad laws will include "neither the +absolute uniformitarianism of Lyell and Hutton, Darwin and Haeckel, +nor the universal catastrophism of Cuvier and the majority of +teleogists." "Huxley alone among prominent evolutionists opens the +door for a union of the residue of truth in the two schools, fusing +them in his proposed evolutional geology." + +So, on looking back over a trail of thirty thousand miles of +geological travel, Mr. King is impelled to say that Mr. Huxley's +far-sighted view perfectly satisfies his interpretation of the broad +facts of the American continent. + +Of Mr. King's observations in regard to plasticity of physical +structure in connection with rapidly changing environment and the +struggle for existence, we propose to speak at another time. + + * * * * * + + + + +The great stone monuments of England, like Stonehenge, are supposed, +by Mr. James Fergusson, to be military trophies, erected in the time +of King Arthur on the battle fields by the victorious armies. + + * * * * * + + + + +A NEW APPARATUS FOR STORING AND UTILIZING SOLAR HEAT. + + +The apparatus herewith illustrated is devised to collect solar heat or +other heat, store it up in a heat reservoir--a mass of iron or other +suitable material--confine it in the reservoir until needed, keep +it in such form that it can be transported from place to place, and +utilize it for industrial or other purposes. + +[Illustration: APPARATUS FOR STORING AND UTILIZING SOLAR HEAT.] + +A is a concave mirror for concentrating the solar rays upon the heat +reservoir, B, which is a mass of iron. C is the heat box for +confining the heat until needed, and also for serving as package for +transporting the heat reservoir when hot. G is the heat reservoir +chamber, in which the heat is communicated from the hot reservoir to +the air. Under certain circumstances the heat reservoir may be heated +in the heat reservoir chamber. H is a devaporizing chamber, for +extracting the moisture from the air by means of a deliquescent +substance or other material or treatment. A vertical stack or flue, I, +communicates with the heat reservoir chamber, for conveying the heated +air away for use. + +The device for concentrating the solar rays may be either stationary +or movable, and, if movable, may be moved by hand, or automatically, +to follow the sun. The various chambers mentioned will have valves, +J, at the ends to regulate the passage of the air, and there will be a +door, K, at the side or bottom. + +Patented through the Scientific American Patent Agency, March +20, 1877, by Messrs. John S. Hittell and Geo. W. Deitzler, of San +Francisco, Cal. + + * * * * * + + + + +PHOSPHORESCENT SWEATING. + + +While the subject of phosphorescence in marine animals was under +discussion at a society meeting in Florence, Professor Panceri cited +the case of a medical man, who, after eating fish, felt indisposed, +had nausea, and sweats that were luminous. This idiosyncrasy was laid +to the _pesce baudiera_, a Neapolitan fish. Dr. Borgiotti, another +member of the Academy, also narrated a case of phosphorescent sweating +in a patient with miliaria, a fact which has previously been noticed. + + * * * * * + + + + +UTILIZATION OF TIN SCRAP. + + +Messrs. Charles A. Catlin and George F. Wilson, of Providence, R. +I., have patented, May 8, 1877, a new process of utilizing tin scrap, +whereby they claim the tin is recovered, either as a valuable salt +of that metal or in the metallic form, and the iron or other metal is +left as a scrap at once available for reworking. + +[Illustration: CALLIN AND WILSON'S PROCESS OF UTILIZING TIN SCRAP.] + +In any suitable building, a crane, A, is erected and placed in the +sweep of that crane; in any convenient order are a boiler, D, two +tanks, B and C, an evaporating pan, F, and an additional tank, E. +From the crane is suspended a wire basket to contain the scrap to be +treated, so perforated as to admit of the ready entrance of the liquid +when submerged in, and its ready escape when withdrawn from, the +boiler, D, in which boiler is put a sufficient quantity of the +solution of caustic soda or potash to allow of a complete submersion +therein of the basket and its contents. The basket, G, is then filled +with the material to be treated, sprinkling in during the filling the +requisite quantity of common salt or other chloride and nitrate +of soda or other nitrate, using these dry, not in solution, either +previously mixed or shaken in together in the proportion of from three +to five pounds each to every hundred pounds of scrap, the requisite +quantity depending upon the thickness of the thin [tin?] plate to be +removed. The loaded basket, being elevated by the crane, A, is +then swung round, and, by lowering, submerged in the hot or boiling +solution of caustic soda or potash in the iron boiler, D, which may +hold in solution a further proportion of the chloride and nitrate +used, the heat of which solution is maintained by a fire beneath the +boiler, or in any other and ordinary way. In the ensuing reaction the +oxygen of the nitrate combines with the tin to form stannic acid, and +this, in turn, combining with the alkali present, forms a stannate +of that base, which, entering into solution, leaves the before-plated +metal tin-free, the chloride present assisting in the reaction. A +further and more complex reaction takes place, by which copious fumes +of ammonia are evolved, which may be utilized by proper appliances. +When the reaction is complete, the basket containing the now tin-freed +scrap is withdrawn from the boiler, and suspended above it long enough +to drain. It is then swung over the tank, C, containing water, in +which it is washed by submerging and withdrawing several times, and +in like manner the washing completed in the water of the tank, B. The +contents of the basket being now discharged, it is again filled with +fresh scrap in the manner already described, and the process repeated. +The loss by evaporation from the boiler, D, is supplied by the wash +water in the tank, C; this, in turn, being supplied by the wash water +in the tank, B, to which fresh water is supplied as required. When +the caustic solution is sufficiently charged with the tin salt, it +is allowed to deposit the impure crystals, which, being removed and +drained, are redissolved in water in the iron tank, E. This solution +in the iron tank, E, after filtration or decantation, is again +concentrated in the evaporating pan, F, the crystals of stannate being +removed from time to time, drained and dried; or the impure crystals +obtained in the boiler, D, may be mixed with fine charcoal or other +reducing agent, and subjected to the requisite heat for the reduction +of the tin to the metallic form. + + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW ALLOY. + + +A very beautiful new alloy, intended to replace brass in various +ornamental uses, especially in window and door furniture, has been +invented by W. A. Hopkins, of Paris. The alloy is composed of copper, +tin, spelter, or zinc and lead, which metals are manipulated. A +crucible is placed in the furnace and fired to red heat, and into the +crucible thus heated the metals are placed in the proportions of--tin +1-1/8 (say) 1 oz., spelter or zinc ½ oz., lead 5/16 of an ounce. These +are the proportions he prefers to use, as he has found them to give +excellent and satisfactory results, but he does not intend to confine +himself rigidly to the precise proportions named, as they may, +perhaps, be slightly varied in some particulars without materially +detracting from the beautiful color of the alloy which it is +intended to produce. The molten metals are kept well stirred, and +any impurities therein should be removed. When thoroughly mixed, +this alloy, which is termed the first alloy, is poured off into ingot +moulds and left to cool. Copper, in the proportion of eight parts to +one of this first alloy, is then placed in the crucible and brought +to melting heat, when the tin or first alloy is added and intimately +mixed with the copper, for which purpose the molten mass must be well +stirred for several minutes; it is then poured into ingot moulds for +sale in the form of ingots, or it may be poured into pattern moulds so +as to produce the articles required. This is the mode of manipulation +which it is preferred to employ, as an opportunity is thus afforded of +removing any impurities from the first alloy before mixing it with the +copper; but all the metals may, if preferred, be mixed together in the +proportions given and melted at one operation. By this means an alloy +is obtained of great strength, and of a very beautiful appearance, and +which is particularly suitable for small work, such, for instance, as +window and door furniture and other house furniture which is usually +made in brass or other alloy of copper, though it is not intended to +confine its use to such articles. + + * * * * * + + + + +SEBASTIN--AN IMPROVED EXPLOSIVE. + + +In the manufacture of the explosive known as dynamite, an infusorial +earth is used, which is filled with or made to absorb nitroglycerin. +As compared with certain kinds of charcoal, however, the absorptive +and retentive power of infusorial earth in small changes of +temperature unfavorably affect the common dynamite, and cause a +separation of the nitrogylcerin from the infusorial earth. The +improvement we now refer to is the invention of G. Fahnehjelm, of +Stockholm, Sweden, and consists in the substitution of a highly +porous and absorptive species of wood charcoal, in place of the +earth heretofore employed. The author designates his production as +"sebastin," and gives a number of interesting particulars as follow: + +In order to produce a charcoal having the required quantities, the +carbonization or coking must be done in such a manner as to completely +destroy the organic substances, and to produce as porous a charcoal as +possible. For this he selects by preference young trees or striplings +or branches of poplar, hazelwood, or alder tree, and he burns them in +an open fire. When the wood has been consumed he does not put out the +fire by means of water, but leaves it to go out of itself. In this +way he obtains a very inflammable and very porous charcoal, which can +absorb more than five, and approaching six times its weight of +nitroglycerin without any risk of the separation of the oil. The +charcoal is pulverized in a wooden mortar, but it should not be +reduced to too fine a powder, else it will not so completely absorb +the nitroglycerin. The charcoal produced in the ordinary way, or by +closed fire, is quite different as regards absorbing power. Charcoal +of fir trees may, however, be used, and may acquire nearly the same +qualities, that is, if charred a second time in a special oven. + +By mixing the different kinds of charcoal, a material may be obtained +possessing the required absorbing qualities, and an explosive compound +may then be obtained of the required power without loss of the +necessary consistency--that is, without being too dry, which is not +desirable. The charcoal not only serves as the best absorbent for the +nitroglycerin, but it plays also an important part in the combustion. +The nitroglycerin in exploding decomposes into steam, carbonic acid, +nitrogen, and oxygen. In the explosion of dynamite with inert base the +oxygen goes away without being utilized, but in the explosion of this +new compound (the new sebastin as he calls it) a part of the absorbent +charcoal is burnt by means of the liberated oxygen. The quantity of +gas is thus augmented, and also the development of heat, whereby again +the tension of this gas is augmented. As, however, the quantity of +charcoal necessary for the complete absorption of the nitroglycerin +is in all cases much larger than that which can reduce the excess of +oxygen produced at the explosion into carbonic acid, he adds to the +compound a salt, which also by the combustion gives an excess amount +of oxygen which may contribute to burn the rest of the charcoal. For +this purpose he uses by preference nitrate of potassa, which may be +added without any risk, and which gives the explosive compound a very +much greater rapidity or vehemence, and consequent force of explosion. + +The composition of the new sebastin depends upon the objects for which +it is to be used, and the effects intended to be produced. The +strongest compound, and even in this there is stated to be no risk of +the separation of the nitroglycerin, is composed of 78 parts by +weight of nitroglycerin, 14 of the wood charcoal, and 8 of nitrate of +potassa; and when less power is required the proportions are +varied, the second quality consisting of 68 per cent. by weight of +nitroglycerin, 20 of the charcoal, and 12 of nitrate of potassa. + +To show the relative strength of the compounds, the inventor says: Let +the dynamic force of pure nitroglycerin be represented by the number +2,884,043.6, then the dynamic force of the sebastin No. 1, as +above, will be indicated by 2,416,575, and of the sebastin No. 2 by +1,933,079.4, while that of dynamite No. 1 (consisting of 75 per +cent. of nitroglycerin and 25 per cent. of infusorial earth) will be +represented by 674,694. + +For the above qualities of sebastin the increased effect produced by +the greater rapidity of the explosion must be taken into account also. +The increase has not yet been measured, but is estimated at 10 per +cent. The sebastin may also be compounded in other proportions of the +constituent parts, but the object being to produce explosive compounds +of the greatest force which it is possible to employ without danger, +he merely mentions that the proportion by weight may vary from 50 +to 80 per cent. of nitroglycerin, 15 to 35 per cent. of the prepared +charcoal, and 5 to 20 per cent. of the nitrate of potassa; the parts +being taken by weight, as above stated. + + * * * * * + + + + +A NEW METHOD OF BOOKBINDING. + + +The annexed engravings represent a new system of binding books, +for which a number of important advantages are claimed. It obviates +stitching, allows of each leaf being firmly secured, and hence is +especially well suited for single-leaved books. It admits of plates +and maps being bound in their proper places instead of being pasted +in, and renders the book much stronger and more durable. The inventor +claims a saving of 40 to 75 per cent of the time required for +stitching, and of 50 per cent of the time needed in ordinary rebinding +work. + +[Illustration: Bookbinding Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4] + +The mode of operation is as follows: On receiving the sheets, the +binder folds them and places them in consecutive order, according to +the printer's signature. The front and bottom edges of the book are +then trimmed so as to obtain two straight sides; and the backs of the +sheets are cut off, transforming them into single leaves. Horizontal +lines are now marked with pencil across the back of the book for the +saw cuts; and a diagonal line, A, B, Fig. 2, is drawn to serve as a +guide in replacing the leaves in their proper places. A thin coat of +glue is next applied to the back; and when this is dry, the book is +divided into sections of from four to eight leaves (without counting +them) entirely disregarding the printer's signatures, but placing the +sheets in their original order. The binder places the first section +removed at his right hand, the next at his left, and so on, forming +two piles. Each pile is then straightened, and in the back of each, a +little below the transverse lines, are made bevel cuts with the saw. +Said cuts are 1/8 inch in length, inclined at an angle of +45°, and so placed that one half their length is above and the other +half below the marked line. When one pile of sheets is thus sawn, the +other pile is similarly treated; but the corresponding cuts are made +at relatively opposite angles. This will be understood from Fig. 1, in +which C represents the edge of the right hand pile, for example, and D +that of the left hand pile. + +The sections of each pile are now returned in their regular order, +according to the printer's signatures. Should a section have been +misplaced, the diagonal line, being thus broken, will show the fact. +It will be seen, however, that this arrangement involves the alternate +use of sheets from each pile, so that, when all are put together, the +beveled cuts will cross or form dovetails, as shown in Fig. 3. Half +inch strips of white paper muslin, E, Fig. 4, are next pasted around +the back edges of the first and last sections. This is done to +strengthen the hold of the twines in the back of the book, said +sections necessarily bearing the whole strain of the covers. The twine +used corresponds in size to the holes made by the coincidence of the +beveled saw cuts. This twine is passed through the holes by means of a +blunt darning needle. The back of the book is shown in Fig. 2; and in +Fig. 4 the twines are represented as passed. Nothing further remains +to be done but to paste in the fly-leaves and lining, and finish the +book in the usual manner. + +It is evident that this a very much stronger method of securing the +leaves than that in which the twine is simply laid and glued in a +straight cut. Each leaf is independently fastened; and the thread is +prevented from cutting through, as is commonly the case when the book +has been used to any great extent. Books can be bound to open more or +less as desired; and in rebinding, instead of taking the book apart +and cutting threads, a thin shaving is sliced off the back, and the +leaves are treated in the manner already described. + +Patented March 20, 1877, by Mr. Florenz E. Schmitz. For further +information, address Messrs. Schmitz and Slosson, box 1180, +Middletown, Orange county, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + + + +IMPROVED CURTAIN FIXTURE. + + +We illustrate herewith an improved curtain fixture, which may be +adjusted to windows or curtains of different widths, and is adapted +for use in connection with different means for raising and lowering +the curtain. Fig. 1 represents the device in place, a portion of the +cornice being broken away to exhibit it; and Fig. 2 shows the same in +detail. + +[Illustration: Improved Curtain Fixture Figs. 1 and 2] + +Attached to the cornice are guides, A, in which are sliding loops, B. +The latter may be adjusted to suit the position of the hooks placed in +the window case to sustain the cornice, so that said hooks need not be +set with any particularity. The curtain roller, C, has both its ends +screw-threaded, to receive hollow pulleys, as shown. The spindles +projecting from these pulleys are inclosed in coiled springs which +press against the bearings, D, and so hold the shade in any position +in which it may be placed. The bearings, D, are clasped in the ways, +A, and are laterally adjustable. Sliding blocks are also arranged in +said ways, and through each block passes a set screw, E. It will be +perceived that the bearings may be readily adjusted to curtains of +different widths, and the parts may afterward be locked in position by +the set screws, E. The curtain may be raised or lowered by cords wound +on the hollow pulleys. + +Patented December 5, 1876, by Mr. K. J. Pospisil. For further +particulars relative to sale of patent, address the Penn Patent +Agency, 133 South Second street, Philadelphia, Pa. + + * * * * * + + + + +BOOT AND SHOE MACHINERY. + + +[Illustration: Boot and Shoe Machinery Fig. 1] + +No manufacturers have taken greater advantage of the ingenuity of the +mechanical engineer than the American boot and shoe makers. Nearly +every operation in the complex process of evolving finished boots +from the plain skins of leather is the object of a special class of +machinery; and for several years past, we have weekly chronicled the +patenting of several improvements in the devices for effecting some +of the numerous operations. We present herewith a series of eight +labor-saving machines of the most approved construction, which we +select from Knight's "American Mechanical Dictionary."[1] + +[Footnote 1: Published in numbers by Messrs. Hurd & Houghton, New York +city.] + +Fig. 1 is a shoe-edge trimmer, in which the shoe is mounted on a +jack, the carriage of which has a motion of translation and rotation +communicated to it: so that, while the side of the sole is being +trimmed, the shoe is fed longitudinally against the knife, but at the +toe and heel is rotated beneath it. The knife is universally jointed, +to permit the hands of the operator to determine the different bevels +cut. + +[Illustration: Boot and Shoe Machinery Fig. 2] + +Fig. 2 is an ingenious little machine for placing the eyelets of the +lace holes in position, and fastening them. The eyelets are fed, one +by one, from the reservoir at the top, down the inclined ways, and are +seized at the foot between the plunger and anvil, and they are riveted +in their proper places in the shoe or strip of leather, which is held +and fed by the operator. + +[Illustration: Boot and Shoe Machinery Fig. 3] + +Fig. 3 is a machine in which a shoe or boot is chucked and revolved +against a burnishing tool, to impart a smooth and elegant finish to +the heel. Our engraving shows a machine with what is called in the +trade a "hot kit," a heated burnishing tool, with a flexible gas pipe +of sufficient length, which follows the oscillations of the burnishing +stock, _a_, and which conveys gas to the interior of the tool, where +it is burnt in a jet. The tool is made to reciprocate over the surface +of the heel, passing from breast to breast at each oscillation with an +elastic pressure. + +[Illustration: Boot and Shoe Machinery Fig. 4] + +Fig. 4 is a machine for pressing together the "lifts" which compose +a boot or shoe heel, thus dispensing with the handiwork of the +hammer and lapstone. The bed is adjusted vertically by a screw to any +thickness to which the blank heel may be built; and the plunger is +brought down by the depression of the treadle with such force as to +compact the lifts together. + +Fig. 5 shows a heel-pricking machine. When the lifts of the heel are +fairly pressed together by the appliance shown in Fig. 4, the pricking +machine pierces the necessary holes through all the lifts at once by +a gang of awls. The compressed heels are first secured together by +tacking, and then placed on the platen; and the plunger, with its gang +of awls, descends with great force. + +Fig. 6 is a heel trimmer, known in the trade as the Coté trimmer. The +shoe is held stationary by the treadle clamp; and the knife stock, +which is centrally pivoted to the outer plate or jaw bearing upon the +tread lift, is then grasped in the hands of the operator, and moved to +give a sweeping cut to trim the heel. + +Fig. 7 is a machine for pressing boot soles. Beneath the crosshead of +the press is a swinging bed, on each end of which is a form, in order +that a shoe may remain under pressure upon one while the operator +is placing another shoe on the other. The pressure is given by the +treadle, which brings down the upper platen on the channeled sole. + +[Illustration: Boot and Shoe Machinery Fig. 5] + +[Illustration: Boot and Shoe Machinery Fig. 6] + +[Illustration: Boot and Shoe Machinery Fig. 7] + + * * * * * + + + + +ON DYSPEPSIA. + + +At a late meeting of the Harveian Society, of London, Dr. Farquharson +read a paper on this subject. Attention was directed to the state of +the tongue in dyspepsia. A deeply fissured tongue often meant little; +whereas a thin white fur, composed of minute dots, was generally found +along with pain immediately after food. Pain after a longer interval +was accompanied by a pale, flabby tongue, with reddish tip and center. +The treatment of dyspepsia consisted of two parts, that of food +and that of drugs. The latter was the principal part with patients +applying for gratuitous relief. The pain occurring immediately after +food was usually relieved by alkalies; whereas acids were indicated +where suffering was not experienced until an hour or two after the +commencement of the digestive act. For the relief of the nausea and +sickness remaining after the bowels were thoroughly cleansed, nothing +was so effectual as hourly drop doses of ipecacuanha wine. Nux vomica +was also a valuable remedy. Pain might be but the protest of the +stomach against an overload, or be the result of deficient tone from +general nervous exhaustion. In some cases each meal was followed by +diarrh[oe]a; and for these cases attention was directed to Ringer's +plan of minute doses of the liquor hydrargyri perchloridi In speaking +of diet, Dr. Farquharson pointed out that there are three forms of +dyspepsia: 1. The dyspepsia of fluids, as it is called, where the +stomach seems intolerant of all forms of fluid; 2. The digestive +derangement following intemperance in the matter of animal food; and, +3. The dyspepsia connected with indulgence in tea, or other warm and +weak infusions of tannin. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE DESTRUCTIVE EFFECTS OF LIGHTNING. + + +The amount of destruction of life and property by lightning, or rather +electrical discharges, has been very great throughout the world. + +It is estimated that at least 45 persons are killed annually by +lightning in this country. The average number of deaths by lightning +has been 22 in England, 9 in Switzerland, 3 in Belgium, and 75 in +France. In France alone, during a period of thirty years, over 10,000 +persons were smitten, of which 2,252 were instantly killed. Eighty +were wounded and 9 killed during one thunderstorm at Châteauneuf les +Montiers in 1861, and within one week, when the air was highly charged +with electricity, thirty-three fearful flashes of lightning were +observed, each bringing death to some victims. + +During the sixteen years between 1799 and 1816, 156 vessels of the +British navy were struck by lightning; 73 men were killed and 138 +injured, and the loss of materials amounted to over a million dollars; +but since the system of metallic conductors, adapted for vessels, +devised by Sir W. Snow Harris, has been applied to the vessels in that +navy, the losses and damages by lightning have almost entirely ceased, +although the number of vessels has been greatly increased. + +In Fuller's Church History it is stated that "scarcely a great +abbey in England exists which once, at least, was not burned down by +lightning from heaven." + +On the night of April, 1718, twenty-four steeples were struck along +the coast of Brittany; and on the 11th of January, 1815, twelve +steeples suffered a similar fate in the Rhenish provinces. + +On the 27th of July, 1759, lightning burnt all the woodwork of the +great cathedral at Strasbourg; and on the 14th of August, 1833, it was +struck three times within a quarter of an hour, and so much damaged +that the repairs cost about $6,000,000. In 1835 lightning conductors +were placed upon the building and steeple, and since then it has +not been damaged whatever by lightning, although discharges have on +several occasions occurred in line with the top of the steeple, which +is 437 feet above the ground. + +On the 18th of August, 1769, the Tower of St. Nazaire, at Brescia, +was struck, and the subterranean powder magazine, containing 2,076,000 +lbs. of powder, belonging to the Republic of Venice, was exploded. +One sixth of the whole town was laid in ruins and the rest very much +injured, and about 3,000 persons killed. + +On the 26th of June, 1807, the powder magazine of Luxembourg, +containing 28,000 lbs., was struck, and besides about 30 persons +killed and 200 injured, the town was ruined. + +Explosions and large fires, involving a great loss, have become rather +frequent in this country, owing to the iron tanks used for the storage +of petroleum being struck by lightning. From March to August, in 1876, +over 10,000,000 gallons, and on April 19, 1877, over 2,000,000 gallons +of oil, and the village of Troutman, were destroyed in the oil regions +of Pennsylvania. + +Some of the thunderstorms which have prevailed in this country have +been very terrific and destructive. During August 14th, 15th, and +16th, 1872, portions of New York State and the New England States were +visited by some of the most terrific thunderstorms ever experienced, +during which over 200 dwellings were struck and damaged, about 10 +persons were instantly killed, and 160 stunned. Quite a number of +barns, with their contents, hay and cattle, were also struck, fired, +and consumed. Cars, while running on some of the railroads, were +surrounded by a vivid electric light, but no passengers were injured, +although they were greatly alarmed. Telegraph wires were melted by the +half mile, telegraph instruments broken, and poles shattered in all +directions. One of these storms occurred at midnight, at Arlington, +Mass., August 14th, in which brilliant streams of electricity darted +across the sky in every direction, and the thunder which followed was +constant for a period of thirteen minutes, without the intermission +of an instant of silence. Three hundred and thirty-one discharges +were counted in seven minutes by an observer, and each discharge was +followed by loud and sometimes rattling reports, whose reverberations +rolled through the heavens in an endless procession of majestic and +terrific sounds. During this scene, the moon, which was about half an +hour above the western horizon, was visible, but so magnified, through +the haze and vapor, as to appear like a brilliant flame suspended in +the sky. For a period of twenty minutes the scene was one of grandeur +and sublimity rarely witnessed. + +In the States of Illinois and Iowa, and the prairie country west of +the Mississippi river, thunderstorms are generally more terrific, and +more lives have been lost there from the effects of lightning than +in any other section of this country. Owing to the said country being +level and devoid of trees, the equilibrium between the electricity +of the atmosphere and that of the earth is principally restored by +disruptive discharges.--_Spang's "Treatise on Lightning Protection"_ + + * * * * * + + + + +A tooth of a mastodon has been dug up near the Ashley river in South +Carolina. It is 11½ inches long, 6 inches in diameter, and weighs more +than 5 lbs. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE SEA SERPENT SIGHTED FROM A ROYAL YACHT. + + +The Osborne, paddle royal yacht, Commander Hugh L. Pearson, which +arrived at Portsmouth from the Mediterranean on Monday, June 11, +has forwarded an official report to the Admiralty, through the +Commander-in-Chief (Admiral Sir George Elliot, K.C.B.), respecting a +sea monster which she encountered during her homeward voyage. + +At about 5 o'clock in the afternoon of June 2, the sea being +exceptionally calm, while the yacht was proceeding round the north +coast of Sicily toward Cape Vito, the officer on the watch observed +a long ridge of fins, each about 6 feet long, moving slowly along. He +called for a telescope, and was at once joined by other officers. The +Osborne was steaming westward at ten and a half knots an hour, and +having a long passage before her, could not stay to make minute +observations. The fins were progressing in a eastwardly direction, and +as the vessel more nearly approached them, they were replaced by the +foremost part of a gigantic monster. Its skin was, so far as it could +be seen, altogether devoid of scales, appearing rather to resemble in +sleekness that of a seal. + +The head was bullet-shaped, with an elongated termination, being +somewhat similar in form to that of a seal, and was about six feet in +diameter. Its features were only seen by one officer, who described +them as like those of an alligator. The neck was comparatively narrow, +but so much of the body as could be seen, developed in form like that +of a gigantic turtle, and from each side extended two fins, about +fifteen feet in length, by which the monster paddled itself along +after the fashion of a turtle. + +The appearance of the monster is accounted for by a submarine volcano, +which occurred north of Galita, in the Gulf of Tunis, about the middle +of May, and was reported at the time by a steamer which was struck by +a detached fragment of submarine rock. The disturbance below water, it +is thought probable, may have driven up the monster from its "native +element," as the site of the eruption is only one hundred miles from +where it was reported to have been seen--_Portsmouth (Eng.) Times._ + + * * * * * + + + + +SUNSTROKE. + + +The sudden accession of heat has already produced one fatal, and more +than one severe, case of sunstroke in the metropolis. Probably the +affection so designated is not the malady to which the term _coup de +soleil_ can be properly applied. The condition brought about is +an exaggerated form of the disturbance occasioned by entering +too suddenly the "hot" room of a Turkish bath. The skin does not +immediately perform its function as an evaporating and therefore +cooling surface, and an acute febrile state of the organism is +established, with a disturbed balance of circulation, and more or less +cerebral irritation as a prominent feature of the complaint. Death may +suddenly occur at the outset of the complaint, as it has happened in +a Turkish bath, where the subject labors under some predisposition to +apoplexy, or has a weak or diseased heart. It should suffice to point +out the danger and to explain, by way of warning, that although the +degrees of heat registered by the thermometer, or the power of the +sun's rays, do not seem to suggest especial caution, all sudden +changes from a low to a high temperature are attended with danger +to weak organisms. The avoidance of undue exercise--for example, +persistent trotting or cantering up and down the Row--is an obvious +precaution on days marked by a relatively, if not absolutely, high +temperature. We direct attention to this matter because it is obvious +the peculiar peril of overheating the body by exertion on the first +burst of fine weather is not generally realized. It is forgotten that +the increased temperature must be measured by the elevation which has +recently taken place, not the number of degrees of heat at present +recorded. The registered temperature may be more or less than that +which occurred a year ago; but its immediate effects on the organism +will be determined by the conditions which have preceded it and the +violence of the change.--_Lancet_. + + * * * * * + + + + +DEAD HORSES STANDING ERECT. + + +The Danville _Advertiser_ of the 7th inst. says: Mr. Smith was in +town on Saturday with his hired man, and the two tell a singular story +about a lightning stroke. Mr. Smith was on a grain drill in a field, +and his hired man was about 12 rods from him, dragging. Suddenly Smith +heard the noise of thunder, and became unconscious. The man also heard +the noise, but neither of them saw any flash of lightning. The +man went to Smith, and in about twenty minutes he was restored to +consciousness. Then attention was given to the horses. One of them was +standing erect, with one foot lifted a little way from the earth, and +the other was kneeling with his nose in the earth, and both were stone +dead, and retained their positions until they were pushed over. The +supposition is that in this case the electricity went from the earth +to the sky. + + * * * * * + + + + +The Berlin correspondent of the London _Times_ states that General +Berdan, of the United States, has invented an instrument which +will greatly improve the art of killing. He calls his invention a +"range-finder." It consists of a telescope and other instruments, all +of which can be carried on a dogcart, and which enable the engineers +to measure with perfect accuracy up to 2,000 metres, or 1,500 yards. +The time needed to ascertain distances, is only two minutes, and +the General believes that his invention will double the accuracy of +artillery fire, and quadruple that of infantry. + + * * * * * + + + + +SETTING LOCOMOTIVE SLIDE VALVES. + +BY JOSHUA ROSE. + + +E. G. asks: "How can I set the slide valves of a locomotive when +she is on the road?" J. H. S. asks: "What is the method of setting +locomotive slide valves from marks on the slide spindle?" And F. O. +asks: "How are the valves of inside cylinder locomotives set, since +the back ports are out of sight and you cannot measure the lead?" + +Our correspondent will find these questions answered in full below. + +It is presumed that the lengths of the eccentric rod, reverse rod, and +other parts are correct, and they are properly connected and oiled +so as to be in working order. The first thing to do is to place the +reverse lever in the forward full-gear notch of the quadrants, or +sectors, as they are sometimes called. The next procedure is to place +the crank on its forward dead center as near as can be ascertained by +the eye, and loosening the set screw of the forward eccentric, that is +to say, the eccentric which connects with the upper end of the link, +move that eccentric round on the shaft until the valve leaves the port +at the front end of the cylinder open to the amount of whatever lead +it is desired to give the valve. In moving the eccentric round on the +shaft, it is necessary to move it in the direction in which it will +turn when in operation. This is done in order to take up any lost +motion there may be in the eccentric straps, in the eccentric rod +eyebolts, or other working parts or joints between the eccentric and +the slide valve rod or spindle. If the eccentric was turned backward +instead of forward, all the lost motion would operate to vitiate the +set of the valve, because, when the eccentric begins to move, its +motion will have no effect in moving the slide valve spindle, until +all the lost motion in the various parts is taken up by the eccentric +movement. In considering this part of the operation, we must bear in +mind that, to set the valve, we must move the wheels of the engine, +it being impracticable to move the piston itself. Now, in moving the +wheels, we are confronted with the fact that the crank pin is pulling +the connecting rod; hence, if there is any lost motion in the brasses +at either end of the connecting rod, the piston will not be at the end +of its stroke when the crank is on its dead center. + +Suppose, for instance, that we have moved the driving wheel forward +until the crank stands upright at a right angle to the bore of the +cylinder, the resistance to motion of the piston and crosshead has +caused the crank pin to bed against the half-brass nearest to the +cylinder, all the play or lost motion is then between the other +half-brass and the crank pin. When, however, the engine is at work and +the piston is driving the crank pin, instead of being driven by it, +the lost motion will exist between the crank pin and the half-brass +nearest to the cylinder, and the contact will exist between the crank +pin and the other brass. The difference in the position of the piston, +caused by this lost motion, may be ascertained by moving the piston +back and forth until the crank pin contacts with first one and then +the other half-brass. It is sometimes attempted to remedy the defect +due to this lost motion by moving the crank pin past the dead center +and then moving it back to the dead center, so that while on that +center the play or lost motion in the connecting rod is taken up. This +is all very well so far as the connecting rod and piston is concerned, +and will cause them both to stand on their respective dead centers +with the lost motion taken up; but, in moving the wheel back to the +dead center, we have given full liberty to all the lost motion in the +various parts of the valve motion or gear, as already explained, in +reference to moving the eccentric upon the shaft. As there are so many +more parts in the valve gear, in which lost motion may occur, it is +manifestly preferable to take up that play by moving the driving wheel +in a continuous direction, rather than to move the latter back to +accommodate any play there may be in the connecting rod. + +The crank being placed by the eye upon its forward dead center, and +the eccentric connected to the top of the link being moved round +on the axle (in the direction in which the wheels will run when the +engine is going forward) until the steam port at the front end of the +cylinder is open to the amount of the lead, we fasten the eccentric to +hold in that position. We then throw the reverse lever over into the +last notch at the other end of the sector, lifting the link up so +that the eccentric connected to the lower end of the link may be +approximately adjusted, which is done by moving the eccentric round +upon the axle (in the direction in which the axle will revolve when +the engine is running backward) until the crank stands upon the same +dead center, and the front port is open to the amount of the lead. +This being done, we have the eccentrics approximately adjusted and may +proceed to the final adjustment, in which the first thing to do is to +find the exact dead centers of the crank. It is obvious that a line +drawn through the center of the crank pin and the center of the wheel +axle, will stand horizontally true and level when the crank is on +either of the dead centers, but the presence of the crank pin makes +it impracticable to draw such a line. We can therefore draw one which +will be parallel to those centers; and to do this we draw a circle +upon the end of the wheel axle (and from its center) of the same +diameter as that of the crank pin, and then resting a straight-edge +upon the bearing of the crank pin (taking care to avoid the round +corner upon the pin, if there is one), we place the other end of the +straight-edge even with the top of the circle drawn upon the axle; and +then, using the straight-edge as a guide, we draw a line across the +end of the axle and the wheel face. When this line is level the crank +will be upon its dead center. This plan is sometimes employed, but is +not a very accurate one, because the length of the line is very short +as compared to the circumference of the driving wheel; hence, an error +of the thickness of the line becomes one equal to several thicknesses +of the line when carried out to the wheel circumference. Furthermore, +if the line of the cylinder does not stand horizontally level, as +is sometimes the case, the result of the whole proceeding will be +inaccurate. Again, the connecting rod end and the coupling rod is in +the way, rendering it awkward to both draw and level the line. + +A better and more accurate method to find the dead centers is as +follows: Place the reverse lever into the end notch of the sector at +the forward end, and then move the driving wheel forward until the +guide block is within about a quarter of an inch of the end of its +travel, then place a straight-edge against the end of the guide block, +and draw, on the outside face of the guide bar, a line even with the +end of the guide block. Bend a piece of wire (pointed at both ends) to +a right angle, make a center punch mark either in the rail, under the +driving wheel, or in some stationary, solid part contiguous to the +wheel, or at such distance from it that when one end of the bent wire +is placed in the center punch mark, the operator with the other end +will be able to draw a line across the rim of the driving wheel. Here, +however, arises another consideration, that it is better to set the +valves with the wheel axle in its proper position in the pedestal +shoes, and in order to do this the wheel should rest upon the rail +with its proper proportion of the weight of the engine resting upon +it. The springs will then be deflected to their proper amount, and the +axle box will have passed its proper distance up the pedestals. It is +obvious that if the engine is blocked up so that the driving wheels +clear the rails (which is done in order to avoid having the weight of +the engine to move while setting the valve), the axle boxes will drop +in the pedestal and the valve will be set incorrectly, as the wheels +are in a wrong position. To avoid this, and at the same time to avoid +having to move the whole engine while setting the valve, the engine +is blocked up from the rails, and the axle boxes of the driving wheels +are wedged up so as to be lifted up into their proper position. In +this case there is no very accurate means of ascertaining what is +the exact proper height, save it be by first marking upon the outside +faces of the shoes or pedestal a line even with the top of the axle +box when the load is upon the wheels, and then, after blocking up the +engine from the rails, wedging up the axle boxes till the face again +comes even with the line. + +Whatever plan is pursued, one end of the piece of wire is rested in +the fixed center punch mark, and with the other a line is drawn across +the outside face of the wheel rim. The driving wheel is then revolved +forward until the guide block returns, having passed to the end of its +travel. When its end again stands exactly even with the mark made upon +the guide bar, the piece of wire is again brought into requisition, +one end being rested in the fixed center punch mark as before, and +with the other end another line is drawn across the outside rim of the +wheel. It is obvious that by taking a pair of compasses and finding a +point exactly equidistant between the two lines thus marked upon the +wheel rim, and then marking that point with a center punch mark, the +crank will be upon its exact dead center, when one end of the piece of +bent wire rests in the fixed center punch mark, the other end rests +in the center punch mark upon the wheel rim. To find the other dead +center, the wheel must be moved about halfway round and the process +repeated with the motion block at the other end of the guide bars. + +Thus, whenever the piece of wire will stand with one end resting in +the fixed center punch mark and the other end in either of the center +punch marks upon the wheel run, the crank is upon a dead center. +Having thus placed the crank upon either dead center, we measure the +valve lead, and if in temporarily fixing our eccentrics we gave it too +much lead, we mark where it stands upon the shaft by means of a line +drawn on the axle and carried up on the side face of the eccentric; +then move the eccentric back some little distance more than is +necessary to make the adjustment, and then move it forward again a +little at a time, noting when the valve has the proper amount of lead, +and thus fasten the eccentric upon the axle by means of the set screw. + +The object of moving the eccentric too far back and then moving it +forward is to make the adjustment so that the latter may be made with +the lost motion of the valve gear all taken up. The next proceeding is +to move the driving wheel halfway round and try the lead at that end +of the stroke. If the lead at the two ends is not equal, it shows that +either the slide valve spindle or the eccentric rods are not of the +proper length and must be rectified; this being done, the crank must +be again placed upon first one and then the other dead center, the +valve lead being measured at each end. When the lead is equal at each +end, the rods are of correct length, and the amount of the lead must +be regulated by moving the eccentrics as already directed. + +If the link block does not come opposite the end of the eccentric rod +when the reverse lever is in the end notch of the sector, the length +of the reverse rod is wrong and should be corrected. If the link block +comes right, under the above conditions, for the forward but not for +the backward eccentric rod, the notches in the sector are not cut +in their proper positions, or the link hanger is not of the proper +length. In either case the error may be remedied by altering the +length of the latter. But, as doing this would alter the amount of the +valve lead, it is well, if there is any prospect of such errors, to +correct them before setting the valves. + +Instead of measuring the lead of the valve with a rule, or by a wedge, +the following plan is very often adopted: After the valve and spindle +are in position, the valve is placed with the proper amount of lead +upon the front port. A center punch mark is then made upon the face +of the steam chest. A piece of quarter inch iron wire is then bent at +right angles and each end filed to a point. One end of this wire is +placed in the fixed center punch mark in the steam chest, and with the +other a mark is made upon the slide spindle. Upon this latter mark a +center punch mark is also made sufficiently deep to be very plainly +visible when the burr raised by center punching is filed off, which +is necessary to prevent this burr from cutting the packing. It follows +that whenever the bent piece of wire will rest with one end in the +center punch mark in the steam chest, and the other end in the center +punch mark in the slide spindle, the valve is in its proper position +when the crank is on the corresponding dead center. This plan is a +very old one and possesses the advantage that the valve may be set +without seeing it, that is to say, with the steam chest cover on. If +the length of the piece of wire measured direct from point to point is +known, the valve may be set when the engine is upon the road without +taking off the steam chest cover. The center punch mark upon the steam +chest should, however, always be placed in about the same spot, so as +to avoid mistakes in case of there being other similar marks upon the +chest. It should always be made deep, so as not to get filled up with +paint and be difficult to find. In course of time the mark upon the +slide valve spindle is apt to disappear from the wear of the spindle, +hence the center punch with which it is made should have a long +conical point. To mark the position of the eccentric upon the axle, +it is an excellent plan, after the eccentrics are finally adjusted, +to take a chisel with the cutting end ground to the form of a fiddle +drill, one cutting edge being at a right angle to the other. The +chisel must be held so that while one edge rests upon the axle, the +other edge will bear against the radial face of the eccentric. A sharp +blow with a hammer upon the chisel-head will make a clean indented cut +upon the axle and the eccentric, the two cuts exactly meeting at their +junction and denoting the position of the eccentrics. In setting the +valves of inside cylinder locomotives, the back ports being out of +sight, the amount of lead is ascertained by making a wooden wedge +about three inches long, a thirty-second of an inch thick at one end +and three eighths of an inch thick at the other end. The faces of this +wedge are chalked, and the lead is measured by inserting it between +the edge of the valve and the edge of the port until its thickness +just fills the space, and then moving it edgeways so that the valve +and port edges will just mark it. By measuring the thickness of the +wedge at the mark, the amount of lead is ascertained. After the valves +are set, it is still desirable to mark the position by center +punch marks upon the outside of the steam chests and upon the valve +spindles, as already described. + +If an eccentric should slip when the engine is upon the road, +and there are no marks whereby to readjust them, it may be done +approximately as follows: Put the reverse lever in the end notch of +the forward gear, then place the crank as nearly on a dead center as +the eye will direct, and open both the cylinder cocks, then disconnect +the slide valve spindle from the rocker arm, and move the valve +spindle until the opening of the port corresponding to the dead center +on which the crank stands will be shown by steam blowing through the +cylinder cock, the throttle valve being opened a trifle. The position +of the valve being thus determined, the eccentric must be moved upon +the shaft until the valve spindle will connect with the rocker arm +without being moved at all. The throttle valve should be very slightly +opened, otherwise so much steam will be admitted into the cylinder +that it will pass through any leak in the piston and blow through +both cylinder cocks before there is time to ascertain which cock gives +first exit to the steam. + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW STEAMER. + + +A new steamer for the Mallory line, between New York and Texas, was +lately launched from the yard of Roach & Co., Chester, Pa., 2,200 tons +burden. Principal dimensions as follows: Length over all, 239 feet 7 +inches; beam (moulded), 34 feet; depth from the base to the spar deck +beams, 18 feet 2½ inches; depth of hold, 16 feet 5½ inches; diameter +of propeller (Hirsch's patent-four blades), 11 feet 6 inches. She +is to be provided with compound engines, having cylinders 24 and 44 +inches in diameter, with a stroke of 44 inches, and two return tubular +boilers 10 feet long, 10 feet 3 inches wide, and 8 feet 6 inches high. +Aft are compartments capable of holding 80 tons of water, for the +purpose of depressing the stern before and after crossing the bar at +Corpus Christi. Her low draught is 7½ feet; speed, 14 knots. + + * * * * * + + + + +A TIN-CAN TELEPHONE. + + +In Professor Bell's telephone a plate of sheet iron is made to vibrate +by means of the electrical current, something after the manner of +the skin of a drumhead. In a recent improvement by Mr. G. B. Havens, +Louisville, Ky., the electrical wires are wrapped around a common tin +fruit can. By means of tin cans at each end, sounds, it is said, were +sent over 92 miles of wire, and included several pieces of music. + + * * * * * + + + + +MR. HOTCHKISS, an American inventor, whose improved revolving cannon +we illustrated some time since, has received intimation that his +system has been approved by the French Government, and that they have +decided to adopt his cannon. + + * * * * * + + + + +COLLENDER'S IMPROVED BILLIARD TABLE. + + +In the accompanying engravings, we illustrate two important +improvements in the construction of billiard tables, which have +recently been devised by Mr. H. W. Collender, the well known billiard +table manufacturer of this city. The first, which is represented in +Fig. 1, relates to the construction of the bed-supporting frame, and +aims to render the same stronger while cheapening its manufacture. +In putting together the body and framework of the table, the usual +practice is to cut away the stock of the cross beam and longitudinal +beam, and halve them together. Longitudinal grooves are also formed on +the inner surface of the side and "broad rails," to accommodate tenons +on the ends of the cross beams; and the latter are secured in place +by bolts fastening their ends to the broad rails. Mr. Collender claims +that, by this mode of construction, not only are the cross beams +weakened by being halved together, but the broad rails are also +weakened by the cutting away of this stock near the middle to effect +the framing into them of the ends of the cross beams. + +[Illustration: Fig 1, billiard table support frame] + +From Fig. 1, it will be seen that the cross beam, A, is combined with +the side broad rails in the following manner: Upon the inner face of +each broad rail is secured a cast iron socket piece, B, into which +fits one end of the cross beam, A. From said beam the bolt, C, passes +through the shoe, B, and is secured by a nut, D, let into the stock of +the broad rail. The shoe, B, has lugs which enter the broad rail; and +the aperture in it, through which the bolt passes, is made oblong to +admit of the drawing of the parts together after the insertion of the +bolt. Upon the sides of the cross beam near the middle, and directly +opposite each other, are two shoes, E; these have no bolt holes. In +them are placed the adjacent ends of the longitudinal beams, F, the +other extremities of which are seated in shoes on the broad rails. +The shoes, E, have their lugs of such a length, compared with the +thickness of cross beam, A, that when put in place on said beam said +lugs will come together. The advantage of this is that, should the +beam, A, shrink in width, the shoes on each side of it will still +maintain their proper relation to form immovable abutments for the +ends of pieces, F. This construction allows of shorter stuff being +used in the manufacture, and renders the framework stronger. + +[Illustration: Figure 2, billiard table frame corner] + +In Fig. 2 is illustrated a new method of forming the corners of the +table. Hitherto it has been customary to use corner blocks, of various +sizes according to the dimensions of the table, located one at each +corner. Into these the broad rails were framed and secured. To this +arrangement Mr. Collender adduces a long category of objections, based +on the possibility of the weight of the bed being thrown on these +blocks in case of shrinkage of the frame, on the fact that the corner +of the table bed must necessarily be left without any support where +it extends over the upper end of the corner block, and also that in +a bevel table, in which the area of the top of the corner block is +unavoidably much greater than that of the top of the corner block of +a vertical-sided table, a large portion of the table bed will be left +without any support. + +The new device consists of a cast iron union plate, G, which is bolted +to the leg as shown. The broad rails and casting are securely fastened +by the bolt, H. It will be seen that this bolt, passing through the +end of one broad rail, and into a nut let into the other rail, +will securely draw and hold together the ends of said rails and the +interposed metal plate clamped between them, and that as the plain +ends of the wooden rails just fit (widthwise) between the projecting +heads on the edges of said interposed plate, the latter will form a +sort of housing for the ends of the rails. And it will be understood +that in this construction not only does the bead on the outer edge of +the plate overlap the edges of the rails and form a neat and durable +corner finish to the body, but the broad rails being bolted together +in the direction of the grain of the wood with only an interposed +metal plate, there will be no tendency to a loosening of the union of +the parts of the frame. The main importance of this invention rests +in the idea of dispensing with the usual corner blocks, and thus +permitting the top edges of the broad rails, on which the bed rests, +to practically come together and afford a perfect support to the bed +clear out to the corners of the latter; at the same time the whole +structure is rendered stronger and more durable with less weight of +material. + +These inventions are the subject of separate patents, that of the +first being dated April 4, 1876, and of the second, November 16, 1875. +For further information, address the manufacturer and patentee, Mr. H. +W. Collender, 738 Broadway, New York city. + + * * * * * + + + + +COATING ENGRAVED COPPER PLATES WITH STEEL. + + +In order to render copper plates which are used in printing more +durable, they can be covered with an electrolytic deposit of iron +which possesses an unusual degree of hardness almost superior to +steel. The salt usually employed has been the double sulphate of iron +and ammonia. Professor Böttger, who first invented this process, has +recently devised an improvement in the bath employed. He dissolves 10 +parts of ferrocyanide of potassium (yellow prussiate of potash) and +20 parts of the double tartrate of soda and potash (Rochelle salts) in +200 parts of water, and to this he adds 3 parts of persulphate of iron +dissolved in 50 parts of water. A large precipitate of Prussian +blue is formed. To the whole is added, drop by drop, with constant +stirring, a solution of caustic soda until the blue precipitate +entirely disappears, leaving a perfectly clear, light yellow liquid, +which is now ready for use. + +Professor Böttger also claims that this solution can be employed with +advantage for dyeing cotton yarn and fabrics a beautiful blue, without +the use of a mordant. For this purpose the goods are put into the +bath, that has previously been slightly warmed, until they are +saturated through and through, and then dried in the air, after which +they are immersed in extremely dilute sulphuric acid (1 to 50), which +neutralizes the alkali, and after washing and drying again they are +permanently dyed a fine blue color. + + * * * * * + + + + +TEST FOR SULPHUR IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. + + +H. Vohl recommends the following as the best method of detecting +sulphur in organic compounds: The substance to be tested is heated in +a solution of caustic lime and oxide of lead in glycerin. The latter +is prepared as follows: One volume of distilled water is mixed with +2 volumes of pure glycerin and heated to boiling; freshly prepared +slaked lime is added, little by little, until it is saturated. Freshly +precipitated hydrated oxide of lead, or moist litharge, is added in +excess, and the liquid allowed to boil gently for a few minutes, +then tightly corked and left to cool, after which the clear liquid +is decanted from the sediment into a glass vessel that can be tightly +corked. If into this solution be introduced and heated any organic +which contains sulphur, like hair, feathers, horn, albumen, and the +like, it will at once turn black from the formation of sulphide of +lead. The great delicacy of this test is evident from the fact that, +when pure wheat bread is boiled with this reagent, it turns yellow at +first and then dark gray in consequence of the presence of sulphur in +the gluten of the bread. + + * * * * * + + + + +IMPROVED BILLIARD BALL HOLDER. + + +The usual receptacle for the fourth ball, when only three balls are +used in the game of billiards, is placed at the side of the table. As +this is both inconvenient and unsightly, a neat device, clearly shown +in the annexed illustration, has been invented, which is intended to +be attached to a gas fixture over the table. A plate or sign is also +added on which the number of a table--in case several tables are +employed, as in a billiard saloon--may be inscribed. The form and +design of the arrangement may of course be varied in many ways. + +[Illustration: billiard ball holder] + +Patented May 2, 1876. For further particulars, address the +manufacturer, Mr. H. W. Collender, 738 Broadway, New York city. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE MONITOR CHALK CUP. + + +The annexed engraving represents an improved chalk cup or holder +for billiard tables, which is so constructed that it will not become +loose, sag down, mar the table, or jar when the ball strikes the +cushion. It may be adjusted to remain in any desired position. + +The shank is pivoted in a metallic frame which is secured to the +table. The rear end of the shank works against a spring. On the upper +portion of the shank is a projection which embraces a horizontal +flange to sustain the box against being forced downward. The +arrangement is very similar to the ordinary window catch. The player +has only to start the box from its position under the table, when +the spring carries it out at right angles to the rail. A touch is +sufficient to cause the spring to carry the box back to its former +position. The device is very simple, and its advantages will be +evident to all billiard players cognizant of the defects of the +ordinary cup. + +[Illustration: THE MONITOR CHALK CUP.] + +Patented May 1, 1877. For further particulars, address the +manufacturer and patentee, Mr. H. W. Collender, 738 Broadway, +New York city. + + * * * * * + + + + +CURIOUS CARNIVOROUS PLANTS. + + +The _arum Dracunculus_ is one of the most curious of that wonderful +series of carnivorous plants which at the present time are engaging +the closest scrutiny of naturalists. It is a true trap in one +sense--inasmuch as it captures the victim which ventures near it; but +it relies on little or no mechanical means for securing its prey, but +stupefies the living insect by its odor. The flower is horn-shaped, +about 11 inches in length, with an opening some 5 inches in diameter. +The color within is a dull dark violet, while the interior of the +spathe is lined with black, hooked bristles, the whole appearance +of the flower being thoroughly repulsive. The illustrations herewith +presented, Figs. 1 and 2, represent it at one third its natural +size, Fig. 2 showing a section of the flower. It is not certain what +attracts the insects, which are usually of the species known as the +meat fly and the common house fly. They do not seem to seek for the +small quantity of nectar concealed, and yet they cluster about the +fatal opening, as if drawn by some overpowering fascination. Overcome +by lethargy, they fall inert upon the flower, are lightly held by the +bristles, and finally die asphyxiated by the carbonic acid which the +plant disengages in large quantities during its inflorescence. Strange +as is the action of the _arum_, the method whereby the _mentzelia_ +takes its prey is even more wonderful. To illustrate on a magnified +scale, let the reader imagine a surface thickly covered with strong +iron posts, on the sides of which are numerous keen barbs pointing +downward. Then between these posts, suppose that jars overflowing with +honey are placed. An elephant, let it be imagined, attracted by the +profusion of sweetness, inserts his trunk between the posts and +finds easy access to the honey. But while he can force his proboscis +downward past the barbs turned in that direction, when he attempts to +withdraw it he finds the keen points catch in the flesh, and render +it impossible to do so. A terrible struggle follows, the unfortunate +animal twisting and writhing in every direction, until finally by +an Herculean effort the head is torn from the body, and the latter +becomes digested by some potent gastric juice, exuding from the +colossal organism of which the trap forms but a portion. Of course +this is vastly exaggerated, and it would puzzle an elephant to pull +his own head off; but if for the post studded trap, we substitute the +surface of a flower, and if we replace the elephant by a fly, we shall +have conceived an accurate picture of what takes place in the peculiar +receptacle with which Nature has provided the _mentzelia ornata_. +This is very beautifully shown in Fig. 3; and at A, in same figure, +is represented the barbed bristles grasping the highly magnified +proboscis of the fly. Between the barbed bristles are mushroom-shaped +projections, from the summits of which a viscous nectar exudes. This +is the honey bait which induces the insect to insert his trunk between +the fatal barbs. There is still another plant, _physianthus albens_, +which captures butterflies by grasping the proboscis. The construction +of the flower is quite complicated, so that the insects are compelled +to insert their trunks through a narrow and winding passage in order +to reach the nectar. The organ then necessarily comes in contact with +an adhesive substance, which prevents its removal. + +The _Gronovia scandens_, Fig. 4, is another plant trap, which catches +no flies nor possesses any such wonderfully adapted devices as the +plants already described. It simply has its branches covered with +double barbed bristles of great strength which attach themselves to +anything brought in contact with them. The bristles are strong enough +to hold lizards, as represented by our engraving, the points inserting +themselves in the interstices of the scaly covering of the reptile. +Of course the lizard thus held starves to death, and small birds +often follow a like fate. We are indebted to _La Nature_ for the +illustrations. + +[Illustration: Figs. 1 and 2.--ARUM DRACUNCULUS.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 3.--MENTZELIA.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 4.--GRONOVIA SCANDENS.] + + * * * * * + + + + +POPULAR FALLACIES. + + +Night air and damp weather are held in great horror by multitudes +of persons who are sickly or of weak constitutions; consequently, by +avoiding the night air, and damp weather, and changeable weather, and +weather that is considered too hot or too cold, they are kept within +doors the much largest portion of their time, and as a matter of +course continue invalids, more and more ripening for the grave +every hour; the reason is, they are breathing an impure atmosphere +nineteen-twentieths of their whole existence. + +As nothing can wash us clean but pure water, so nothing can cleanse +the blood, nothing can make health-giving blood, but the agency of +pure air. So great is the tendency of the blood to become impure in +consequence of waste and useless matters mixing with it as it passes +through the body, that it requires a hogshead of air every hour of our +lives to unload it of these impurities; but in proportion as this air +is vitiated, in such proportion does it infallably fail to relieve the +blood of these impurities, and impure blood is the foundation of all +disease. The great fact that those who are out of doors most, summer +and winter, day and night, rain or shine, have the best health the +world over, does of itself falsify the general impression that night +air or any other out-door air is unhealthy as compared with in-door +air at the same time. + +Air is the great necessity of life; so much so, that if deprived of it +for a moment, we perish; and so constant is the necessity of the +blood for contact with the atmosphere, that every drop in the body is +exposed to the air through the medium of the lungs every two minutes +and a half of our existence. + +Whatever may be the impurity of the out-door air of any locality, +the in-door air of that locality is still more impure, because of +the dust, and decaying and odoriferous matters which are found in +all dwellings. Besides, how can in-door air be more healthy than the +out-door air, other things being equal, when the dwelling is supplied +with air from without? + +To this very general law there is one exception, which it is of the +highest importance to note. When the days are hot, and the nights +cool, there are periods of time within each twenty-four hours, when +it is safest to be in-doors, with doors and windows closed; that is to +say, for the hour or two including sunrise and sunset, because about +sunset the air cools, and the vapors which the heats of the day have +caused to ascend far above us, condense and settle near the surface of +the earth, so as to be breathed by the inhabitants; as the night grows +colder, these vapors sink lower, and are within a foot or two of the +earth, so they are not breathed. As the sun rises, these same vapors +are warmed, and begin to ascend, to be breathed again, but as the +air becomes warmer, they are carried so far above our heads as to +be innocuous. Thus it is that the old citizens of Charleston, S. +C., remember, that while it was considered important to live in +the country during the summer, the common observation of the people +originated the custom of riding into town, not in the cool of the +evening or of the morning, but in the middle of the day. They did not +understand the philosophy, but they observed the fact that those who +came to the city at mid-day remained well, while those who did so +early or late suffered from it. + +All strangers at Rome are cautioned not to cross the Pontine marshes +after the heat of the day is over. Sixteen of a ship's crew, touching +at one of the West India islands, slept on shore several nights, and +thirteen of them died of yellow fever in a few days, while of two +hundred and eighty, who were freely ashore during the day, not a +single case of illness occurred. The marshes above named are crossed +in six or eight hours, and many travelers who do it in the night +are attacked with mortal fevers. This does, at first sight, seem to +indicate that night air _is_ unwholesome, at least in the locality +of virulent malarias, but there is no direct proof that the air about +sunrise and sunset is not that which is productive of the mischief. + +For the sake of eliciting the observations of intelligent men, we +present our theory on this subject. + +A person might cross these marshes with impunity, who would set out on +his journey an hour or two after sundown, and finish it an hour or two +before sun-up, especially if he began that journey on a hearty meal, +because, in this way, he would be traveling in the cool of the night, +which coolness keeps the malaria so near the surface of the earth as +to prevent its being breathed to a hurtful extent. + +But if it is deadly to sleep out of doors all night in a malarial +locality, would it be necessarily fatal to sleep in a house in such +a locality? It would not. It would be safer to sleep in the house, +especially if the windows and doors were closed. The reason is, that +the house has been warmed during the day, and if kept closed, it +remains much warmer during the night indoors than it is outdoors; +consequently, the malaria is kept by this warmth so high above the +head, and so rarefied, as to be comparatively harmless. This may +seem to some too nice a distinction altogether, but it will be found +throughout the world of Nature that the works of the Almighty are most +strikingly beautiful in their _minutæ_, and these _minutæ_ are the +foundation of His mightiest manifestations. + +Thus it is, too, that what we call fever and ague might be banished +from the country as a general disease, if two things were done. 1. +Have a fire kindled every morning at daylight, from spring to fall, +in the family room, to which all the family should repair from their +chambers, and there remain until breakfast is taken. 2. Let a fire +be kindled in the family room a short time before sundown; let every +member of the family repair to it, and there remain until supper is +taken. + +In both cases, the philosophy of the course marked out consists in two +things. First. The fire rarefies the malaria and causes it to ascend +above the breathing point. Second. The food taken into the stomach +creates an activity of circulation which repels disease.--_Hall's +Journal of Health_. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE EXTENSION OF THE PLAGUE. + + +Our recent English medical exchanges mention, with undisguised +apprehension, the fact that already early this spring authentic +observers state that the plague has broken out in Bagdad, and is +rapidly increasing there; and information from other sources renders +it probable that the disease has shown itself in other places in the +vicinity of that city, some of which have not suffered before since +the new development of the disease in Mesopotamia, three or four years +ago. The progress of the epidemic in and about Bagdad last year shows +that each year since its reappearance in that district it has covered +a wider area, and it will be remembered that last year it crossed the +Turco-Persian frontier, and broke out at Shuster, in Khuzistan. From +the phenomena of the epidemic to this period it was feared, especially +by the physicians on the spot, that, if it should recur in the present +year, it must be expected to extend over a still wider area, and show +itself in even a more aggravated form than had yet been observed. This +opinion is concurred in by Surgeon-Major Colville, the medical officer +attached to the British Embassy at Bagdad, and is expressed in his +official report, on the subject of the last and previous year's +outbreak. + +The Turco-Russian struggle in Asia Minor, and the massing of Persian +troops on the western frontier of that country, add an additional and +most grave factor to this ominous intelligence. + +It has been so long since Christian Europe has suffered from this +terrible disease that most medical men have never seen a case, and, +indeed, for awhile, epidemiologists flattered themselves it had "died +out." They yet say that a thorough system of sanitation will certainly +check its advance. + +Let us hope so; for of all pestilences which have ever scourged +humanity, and desolated empires, none approach in magnitude those of +the plague. Under the name of "the black death," it fills, as Hirsch +remarks, one of the darkest pages in the history of the human race. +It devastated every known country of the earth, and penetrated to the +remotest mountain hamlets and granges, sometimes sweeping away in a +few days every inhabitant, leaving not one to remember the name or to +inherit the goods of the family or the village. Long years afterward, +travelers would come upon these unknown villages, the houses rotting, +the bones of the plague-stricken owners bleaching in the rooms and +streets, and no one to say who they had been. + +As an epidemic disease, it no doubt spreads from India, that mother of +pestilence, where, in the province of Kutch and Guzerat, it is found +as an endemic of great malignancy. Far more fatal in its historical +appearance than the cholera, it is well that the medical mind of +Europe is on the alert to meet its approach with the most energetic +measures; and should they fail, it will devolve upon us to lose +no time in taking up the defensive in the most energetic +manner.--_Medical and Surgical Reporter._ + + * * * * * + + + + +EDUCATION IN GERMANY. + + +The compulsory school laws of Prussia are frequently pointed to as +models for similar laws, perhaps with the hope that by imitating her +lower schools we can bring up our high schools to an equal rank with +hers, and place our universities on a level with those which are +producing the most finished scholars, the deepest thinkers, and the +greatest investigators. We are likely to forget that the conditions +are different, and especially that _nascitur, non fit_, is as true of +a chemist as of a poet. The state of popular education in Germany +is, however, a matter of interest, and is best illustrated by the +following table, showing the percentage of unschooled men among the +recruits from different German provinces: + + Per cent. + Prussia 3.19 + Bavaria 1.79 + Saxony 0.23 + Würtemberg 0.02 + Baden 0.22 + Hesse 0.35 + Mecklenburg 1.09 + Thuringia 1.42 + Alsace 3.45 + +These figures seem to indicate a higher grade of intelligence and +wider diffusion of knowledge among all classes, for recruits are from +every class, than in Austria, although in the latter the figures are +arranged so differently as to make any accurate comparison of Austria +and Germany rather difficult and unsatisfactory. + + +-----------------+----------+----------------+-----------------+---------- +NAME OF DISTRICT.| Number of| Number of | Percentage of | Number of + | Common | inhabitants to | school children | Normal + | Schools. | each school. | who attend. | Schools. +-----------------+----------+----------------+-----------------+---------- +Bohemia | 4,190 | 1,254 | 77 | 12 +Bukowina | 167 | 3,121 | 9 | 1 +Dalmatia | 241 | 1,864 | 12 | 2 +Galicia | 2,374 | 2,341 | 15 | 1 +Carinthia | 318 | 1,060 | ? | 2 +Carniola | 234 | 1,187 | 48 | 2 +Custrin | 396 | 1,496 | 38 | 5 +Moravia | 1,866 | 1,082 | 78 | 5 +Lower Austria | 1,267 | 1,578 | 76 | 5 +Upper Austria | 506 | 1,455 | 82 | 2 +Salzburg | 155 | 982 | 85 | 1 +Steiermark | 690 | 1,657 | 59 | 3 +Schlesia | 433 | 1,208 | 77 | 4 +Tyrol | 1,926 | 457 | ? | 6 + |----------|----------------|-----------------|---------- + Total | 14,763 | | | 51 +-----------------+----------+----------------+-----------------+---------- + +Over 3,000 teachers' positions are said to be vacant at the present +time. + + * * * * * + + + + +BLEACHING SILK AND WOOL. + + +The methods now in use for bleaching silk, wool, and all animal +fibers, such as sulphurous acid, alkalies, soap, etc., are so +imperfect that Tessié du Motay has patented the following process, +involving the use of binoxide of barium, with or without the addition +of permanganates. The binoxide of barium is pulverized and subjected +to the action of carbonic acid to remove any unconverted caustic +baryta present. It is then thrown into boiling water, and after the +bath has partially cooled the materials to be bleached are introduced +and the bath kept at a temperature of 86° Fah. to 194° Fah. for two +hours; silk from wild silkworms requiring a higher temperature than +wool, goat's hair, and the like. It is then taken out and washed, put +into an acid bath, then washed again. If necessary, the barium bath +is repeated, as also the subsequent washings. If this second bath of +binoxide of barium does not produce the requisite whiteness, it is +introduced into a solution of permanganic acid or permanganate of +magnesia before the last washing. + +Binoxide of Barium, BaO_{2}, is made by subjecting the oxide or +caustic baryta, BaO, to a stream of oxygen or common air at a high +temperature. Its bleaching action is probably due to the formation of +peroxide of hydrogen in solution in the bath. + + * * * * * + + + + +AN ALLOY OF TIN AND PHOSPHORUS. + + +At the Graupen Tin Works, in Bohemia, an alloy of tin and phosphorus +is made containing the greatest possible quantity of phosphorus which +the tin is able to retain without losing any of it upon repeated +meltings. This compound, which is neither entitled to the name of +alloy nor is it a phosphide of tin, is employed in the manufacture +of phosphorus-bronze. In the manufacture of phosphorus-bronze, by +alloying copper with phosphorus-tin, no other precautions require to +be observed than in the preparation of common bronze. As the different +properties of phosphorus-bronze depend upon the proportions of +phosphorus and of tin, two kinds of phosphorus-tin are prepared. No. +0 contains 5 per cent., and No. 1, 2½ per cent. of phosphorus. These two +kinds suffice to make the greater part of all the desired mixtures. +For special purposes, the Graupen Works make to order phosphorus-tin +with any desired quantity of phosphorus not exceeding 5 per +cent., which is the highest possible limit. It is claimed +that phosphorus-bronze may be manufactured by the use of this +phosphorus-tin as much as 40 per cent. cheaper than that now in the +market, while it will only cost 8 per cent. more than the ordinary tin +and copper bronze. + +No details are given of the method employed to make the phosphorus +combine with tin, but the low melting point of tin as compared with +that of copper would indicate that this would lead to the great saving +promised above. + + * * * * * + + + + +AMERICAN INSTITUTE EXHIBITION. + + +The forty-sixth Exhibition of this Institute will open September 12, +in this city. Parties having novelties which they intend to bring to +public notice should at once address the General Superintendent for +blanks and information. The medals, it is said, have been increased +and special awards will be made upon a number of articles. + + * * * * * + + + + +AMERICAN INVENTIONS FOR NEW SOUTH WALES. + + +Writing from Sydney, under date of April 14, the _Times_ correspondent +thus refers to the supply of locomotives and carriages from America: +Our appearance at Philadelphia has drawn the attention of American +manufacturers to us in a most marked and unexpected degree. A country +that, like New South Wales, is rolling in wealth must be a country +that is able to buy, and a country that is able to buy is exactly the +country that American manufacturers have been anxiously looking out +for. Our representatives at Philadelphia have come back strongly +impressed with the fact that there are many things that the Americans +can supply us with advantage. Our Government has an offer from Messrs. +Baldwin & Co. to furnish a locomotive engine for about £1,000 less +than the cost of an English engine, and to leave the payment open +until the engine has been thoroughly proved and approved. A Pullman's +sleeping car and an ordinary passenger car have already been ordered, +and American wheels, axles, rails, and brakes are strongly pressed +on our acceptance. As our Government engineers are all of the English +school, American novelties will have a hard battle to fight to +win official acceptance, but the demand for economy in railway +construction and working is so great that people and Parliament will +press on the Minister for Public Works a fair trial for any American +novelties that may seem to be suited to our wants. The English +manufacturers, therefore, who have hitherto supplied us must look to +their laurels.--_Capital and Labor_. + + * * * * * + + + + +MAN'S PLACE IN NATURE. + + +Concerning man's true place in Nature, Haeckel says: + +"Whatever part of the body we consider, we find upon the most exact +examination that man is more nearly related to the highest apes than +are the latter to the lowest apes. It would therefore be wholly forced +and unnatural to regard man in the zoological system as constituting a +distinct order, and thus to separate him from the true ape. Rather is +the scientific zoologist compelled, whether it is agreeable to him or +not, to rank man within the order of the true ape (Simiæ)." + +To whatever minutiæ of detail the comparison is carried, we reach in +every case the same result. Between man and the anthropoid apes there +are the closest anatomical and physiological resemblances. In form +and function, there is the most exact agreement between all the +corresponding bones of the skeleton of each; the same arrangement +and structure of the muscles, nerves and entire viscera, and of +the spleen, liver and lungs--the latter being a matter of especial +significance, for between the manner of breathing and the process of +nutrition there is the closest relation. + +The brain, also, is subject to the same laws of development, and +differs only with regard to size. The minute structure of the skin, +nails, and even the hair, is identical in character. Although man +has lost the greater part of his hairy covering, as Darwin thinks, in +consequence of sexual selection, yet the rudimentary hairs upon the +body correspond, in many respects, to those of the anthropoids. The +formation of the beard is the same in both cases; while the face and +ears remain bare. Anthropoids and men become grayhaired in old age. +But the most remarkable circumstance is that, upon the upper arm, the +hairs are, in both cases, directed downward, and upon the lower arm +upward; while in the case of the half-apes it is different, and not as +soft as that of man and the anthropoids. + +The eye, on account of its delicate structure, is peculiarly +suitable for comparisons of this kind; and we find here the greatest +similarity: even inflammation and green cataract occur under the same +circumstances, in both. See, also, Darwin upon this point. + +There is no more striking proof that man and the anthropoid apes have +the same anatomical and physiological nature, and require the same +food, than the similarity of their blood. Under the microscope the +blood corpuscles are identical in form and appearance; while those of +the carnivora are clearly different from them. + +It may now be interesting, in confirmation of what has been said, to +refer to the family life, and, if one may so speak, to the mental +and moral life of the anthropoids. Like man, the ape provides with +exceeding care for its young, so that its parental affection has +become proverbial. Connubial fidelity is a general and well known +virtue. The mother ape leads its young to the water, and washes its +face and hands in spite of its crying. Wounds are also washed out with +water. The ape, when in distress, will weep like a human being, and +in a manner that is said to be very affecting. Young apes manifest +the same tendencies as human children. When domesticated, they are +in youth docile and teachable, and also, at times, like all children, +disobedient. In old age they often become morose and capricious. Most +apes construct huts, or, at least, roofs, as a protection from the +weather, and sleep in a kind of bed. + +One peculiarity is alone common to them and man, and this is the habit +of lying upon the back in sleep. In battle they defend themselves with +their fists and long sticks; and, under otherwise like circumstances, +they manifest like passions and emotions with man: as joy and sorrow, +pain and envy, revenge and sympathy. In death, especially, the ape +face assumes a peculiarly human-like and spiritual expression, and the +sufferer is the object of as genuine compassion as exists in the case +of man. It is also well known that apes bury their dead, laying the +body in a secluded spot, and covering it with leaves. Regarding the +domestic life of the ape, Darwin says, in his "Descent of Man" (vol. +1, p. 39): + +"We see maternal affection manifested in the most trifling details. +Thus Rengger observed an American monkey (a Cebus) carefully driving +away the flies which plagued her infant; and Duvancel saw a Hylobates +washing the faces of her young ones in a stream. So intense is +the grief of female monkeys for the loss of their young, that it +invariably caused the death of certain kinds kept under confinement +by Brehm in North Africa. Orphan monkeys are always adopted, and +carefully guarded by other monkeys, both males and females. One female +baboon had so capacious a heart, that she not only adopted young +monkeys of other species but stole young dogs and cats, which she +continually carried about with her. Her kindness did not go so far, +however, as to share her food with her adopted offspring; at which +Brehm was surprised, as his monkeys divided everything quite +fairly with their own young ones. An adopted kitten scratched +the above-mentioned affectionate baboon, who certainly had a fine +intellect, for she was much astonished at being scratched, and +immediately examined the kitten's feet, and without more ado bit off +the claws." + +The number of characteristics possessed in common by man and the +higher apes is, indeed, very great, and includes not only physical +and emotional but even intellectual qualities.--_From Schlickeysen's +"Fruit and Bread," translated by Dr. Holbrook._ + + * * * * * + + + + +SPECIAL NOTICE. + + +Persons who have sent numbers of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN to this +office, for the purpose of having them bound, will please call or send +for them immediately. + +Some of the volumes extend back to 1860, and as we need the room they +occupy, we shall dispose of those not claimed within ten days from +date of this paper. + +MUNN & Co., 37 Park Row, New York. + + * * * * * + + + + +DECISIONS OF THE COURTS. + +UNITED STATES CIRCUIT COURT.--DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY. + +SHAWL STRAP PATENT.--GEORGE CROUCH _vs._ WILLIAM ROEMER. + + +[In equity.] + + By Nixon, District Judge. + + This is an action for an alleged infringement of complainant's + letters patent No. 82,606, dated September 29, 1868, and reissued + March 7, 1871, No. 4,289. + + The subject-matter of the patent is in the reissue described to be + a strap "to confine a shawl or similar article in a bundle," and + termed a shawl-strap. The schedule attached to and forming a part + of the said reissued patent states, that before the complainant's + invention "straps had been used to confine a shawl or similar + article in a bundle, and a leather cross-piece with loops at the + ends, had extended from one strap to the other; and above and + attached to this leather cross-piece was a handle. This leather + cross-piece or connecting strap is liable to bend and allow the + straps to be drawn toward each other by the handle in sustaining + the weight. Hence the bundle is not kept in a proper shape and the + handle is inconvenient to grasp." + + The invention is then stated to consist "of a rigid cross-bar + beneath the handle, combined with suspending straps, that are to + be passed around the shawl or bundle, such straps passing through + loops at the ends of the handle." + + No question can be made but that the shawl straps manufactured + and sold by the defendant are an infringement of the complainant's + reissue. They consist of a metallic cross-bar, with slots at the + ends for the reception of the straps, and which also connect the + ends of the handle. + + Several defences are set up in the answer, but the only one + necessary to consider is the first, to wit: The want of novelty + and prior public use. + + I had occasion, heretofore, to inquire into the validity of + the complainant's patent, in a controversy between the same + complainant, and Speer _et al._, reported in VI. Off. Gaz. 1874, + in which, as in this case, the principal defence turned upon + the novelty of the invention. A prior public use was alleged and + attempted to be proved. I there said and now repeat "that the + patent is _prima facie_ evidence that the patentee was the + original and first inventor, and that any one who controverts this + assumes the burden of proof and undertakes to show affirmatively + that there was a prior knowledge and use of the alleged invention + under such circumstances, as to give to the public the right of + its continued use against the patentee." + + The defence in this case has brought out many facts in regard to + the public use of the rigid cross-bar in shawl straps anterior to + the date of the complainant's patent, which were not developed in + the former suit. There is no evidence which in my judgment affects + the honesty of the complainant's claim, or which creates any + doubt that he really believed himself to be the original and first + inventor, but nevertheless I am constrained to the conclusion, + after a most careful examination of the whole testimony, that the + proofs show with reasonable certainty that he has been anticipated + in the invention and that his patent is void, in consequence of + the prior knowledge and public use, and the bill must be therefore + dismissed with costs. + + [_E. B. Barnum_, for complainant. + _Arthur v. Briesen_, for defendant.] + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS. + +THE ECONOMIC THEORY OF THE LOCATION OF RAILWAYS. + + +By Arthur M. Wellington, C.E. Price $2.00. New York city: Office of +the Railroad Gazette, 73 Broadway. + + The author of this book is thoroughly conversant with his subject, + and his statement that the book has gradually grown from a few + notes into a volume may be accepted as an explanation of the + somewhat fragmentary character of the work. He asserts that "all + our railways are uneconomically located," and "in many cases these + errors are shockingly evident." If these statements are true, he + is right in stating that "there is something almost pitiful in + the waste of human labor enforced by such costly blundering." He + considers that other countries have made lamentable blunders in + locating their railroads, so that the suffering stockholders of + American lines may take comfort from the thought that others are + or may be as badly off. + + +FRUIT AND BREAD. A SCIENTIFIC DIET. By Gustav Schlickeysen. Translated +from the German by M. L. Holbrook, M.D. With an Appendix. Illustrated. +New York city: M. L. Holbrook & Co. + + The author and translator of this little treatise are firm + believers in vegetarianism, and present in a highly attractive + form the main arguments which sustain them in their position. The + subject is most carefully and systematically treated, and although + the conclusions at which the author arrives are greatly at + variance with modern belief and practice, the book is nevertheless + entitled to proper and respectful consideration. Illustrations are + given of the teeth and stomachs of various animals, and these are + compared with the similar organs existing in man, so exhibiting + in a clear and satisfactory manner the perfect adaptedness of the + latter to a purely vegetable regimen, which is certainly something + more than merely accidental. Altogether the book is well worthy + of perusal by others than those more immediately interested in the + question of diet. + + +THEORETICAL NAVAL ARCHITECTURE: a Treatise on the Calculations +involved in Naval Design. By Samuel J. P. Thearle, F.R.S.N.A., etc. +Two Volumes; Text and Plates. New York city: G. P. Putnam's Sons. + + This book is designed to meet the requirements of both those who + possess but a moderate amount of mathematical knowledge as well as + of those who are much further advanced. Numerous formulæ and rules + clearly stated will enable the former to perform without much + difficulty the ordinary routine of the draughting office, while + ample opportunity is afforded the latter to trace back the + processes from which these rules have gone forth. The book is + divided into six parts. Part I. embraces the calculations relating + to the forms and dimensions of ships. II. those relating to the + weights and centers of gravity of ships. Part III. refers to the + strength of ships. IV. and V. to their propulsion by sails and by + steam engines; while Part VI. treats of the calculations relating + to steering. An excellent book of plates and tables accompanies + the text. + + +KEMLO'S WATCH REPAIRER'S HANDBOOK: being a complete guide to the young +beginner in taking apart, putting together, and thoroughly cleaning +the English lever and other foreign watches, and all American watches. +By F. Kemlo, Practical Watchmaker. With Illustrations. Price $1.25. +Philadelphia, Pa.: Henry Carey Baird & Co. + + This work will prove of great value to all in whom the curious + mechanism of clocks and watches has excited more than a passing + interest. None but skilled followers of the art have been allowed + to contribute to its pages, so that the practical worth of the + information given can be fully relied upon. A concise history of + timekeepers is followed by a clear and exhaustive description of + the English lever watch, which in turn is followed by articles + on cleaning, putting together, and the conditions necessary to + produce a good English watch. American watches deservedly engage + considerable attention. Papers on repairing watches, cleaning and + repairing clocks, and a short description of the necessary tools + complete the book. + + +RECENT PROGRESS IN SANITARY SCIENCE. By A. R. Leeds. Salem, Mass.: +Printed at the Salem Press. + + This is a reprint of a paper read at the Lyceum of Natural + History, October 9, 1876, by the well known Professor of Chemistry + at the Stevens Institute. + + +WILLIAMS' TOURIST'S MAP AND GUIDE TO COLORADO AND THE SAN JUAN MINES. +Price 50 cents each. New York city: H. T. Williams, 46 Beekman street. + +Two well edited publications, deserving the attention of travelers and +emigrants. + + * * * * * + + + + +INVENTIONS PATENTED IN ENGLAND BY AMERICANS. + + +June 7 to June 15, 1877, inclusive. + +BOOTS AND SHOES.--Mellen Bray, Newton, Mass. ELECTRO-MAGNETIC +MOTOR.--W. W. Gary, Washington, D. C. FURNACES.--J. J. Storer, New +York city. GAS.--M. H. Strong, Brooklyn, N. Y. GAS APPARATUS.--D. C. +Smith, East Northwood, N. H. GAS MACHINES.--T. F. Rowland, Greenpoint, +N. Y. MINERAL WOOL APPARATUS.--A. D. Elbers, Hoboken, N. J. MOTIVE +POWER.--W. G. Smith et al., New York city. POWER LOOMS.--James Long, +Philadelphia, Pa. PULVERIZING MACHINES.--J. J. Storer, New York city. +PUMP.--A. F. Eells et al., Boston, Mass. REFRIGERATING APPARATUS.--B. +J. B. Mills, Lexington, Ky. SEWING MACHINES.--C. H. Warner, +Sturbridge, Mass. SHEET METAL UTENSILS.--F. G. Niedringhaus, St. +Louis, Mo. VALVE GEAR.--E. Cope et al., Hamilton, Ohio. + + * * * * * + + + + +RECENT AMERICAN AND FOREIGN PATENTS. + +NOTICE TO PATENTEES. + + +Inventors who are desirous of disposing of their patents would find it +greatly to their advantage to have them illustrated in the SCIENTIFIC +AMERICAN. We are prepared to get up first-class WOOD ENGRAVINGS of +inventions of merit, and publish them in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN on +very reasonable terms. + +We shall be pleased to make estimates as to cost of engravings +on receipt of photographs, sketches, or copies of patents. After +publication, the cuts become the property of the person ordering them, +and will be found of value for circulars and for publication in other +papers. + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW AGRICULTURAL INVENTIONS. + +IMPROVED HAY ELEVATOR. + + +Eugene L. Church, Walworth, Wis.--This is a hay elevator and carrier +of simple and effective construction; and it consists essentially of a +traveling carriage locking, by a tilting catch, on a fixed stop block +of the track, from which it is released by the action of the bail +of the sheave frame of the hay fork on a pivoted grappling hook, the +sheave being held in suspended position by the joint action of a fixed +hook, of the pivoted hook, and of the tilting catch. A track beam, +which is suspended from the rafters of a barn or other building by +means of eyebolts passing through the center of the track beam. A +carriage runs along the track beam by a pair of flanged wheels, at +each end of which the wheels of one pair are set at such distance from +each other that they clear readily the suspension bolts as they pass +along the same. A hoisting rope is attached, in the customary manner, +to a fixed point at one end of carriage, and passed then through the +sheave frame of the hay fork, and over a pulley of the carriage, and +through a sheave at the end of track beam, and down to the ground, +where a horse is hitched to its free end. + + +IMPROVED CORN HARVESTER. + + +Bennett Osgood, Lenox, Iowa.--This invention is an improved machine +for cutting up the corn, removing the ears from the stalks, and +cutting the stalks into pieces, and which may be adjusted to cut up +the corn and shock it. As the stalks are carried back by chains, pins +or hooks on bars tear open the husks of the ears; and the bars, in +connection with rollers, break the ears from the stalks. The ears, +when broken off, drop through an opening in the platform into an +elevator, up which they are carried, and are discharged into a wagon +drawn at the side of the machine. The box of the elevator is supported +from the frame of the machine, and its carrier is driven from a shaft +by an endless band. The stalks are carried back by endless chains, and +allowed to drop from the rear end of the platform upon the brackets +attached to the rear bar of the frame. As they fall upon the brackets +they are cut into three pieces by two knives, which work in slots in +the brackets, and to the upper part of which are pivoted the upper +ends of two bars. The lower ends of these bars are pivoted to a crank +formed upon the shaft, which revolves in bearings attached to the rear +bar of the frame. + + +IMPROVED SULKY HARROW. + + +George M. Furman, Laclede, Mo.--This is an improved riding harrow, +so constructed that it may be readily raised from the ground, by the +driver from his seat, to clear it of rubbish, to pass obstructions, +and to pass from place to place, to cut up the ground and cover the +seed thoroughly, and be used for cultivating small grain and plants. + + +IMPROVED HARROW. + + +Hans Iver Lund, Charlotte, Iowa.--The object of this invention is to +furnish an iron harrow which shall be light, strong, and durable, +of less draft than an ordinary harrow, of less size, inexpensive +in manufacture, and effective in operation, breaking up the lumps +thoroughly, and stirring up the soil evenly. The harrow is designed +to be made in three sections, all exactly alike, one, two, or three of +which may be used at a time. + + +IMPROVED COMBINED COTTON SCRAPER AND CULTIVATOR. + + +Malachiah Roby, Kosciusko, Miss.--This machine is so constructed as to +bar off and dirt or cultivate cotton plants at one operation; and the +invention relates to the construction and arrangement of a center or +main beam, to the forward end of which the draft is attached. To the +beam, a little in the rear of its forward end, is attached the middle +part of a crossbar, in which are formed a number of holes to receive +the hooks or clevises by which the forward ends of side beams are +secured to said crossbar. To the rear end of the main beam is attached +the middle part of a crossbar, to which the rear ends of the side +beams are secured by a bow and yoke passed around them diagonally, and +which are tightened, when adjusted in place, by nuts screwed upon the +ends of the bows. Bands are passed around said beams and diagonally +around said standards, and tightened in place by wedges or other +suitable means, so that the scrapers can be readily adjusted to +work deeper or shallower in the ground, and easily detached when not +required for use. Cultivating plows or dirters have standards which +are attached to the side beams, the plows and standards of the inner +side beams being placed in advance of those attached to the outer side +beams. When the machine is to be used as a cultivator, the scrapers +are detached, and may be replaced by cultivating plows. + + +IMPROVED CULTIVATOR. + + +Austin S. McDermott, Prairie Creek (Melleray P. O.), Iowa.--The object +of this invention is to furnish a cultivator which shall be readily +adjusted as the character of the work to be done may require, and +easily guided and controlled. The tongue of the machine is made in +V shape, and its rear end is attached to the axle. The arms of the +tongue are connected by a crossbar, to which the doubletree is pivoted +by a hammer bolt. To the ends of the axle are attached, or upon them +are formed, crank axle arms, upon the journals of which the wheels +revolve. To the arms of the tongue, near the forward end of said +tongue, are bolted the ends of the forward arms of the three-armed +bar, the third arm of which projects to the rearward, and its rear end +is bent into U form to receive a curved bar, which is pivoted to +the three-armed bar by a bolt that passes through the bend of the +three-armed bar and through the center of the curved bar. The ends of +the curved bar are secured to the forward ends of the beams by bolts, +two to each end. To the rear ends of the beams are attached handles +which may be strengthened by braces, and are designed for use in +guiding the plows when the machine is used as a walking cultivator. + + +IMPROVED CHICKEN COOP. + + +Daniel M. Sullivan and Thomas A. Retallic, Montgomery City, Mo.--This +invention consists of a coop adjustable vertically on a standard, +and provided with removable partitions and doors for convenience in +cleansing. The frame of the coop is placed on a standard, at the top +of which is placed a pulley. A cord is attached to the top of the coop +frame, and runs over the pulley, and is attached to a counterweight. +The coop is divided by a central transverse partition into two +compartments, which are subdivided by transverse partitions composed +of slats, and held in place by a dowel pin at the bottom and by a pin +at the top. The vertical strips that hold the slats of the partitions +together are grooved on each side to receive sliding partitions which +are arranged on a central longitudinal line of the coop, and at +right angles to the partitions. Grooves are also made in the ends and +central partition of the coop to receive these sliding partitions. + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW TEXTILE INVENTIONS. + +IMPROVED FULLING MILL. + + +James Hunter, North Adams, Mass., assignor to himself and James E. +Hunter, of same place.--The object of this invention is to improve +the construction of fulling mills in such a way that there can be no +possibility of injuring the cloth while passing through the rollers, +and in such a way as to give the operator full control over the +friction caused by the tongue or lever upon the goods, whether said +goods be heavy or light. + + +IMPROVED SHUTTLE-DRIVING MECHANISM FOR NARROW-WARE LOOMS. + + +William B. Willard, New York city.--This invention, relating to looms +for weaving narrow ware, consists in the arrangement of a spur wheel +traveling on a fixed rack, and actuating a movable rack attached to +the shuttle carrier. Motion is given to the spur wheel by a cam on the +main shaft of the machine, which acts through a slotted lever and a +connecting rod. The object is to provide mechanism for throwing the +shuttle in such looms. In the loom the shuttlerace is divided at its +center, leaving a space of sufficient width to admit of the passage +and shedding of the warp. The shuttle slides in the race, and is of +such length as to overlap the opening, so that it may pass smoothly +from one section of the shuttlerace to the other. The shuttle is +pierced to receive the fingers of the shuttle carrier, which slides on +the bar. The latter is a piece of sheet metal, which is turned over at +its upper edge to receive the bar, and is provided with guides for the +fingers. The said fingers are capable of engaging with the holes in +the shuttle and project below the piece of sheet metal, and are bent +at right angles, and provided with grooved friction rollers, which +engage with a cam slot of such form that it will draw the fingers, one +at a time, downward out of the shuttle, and retain them below the +warp during the passage of the portion of the shuttle with which they +engage, through the threads of the warp, and replace them after that +part of the shuttle passes the warp. + + +IMPROVED LOOM TEMPLE. + + +Christian H. Schlaf, Rockville, Conn.--This is an improved device for +stretching the cloth while being woven. It is so constructed as to +adjust itself as the cloth is being woven and carried forward to the +cloth beam. + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW WOODWORKING AND HOUSE AND CARRIAGE BUILDING INVENTIONS. + +IMPROVED THILL COUPLING. + + +Josiah Kitzmiller, Keedysville, Md.--This is an improvement upon that +form of thill coupling in which a pivoted cap is employed to slide +over the end of the bolt or pin which secures the eye of the thill +iron to the lugs or ears of the axle clip, the said cap serving to +prevent the said pin from becoming accidentally displaced without +the use of a screw nut or other securing device. It consists in the +construction and arrangements of a spring catch for holding +said pivoted cap down to its place against any tendency to rise +accidentally, the said spring catch being located in a transverse +groove or recess in the cap and between the cap and the adjacent lug +and being provided with a beveled head and square shoulder, which +engages with the under side of the lug to hold the cap down. The merit +of this arrangement is that the catch is concealed from sight by the +complete inclosure of the spring and the position of the beveled head +beneath the coupling, and hence the exterior of the coupling +presents a plain, smooth, and neat appearance, free from catches +or projections, which would be liable to hook into the clothing in +getting into or out of the carriage. + + +IMPROVED VEHICLE SPRING. + + +Fredrick W. Faber, Columbus, Texas.--This invention consists in +combining an auxiliary spring with a spring suspended from goosenecks +attached to the axle, the said auxiliary spring being attached to the +axle, and provided with yokes for embracing the suspended spring, the +object being to provide a device for steadying the main spring and +preventing lateral motion. + + +IMPROVED TIRE HEATER. + + +Philip W. Cassil, New Athens, O.--To the top of the furnace or firebox +is secured the ring heating chamber, which consists of the ring plate +having a ring flange or rim formed around its outer edge. To the ring +plate are attached the outer ends of a number of arms, the inner ends +of which meet in the center of the ring plate, and have a journal +attached to them. The journal may be hollow or solid, and upon it is +placed a hub to which are attached a number of radial arms, to the +outer ends of which is attached a rim. The rim fits against the +inner part of the ring plate, and forms the inner wall of the heating +chamber. + + +IMPROVED CHIMNEY COWL. + + +Andrew F. Barry and Ira G. Lane, New York city.--This invention is a +chimney cowl or ventilator which will deflect the natural current of +air, so that a draft is continually maintained. To the upper end of +a sheet metal chimney top is attached a strip of metal, bent into a +spiral form, and having spaces between the successive convolutions of +the spiral. The spirals overlap each other, and increase in diameter +towards the top. The coils are connected at intervals by stays, and +the end of the upper and outer coil is tapped on to the one that +precedes it, and is trimmed off horizontally, and upon it is placed an +ornamental border. The wind, striking this top from any direction, +is deflected so as to cause a draft. The device is claimed to be +ornamental in appearance, is cheaply and easily made, and does not +obstruct the chimney. + + +IMPROVED WAGON AXLE. + + +Wilbur F. Buckelew, Shreveport, La.--The object of this invention is +to strengthen the wooden axles of wagons, and to fasten the skeins +so that they will not become loose. A wooden axle is grooved +longitudinally upon its under side throughout its entire length, to +receive a rod, which is reduced in size at its ends, and threaded to +receive the nuts. This rod is bent so as to conform to the tapering +portion of the axle upon which the skein is placed. The skeins, having +countersunk outer ends, are placed on the ends of the axle, and nuts +having a beveled face corresponding to the countersunk ends of the +skeins, are placed on the ends of the rod, and clamp the skeins +securely on the axle. By giving the nut this peculiar form, it +contains more threads than it otherwise would, and is in consequence +stronger. The rod not only serves to retain the skeins securely in +their places, but it also acts as a stay or truss rod for the axle, +greatly strengthening it. + + +IMPROVED WAGON BRAKE LEVER. + + +Jacob P. Outson, Racine, Wis.--This invention consists of a curved +ratchet bar and two levers working on the same pivot, one carrying a +spring pawl, that engages with the curved ratchet bar, and the other +carrying a stud for throwing the pawl out of the notches of the +ratchet bar. When the brake is to be applied to the wheels of the +wagon, one lever is thrown forward, carrying with it the other lever; +and the pawl, by engaging the notches of the bar, holds the lever +at any desired point. When it is desired to release the brake first +named, the lever is drawn back, moving first the length of the slot, +the stud striking the pawl and throwing it out of engagement with +the ratchet bar, when the lever may be carried back to any required +position. + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW HOUSEHOLD INVENTIONS. + +IMPROVED BAKER. + + +Luna Drew, Irving, Wis.--This is an improved baking attachment to +heating stoves of all kinds, so that the heat of the same may be +utilized for baking, warming, raising bread, and other purposes. It +consists of a baker supported on adjustable legs, and secured to +a round, oval, or square heating stove by suitable top and bottom +slides. A warmer is arranged below the baker. The front of the baker +is detachable, to admit its use for baking or warming purposes. + + +IMPROVED FIRE KINDLER. + + +John G. Distler, Brooklyn (Greenpoint P. O.), N. Y.--This invention is +an improved fire kindler, simple in construction, convenient in use, +and effective in operation, burning freely, and lasting long enough +to fully kindle the fire. It is formed of corncobs, steamed, having +a number of transverse holes formed through them, dried, dipped in +melted white resin, and wrapped in paper. The corncobs are steamed to +prevent them from breaking while being bored. The cobs, while still +moist with the steam, have a number of transverse holes bored in them +with a rapidly revolving bit, and are then thoroughly dried. When dry +the cobs are dipped in melted white resin, and before they are fully +cold they are wrapped in ordinary paper, which adheres to them, +prevents any odor from passing off into the room and prevents them +from soiling the hands while being handled. + + +IMPROVED MATCH SAFE. + + +John A. Field, Racine, Wis.--This is a match safe, the back, top, and +front of which are made from a single piece of tin, and to which a +lighter of wire cloth is attached, which is placed over a picture, to +give the match safe an ornamental appearance. It is so arranged that +the matches are delivered singly to a pair of hooks, from which they +may be readily taken by the fingers. + + +IMPROVED NURSERY CHAIR. + + +Luther I. Adams, East Templeton, Mass.--This chair may be readily +converted into a high or low chair, and in which an attached toy box +retains the toys when the chair is in either position. The armed low +chair has curved legs. Between the rear legs a shaft is journaled, +upon which two wheels are placed. The support for the low parts +when it is used as a high chair consists of two similar sides, each +composed of two curved strips, which are held together partly by +crossbars and partly by triangular metallic pieces that are attached +to their upper ends and pivoted to the center of the crossbars that +connect the legs. A shaft, having upon it wheels, is journaled in the +curved strips at the back of the chair near the lower ends. The toy +box consists of a tray that is concaved at its upper edge and is made +convex at its lower end, and is provided with a cover that extends +over a portion of it, and forms a receptacle for toys when the box is +in a vertical position. + + +IMPROVED FRUIT JAR. + + +Catherine Hastings, Oswego, N. Y.--This is an improved attachment for +fruit jars, to enable them to be conveniently handled when filled with +hot fruit, and at other times. It does not interfere with standing the +full fruit jars upon their tops, if desired, and enables the jars to +be used for holding and carrying various articles. There is a metallic +screw band, by which the cover is secured upon the mouth of jar. To +the opposite sides of the band are soldered lugs to which are pivoted +the ends of a wire bail. + + +IMPROVED VENTILATOR. + + +Charles E. Darling, Lewiston, Me., assignor of two thirds his right +to Henry Free and John E. Lydston, of same place.--This ventilator for +windows, doors, etc., works in noiseless manner, and is watertight. It +consists of radially recessed face disks, clamped to the glass frame, +and having an intermediate pivoted disk with corresponding recesses +that are set by a crank lever and cords into open or closed piston. + + +IMPROVED BAKING PAN. + + +Charles I. Kagey and Fred W. Stoneburner, Arcola, Ill.--The body of +this roaster is made of sheet iron, and is rectangular in form. To one +end of the body a cap is secured, and to the other end a rectangular +cast iron frame is fitted, to which a cast iron door is hinged. At the +top of the roaster, at or near its center, an aperture is made, which +is closed by a tapering projection that extends downward from a plate +that is hinged to the top of the roaster. Rings are attached to the +top of the roaster near each end for convenience in handling. The +apparatus, when in use, is placed upon a stove or in an oven. + + +IMPROVED STOVEPIPE SHELF. + + +John W. Jackson, Sharpsville, Pa.--A wire of the requisite strength is +bent into the shape required to form the horizontal support. To this +the shelf is attached, and also the bracket, which rests against the +pipe for supporting the same. + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW MECHANICAL AND ENGINEERING INVENTIONS. + +IMPROVED WATER WHEEL. + + +Isaac Mallery, Dryden, N. Y.--This invention relates to downward +discharge turbine water wheels; and it consists in the employment, in +combination with a stationary chute case and an independent adjustable +frame, of a series of gates, which are pivoted to this frame and +adjustable to the periphery of said case. The bucket wheel is formed +of curved and inclined buckets arranged around a hub, and applied to a +cap ring and a skirting. This wheel is keyed on a driving shaft, +stepped on a bridge, and passed up through a tubular sleeve, which is +cast on the top of a cylindrical chute or guide case. This case is +rigidly secured to the base or bed frame, and constructed with oblique +issues, which direct the currents of inflowing water against the +buckets of the wheel. + + +IMPROVED VALVE MOTION FOR STEAM ENGINES. + + +Henry Haering, New York city.--This is an improved device for +operating the slide valve of a steam engine from the piston rod of +said engine, in such a way that the valve will be moved slightly to +partially uncover the inlet and exhaust ports as the piston completes +its stroke, and its motion will be continued in the same direction as +the piston begins to move upon the return stroke, until the ports are +fully opened, and will then stand still, with the ports fully open, +until the piston has nearly completed its return stroke. It consists +in the combination of a three-armed bar, two levers, connecting bar, +and connecting lever, with the piston rod and the valve stem of +a steam engine; and in the combination of a lockbar, spring, two +cylinders, and pin, with the two levers and the three-armed bar. +As the piston approaches the end of its stroke, the upper end of an +upright arm of a bar strikes the concaved side of the upper part of +one of the levers operating it, and moving the slide valve to close +the ports and admit steam in front of the piston. As the piston begins +its return stroke the inclined upper surface of one of the side arms +of the three-armed bar comes in contact with the lower end of the said +lever, and continues its motion in the same direction, fully opening +the said inlet port, which remains fully open until the piston has +again nearly completed its stroke. + + +IMPROVED REVERSIBLE ECCENTRIC. + + +George G. Lafayette and Pitt W. Strong, Brockville, Ontario, +Canada.--This is an improved device to act as a substitute for the +link motion on a reversible engine, or for adjusting the stroke of +a boiler-feed pump, while in motion, so as to regulate the amount of +feed water supplied to the boiler, without the use of an overflow pipe +and cock, and keeping thereby the pump constantly in motion, which +will save the annoyance frequently experienced in pumps by their +refusing to prime after having been stopped for a short time. It may +be further used to control the speed of all kinds of engines, whether +with plain slide valve or with a cut-off valve working on top of the +other by connecting directly to the device a suitable governor, so +as to automatically shorten and lengthen the stroke of the valve, and +give a uniform motion to the engine under different loads. + + +IMPROVED EXPANDING REAMER. + + +Robert Blair, San Francisco, Cal.--In this improved tool there is +a clamping bolt by which the cutters are clamped fast after being +adjusted. The cutters are arranged to slide directly across the stock +in dovetail grooves, and are slotted to slide along the clamping bolt +and washers, by which they are clamped fast after they are adjusted +to the position required by a toothed pinion and racks. The pinion is +arranged in the stock between the cutters, and the shaft extends out +of the end of the stock, with a nick in the end for a screwdriver to +turn it. + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW MISCELLANEOUS INVENTIONS. + +IMPROVED TORTOISE-SHELL HANDLE. + + +Christian W. Schaefer, New York city.--The object of this invention +is to mount the handles of canes, umbrellas, parasols, whips, opera +glasses, and similar articles with a tortoise-shell covering, in such +a manner that the present inefficient mode of attaching the same by +glue may be dispensed with, the covering attached in tightly fitting +and durable manner, and the joint or weld of the edges be not +noticeable in the least. + + +IMPROVED HAND STAMP. + + +Leonard Tilton, Brooklyn, E.D., N. Y.--This invention consists in +novel devices for giving positive rotation to the stamp heads after +the impressions are made, in combination with a reciprocating inking +pad, and in means for adjusting the throw of the inking pad with +respect to the printing faces of the stamp heads. + + +IMPROVED BUCKLE. + + +John Fenton, Indianapolis, Ind.--This invention is an improved buckle, +neat in appearance, strong and durable, which may be easily fastened +and unfastened, which will not require the strap to be perforated, and +will hold it securely in any position into which it may be adjusted. +The buckle is formed of a plate having holes in its middle part to +receive the rivets by which it is secured to the strap, and having +cross slots formed in its ends to receive the free end of the said +strap, and the eccentric, having its outer side corrugated radially, +and provided with a handle. + + +IMPROVED LIQUID DIFFUSER. + + +George M. Smyth, Brooklyn, N. Y.--This invention consists in the +combination of an air compressor, an air reservoir, and a receptacle +for the liquid, and an arrangement of pipes and nozzles for atomizing +the liquid. An air compressor of any ordinary construction is +connected with the reservoir by a pipe, in which two stopcocks are +placed. There is a receptacle for containing the liquid to be diffused +or atomized. A pipe passes through a stopper placed in the neck of the +said receptacle, and extends nearly to the bottom of the same, and its +upper end is provided with a stopcock and nozzle. A nozzle is arranged +at right angles to the first-mentioned nozzle, and is attached to a +brace that is secured to the pipe. + + +IMPROVED OIL CAN. + + +John Graves, New York city, assignor to himself and James L. Miller, +Westfield, N. J.--This is an improved case for packing oil cans for +transportation, the case furnishing the additional facility that the +can may be readily inserted into the same and tilted for use. The +invention consists of a wooden projecting case with side slots, in +which trunnions of the can are guided and supported for swinging the +can on pivot hooks, which serve also for the purpose of locking the +lid to the case. + + +IMPROVED HARNESS TUGS. + + +Charles Hauff, Ashland, O.--The body of the carrier is made in the +form of a ring with outwardly projecting flanges around its edges. The +strap is passed around the ring in the groove formed by its flanges, +and its inner end is sewed to its body at the side. Small wedge-shaped +blocks of leather are inserted in the angle between the parts of the +strap where they meet and the ring, which angular blocks are covered +by angular projection of the flanges of the ring. + + +IMPROVED COMPOSITION FOR CASTING ORNAMENTAL FIGURES. + + +August Kiesele, New York city.--This consists in a composition +formed by the admixture of dry pulverized sugar, melted paraffin, and +stearine. It is poured into moulds and allowed to cool. The article +is then removed from the mould, and powdered starch or sugar is dusted +over it to destroy the gloss and give it the appearance of alabaster. + + +IMPROVED PEN RACK. + + +Harvey W. Forman, Golden City, Col.--This consists of an upper frame +with intercrossing wires, forming wide spaces or meshes, and of a +second frame with closer wires below the same, for holding the pen in +upright position, in connection with a bottom pad or absorbent below +the rack frames. + + +IMPROVED STOPPER FOR MUCILAGE BOTTLE. + + +James Tilghman, New York city.--This is a combined brush and stopper, +consisting essentially of a handle having a stem and a flat end +corresponding to the top of the cork. The brush has a flat head, +corresponding to the bottom of the cork. The cork is interposed +between the said head and end of the handle, and held in place by the +central stem. + + * * * * * + + + + +BUSINESS AND PERSONAL. + + * * * * * + + +_The Charge for Insertion under this head is One Dollar a line for +each insertion. If the Notice exceeds four lines, One Dollar and a +Half per line will be charged._ + + * * * * * + + +Metallic Letters and Figures to put on patterns of castings, all +sizes. H. W. Knight, Seneca Falls, N. Y. + +How to make Violins--Write J. Ranger, Syracuse, N. Y. + +Blake's Belt Studs.--The best and cheapest fastening for Rubber or +Leather Belts. Greene, Tweed & Co., 18 Park place, N. Y. + +All kinds of new Lift and Force Pumps for all purposes, at half price, +or trade for firearms or tools. W. P. Hopkins, Lawrence, Mass. + +Steam Yacht for sale. 31 feet long, 6½ beam; new. John Howard, No. +1720 Rittinhouse st., Philadelphia. + +Mothers make selections for themselves uptown, but they always go to +Baldwin the Clothier in New York and Brooklyn for boys' outfits. + +Wanted--The Agency of small article of merit or novelty for the +Hardware or House furnishing lines. W. M. Ernst & Co., 26 Cliff +street, New York. + +Thermometers and Hydrometers for scientific and other purposes. +Goldbacher, 98 Fulton street, N. Y. + +For Sale.--One 3 ft. Planer, $195; one 8 ft. do., $350; one 26" Lathe, +$295; one 22" do., $175; one 15" do., $120. At Shearman's, 132 North +3d street, Philadelphia, Pa. + +Inventors.--Send 10 cents for the "Journal of Invention," 4 months. 37 +Park Row, N. Y. Room 2. + +Reliable Oak Leather and Rubber Belting. A specialty of Belting for +high speed and hard work. Charles W. Arny, Manufacturer, Phila., Pa. +Send for price lists. + +Shaw's Noise-Quieting Nozzles for Escape Pipes of Locomotives, +Steamboats, etc. Quiets all the noise of high pressure escaping steam +without any detriment whatever. T. Shaw, 915 Ridge Ave., Philadelphia, +Pa. + +For 13, 15, 16, and 18 in. Swing Screw-Cutting Engine Lathes, address +Star Tool Company, Providence, R. I. + +John T. Noye & Son, Buffalo, N. Y., are Manufacturers of Burr Mill +Stones and Flour Mill Machinery of all kinds, and dealers in Dufour & +Co.'s Bolting Cloth. Send for large illustrated catalogue. + +Removal.--Fitch & Meserole, Manufacturers of Electrical Apparatus, and +Bradley's Patent Naked Wire Helices, have removed to 40 Cortlandt St., +N. Y. Experimental work. + +Power & Foot Presses, Ferracute Co., Bridgeton, N. J. + +For Best Presses, Dies, and Fruit Can Tools, Bliss & Williams, cor. of +Plymouth and Jay Sts., Brooklyn, N. Y. + +Lead Pipe, Sheet Lead. Bar Lead, and Gas Pipe. Send for prices. +Bailey, Farrell & Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. + +Hydraulic Presses and Jacks, new and second hand. Lathes and Machinery +for Polishing and Buffing metals. E. Lyon & Co., 470 Grand St., N. Y. + +Solid Emery Vulcanite Wheels--The Solid Original Emery Wheel--other +kinds imitations and inferior. Caution.--Our name is stamped in full +on all our best Standard Belting, Packing, and Hose. Buy that only. +The best is the cheapest. New York Belting and Packing Company, 37 and +38 Park Row, N. Y. + +Steel Castings from one lb. to five thousand lbs. Invaluable for +strength and durability. Circulars free. Pittsburgh Steel Casting Co., +Pittsburgh, Pa. + +Leather and Rubber Belting, Packing, Hose, and Manufacturers' +Supplies. Send for list. Greene, Tweed & Co., 18 Park place, N. Y. + +For Solid Wrought Iron Beams, etc., see advertisement. Address Union +Iron Mills, Pittsburgh, Pa., for lithograph, etc. + +Blank Book Back-Shaping Machine. Illustrated circular free. Frank +Thomas & Co., Home St., Cincinnati, O. + +Hand Fire Engines, Lift and Force Pumps for fire and all other +purposes. Address Rumsey & Co., Seneca Falls, N. Y., U. S. A. + +Help for the weak, nervous, and debilitated. Chronic and painful +diseases cured without medicine. Pulvermacher's Electric Belts are +the desideratum. Book, with full particulars, mailed free. Address +Pulvermacher Galvanic Co., 292 Vine St., Cincinnati, Ohio. + +Silver Solder and small Tubing. John Holland, Cincinnati, Manufacturer +of Gold Pens and Pencil Cases. + +Patent Scroll and Band Saws. Best and cheapest in use. Cordesman, Egan +& Co., Cincinnati, O. + +Mill Stone Dressing Diamonds. Simple, effective, and durable. J. +Dickinson, 64 Nassau St., N. Y. + +Best Glass Oilers. Cody & Ruthven, Cincinnati, O. + +For Boult's Paneling, Moulding, and Dovetailing Machine, and other +wood-working machinery, address B.C. Machinery Co., Battle Creek, +Mich. + +Chester Steel Castings Co. make castings for heavy gearing, and +Hydraulic Cylinders where great strength is required. See their +advertisement, page 30. + +Reliable information given on all subjects relating to Mechanics, +Hydraulics, Pneumatics, Steam Engines, and Boilers, by A. F. Nagle, +M.E., Providence. R. I. + + * * * * * + + + + +NOTES & QUERIES + + +It has been our custom for thirty years past to devote a considerable +space to the answering of questions by correspondents; so useful have +these labors proved that the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN office has become the +factotum, or headquarters, to which everybody sends, who wants special +information upon any particular subject. So large is the number of our +correspondents, so wide the range of their inquiries, so desirous are +we to meet their wants and supply correct information, that we are +obliged to employ the constant assistance of a considerable staff of +experienced writers, who have the requisite knowledge or access to +the latest and best sources of information. For example, questions +relating to steam engines, boilers, boats, locomotives, railways, +etc., are considered and answered by a professional engineer of +distinguished ability and extensive practical experience. Inquiries +relating to electricity are answered by one of the most able and +prominent practical electricians in this country. Astronomical queries +by a practical astronomer. Chemical inquiries by one of our most +eminent and experienced professors of chemistry; and so on through +all the various departments. In this way we are enabled to answer the +thousands of questions and furnish the large mass of information which +these correspondence columns present. The large number of questions +sent--they pour in upon us from all parts of the world--renders it +impossible for us to publish all. The editor selects from the mass +those that he thinks most likely to be of general interest to the +readers of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. These, with the replies, are +printed; the remainder go into the waste basket. Many of the rejected +questions are of a primitive or personal nature, which should be +answered by mail; in fact, hundreds of correspondents desire a special +reply by post, but very few of them are thoughtful enough to inclose +so much as a postage stamp. We could in many cases send a brief reply +by mail if the writer were to inclose a small fee, a dollar or more, +according to the nature or importance of the case. When we cannot +furnish the information, the money is promptly returned to the sender. + +J. P. D. will find directions for colored whitewash on pp. 235, 236, +vol. 36.--A. M. will find directions for electroplating on p. 59, vol. +36.--H. P. can recover silver from photographers' waste by the process +detailed on p. 250, vol. 27.--A. W. A.'s difficulty as to 64 and 65 +squares in the puzzle can be solved by an inspection of the diagrams +on p. 323, No. 21, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT.--I. A. will find a +description of a magneto-electric machine on p. 195, vol. 34. A clock +thus would go for 12 hours, and wind itself at the same time for +12 hours more, if such a machine could exist, would be a perpetual +motion. As to tempering small drills, see p. 186, vol. 26.--R. B. can +prevent rust on iron or steel by the means described on p. 26, vol. +25. For a recipe for a depilatory, see p. 186, vol. 34.--A. T. R. is +informed that the hydrocarbon engine is reversible.--T. W. will find +directions for making sand belts on p. 235, vol. 36.--M. G. should +address a manufacturer of oxygen cylinders.--J. S. C., who inquires +as to a water fountain, sizes of pipes, etc., should send us a sketch +with dimensions.--O. L. is informed that the proper way to ascertain +the relative strengths of corrugated and plain sheet metal is by +experiment.--G. H. B. will find directions for making colored +printing inks on p. 90, vol. 36.--P. M. will find on p. 250, vol. 36, +directions for making a polishing starch.--C. H. B. can braze the ends +of his brass plate to make a cylinder of it. See p. 219, vol. 36.--W. +H. C. is informed that his method of fluting reamers is not +new.--C. C. G. will find his method of raising coal or other weights +impracticable.--E. S. G. had better test so simple an experiment and +satisfy himself.--W. H. C. is informed that the most satisfactory plan +would be to get his tools nickel-plated. + +(1) J. H. N., of Christ Church, New Zealand, asks: Is the stearin from +which the olein has been extracted by Dr. Mott's process fit to be +made at once into good stearin candles, without any further treatment? +A. Yes. + +(2) B. B. says: I wish to express the strongest coloring matter from +certain herbs, sage leaves, for instance. How can it best be done +cheaply and quickly? Evaporation during several days, after boiling +and simmering, has the effect; but it is inconveniently slow. The +color produced is a medium brown. A. Dry the leaves, etc., thoroughly, +and grind to a fine powder. Digest this for several days in enough +warm water to thoroughly moisten it throughout. Then add enough wood +naphtha to make a stiff paste, and after standing an hour transfer to +a fine linen bag and express the thick liquid in a screw press. 2. Is +there anything that will set the color? A. Try a strong hot solution +of alum. + +(3) H. K. F. M. says: I have a box made of Bohemian crystal. The +cover, which was held to the box by a brass frame, has come apart +from its frame. It seemed to have been cemented by a hard substance +resembling plaster of Paris. How can I make it? A. Boil 3 parts +powdered rosin for sometime with 1 part of caustic soda and 5 parts of +water; then stir into the soap formed one half its weight of plaster +of Paris, and use immediately. + +(4) F. N. Y. asks: Would a canvas bag, coated with a varnish made of +india rubber dissolved in naphtha, be suitable to hold oxygen gas? A. +Yes; but bags made of double pieces of cloth, cemented together with +the varnish, are better. + +(5) J. A. B. asks: Is there any difference between electricity +and magnetism? A. Electricity and magnetism are supposed to be +manifestations of the same force whose actions are produced at +right angles to each other; the action which occurs in the line of +polarization being called electricity, and the one at right angles to +this line, magnetism. There is an important difference between +them, however, as electricity is essentially a dynamic force, while +magnetism is purely static. + +1. Is not the idea of the world moving around the sun in an elliptic +form absurd? A. No. 2. My idea is that the north star is the center +of the universe, or in fact is the magnet that all the suns or fixed +stars move around, and that the attraction of the pole of the earth, +although it moves around the sun, is the cause of the change of +seasons, or, in other words, the angle of light. A. There is nothing +whatever to support the idea. But a supposed center of the universe +has really been designated by some astronomers. + +(6) P. S. asks: How much copper wire does it require to construct an +electro-magnet that will uphold 100 lbs., and what size of wire should +be used? A. Probably 500 or 600 feet of No. 14 copper wire would be +sufficient with 3 or 4 very large size Grove cells and cores about 6 +inches long and 1 inch in diameter. + +(7) H. S. B. says: Water falls about 16 feet per second. My overshot +water wheel moves about 4 feet per second. Do I in that way lose that +percentage of the actual power of the water? A. Not necessarily. + +(8) C. N. B. asks: Can a steam engine be worked with compressed air +the same as with steam? A. Generally speaking, it can; but not in +every respect. + +(9) J. Y. says: If all the measures of length, surface, and capacity +in the world, and all the weights were lost, by what means could new +ones be made corresponding exactly with those we now have? A. It would +be impossible, as all the measures in use refer to certain arbitrary +standards. + +(10) R. B. G. asks: If a horse be pulling at the end of a lever and +traveling 3 miles an hour, how many lbs. pressure against his collar +must he exert, to raise 33,000 lbs. 1 foot per minute? A. The force +exerted by the animal will depend upon the length of the lever, which +should be given. + +(11) C. H. McK. asks: Would a pump so constructed as to create an +incessant suction draw water an indefinite distance, or how far would +it draw it? A. Such a pump would raise water no higher than any other +that was equally tight. + +(12) J. W. says: I wish to get some boilers made about 12 inches +in diameter and 13 inches deep. I want them to stand a pressure +corresponding to 400° Fah°. Do you think it would be safe to have them +made of cast iron? A. We think it will be better to use wrought iron. +Make the shell about 7/16 of an inch thick. + +(13) J. R. S. says, in reply to E. W. P., who says that he has +an artesian well which does not flow; but from which he pumps by +inserting a pipe inside the well tubing, and asks: "If we attach the +pump to the well tubing directly, allowing no air to enter the tube, +would it not be like trying to pump water from an airtight barrel?" If +such were the case, the drive well would be a miserable failure; for +in all drive wells the pump is attached directly to the tube. I would +advise E. W. P. to attach his pump to the well tube direct, and he +will gain three times the amount of water that he now gets. By having +his pump attached to the well tube directly, the working of the pump +creates a vacuum, and the atmospheric pressure on the earth's surface +violently forces the liquid to fill the vacuum thus formed, thereby +giving a much greater amount of water than can be otherwise obtained. +It is a well established fact that more water can be obtained by the +drive well than by any other. A. In our answer to E. W. P., it will +be evident, we think, to most of our readers, that we only referred to +the case in which the well had no connection with the atmosphere, when +the pipe was tightly fitted. It appears, however, that it might have +been better to have stated this more definitely, and we gladly +embrace the opportunity afforded by the interesting letters of +our correspondents. We would be glad to receive from J. R. S. some +experimental data in proof of his assertion as to the great gain from +a tight connection. This also answers J. T. G. and W. H. F. + +(14) H. H. S. says: 1. Given, a boat with a 35 feet keel, of 6 feet +beam, with fine lines; also a two-cylinder engine, each cylinder 4 x +5 inches; and a wheel 28 inches in diameter and of 3½ feet pitch. Will +an upright boiler, with 135 square feet heating surface, and 4 square +feet grate surface, be sufficient to run the engine at 250 or 300 +revolutions per minute with 100 lbs. steam? A. With good coal and +a forced draft, the boiler may be large enough. 2. What will be the +probable speed of boat? A. In smooth water, 7 to 8 miles an hour. + +(15) F. A. asks: What would be a safe outside pressure for a cylinder +of wrought iron, ½ inch thick and 4 feet in diameter, and 8 feet long? +A. According to tables given in Wilson's "Treatise on Steam Boilers," +the working pressure for such a tube would be about 65 lbs. per square +inch. + +(16) F. M. M. asks: 1. How large must an engine be to run a boat 12½ +feet wide, 75 feet long, drawing 4 feet of water, at the rate of 30 +miles per hour, on a river or bay where the surface is smooth? A. We +have some doubts as to whether these conditions could be fulfilled. 2. +Do steamboats on the ocean use salt water in their boilers for +steam, or do they carry fresh water? A. They ordinarily have surface +condensers, so that the water of condensation is returned to the +boilers. + +(17) E. S. N. says: Please give your ideas as to how much water an +engine 18 inches in diameter by 22 inches stroke, running at 145 +revolutions per minute, at 80 lbs. steam, cutting off at about 18 +inches, will require. We furnished an injector for one of the above +dimensions, capable of throwing 900 gallons per hour. It was found +to be insufficient, and I went to the mill to discover the cause, if +possible. The manufacturers of the injector thought it ought to be +large enough, and so did we. I found everything set up properly, and +the piston and valve were evidently in good order. I finally measured +the capacity of the tank which supplied the injector, and found +that it drew 960 gallons per hour. A. We do not think the data are +sufficient for an accurate calculation. It is possible, however, that +some of our readers have made experiments on similar engines, and can +give some useful information. + +(18) T. W. asks: What size of breast water wheel, with a fall of 2 +feet water, would it require to produce the same power as an overshot +wheel of 4 feet diameter, 18 inches face, with a fall of 5 feet water? +A. If the breast wheel gave the same efficiency as the other, it would +require a face about 2½ times as wide. + +(19) A. K. says: A. asserts that if a small and a large boiler be set +side by side and connected with the top gauge cock of the two boilers, +level, when they are first filled with water, and then steam is +raised, that the water will not remain the same, that the pressure +will be greater in the larger boiler, and consequently will force the +water into the smaller one. B. says that the water will always remain +the same as long as the boilers are connected; that the pressure on +the water will be the same in both boilers, and therefore the water +will always assume the same level in each. Which is right? A. The +pressures sometimes vary in two boilers connected in this way; and +they should be set in such a way that the water cannot be forced from +one into the other under any circumstances. + +(20) J. T. G. says: I notice your reply to W. G. in regard to pounding +of a steam pump, in which you recommend the use of a larger air +vessel. I think that W. G. can remedy the difficulty by allowing a +small quantity of air to enter the pump cylinder at each stroke, +which can be done without sensibly diminishing the amount of water +delivered, provided the lift is not so high as to nearly equal the +capacity of the pump. That would keep the maximum quantity of air in +the air vessel, and I think that the air in the discharge pipe would +have the effect of converting a comparatively rigid column into an +elastic one. W. G. can easily try the experiment by running with +the drain cocks at the end of his pump partially open; and if that +remedies the difficulty, he might insert a small check valve opening +inward to prevent the discharge of water during the out-stroke. If W. +G. tries this, I wish that he would let us know the result through the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. + +(21) G. H. says: Please decide the following: A. claims that a team +of horses can draw a greater load when hitched close to it than when +hitched at a distance of 10 or 20 feet. B. claims that, everything +else being equal, distance makes no difference, and that the team +could pull as many lbs. at a distance of 20 feet as it could at ten or +less. Which is right? A. We incline to B.'s opinion. + +Please tell me the relative power of conducting electricity of +the principal metals. A. According to Matthiessen, the electrical +conductivity of the principal metals, under similar conditions, is as +follows: + + Silver 100.0 + Copper 99.9 + Gold 80.0 + Aluminium 56.0 + Sodium 37.4 + Zinc 29.0 + Cadmium 23.7 + Potassium 20.8 + Platinum 18.0 + Iron 16.8 + Tin 13.1 + Lead 8.3 + German silver 7.7 + Antimony 4.6 + Mercury 1.6 + Bismuth 1.2 + +(22) S. R. S. asks: How can lime, or rather phosphate of lime, be +precipitated from cod liver oil, which is perfectly clear and said to +contain 2 per cent. of the phosphate? A. This can only be done by +first destroying the organic matter of the oil, and then examining the +residue for the phosphates with the usual reagents--magnesia solution, +barium chloride, nitrate of silver, ammonium molybdate, etc. With so +small a percentage of the phosphates, it will be necessary for you to +work with concentrated solutions, and slowly. The oil may be oxidized +by treating it on the waterbath with hot hydrochloric acid, with +some chlorate of potash, added in small quantities at a time. Then +evaporate down nearly to dryness, and treat with a little strong +nitric and a few drops of sulphuric acid. This will take some time if +properly done. + +(23) J. H. S. says, in answer to J. H. B.'s query as to a parrot +pulling out his feathers: Take a knife and scrape the inside edge of +the bill, and the feathers will slip from the bill without coming out. +This is done for feather-eating hens; no doubt it will answer for a +parrot as well. + +(24) S. R. S. says: I have some dentists' pellet gold. I alloyed it +with brass and silver. I melted it several times, but it was so very +brittle that I could not work it. I then added a $2½ gold coin, and +fused, all together, but it was as brittle as before. I then fused it +and dropped in lumps of pure saltpeter, but it is still as brittle +as before. I fused the gold on a lump of charcoal with an alcohol +blowpipe. Please tell me how to work it. A. You fail to state the +proportions of your alloy. There may be an excess of zinc and copper, +or the fusion may not have been complete. Place it, together with +several small pieces of rosin and a little borax or carbonate of soda, +in a small blacklead crucible, and heat to very bright redness over +a good fire. If this does not obviate the difficulty, fuse the alloy +with about three times its weight of nitrate of potassa (saltpeter), +and treat the mass when cold with dilute sulphuric acid. Pour off the +acid solution and fuse the alloy, together with any silver sulphate +adhering to it and a little carbonate of soda. Any silver contained in +the acid solution may be recovered by adding a little salt or muriatic +acid, and fusing the precipitated chloride of silver with carbonate of +soda. + +(25) N. S. asks: 1. Can water be decomposed into its constituents +(oxygen and hydrogen) with any considerable rapidity, and in large +quantities, by electricity? A. Yes; providing a large magneto-electric +machine be used. 2. What is the best and cheapest method of generating +hydrogen in large quantities? A. The action of iron or zinc scraps +on diluted oil of vitriol is among the best. A considerable volume +of pure hydrogen may also be obtained with facility by passing +superheated steam through a large iron tube filled with scrap iron +heated to bright redness. + +(26) G. S. D. W. asks: Is there any process by which an engraving can +be transferred either to stone or wood, where the printing ink can +be made to show up as black as in the original after the transfer has +been made? A. We know of no satisfactory method whereby this may +be accomplished directly. By means of the chromate of gelatin +photographic process, such transfers may be made without great +difficulty. + +(27) F. M. M. asks: 1. If a steamboat 100 feet long, of 5 feet beam +and 4 feet draught, be provided with one set of common side paddle +wheels, and power enough to run it at the rate of 10 knots per +hour, would two sets of side wheels, with the power doubled and the +revolutions of the wheels doubled, double the speed of the boat? A. +No. 2. If we take the same boat, side wheels, and power, for running +10 knots per hour, and arrange for the side wheels to feather their +paddles, what effect would it have on the speed of the boat? A. You +might obtain from 10 to 15 per cent. more of the power of the engine in +useful effect. + +(28) W. J. T. asks: 1. What is the best dark color to paint a +laboratory, and what kind of paint must I use? A. One of the best for +this purpose is shellac in alcohol, colored to suit with Vandyke or +Spanish brown, etc. 2. I wish to varnish my benches. What varnish +would you recommend? A. Shellac is commonly used, but copal gives good +results, also Brunswick black in oil. + +Of what should a waste water pipe be made, so as to resist acids? A. +Make it of lead or block tin. + +Can you recommend an elementary work on electric batteries? A. +Sprague's "Electricity: its Theory, Sources, and Applications," is one +of the best. + +(29) T. P. H. asks: Can I take a wax impression off type and then +electrotype it with a battery? A. Yes. This is the common method of +making electrotypes for printing from. + +(30) C. M. asks: What are the locations of the various branch mints of +the United States? A. A recent authority gives them as Philadelphia, +Pa., San Francisco, Cal., Carson City, Nev., and Denver, Col. Assay +offices are situated at New York city, Charlotte, N. C., and Boise +City, Idaho. + +(31) B. L. D. asks: Can you give me a recipe for making paste for +sharpening razors, knives, etc.? A. Mix the finest emery obtainable +with a little suet. + +(32) C. B. McM. says: I hear that four gallon measures of different +capacities are in use, and that The United States standard gallon +contains 230 cubic inches. In the confusion of text-book statements +such as--"wine gallon = 231 cubic inches," "beer gallon = 282 cubic +inches," "American standard gallon = 58973 grains (Youmans' Chemistry) += nearly 234 cubic inches," and the very extensive ignorance of what +is really correct, please repeat the information in a way that may +be quoted as authority for the capacity of a United States gallon in +cubic inches, and the weight in grains. A. "The gallon of the United +States is the standard or Winchester wine gallon of 231 cubic inches, +and contains 8.3388822 lbs. avoirdupois, or 58372.1754 troy grains of +distilled water at 39.83° Fah., the barometer being at 30 inches. It +is equal to 3.785207 liters. The gallon of the State of New York is of +the capacity of 8 lbs. pure water at its maximum density, or +221.184 cubic inches. It is equal to 3.62346 liters."--_Appleton's +Cyclop[oe]dia._ + +(33) S. C. D. says: Please give directions for electrotyping +cylindrical rollers for impressing upon sheets of wax, accurately, +of the proper figure for honeycomb foundations. The figure for the +surface of the cylinders to be derived from sheets of wax foundation, +having the figure correctly impressed upon them. A. This can be done +by coating with plumbago, and then electrotyping with copper, in a way +familiar to most printers and to all electrotyping establishments. The +plates can afterwards be bent round a roller, and used to impress the +sheets of wax. + +(34) J. H. T. asks: There is a piece of ground, 100 rods long and 10 +rods wide at one end, running to a point at the other, which we wish +to divide into 4 equal lots. Please give a rule. A. Let the 100 rods +be the base of a triangle, divide it into 4 parts of 25 rods each, and +join the apex with each of the three dividing points. You will then +have 4 triangles on equal bases and between the same parallels, which, +according to Euclid, are equal to each other. + +(35) R. S. asks: What are the chemical qualities of bisulphide +of lime, and how can I prepare it? A. The bisulphide of calcium +(C_{2}S_{5}) is produced by boiling milk of lime with sulphur and +water, but not long enough to allow the lime to become completely +saturated. The filtered liquid, on cooling, deposits crystals whose +composition agrees with the formula C_{2}S_{2} + 3H_{2}O. Exposed to +the air, it soon absorbs oxygen, becoming converted into insoluble +sulphate of calcium. Its aqueous solutions are likewise decomposed. +Its reactions with the metallic salts are similar to those of the +alkaline sulphides. + +(36) H. M. S. asks: 1. Of what is the bronze preparation made and how +is it applied to clock fronts? A. Bronze powders are made of various +metallic alloys. The gold bronze is usually made of Dutch gold +(an alloy of copper and zinc) and of the bisulphide of tin (_aurum +musivum_). They are usually applied to metal work by means of an oil +size or japan varnish. 2. In what way can I remove the old bronze? A. +Wash first with a solution of washing soda (hot), clean and dry, and +then rub with a little benzole, alcohol, or ether. + +(37) W. E. W. asks: 1. Of what mixture is the bright red paint usually +put upon axes made? A. It consists of fine vermilion ground with +1 part boiled oil and 2 parts turpentine. 2. Is more than one coat +applied? A. One coat will suffice. It is best applied with a fine +brush, when the metal is warm. + +(38) C. M. B. asks: Is the odor emitted by the ailanthus tree +unwholesome? A. It is considered so by many, but we have no proof as +to the facts. + +(39) L. S. & Co. ask: Is there anything known which would clean the +hands from paints and lacquers without the use of turpentine? A. A +little ammonia and benzine or naphtha, aided by a little sand, is +often used in stubborn cases; put plenty of good soap and warm water, +with a stiff brush or a small piece of pumicestone, will ordinarily +suffice. + +(40) W. P. S., Jr., says: Can you give me a recipe for making _papier +maché_? A. _Papier maché_ is obtained from old paper and the like made +into a pulp by grinding with milk of lime or lime water, and a little +gum dextrin or starch. This pulp is then pressed into form, coated +with linseed oil, baked at a high temperature, and finally varnished. +The pulp is sometimes mixed with clay (kaolin), chalk, etc.; and other +kinds are made of a paste of pulp and recently slaked lime. This is +used for ornamenting wood, etc. + +(41) M. P. B. says, in reply to a correspondent who asked how to +prevent his water filter from getting choked up: Fit in the filter, +on the top of the charcoal, a piece of board having in the center a +circular hole from two to four inches in diameter, according to the +size of the filter; force in this a sponge so tightly that all the +water has to pass through it first, but not so as to prevent its free +passage. This sponge will absorb readily the gross impurities of the +water, and can easily be taken out and cleaned once or twice a week. + +(42) A. C. S. asks: 1. Is there any reason why lightning rod points +should always be bright, if the points are kept sufficiently sharp? A. +It makes no difference if the points are not bright. 2. If lightning +rods put up in the ordinary way above the roof terminate in the eaves' +spouting of the house, and said spouting had good ground connections, +would this not be equal to the best lightning rod, and thereby save +many feet of rod and many dollars of expense? A. The arrangement you +suggest would be good. Make a thoroughly good ground connection with +leaders, have all joints well soldered, and you may dispense with the +rod as you propose. + +(43) J. A. W. says: Having occasion to do some copper plating some +time ago, I dissolved sulphate of copper in water in a glass jar. I +then poured it off into my battery, and there was some left in the +jar. I threw a small piece of iron into it and left it for some days. +I then took it out; and to my surprise, I found that it had been +perfectly plated with copper. Please let me know the cause? A. The +reaction you note is taken advantage of to cheaply copper plate small +articles of cast iron. See answer to J. O. M., p. 347, vol. 36. In the +presence of water, the reaction is as follows: + + CuSO_{4} + Fe = FeSO_{4} + Cu. + +Sulphate of copper. Iron. Sulphate of iron. Copper. + +As the iron is a more positive metal than copper, it displaced the +latter in combination with acids, the remaining portions of the iron +becoming coated with the precipitated copper. + +(44) A. G. asks: Is the silver, for a reflecting telescope, put on the +back of the glass the same as on looking glasses? A. No. Only one +side of the glass is ground and polished to the shape required. The +silvering is done on this side; and then, with the softest buckskin +and the finest rouge, the surface of the silver is polished for the +reflecting surface. In cities where gas is used, it will not retain +its brilliancy very long; then it requires to be cleaned with nitric +acid and resilvered, which is only the work of a few hours when a +person has become accustomed to it. + +(45) A. L. B. says: 1. I understand that, in modern chemistry, the +acids and alkalies are the two extremes of a class of substances +called hydrates, the only difference being the radical. In the +reaction of nitric acid, HO NO_{2} or HNO_{3} on potassic hydrate, KOH +is KO NO_{2} or KNO_{3}, and H_{2}O. Which molecule loses the oxygen +atom, and why should one part with it more than the other? + +A. HNO_{3} + KOH = KNO_{3} + H_{2}O + Nitric acid potassic potassic water + hydrate nitrate + +In this reaction the potassium is considered, by virtue of its greater +affinity, as replacing the hydrogen atom in the hydric nitrate; the +hydrogen in turn satisfying the OH group to form water. These hydrates +are similar only in point of constitution. Their chemical deportments +are widely different. 2. What are oxides in modern chemistry? A. The +bodies formed by the direct combination of oxygen with the elementary +bodies are called oxides. With water some of these oxides form +hydrates, as + + K_{2}O + H_{2}O = 2(KHO) + potassium water potassic + oxide hydrate + +(46) J. R. M. asks: To have a circular saw run well, should the +mandrel have a little end play if it is desired to relieve the saw +and guides of strain? A. If the saw is not true or the carriage runs +crooked, end play of the mandrel to the extent of the deviations will +relieve the strain upon the saw. But if the carriage runs true and the +saw true, the mandrel should have no end play. + +MINERALS, etc.--Specimens have been received from the following +correspondents, and examined, with the result stated: + +M. S. M.--It is a quartz crystal, the opposite sides of which +have been ground flat, probably by artificial means.--F. B.--It is +graphite. + + + * * * * * + + + + +COMMUNICATIONS RECEIVED. + + +The Editor of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN acknowledges, with much +pleasure, the receipt of original papers and contributions upon the +following subjects: + +On a Battery and Electric Clock. By J. E. W. + +On Anti-Water Drinking. By C. P. W. + +On Snakes Catching Fish. By C. R. G. + +On Utilization of Sewage. By Dr. H. D. T. + +On Aerial Navigation. By C. W. + +On the Ash-Colored Salamander. By C. F. S. + + + * * * * * + + + + +HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS. + + +Correspondents whose inquiries fail to appear should repeat them. +If not then published, they may conclude that, for good reasons, +the Editor declines them. The address of the writer should always be +given. + +Inquiries relating to patents, or to the patentability of inventions, +assignments, etc., will not be published here. All such questions, +when initials only are given, are thrown into the waste basket, as it +would fill half of our paper to print them all; but we generally take +pleasure in answering briefly by mail, if the writer's address is +given. + +Hundreds of inquiries analogous to the following are sent: "Who +makes machinery suitable for making flour barrels? Whose is the best +theodolite? Who sells steam whistles? Whose is the cheapest silk, +suitable for balloons? Who makes the best engraving machine for +transferring designs to copper?" All such personal inquiries +are printed, as will be observed, in the column of "Business and +Personal," which is specially set apart for that purpose, subject to +the charge mentioned at the head of that column. Almost any desired +information can in this way be expeditiously obtained. + + + * * * * * + + + + +OFFICIAL. + +INDEX OF INVENTIONS + +FOR WHICH + +LETTERS PATENT OF THE UNITED STATES WERE GRANTED IN THE WEEK ENDING + +June 5, 1877, + +AND EACH BEARING THAT DATE. + +[Those marked (r) are reissued patents.] + + * * * * * + + + + +A complete copy of any patent in the annexed list, including both the +specifications and drawings, will be furnished from this office for +one dollar. In ordering, please state the number and date of the +patent desired and remit to Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New York city. + + * * * * * + + + + +Air, cooling, C. Pfanne 191,710 +Apple parers, etc., W. M. Griscom 191,669,191,670 +Ash sifter, G. W. & L. Demond 191,520 +Bag holder. E. Woods 191,741 +Baking pan, L. B. Foss 191,578 +Baking pan, J. H. Pitts 191,548 +Barrel cover, McClellan & McBride 191,699 +Barrel head, G. M. Breinig 191,644 +Bedstead, wardrobe, S. S. Burr 191,651 +Bee hive, T. A. Atkinson 191,635 +Bee hive, H. F. Poggenpohl 191,612 +Bee hive, Sperry & Chandler 191,620 +Bench dog, W. Lyle 191,693 +Bit stock, J. T. Matthews 191,540 +Blacksmith's tongs, J. Van Matre 191,734 +Boiler furnace, etc., J. E. Crowell 191,518 +Bottle stopper, C. De Quillfeldt (r) 7,722 +Bottles, etc., sealing, C. L. Darby 191,519 +Bottling machine, W. H. Kelly 191,596 +Bracket, J. B. Sargent 191,718 +Breech loading fire arm, V. Bovy 191,563 +Breech loading fire arm, J. Schudt 191,721 +Bridge, E. S. Sherman 191,552 +Bung cutter, R. & G. N. Crichton 191,658 +Button, clasp, L. B. Colin 191,657 +Button fastening, A. Brookmann 191,649 +Calender and washing list, J. C. Coombs 191,517 +Car brake, E. S. Jones 191,594 +Car coupling, W. Duesler 191,522 +Car lavatory, C. E. Lucas 191,691 +Carriage perch stay, J. R. McGuire 191,700 +Chair convertible, J. P. True 191,733 +Chair, folding, B. F. Little 191,689 +Chicken coop, Sullivan & Retallic 191,621 +Chicken coop, R. L, & N. J. Todd 191,556 +Chimney draft regulator, W. H. Sears 191,722 +Chisel, mortising, J. T. Bowen 191,643 +Churn, T. J. Parrish 191,708 +Churn, reciprocating, H. C. Sperry 191,726 +Churn, rotary, A. J. Borland 191,562 +Churn, rotary, Hatton & Record 191,676 +Churn, rotary, J. G. Wallace 191,736 +Clasp hook, spring, J. W. Knause 191,686 +Clocks, adjusting position of, W. F. Wuterich 191,630 +Coal and ore washer, J. M. Bailey 191,511 +Corn dropper, J. P. Simmons 191,723 +Corset skirt supporter, T. F. Hamilton 191,672 +Cotton scraper, etc., M. Roby 191,613 +Cultivator, W. E. Dewey 191,660 +Cultivator, A. S. McDermott 191,606 +Cupboard, W. H. Sallada 191,549 +Curry comb, Bennett & Moody 191,559 +Curry comb, P. Miller 191,608 +Desk, school, C. H. Presbrey 191,713 +Drawing instrument, J. R. Peel 191,611 +Drill hoe, E. F. Pryor 191,714 +Easel, T. L. Fisher 191,577 +Easel, F. S. Frost 191,579 +Eccentric, reversible, Lafayette & Strong 191,602 +Elevator, etc., telescopic, W. R. Comings 191,516 +Elliptic spring, N. J. Tilghman 191,731 +Engine frame, S. W. Putnam 191,716 +Engine exhaust, C. T. Parry 191,545 +Engine valve motion, H. Haering 191,583 +Feed rack, W. H. Howard 191,590 +Feed water heater, N. W. Kirby 191,597 +Fence, E. H. Perry 191,547 +Fences, R. F. Ward 191,626, 191,627 +Fence cap, metallic, J. D. W. Lauckhardt 191,603 +Finger guard, K. A. Wynne 191,742 +Fire escape, L. Henkle 191,677 +Fire front, G. W. Purcel 191,715 +Fire kindler, J. G. Distler 191,572 +Fireproof column, Drake & Wight 191,662 +Flour bin and sifter, F. M. Mahan 191,694 +Fluting and polishing, C. Johnson 191,684 +Fluting machine, Keller & Olmesdahl 191,595 +Fly trap, Carroll & Lamb 191,652 +Fountain, portable, W. H. Zinn 191,557 +Fruit crate, G. Willard 191,739 +Fuel, pressing, stalks, etc., for, Davis & Fisk 191,571 +Fulling mill, J. Hunter 191,592 +Furnace bottom construction, P. D. Nicols 191,543 +Furnaces, oxygen, blast, C. Hornbostel 191,530 +Gage cock, boiler, D. T. Ellis 191,663 +Gas apparatus, portable, D. H. Irland 191,531 +Gate, B. R. Baker 191,637 +Gate, J. T. Guy 191,671 +Gearing, oscillating, N. P. Otis 191,705 +Glassware, making, C. L. Knecht 191,534 +Grate, J. H. Mearns 191,702 +Griddle, H. C. Milligan 191,703 +Gutter holder, M. Schmitt 191,616 +Hame attachment, J. Hudson 191,591 +Harness saddle tree, W. L. Frizzell 191,525 +Harrow, H. I. Lund 191,604 +Harvester, Philleo & Cox 191,711 +Harvester corn, B. Osgood 191,610 +Harvester finger bar, H. L. Hopkins 191,678 +Harvester rake, R. Emerson 191,664 +Harvester rake, R. D. Warner 191,743 +Harvester reels, H. A. Adams 191,631, 191,632 +Harvester cutter, Haskin & Reigart 191,675 +Hats, pressing, R. Kent 191,533 +Hatter's measure, J. A. Harrington 191,674 +Hay derrick, etc., R. N. B. Kirkham 191,598 +Hay elevator, E. L. Church 191,568 +Hinge and door, safe, P. F. King 191,680 +Hog catcher, J. H. Eames 191,575 +Hoisting machine, H. J. Reedy 191,717 +Hoisting machine, G. H. Reynolds (r) 7,727 +Hoisting machine, F. G. Hesse 191,529 +Holdback, J. W. Hight 191,589 +Honey box, Johnson & Keeley 191,593 +Hoopskirt spring, etc., A. Benjamin 191,641 +Hydrocarbon injector, H. E. Parson 191,546 +Hydrocarbons, extracting, W. Adamson 191,623 +Ice cream freezer, J. Solter 191,725 +Ice cutting machine, C. Chadwick 191,515 +Ice house, E. Schandein 191,719 +Ice machine, A. T. Ballantine 191,638 +Indicator for bellows, J. E. Treat 191,624 +Iron and steel cementation, J. W. Hoxie. 191,681 +Iron from cold short pig, etc., C. C. McCarty 191,698 +Jar cover, E. Meier 191,541 +Jewelry, plated, English & Covell 191,665 +Keyhole guard, C. H. Covell (r) 7,720 +Label holder, J. E. Sweetland 191,555 +Lathe tool, E. F. Beugler 191,560 +Lathes, truing work in, A. Hatch 191,586 +Lifting jack, T. Weathers 191,737 +Lime kiln, M. Callan 191,566 +Lithographic press, C. C. Maurice 191,696 +Locomotive light, A. Dressell 191,574 +Loom take-up, J. Lyall 191,692 +Loom harness cording, L. J. Knowles 191,600 +Lubricator, C. H. Parshall 191,707 +Mandrel, expanding, Amann & Harker 191,634 +Manure drill, A. C. Hurley 191,682 +Marine ram, N. H. Borgfeldt 191,514 +Match safe, J. A. Field 191,576 +Medicine case, J. C. Millard 191,607 +Milk cooler, J. Bissonett 191,513 +Millstone dress, R. S. Williams 191,740 +Mineral wool, treating, A. D. Elbers 191,524 +Mirror, adjustable, S. R. Scottron 191,720 +Motion, converting, C. Chadwick 191,654, 191,655 +Needle, knitting, etc., S. Peberdy 191,709 +Oil can, D. Bennett 191,642 +Oil well rope socket, H. Baddock (r) 7,719 +Ore, reducing nickel, W. B. Tatro 191,728 +Organ swell, reed, Kelly & Hebard 191,532 +Paper barrels, making, E. M. Slayton 191,618 +Paperbox, P. B. Pickens 191,712 +Pianoforte bridge, J. Herald 191,587 +Picture exhibitor, J. Hannerty 191,673 +Plow, E. Haiman (r) 7,724 +Plow, L. F. W. Liles 191,688 +Plow clevis, C. O. Wilder 191,629 +Plow colter, C. R. Thompson 191,622 +Plow, sulky, A. A. Fowler 191,677 +Plow, sulky, W. Henry 191,588 +Preserving, bleaching fruit, etc., J. R. Dodge, Jr. 191,661 +Pulleys, casting, G. G. Lobdell 191,690 +Pulp, die for forming, D. Scrymgeour 191,551 +Pump, rotary, Swan & Edgecomb 191,727 +Pumps, making buckets for, J. N. Kaufholz 191,685 +Pumping from casks, etc., W. F. Class 191,656 +Quicksilver condenser, R. F. Knox 191,687 +Railway signal, electric, J. P. Tirrell 191,732 +Reamer, expanding, R. Blair 191,561 +Refrigerator, Thompson & Parkhurst 191,729 +Refuse burner, W. Glue 191,744 +Ribbon block, G. N. Stanton 191,554 +Ribbon, etc., storing, A. C. Mason 191,695 +Ripping tool, G. D. Clark 191,569 +Safe, fireproof, Saxe & Harding 191,550 +Sandpapering machine, J. P. Beck 191,640 +Sash fastener, S. G. Monce 191,609 +Saw guide, J. B. Currier 191,659 +Sawing machines, scroll, J. H. Plummer (r) 7,725, 7,726 +Seed drill, H. L. Brown 191,565 +Seed planter, check row, G. D. Haworth 191,528 +Sewing machine, straw, S. C. Brown 191,647 +Sewing machine trimmer, H. H. Hallett 191,584 +Shingles, etc., bunching, P. Dexter (r) 7,723 +Shoes, making, J. Tibbetts 191,730 +Skate, J. A. Dodge 191,573 +Skate, roller, J. Miner 191,542 +Skylight bar, J. W. Atkinson 191,636 +Spinning, roll support. F. B. Hart 191,585 +Spooling, stop motion, J. Wild 191,738 +Spools, preventing unrolling tape, etc., A. C. Gould 191,581 +Spoon blank, die, H. W. Bassett 191,639 +Stamp, hand, L. Tilton 191,623 +Stamp mill, G. Downing 191,521 +Steamboat smoke stack, Rouze et al 191,614 +Stop motion fork slide, J. McCaffrey, Jr. 191,697 +Stove, J. Gladding, 3d 191,580 +Stove, coal oil, M. H. Barnes 191,558 +Stove, cooking, D. E. Paris 191,706 +Stovepipe damper, A. Brightman 191,646 +Stovepipe thimble, J. Carhartt 191,567 +Stove, oil, cooking, Sherburne et al 191,553 +Straw cutter, A. Vahldieck 191,625 +Sugar, liquefying hard, O. H. Krause 191,535 +Sugar liquor, collecting, A. A. Goubert 191,527 +Sugar liquor, collecting, Matthiessen et al 191,537, 191,538 +Sugar, washing raw, F. O. Matthiessen 191,539 +Swing, J. J. Janezeck 191,683 +Thill coupling, J. Kitzmiller 191,599 +Tobacco, hoisting, C. H. Slaton 191,619 +Tobacco pipe, N. T. Oberg 191,544 +Tobacco plant planter, R. A. Knox 191,601 +Top, spinning, T. McLaughlin 191,701 +Tortoise-shell handle, C. W. Schaeffer 191,615 +Towel rack, C. A. Brickley 191,564 +Trap for balls, T. Wilkie 191,628 +Tube well, T. J. Dean (r) 7,721 +Type writer, D. H. Sherman 191,617 +Upholstering tuft, R. H. Bryant 191,650 +Valve tank, J. P. Duncan 191,523 +Vegetable cutter, W. Chapin 191,653 +Vehicle spring and axle, S. W. Ludlow 191,536 +Ventilation, etc., W. H. Bennett 191,512 +Wagon axle skein, H. L. Hinds 191,679 +Wagon gearing, W. P. Brown 191,648 +Wagons, skid attachment for, C. Crandall 191,570 +Wardrobe hook, labeled, T. F. Breese 191,645 +Wash boiler, T. Gunsalus 191,582 +Water gauge, C. D. Smith 191,724 +Water wheel, L. Good 191,668 +Water wheel, I. Mallery 191,605 +Weaving shuttle, duck, W. L. Gilbert 191,526 +Wheelbarrow, E. W. Walker 191,735 +Wood pressing machine, S. L. Nagle 191,704 +Wrench, pipe, G. Fletcher 191,666 + + * * * * * + + + + +DESIGNS PATENTED, + + +10,030 to 10,032.--EMBROIDERY.--E. Crisand, New Haven, Conn. +10,033.--LOCK-CASE.--R. Flocke, Newark, N. J. +10,034.--BOTTLES.--J. H. Harrison, Davenport, Iowa. +10,035 to 10,037.--CARPET.--H. S. Kerr, Philadelphia, Pa. +10,038, 10,039.--CARPETS.--T. J. Stearns, Boston, Mass. +10,040.--MOULDING.--R. M. Merrill et al., Laconia, N. H. +10,041 to 10,044.--OIL CLOTH.--C. T. Meyer et al., Bergen, N. J. +10,045.--STUDS, ETC.--J. W. Miller et al., Newark, N. J. +10,046.--BOOK CASES.--J. W. Schuckers, New York city. + +[A copy of any one of the above patents may be had by remitting one +dollar to MUNN & Co., 37 Park Row, New York city.] + + + * * * * * + + + + +ADVERTISEMENTS + + * * * * * + +Inside Page, each insertion 75 cents a line. +Back Page, each insertion $1.00 a line. + +_Engravings may head advertisements at the same rate per line, by +measurement, as the letter press. Advertisements must be received +at publication office as early as Friday morning to appear in next +issue._ + + * * * * * + + + + +THE SCIENTIFIC GRAIN & MIDDLINGS MILL. + +[Illustration] + +12, 20, and 30 inch Mill Stones. + +Sent on trial to responsible parties, and warranted the full equal of +any heavy mill built in the world. Send for our price list, as this +may not appear again. + +A. W. STRAUB & CO., 1361 Ridge Avenue, Phila, Pa. + + +NO MORE SLIPPING BELTS. MY NEW Patent Pulley Cover will do double the +work before the belt will slip. Put on without disturbing shafting. +Agent wanted in every city. Circulars free. + +JOHN W. SUTTON, 95 Liberty St., New York. + + +THE NEW GERMAN PATENT LAW. Being the Full Text of the New Law for +Patents, passed July 1st, 1877, covering all the States of the German +Empire. Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT No. 80. Price 10 +cents. To be had at this office and of all newsdealers. + + +PATENT COLD ROLLED SHAFTING + +Price list mailed on application to JONES & LAUGHLINS, +Try Street, 2d and 3rd Avenues, Pittsburgh, Pa. +190 S. Canal Street, Chicago, Ill., and Milwaukie, Wis. +--> Stocks of this shafting in store and for sale by +FULLER, DANA, & FITZ, Boston, Mass. +GEO. PLACE & CO. 121 Chambers St., N. Y. + + +EUREKA SAFETY POWER! + +Practically IMPOSSIBLE TO EXPLODE. +Tested to 300 lbs. pressure per square inch. +2-Horse Power, $150, 3 to 4 H.P., $250. +Also, Stationary Engines and boilers, and +SPARK ARRESTING PORTABLE ENGINES +for plantation use. Send for our circular. +Discount to the trade. + +B. W. PAYNE & SONS, +Corning, N. Y. + + +SIZING OF COTTON GOODS. Read before the Society of Arts by +W. Thompson, F.R.S. A most Full and Clear Description of the process, +embracing: An account of the process of Weaving, explaining the object +and utility of Size. A table of Sizing Mixtures, in which are +enumerated the Substances used: 1, for giving Adhesive properties to +Size; 2, to give Weight and Body to the Yarn; 3, for Softening the +Size or Yarn; and 4, for Preserving the Size from Mildew and +Decomposition. Tests for these Substances, and Directions for +Preparing, so as to obtain the results required. Proportions of Sizing. +Use of Flour in Size. Weighting Materials, China Clay and its +substitutes. "Softenings," and Oils for Softening. East Winds and +their effect. Glycerine, Grape Sugar, Mildew Preventives, and Tape +Sizing. "Slashing," Packing, Damaged Goods, etc. Contained in +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT No. 80. Price 10 cents. For sale at this +office and of all newsdealers. + + +CELEBRATED FOOT LATHES. + +Foot Power Back-geared Screw Lathes, Small Hand and Power Planers for +Metal, Small Gear Cutters, Slide-rests, Ball Machine for Lathes, Foot +Scroll Saws, light and heavy Foot Circular Saws. Just the articles for +Amateurs or Artisans. Highly recommended. + +Send for illustrated Catalogues. + +N. H. BALDWIN, Laconia, N. H. + + +$66 a Week in your own town. Terms and $5 outfit free. +H. HALLETT & CO., Portland Maine. + + +SAVE OIL. USE TOMLINSON'S +Car Axle Box. Cars run for 3 cents for a thousand miles. +See _Car Builder_ for June, 1877. Address + +J. B. TOMLINSON, 80 White St., N. Y. + + +DAYTON CAM PUMP + +[Illustration] + +THE ONLY PUMP IN THE MARKET DESIGNED AND CONSTRUCTED +ESPECIALLY FOR BOILER FEEDING. + +Are Pumping water at 268° F. No Dead Centers. +The Steam Valve is a plain Slide Valve, identical to +the slide valve of a Steam Engine, but derives its +motion from a cam. Speed can be regulated to suit +evaporation. + +Pumping Returns from Steam Heating Apparatus a specialty. + +--> Send for Circular. + +Smith, Vaile & Co., + +DAYTON, OHIO. + + +WHAT 25 CENTS WILL BUY! + +THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. + +PRICE TWENTY-FIVE CENTS. + +This is a most useful Little bound book of 150 pages, comprising, +probably, the most extensive variety of standard, practical, condensed +information ever furnished to the public for so small a price. +Contents: + +1. THE LAST CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES (1870), by States, Territories +and Counties. IN FULL, showing also the area in square miles of each +State and Territory. + +2. TABLE OF OCCUPATIONS.--Showing the occupations of the people of the +United States, and the number of persons engaged in each occupation. +Compiled from the last census. + +3. TABLE OF CITIES, having over 10,000 Inhabitants. Compiled from the +last census. + +4. MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. Miniature outline. + +5. THE UNITED STATES PATENT LAWS (full text).--Principal Official Rules +for Procedure; Directions How to Obtain Patents, Costs, etc.; Forms for +Patents and Caveats: How to Introduce and Sell Inventions; Forms for +Assignments; Licenses; State, Town, County, and Shop Rights; General +Principles applicable to Infringements; Synopsis of the Patent Laws of +Foreign Countries; Rights of Employers and Employes in respect to +Inventions. + +6. THE ORNAMENTAL DESIGN PATENT LAW (full text).--Costs and Procedure +for securing Design Patents for Ornamental Productions such as Designs +for Textile Fabrics, Patterns for Wood and Metal Work, New Shapes and +Configurations of any article of Manufacture, Prints, Pictures, and +Ornaments, to be printed, woven, stamped, cast, or otherwise applied +upon machinery, tools, goods, fabrics, manufactures. + +7. THE UNITED STATES TRADE-MARK LAW (full text).--With Directions, +Proceedings and Expenses for the Registration of Trade-Marks of every +description. + +8. THE LABEL COPYRIGHT LAW (full text).--With Directions, Proceedings +and Cost of Registering Labels for Goods. Medicines, and Merchandise +of all kinds. + +9. THE GENERAL COPYRIGHT LAW OF THE UNITED STATES (full text).--With +Directions and Costs for Securing Copyrights by Authors for Books, +Pamphlets, Charts, Photographs, Pictures, and Works of Art. + +10. THE PRINCIPAL MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.--Described and illustrated +by 150 small diagrams, of great value to Inventors and Designers +of Mechanism. + +11. THE STEAM ENGINE.--With engraving, showing all the parts, names, +etc., and a brief history of the Invention and Progress of Steam Power. + +12. GEOMETRY, as Applied to Practical Purposes. With illustrations. + +13. HORSE POWER.--Simple Rules for Calculating the Horse-Power of +Steam Engines and Streams of Water. + +14. KNOTS.--Presenting engravings of 48 different kinds of Rope Knots, +with explanations as to tying. + +15. TABLES OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.--Troy, Apothecaries', Avoirdupois, +French, Weights; U. S. Standard; Dry Measure; Land Measure; Cubic +Measure; Liquid Measure; French Square Measure; French Cubic, or Solid +Measure; Measuring Land by Weight; Engraving of a section of English +and French rule, of equal length. + +16. VALUABLE TABLES: (1) Velocity and Force of the Wind. (2) Specific +Gravity and Weight, per Cubic foot and Cubic inch, of the principal +substances used in the Arts (3) Heat-conducting Power of various +Metals and other Solids and Liquids. (4) Table of the Mineral +Constituents absorbed or removed from the Soil, per acre, by +different crops. (5) Table of Steam Pressures and Temperatures. +(6) Table of the Effects of Heat upon various bodies, melting-points, +etc. + +17. MEDALLION PORTRAITS OF DISTINGUISHED AMERICAN INVENTORS, with +biography in brief and engravings of their inventions, viz.: Franklin, +Fulton, Whitney, Wood, McCormick, Blanchard, Winans, Morse, Goodyear, +Howe, Lyle, Eads. + +18. ENGRAVINGS of Capitol, Washington, with brief history, dimensions, +cost, etc.; United States Patent Office, interior and exterior views, +dimensions, and description; Scientific American Buildings, N. Y. and +Washington. + +19. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.-Force of Expansion by Heat; Small +Steam-boats, proper dimensions of Engines, Boilers, Propellers. Boats; +Incubation, Temperature of; To Make Tracing Paper; Constituents of +various substances; Friction, how produced, and Rules for Calculation; +Specific Heat Explained; Specific Gravity of Liquids, Solids, Air, and +Gases; Gunpowder--Pressure, Heat, and Horse-Power of; Copying Ink, to +Make; Heat, its mechanical equivalent explained; Molecules of Matter, +size and motion explained; Lightning and Lightning Rods--valuable +information; Value of Drainage Explained; Amount of Power at present +yielded from Coal by best Engines; Sound--its velocity and action; +Liquid Glues, Recipes; Value of Brains; Properties of Charcoal; Height +of Waves; Speed of Electric Spark, etc.; Plain Directions, with +Engravings, showing how any person can make Electro-Magnets and +Electric Batteries at a cost of a few cents; Valuable Recipes. + +_The Scientific American Reference Book,_ price only 25 cents, may be +had of News Agents in all parts of the country, and of the undersigned. +Sent by mail on receipt of the price. + +Address MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, New York, + + +THE SECOND GREAT SALE + +OF PATENTS AT + +AUCTION + +Will take place at the Auction Rooms of GEO. W. KEELER, 53 Liberty St., +N. Y., on July 16, at 12 o'clock. Models now on exhibition. +Send for Catalogue. + + +WOOD & LIGHT MACHINE CO. WORCESTER, Mass. +Manufacture of all kinds of IRON-WORKING MANCHINERY, including many +novelties. Shafting, Pulleys, &c. + +Send for Circulars. + +[Illustration] + + +$95 A month and expenses. SALESMAN WANTED to sell to DEALERS. +SAMPLES FREE. CANDY & NOVELTIES + +LETTERS must have enclosed return postage. +H. SMITH & CO., CONFECTIONERS, Cincinnati, O. + + +POND'S TOOLS +ENGINE LATHES, PLANERS, DRILLS, &c. + +Send for Catalogue. DAVID W. POND, Successor to +LUCIUS W. POND. WORCESTER, MASS. + + +STEAM PUMPS. + +FIRST PRIZES, CENTENNIAL, PHILA., VIENNA, +PARIS, NEW YORK, BALTIMORE, BOSTON. + +Send for circular of recent patented improvements, + +THE NORWALK IRON WORKS CO., +South Norwalk, Conn. + +Prices Reduced. + + +N. F. BURNHAM'S 1874 WATER WHEEL +Is declared the "STANDARD TURBINE," by OVER 600 persons +who bought and use them with PART and FULL GATE open. +Pamphlets Free. +N. F. BURNHAM, YORK, PA. + + +OTIS' SAFETY HOISTING MACHINERY +OTIS BROS. & CO., No. 348 Broadway, New York. + + +$55 TO $77 a week to Agents. $10 _Outfit Free_. +P. O. VICKERY, Augusta Maine. + + +WE ENAMEL +in FINE JET BLACK every variety Of turned woodwork +parts of machinery castings tin-ware and other metal +work ENAMELED JET GOODS, in wood or metal, made to order +AMERICAN ENAMEL CO. 17 WARREN ST. PROVIDENCE. R. I. + + +50 MIXED CARDS, with name, l0c. and stamp. +Agent's Outfit, l0c. COE & CO., Bristol, Ct. + + +[Illustration: PHOTO ENGRAVING CO. + +MOSS'S PROCESS +67, Park Place.] +NEW YORK + +L. SMITH HOBART. President. +J. C. MOSS, Superintendent. + +TYPE-METAL RELIEF PLATES. + +A SUPERIOR SUBSTITUTE FOR WOOD-CUTS AT MUCH LOWER PRICES. + + +These plates are engraved almost entirely by photo-chemical means, thus +avoiding the old, slow and tedious method of engraving on wooden blocks, +where the workman is compelled to engrave each line separately by +cutting away the wood around it, often spending many days upon a plate +a few inches square. + +In appearance our relief plates are the same as regular stereotypes, +being mounted type high on blocks ready to be set up and printed from, +with type, on any ordinary press. + +They can be used directly and will wear as long as any type-metal +plates, but if a great number of impressions are wanted, duplicate + +ELECTROTYPES AND STEREOTYPES + +can be made from them the same as from wood-cuts. + +They have a printing surface as smooth as glass, and the lines are +engraved deeper than they are in hand-cut plates. Notwithstanding the +_low prices_ at which they can be furnished, they are very much +superior to wood-cuts, and in some classes of work are rapidly +taking the place of lithography. + +REFERENCES. + +Among those who manifest their satisfaction with our work, by +continued orders, we may mention:--D. Appleton & Co., Scribner & Co., +Frank Leslie, A. D. F. Randolph & Co., G. W. Carleton & Co., The +American Tract Society, Robert Carter & Bros., Munn & Co., Pub. +"Iron Age," Pub. "Illustrated Weekly," Pub. "McGee's Illustrated +Weekly," and also a large part of the principal publishers and +manufacturers throughout the country. + +COPY. + +Almost all kinds of Prints or Engravings from Wood, Stone, Copper and +Steel may be reproduced directly. _The requisites are, clean, distinct +black lines or stipple work, on white or only slightly tinted paper. +All Photographs and Pencil Sketches must first be drawn in ink._ We +keep a corps of artists constantly employed, trained to do this work +in the best manner. We can make drawings from photographs or tin-types +taken in the usual way. They may be of any size, but should, of course, +show the object distinctly. + +Drawings for our use, unless intended to be redrawn, should be on a +_smooth, white_ surface, in _perfectly black_ lines, and usually twice +the dimensions each way of the desired plate. + +Copy for fac-similes of handwriting should be in _perfectly black ink_, +on _smooth white_ paper, written with a full pen, and without use of +blotting paper. + +TIME. + +While we can engrave a plate in a few hours that would occupy a +wood-engraver a month, and often do so, yet with the large amount of +work constantly on hand and promised, we cannot usually engage to fill +an order for a single plate in less than from three to six days; +larger orders will, of course, require longer time. + +CHANGE OF SIZE. + +In reproducing wood-cut prints, the size can often be considerably +reduced; but if the reduction is great, the lines become so fine and +close together that they will not print well. Coarse wood-cuts, such +as are generally used in Newspapers, may often be reduced to half +their linear dimensions, but _fine_ wood-cuts will admit of but little +reduction. + +_Most_ steel plate prints and lithographs will not admit of any +reduction, and even when reproduced, the same size in relief, require +considerable care in printing. + +All kinds of prints generally look bad when much enlarged, as the +lines become very coarse and ragged on the edges; though we have +sometimes made very effective cuts for posters and hand-bills in this +way. + +In all cases of enlargement and reduction the relative proportions +remain the same. + +It must not be forgotten, however, that by redrawing, prints of any +kind can be enlarged or reduced to any desired size. + +PROOFS. + +We will, whenever desired, furnish tin-type proofs of drawings made by +us, for examination and approval, or correction, before engraving. + +A printed proof is sent with each plate when delivered, which may +always be equaled or surpassed in actual work with proper usage. + +PRICES. + +It is impossible to give a scale of prices by the square inch for +miscellaneous job-work, as sometimes a small cut two or three inches +square may require as much work as another one a foot square. We can, +however, give an average inch rate to newspaper publishers whose work +runs uniformly about the same from week to week, especially when they +furnish us with copy already prepared--such as prints and pen-and-ink +drawings. + +In sending for estimates, be careful to send us the copy we are to +work from, with full specifications as to size and quality, and +remember that it is the same with engraving that it is with everything +else; the price will vary greatly with the quality of work ordered. + +Never, directly or indirectly, ask us to give _you_ better prices than +we give our other customers, as we try to treat all alike. + +The great advantage of our method of engraving enables us to give +better work at lower prices than can be given by any other method for +the greater part of such work as would be given to wood-engravers, +though in very small pieces of the poorer grades of work the advantage +is not so great, and in very coarse work such as is usually engraved +on mahogany and pine, our process gives us no advantage over the +wood-engraver. + +To estimate properly upon any piece of work, we must understand just +what is wanted. We guarantee all our work to be executed in the style +agreed upon. + +TERMS. + +OUR TERMS are CASH ON DELIVERY, except by special agreement. + +Orders from parties not known to us must be accompanied by an advance +of at least half the price, or satisfactory City reference. + +Goods sent by Express will be C. O. D. Where plates are small they may +be sent by Mail upon receipt of price and postage. Remittances must be +by draft on New-York or P. O. money order, payable to the order of +Photo-Engraving Co., or by registered letter--_not by Checks on Local +Banks_. + +We pledge ourselves to meet the reasonable demands of those who employ +us. If, in any case, we cannot do so, we will refund the money advanced. + +_SEND STAMP FOR ILLUSTRATED CIRCULAR_. + + +WROUGHT IRON BEAMS & GIRDERS + +[Illustration: WROUGHT IRON BEAMS & GIRDERS] + +THE UNION IRON MILLS, Pittsburgh, Pa., Manufacturers of improved +wrought iron Beams and Girders (patented). + +The great fall which has taken place in the prices of Iron, and +especially in Beams used in the construction of FIRE PROOF BUILDINGS, +induces us to call the special attention of Engineers, Architects, and +Builders to the undoubted advantages of now erecting Fire Proof +structures; and by reference to pages 52 & 54 of our Book of Sections-- +which will be sent on application to those contemplating the erection +of fire proof buildings--THE COST CAN BE ACCURATELY CALCULATED, the +cost of Insurance avoided, and the serious losses and interruption to +business caused by fire; these and like considerations fully justify +any additional first cost. It is believed, that were owners fully +aware of the small difference which now exists between the use of Wood +and Iron, that in many cases the latter would be adopted. + +We shall be pleased to furnish estimates for all the Beams complete, +for any specific structure, so that the difference in cost may at once +be ascertained. Address + +CARNEGIE, BROS. & CO., Pittsburgh, Pa. + + +$5 TO $20 per day at home. Samples worth $5 free. +STINSON & CO., Portland, Me. + + +LIGHT GRAY IRON CASTINGS to order promptly. +Plain, Bronzed, or Galvanized. + +We make a _specialty_ of light work. + +LIVINGSTON & CO., Iron Founders, Pittsburgh, Pa. + + +THE GEORGE PLACE MACHINERY AGENCY + +Machinery of Every Description. + +121 Chambers and 103 Reade Streets, New York. + + +SPARE THE CROTON AND SAVE THE COST. + +DRIVEN OR TUBE WELLS furnished to large consumers of Croton and +Ridgewood Water. WM. D. ANDREWS & BRO., 414 Water St., N. Y. who +control the patent for Green's American Driven Well. + + +PATENT RIGHTS for Useful Inventions Wanted. +Address Box 1012, P.O., N. Y., with description and terms. + + +TO ELECTRO-PLATERS. JEWELERS, AND WATCHMAKERS. + +BATTERIES, CHEMICALS, AND MATERIALS, in sets or single, +with Books of instruction for Nickel, Gold, and Silver Plating. + +THOMAS HALL, Manufacturing Electrician, +19 Bromfield Street, Boston, Mass. +Illustrated Catalogue sent free. + + +LATHES, PLANERS, SHAPERS, DRILLS, GEAR & BOLT CUTTERS, &c. +E. GOULD, Newark, N. J. + + +SELF-ACTING SASH-LOCK for Meeting Rails + +[Illustration: Sash-lock] + +BURGLAR PROOF. + +Can not be forced or tampered with in any way. +BEAUTIFUL DESIGN; PRACTICAL; SIMPLE. +United States, State, or County Rights for sale. Address +D. C. GOODRICH, Harrisburg, Pa. + + +[Illustration] THE TRADE ENGINE + +Noiseless in operation-Perfect in workmanship--all light parts of +Cast Steel. + +Every Engine indicated, and valve corrected to give the highest +attainable results. + +Warranted superior to any semi-portable Engine in the market! + +Send for Price List and Circular. + +HERRMANN & HERCHEL-- +RODE M'F'G Co., +Dayton, Ohio, + + +WESSELL METAL, A PERFECT IMITATION +of gold in color, surface, etc., for manufacturers of +imitation jewelry, and other workers in fine yellow +metal. Wessell Manuf'g Co., No. 204 East 23d St., N. Y. + + +[Illustration] + +YOU ask WHY we can sell First-Class 7 1-3 Octave Rosewood Pianos +for $290. Our answer is, that it costs less than $300 to make any $600 +Piano sold through Agents, all of whom make 100 per ct. profit. +We have no Agents, but sell direct to Families at Factory price, and +warrant five years. + +We send our Pianos everywhere for trial and require no payment unless +they are found satisfactory. + +Send for our Illustrated Circular, which gives full particulars, and +contains the names of over 1500 Bankers, Merchants and Families that +are using our Pianos in every State of the Union. + +Please state where you saw this notice. Address, + +U. S. PIANO CO., 810 BROADWAY, N. Y. + + +$12 A DAY at home. Agents wanted. Outfit and terms free. +TRUE & CO., Augusta, Maine. + + +WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY, + +Such as Woodworth Planing, Tongueing, and Grooving Machines, Daniel's +Planers, Richardson's Patent Improved Tenon Machines, Mortising, +Moulding, and Re-Saw Machines, and Wood-Working Machinery generally. + +Manufactured by +WITHERBY, RUGG & RICHARDSON, +26 Salisbury Street, Worcester, Mass, +(Shop formerly occupied by R. BALL & CO.) + + +STEEL NAME STAMPS. +N. Y. STENCIL WORKS, 87 Nassau St., N. Y. + + +WANTED -- FOR MONCLOVA, State of Coahuila, Mexico, a man who knows how +to make Star Candles, without the use of Sulphuric Acid, capable to +put up and put in running order the necessary apparatus, superintend +the manufacturing process, and teach same to the parties interested. + +Apply and state terms to +GOLDFRANK, FRANK & CO., +San Antonio, Texas. + + +WE WANT SALESMEN on a regular salary of $85 a month and expenses to +sell our CIGARS to DEALERS. Samples FREE. + +Send 3c. stamp to insure answer. +S. FOSTER & CO. Cincinnati, O. + + +EXTRAORDINARY, WONDERFUL, AND VALUABLE MEDICAL WORK. + +With engravings; price, $1. +Contains, also, fifty original prescriptions for prevailing diseases, +each worth ten times the price of the book. Gold Medal has been +awarded the author. Descriptive circulars sent free. Address + +Dr. W. H. PARKER, +No. 4 Bulfinch Street, Boston. + + +[Illustration] + +$100.00 REWARD This MOUSTACHE or HEAVY BEARD produced on a smooth face +by the use of DYKES BEARD ELIXIR, without injury, or will forfeit +$100.00. + +Price by mail in sealed package 25 cents, 3 packages only 50 cents. + +A. L. SMITH & Co., Palatine, Ill., Sole Agents. + +--> We caution the public against imitations. + + +THE DRIVEN WELL. +Town and County privileges for making DRIVEN WELLS and selling Licenses +under the established AMERICAN DRIVEN WELL PATENT, leased by the year +to responsible parties, by + +WM. D. ANDREWS & BRO., +NEW YORK. + + +IMPORTANT FOR ALL CORPORATIONS AND MANF'G CONCERNS.--BUERK'S WATCHMAN'S +TIME DETECTOR, capable of accurately controlling the motion of a +watchman or patrolman at the different stations of his beat. +Send for circular. + +J. E. BUERK, P.O. BOX 979, BOSTON, MASS + +N. B.--The suit against Imhaeuser & Co., of New York, was decided in my +favor, June 10, 1874. Proceedings have been commenced against Imhaeuser +& Co. for selling, contrary to the order of the Court. Persons using +clocks infringing on my patent, will be dealt with according to law. + + +[Illustration] +25 per cent. Discount on Price List of SUPERIOR WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY +allowed for the present. Also for SMITH'S CHILLED-BEAM VISES; +effective, heavy, strong, durable, and economical. + +For full particulars, address + +H. B. SMITH, +Smithville, Burlington Co., +N. J., U. S. A. + + +HINTS TO YOUNG MACHINE-TENDERS. +By an old Papermaker. Practical Instructions for the tending and care +of Papermaking Machinery. + +Showing how to clean a Dandy; how to make good edges; to keep paper +from crushing and worming; to stop crimping; together with many +other valuable directions, hints, and suggestions, contained in +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT No. 79. Price 10 cents. + +To be had at this office and of all newsdealers. + + +JOHN HOLLAND'S GOLD PENS + +[Illustration] + +Received the Centennial Medal from the Judges on Awards, for +"superior elasticity and general excellence." If not sold by your +Stationer, send for Illustrated Price-List to the + +MANUFACTORY, 19 W. 4TH ST., CINCINNATI. + + +SECOND-HAND MACHINERY. + +FOR SALE. + +The Machinery in the works of the UTICA STEAM ENGINE CO., comprising +Large Face Plate Lathe, Engine Lathes, large and small, +20 ft. x 4 ft. Planer, Slotter, Shaper, Lauback Universal Drills, +Bolt Cutter, Fans, Upright Drills, Cranes, Dudgeon Steam Hammer, +Steam Fire Pump, Hose, Platform Scales, Pulleys, one 40 H. P. +Locomotive Boiler, two 50 H. P., and one 25 H. P. Tubular Boilers, +one 36 in. by 16 ft. Cylinder Boiler, etc., etc. + +For Catalogue and Price List, address + +JAMES F. MANN, UTICA, N. Y. + + +THE PATENT PARAGON LAMP STOVE + +Can be used with any ordinary Kerosene Lamp. Every family wants one. +PRICE 35 CTS.; BY MAIL 45 CTS. _One agent made $21 in 3 days._ +Send for terms. + +ABOTT M'F'G CO., +101 BEEKMAN STREET, NEW YORK. + + +IRON CASTINGS to order, _smooth_ and _exact to pattern_, +of _Soft Tough Iron_, at + +T. Shriver & Co.'s Foundry, +333 East 56th St., N. Y. + +Prices very low. _Favorable terms_ made on Castings in regular +supply. + + +ADVERTISEMENTS + + +Inside Page, each insertion - - - 75 cents a line. +Back Page, each insertion - - - $1.00 a line. + +_Engravings may head advertisements at the same rate per line, by +measurement, as the letter press. Advertisements must be received at +publication office as early as Friday morning to appear in next issue._ + + +COTTON MILLS AND MACHINE SHOPS + +Can make great savings by using the Allen Governor. Its operation is +unequalled and wonderful. Nearly all machinists once using these +Governors become agents for their sale. They are simple in construction, +not liable to get out of order, permit the speed of the engine to be +changed at will, are neat in appearance, noiseless, very durable, save +the engineer's time, save fuel, and are at once the most powerful and +most sensitive Governors ever made. + +Russell (Cotton) Mills, Plymouth, Mass., March 20, 1876. + +S. B. ALLEN: Your Governor has been attached to our Corliss engine over +one year, and has given perfect satisfaction. The engine was never +governed until yours was attached, although we have tried three of the +best kind of Governors known. When steam or work varied, the speed +would vary, and we could only run our looms an average of 103 picks per +minute. Since using your Governor, and solely on account of the perfect +steadiness with which it holds the engine and machinery, we are enabled +to run the looms regularly 112 picks per minute, MAKING AN ACTUAL +INCREASE OF OUR ENTIRE PRODUCTION OF OVER EIGHT PER CENT. Your Governor +saves coal, saves waste, saves care and labor of the engineer, and +produces more goods and better goods. I have timed the engine a hundred +times, and never found it to vary in the least. It is the honest truth +that the Allen Governor holds it exactly on speed. + +Address L. C. KING, Superintendent. + +GERARD B. ALLEN & CO., St. Louis. +FRASER & CHALMERS, Chicago. +NEW ORLEANS MACHINERY DEPOT, New Orleans. +PACIFIC IRON WORKS, San Francisco. +FILER, STOWELL & CO., Milwaukee, Wis., or +THE ALLEN GOVERNOR CO., BOSTON. + + +HORSE STALL FLOOR, + +Patented through the Scientific American Patent Agency, June 4th, 1872. +Rights sent by mail, with full instructions how to make and use, on +receipt of $1.00; two for $1.50. It will keep the stall cleaner and the +horse much more comfortable than any floor in use. It requires less +than one-half of the usual amount of bedding. Any man can make them +with very little expense. A liberal discount to carpenters or stable +keepers in quantities of twelve or more. This floor is used throughout +the New England States, and many parts of the South and West. State, +County, and Town rights for sale. Agents wanted. + +G. W. GORDON, + +256 Broadway, Chelsea, Mass. + + +THE BIGELOW STEAM ENGINE. + +BOTH PORTABLE AND STATIONARY. + +The CHEAPEST AND BEST in the market. +Send for descriptive circular and price list. + +H. B. BIGELOW & CO., + +New Haven, Conn. + + +LeCOUNT'S PATENT +MACHINISTS' TOOLS. + +REDUCED PRICES. +Set Iron Dogs, 3-8 to 2 in., - - - - - $5.60 + " " " 3-8 to 4 in., - - - - - - 12.00 + " Steel " 3-8 to 2 in., - - - - - 6.30 + " " " 3-8 to 4 in., - - - - - - 13.00 + +Iron & Steel Clamps, Die Dogs, Clamp Dogs, Vice Clamps, Expanding +Mandrels, &c. Send for latest Price List to + +C. W. LE COUNT, South Norwalk, Conn. + + +WORKING MODELS + +And Experimental Machinery, Metal or Wood, made to order by +J. F. WERNER, 62 Center St., N. Y. + + +[Illustration: Patents] + +PATENTS + +CAVEATS, COPYRIGHTS, TRADE MARKS, ETC. + +Messrs. Munn & Co., in connection with the publication of the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, continue to examine Improvements, and to act as +Solicitors of Patents for Inventors. + +In this line of business they have had OVER THIRTY YEARS' EXPERIENCE, +and now have _unequaled facilities_ for the preparation of Patent +Drawings, Specifications, and the Prosecution of Applications for +Patents in the United States, Canada, and Foreign Countries. Messrs. +Munn & Co. also attend to the preparation of Caveats, Trade Mark +Regulations, Copyrights for Books, Labels, Reissues, Assignments, and +Reports on Infringements of Patents. All business intrusted to them is +done with special care and promptness, on very moderate terms. + +We send free of charge, on application, THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN HAND +BOOK, an elegantly illustrated pamphlet of 48 pages, containing +further information about Patents and how to procure them; directions +concerning Trade Marks, Copyrights, Designs, Patents, Appeals, Reissues, +Infringements, Assignments, Rejected Cases, Hints on the Sale of +Patents. + +_Foreign Patents._--We also send, _free of charge,_ a Synopsis of +Foreign Patent Laws, showing the cost and method of securing patents +in all the principal countries of the world. American inventors should +bear in mind that, as a general rule, any invention that is valuable +to the patentee in this country is worth equally as much in England +and some other foreign countries. + +Five patents--embracing Canadian, English, German, French, and Belgian +--will secure to an inventor the exclusive monopoly to his discovery +among about ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY MILLIONS of the most intelligent +people in the world. The facilities of business and steam +communication are such that patents can be obtained abroad by our +citizens almost as easily as at home. The expense to apply for an +English patent is $75; German, $100; French, $100; Belgian, $100; +Canadian, $50. Address + +MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, New York city. + + +PYROMETERS, + +For showing heat of Ovens, Hot Blast Pipes, Boiler Flues, Super-Heated +Steam, Oil Stills, &c. + +HENRY W. BULKLEY. Sole Manufacturer, +149 Broadway, New York. + + +$5 Outfit free. Salary guaranteed. Write at once to +EMPIRE NOVELTY CO., 309 Broadway, New York. + + +TAYLOR'S M'F'G CO., WESTMINSTER, MD., Portable and Stationary Engine +Builders, etc. Send for Cata. + + +STEAM PUMPS + +Wright's Pat. Bucket Plungers are the best. + +VALLEY MACHINE Co. +Easthampton, Mass. + + +ROOTS' FORCE BLAST BLOWER, + +[Illustration: Roots blower] + +FIRST PREMIUM AWARDED AT PARIS AND VIENNA, + +SPEED ONLY 100 TO ??0 REV. PER M. SAVES HALF THE POWER REQUIRED FOR FAN. + +P. H. & F. M. ROOTS, Manuf'rs, CONNERSVILLE, IND. +S. S. TOWNSEND, Gen'l' Ag't, 6 Cortlandt St., NEW YORK. + + +ESTABLISHED 1844. + +JOSEPH C. TODD, + +(Formerly of Todd & Rafferty), ENGINEER AND MACHINIST. +Flax, Hemp, Jute, Rope, Oakum, and Bagging Machinery, Steam Engines, +Boilers, etc. Also Agent for the celebrated and improved +Rawson & Rittinger Hoisting Engine, I will furnish specifications and +estimates for all kinds of machinery. + +Send for descriptive circular and price. Address + +J. C. TODD, +10 Barclay St., New York, or Paterson, N. J. + + +GUILD & GARRISON, + +[Illustration: Pump] + +34 to 44 First St., +Williamsburgh, N. Y., +Manufacturers of STEAM PUMPS for all purposes. + +Also Vacuum Pumps, Vacuum Fans and Air Compressors. + + +NON-COMBUSTIBLE STEAM BOILER AND PIPE COVERING +WITH "AIR SPACE" IMPROVEMENT. + +Saves 10 to 20 per cent. CHALMERS SPENCE CO., +Foot E. 9th St. N. Y.; 1202 N. 2d St., St. Louis, Mo. + + +NEW WOOD LATHE; ALSO SCROLL SAW. BOTH new and first-class. +Send for circulars. + +H. BICKFORD, Cincinnati, O. + + +ROCK-DRILLING MACHINES AND AIR COMPRESSORS + +MANUFACTURED BY BURLEIGH ROCK DRILL CO. +SEND FOR PAMPHLET. FITCHBURG MASS + + +MACHINISTS' TOOLS. + +NEW AND IMPROVED PATTERNS. +Send for new illustrated catalogue. + +Lathes, Planers, Drills, &c. + +NEW HAVEN MANUFACTURING CO., + +New Haven, Conn. + + +STEEL CASTINGS, + +From ¼ to 10,000 lbs. weight, true to pattern. An invaluable +substitute for forgings, or for malleable iron castings requiring +great strength. + +Send for circular and price list to + +CHESTER STEEL CASTING COMPANY, +EVELINA STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA. + + +[Illustration: Planer Saw teeth] + +FULL SIZE PLANER SAW TOOTH +3 CENTS EACH + +"OFFICE OF DICKINSON BROS., RIDGEWAY, ELK Co., PA., May 28th, 1877. + +"Messrs. EMERSON, SMITH & Co. GENTS: We have been through four winters +in frozen hemlock, cutting 20,000 feet of lumber per day with your +Patent Planer Saw, averaging 75,000 feet with each set of 40 bits." + +--> Mill Men and Sawyers, send your full address, plainly written, on +a postal card, for Emerson's Hand Book of Saws, free, to + +EMERSON, SMITH & CO., BEAVER FALLS, PA. +Please name size and style of saw used. + + +[Illustration: LEHIGH VALLEY EMERY WHEEL CO.] + +Machines AND Wheels Guaranteed, + +Send for Illustrated Circular, + +_Weissport_, PA. + + +PERFECT NEWSPAPER FILE + +The Koch Patent File, for preserving newspapers, magazines, and +pamphlets, has been recently improved and price reduced. Subscribers to +the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT can be +supplied for the low price of $1.50 by mail, or $1.25 at the office of +this paper. Heavy board sides; inscription "SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN," in +gilt. Necessary for every one who wishes to preserve the paper. + +Address + +MUNN & CO., + +Publishers SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. + + +HARTFORD STEAM BOILER INSPECTION & INSURANCE COMPANY. + +W. B. FRANKLIN, V. PRES'T. J. M. ALLEN, PRES'T. +J. B. PIERCE, SEC'Y. + + +PUNCHING PRESSES. + +Drop Hammers and Dies, for working Metals, &c. +THE STILES & PARKER PRESS CO., Middletown, Conn. + + +A PRACTICAL MACHINIST, WITH TEN years' experience as Foreman in one of +the largest and most successful shops in the country, employing over +four hundred men, wishes employment. Would be willing to invest a few +thousand dollars in a safe and paying business. Address +A. Foreman, P. O., Phila., Pa. + + +WANTED: +Agents for the Automatic Gas Lighting Torch in every gas-burning town +in the United States. Exclusive territory given. Sewing machine agents +preferred. This Torch lights without matches. Address + +THE STOCKWELL SELF-LIGHTING GAS BURNER CO., +89 LIBERTY STREET, NEW YORK. + + +GUARDIOLA'S COFFEE & SUGAR MACHINERY + +COFFEE, MALT, CORN, COCOA, AND GRAIN-DRYING MACHINE. COFFEE-HULLING +AND POLISHING MACHINES. COFFEE-WASHING MACHINE. HELIX SUGAR EVAPORATOR. + +MESSRS. C. ADOLPHE LOW & CO., 42 Cedar Street, +MESSRS. MUNOZ & ESPRIELLA, 52 Pine Street, New York, +are Mr. Guardiola's Agents, and they will give prompt attention to all +orders for any of the above machines. + + +THE HOADLEY PORTABLE STEAM ENGINE. + +WITH AUTOMATICAL CUT-OFF REGULATOR, AND BALANCED VALVE. + +THE BEST AND MOST ECONOMICAL ENGINE MADE +SEND FOR CIRCULAR + +The J. C. HOADLEY CO. LAWRENCE, MASS. + +STATE WHERE YOU SAW THIS. + + +EAGLE FOOT LATHES, + +[Illustration] + +Improvement in style. Reduction in prices April 20th. Small Engine +Lathes. Slide Rests, Tools, etc. Also Scroll and Circular Saw +Attachments, Hand Planers, etc. Send for Catalogue of outfits for +Amateurs or Artisans. + +WM. L. CHASE & CO., +95 & 97 Liberty St., New York. + + +MILL STONES AND CORN MILLS. + +We make Burr Millstones, Portable Mills, Smut Machines, Packers, Mill +Picks, Water Wheels, Pulleys, and Gearing, specially adapted to Flour +Mills. + +Send for catalogue. + +J. T. NOYE & SON, BUFFALO, N. Y. + + +F. ADEE & CO.'S PATENT LEAD STENCH TRAPS. + +Positive protection against Sewer-gas. Best and cheapest. +See illustration, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, April 14th. + +Send for circular. F. ADEE, 275 Pearl St., N. Y. + + +ASBESTOS BOARD, + +For Flange Joints, Cylinder Heads, Man-hole Plates, etc. +The only genuine, strictly fire-proof, made from pure ITALIAN ASBESTOS. +All sizes, from 1-32 to 1-4 inch. + +H. W. JOHNS M'F'G CO., 87 MAIDEN LANE, NEW YORK. + + +THE TANITE CO., + +STROUDSBURG, PA. + +EMERY WHEELS AND GRINDERS. + +GEO. PLACE, 121 Chambers St., New York Agent. + + +[Illustration: The Excelsior 1st Premium at Centennial] + +$3 PRINTING PRESS! + +Prints cards, envelopes, etc., equal to _any_ press. Larger sizes for +large work. + +_Do your own printing and advertising and save money_. Excellent spare +hour amusement for old or young. Or it can be made _money making_ +business anywhere. + +Send 3c. stamps for large catalogue to + +KELSEY & CO., Manufacturers, +Meriden, Conn. + + +NOTICE TO FOREIGN SUBSCRIBERS. + +For the convenience of subscribers residing abroad, we have prepared +the annexed table, exhibiting the subscription price of the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and SUPPLEMENT in the principal foreign currencies: + +The prices here given | SCIENTIFIC | SCIENTIFIC | SCIENTIFIC +are for one year's | AMERICAN | AMERICAN | AMERICAN and +subscription, including | | SUPPLEMENT | SUPPLEMENT +the postage. | | | together. +------------------------|-----------------|------------|-------------- +Austria | S. Florins 9 | 13 | 20 +Belgium | Francs 20 | 30 | 46 +Denmark | Kroner 15 | 23 | 35 +France | Francs 20 | 30 | 46 +German Empire | R. M. 16 | 25 | 37 +Great Britain | Shillings 16 | 24 | 36 +Holland | H. F. 9 | 14 | 21 +Italy | Francs 20 | 30 | 46 +Norway | Kroner 15 | 23 | 35 +Russia | Roubles 5 | 8 | 11 +Sweden | Kroner 15 | 23 | 35 +Switzerland | Francs 20 | 30 | 46 +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Deposit either of the above amounts in any of the important post +offices in Great Britain or Ireland, or in any country on the +Continent of Europe, making the order payable to MUNN & Co., New York +city, and send us the receipt, with the name of the sender, and the +address to which the paper is to be mailed. + + +TUBE CLEANERS for cleaning Boiler Tubes. +THE NATIONAL STEEL TUBE CLEANER CO. 814 E. 9th St., N. Y. + + +ALCOTT LATHES, for Broom, Rake and Hoe Handles. +S. C. HILLS, 78 Chambers St. N. Y. + + +DROP FORGINGS AND SPECIAL MACHINERY, +THE HULL & BELDEN CO., +Danbury, Conn. + + +BEST DAMPER REGULATORS AND LEVERS GAUGE COCKS. +MURRILL & KEIZER, 44 HOLLIDAY ST., BALTIMORE + + +TORPEDO VESSELS. BY MR. DONALDSON. +A valuable paper, lately read before the United Service Institute. +Being a full exposition of the Torpedo-boat system, from the earliest +efforts to the present time. Giving dimensions and performances of the +several sizes built by Thornycroft Bros. for the various governments, +highly interesting trials of these boats, and experiences in war, and +a description of the torpedoes used. 1 illustration. Contained in +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT No. 79. Price 10 cents. To be had at +this office and of all newsdealers. + + +BOGARDUS' PATENT UNIVERSAL ECCENTRIC MILLS--For grinding Bones, Ores, +Sand, Old Crucibles, Fire Clay, Guanos, Oil Cake, Feed, Corn, Corn and +Cob, Tobacco, Snuff, Sugar, Salts, Roots, Spices, Coffee, Cocoanut, +Flaxseed, Asbestos, Mica, etc., and whatever cannot be ground by other +mills. Also for Paints, Printers' Inks, Paste Blacking, etc. + +JOHN W. THOMSON, successor to JAMES BOGARDUS, +corner of White and Elm Sts., New York. + + +LEHIGH UNIVERSITY.--TUITION FREE. + +Civil, Mechanical, and Mining Engineering; Chemistry and Metallurgy; +Full Classical Instruction; French and German; English Literature; +International and Constitutional Law; Psychology and Christian +Evidences. + +For Registers, address the Rev. JOHN M. LEAVITT, +D.D., President, Bethlehem, Penna. + + +DRILLS, Jigging Machines, etc. +Illustrated catalogues sent FREE +Address AMES M'F'G CO., Chicopee, Mass. + + +PHOSPHOR-BRONZE AND ITS APPLICATIONS. +By ALEXANDER DICK. A series of valuable tests, showing the superiority +of Phosphor-bronze over ordinary bronze. Old bronze and new compared. +Phosphor-bronze under oft-repeated strains; also its adaptability to +frictional purposes. Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT No. 79. +Price 10 cents. To be had at this office and of all newsdealers. + + +[Illustration: Advertisement H. W. JOHNS' PATENT ASBESTOS MATERIALS.] + +PAINTS, ROOFING, STEAM PIPE AND BOILER COVERINGS, STEAM PACKING, +_Sheathings, Fire, Acid_, and _Waterproof Coatings, Cements_, etc. +Send for Samples, Illustrated Catalogues, Price Lists, etc. + +87 MAIDEN LANE, NEW YORK. + + +FIFTY SYRUP RECIPES, FOR HOUSEHOLD purposes, Mineral Waters, etc., +to wit: Simple Syrup, (2) Lemon Syrup, Mulberry Syrup, Vanilla Syrup, +Vanilla Cream Syrup, (2) Cream Syrup, Ginger Syrup, Orange Syrup, (2) +Pineapple Syrup, Nectar Syrup, Sherbet Syrup, Grape Syrup, Banana +Syrup, (2) Coffee Syrup, Wild Cherry Syrup, Wintergreen Syrup, (2) +Sarsaparilla Syrup, Maple Syrup, (2) Chocolate Syrup, Coffee Cream +Syrup, Ambrosia Syrup, Hock and Claret Syrup, Solferino Syrup, +Capsicum Syrup, Cherry Syrup, Strawberry Syrup, (2) Raspberry Syrup, +Peach Syrup, Blackberry Syrup, Orgeat Syrup, Catawba Syrup, Milk Punch +Syrup, Champagne Syrup, Sherry Cobbler Syrup, Excelsior Syrup, Fancy +Syrup, Currant Syrup, Framboise Syrup, Maidenhair Syrup, Orange Flower +Syrup, Cinnamon Syrup. How to make Syrups Frothy. + +Colognes for the Sick Room, by GEO. LEIS. With recipes for the +production of preparations that serve as pleasing perfumes, +deodorizers, and cosmetic lotions. + +All the above are contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT No. 77. +Price 10 cents. To be had at this office and of all newsdealers. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE "Scientific American" is printed with CHAS. +ENEU JOHNSON & CO.'S INK. Tenth and Lombard +Sts., Philadelphia, and 59 Gold St., New York. + + * * * * * + + + + +Transcriber's Note: + + +_x_ indicates italic script. + +Some archaic (Early American) spellings have been retained. + + +Errata: + +Article 13 ("CALLIN AND WILSON'S PROCESS OF UTILIZING TIN SCRAP.'"): + +'thin' corrected to 'tin' +"... the requisite quantity depending upon the thickness +of the tin plate to be removed." + +Article NQ (39): 'put' corrected to 'but' +"... but plenty of good soap and warm water,..." + +P. 16, Advert for 'ROOTS' FORCE BLAST BLOWER': + +"SPEED ONLY 100 TO ??0 REV. PER M. SAVES HALF THE POWER REQUIRED +FOR FAN." + +figure obscured by address label: + ('Journal of Pharmacy X 145 S 10th st.'). + + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Vol. XXXVII.--No. +2. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Scientific American, Vol. XXXVII.--No. 2. [New Series.], July 14, 1877 + A Weekly Journal Of Practical Information, Art, Science, + Mechanics, Chemistry, And Manufactures + +Author: Various + +Release Date: January 3, 2012 [EBook #38481] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Lesley Halamek, and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<a name="top"></a> +<table summary="transcriber note" width="auto" align="center" style="margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 5em;"> +<tr> + <td class="note"> + +<h4>Transcriber's Note</h4> + +<p>Readers using some IE browsers may need to use 'Compatibility View'.</p> + +<p>The <a href="#transcriber_note">Errata</a> are at the end of the book.</p> +<p>(Corrections are also indicated, in the text, by a dotted line underneath the correction.</p> +<p style="margin-top:-1em;">Scroll the mouse over the word and the original text will <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'apprear'">appear</ins>.)</p> + +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/title-600.png" width="600" height="107" alt="SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN" border="0" /></div> + +<h1>SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN</h1> + +<h2>A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, +MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES.</h2> + +<h2>NEW YORK, July 14, 1877.</h2> + +<h4>Vol. XXXVII.—No. 2. [NEW SERIES.]</h4> + +<h4>$3.20 per Annum [POSTAGE PREPAID.]</h4> + +<hr /> +<h2>Contents:</h2> +<p class="center">(Illustrated articles are marked with an +asterisk.)</p> + +<table width="80%" align="center" summary="contents"> +<tr> + <td class="right">6</td> + <td><a href="#art6">Africa, carrying peace into</a></td> + <td>16</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">1</td> + <td><a href="#art1">Air compressor, Bower's *</a></td> + <td>15</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">14</td> + <td><a href="#art14">Alloy, new</a></td> + <td>18</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">38</td> + <td><a href="#art38">American inventions. N.S.Wales</a></td> + <td>25</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">37</td> + <td><a href="#art37">American Institute Exhibition</a></td> + <td>24</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">45</td> + <td><a href="#art45">Answers to correspondents</a></td> + <td>27</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right"><span style="font-size: 0.7em;">NQ-13</span></td> + <td><a href="#artnq13">Artesian well, pumping <span class="note1">(13)</span></a></td> + <td>27</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">29</td> + <td><a href="#art29">Billiard ball holder *</a></td> + <td>22</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">26</td> + <td><a href="#art26">Billiard table *</a></td> + <td>22</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right"><span style="font-size: 0.7em;">NQ-35</span></td> + <td><a href="#artnq35">Bisulphide of lime <span class="note1">(35)</span></a></td> + <td>28</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">35</td> + <td><a href="#art35">Bleaching silk and wool</a></td> + <td>24</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">18</td> + <td><a href="#art18">Boot and shoe machinery *</a></td> + <td>19</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">16</td> + <td><a href="#art16">Bookbinding, new method of *</a></td> + <td>19</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">41</td> + <td><a href="#art41">Books and publications</a></td> + <td>25</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">4</td> + <td><a href="#art4">Business prospects</a></td> + <td>15</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">9</td> + <td><a href="#art9">Carrigeen crop</a></td> + <td>17</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">7</td> + <td><a href="#art7">Catastrophism, Clarence King on</a></td> + <td>16</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">10</td> + <td><a href="#art10">Catastrophe in geology</a></td> + <td>17</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">30</td> + <td><a href="#art30">Chalk cup *</a></td> + <td>22</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right"><span style="font-size: 0.7em;">NQ-2</span></td> + <td><a href="#artnq2">Coloring matter from herbs <span class="note1">(2)</span></a></td> + <td>27</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">27</td> + <td><a href="#art27">Copper plates covered with steel</a></td> + <td>22</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">17</td> + <td><a href="#art17">Curtain fixture *</a></td> + <td>19</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">5</td> + <td><a href="#art5">Disinfecting rooms</a></td> + <td>15</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">8</td> + <td><a href="#art8">Duplex education</a></td> + <td>17</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">19</td> + <td><a href="#art19">Dyspepsia, on</a></td> + <td>20</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">34</td> + <td><a href="#art34">Education in Germany</a></td> + <td>24</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right"><span style="font-size: 0.7em;">NQ-21</span></td> + <td><a href="#artnq21">Electricity, conducting power <span class="note1">(21)</span></a></td> + <td>27</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right"><span style="font-size: 0.7em;">NQ-33</span></td> + <td><a href="#artnq33">Electrotyping cylinders <span class="note1">(33</span></a></td> + <td>28</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right"><span style="font-size: 0.7em;">NQ-5</span></td> + <td><a href="#artnq5">Electricity and magnetism <span class="note1">(5)</span></a></td> + <td>27</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right"><span style="font-size: 0.7em;">NQ-24</span></td> + <td><a href="#artnq24">Gold, dentists' <span class="note1">(24)</span></a></td> + <td>27</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">22</td> + <td><a href="#art22">Horses, dead, standing erect</a></td> + <td>20</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">42</td> + <td><a href="#art42">Inventions patented in England</a></td> + <td>25</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">20</td> + <td><a href="#art20">Lightning, effects of</a></td> + <td>20</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right"><span style="font-size: 0.7em;">NQ-22</span></td> + <td><a href="#artnq22">Lime, precipitating <span class="note1">(22)</span></a></td> + <td>27</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">23</td> + <td><a href="#art23">Locomotive valves, setting </a></td> + <td>21</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">39</td> + <td><a href="#art39">Man's place in Nature</a></td> + <td>25</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right"><span style="font-size: 0.7em;">NQ-32</span></td> + <td><a href="#artnq32">Measures of the U. S. <span class="note1">(32)</span></a></td> + <td>28</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right"><span style="font-size: 0.7em;">NQ-30</span></td> + <td><a href="#artnq30">Mints of the U. S. <span class="note1">(30)</span></a></td> + <td>27</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right"><span style="font-size: 0.7em;">NQ-40</span></td> + <td><a href="#artnq40">Papier Mache <span class="note1">(40)</span></a></td> + <td>28</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">44</td> + <td><a href="#art44">Patents, American and foreign</a></td> + <td>25</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">43</td> + <td><a href="#art43">Patent decisions, recent</a></td> + <td>25</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">46</td> + <td><a href="#art46">Patents, official list of</a></td> + <td>28</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">12</td> + <td><a href="#art12">Phosphorescent sweating</a></td> + <td>18</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">33</td> + <td><a href="#art33">Plague, extension of the</a></td> + <td>24</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">31</td> + <td><a href="#art31">Plants, curious carnivorous *</a></td> + <td>23</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">32</td> + <td><a href="#art32">Popular fallacies</a></td> + <td>24</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">2</td> + <td><a href="#art2">Santini, death of Professor</a></td> + <td>15</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">15</td> + <td><a href="#art15">Sebastin, a new explosive</a></td> + <td>18</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">11</td> + <td><a href="#art11">Solar heat, apparatus for utilizing</a></td> + <td>18</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">40</td> + <td><a href="#art40">Special notice</a></td> + <td>25</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">24</td> + <td><a href="#art24">Steamer, new</a></td> + <td>21</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right"><span style="font-size: 0.7em;">NQ-20</span></td> + <td><a href="#artnq20">Steam pump, pounding <span class="note1">(20)</span></a></td> + <td>27</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">28</td> + <td><a href="#art28">Sulphur, test for</a></td> + <td>22</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">21</td> + <td><a href="#art21">Sunstroke</a></td> + <td>20</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">13</td> + <td><a href="#art13">Tin scrap, utilization of *</a></td> + <td>18</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">25</td> + <td><a href="#art25">Tin-can telephone</a></td> + <td>21</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">36</td> + <td><a href="#art36">Tin and phosphorus, alloy of</a></td> + <td>24</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="right">3</td> + <td><a href="#art3">Yule, John</a></td> + <td>15</td> +</tr> +</table><br /><br /> + +<a name="Page_15" id="Page_15"></a> + +<hr class="full" /><br /><br /> + +<a name="art1" id="art1"></a><h2>BOWER'S PATENT AIR COMPRESSOR.</h2> + +<p>The new air compressor herewith illustrated may be operated +by steam or water power, and is available for work in +mines, tunnels, or quarries, for driving rock drills, coal cutters, +and hauling and pumping engines, working mining +pumps, for use in factories, and in fact for all service where +a safe and efficient power is required. The construction of +the machine, the capacity of which differs according to the +amount of power required, will readily be understood from +the illustration. Above the air cylinder are two distinct air +chambers, each having two induction or receiving valves, +which cushion on rubbers. With the movement of the piston +these chambers alternately receive and force the compressed +air through check valves placed in the upper part of +the air compartment, both compartments being connected +with one pipe conveying the air to the ordinary air receiver. +These check valves lift alternately, and cushion on water; and +as the compressed air is forced into the pipe connecting with +the receiver, without a possibility of any of it escaping back +into the receiving chambers, it is claimed that there is the +smallest possible loss of power, and that the machine will give +fully 90 per cent of steam power expended in the shape of +compressed air. The compressor is compact in form, strongly +made, simple in construction, and not liable to get out of +order. One peculiarity in its construction is that no water +jacket or hollow piston is used; yet under any of the extreme +pressures to which the machine has been tested, no inconvenience, +we are informed, from heat has been perceptible.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a href="images/01.png"><img src="images/01-600.png" width="600" height="338" alt="BOWER'S AIR COMPRESSOR." /></a><br /><br /> +<p class="center"><b>BOWER'S AIR COMPRESSOR.</b></p> +</div> + +<p>In connection with the compressor, receivers of various +sizes are used, into which the air is pumped and thence conveyed +by pipe to the location where required, even if it be +a mile or more, the loss by friction between receiver and +point of utilization of the air being, it is claimed, under 2 +lbs. of the pressure.</p> + +<p>The manufacturers also build water-power compressors, +one of which, driven by 75 to 100 horse power, they have recently +shipped to Utah. The machine is intended to convey +the air through iron tubes 5,000 feet to the mouth of a silver +mine, where a 50 horse power hoisting and a 25 horse power +pumping engine will be driven by air instead of steam, and +a tube will be extended into the mine 1,000 feet deep, where +the power drills and small pumps will be operated by air +also.</p> + +<p>The manufacturers submit a number of excellent testimonials +from parties using the machine. From one, we +learn, that at the Antelope and Prince of Wales mine, near +Alta City, Utah, the compressor runs 10 hours per day, and +supplies compressed air to two 3 inch drills used in running +levels. The distribution terminates at distances of from +1,000 to 2,000 feet from the compressor. The machine also +drives one hoisting engine and ventilates the lower part of +the mine. The main supply pipe is three inches in diameter, +2,300 feet long, and is tapped by two inch pipe wherever +power is required. The expenditure of fuel is one cord of +green pine wood and 600 lbs. of bituminous coal per 10 +hours. Air pressure in receiver 100 lbs. This pressure is +reported to be obtained by 70 lbs. of steam as indicated by +the gauges.</p> + +<p>For further particulars, address the manufacturers, Messrs. +Griffith and Wedge, Zanesville, Ohio.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art2" id="art2"></a><h2>Death of Professor Santini.</h2> + +<p>A cable dispatch announces the death of the Italian astronomer, +Giovanni Santini. The Professor was born at Tuscany, +June 30, 1786, and was in the ninety-first year of his +age. He graduated at the University of Pisa. He soon devoted +himself to a study of the exact sciences, and in 1814 +he had achieved so much distinction that he was appointed +to a professorship in the Padowa Observatory in place of +Vincenzo Cheminello. In 1825 he was appointed Rector of +the University, and up to the time of his death he held the +position of Professor of Astronomy and Director of Mathematical +Studies. He was generally esteemed by the learned +societies of Europe, and held a number of honorary titles +and degrees from various leading universities. He was also +a correspondent of the French Academy. The principal +books published by him are strictly scientific, such as "Decimal +Arithmetic" (1808), "Elements of Astronomy" (1820), +"Logarithms and Trigonometry," and "Optical Problems" +(1821-23). Some of his elementary works on astronomy for +beginners are the best ever published in Italy.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art3" id="art3"></a><h2>John Yule.</h2> + +<p>The death is announced of Mr. John Yule, of the Hutchestown +Engine Works, Rutherglen, N. B., at the age of 66. +During early life, Mr. Yule went the round of the best engineers' +shops in Scotland and England, and became one of +the recognized leaders in engineering progress. His inventiveness +took various directions, amongst other fruits being +an improved rotary engine, a compensating governor for the +steam engine, and a screw tap, drill, and mandrel. For the +latter he was awarded the silver medal of the Scottish Society +of Arts. For some years Mr. Yule acted as the manager +of the boiler department of Messrs. Robert Napier & Son's +establishment, but eventually resumed business at the +Hutchestown Works, and devoted attention amongst other +matters to the improvement of swing bridges and steam +cranes and hammers. In the former line two of his most +important works are the plate girder bridge over the entrance +to one of the docks at Port Glasgow, for the Caledonian +Railway, erected from plans by Messrs. Bell and Miller, +C.E., Glasgow; and a lattice girder bridge over the entrance +to Kingston Dock, Glasgow Harbor. Owing to the angle at +which this last bridge crosses the dock, great difficulties were +experienced in working out the mechanical details so as to +admit of easy motion. These were skillfully overcome, and +the bridge was, as finally erected, a monument of his design +as well as workmanship. The Blackhill incline on the Monkland +Canal, constructed nearly a quarter of a century ago, +is a sample of Mr. Yule's mechanical powers. Of late years +he was largely engaged as a professional valuator.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art4" id="art4"></a><h2>Business Prospects.</h2> + +<p>We have recently taken the pains to make inquiries from +the more eminent bankers and merchants in the chief cities +of the interior, and the results of our inquiries have tended +to confirm the belief we have more than once expressed in +this journal, that although, from various causes, there is +overhanging a portion of our American industries a cloud of +gloom and depression, still throughout the nation at large +there is going on a process of growth and recovery from +which the best results are anticipated. How long we shall +have to wait before the life which is at work silently and secretly +beneath the surface will put forth its full power, in +the full harvest of productive activity, is, of course, impossible +to foretell. What is chiefly important for us to know, +however, is that the progress we are making tends upwards +and not downwards, and that it promises to lead our industry +and commerce to a brighter and not to a darker future.—<i>Financial +Chronicle.</i></p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art5" id="art5"></a><h2>To Disinfect Rooms.</h2> + +<p>The disinfection of a room is not complete unless the +walls have been thoroughly cleansed. If they are papered, +the paper must be removed and the surface beneath carefully +scraped and washed. If the walls are painted, they +should be washed with caustic soda. The ceiling should also +be subjected to a similar treatment.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<a name="Page_16" id="Page_16"></a> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/oef-scientificamerican-48n.png" width="548" height="64" alt="Scientific American" border="0" /></div> + +<h3>ESTABLISHED 1845.</h3> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h2>MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors.</h2> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h4 style="margin-bottom: -1em">PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT</h4> +<h3>NO. 37 PARK ROW (PARK BUILDING), NEW YORK.</h3> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center"> +<b>O.D. MUNN.</b> <b>A.E. BEACH.</b> +</p> + +<hr /> + +<h3>TERMS FOR THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.</h3> + +<table align="center" summary="terms"> +<tr> + <td>One copy, one year, postage included</td> + <td class="right">$3 20</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>One copy, six months, postage included</td> + <td class="right">1 60</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><b>Clubs</b>.—One extra copy of the <span class="sc">Scientific American</span> will +be supplied +gratis for every club of five subscribers at $3.20 each; additional copies at +same proportionate rate. Postage prepaid.</p> + +<h3>The Scientific American Supplement</h3> + +<p>is a distinct paper from the <span class="sc">Scientific American</span>. THE +<span class="sc">Supplement</span> +is issued weekly; every number contains 16 octavo pages, with handsome +cover, uniform in size with <span class="sc">Scientific American</span>. Terms of subscription +for <span class="sc">Supplement</span>, $5.00 a year, postage paid, to subscribers. Single +copies +10 cents. Sold by all news dealers throughout the country.</p> + +<p><b>Combined Rates</b>.—The <span class="sc">Scientific American</span> and <span class="sc">Supplement</span> +will be sent for one year, postage free, on receipt of <i>seven dollars</i>. +Both +papers to one address or different addresses, as desired.</p> + +<p>The safest way to remit is by draft, postal order, or registered letter.</p> + +<p>Address MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, N. Y.</p> + +<div class="figleft1"><img src="images/finger-32.png" width="32" height="14" alt="right finger pointing" border="0" /> +</div> +<p>Subscriptions received and single copies of either paper sold by all +the news agents.</p> + +<h3 style="margin-top: 2em;">Publishers' Notice to Mail Subscribers.</h3> + +<p>Mail subscribers will observe on the printed address of each paper the +time for which they have prepaid. Before the time indicated expires, to +insure a continuity of numbers, subscribers should remit for another year. +For the convenience of the mail clerks, they will please also state when +their subscriptions expire.</p> + +<p>New subscriptions will be entered from the time the order is received; +but the back numbers of either the <span class="sc">Scientific American</span> or the +<span class="sc">Scientific +American Supplement</span> will be sent from January when desired. +In this case, the subscription will date from the commencement of the +volume, and the latter will be complete for preservation or binding.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2>VOL. XXXVII., No. 2. [NEW SERIES.] <i>Thirty-second Year.</i></h2> + +<hr /> + +<h3>NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JULY 14, 1877.</h3> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2>TABLE OF CONTENTS OF</h2> +<h3>THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT,</h3> + +<h2>No. 80,</h2> + +<h3>For the Week ending July 14, 1877.</h3> + +<blockquote><p> +<span class="outdent"> +I. ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS.</span>—Wrought Iron Bridge Designs; + by <span class="sc">William O. Douglas</span>. A method of construction whereby the + safety of the structure is not dependent on any single member. 2 engravings.—Steel + Wire Hawsers.</p> + +<p class="foo">Health and Sewage of Towns; by <span class="sc">Alfred Carpenter</span>, M.D., C.S.S. + A practical experience of the Dry system.</p> + +<p class="foo">Carlisle Bridge, Dublin, 1 engraving—Extinction of Fires.—Important + Dutch Enterprise.</p> + +<p class="foo">Foot Bridge across the River Ness at Inverness; by C. R. <span class="sc">Manners</span>, + Engineer. 13 illustrations.</p> + +<p class="foo">Radiating Steam Hercules for the St. Heliers' Harbor Works, Jersey. + 2 figures.—New Meat Trucks.—New Horseshoe.—Scott's Wheel-Cutting + and Moulding Machine. 3 figures.</p> + +<p class="foo">Compound Engine with Rope Driving Gear; by <span class="sc">Benjamin Goodfellow</span>, + Engineer. 3 engravings.—Differential Screw Pipe Joint. 6 + figures.</p> + +<p class="foo">Pipes for Gas and Other Purposes (continued from <span class="sc">Supplement</span> No. + 77). Main-laying continued, with 4 figures.—Fittings of Gas and Water + Pipes; Includes the average "life" of pipes; an account of various + soils, and amount of corrosion in each; Professor Barff's new iron-preserving + process, and other processes in practical use for preserving iron + pipe; proving pipe; the utility of various metals, and directions for + pipe-laying: various fittings, illustrated in 16 figures.</p> + +<p> +<span class="outdent">II. TECHNOLOGY.</span>—The Sizing of Cotton Goods; a paper read before the + Society of Arts, by W. <span class="sc">Thompson</span>, F.R.S. A very full and clear description, + embracing: An account of the process of weaving, explaining + the object and utility of size. A table of sizing mixtures in which are + enumerated all the substances used, (1) for giving adhesive properties + to the size, (2) to give weight and body to the yarn, (3) for softening the + size or yarn, and (4) for preserving the size from mildew and decomposition. + Tests for these substances and directions for mixing, so as to + obtain the results required. Proportions of sizing. Use of flour in size. + Weighting materials, China clay and its substitutes. "Softenings" and + oils for softening. East winds. Glycerin, grape sugar, mildew preventives, + and tape sizing. "Slashing," packing, mildew, damaged goods, + etc.—Notes on Garment Dyeing. Giving preparation of garments with + cotton warps, green on garments with cotton warps, brown on the same, + etc.</p> + +<p> +<span class="outdent">III. LIGHT, HEAT, ELECTRICITY, ETC.</span>—On the Minute Measurements + of Modern Science. By <span class="sc">Alfred M. Mayer</span>. Article IX. The dividing + engine and methods of making accurate linear scales. 8 illustrations.</p> + +<p> +<span class="outdent">IV. NATURAL HISTORY, ETC.</span>—Catastrophism, or the Evolution of + Environment. An address by Clarence King before the Sheffield Scientific + School of Yale College, New Haven, Conn.</p> + +<p> +<span class="outdent">V. AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE.</span>—Pencils of Silver Nitrate.—The + Black Poplar.—Tree Leaves as a Fertilizer.—Improving Pastures. + —Lawns and Hay.—Thoroughbred Pigs.—Shall Country Houses have + Cellars?</p> + +<p> +<span class="outdent">VI. MISCELLANEOUS.</span>—The New German Patent Law: being the Full + Text of the New Law for Patents, passed July 1, 1877, covering all the + States of the German Empire.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>Terms.—<span class="sc">Scientific American Supplement</span>, one year, postpaid, <i>five +dollars</i>. One copy of <span class="sc">Scientific American</span> and one copy of +<span class="sc">Scientific +American Supplement</span>, one year, postpaid, <i>seven dollars</i>. CLUBS.—One +extra copy of the <span class="sc">Supplement</span> will be supplied gratis for every club of +five <span class="sc">Supplement</span> subscribers at $5.00 each.</p> + +<p>All the back numbers of the <span class="sc">Supplement</span>, from the commencement, January +1, 1876, can be had. Price 10 cents each.</p> + +<p>NOW READY.—The <span class="sc">Scientific American Supplement</span> for 1876, +Complete in two large volumes. Over 800 quarto pages; over 2,000 engravings. +Embracing History of the Centennial Exhibition. New Illustrated. +Instructions in Mechanical Drawing. Many valuable papers, etc. Price +five dollars for the two volumes, stitched in paper; or six dollars and fifty +cents, handsomely bound in stiff covers.</p> + +<p>Remit by postal order. Address</p> + +<p>MUNN & CO. PUBLISHERS, +37 Park Row, New York.</p> + +<div class="figleft1"><img src="images/finger-32.png" width="32" height="14" alt="right finger pointing" border="0" /> +</div> +<p>Single copies of any desired number of the <span class="sc">Supplement</span> sent to any +address on receipt of 10 cents.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<a name="art6" id="art6"></a><h2>CARRYING PEACE INTO AFRICA.</h2> + +<p>To carry war into Africa has been a proverb ever since +Rome vowed the destruction of Carthage. But the Carthagenian +invasion was a modern episode in Africa's experiences +of that nature. On one of the earlier monuments +of Egypt there is figured a slave-hunter's raid upon an +Ethiopian village, the horrid details of which are said by +travelers to be an accurate picture of a slave raid of to-day. +The same murderous work has been going on incessantly for +at least 4,000 years: how much longer there is no telling. +For all these ages the African borders have known war and +war only, and of the most destructive and barbarizing nature.</p> + +<p>Recently, under the influence of Sir Samuel Baker, Colonel +Gordon, and the civilized world in general, the Khedive +of Egypt has carried war into the interior in the interests of +peace: a conquest in a measure justified by the suppression +of inter-tribal war for the filling of slave pens, and the +abolition of the slave trade down the Nile. A similar reform +has been effected on the east coast by the pressure of +English power on the Sultan of Zanzibar. And the immediate +effect of these two movements has been to prevent the +butchery or enslavement of not less than half a million +negroes annually.</p> + +<p>A still more promising invasion of Africa has just been +decided upon in the International Geographical Conference in +Brussels: an invasion wholly in the interests of peace and +civilization. At the meeting, a year ago, it was declared advisable +to establish, by international effort, a line of permanent +commercial stations from Bagomoyo, on the coast of Zanzibar, +to St. Paul de Loanda, on the opposite Atlantic coast; the first +stations to be at Ujiji, where Stanley found Livingstone, on +the eastern shore of lake Tanganyika; at Nyangwe, Livingstone's +furthest point northward on the Lualaba; and at +some point further west on the route of Cameron, to be fixed +in the dominions of Muata Yamvo, one of the most powerful +chiefs of Central Africa. At the second conference, +which ended June 24, arrangements were made for sending +out the first expedition toward Tanganyika.</p> + +<p>The object of the proposed stations is the development of +civilization by commerce, not by religious propaganda. +Primarily they will serve as bases of operation for explorers +of the interior, a sort of <i>entrepôts</i>, where the explorer may +supply himself with provisions, instruments, and goods, and +thus save the cost and embarrassment of an army of porters +from the coast. They will also serve as places of refuge for +explorers in times of sickness and other reverses, which have +hitherto so terribly hampered explorers. The heads of these +pioneer establishments are to be men of scientific training +and proved executive ability; and each will be aided by a +physician-naturalist and a few skilled artisans. The points +thus far chosen are on a line regularly traveled by the caravans +of Arab traders, carrying coffee, tea, sugar, arms, and +woven goods to permanent Arab residences and trading stations +in the interior. An agent of the London Missionary +Society has already begun the survey of a route for ox teams +as far as lake Tanganyika; and Cameron has expressed the +opinion that a light narrow-gauge railway could be constructed +from the coast to the lake at a cost not exceeding +four thousand dollars a mile. The traffic along such a road, +he thinks, would soon pay interest on the outlay.</p> + +<p>The unexplored region thus to be opened up to civilization +and commerce (other than in human beings) is larger +than the United States east of the Mississippi. Around it is +a still larger region of partially explored country of +unequalled fertility, abounding in great lakes and navigable +rivers, and for the most part so high above the sea that the +products of the tropics mingle with those of the temperate +zone. The cereals, durah, maize, rice, sugar cane, starch-yielding +roots and tubers, cotton, coffee, tobacco, spices, +gums and caoutchouc, dye-stuffs and medicinal plants, the +banana, fig, date, orange, and the vine are among the known +products of this region; and all are capable of becoming +important staples of foreign commerce. The country is not +less rich in coal, iron, copper, gold, and other valuable +minerals. The climate, though moist from abundant rain, is +less debilitating than India or Brazil; and everywhere, away +from the miasmatic coast regions and the marshes of the +lower river courses, European explorers have found small +cause for complaining of excessive heat or unhealthiness. +On the elevated plateaus which cover so large a part of Central +Africa, the climate is like that of the sanitariums of +India; while among the mountains the finest climates of +the world are fairly rivalled. Stanley found in the mountainous +region between the great lakes and within a degree +of the equator every climatic condition and every element of +landscape beauty that could attract and delight a white colony. +It was a perfect alpine country, with mountains rising +from twelve to fifteen thousand feet, yet free from alpine +cold and snow. Countless torrents from the hills watered +ever-verdant valleys as beautiful as those of Tyrol, lying +under a brilliant equatorial sun, yet with a climate as cool +and equable as any European might desire. Further south, +among the mountains about Lake Nyassa, the same features +are presented on a grander scale: a country aptly described +as a second Switzerland of gigantic proportions.</p> + +<p>There can be no question of the ability of Europeans to +sustain themselves in the greater part of the interior—certainly +on all the higher plateaus—nor of the possibility of +building up in Central Africa a great civilized empire. Nature +offers every facility, and the native population seem to +be well fitted for productive industry. In every respect +they are physically and morally superior to the negroes of +the coast, and only need protection and the encouragement +of legitimate commerce to weld them into a great nation. +Already they stand on the borders of civilization. They are +intelligent, industrious, and not unskillful in the manufacture +of iron and copper ornaments, utensils, and weapons. +The arts of tanning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, mat-making, +etc., are widely diffused among them, and many of their +products are remarkable for their fineness and strength. +They carry on agriculture with considerable success; and, +notwithstanding the chronic state of insecurity incident to +slave-hunting, their wealth in cattle is very great. As soon +as the disturbing and impoverishing influence of the slave +traffic is abated, and a market provided for the products of +peace, the advancement of the people in civilization is likely +to go on with great rapidity. As the source of raw materials +which we need, and as a market for the surplus manufactures +of Europe and America, the country offers, to say +the least, many attractions; and it will not be surprising if, +within fifty years, thriving commercial stations will be founded +on all its great lakes and rivers, and connected with the +outer world by telegraphy, railways, and steamship lines.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art7" id="art7"></a><h2>ADDRESS OF CLARENCE KING ON CATASTROPHISM.</h2> + +<p>Mr. Clarence King lately delivered an interesting address +before the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale College, New +Haven, Conn., under the title of "Catastrophism, or the +Evolution of Environment," which promises to evoke considerable +discussion. We subjoin an abstract of the principal +features of the address, which is quite lengthy. The +full text will be found in our <span class="sc">Supplements</span>, Nos. 80, 81.</p> + +<p>Mr. King refuted the doctrine of slow evolution as taught +by Huxley and Darwin, and declared that the surface of the +earth and climate had been subject to sudden and catastrophic +mutation, which included in its environment all types of life.</p> + +<p>He reasoned that marine fossils are found entombed in +rocky beds far remote from present seas; and that these beds +were once sea bottoms that have been upheaved by convulsions +of Nature. The earliest history of mankind is pregnant +with catastrophe, and we have historic story and biblical +record of its sudden and destructive energy. He called to +mind the vast and massive eruptions of the Pliocene basalt as +seen upon our own continent.</p> + +<p>The great obvious changes in the rocky crust were referred +to a few processes; the sub-aerial decay of continents, delivery +by streams of land-detritus into the sea, the spreading +out of these comminuted materials upon a pelagic floor, and +lastly upheaval, by which oceanic beds were lifted up into +subsequent land masses. All these processes he declared to +have been more rapid in the past than now. Suddenness, +world-wide destructiveness, were the characteristics of +geological changes. Periods of calm, like the present, are +suddenly terminated by brief catastrophic epochs. Successive +faunas and floras were created only to be extinguished by +general cataclysms.</p> + +<p>He believed in recurrent, abrupt accelerations of crust +change, so violent as to destroy all life on the globe. He declared +the idea to be the survival of a prehistoric terror, and +was backed up by breaks in the great palæontological record. +Of the geologic features of our continent, he said that +beneath our America lies buried another distinct continent, +which he called Archæan America, which was made up of +what was originally ocean beds lifted into the air and locally +crumpled into vast mountain chains, which were in turn +eroded by torrents into mountain peaks. The original coast +lines of this continent we may never be able fully to survey, +but its great features, the lofty chains of the mountains which +made its bones, were very nearly co-extensive with our existing +systems, the Appalachians and Cordilleras. The cañon-cutting +rivers of the present Western mountains have dug +out the peaks and flanks of those underlying, primeval uplifts +and developed an astonishing topography; peaks rising +in a single sweep 30,000 feet from their bases, precipices lifting +bold, solid fronts 10,000 feet into the air, and profound +mountain valleys. The work of erosion, which has been carried +on by torrents of the quaternary age, brings to light +buried primeval chains loftier than any of the present heights +of the globe.</p> + +<p>At the close of the Palæzoic age, two enormous masses of +what, probably, were then continents began to sink, and as they +disappeared the present Atlantic and Pacific oceans appeared, +while the sea-floor of a then ocean, emerged, and became the +new continent of America. Dividing this new continent was +a sea, but catastrophe removed this sea and resulted in the +folding up of mountain ranges 20,000 and 40,000 feet in +height, thereby essentially changing the whole climate of the +continent. Of the land life of the mesozoic age we have +abundant remains. The wonderful reptilian and avian fauna +of the mesozoic age is now familiar to all. But after the +catastrophe, and the change of climate which must necessarily +have ensued, this fauna totally perished.</p> + +<p>After criticising the opinions of Huxley, Lyell, Hutton, +Darwin, and others, he recurred to the effects of sudden +terrestrial or cosmical changes, and conceived that the effects +of these changes would be, first, extermination; secondly, +destruction of the biological equilibrium; and thirdly, rapid +morphological change on the part of plastic species. When +catastrophic change burst in upon the ages of uniformity, +and sounded in the ear of every living thing the words +"Change or die!" plasticity became the sole principle of +salvation. And plasticity is the key to survival and prosperity. +Mr. King remarked in conclusion of his address: "He who +brought to bear that mysterious energy we call life upon<a name="Page_17" id="Page_17"></a> +primeval matter bestowed at the same time a power of development +by change, arranging that the interaction of energy +and matter, which make up environment should, from +time to time, burst in upon the current of life and sweep it +onward and upward to ever higher and better manifestations. +Moments of great catastrophe, thus translated into the +language of life, become moments of creation, when out of +plastic organisms something newer and nobler is called into +being."</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art8" id="art8"></a><h2>DUPLEX EDUCATION.</h2> + +<p>The age in which we live is a fast one, and he who does +not move with equal celerity, and keep pace with those around +him, is ruthlessly thrust to the wall, and remains there unless +he has strength and will to regain the lost position. We +call to our aid every force of Nature and invoke the assistance +of every appliance with which we are cognizant. We call +our fathers slow, and to us they were so; but there was the +same need of celerity in their every-day life as to-day there is +in ours.</p> + +<p>While calling to our aid the elements of Nature and adapting +thousands of mechanical appliances to our wants, do we +not often feel that there is beyond all these a "something" +that may be invoked and trained to help us on in the race of +life? Occasionally we find dim glimmerings of this "something" +that we believe will eventually grow to be one of the +prominent sciences. Physiologists tell us that the human +brain is double, that the right and left lobes act in a degree +independent of each other—the right lobe of the brain controlling +the physiology of the left side of the individual from +head to heel, while the left lobe exercises a like dominion on +the opposite side. Grant this to be true, then can be explained +the idiosyncrasy that is occasionally seen in individuals, +of which we may instance that of writing at the same +time with both hands; and again we have heard of telegraph +operators sending and receiving two messages at the same +time, operating with both hands, and independent of each +other. It is said that Nasmyth, the inventor of the steam +hammer, could actually produce two sketches or drawings in +this way and at the same time. It is also affirmed that Sir +Charles Fox, the architect of the Exhibition building of 1851, +could write upon two ideas at the same time and transfer +these ideas simultaneously to paper with right and left hand. +The mechanic can often be found who can operate upon one +piece of mechanism, while at the same time his brain is busy +upon the study of some unborn idea, foreign to that work +upon which he is laboring. Writers can be found who can +write out one train of ideas, while ideas entirely different are +being cogitated upon somewhere in their craniums. We +have even heard it affirmed that an indistinct glimmering of +a third idea would occasionally peep around the corner of +the caputs of these favored ones.</p> + +<p>Why not educate this? Why not form schools and institutions +to bring it out and lead the brain to perform this +double function? It can certainly be done. The world wants +it, surely. The age demands it. Individuals need it. If +these individuals can succeed and become experts in this +method of double work, will not double compensation and +a greater remuneration be their reward? This, certainly, will +be an incentive to its acquirement. Go to the apprentice +when first he takes position beside the vise, with chipping +chisel in one hand and hammer in the other. The injunction +he mentally receives as he raises the hammer is, that to miss +the chisel is to hit his knuckles. After a few demonstrative +blows he knows what it means, and therefore chisel and hammer +soon come by some strange process to harmonize in action, +so that in whatever position the head of the chisel may +be, the blow is sure to be properly received, and that, too, +without any sensible effort on his part. In this illustration +both right and left hand are taught to act, by brain dictation, +in a certain concerted manner.</p> + +<p>Again, we find that mutes have been learned to articulate +words and sentences by proper education, they being taught to +imitate the motions of the mouth and labial organs as by their +tutors directed. Education can do much, and these are +some of its results. Can we not by proper teaching produce +all the results as shown in the case of Nasmyth and Fox. +The first lessons must necessarily be simple. For instance, +two things done at the same time with both hands, giving +expression at this time to ideas connected therewith, but distinct +from each other. From this simple lesson we progress, +and, as the ultimatum, we may arrive at greater achievements +than Nasmyth or Fox ever dreamed of. We may find that +we can so divide our entity that we can be conscious of a +double-brain existence in a dual action.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art9" id="art9"></a><h2>THE CARRIGEEN CROP.</h2> + +<p>To the great majority of people, Carrigeen, under the more +familiar name of Irish Moss, is known chiefly as the basis of +a pleasant and wholesome drink for the sick room, or as an +article of use in the preparation of delicacies for the table. +Comparatively few are aware of its wide and varied use in +the arts, or that the thousands of barrels of it employed +annually by our manufacturers of paper, cloth, felt, and +straw hats, etc., and by brewers, is not an Irish, but an +American product, and, speaking strictly, is not a moss but +a seaweed.</p> + +<p>Carrigeen (<i>chondrus crispus</i>) is to be found more or less +abundantly all along our northern coast, ranging between +the low water line and the depth of forty feet, or so; but as +a rule its fronds, which correspond to the leaves of air plants, +are so numerously inhabited by small mollusca that they are +spoiled for other use. The clean-growing article seems to be +limited almost wholly to certain ledges in the neighborhood +of Scituate, Mass.—a section of coast guarded by the celebrated +Minot Ledge Lighthouse, and famous for its danger +to shipping. Here, where the waves of the Atlantic dash +with full force upon the rocky coast, the carrigeen grows to +perfection; and wherever it escapes the spawn of mussels and +other shellfish, is gathered during the summer season in vast +quantities.</p> + +<p>The harvest begins in May and ends about the first of September. +The gathering is made in two ways—by hand-picking +during exceptionally low tides, and by means of long-handled +iron-toothed rakes at ordinary tides. Of course the +work cannot be carried on except during fair weather. Hand-pulling +is possible only during the bi-monthly periods of +spring tides, that is, when the moon is full and again at new +moon. At such times high tide occurs about midday and +midnight, and the ledges are exposed for moss gathering +morning and evening. The mossers' boats are rowed to the +rocks where the finest grades abound, and the gatherers select +with great care the growths that are freest from minute +shells and other foreign matter. This portion of the crop, +if properly handled afterwards, generally goes to the apothecary +and fetches a price two or three times that of the common +grade.</p> + +<p>As the tide rises the pickers are driven to their boats, and +proceed to the outer moss-bearing rocks where the rake is +used, as it also is during ordinary low tides. Moss taken in +this way is not so clean as the hand-picked, and is always +mixed with tape grass, which must be removed during the +process of curing and packing.</p> + +<p>The curing of the moss is the most critical part of this peculiar +farming. On being brought to the shore the moss is +black and unsightly; it must be bleached as well as dried. +The bleaching is effected by repeated wetting and drying in +the sun; and as the moss is readily soluble in fresh water the +bleaching beds are situated near the banks of the salt creeks +that abound along the shore. After drying, the moss is +packed in tubs and rolled to the water, where it is thoroughly +washed, then rolled back to the bleaching bed, to be dried +again in the sun. Five or six such exposures are usually +sufficient. On the bleaching ground, the moss is carefully +spread and turned, and watchfully guarded against wetting +by rain. In this process it turns from black to red, then to +the yellowish-white of the perfected article. When properly +cured the moss is stored in bulk, in shanties; where, as time +permits, it is picked over and packed in barrels. The crop +averages about half a million pounds a year; and thanks to +the brighter and more abundant sunshine of our coast, the +moss has a brighter color and is of finer quality than the +Irish product.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art10" id="art10"></a><h2>CATASTROPHISM IN GEOLOGY.</h2> + +<p>Mr. Clarence King was probably not a little surprised +to learn from the Tribune that in his most suggestive address +on "Catastrophism and the Evolution of Environment," he +had turned the guns of Geology upon Biology; and that in +calling attention to the influence of periods of accelerated +change in environment upon exposed types of life he had +swept away the "fundamental doctrines upon which has +been built the scheme of development by natural selection +and the survival of the fittest." Certainly nothing in the +address betrays any consciousness of possible effects of that +sort. And it is quite probable also that Mr. King will have +to suffer some annoyance from seeing his name set up at +gaze, like Joshua's moon in Ajalon, by the unscientific press +generally, as that of the newest champion of orthodoxy +against the leaders of modern scientific thought: a penalty +which scientific men always have to pay for emphasizing +neglected truths.</p> + +<p>Mr. King certainly deals some telling blows against the +position of the stricter school of Uniformitarians in geology, +and brings into prominence a much neglected element in the +struggle for existence; but there is no scientific revolution +threatened, nor are any crumbs of comfort spread for those +endeavoring to arrest the natural drift of scientific progress.</p> + +<p>The issue between Mr. King and the sticklers for uniformity +in rates of geological change is simply this: In the reaction +against the sweeping cataclysms, the sudden wipings out +of whole creations and the sudden introductions of new +worlds of life believed in by earlier geologists, the modern +English school has come to look upon time and the +slower modifications of the earth's surface, now observable, +with the struggle for existence under easy conditions, as the +chief factors in geological change and its accompanying variations +in the forms of life. Mr. King, on the other hand, +insists that in so doing they have taken too little account of +catastrophic changes, that is, widespread and sudden movements +of sea and land. In other words, he raises rapid +change of environment from the subordinate place it has +hitherto occupied in the scheme of historical development, +and gives special emphasis to the grand geologic movements +which have to do with such changes.</p> + +<p>In this Mr. King has unquestionably rendered good service +to the science he has done so much to extend and honor in +the field; while the illustrations from American geology +which he brings to bear on the subject are as likely as his +sturdy opinions to attract attention. Yet we are inclined to +think that in some things he has allowed his enthusiasm to +run away with him. The stolid self-confidence of extreme +Uniformitarians has tempted him to exaggerate the periodic +accelerations of geologic and biologic movement, and to +overstate their effects quite as much as others have underestimated +them; and when he charges the followers of Lyell +with intellectual near-sightedness and a lack of "the very +mechanism of imagination," they may possibly be able to +retort not unjustifiably that he has mistaken the natural foreshortening +of the geological vista due to distance for actual +brevity; and that his belief in the abruptness and suddenness +of the great changes which the earth's strata record, may +be due to his own lack of sustained imaginative power for +grasping and interpreting all the evidences of the enormous +time really involved. But this is a question not of imaginative +capacity but of logical deduction from observed facts; +and however abrupt the beginning of some of the great geologic +movements may have been, their subsequent progress +cannot in all cases have been so rapid as to allow of their being +called catastrophic in any ordinary acceptation of the term.</p> + +<p>Take, for example, the alleged catastrophe which marked +the close of the mesozoic age in the West. Of this movement +Mr. King remarks: "In a quasi-uniformitarian way, 20,000 +or 30,000 feet of sediment had accumulated in the Pacific +and 14,000 in the [American] mediterranean sea; when these +regions, which, during the reception of sediment, had been +areas of subsidence, suddenly upheaved, the doming up of +the middle of the continent quite obliterating the mediterranean +sea and uniting the two land masses into one. The +catastrophe which removed this sea resulted in the folding +up of mountain ranges 20,000 and 40,000 feet in height, +thereby essentially changing the whole climate of the continent."</p> + +<p>That this great change occurred, and was attended with an +obliteration of the wonderful reptilian and avian fauna of +the mesozoic age, is most true: that it occurred suddenly +does not appear. On the contrary, there is evidence to show +that the prodigious folding up of mountain ranges involved +could not have proceeded with sufficient rapidity to turn the +course of a stream of water. It happened that one of those +folds—one which, had no denudation been going on meanwhile, +would have lifted its crest higher than the highest +peak of the Himalayas—lay directly across the course of the +Colorado river. The river held its course uninterruptedly, +sawing its way through the uplift until six vertical miles of +rocky strata had risen past it. At no time, therefore, could +the rapidity of motion in the bulging strata have exceeded +the capacity of the river to wear away the obstruction, and +the bulge was fifty miles across! We do not know how rapidly +a river may sink its channel through such a rising barrier; +but we do know that a process of that nature cannot +legitimately be described as swift or sudden. And surely it +requires not less intellectual far-sightedness and imaginative +faculty to carry the mind across the enormous stretch of +time involved in such a change slowly wrought—a period +during which at least three vertical miles of the rising mountain +fold was worn down by rain and atmospheric abrasion—as +to mass the continental doming, the mountain folding, +and the attendant life changes together as a convulsive "catastrophe."</p> + +<p>Mr. King, however, is not a Catastrophist of a very violent +sort. He shelves among the errors of the past the belief in +such cataclysms as Cuvier believed in, involving world-wide +destruction of all life—"the mere survival of a prehistoric +terror, backed up by breaks in the palæontological record and +protected within those safe cities of refuge, the Cosmogonies;" +though he rejects as equally unsatisfactory the mild affirmations +of the Uniformitarians, that existing rates of change +and indefinite time are enough to account for all the geological +record. With our present light, he holds, geological history +seems to be a dovetailing together of the two ideas. +"The ages have had their periods of geological serenity, +when change progressed in the still, unnoticeable way, and +life through vast lapses of time followed the stately flow of +years; drifting on by insensible gradations through higher +and higher forms, and then all at once a part of the earth +suffered short, sharp, destructive revolution unheralded as an +earthquake or volcanic eruptions." Thus stated, his position +does not seem to be radically different from that of the +broader Uniformitarians, except that he marks the periods of +accelerated physical change, and not those of comparative +quiescence, as the dominant ones in their influence on life-change. +He takes high and strong ground, too, in insisting +that it is the business of geology not simply to decipher and +map out the changes which have taken place in the configuration +of the globe and in its climatic conditions, but also to +investigate and fix the rates of change. And when the evolution +of environment takes form as a distinct branch of geology, +he expects to witness a marked modification in the +dominant views of biologists. Its few broad laws will include +"neither the absolute uniformitarianism of Lyell and +Hutton, Darwin and Haeckel, nor the universal catastrophism +of Cuvier and the majority of teleogists." "Huxley +alone among prominent evolutionists opens the door for a +union of the residue of truth in the two schools, fusing them +in his proposed evolutional geology."</p> + +<p>So, on looking back over a trail of thirty thousand miles of +geological travel, Mr. King is impelled to say that Mr. Huxley's +far-sighted view perfectly satisfies his interpretation of +the broad facts of the American continent.</p> + +<p>Of Mr. King's observations in regard to plasticity of physical +structure in connection with rapidly changing environment +and the struggle for existence, we propose to speak at +another time.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<p>The great stone monuments of England, like Stonehenge, +are supposed, by Mr. James Fergusson, to be military trophies, +erected in the time of King Arthur on the battle +fields by the victorious armies.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> +<a name="Page_18" id="Page_18"></a> +<a name="art11" id="art11"></a><h2>A NEW APPARATUS FOR STORING AND UTILIZING +SOLAR HEAT.</h2> + +<p>The apparatus herewith illustrated is devised to collect +solar heat or other heat, store it up in a heat reservoir—a +mass of iron or other suitable material—confine it in the reservoir +until needed, keep it in such form that it can be +transported from place to place, and utilize it for industrial +or other purposes.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a href="images/04-1.png"><img src="images/04-1-486.png" width="486" height="400" alt="APPARATUS FOR STORING AND UTILIZING SOLAR HEAT." /></a><br /><br /> +<p class="center"><b>APPARATUS FOR STORING AND UTILIZING SOLAR HEAT.</b></p> +</div> + +<p>A is a concave mirror for concentrating the solar rays +upon the heat reservoir, B, which is a mass of iron. C is +the heat box for confining the heat until needed, and also +for serving as package for transporting the heat reservoir +when hot. G is the heat reservoir chamber, in which the +heat is communicated from the hot reservoir to the air. Under +certain circumstances the heat reservoir may be heated +in the heat reservoir chamber. H is a devaporizing +chamber, for extracting the moisture +from the air by means of a deliquescent substance +or other material or treatment. A vertical +stack or flue, I, communicates with the +heat reservoir chamber, for conveying the +heated air away for use.</p> + +<p>The device for concentrating the solar rays +may be either stationary or movable, and, if +movable, may be moved by hand, or automatically, +to follow the sun. The various chambers +mentioned will have valves, J, at the +ends to regulate the passage of the air, and +there will be a door, K, at the side or bottom.</p> + +<p>Patented through the Scientific American +Patent Agency, March 20, 1877, by Messrs. +John S. Hittell and Geo. W. Deitzler, of San +Francisco, Cal.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art12" id="art12"></a><h2>Phosphorescent Sweating.</h2> + +<p>While the subject of phosphorescence in +marine animals was under discussion at a +society meeting in Florence, Professor Panceri +cited the case of a medical man, who, +after eating fish, felt indisposed, had nausea, +and sweats that were luminous. This idiosyncrasy +was laid to the <i>pesce baudiera</i>, a Neapolitan +fish. Dr. Borgiotti, another member of +the Academy, also narrated a case of phosphorescent +sweating in a patient with miliaria, a fact which +has previously been noticed.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art13" id="art13"></a><h2>UTILIZATION OF TIN SCRAP.</h2> + +<p>Messrs. Charles A. Catlin and George F. Wilson, of Providence, +R. I., have patented, May 8, 1877, a new process of +utilizing tin scrap, whereby they claim the tin is recovered, +either as a valuable salt of that metal or in the metallic +form, and the iron or other metal is left as a scrap at once +available for reworking.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a href="images/04-2.png"><img src="images/04-2-600.png" width="600" height="340" alt="CALLIN AND WILSON'S PROCESS OF UTILIZING TIN SCRAP." /></a><br /><br /> +<p class="center"><b>CALLIN AND WILSON'S PROCESS OF UTILIZING TIN SCRAP.</b></p> +</div> + +<p>In any suitable building, a crane, A, is erected and placed +in the sweep of that crane; in any convenient order are a +boiler, D, two tanks, B and C, an evaporating pan, F, and +an additional tank, E. From the crane is suspended a wire +basket to contain the scrap to be treated, so perforated as to +admit of the ready entrance of the liquid when submerged +in, and its ready escape when withdrawn +from, the boiler, D, in which boiler is put +a sufficient quantity of the solution of +caustic soda or potash to allow of a complete +submersion therein of the basket and +its contents. The basket, G, is then filled +with the material to be treated, sprinkling +in during the filling the requisite quantity +of common salt or other chloride and nitrate +of soda or other nitrate, using these +dry, not in solution, either previously +mixed or shaken in together in the proportion +of from three to five pounds each to +every hundred pounds of scrap, the requisite +quantity depending upon the thickness +of the <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'thin'">tin</ins> plate to be removed. The +loaded basket, being elevated by the crane, +A, is then swung round, and, by lowering, +submerged in the hot or boiling solution +of caustic soda or potash in the iron +boiler, D, which may hold in solution a +further proportion of the chloride and +nitrate used, the heat of which solution is +maintained by a fire beneath the boiler, or +in any other and ordinary way. In the +ensuing reaction the oxygen of the nitrate combines with +the tin to form stannic acid, and this, in turn, combining +with the alkali present, forms a stannate of that base, +which, entering into solution, leaves the before-plated +metal tin-free, the chloride present assisting in the reaction. +A further and more complex reaction takes place, by which +copious fumes of ammonia are evolved, which may be utilized +by proper appliances. When the reaction is complete, +the basket containing the now tin-freed scrap is withdrawn +from the boiler, and suspended above it long enough to drain. +It is then swung over the tank, C, containing water, in which +it is washed by submerging and withdrawing several times, +and in like manner the washing completed in the water of +the tank, B. The contents of the basket being now discharged, +it is again filled with fresh scrap in the manner already +described, and the process repeated. The loss by +evaporation from the boiler, D, is supplied by the wash +water in the tank, C; this, in turn, being supplied by the wash +water in the tank, B, to which fresh water is supplied as +required. When the caustic solution is sufficiently charged +with the tin salt, it is allowed to deposit the impure crystals, +which, being removed and drained, are redissolved in water +in the iron tank, E. This solution in the iron tank, E, after +filtration or decantation, is again concentrated in the evaporating +pan, F, the crystals of stannate being removed from +time to time, drained and dried; or the impure crystals obtained +in the boiler, D, may be mixed with fine charcoal or +other reducing agent, and subjected to the requisite heat for +the reduction of the tin to the metallic form.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art14" id="art14"></a><h3>New Alloy.</h3> + +<p>A very beautiful new alloy, intended to replace brass in +various ornamental uses, especially in window and door +furniture, has been invented by W. A. Hopkins, of Paris. +The alloy is composed of copper, tin, spelter, or zinc and +lead, which metals are manipulated. A crucible is placed +in the furnace and fired to red heat, and into the crucible +thus heated the metals are placed in the proportions of—tin +1⅛ (say) 1 oz., spelter or zinc ½ oz., lead <span style="font-size: 0.7em;"><sup>5</sup></span>⁄<span style="font-size: 0.6em;">16</span> of an ounce. +These are the proportions he prefers to use, as he has found +them to give excellent and satisfactory results, but he does +not intend to confine himself rigidly to the precise proportions +named, as they may, perhaps, be slightly varied in some +particulars without materially detracting from the beautiful +color of the alloy which it is intended to produce. The +molten metals are kept well stirred, and any impurities +therein should be removed. When thoroughly mixed, this +alloy, which is termed the first alloy, is poured off into ingot +moulds and left to cool. Copper, in the proportion of +eight parts to one of this first alloy, is then placed in the crucible +and brought to melting heat, when the tin or first alloy +is added and intimately mixed with the copper, for which +purpose the molten mass must be well stirred for several +minutes; it is then poured into ingot moulds for sale in the +form of ingots, or it may be poured into pattern moulds so +as to produce the articles required. This is the mode of +manipulation which it is preferred to employ, as an opportunity +is thus afforded of removing any impurities from the +first alloy before mixing it with the copper; but all the metals +may, if preferred, be mixed together in the proportions given +and melted at one operation. By this means an alloy is obtained +of great strength, and of a very beautiful appearance, +and which is particularly suitable for small work, such, for +instance, as window and door furniture and other house +furniture which is usually made in brass or other alloy of +copper, though it is not intended to confine its use to such +articles.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art15" id="art15"></a><h2>Sebastin—An Improved Explosive.</h2> + +<p>In the manufacture of the explosive known as dynamite, +an infusorial earth is used, which is filled with or made to +absorb nitroglycerin. As compared with certain kinds of +charcoal, however, the absorptive and retentive power of +infusorial earth in small changes of temperature unfavorably +affect the common dynamite, and cause a separation of +the nitrogylcerin from the infusorial earth. The improvement +we now refer to is the invention of G. Fahnehjelm, of +Stockholm, Sweden, and consists in the substitution of a +highly porous and absorptive species of wood charcoal, in +place of the earth heretofore employed. The author designates +his production as "sebastin," and gives a number of +interesting particulars as follow:</p> + +<p>In order to produce a charcoal having the required quantities, +the carbonization or coking must be +done in such a manner as to completely destroy +the organic substances, and to produce +as porous a charcoal as possible. For this he +selects by preference young trees or striplings +or branches of poplar, hazelwood, or alder +tree, and he burns them in an open fire. +When the wood has been consumed he does +not put out the fire by means of water, but +leaves it to go out of itself. In this way he +obtains a very inflammable and very porous +charcoal, which can absorb more than five, +and approaching six times its weight of nitroglycerin +without any risk of the separation +of the oil. The charcoal is pulverized in a +wooden mortar, but it should not be reduced +to too fine a powder, else it will not so completely +absorb the nitroglycerin. The charcoal +produced in the ordinary way, or by +closed fire, is quite different as regards absorbing +power. Charcoal of fir trees may, +however, be used, and may acquire nearly +the same qualities, that is, if charred a second +time in a special oven.</p> + +<p>By mixing the different kinds of charcoal, +a material may be obtained possessing the required +absorbing qualities, and an explosive +compound may then be obtained of the required +power without loss of the necessary +consistency—that is, without being too dry, which is not desirable. +The charcoal not only serves as the best absorbent +for the nitroglycerin, but it plays also an important part in +the combustion. The nitroglycerin in exploding decomposes +into steam, carbonic acid, nitrogen, and oxygen. In +the explosion of dynamite with inert base the oxygen goes +away without being utilized, but in the explosion of this new +compound (the new sebastin as he calls it) a part of the absorbent +charcoal is burnt by means of the liberated oxygen. +The quantity of gas is thus augmented, and also the development +of heat, whereby again the tension of this gas is +augmented. As, however, the quantity of charcoal necessary +for the complete absorption of the nitroglycerin is in +all cases much larger than that which can reduce the excess +of oxygen produced at the explosion into carbonic acid, +he adds to the compound a salt, which also by the combustion +gives an excess amount of oxygen +which may contribute to burn the rest of +the charcoal. For this purpose he uses +by preference nitrate of potassa, which +may be added without any risk, and which +gives the explosive compound a very much +greater rapidity or vehemence, and consequent +force of explosion.</p> + +<p>The composition of the new sebastin depends +upon the objects for which it is to +be used, and the effects intended to +be produced. The strongest compound, +and even in this there is stated to be no +risk of the separation of the nitroglycerin, +is composed of 78 parts by weight of nitroglycerin, +14 of the wood charcoal, and +8 of nitrate of potassa; and when less +power is required the proportions are +varied, the second quality consisting of +68 per cent. by weight of nitroglycerin, +20 of the charcoal, and 12 of nitrate of +potassa.</p> + +<p>To show the relative strength of the +compounds, the inventor says: Let the +dynamic force of pure nitroglycerin be +represented by the number 2,884,043.6, then the dynamic +force of the sebastin No. 1, as above, will be indicated +by 2,416,575, and of the sebastin No. 2 by 1,933,079.4, +while that of dynamite No. 1 (consisting of 75 per cent. +of nitroglycerin and 25 per cent. of infusorial earth) will +be represented by 674,694.</p> + +<p>For the above qualities of sebastin the increased effect +produced by the greater rapidity of the explosion must +be taken into account also. The increase has not yet been +measured, but is estimated at 10 per cent. The sebastin +may also be compounded in other proportions of the constituent +parts, but the object being to produce explosive +compounds of the greatest force which it is possible to employ +without danger, he merely mentions that the proportion +by weight may vary from 50 to 80 per cent. of nitroglycerin, +15 to 35 per cent. of the prepared charcoal, and 5 to 20 +per cent. of the nitrate of potassa; the parts being taken by +weight, as above stated.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> +<a name="Page_19" id="Page_19"></a> +<a name="art16" id="art16"></a><h2>A NEW METHOD OF BOOKBINDING.</h2> + +<p>The annexed engravings represent a new system of binding +books, for which a number of important advantages are +claimed. It obviates stitching, allows of each leaf being +firmly secured, and hence is especially well suited for single-leaved +books. It admits of plates and maps being bound in +their proper places instead of being pasted in, and renders +the book much stronger and more durable. The inventor +claims a saving of 40 to 75 per cent of the time required for +stitching, and of 50 per cent of the time needed in ordinary +rebinding work.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a href="images/05-1a.png"><img src="images/05-1a-484.png" width="484" height="400" alt="Bookbinding Figs. 1, 2, 3" /></a><br /><br /> +<p class="center"><b>Bookbinding Figs. 1, 2, 3</b></p> +</div> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;"> +<a href="images/05-1b.png"><img src="images/05-1b-295.png" width="295" height="400" alt="Bookbinding Fig. 4" /></a><br /><br /> +<p class="center"><b>Bookbinding Fig. 4</b></p> +</div> + +<p>The mode of operation is as follows: On receiving the +sheets, the binder folds them and places them in consecutive +order, according to the printer's signature. The front and +bottom edges of the book are then trimmed so as to obtain +two straight sides; and the backs of the sheets are cut off, +transforming them into single leaves. Horizontal lines are +now marked with pencil across the back of the book for the +saw cuts; and a diagonal line, A, B, Fig. 2, is drawn to +serve as a guide in replacing the leaves in their proper +places. A thin coat of glue is next applied to the back; and +when this is dry, the book is divided into sections of from +four to eight leaves (without counting them) entirely disregarding +the printer's signatures, but placing the sheets in +their original order. The binder places the first section removed +at his right hand, the next at his left, and so on, +forming two piles. Each pile is then straightened, and in +the back of each, a little below the transverse lines, are +made bevel cuts with the saw. Said cuts are ⅛ inch in +length, inclined at an angle of 45°, and so placed that one +half their length is above and the other half below the +marked line. When one pile of sheets is thus sawn, the +other pile is similarly treated; but the corresponding cuts +are made at relatively opposite angles. This will be understood +from Fig. 1, in which C represents the edge of the +right hand pile, for example, and D that of the left hand +pile.</p> + +<p>The sections of each pile are now returned in their regular +order, according to the printer's signatures. Should a +section have been misplaced, the diagonal line, being thus +broken, will show the fact. It will be seen, however, that +this arrangement involves the alternate use of sheets from +each pile, so that, when all are put together, the beveled +cuts will cross or form dovetails, as shown in Fig. 3. Half +inch strips of white paper muslin, E, Fig. 4, are next pasted +around the back edges of the first and last sections. This is +done to strengthen the hold of the twines in the back of the +book, said sections necessarily bearing the whole strain of +the covers. The twine used corresponds in size to the holes +made by the coincidence of the beveled saw cuts. This +twine is passed through the holes by means of a blunt darning +needle. The back of the book is shown in Fig. 2; and +in Fig. 4 the twines are represented as passed. Nothing +further remains to be done but to paste in the fly-leaves and +lining, and finish the book in the usual manner.</p> + +<p>It is evident that this a very much stronger method of securing +the leaves than that in which the twine is simply laid +and glued in a straight cut. Each leaf is independently +fastened; and the thread is prevented from cutting through, +as is commonly the case when the book has been used to any +great extent. Books can be bound to open more or less as +desired; and in rebinding, instead of taking the book apart +and cutting threads, a thin shaving is sliced off the back, +and the leaves are treated in the manner already described.</p> + +<p>Patented March 20, 1877, by Mr. Florenz E. Schmitz. +For further information, address Messrs. Schmitz and Slosson, +box 1180, Middletown, Orange county, N. Y.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art17" id="art17"></a><h2>IMPROVED CURTAIN FIXTURE.</h2> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 300px;"> +<a href="images/05-2.png"><img src="images/05-2-289.png" width="289" height="400" alt="Improved Curtain Fixture Figs. 1 and 2" /></a><br /><br /> +<p class="center"><b>Improved Curtain Fixture Figs. 1 and 2</b></p> +</div> + +<p>We illustrate herewith an improved curtain fixture, which +may be adjusted to windows or curtains of different widths, +and is adapted for use in connection with different means +for raising and lowering the curtain. Fig. 1 represents the +device in place, a portion of the cornice being broken away +to exhibit it; and Fig. 2 shows the same in detail.</p> + +<p>Attached to the cornice are guides, A, in which are sliding +loops, B. The latter may be adjusted to suit the position of +the hooks placed in the window case to sustain the cornice, +so that said hooks need not be set with any particularity. +The curtain roller, C, has both its ends screw-threaded, to +receive hollow pulleys, as shown. The spindles projecting +from these pulleys are inclosed in coiled springs which press +against the bearings, D, and so hold the shade in any position +in which it may be placed. The bearings, D, are +clasped in the ways, A, and are laterally adjustable. Sliding +blocks are also arranged in said ways, and through each +block passes a set screw, E. It will be perceived that the +bearings may be readily adjusted to curtains of different +widths, and the parts may afterward be locked in position +by the set screws, E. The curtain may be raised or lowered +by cords wound on the hollow pulleys.</p> + +<p>Patented December 5, 1876, by Mr. K. J. Pospisil. For +further particulars relative to sale of patent, address the +Penn Patent Agency, 133 South Second street, Philadelphia, +Pa.</p> +<br clear="all" /> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art18" id="art18"></a><h2>BOOT AND SHOE MACHINERY.</h2> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 325px;"> +<a href="images/05-3.png"><img src="images/05-3-325.png" width="325" height="400" alt="Boot and Shoe Machinery Fig. 1" /></a><br /><br /> +<p class="center"><b>Boot and Shoe Machinery Fig. 1</b></p> +</div> + +<p style="margin-top: 5em;">No manufacturers have taken greater advantage of the +ingenuity of the mechanical engineer than the American +boot and shoe makers. Nearly every operation in the complex +process of evolving finished boots from the plain skins +of leather is the object of a special class of machinery; and +for several years past, we have weekly chronicled the patenting +of several improvements in the devices for effecting +some of the numerous operations. We present herewith a +series of eight labor-saving machines of the most approved +construction, which we select from Knight's "American +Mechanical Dictionary."<sup>1</sup></p> + +<div class="note1"> <sup>1</sup>Published in numbers by Messrs. Hurd & Houghton, New York city.</div> + +<p style="margin-top: 3em;">Fig. 1 is a shoe-edge trimmer, in which the shoe is mounted +on a jack, the carriage of which has a motion of translation +and rotation communicated to it: so that, while the side of +the sole is being trimmed, the shoe is fed longitudinally +against the knife, but at the toe and heel is rotated beneath +it. The knife is universally jointed, to permit the hands of +the operator to determine the different bevels cut.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 200px;"> +<a href="images/05-4.png"><img src="images/05-4-148.png" width="148" height="400" alt="Boot and Shoe Machinery Fig. 2" /></a><br /><br /> +<p class="center"><b>Boot and Shoe Machinery Fig. 2</b></p> +</div> + +<p style="margin-top: 5em; margin-bottom: 5em;">Fig. 2 is an ingenious little machine +for placing the eyelets of the +lace holes in position, and fastening +them. The eyelets are fed, one by +one, from the reservoir at the top, +down the inclined ways, and are +seized at the foot between the +plunger and anvil, and they are +riveted in their proper places in the +shoe or strip of leather, which is +held and fed by the operator.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;"> +<a href="images/05-5.png"><img src="images/05-5-299.png" width="299" height="400" alt="Boot and Shoe Machinery Fig. 3" /></a><br /><br /> +<p class="center"><b>Boot and Shoe Machinery Fig. 3</b></p> +</div> + +<p style="margin-top: 5em; margin-bottom: 5em;">Fig. 3 is a machine in which a +shoe or boot is chucked and revolved +against a burnishing tool, to impart +a smooth and elegant finish to +the heel. Our engraving shows a +machine with what is called in the +trade a "hot kit," a heated burnishing +tool, with a flexible gas +pipe of sufficient length, which follows +the oscillations of the burnishing +stock, <i>a</i>, and which conveys gas to the interior of the +tool, where it is burnt in a jet. The tool is made to reciprocate +over the surface of the heel, passing from breast to +breast at each oscillation with an elastic pressure.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 220px;"> +<a href="images/05-6.png"><img src="images/05-6-213.png" width="213" height="400" alt="Boot and Shoe Machinery Fig. 4" /></a><br /><br /> +<p class="center"><b>Boot and Shoe Machinery Fig. 4</b></p> +</div> + +<p style="margin-top: 5em; margin-bottom: 5em;">Fig. 4 is a machine for pressing together the "lifts" +which compose a boot or shoe heel, thus dispensing with +the handiwork of the hammer and lapstone. The bed is +adjusted vertically by a +screw to any thickness to +which the blank heel may +be built; and the plunger +is brought down by the +depression of the treadle +with such force as to compact +the lifts together.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 332px;"> +<a href="images/06-1a.png"><img src="images/06-1a-331.png" width="331" height="400" alt="Boot and Shoe Machinery Fig. 5" /></a><br /><br /> +<p class="center"><b>Boot and Shoe Machinery Fig. 5</b></p> +</div> + +<p style="margin-top: 5em; margin-bottom: 5em;">Fig. 5 shows a heel-pricking +machine. When +the lifts of the heel are +fairly pressed together by +the appliance shown in +Fig. 4, the pricking machine +pierces the necessary +holes through all the lifts +at once by a gang of awls. +The compressed heels are +first secured together by +tacking, and then placed +on the platen; and the +plunger, with its gang of +awls, descends with great force.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 215px;"> +<a href="images/06-1b.png"><img src="images/06-1b-214.png" width="214" height="400" alt="Boot and Shoe Machinery Fig. 6" /></a><br /><br /> +<p class="center"><b>Boot and Shoe Machinery Fig. 6</b></p> +</div> + +<p style="margin-top: 5em; margin-bottom: 5em;">Fig. 6 is a heel trimmer, known in the trade as the Coté +trimmer. The shoe is held stationary by the treadle clamp; +and the knife stock, which is centrally pivoted to the outer +plate or jaw bearing upon the tread lift, is then grasped in +the hands of the operator, and moved to give a sweeping cut +to trim the heel.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 275px;"> +<a href="images/06-1c.png"><img src="images/06-1c-275.png" width="275" height="400" alt="Boot and Shoe Machinery Fig. 7" /></a><br /><br /> +<p class="center"><b>Boot and Shoe Machinery Fig. 7</b></p> +</div> + +<p style="margin-top: 5em; margin-bottom: 5em;">Fig. 7 is a machine for pressing boot soles. Beneath the<a name="Page_20" id="Page_20"></a> +crosshead of the press is a swinging bed, on each end of +which is a form, in order that a shoe may remain under +pressure upon one while the operator is placing another shoe +on the other. The pressure is given by the treadle, which +brings down the upper platen on the channeled sole.</p> +<br clear="all" /> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art19" id="art19"></a><h2>On Dyspepsia.</h2> + +<p>At a late meeting of the Harveian Society, of London, Dr. +Farquharson read a paper on this subject. +Attention was directed to the state of the tongue in dyspepsia. +A deeply fissured tongue often meant little; whereas +a thin white fur, composed of minute dots, was generally +found along with pain immediately after food. Pain after a +longer interval was accompanied by a pale, flabby tongue, +with reddish tip and center. The treatment of dyspepsia +consisted of two parts, that of food and that of drugs. The +latter was the principal part with patients applying for gratuitous +relief. The pain occurring immediately after food +was usually relieved by alkalies; whereas acids were indicated +where suffering was not experienced until an hour or +two after the commencement of the digestive act. For the +relief of the nausea and sickness remaining after the bowels +were thoroughly cleansed, nothing was so effectual as hourly +drop doses of ipecacuanha wine. Nux vomica was also a +valuable remedy. Pain might be but the protest of the +stomach against an overload, or be the result of deficient +tone from general nervous exhaustion. In some cases each +meal was followed by diarrhœa; and for these cases attention +was directed to Ringer's plan of minute doses of the +liquor hydrargyri perchloridi In speaking of diet, Dr. Farquharson +pointed out that there are three forms of dyspepsia: +1. The dyspepsia of fluids, as it is called, where the +stomach seems intolerant of all forms of fluid; 2. The digestive +derangement following intemperance in the matter of +animal food; and, 3. The dyspepsia connected with indulgence +in tea, or other warm and weak infusions of tannin.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art20" id="art20"></a><h2>The Destructive Effects of Lightning.</h2> + +<p>The amount of destruction of life and property by lightning, +or rather electrical discharges, has been very great +throughout the world.</p> + +<p>It is estimated that at least 45 persons are killed annually +by lightning in this country. The average number +of deaths by lightning has been 22 in England, 9 in Switzerland, +3 in Belgium, and 75 in France. In France alone, +during a period of thirty years, over 10,000 persons were +smitten, of which 2,252 were instantly killed. Eighty +were wounded and 9 killed during one thunderstorm at +Châteauneuf les Montiers in 1861, and within one week, +when the air was highly charged with electricity, thirty-three +fearful flashes of lightning were observed, each bringing +death to some victims.</p> + +<p>During the sixteen years between 1799 and 1816, 156 vessels +of the British navy were struck by lightning; 73 men were +killed and 138 injured, and the loss of materials amounted +to over a million dollars; but since the system of metallic +conductors, adapted for vessels, devised by Sir W. Snow +Harris, has been applied to the vessels in that navy, the +losses and damages by lightning have almost entirely ceased, +although the number of vessels has been greatly increased.</p> + +<p>In Fuller's Church History it is stated that "scarcely a +great abbey in England exists which once, at least, was not +burned down by lightning from heaven."</p> + +<p>On the night of April, 1718, twenty-four steeples were +struck along the coast of Brittany; and on the 11th of January, +1815, twelve steeples suffered a similar fate in the +Rhenish provinces.</p> + +<p>On the 27th of July, 1759, lightning burnt all the woodwork +of the great cathedral at Strasbourg; and on the 14th +of August, 1833, it was struck three times within a quarter +of an hour, and so much damaged that the repairs cost about +$6,000,000. In 1835 lightning conductors were placed upon +the building and steeple, and since then it has not been damaged +whatever by lightning, although discharges have on +several occasions occurred in line with the top of the steeple, +which is 437 feet above the ground.</p> + +<p>On the 18th of August, 1769, the Tower of St. Nazaire, at +Brescia, was struck, and the subterranean powder magazine, +containing 2,076,000 lbs. of powder, belonging to the Republic +of Venice, was exploded. One sixth of the whole +town was laid in ruins and the rest very much injured, and +about 3,000 persons killed.</p> + +<p>On the 26th of June, 1807, the powder magazine of Luxembourg, +containing 28,000 lbs., was struck, and besides +about 30 persons killed and 200 injured, the town was +ruined.</p> + +<p>Explosions and large fires, involving a great loss, have become +rather frequent in this country, owing to the iron tanks +used for the storage of petroleum being struck by lightning. +From March to August, in 1876, over 10,000,000 gallons, and +on April 19, 1877, over 2,000,000 gallons of oil, and the village +of Troutman, were destroyed in the oil regions of Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p>Some of the thunderstorms which have prevailed in this +country have been very terrific and destructive. During +August 14th, 15th, and 16th, 1872, portions of New York +State and the New England States were visited by some of +the most terrific thunderstorms ever experienced, during +which over 200 dwellings were struck and damaged, about +10 persons were instantly killed, and 160 stunned. Quite a +number of barns, with their contents, hay and cattle, were +also struck, fired, and consumed. Cars, while running on +some of the railroads, were surrounded by a vivid electric +light, but no passengers were injured, although they were +greatly alarmed. Telegraph wires were melted by the half +mile, telegraph instruments broken, and poles shattered in +all directions. One of these storms occurred at midnight, at +Arlington, Mass., August 14th, in which brilliant streams of +electricity darted across the sky in every direction, and the +thunder which followed was constant for a period of thirteen +minutes, without the intermission of an instant of silence. +Three hundred and thirty-one discharges were counted in +seven minutes by an observer, and each discharge was followed +by loud and sometimes rattling reports, whose reverberations +rolled through the heavens in an endless procession +of majestic and terrific sounds. During this scene, the moon, +which was about half an hour above the western horizon, +was visible, but so magnified, through the haze and vapor, +as to appear like a brilliant flame suspended in the sky. For +a period of twenty minutes the scene was one of grandeur +and sublimity rarely witnessed.</p> + +<p>In the States of Illinois and Iowa, and the prairie country +west of the Mississippi river, thunderstorms are generally +more terrific, and more lives have been lost there from the +effects of lightning than in any other section of this country. +Owing to the said country being level and devoid of trees, +the equilibrium between the electricity of the atmosphere +and that of the earth is principally restored by disruptive +discharges.—<i>Spang's +"Treatise on Lightning Protection."</i></p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<p>A tooth of a mastodon has been dug up near the Ashley +river in South Carolina. It is 11½ inches long, 6 inches in +diameter, and weighs more than 5 lbs.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<h2>The Sea Serpent Sighted from a Royal Yacht.</h2> + +<p>The Osborne, paddle royal yacht, Commander Hugh L. +Pearson, which arrived at Portsmouth from the Mediterranean +on Monday, June 11, has forwarded an official report to +the Admiralty, through the Commander-in-Chief (Admiral +Sir George Elliot, K.C.B.), respecting a sea monster which +she encountered during her homeward voyage.</p> + +<p>At about 5 o'clock in the afternoon of June 2, the sea being +exceptionally calm, while the yacht was proceeding +round the north coast of Sicily toward Cape Vito, the officer +on the watch observed a long ridge of fins, each about 6 feet +long, moving slowly along. He called for a telescope, and +was at once joined by other officers. The Osborne was +steaming westward at ten and a half knots an hour, and +having a long passage before her, could not stay to make +minute observations. The fins were progressing in a eastwardly +direction, and as the vessel more nearly approached +them, they were replaced by the foremost part of a gigantic +monster. Its skin was, so far as it could be seen, altogether +devoid of scales, appearing rather to resemble in sleekness +that of a seal.</p> + +<p>The head was bullet-shaped, with an elongated termination, +being somewhat similar in form to that of a seal, and +was about six feet in diameter. Its features were only seen +by one officer, who described them as like those of an alligator. +The neck was comparatively narrow, but so much +of the body as could be seen, developed in form like that of +a gigantic turtle, and from each side extended two fins, about +fifteen feet in length, by which the monster paddled itself +along after the fashion of a turtle.</p> + +<p>The appearance of the monster is accounted for by a submarine +volcano, which occurred north of Galita, in the Gulf +of Tunis, about the middle of May, and was reported at the +time by a steamer which was struck by a detached fragment +of submarine rock. The disturbance below water, it is +thought probable, may have driven up the monster from its +"native element," as the site of the eruption is only one hundred +miles from where it was reported to have been seen.—<i>Portsmouth +(Eng.) Times.</i></p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art21" id="art21"></a><h2>Sunstroke.</h2> + +<p>The sudden accession of heat has already produced one +fatal, and more than one severe, case of sunstroke in the +metropolis. Probably the affection so designated is not the +malady to which the term <i>coup de soleil</i> can be properly applied. +The condition brought about is an exaggerated form +of the disturbance occasioned by entering too suddenly the +"hot" room of a Turkish bath. The skin does not immediately +perform its function as an evaporating and therefore +cooling surface, and an acute febrile state of the organism +is established, with a disturbed balance of circulation, +and more or less cerebral irritation as a prominent feature of +the complaint. Death may suddenly occur at the outset of +the complaint, as it has happened in a Turkish bath, where +the subject labors under some predisposition to apoplexy, or +has a weak or diseased heart. It should suffice to point out +the danger and to explain, by way of warning, that although +the degrees of heat registered by the thermometer, or the +power of the sun's rays, do not seem to suggest especial caution, +all sudden changes from a low to a high temperature +are attended with danger to weak organisms. The avoidance +of undue exercise—for example, persistent trotting or +cantering up and down the Row—is an obvious precaution +on days marked by a relatively, if not absolutely, high temperature. +We direct attention to this matter because it is +obvious the peculiar peril of overheating the body by exertion +on the first burst of fine weather is not generally realized. +It is forgotten that the increased temperature must be +measured by the elevation which has recently taken place, +not the number of degrees of heat at present recorded. The +registered temperature may be more or less than that which +occurred a year ago; but its immediate effects on the organism +will be determined by the conditions which have preceded +it and the violence of the change.—<i>Lancet</i>.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art22" id="art22"></a><h2>Dead Horses Standing Erect.</h2> + +<p>The Danville <i>Advertiser</i> of the 7th inst. says: Mr. Smith +was in town on Saturday with his hired man, and the two +tell a singular story about a lightning stroke. Mr. Smith was +on a grain drill in a field, and his hired man was about 12 +rods from him, dragging. Suddenly Smith heard the noise +of thunder, and became unconscious. The man also heard +the noise, but neither of them saw any flash of lightning. +The man went to Smith, and in about twenty minutes he was +restored to consciousness. Then attention was given to the +horses. One of them was standing erect, with one foot lifted +a little way from the earth, and the other was kneeling with +his nose in the earth, and both were stone dead, and retained +their positions until they were pushed over. The supposition +is that in this case the electricity went from the earth to the +sky.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<p>The Berlin correspondent of the London <i>Times</i> states that +General Berdan, of the United States, has invented an instrument +which will greatly improve the art of killing. He calls +his invention a "range-finder." It consists of a telescope and +other instruments, all of which can be carried on a dogcart, +and which enable the engineers to measure with perfect accuracy +up to 2,000 metres, or 1,500 yards. The time needed +to ascertain distances, is only two minutes, and the General +believes that his invention will double the accuracy of artillery +fire, and quadruple that of infantry.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> +<a name="Page_21" id="Page_21"></a> +<a name="art23" id="art23"></a><h2>SETTING LOCOMOTIVE SLIDE VALVES.</h2> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>BY JOSHUA ROSE.</h3> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>E. G. asks: "How can I set the slide valves of a locomotive +when she is on the road?" J. H. S. asks: "What is +the method of setting locomotive slide valves from marks on +the slide spindle?" And F. O. asks: "How are the valves +of inside cylinder locomotives set, since the back ports are +out of sight and you cannot measure the lead?"</p> + +<p>Our correspondent will find these questions answered in +full below.</p> + +<p>It is presumed that the lengths of the eccentric rod, reverse +rod, and other parts are correct, and they are properly +connected and oiled so as to be in working order. The first +thing to do is to place the reverse lever in the forward full-gear +notch of the quadrants, or sectors, as they are sometimes +called. The next procedure is to place the crank on +its forward dead center as near as can be ascertained by the +eye, and loosening the set screw of the forward eccentric, +that is to say, the eccentric which connects with the upper +end of the link, move that eccentric round on the shaft until +the valve leaves the port at the front end of the cylinder +open to the amount of whatever lead it is desired to give +the valve. In moving the eccentric round on the shaft, it is +necessary to move it in the direction in which it will turn +when in operation. This is done in order to take up any lost +motion there may be in the eccentric straps, in the eccentric +rod eyebolts, or other working parts or joints between the +eccentric and the slide valve rod or spindle. If the eccentric +was turned backward instead of forward, all the lost +motion would operate to vitiate the set of the valve, because, +when the eccentric begins to move, its motion will +have no effect in moving the slide valve spindle, until all +the lost motion in the various parts is taken up by the eccentric +movement. In considering this part of the operation, +we must bear in mind that, to set the valve, we must +move the wheels of the engine, it being impracticable to +move the piston itself. Now, in moving the wheels, we are +confronted with the fact that the crank pin is pulling the +connecting rod; hence, if there is any lost motion in the +brasses at either end of the connecting rod, the piston will +not be at the end of its stroke when the crank is on its dead +center.</p> + +<p>Suppose, for instance, that we have moved the driving +wheel forward until the crank stands upright at a right +angle to the bore of the cylinder, the resistance to motion of +the piston and crosshead has caused the crank pin to bed +against the half-brass nearest to the cylinder, all the play or +lost motion is then between the other half-brass and the crank +pin. When, however, the engine is at work and the piston is +driving the crank pin, instead of being driven by it, the lost +motion will exist between the crank pin and the half-brass +nearest to the cylinder, and the contact will exist between +the crank pin and the other brass. The difference in the +position of the piston, caused by this lost motion, may be +ascertained by moving the piston back and forth until the +crank pin contacts with first one and then the other half-brass. +It is sometimes attempted to remedy the defect due +to this lost motion by moving the crank pin past the dead +center and then moving it back to the dead center, so that +while on that center the play or lost motion in the connecting +rod is taken up. This is all very well so far as the connecting +rod and piston is concerned, and will cause them +both to stand on their respective dead centers with the lost +motion taken up; but, in moving the wheel back to the dead +center, we have given full liberty to all the lost motion in +the various parts of the valve motion or gear, as already explained, +in reference to moving the eccentric upon the shaft. +As there are so many more parts in the valve gear, in which +lost motion may occur, it is manifestly preferable to take up +that play by moving the driving wheel in a continuous direction, +rather than to move the latter back to accommodate +any play there may be in the connecting rod.</p> + +<p>The crank being placed by the eye upon its forward dead +center, and the eccentric connected to the top of the link being +moved round on the axle (in the direction in which the +wheels will run when the engine is going forward) until the +steam port at the front end of the cylinder is open to the +amount of the lead, we fasten the eccentric to hold in that +position. We then throw the reverse lever over into the last +notch at the other end of the sector, lifting the link up so +that the eccentric connected to the lower end of the link +may be approximately adjusted, which is done by moving +the eccentric round upon the axle (in the direction in which +the axle will revolve when the engine is running backward) +until the crank stands upon the same dead center, and the front +port is open to the amount of the lead. This being done, we +have the eccentrics approximately adjusted and may proceed +to the final adjustment, in which the first thing to do is to find +the exact dead centers of the crank. It is obvious that a +line drawn through the center of the crank pin and the center +of the wheel axle, will stand horizontally true and level +when the crank is on either of the dead centers, but the +presence of the crank pin makes it impracticable to draw +such a line. We can therefore draw one which will be parallel +to those centers; and to do this we draw a circle upon +the end of the wheel axle (and from its center) of the same +diameter as that of the crank pin, and then resting a straight-edge +upon the bearing of the crank pin (taking care to avoid +the round corner upon the pin, if there is one), we place the +other end of the straight-edge even with the top of the circle +drawn upon the axle; and then, using the straight-edge as a +guide, we draw a line across the end of the axle and the +wheel face. When this line is level the crank will be upon +its dead center. This plan is sometimes employed, but is not +a very accurate one, because the length of the line is very +short as compared to the circumference of the driving wheel; +hence, an error of the thickness of the line becomes one +equal to several thicknesses of the line when carried out +to the wheel circumference. Furthermore, if the line of +the cylinder does not stand horizontally level, as is sometimes +the case, the result of the whole proceeding will be +inaccurate. Again, the connecting rod end and the coupling +rod is in the way, rendering it awkward to both draw +and level the line.</p> + +<p>A better and more accurate method to find the dead centers +is as follows: Place the reverse lever into the end notch +of the sector at the forward end, and then move the driving +wheel forward until the guide block is within about a quarter +of an inch of the end of its travel, then place a straight-edge +against the end of the guide block, and draw, on the +outside face of the guide bar, a line even with the end of +the guide block. Bend a piece of wire (pointed at both +ends) to a right angle, make a center punch mark either in +the rail, under the driving wheel, or in some stationary, solid +part contiguous to the wheel, or at such distance from it +that when one end of the bent wire is placed in the center +punch mark, the operator with the other end will be able +to draw a line across the rim of the driving wheel. Here, +however, arises another consideration, that it is better to set +the valves with the wheel axle in its proper position in the +pedestal shoes, and in order to do this the wheel should +rest upon the rail with its proper proportion of the +weight of the engine resting upon it. The springs will +then be deflected to their proper amount, and the axle box +will have passed its proper distance up the pedestals. It is +obvious that if the engine is blocked up so that the driving +wheels clear the rails (which is done in order to avoid having +the weight of the engine to move while setting the valve), +the axle boxes will drop in the pedestal and the valve will +be set incorrectly, as the wheels are in a wrong position. To +avoid this, and at the same time to avoid having to move the +whole engine while setting the valve, the engine is blocked +up from the rails, and the axle boxes of the driving wheels +are wedged up so as to be lifted up into their proper position. +In this case there is no very accurate means of ascertaining +what is the exact proper height, save it be by first +marking upon the outside faces of the shoes or pedestal a +line even with the top of the axle box when the load is upon +the wheels, and then, after blocking up the engine from the +rails, wedging up the axle boxes till the face again comes +even with the line.</p> + +<p>Whatever plan is pursued, one end of the piece of wire is +rested in the fixed center punch mark, and with the other a +line is drawn across the outside face of the wheel rim. The +driving wheel is then revolved forward until the guide block +returns, having passed to the end of its travel. When its +end again stands exactly even with the mark made upon the +guide bar, the piece of wire is again brought into requisition, +one end being rested in the fixed center punch mark as +before, and with the other end another line is drawn across +the outside rim of the wheel. It is obvious that by taking +a pair of compasses and finding a point exactly equidistant +between the two lines thus marked upon the wheel rim, and +then marking that point with a center punch mark, the crank +will be upon its exact dead center, when one end of the +piece of bent wire rests in the fixed center punch mark, the +other end rests in the center punch mark upon the wheel +rim. To find the other dead center, the wheel must be moved +about halfway round and the process repeated with the motion +block at the other end of the guide bars.</p> + +<p>Thus, whenever the piece of wire will stand with one end +resting in the fixed center punch mark and the other end in +either of the center punch marks upon the wheel run, the +crank is upon a dead center. Having thus placed the crank +upon either dead center, we measure the valve lead, and if +in temporarily fixing our eccentrics we gave it too much +lead, we mark where it stands upon the shaft by means of a +line drawn on the axle and carried up on the side face of the +eccentric; then move the eccentric back some little distance +more than is necessary to make the adjustment, and then +move it forward again a little at a time, noting when the +valve has the proper amount of lead, and thus fasten the eccentric +upon the axle by means of the set screw.</p> + +<p>The object of moving the eccentric too far back and then +moving it forward is to make the adjustment so that the +latter may be made with the lost motion of the valve gear +all taken up. The next proceeding is to move the driving +wheel halfway round and try the lead at that end of the +stroke. If the lead at the two ends is not equal, it shows +that either the slide valve spindle or the eccentric rods are +not of the proper length and must be rectified; this being +done, the crank must be again placed upon first one and then +the other dead center, the valve lead being measured at each +end. When the lead is equal at each end, the rods are of +correct length, and the amount of the lead must be regulated +by moving the eccentrics as already directed.</p> + +<p>If the link block does not come opposite the end of the +eccentric rod when the reverse lever is in the end notch of +the sector, the length of the reverse rod is wrong and should +be corrected. If the link block comes right, under the above +conditions, for the forward but not for the backward eccentric +rod, the notches in the sector are not cut in their +proper positions, or the link hanger is not of the proper +length. In either case the error may be remedied by altering +the length of the latter. But, as doing this would alter the +amount of the valve lead, it is well, if there is any prospect +of such errors, to correct them before setting the valves.</p> + +<p>Instead of measuring the lead of the valve with a rule, or +by a wedge, the following plan is very often adopted: After +the valve and spindle are in position, the valve is placed with +the proper amount of lead upon the front port. A center +punch mark is then made upon the face of the steam chest. +A piece of quarter inch iron wire is then bent at right angles +and each end filed to a point. One end of this wire is placed +in the fixed center punch mark in the steam chest, and with +the other a mark is made upon the slide spindle. Upon this +latter mark a center punch mark is also made sufficiently +deep to be very plainly visible when the burr raised by center +punching is filed off, which is necessary to prevent this +burr from cutting the packing. It follows that whenever +the bent piece of wire will rest with one end in the center +punch mark in the steam chest, and the other end in the center +punch mark in the slide spindle, the valve is in its proper +position when the crank is on the corresponding dead center. +This plan is a very old one and possesses the advantage that +the valve may be set without seeing it, that is to say, with +the steam chest cover on. If the length of the piece of wire +measured direct from point to point is known, the valve may +be set when the engine is upon the road without taking off +the steam chest cover. The center punch mark upon the +steam chest should, however, always be placed in about the +same spot, so as to avoid mistakes in case of there being other +similar marks upon the chest. It should always be made +deep, so as not to get filled up with paint and be difficult to +find. In course of time the mark upon the slide valve spindle +is apt to disappear from the wear of the spindle, hence +the center punch with which it is made should have a long +conical point. To mark the position of the eccentric upon +the axle, it is an excellent plan, after the eccentrics are finally +adjusted, to take a chisel with the cutting end ground to the +form of a fiddle drill, one cutting edge being at a right angle +to the other. The chisel must be held so that while one edge +rests upon the axle, the other edge will bear against the +radial face of the eccentric. A sharp blow with a hammer +upon the chisel-head will make a clean indented cut upon +the axle and the eccentric, the two cuts exactly meeting at +their junction and denoting the position of the eccentrics. +In setting the valves of inside cylinder locomotives, the back +ports being out of sight, the amount of lead is ascertained +by making a wooden wedge about three inches long, a thirty-second +of an inch thick at one end and three eighths of an inch +thick at the other end. The faces of this wedge are chalked, +and the lead is measured by inserting it between the edge of +the valve and the edge of the port until its thickness just fills +the space, and then moving it edgeways so that the valve and +port edges will just mark it. By measuring the thickness +of the wedge at the mark, the amount of lead is ascertained. +After the valves are set, it is still desirable to mark the position +by center punch marks upon the outside of the steam +chests and upon the valve spindles, as already described.</p> + +<p>If an eccentric should slip when the engine is upon the road, +and there are no marks whereby to readjust them, it may be +done approximately as follows: Put the reverse lever in the +end notch of the forward gear, then place the crank as nearly +on a dead center as the eye will direct, and open both the +cylinder cocks, then disconnect the slide valve spindle from +the rocker arm, and move the valve spindle until the opening +of the port corresponding to the dead center on which the +crank stands will be shown by steam blowing through the +cylinder cock, the throttle valve being opened a trifle. The +position of the valve being thus determined, the eccentric +must be moved upon the shaft until the valve spindle will +connect with the rocker arm without being moved at all. +The throttle valve should be very slightly opened, otherwise +so much steam will be admitted into the cylinder that it will +pass through any leak in the piston and blow through both +cylinder cocks before there is time to ascertain which cock +gives first exit to the steam.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art24" id="art24"></a><h2>New Steamer.</h2> + +<p>A new steamer for the Mallory line, between New York +and Texas, was lately launched from the yard of Roach & +Co., Chester, Pa., 2,200 tons burden. Principal dimensions +as follows: Length over all, 239 feet 7 inches; beam (moulded), +34 feet; depth from the base to the spar deck beams, 18 feet +2½ inches; depth of hold, 16 feet 5½ inches; diameter of +propeller (Hirsch's patent—four blades), 11 feet 6 inches. +She is to be provided with compound engines, having cylinders +24 and 44 inches in diameter, with a stroke of 44 inches, +and two return tubular boilers 10 feet long, 10 feet 3 inches +wide, and 8 feet 6 inches high. Aft are compartments capable +of holding 80 tons of water, for the purpose of depressing +the stern before and after crossing the bar at Corpus +Christi. Her low draught is 7½ feet; speed, 14 knots.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art25" id="art25"></a><h2>A Tin-Can Telephone.</h2> + +<p>In Professor Bell's telephone a plate of sheet iron is made +to vibrate by means of the electrical current, something after +the manner of the skin of a drumhead. In a recent improvement +by Mr. G. B. Havens, Louisville, Ky., the electrical +wires are wrapped around a common tin fruit can. By means +of tin cans at each end, sounds, it is said, were sent over 92 +miles of wire, and included several pieces of music.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<p>MR. HOTCHKISS, an American inventor, whose improved +revolving cannon we illustrated some time since, has received +intimation that his system has been approved by the +French Government, and that they have decided to adopt +his cannon.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="Page_22" id="Page_22"></a> +<a name="art26" id="art26"></a><h2>COLLENDER'S IMPROVED BILLIARD TABLE.</h2> + +<p>In the accompanying engravings, we illustrate two important +improvements in the construction of billiard tables, +which have recently been devised by Mr. H. W. Collender, +the well known billiard table manufacturer of this city. The +first, which is represented in Fig. 1, relates to the construction +of the bed-supporting frame, and aims to render the +same stronger while cheapening its manufacture. In putting +together the body and framework of the table, the usual +practice is to cut away the stock of the cross beam and longitudinal +beam, and halve them together. Longitudinal +grooves are also formed on the inner surface of the side and +"broad rails," to accommodate tenons on the ends of the +cross beams; and the latter are secured in place by bolts +fastening their ends to the broad rails. Mr. Collender claims +that, by this mode of construction, not only are the cross +beams weakened by being halved together, but the broad +rails are also weakened by the cutting away of this stock +near the middle to effect the framing into them of the ends +of the cross beams.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 335px;"> +<a href="images/08-1.png"><img src="images/08-1-279.png" width="279" height="400" alt="Fig 1, billiard table support frame" /></a><br /><br /> +<p class="center"><b>Fig 1, BILLIARD TABLE SUPPORT FRAME.</b></p> +</div> + +<p>From Fig. 1, it will be seen that the cross beam, A, is combined +with the side broad rails in the following manner: +Upon the inner face of each broad rail is secured a cast iron +socket piece, B, into which fits one end of the cross beam, A. +From said beam the bolt, C, passes through the shoe, B, +and is secured by a nut, D, let into the stock of the broad +rail. The shoe, B, has lugs which enter the broad rail; and +the aperture in it, through which the bolt passes, is made +oblong to admit of the drawing of the parts together after +the insertion of the bolt. Upon the sides of the cross beam +near the middle, and directly opposite each other, are two +shoes, E; these have no bolt holes. In them are placed the +adjacent ends of the longitudinal beams, F, the other extremities +of which are seated in shoes on the broad rails. +The shoes, E, have their lugs of such a length, compared +with the thickness of cross beam, A, that when put in place +on said beam said lugs will come together. The advantage +of this is that, should the beam, A, shrink in width, the +shoes on each side of it will still maintain their proper relation +to form immovable abutments for the ends of pieces, F. +This construction allows of shorter stuff being used in the +manufacture, and renders the framework stronger.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 270px;"> +<a href="images/08-2.png"><img src="images/08-2-269.png" width="269" height="400" alt="Figure 2, billiard table frame corner" /></a><br /><br /> +<p class="center"><b>Figure 2, BILLIARD TABLE FRAME CORNER.</b></p> +</div> + +<p>In Fig. 2 is illustrated a new method of forming the corners +of the table. Hitherto it has been customary to use +corner blocks, of various sizes according to the dimensions +of the table, located one at each corner. Into these the +broad rails were framed and secured. To this arrangement +Mr. Collender adduces a long category of objections, based +on the possibility of the weight of the bed being thrown on +these blocks in case of shrinkage of the frame, on the fact +that the corner of the table bed must necessarily be left without +any support where it extends over the upper end of the +corner block, and also that in a bevel table, in which the area +of the top of the corner block is unavoidably much greater +than that of the top of the corner block of a vertical-sided +table, a large portion of the table bed will be left without +any support.</p> + +<p>The new device consists of a cast iron union plate, G, +which is bolted to the leg as shown. The broad rails and +casting are securely fastened by the bolt, H. It will be seen +that this bolt, passing through the end of one broad rail, and +into a nut let into the other rail, will securely draw and hold +together the ends of said rails and the interposed metal +plate clamped between them, and that as the plain ends of +the wooden rails just fit (widthwise) between the projecting +heads on the edges of said interposed plate, the latter will +form a sort of housing for the ends of the rails. And it +will be understood that in this construction not only does +the bead on the outer edge of the plate overlap the edges of +the rails and form a neat and durable corner finish to the +body, but the broad rails being bolted together in the direction +of the grain of the wood with only an interposed metal +plate, there will be no tendency to a loosening of the union +of the parts of the frame. The main importance of this invention +rests in the idea of dispensing with the usual corner +blocks, and thus permitting the top edges of the broad rails, +on which the bed rests, to practically come together and afford +a perfect support to the bed clear out to the corners of +the latter; at the same time the whole structure is rendered +stronger and more durable with less weight of material.</p> + +<p>These inventions are the subject of separate patents, that +of the first being dated April 4, 1876, and of the second, +November 16, 1875. For further information, address the +manufacturer and patentee, Mr. H. W. Collender, 738 Broadway, +New York city.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art27" id="art27"></a><h2>Coating Engraved Copper Plates with Steel.</h2> + +<p>In order to render copper plates which are used in printing +more durable, they can be covered with an electrolytic +deposit of iron which possesses an unusual degree of hardness +almost superior to steel. The salt usually employed +has been the double sulphate of iron and ammonia. Professor +Böttger, who first invented this process, has recently +devised an improvement in the bath employed. He dissolves +10 parts of ferrocyanide of potassium (yellow prussiate of +potash) and 20 parts of the double tartrate of soda and potash +(Rochelle salts) in 200 parts of water, and to this he adds 3 +parts of persulphate of iron dissolved in 50 parts of water. +A large precipitate of Prussian blue +is formed. To the whole is added, +drop by drop, with constant stirring, +a solution of caustic soda until the +blue precipitate entirely disappears, +leaving a perfectly clear, light yellow +liquid, which is now ready for +use.</p> + +<p>Professor Böttger also claims that +this solution can be employed with +advantage for dyeing cotton yarn +and fabrics a beautiful blue, without +the use of a mordant. For this +purpose the goods are put into the +bath, that has previously been slightly +warmed, until they are saturated +through and through, and then +dried in the air, after which they +are immersed in extremely dilute +sulphuric acid (1 to 50), which neutralizes +the alkali, and after washing +and drying again they are permanently +dyed a fine blue color.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art28" id="art28"></a><h2>Test for Sulphur in Organic Compounds.</h2> + +<p>H. Vohl recommends the following as the best method of +detecting sulphur in organic compounds: The substance to +be tested is heated in a solution of caustic lime and oxide of +lead in glycerin. The latter is prepared as follows: One +volume of distilled water is mixed with 2 volumes of pure +glycerin and heated to boiling; freshly prepared slaked lime +is added, little by little, until it is saturated. Freshly precipitated +hydrated oxide of lead, or moist litharge, is added +in excess, and the liquid allowed to boil gently for a few +minutes, then tightly corked and left to cool, after which +the clear liquid is decanted from the sediment into a glass +vessel that can be tightly corked. +If into this solution be introduced and heated any organic +which contains sulphur, like hair, feathers, horn, albumen, +and the like, it will at once turn black from the formation of +sulphide of lead. The great delicacy of this test is evident +from the fact that, when pure wheat bread is boiled with this +reagent, it turns yellow at first and then dark gray in consequence +of the presence of sulphur in the gluten of the bread.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art29" id="art29"></a><h2>IMPROVED BILLIARD BALL HOLDER.</h2> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 260px;"> +<a href="images/08-3.png"><img src="images/08-3-200.png" width="200" height="306" alt="BILLIARD BALL HOLDER." /></a><br /><br /> +<p class="center"><b>BILLIARD BALL HOLDER.</b></p> +</div> + +<p><br />The usual receptacle for the fourth ball, when only three +balls are used in the game of billiards, is placed at the side +of the table. As this is both inconvenient and unsightly, a +neat device, clearly shown in the annexed illustration, has +been invented, which is intended to be attached to a gas fixture +over the table. A plate or sign is also added on which +the number of a table—in case several tables are employed, +as in a billiard saloon—may be inscribed. The form and design +of the arrangement may of course be varied in many +ways.</p> + +<p>Patented May 2, 1876. For further particulars, address +the manufacturer, Mr. H. W. Collender, 738 Broadway, New +York city.</p><br clear="all" /> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art30" id="art30"></a><h2>THE MONITOR CHALK CUP.</h2> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 300px;"> +<a href="images/08-4.png"><img src="images/08-4-300.png" width="300" height="192" alt="THE MONITOR CHALK CUP." /></a><br /><br /> +<p class="center"><b>THE MONITOR CHALK CUP.</b></p> +</div> + +<p>The annexed engraving represents an improved chalk cup +or holder for billiard tables, which is so constructed that it +will not become loose, sag down, mar the table, or jar when +the ball strikes the cushion. It may be adjusted to remain +in any desired position.</p> + +<p>The shank is pivoted in a metallic frame which is secured +to the table. The rear end of the shank works against a +spring. On the upper portion of the shank is a projection +which embraces a horizontal flange to sustain the box against +being forced downward. The arrangement is very similar +to the ordinary window catch. The player has only to start +the box from its position under the table, when the spring +carries it out at right angles to the rail. A touch is sufficient +to cause the spring to carry the box back to its former position. +The device is very simple, and its advantages will +be evident to all billiard players cognizant of the defects of +the ordinary cup.</p> + +<p>Patented May 1, 1877. For further particulars, address +the manufacturer and patentee, Mr. H. W. Collender, 738 +Broadway, New York city.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="Page_23" id="Page_23"></a> +<a name="art31" id="art31"></a><h2>CURIOUS CARNIVOROUS PLANTS.</h2> + +<table align="center" summary="carnivorous Plants" border="0"> +<tr> +<td> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;"> +<a href="images/09-1.png"><img src="images/09-1-278.png" width="278" height="400" alt="Fig. 1.—ARUM DRACUNCULUS." /></a><br /><br /> +<p class="center"><b>Fig. 1.—ARUM DRACUNCULUS.</b></p> +</div> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 300px;"> +<a href="images/09-2.png"><img src="images/09-2-295.png" width="295" height="400" alt="Fig. 2.—ARUM DRACUNCULUS." /></a><br /><br /> +<p class="center"><b>Fig. 2.—ARUM DRACUNCULUS.</b></p> +</div> + +</td></tr></table> + +<p>The <i>arum Dracunculus</i> is one of the most curious of that +wonderful series of carnivorous plants which at the present +time are engaging the closest scrutiny of naturalists. It is +a true trap in one sense—inasmuch as it captures the victim +which ventures near it; but it relies on little or no mechanical +means for securing its prey, but stupefies the living +insect by its odor. The flower is horn-shaped, about 11 +inches in length, with an opening some 5 inches in diameter. +The color within is a dull dark violet, while the interior +of the spathe is lined with black, hooked bristles, the +whole appearance of the flower being thoroughly repulsive. +The illustrations herewith presented, Figs. 1 and 2, represent +it at one third its natural size, Fig. 2 showing a section +of the flower. It is not certain what attracts the insects, +which are usually of the species known as the meat fly and +the common house fly. They do not seem to seek for the +small quantity of nectar concealed, and yet they cluster +about the fatal opening, as if drawn by some overpowering +fascination. Overcome by lethargy, they fall inert upon the +flower, are lightly held by the bristles, and finally die asphyxiated +by the carbonic acid which the plant disengages in +large quantities during its inflorescence. Strange as is +the action of the <i>arum</i>, the method whereby the <i>mentzelia</i> +takes its prey is even more wonderful. To illustrate +on a magnified scale, let the reader imagine a surface +thickly covered with strong iron posts, on the sides of which +are numerous keen barbs pointing downward. Then between +these posts, suppose that jars overflowing with honey +are placed. An elephant, let it be imagined, attracted by +the profusion of sweetness, inserts his trunk between the +posts and finds easy access to the honey. But while he can +force his proboscis downward past the barbs turned in that +<a name="Page_24" id="Page_24"></a> +direction, when he attempts to withdraw it he finds the keen +points catch in the flesh, and render it impossible to do so. +A terrible struggle follows, the unfortunate animal twisting +and writhing in every direction, until finally by an Herculean +effort the head is torn from the body, and the latter becomes +digested by some potent gastric juice, exuding from +the colossal organism of which the trap forms but a portion. +Of course this is vastly exaggerated, and it would puzzle an +elephant to pull his own head off; but if for the post studded +trap, we substitute the surface of a flower, and if we replace +the elephant by a fly, we shall have conceived an accurate +picture of what takes place in the peculiar receptacle with +which Nature has provided the <i>mentzelia ornata</i>. This is +very beautifully shown in Fig. 3; and at A, in same figure, is +represented the barbed bristles grasping the highly magnified +proboscis of the fly. Between the barbed bristles are mushroom-shaped +projections, from the summits of which a viscous +nectar exudes. This is the honey bait which induces +the insect to insert his trunk between the fatal barbs. There +is still another plant, <i>physianthus albens</i>, which captures butterflies +by grasping the proboscis. The construction of the +flower is quite complicated, so that the insects are compelled +to insert their trunks through a narrow and winding passage +in order to reach the nectar. The organ then necessarily +comes in contact with an adhesive substance, which prevents +its removal.</p> + +<table align="center" summary="carnivorous Plants" border="0"> +<tr> +<td> +<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;"> +<a href="images/09-3.png"><img src="images/09-3-262.png" width="262" height="400" alt="Fig. 3.—MENTZELIA." /></a><br /><br /> +<p class="center"><b>Fig. 3.—MENTZELIA.</b></p> +</div> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 300px;"> +<a href="images/09-4.png"><img src="images/09-4-271.png" width="271" height="400" alt="Fig. 4.—GRONOVIA SCANDENS." /></a><br /><br /> +<p class="center"><b>Fig. 4.—GRONOVIA SCANDENS.</b></p> +</div> +</td></tr></table> + +<p>The <i>Gronovia scandens</i>, Fig. 4, is another plant trap, which +catches no flies nor possesses any such wonderfully adapted +devices as the plants already described. It simply has its +branches covered with double barbed bristles of great +strength which attach themselves to anything brought in +contact with them. The bristles are strong enough to hold +lizards, as represented by our engraving, the points inserting +themselves in the interstices of the scaly covering of the +reptile. Of course the lizard thus held starves to death, and +small birds often follow a like fate. We are indebted to <i>La +Nature</i> for the illustrations.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art32" id="art32"></a><h2>Popular Fallacies.</h2> + +<p>Night air and damp weather are held in great horror by +multitudes of persons who are sickly or of weak constitutions; +consequently, by avoiding the night air, and damp +weather, and changeable weather, and weather that is considered +too hot or too cold, they are kept within doors the +much largest portion of their time, and as a matter of course +continue invalids, more and more ripening for the grave +every hour; the reason is, they are breathing an impure atmosphere +nineteen-twentieths of their whole existence.</p> + +<p>As nothing can wash us clean but pure water, so nothing +can cleanse the blood, nothing can make health-giving blood, +but the agency of pure air. So great is the tendency of the +blood to become impure in consequence of waste and useless +matters mixing with it as it passes through the body, that it +requires a hogshead of air every hour of our lives to unload +it of these impurities; but in proportion as this air is vitiated, +in such proportion does it infallably fail to relieve the blood +of these impurities, and impure blood is the foundation of +all disease. The great fact that those who are out of doors +most, summer and winter, day and night, rain or shine, +have the best health the world over, does of itself falsify the +general impression that night air or any other out-door +air is unhealthy as compared with in-door air at the same +time.</p> + +<p>Air is the great necessity of life; so much so, that if deprived +of it for a moment, we perish; and so constant is the +necessity of the blood for contact with the atmosphere, that +every drop in the body is exposed to the air through the +medium of the lungs every two minutes and a half of our +existence.</p> + +<p>Whatever may be the impurity of the out-door air of any +locality, the in-door air of that locality is still more impure, +because of the dust, and decaying and odoriferous matters +which are found in all dwellings. Besides, how can in-door +air be more healthy than the out-door air, other things being +equal, when the dwelling is supplied with air from without?</p> + +<p>To this very general law there is one exception, which it +is of the highest importance to note. When the days are +hot, and the nights cool, there are periods of time within +each twenty-four hours, when it is safest to be in-doors, with +doors and windows closed; that is to say, for the hour or +two including sunrise and sunset, because about sunset the +air cools, and the vapors which the heats of the day have +caused to ascend far above us, condense and settle near the +surface of the earth, so as to be breathed by the inhabitants; +as the night grows colder, these vapors sink lower, and are +within a foot or two of the earth, so they are not breathed. +As the sun rises, these same vapors are warmed, and begin +to ascend, to be breathed again, but as the air becomes +warmer, they are carried so far above our heads as to be innocuous. +Thus it is that the old citizens of Charleston, S. C., +remember, that while it was considered important to live in +the country during the summer, the common observation of +the people originated the custom of riding into town, not in +the cool of the evening or of the morning, but in the middle +of the day. They did not understand the philosophy, but +they observed the fact that those who came to the city at +mid-day remained well, while those who did so early or late +suffered from it.</p> + +<p>All strangers at Rome are cautioned not to cross the Pontine +marshes after the heat of the day is over. Sixteen of a +ship's crew, touching at one of the West India islands, slept +on shore several nights, and thirteen of them died of yellow +fever in a few days, while of two hundred and eighty, who +were freely ashore during the day, not a single case of illness +occurred. The marshes above named are crossed in six +or eight hours, and many travelers who do it in the night +are attacked with mortal fevers. This does, at first sight, +seem to indicate that night air <i>is</i> unwholesome, at least in +the locality of virulent malarias, but there is no direct proof +that the air about sunrise and sunset is not that which is productive +of the mischief.</p> + +<p>For the sake of eliciting the observations of intelligent +men, we present our theory on this subject.</p> + +<p>A person might cross these marshes with impunity, who +would set out on his journey an hour or two after sundown, +and finish it an hour or two before sun-up, especially if he +began that journey on a hearty meal, because, in this way, +he would be traveling in the cool of the night, which coolness +keeps the malaria so near the surface of the earth as to +prevent its being breathed to a hurtful extent.</p> + +<p>But if it is deadly to sleep out of doors all night in a malarial +locality, would it be necessarily fatal to sleep in a house +in such a locality? It would not. It would be safer to sleep +in the house, especially if the windows and doors were +closed. The reason is, that the house has been warmed during +the day, and if kept closed, it remains much warmer during +the night indoors than it is outdoors; consequently, the +malaria is kept by this warmth so high above the head, and +so rarefied, as to be comparatively harmless. This may +seem to some too nice a distinction altogether, but it will be +found throughout the world of Nature that the works of +the Almighty are most strikingly beautiful in their <i>minutæ</i>, +and these <i>minutæ</i> are the foundation of His mightiest manifestations.</p> + +<p>Thus it is, too, that what we call fever and ague might be +banished from the country as a general disease, if two things +were done. 1. Have a fire kindled every morning at daylight, +from spring to fall, in the family room, to which all +the family should repair from their chambers, and there remain +until breakfast is taken. 2. Let a fire be kindled in +the family room a short time before sundown; let every +member of the family repair to it, and there remain until +supper is taken.</p> + +<p>In both cases, the philosophy of the course marked out +consists in two things. First. The fire rarefies the malaria +and causes it to ascend above the breathing point. Second. +The food taken into the stomach creates an activity of circulation +which repels disease.—<i>Hall's Journal of Health</i>.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art33" id="art33"></a><h2>The Extension of the Plague.</h2> + +<p>Our recent English medical exchanges mention, with undisguised +apprehension, the fact that already early this spring +authentic observers state that the plague has broken out in +Bagdad, and is rapidly increasing there; and information +from other sources renders it probable that the disease has +shown itself in other places in the vicinity of that city, +some of which have not suffered before since the new development +of the disease in Mesopotamia, three or four years +ago. The progress of the epidemic in and about Bagdad +last year shows that each year since its reappearance in that +district it has covered a wider area, and it will be remembered +that last year it crossed the Turco-Persian frontier, and +broke out at Shuster, in Khuzistan. From the phenomena +of the epidemic to this period it was feared, especially by +the physicians on the spot, that, if it should recur in the +present year, it must be expected to extend over a still wider +area, and show itself in even a more aggravated form than +had yet been observed. This opinion is concurred in by +Surgeon-Major Colville, the medical officer attached to the +British Embassy at Bagdad, and is expressed in his official +report, on the subject of the last and previous year's +outbreak.</p> + +<p>The Turco-Russian struggle in Asia Minor, and the massing +of Persian troops on the western frontier of that country, +add an additional and most grave factor to this ominous +intelligence.</p> + +<p>It has been so long since Christian Europe has suffered +from this terrible disease that most medical men have never +seen a case, and, indeed, for awhile, epidemiologists flattered +themselves it had "died out." They yet say that a +thorough system of sanitation will certainly check its advance.</p> + +<p>Let us hope so; for of all pestilences which have ever +scourged humanity, and desolated empires, none approach +in magnitude those of the plague. Under the name of +"the black death," it fills, as Hirsch remarks, one of the +darkest pages in the history of the human race. It devastated +every known country of the earth, and penetrated to +the remotest mountain hamlets and granges, sometimes +sweeping away in a few days every inhabitant, leaving not +one to remember the name or to inherit the goods of the +family or the village. Long years afterward, travelers +would come upon these unknown villages, the houses +rotting, the bones of the plague-stricken owners bleaching +in the rooms and streets, and no one to say who they had +been.</p> + +<p>As an epidemic disease, it no doubt spreads from India, +that mother of pestilence, where, in the province of Kutch +and Guzerat, it is found as an endemic of great malignancy. +Far more fatal in its historical appearance than the cholera, +it is well that the medical mind of Europe is on the alert to +meet its approach with the most energetic measures; and +should they fail, it will devolve upon us to lose no time in +taking up the defensive in the most energetic manner.—<i>Medical +and Surgical Reporter.</i></p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art34" id="art34"></a><h2>Education in Germany.</h2> + +<p>The compulsory school laws of Prussia are frequently +pointed to as models for similar laws, perhaps with the hope +that by imitating her lower schools we can bring up our high +schools to an equal rank with hers, and place our universities +on a level with those which are producing the most finished +scholars, the deepest thinkers, and the greatest investigators. +We are likely to forget that the conditions are different, and +especially that <i>nascitur, non fit</i>, is as true of a chemist as of +a poet. The state of popular education in Germany is, however, +a matter of interest, and is best illustrated by the following +table, showing the percentage of unschooled men +among the recruits from different German provinces:</p> + +<table align="center" width="50%" summary="Percentage of unschooled men among recruits from different German provinces" border="0"> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td width="30%" style="text-align: center;">Per cent.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Prussia</td> + <td style="text-align: center;">3.19</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Bavaria</td> + <td style="text-align: center;">1.79</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Saxony</td> + <td style="text-align: center;">0.23</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Würtemberg</td> + <td style="text-align: center;">0.02</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Baden</td> + <td style="text-align: center;">0.22</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Hesse</td> + <td style="text-align: center;">0.35</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Mecklenburg</td> + <td style="text-align: center;">1.09</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Thuringia</td> + <td style="text-align: center;">1.42</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Alsace</td> + <td style="text-align: center;">3.45</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>These figures seem to indicate a higher grade of intelligence +and wider diffusion of knowledge among all classes, +for recruits are from every class, than in Austria, although +in the latter the figures are arranged so differently as to make +any accurate comparison of Austria and Germany rather +difficult and unsatisfactory.</p> + +<table class="ges" align="center" summary="German education statistics" border="1"> + +<tr> + <td class="center" style="width: 120px;"><span class="sc">Name of <br />District.</span></td> + <td class="center" style="width: 110px;">Number of <br />Common <br />Schools.</td> + <td class="center" style="width: 110px;">Number of <br />inhabitants <br />to each school.</td> + <td class="center" style="width: 110px;">Percentage of <br /> school children <br />who attend.</td> + <td class="center" style="width: 110px;">Number of <br />Normal <br />Schools.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="ll" style="width: 120px;"> +Bohemia +</td> +<td class="lr" style="width: 110px;"> +4,190 +</td> +<td class="rla" style="width: 110px;"> +1,254 +</td> +<td class="rca" style="width: 110px;"> +77 +</td> +<td class="righta" style="width: 110px;"> +12 +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="ll" style="width: 120px;"> +Bukowina +</td> +<td class="lr" style="width: 110px;"> +167 +</td> +<td class="rla" style="width: 110px;"> +3,121 +</td> +<td class="rca" style="width: 110px;"> +9 +</td> +<td class="righta" style="width: 110px;"> +1 +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="ll" style="width: 120px;"> +Dalmatia +</td> +<td class="lr" style="width: 110px;"> +241 +</td> +<td class="rla" style="width: 110px;"> +1,864 +</td> +<td class="rca" style="width: 110px;"> +12 +</td> +<td class="righta" style="width: 110px;"> +2 +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="ll" style="width: 120px;"> +Galicia +</td> +<td class="lr" style="width: 110px;"> +2,374 +</td> +<td class="rla" style="width: 110px;"> +2,341 +</td> +<td class="rca" style="width: 110px;"> +15 +</td> +<td class="righta" style="width: 110px;"> +1 +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="ll" style="width: 120px;"> +Carinthia +</td> +<td class="lr" style="width: 110px;"> +318 +</td> +<td class="rla" style="width: 110px;"> +1,060 +</td> +<td class="rca" style="width: 110px;"> +? +</td> +<td class="righta" style="width: 110px;"> +2 +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="ll" style="width: 120px;"> +Carniola +</td> +<td class="lr" style="width: 110px;"> +234 +</td> +<td class="rla" style="width: 110px;"> +1,187 +</td> +<td class="rca" style="width: 110px;"> +48 +</td> +<td class="righta" style="width: 110px;"> +2 +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="ll" style="width: 120px;"> +Custrin +</td> +<td class="lr" style="width: 110px;"> +396 +</td> +<td class="rla" style="width: 110px;"> +1,496 +</td> +<td class="rca" style="width: 110px;"> +38 +</td> +<td class="righta" style="width: 110px;"> +5 +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="ll" style="width: 120px;"> + Moravia +</td> +<td class="lr" style="width: 110px;"> +1,866 +</td> +<td class="rla" style="width: 110px;"> +1,082 +</td> +<td class="rca" style="width: 110px;"> +78 +</td> +<td class="righta" style="width: 110px;"> +5 +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="ll" style="width: 120px;"> +Lower Austria +</td> +<td class="lr" style="width: 110px;"> +1,267 +</td> +<td class="rla" style="width: 110px;"> +1,578 +</td> +<td class="rca" style="width: 110px;"> +76 +</td> +<td class="righta" style="width: 110px;"> +5 +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="ll" style="width: 120px;"> +Upper Austria +</td> +<td class="lr" style="width: 110px;"> +506 +</td> +<td class="rla" style="width: 110px;"> +1,455 +</td> +<td class="rca" style="width: 110px;"> +82 +</td> +<td class="righta" style="width: 110px;"> +2 +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="ll" style="width: 120px;"> +Salzburg +</td> +<td class="lr" style="width: 110px;"> +155 +</td> +<td class="rla" style="width: 110px;"> +982 +</td> +<td class="rca" style="width: 110px;"> +85 +</td> +<td class="righta" style="width: 110px;"> +1 +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="ll" style="width: 120px;"> +Steiermark +</td> +<td class="lr" style="width: 110px;"> +690 +</td> +<td class="rla" style="width: 110px;"> +1,657 +</td> +<td class="rca" style="width: 110px;"> +59 +</td> +<td class="righta" style="width: 110px;"> +3 +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="ll" style="width: 120px;"> +Schlesia +</td> +<td class="lr" style="width: 110px;"> +433 +</td> +<td class="rla" style="width: 110px;"> +1,208 +</td> +<td class="rca" style="width: 110px;"> +77 +</td> +<td class="righta" style="width: 110px;"> +4 +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="ll" style="width: 120px;"> +Tyrol +</td> +<td class="lr" style="width: 110px;"> +1,926 +</td> +<td class="rla" style="width: 110px;"> +457 +</td> +<td class="rca" style="width: 110px;"> +? +</td> +<td class="righta" style="width: 110px;"> +6 +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td style="width: 120px;"><br />Total<br /><br /></td> +<td style="width: 110px;"><table align="center" summary="Totals"> +<tr> +<td>14,763</td> +</tr></table> +</td> +<td style="width: 110px;"> </td> +<td style="width: 110px;"> </td> +<td style="width: 110px;"><table align="center" summary="Totals"> +<tr><td> 51</td></tr> +</table> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Over 3,000 teachers' positions are said to be vacant at the +present time.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art35" id="art35"></a><h2>Bleaching Silk and Wool.</h2> + +<p>The methods now in use for bleaching silk, wool, and all +animal fibers, such as sulphurous acid, alkalies, soap, etc., +are so imperfect that Tessié du Motay has patented the following +process, involving the use of binoxide of barium, +with or without the addition of permanganates. The binoxide +of barium is pulverized and subjected to the action of +carbonic acid to remove any unconverted caustic baryta +present. It is then thrown into boiling water, and after the +bath has partially cooled the materials to be bleached are introduced +and the bath kept at a temperature of 86° Fah. to +194° Fah. for two hours; silk from wild silkworms requiring +a higher temperature than wool, goat's hair, and the like. It +is then taken out and washed, put into an acid bath, then +washed again. If necessary, the barium bath is repeated, as +also the subsequent washings. If this second bath of binoxide +of barium does not produce the requisite whiteness, it is +introduced into a solution of permanganic acid or permanganate +of magnesia before the last washing.</p> + +<p>Binoxide of Barium, BaO<sub>2</sub>, is made by subjecting the oxide +or caustic baryta, BaO, to a stream of oxygen or common +air at a high temperature. Its bleaching action is +probably due to the formation of peroxide of hydrogen in +solution in the bath.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art36" id="art36"></a><h2>An Alloy of Tin and Phosphorus.</h2> + +<p>At the Graupen Tin Works, in Bohemia, an alloy of tin and +phosphorus is made containing the greatest possible quantity +of phosphorus which the tin is able to retain without losing +any of it upon repeated meltings. This compound, which +is neither entitled to the name of alloy nor is it a phosphide +of tin, is employed in the manufacture of phosphorus-bronze. +In the manufacture of phosphorus-bronze, by alloying copper +with phosphorus-tin, no other precautions require to be +observed than in the preparation of common bronze. As +the different properties of phosphorus-bronze depend upon +the proportions of phosphorus and of tin, two kinds of phosphorus-tin +are prepared. No. 0 contains 5 per cent., and No. +1, 2½ per cent. of phosphorus. These two kinds suffice to +make the greater part of all the desired mixtures. For special +purposes, the Graupen Works make to order phosphorus-tin +with any desired quantity of phosphorus not exceeding 5 +per cent., which is the highest possible limit. It is claimed +that phosphorus-bronze may be manufactured by the use of +this phosphorus-tin as much as 40 per cent. cheaper than +that now in the market, while it will only cost 8 per cent. +more than the ordinary tin and copper bronze.</p> + +<p>No details are given of the method employed to make the +phosphorus combine with tin, but the low melting point of +tin as compared with that of copper would indicate that this +would lead to the great saving promised above.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art37" id="art37"></a><h2>American Institute Exhibition.</h2> + +<p>The forty-sixth Exhibition of this Institute will open +September 12, in this city. Parties having novelties which +they intend to bring to public notice should at once address +the General Superintendent for blanks and information. +The medals, it is said, have been increased and special awards +will be made upon a number of articles.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="Page_25" id="Page_25"></a> +<a name="art38" id="art38"></a><h2>American Inventions for New South Wales.</h2> + +<p>Writing from Sydney, under date of April 14, the <i>Times</i> +correspondent thus refers to the supply of locomotives and +carriages from America: Our appearance at Philadelphia has +drawn the attention of American manufacturers to us in a +most marked and unexpected degree. A country that, like +New South Wales, is rolling in wealth must be a country +that is able to buy, and a country that is able to buy is exactly +the country that American manufacturers have been +anxiously looking out for. Our representatives at Philadelphia +have come back strongly impressed with the fact that +there are many things that the Americans can supply us +with advantage. Our Government has an offer from Messrs. +Baldwin & Co. to furnish a locomotive engine for about +£1,000 less than the cost of an English engine, and to leave +the payment open until the engine has been thoroughly +proved and approved. A Pullman's sleeping car and an ordinary +passenger car have already been ordered, and American +wheels, axles, rails, and brakes are strongly pressed on +our acceptance. As our Government engineers are all of the +English school, American novelties will have a hard battle +to fight to win official acceptance, but the demand for economy +in railway construction and working is so great that +people and Parliament will press on the Minister for Public +Works a fair trial for any American novelties that may seem +to be suited to our wants. The English manufacturers, +therefore, who have hitherto supplied us must look to their +laurels.—<i>Capital and Labor</i>.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art39" id="art39"></a><h2>Man's Place in Nature.</h2> + +<p>Concerning man's true place in Nature, Haeckel says:</p> + +<p>"Whatever part of the body we consider, we find upon the +most exact examination that man is more nearly related to +the highest apes than are the latter to the lowest apes. It +would therefore be wholly forced and unnatural to regard +man in the zoological system as constituting a distinct order, +and thus to separate him from the true ape. Rather is the +scientific zoologist compelled, whether it is agreeable to him +or not, to rank man within the order of the true ape +(Simiæ)."</p> + +<p>To whatever minutiæ of detail the comparison is carried, +we reach in every case the same result. Between man and +the anthropoid apes there are the closest anatomical +and physiological resemblances. In form and function, +there is the most exact agreement between all the corresponding +bones of the skeleton of each; the same arrangement and +structure of the muscles, nerves and entire viscera, and of +the spleen, liver and lungs—the latter being a matter of especial +significance, for between the manner of breathing and +the process of nutrition there is the closest relation.</p> + +<p>The brain, also, is subject to the same laws of development, +and differs only with regard to size. The minute +structure of the skin, nails, and even the hair, is identical in +character. Although man has lost the greater part of his +hairy covering, as Darwin thinks, in consequence of sexual +selection, yet the rudimentary hairs upon the body correspond, +in many respects, to those of the anthropoids. The +formation of the beard is the same in both cases; while the +face and ears remain bare. Anthropoids and men become +grayhaired in old age. But the most remarkable circumstance +is that, upon the upper arm, the hairs are, in both +cases, directed downward, and upon the lower arm upward; +while in the case of the half-apes it is different, and not as +soft as that of man and the anthropoids.</p> + +<p>The eye, on account of its delicate structure, is peculiarly +suitable for comparisons of this kind; and we find here the +greatest similarity: even inflammation and green cataract +occur under the same circumstances, in both. See, also, +Darwin upon this point.</p> + +<p>There is no more striking proof that man and the anthropoid +apes have the same anatomical and physiological nature, +and require the same food, than the similarity of their blood. +Under the microscope the blood corpuscles are identical in +form and appearance; while those of the carnivora are +clearly different from them.</p> + +<p>It may now be interesting, in confirmation of what has +been said, to refer to the family life, and, if one may so +speak, to the mental and moral life of the anthropoids. Like +man, the ape provides with exceeding care for its young, +so that its parental affection has become proverbial. Connubial +fidelity is a general and well known virtue. The +mother ape leads its young to the water, and washes its face +and hands in spite of its crying. Wounds are also washed +out with water. The ape, when in distress, will weep like a +human being, and in a manner that is said to be very affecting. +Young apes manifest the same tendencies as human +children. When domesticated, they are in youth docile +and teachable, and also, at times, like all children, disobedient. +In old age they often become morose and capricious. +Most apes construct huts, or, at least, roofs, as a protection +from the weather, and sleep in a kind of bed.</p> + +<p>One peculiarity is alone common to them and man, and +this is the habit of lying upon the back in sleep. In battle +they defend themselves with their fists and long sticks; and, +under otherwise like circumstances, they manifest like passions +and emotions with man: as joy and sorrow, pain and +envy, revenge and sympathy. In death, especially, the ape +face assumes a peculiarly human-like and spiritual expression, +and the sufferer is the object of as genuine compassion +as exists in the case of man. It is also well known that apes +bury their dead, laying the body in a secluded spot, and +covering it with leaves. Regarding the domestic life of the +ape, Darwin says, in his "Descent of Man" (vol. 1, p. 39):</p> + +<p>"We see maternal affection manifested in the most trifling +details. Thus Rengger observed an American monkey (a +Cebus) carefully driving away the flies which plagued her +infant; and Duvancel saw a Hylobates washing the faces of +her young ones in a stream. So intense is the grief of female +monkeys for the loss of their young, that it invariably +caused the death of certain kinds kept under confinement +by Brehm in North Africa. Orphan monkeys are always +adopted, and carefully guarded by other monkeys, both +males and females. One female baboon had so capacious a +heart, that she not only adopted young monkeys of other +species but stole young dogs and cats, which she continually +carried about with her. Her kindness did not go so far, however, +as to share her food with her adopted offspring; +at which Brehm was surprised, as his monkeys divided +everything quite fairly with their own young ones. An +adopted kitten scratched the above-mentioned affectionate +baboon, who certainly had a fine intellect, for she was much +astonished at being scratched, and immediately examined the +kitten's feet, and without more ado bit off the claws."</p> + +<p>The number of characteristics possessed in common by +man and the higher apes is, indeed, very great, and includes +not only physical and emotional but even intellectual qualities.—<i>From +Schlickeysen's "Fruit and Bread," translated by +Dr. Holbrook.</i></p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art40" id="art40"></a><h2>Special Notice.</h2> + +<p>Persons who have sent numbers of the <span class="sc">Scientific American</span> +to this office, for the purpose of having them bound, +will please call or send for them immediately.</p> + +<p>Some of the volumes extend back to 1860, and as we need +the room they occupy, we shall dispose of those not claimed +within ten days from date of this paper.</p> + +<p>MUNN & Co., 37 Park Row, New York.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<a name="art43" id="art43"></a> +<h2>DECISIONS OF THE COURTS.</h2> + +<h3>United States Circuit Court.—District of New Jersey.</h3> + +<p class="center"><span class="sc">shawl strap patent</span>.—<span class="sc">george crouch</span> <i>vs.</i> <span class="sc">william roemer</span>.</p> + +<p class="center">[In equity.]</p> + +<p> +By Nixon, District Judge.</p> + +<p style="font-size: 0.9em; margin-top: -1em;"> +This is an action for an alleged infringement of complainant's letters +patent No. 82,606, dated September 29, 1868, and reissued March 7, 1871, +No. 4,289.</p> + +<p style="font-size: 0.9em; margin-top: -1em;"> +The subject-matter of the patent is in the reissue described to be a strap +"to confine a shawl or similar article in a bundle," and termed a shawl-strap. +The schedule attached to and forming a part of the said reissued +patent states, that before the complainant's invention "straps had been +used to confine a shawl or similar article in a bundle, and a leather cross-piece +with loops at the ends, had extended from one strap to the other; and +above and attached to this leather cross-piece was a handle. This leather +cross-piece or connecting strap is liable to bend and allow the straps to be +drawn toward each other by the handle in sustaining the weight. Hence +the bundle is not kept in a proper shape and the handle is inconvenient to +grasp."</p> + +<p style="font-size: 0.9em; margin-top: -1em;"> +The invention is then stated to consist "of a rigid cross-bar beneath +the handle, combined with suspending straps, that are to be passed around +the shawl or bundle, such straps passing through loops at the ends of the +handle."</p> + +<p style="font-size: 0.9em; margin-top: -1em;"> +No question can be made but that the shawl straps manufactured and +sold by the defendant are an infringement of the complainant's reissue. +They consist of a metallic cross-bar, with slots at the ends for the reception +of the straps, and which also connect the ends of the handle.</p> + +<p style="font-size: 0.9em; margin-top: -1em;"> +Several defences are set up in the answer, but the only one necessary to +consider is the first, to wit: The want of novelty and prior public use.</p> + +<p style="font-size: 0.9em; margin-top: -1em;"> +I had occasion, heretofore, to inquire into the validity of the complainant's +patent, in a controversy between the same complainant, and Speer +<i>et al.</i>, reported in VI. Off. Gaz. 1874, in which, as in this case, the principal +defence turned upon the novelty of the invention. A prior public use +was alleged and attempted to be proved. I there said and now repeat +"that the patent is <i>prima facie</i> evidence that the patentee was the original +and first inventor, and that any one who controverts this assumes the burden +of proof and undertakes to show affirmatively that there was a prior +knowledge and use of the alleged invention under such circumstances, as +to give to the public the right of its continued use against the patentee."</p> + +<p style="font-size: 0.9em; margin-top: -1em;"> +The defence in this case has brought out many facts in regard to the +public use of the rigid cross-bar in shawl straps anterior to the date of the +complainant's patent, which were not developed in the former suit. There +is no evidence which in my judgment affects the honesty of the complainant's +claim, or which creates any doubt that he really believed himself to +be the original and first inventor, but nevertheless I am constrained to the +conclusion, after a most careful examination of the whole testimony, that +the proofs show with reasonable certainty that he has been anticipated in +the invention and that his patent is void, in consequence of the prior +knowledge and public use, and the bill must be therefore dismissed with +costs.</p> + +<p style="font-size: 0.9em; margin-top: -1em;"> +[<i>E. B. Barnum</i>, for complainant.<br /> +<i>Arthur v. Briesen</i>, for defendant.] +</p> + +<hr /> + +<a name="art41" id="art41"></a><h2>NEW BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS.</h2> +<blockquote> +<p><span class="outdent1"><span class="sc">The Economic Theory of the Location of Railways.</span></span><br /> +By Arthur M. Wellington, C.E. Price $2.00. New<br /> +York city: Office of the Railroad Gazette, 73 Broadway.</p> + +<p style="font-size: 0.9em;"> +The author of this book is thoroughly conversant with his subject, and +his statement that the book has gradually grown from a few notes into a +volume may be accepted as an explanation of the somewhat fragmentary +character of the work. He asserts that "all our railways are uneconomically +located," and "in many cases these errors are shockingly evident." +If these statements are true, he is right in stating that "there is something +almost pitiful in the waste of human labor enforced by such costly blundering." +He considers that other countries have made lamentable blunders +in locating their railroads, so that the suffering stockholders of +American lines may take comfort from the thought that others are or may +be as badly off.</p> + +<p><span class="outdent1"><span class="sc">Fruit and Bread.</span></span> A Scientific Diet. By Gustav Schlickeysen.<br /> +Translated from the German by M. L.<br /> +Holbrook, M.D. With an Appendix. Illustrated.<br /> +New York city: M. L. Holbrook & Co.</p> + +<p style="font-size: 0.9em;"> +The author and translator of this little treatise are firm believers in +vegetarianism, and present in a highly attractive form the main arguments +which sustain them in their position. The subject is most carefully +and systematically treated, and although the conclusions at which the +author arrives are greatly at variance with modern belief and practice, +the book is nevertheless entitled to proper and respectful consideration. +Illustrations are given of the teeth and stomachs of various animals, and +these are compared with the similar organs existing in man, so exhibiting +in a clear and satisfactory manner the perfect adaptedness of the latter to +a purely vegetable regimen, which is certainly something more than merely +accidental. Altogether the book is well worthy of perusal by others than +those more immediately interested in the question of diet.</p> + +<p><span class="outdent1"><span class="sc">Theoretical Naval Architecture:</span></span> a Treatise on the<br /> +Calculations involved in Naval Design. By Samuel J.<br /> +P. Thearle, F.R.S.N.A., etc. Two Volumes; Text and<br /> +Plates. New York city: G. P. Putnam's Sons.</p> + +<p style="font-size: 0.9em;"> +This book is designed to meet the requirements of both those who +possess but a moderate amount of mathematical knowledge as well as of +those who are much further advanced. Numerous formulæ and rules +clearly stated will enable the former to perform without much difficulty +the ordinary routine of the draughting office, while ample opportunity is +afforded the latter to trace back the processes from which these rules have +gone forth. The book is divided into six parts. Part I. embraces the calculations +relating to the forms and dimensions of ships. II. those relating +to the weights and centers of gravity of ships. Part III. refers to the +strength of ships. IV. and V. to their propulsion by sails and by steam engines; +while Part VI. treats of the calculations relating to steering. An +excellent book of plates and tables accompanies the text. +</p> + +<p><span class="outdent1"><span class="sc">Kemlo's Watch Repairer's Handbook:</span></span> being a complete<br /> +guide to the young beginner in taking apart, putting<br /> +together, and thoroughly cleaning the English lever and<br /> +other foreign watches, and all American watches. By<br /> +F. Kemlo, Practical Watchmaker. With Illustrations.<br /> +Price $1.25. Philadelphia, Pa.: Henry Carey Baird<br /> +& Co.</p> + +<p style="font-size: 0.9em;"> +This work will prove of great value to all in whom the curious mechanism +of clocks and watches has excited more than a passing interest. None but +skilled followers of the art have been allowed to contribute to its pages, so +that the practical worth of the information given can be fully relied upon. +A concise history of timekeepers is followed by a clear and exhaustive +description of the English lever watch, which in turn is followed by articles +on cleaning, putting together, and the conditions necessary to produce +a good English watch. American watches deservedly engage considerable +attention. Papers on repairing watches, cleaning and repairing +clocks, and a short description of the necessary tools complete the book. +</p> + +<p><span class="outdent1"><span class="sc">Recent Progress in Sanitary Science.</span></span> By A. R. Leeds.<br /> +Salem, Mass.: Printed at the Salem Press.</p> + +<p style="font-size: 0.9em;"> +This is a reprint of a paper read at the Lyceum of Natural History, +October 9, 1876, by the well known Professor of Chemistry at the Stevens +Institute.</p> + +<p><span class="outdent1"><span class="sc">Williams' Tourist's Map and Guide To Colorado and<br /> +the San Juan Mines.</span></span> Price 50 cents each. New<br /> +York city: H. T. Williams, 46 Beekman street.</p> + +<p style="font-size: 0.9em;"> +Two well edited publications, deserving the attention of travelers and<br /> +emigrants.</p> +</blockquote> + +<hr class="full" /> +<a name="art42" id="art42"></a> +<h3>Inventions Patented in England by Americans.</h3> + +<p class="centerfoo">June 7 to June 15, 1877, inclusive.</p> + +<p class="foo"> +<span class="sc">Boots and Shoes</span>.—Mellen Bray, Newton, Mass.<br /> +<span class="sc">Electro-Magnetic Motor</span>.—W. W. Gary, Washington, D. C.<br /> +<span class="sc">Furnaces</span>.—J. J. Storer, New York city.<br /> +<span class="sc">Gas</span>.—M. H. Strong, Brooklyn, N. Y.<br /> +<span class="sc">Gas Apparatus</span>.—D. C. Smith, East Northwood, N. H.<br /> +<span class="sc">Gas Machines</span>.—T. F. Rowland, Greenpoint, N. Y.<br /> +<span class="sc">Mineral Wool Apparatus</span>.—A. D. Elbers, Hoboken, N. J.<br /> +<span class="sc">Motive Power</span>.—W. G. Smith <i>et al</i>., New York city.<br /> +<span class="sc">Power Looms</span>.—James Long, Philadelphia, Pa.<br /> +<span class="sc">Pulverizing Machines</span>.—J. J. Storer, New York city.<br /> +<span class="sc">Pump</span>.—A. F. Eells <i>et al</i>., Boston, Mass.<br /> +<span class="sc">Refrigerating Apparatus</span>.—B. J. B. Mills, Lexington, Ky.<br /> +<span class="sc">Sewing Machines</span>.—C. H. Warner, Sturbridge, Mass.<br /> +<span class="sc">Sheet Metal Utensils</span>.—F. G. Niedringhaus, St. Louis, Mo.<br /> +<span class="sc">Valve Gear</span>.—E. Cope <i>et al</i>., Hamilton, Ohio.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<a name="art44" id="art44"></a> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/oef-recent_patents.png" width="577" height="38" alt="Recent American and Foreign Patents." border="0" /></div> + +<hr /> + +<h2>Notice to Patentees.</h2> + +<p>Inventors who are desirous of disposing of their patents would find it +greatly to their advantage to have them illustrated in the <span class="sc">Scientific +American</span>. +We are prepared to get up first-class <span class="sc">wood engravings</span> of inventions +of merit, and publish them in the <span class="sc">Scientific American</span> on very +reasonable terms.</p> + +<p>We shall be pleased to make estimates as to cost of engravings on receipt +of photographs, sketches, or copies of patents. After publication, the +cuts become the property of the person ordering them, and will be found +of value for circulars and for publication in other papers.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2>NEW AGRICULTURAL INVENTIONS.</h2> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>IMPROVED HAY ELEVATOR.</h3> + +<p>Eugene L. Church, Walworth, Wis.—This is a hay elevator and carrier +of simple and effective construction; and it consists essentially of a traveling +carriage locking, by a tilting catch, on a fixed stop block of the track, +from which it is released by the action of the bail of the sheave frame of +the hay fork on a pivoted grappling hook, the sheave being held in suspended +position by the joint action of a fixed hook, of the pivoted hook, +and of the tilting catch. A track beam, which is suspended from the rafters +of a barn or other building by means of eyebolts passing through +the center of the track beam. A carriage runs along the track beam by a +pair of flanged wheels, at each end of which the wheels of one pair are set +at such distance from each other that they clear readily the suspension +bolts as they pass along the same. A hoisting rope is attached, in the customary +manner, to a fixed point at one end of carriage, and passed then +through the sheave frame of the hay fork, and over a pulley of the carriage, +and through a sheave at the end of track beam, and down to the ground, +where a horse is hitched to its free end.</p> + +<h3>IMPROVED CORN HARVESTER.</h3> + +<p>Bennett Osgood, Lenox, Iowa.—This invention is an improved machine +for cutting up the corn, removing the ears from the stalks, and cutting the +stalks into pieces, and which may be adjusted to cut up the corn and shock +it. As the stalks are carried back by chains, pins or hooks on bars tear open +the husks of the ears; and the bars, in connection with rollers, break the +ears from the stalks. The ears, when broken off, drop through an opening +in the platform into an elevator, up which they are carried, and are discharged +into a wagon drawn at the side of the machine. The box of the +elevator is supported from the frame of the machine, and its carrier is +driven from a shaft by an endless band. The stalks are carried back by +endless chains, and allowed to drop from the rear end of the platform upon +the brackets attached to the rear bar of the frame. As they fall upon the +brackets they are cut into three pieces by two knives, which work in slots +in the brackets, and to the upper part of which are pivoted the upper ends +of two bars. The lower ends of these bars are pivoted to a crank formed +upon the shaft, which revolves in bearings attached to the rear bar of the +frame.</p> + +<h3>IMPROVED SULKY HARROW.</h3> + +<p>George M. Furman, Laclede, Mo.—This is an improved riding harrow, +so constructed that it may be readily raised from the ground, by the driver +from his seat, to clear it of rubbish, to pass obstructions, and to pass from +place to place, to cut up the ground and cover the seed thoroughly, and be +used for cultivating small grain and plants.</p> + +<h3>IMPROVED HARROW.</h3> + +<p>Hans Iver Lund, Charlotte, Iowa.—The object of this invention is to +furnish an iron harrow which shall be light, strong, and durable, of less +draft than an ordinary harrow, of less size, inexpensive in manufacture, +and effective in operation, breaking up the lumps thoroughly, and stirring +up the soil evenly. The harrow is designed to be made in three sections, +all exactly alike, one, two, or three of which may be used at a time.</p> + +<h3>IMPROVED COMBINED COTTON SCRAPER AND CULTIVATOR.</h3> + +<p>Malachiah Roby, Kosciusko, Miss.—This machine is so constructed as +to bar off and dirt or cultivate cotton plants at one operation; and the +invention +relates to the construction and arrangement of a center or main +beam, to the forward end of which the draft is attached. To the beam, a +little in the rear of its forward end, is attached the middle part of a +crossbar, +in which are formed a number of holes to receive the hooks or clevises +by which the forward ends of side beams are secured to said crossbar. To +the rear end of the main beam is attached the middle part of a crossbar, to +which the rear ends of the side beams are secured by a bow and yoke +passed around them diagonally, and which are tightened, when adjusted +in place, by nuts screwed upon the ends of the bows. Bands are passed +<a name="Page_26" id="Page_26"></a> +around said beams and diagonally around said standards, and tightened in +place by wedges or other suitable means, so that the scrapers can be readily +adjusted to work deeper or shallower in the ground, and easily detached +when not required for use. Cultivating plows or dirters have standards +which are attached to the side beams, the plows and standards of the inner +side beams being placed in advance of those attached to the outer side +beams. When the machine is to be used as a cultivator, the scrapers are +detached, and may be replaced by cultivating plows.</p> + +<h3>IMPROVED CULTIVATOR.</h3> + +<p>Austin S. McDermott, Prairie Creek (Melleray P. O.), Iowa.—The object +of this invention is to furnish a cultivator which shall be readily adjusted +as the character of the work to be done may require, and easily guided and +controlled. The tongue of the machine is made in V shape, and its rear +end is attached to the axle. The arms of the tongue are connected by a +crossbar, to which the doubletree is pivoted by a hammer bolt. To the +ends of the axle are attached, or upon them are formed, crank axle arms, +upon the journals of which the wheels revolve. To the arms of the tongue, +near the forward end of said tongue, are bolted the ends of the forward +arms of the three-armed bar, the third arm of which projects to the rearward, +and its rear end is bent into U form to receive a curved bar, which is +pivoted to the three-armed bar by a bolt that passes through the bend of the +three-armed bar and through the center of the curved bar. The ends of the +curved bar are secured to the forward ends of the beams by bolts, two to +each end. To the rear ends of the beams are attached handles which may +be strengthened by braces, and are designed for use in guiding the plows +when the machine is used as a walking cultivator.</p> + +<h3>IMPROVED CHICKEN COOP.</h3> + +<p>Daniel M. Sullivan and Thomas A. Retallic, Montgomery City, Mo.— +This invention consists of a coop adjustable vertically on a standard, and +provided with removable partitions and doors for convenience in cleansing. +The frame of the coop is placed on a standard, at the top of which +is placed a pulley. A cord is attached to the top of the coop frame, and +runs over the pulley, and is attached to a counterweight. The coop is +divided by a central transverse partition into two compartments, which are +subdivided by transverse partitions composed of slats, and held in place +by a dowel pin at the bottom and by a pin at the top. The vertical strips +that hold the slats of the partitions together are grooved on each side to +receive sliding partitions which are arranged on a central longitudinal line +of the coop, and at right angles to the partitions. Grooves are also made +in the ends and central partition of the coop to receive these sliding +partitions.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<h2>NEW TEXTILE INVENTIONS.</h2> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>IMPROVED FULLING MILL.</h3> + +<p>James Hunter, North Adams, Mass., assignor to himself and James E. +Hunter, of same place.—The object of this invention is to improve the +construction +of fulling mills in such a way that there can be no possibility of +injuring the cloth while passing through the rollers, and in such a way as +to give the operator full control over the friction caused by the tongue or +lever upon the goods, whether said goods be heavy or light.</p> + +<h3>IMPROVED SHUTTLE-DRIVING MECHANISM FOR NARROW-WARE LOOMS.</h3> + +<p>William B. Willard, New York city.—This invention, relating to looms +for weaving narrow ware, consists in the arrangement of a spur wheel +traveling on a fixed rack, and actuating a movable rack attached to the +shuttle carrier. Motion is given to the spur wheel by a cam on the main +shaft of the machine, which acts through a slotted lever and a connecting +rod. The object is to provide mechanism for throwing the shuttle in such +looms. In the loom the shuttlerace is divided at its center, leaving a space +of sufficient width to admit of the passage and shedding of the warp. The +shuttle slides in the race, and is of such length as to overlap the opening, +so that it may pass smoothly from one section of the shuttlerace to the +other. The shuttle is pierced to receive the fingers of the shuttle carrier, +which slides on the bar. The latter is a piece of sheet metal, which is +turned over at its upper edge to receive the bar, and is provided with guides +for the fingers. The said fingers are capable of engaging with the holes in +the shuttle and project below the piece of sheet metal, and are bent at right +angles, and provided with grooved friction rollers, which engage with a +cam slot of such form that it will draw the fingers, one at a time, downward +out of the shuttle, and retain them below the warp during the passage +of the portion of the shuttle with which they engage, through the threads +of the warp, and replace them after that part of the shuttle passes the +warp.</p> + +<h3>IMPROVED LOOM TEMPLE.</h3> + +<p>Christian H. Schlaf, Rockville, Conn.—This is an improved device for +stretching the cloth while being woven. It is so constructed as to adjust +itself as the cloth is being woven and carried forward to the cloth beam.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<h2>NEW WOODWORKING AND HOUSE AND CARRIAGE BUILDING INVENTIONS.</h2> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>IMPROVED THILL COUPLING.</h3> + +<p>Josiah Kitzmiller, Keedysville, Md.—This is an improvement upon that +form of thill coupling in which a pivoted cap is employed to slide over the +end of the bolt or pin which secures the eye of the thill iron to the lugs or +ears of the axle clip, the said cap serving to prevent the said pin from +becoming +accidentally displaced without the use of a screw nut or other securing +device. It consists in the construction and arrangements of a spring +catch for holding said pivoted cap down to its place against any tendency +to rise accidentally, the said spring catch being located in a transverse +groove or recess in the cap and between the cap and the adjacent lug and +being provided with a beveled head and square shoulder, which engages +with the under side of the lug to hold the cap down. The merit of this +arrangement +is that the catch is concealed from sight by the complete inclosure +of the spring and the position of the beveled head beneath the +coupling, and hence the exterior of the coupling presents a plain, smooth, +and neat appearance, free from catches or projections, which would be +liable to hook into the clothing in getting into or out of the carriage.</p> + +<h3>IMPROVED VEHICLE SPRING.</h3> + +<p>Fredrick W. Faber, Columbus, Texas.—This invention consists in combining +an auxiliary spring with a spring suspended from goosenecks attached +to the axle, the said auxiliary spring being attached to the axle, and +provided with yokes for embracing the suspended spring, the object being +to provide a device for steadying the main spring and preventing lateral +motion.</p> + +<h3>IMPROVED TIRE HEATER.</h3> + +<p>Philip W. Cassil, New Athens, O.—To the top of the furnace or firebox +is secured the ring heating chamber, which consists of the ring plate having +a ring flange or rim formed around its outer edge. To the ring plate +are attached the outer ends of a number of arms, the inner ends of which +meet in the center of the ring plate, and have a journal attached to them. +The journal may be hollow or solid, and upon it is placed a hub to which +are attached a number of radial arms, to the outer ends of which is attached +a rim. The rim fits against the inner part of the ring plate, and +forms the inner wall of the heating chamber.</p> + +<h3>IMPROVED CHIMNEY COWL.</h3> + +<p>Andrew F. Barry and Ira G. Lane, New York city.—This invention is a +chimney cowl or ventilator which will deflect the natural current of air, so +that a draft is continually maintained. To the upper end of a sheet metal +chimney top is attached a strip of metal, bent into a spiral form, and having +spaces between the successive convolutions of the spiral. The spirals overlap +each other, and increase in diameter towards the top. The coils are +connected at intervals by stays, and the end of the upper and outer coil is +tapped on to the one that precedes it, and is trimmed off horizontally, and +upon it is placed an ornamental border. The wind, striking this top from +any direction, is deflected so as to cause a draft. The device is claimed to +be ornamental in appearance, is cheaply and easily made, and does not +obstruct the chimney.</p> + +<h3>IMPROVED WAGON AXLE.</h3> + +<p>Wilbur F. Buckelew, Shreveport, La.—The object of this invention is to +strengthen the wooden axles of wagons, and to fasten the skeins so that +they will not become loose. A wooden axle is grooved longitudinally +upon its under side throughout its entire length, to receive a rod, which is +reduced in size at its ends, and threaded to receive the nuts. This rod is +bent so as to conform to the tapering portion of the axle upon which the +skein is placed. The skeins, having countersunk outer ends, are +placed on the ends of the axle, and nuts having a beveled face corresponding +to the countersunk ends of the skeins, are placed on the ends of the +rod, and clamp the skeins securely on the axle. By giving the nut this +peculiar form, it contains more threads than it otherwise would, and is in +consequence stronger. The rod not only serves to retain the skeins securely +in their places, but it also acts as a stay or truss rod for the axle, +greatly strengthening it.</p> + +<h3>IMPROVED WAGON BRAKE LEVER.</h3> + +<p>Jacob P. Outson, Racine, Wis.—This invention consists of a curved +ratchet bar and two levers working on the same pivot, one carrying a spring +pawl, that engages with the curved ratchet bar, and the other carrying a +stud for throwing the pawl out of the notches of the ratchet bar. When +the brake is to be applied to the wheels of the wagon, one lever is thrown +forward, carrying with it the other lever; and the pawl, by engaging the +notches of the bar, holds the lever at any desired point. When it is desired +to release the brake first named, the lever is drawn back, moving first +the length of the slot, the stud striking the pawl and throwing it out of +engagement with the ratchet bar, when the lever may be carried back to +any required position.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<h2>NEW HOUSEHOLD INVENTIONS.</h2> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>IMPROVED BAKER.</h3> + +<p>Luna Drew, Irving, Wis.—This is an improved baking attachment to +heating stoves of all kinds, so that the heat of the same may be utilized for +baking, warming, raising bread, and other purposes. It consists of a baker +supported on adjustable legs, and secured to a round, oval, or square heating +stove by suitable top and bottom slides. A warmer is arranged below +the baker. The front of the baker is detachable, to admit its use for baking +or warming purposes.</p> + +<h3>IMPROVED FIRE KINDLER.</h3> + +<p>John G. Distler, Brooklyn (Greenpoint P. O.), N. Y.—This invention is +an improved fire kindler, simple in construction, convenient in use, and +effective in operation, burning freely, and lasting long enough to fully kindle +the fire. It is formed of corncobs, steamed, having a number of transverse +holes formed through them, dried, dipped in melted white resin, and +wrapped in paper. The corncobs are steamed to prevent them from breaking +while being bored. The cobs, while still moist with the steam, have a +number of transverse holes bored in them with a rapidly revolving bit, and +are then thoroughly dried. When dry the cobs are dipped in melted white +resin, and before they are fully cold they are wrapped in ordinary paper, +which adheres to them, prevents any odor from passing off into the room +and prevents them from soiling the hands while being handled.</p> + +<h3>IMPROVED MATCH SAFE.</h3> + +<p>John A. Field, Racine, Wis.—This is a match safe, the back, top, and +front of which are made from a single piece of tin, and to which a lighter +of wire cloth is attached, which is placed over a picture, to give the match +safe an ornamental appearance. It is so arranged that the matches are delivered +singly to a pair of hooks, from which they may be readily taken by +the fingers.</p> + +<h3>IMPROVED NURSERY CHAIR.</h3> + +<p>Luther I. Adams, East Templeton, Mass.—This chair may be readily +converted into a high or low chair, and in which an attached toy box retains +the toys when the chair is in either position. The armed low chair +has curved legs. Between the rear legs a shaft is journaled, upon which +two wheels are placed. The support for the low parts when it is used as a +high chair consists of two similar sides, each composed of two curved +strips, which are held together partly by crossbars and partly by triangular +metallic pieces that are attached to their upper ends and pivoted to the +center of the crossbars that connect the legs. A shaft, having upon it +wheels, is journaled in the curved strips at the back of the chair near the +lower ends. The toy box consists of a tray that is concaved at its upper +edge and is made convex at its lower end, and is provided with a cover +that extends over a portion of it, and forms a receptacle for toys when the +box is in a vertical position.</p> + +<h3>IMPROVED FRUIT JAR.</h3> + +<p>Catherine Hastings, Oswego, N. Y.—This is an improved attachment for +fruit jars, to enable them to be conveniently handled when filled with hot +fruit, and at other times. It does not interfere with standing the full fruit +jars upon their tops, if desired, and enables the jars to be used for holding +and carrying various articles. There is a metallic screw band, by which +the cover is secured upon the mouth of jar. To the opposite sides of the +band are soldered lugs to which are pivoted the ends of a wire bail.</p> + +<h3>IMPROVED VENTILATOR.</h3> + +<p>Charles E. Darling, Lewiston, Me., assignor of two thirds his right to +Henry Free and John E. Lydston, of same place.—This ventilator for windows, +doors, etc., works in noiseless manner, and is watertight. It consists +of radially recessed face disks, clamped to the glass frame, and having an +intermediate pivoted disk with corresponding recesses that are set by a +crank lever and cords into open or closed piston.</p> + +<h3>IMPROVED BAKING PAN.</h3> + +<p>Charles I. Kagey and Fred W. Stoneburner, Arcola, Ill.—The body of +this roaster is made of sheet iron, and is rectangular in form. To one end +of the body a cap is secured, and to the other end a rectangular cast iron +frame is fitted, to which a cast iron door is hinged. At the top of the +roaster, at or near its center, an aperture is made, which is closed by a +tapering projection that extends downward from a plate that is hinged to +the top of the roaster. Rings are attached to the top of the roaster near +each end for convenience in handling. The apparatus, when in use, is +placed upon a stove or in an oven.</p> + +<h3>IMPROVED STOVEPIPE SHELF.</h3> + +<p>John W. Jackson, Sharpsville, Pa.—A wire of the requisite strength is +bent into the shape required to form the horizontal support. To this the +shelf is attached, and also the bracket, which rests against the pipe for +supporting the same.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<h2>NEW MECHANICAL AND ENGINEERING INVENTIONS.</h2> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>IMPROVED WATER WHEEL.</h3> + +<p>Isaac Mallery, Dryden, N. Y.—This invention relates to downward discharge +turbine water wheels; and it consists in the employment, in combination +with a stationary chute case and an independent adjustable frame, +of a series of gates, which are pivoted to this frame and adjustable to the +periphery of said case. The bucket wheel is formed of curved and inclined +buckets arranged around a hub, and applied to a cap ring and a skirting. +This wheel is keyed on a driving shaft, stepped on a bridge, and passed +up through a tubular sleeve, which is cast on the top of a cylindrical +chute or guide case. This case is rigidly secured to the base or bed +frame, and constructed with oblique issues, which direct the currents of +inflowing water against the buckets of the wheel.</p> + +<h3>IMPROVED VALVE MOTION FOR STEAM ENGINES.</h3> + +<p>Henry Haering, New York city.—This is an improved device for operating +the slide valve of a steam engine from the piston rod of said engine, +in such a way that the valve will be moved slightly to partially uncover +the inlet and exhaust ports as the piston completes its stroke, and its motion +will be continued in the same direction as the piston begins to move +upon the return stroke, until the ports are fully opened, and will then +stand still, with the ports fully open, until the piston has nearly completed +its return stroke. It consists in the combination of a three-armed bar, +two levers, connecting bar, and connecting lever, with the piston rod and +the valve stem of a steam engine; and in the combination of a lockbar, +spring, two cylinders, and pin, with the two levers and the three-armed +bar. As the piston approaches the end of its stroke, the upper end of an +upright arm of a bar strikes the concaved side of the upper part of one of +the levers operating it, and moving the slide valve to close the ports and +admit steam in front of the piston. As the piston begins its return stroke +the inclined upper surface of one of the side arms of the three-armed bar +comes in contact with the lower end of the said lever, and continues its +motion in the same direction, fully opening the said inlet port, which remains +fully open until the piston has again nearly completed its stroke.</p> + +<h3>IMPROVED REVERSIBLE ECCENTRIC.</h3> + +<p>George G. Lafayette and Pitt W. Strong, Brockville, Ontario, Canada.—This +is an improved device to act as a substitute for the link motion on a +reversible engine, or for adjusting the stroke of a boiler-feed pump, while +in motion, so as to regulate the amount of feed water supplied to the +boiler, without the use of an overflow pipe and cock, and keeping thereby +the pump constantly in motion, which will save the annoyance frequently +experienced in pumps by their refusing to prime after having been stopped +for a short time. It may be further used to control the speed of all kinds +of engines, whether with plain slide valve or with a cut-off valve working +on top of the other by connecting directly to the device a suitable governor, +so as to automatically shorten and lengthen the stroke of the valve, +and give a uniform motion to the engine under different loads.</p> + +<h3>IMPROVED EXPANDING REAMER.</h3> + +<p>Robert Blair, San Francisco, Cal.—In this improved tool there is a +clamping bolt by which the cutters are clamped fast after being adjusted. +The cutters are arranged to slide directly across the stock in dovetail +grooves, and are slotted to slide along the clamping bolt and washers, by +which they are clamped fast after they are adjusted to the position required +by a toothed pinion and racks. The pinion is arranged in the +stock between the cutters, and the shaft extends out of the end of the +stock, with a nick in the end for a screwdriver to turn it.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<h2>NEW MISCELLANEOUS INVENTIONS.</h2> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>IMPROVED TORTOISE-SHELL HANDLE.</h3> + +<p>Christian W. Schaefer, New York city.—The object of this invention is +to mount the handles of canes, umbrellas, parasols, whips, opera glasses, +and similar articles with a tortoise-shell covering, in such a manner that +the present inefficient mode of attaching the same by glue may be dispensed +with, the covering attached in tightly fitting and durable manner, +and the joint or weld of the edges be not noticeable in the least.</p> + +<h3>IMPROVED HAND STAMP.</h3> + +<p>Leonard Tilton, Brooklyn, E.D., N. Y.—This invention consists in +novel devices for giving positive rotation to the stamp heads after the +impressions +are made, in combination with a reciprocating inking pad, and +in means for adjusting the throw of the inking pad with respect to the +printing faces of the stamp heads.</p> + +<h3>IMPROVED BUCKLE.</h3> + +<p>John Fenton, Indianapolis, Ind.—This invention is an improved buckle, +neat in appearance, strong and durable, which may be easily fastened and +unfastened, which will not require the strap to be perforated, and will hold +it securely in any position into which it may be adjusted. The buckle is +formed of a plate having holes in its middle part to receive the rivets by +which it is secured to the strap, and having cross slots formed in its ends +to receive the free end of the said strap, and the eccentric, having its outer +side corrugated radially, and provided with a handle.</p> + +<h3>IMPROVED LIQUID DIFFUSER.</h3> + +<p>George M. Smyth, Brooklyn, N. Y.—This invention consists in the combination +of an air compressor, an air reservoir, and a receptacle for the +liquid, and an arrangement of pipes and nozzles for atomizing the liquid. +An air compressor of any ordinary construction is connected with the +reservoir by a pipe, in which two stopcocks are placed. There is a receptacle +for containing the liquid to be diffused or atomized. A pipe +passes through a stopper placed in the neck of the said receptacle, and +extends nearly to the bottom of the same, and its upper end is provided +with a stopcock and nozzle. A nozzle is arranged at right angles to the +first-mentioned nozzle, and is attached to a brace that is secured to the pipe.</p> + +<h3>IMPROVED OIL CAN.</h3> + +<p>John Graves, New York city, assignor to himself and James L. Miller, +Westfield, N. J.—This is an improved case for packing oil cans for +transportation, +the case furnishing the additional facility that the can may be +readily inserted into the same and tilted for use. The invention consists +of a wooden projecting case with side slots, in which trunnions of the can +are guided and supported for swinging the can on pivot hooks, which +serve also for the purpose of locking the lid to the case.</p> + +<h3>IMPROVED HARNESS TUGS.</h3> + +<p>Charles Hauff, Ashland, O.—The body of the carrier is made in the +form of a ring with outwardly projecting flanges around its edges. The +strap is passed around the ring in the groove formed by its flanges, and +its inner end is sewed to its body at the side. Small wedge-shaped blocks +of leather are inserted in the angle between the parts of the strap where +they meet and the ring, which angular blocks are covered by angular projection +of the flanges of the ring.</p> + +<h3>IMPROVED COMPOSITION FOR CASTING ORNAMENTAL FIGURES.</h3> + +<p>August Kiesele, New York city.—This consists in a composition formed +by the admixture of dry pulverized sugar, melted paraffin, and stearine. +It is poured into moulds and allowed to cool. The article is then removed +from the mould, and powdered starch or sugar is dusted over it to destroy +the gloss and give it the appearance of alabaster.</p> + +<h3>IMPROVED PEN RACK.</h3> + +<p>Harvey W. Forman, Golden City, Col.—This consists of an upper +frame with intercrossing wires, forming wide spaces or meshes, and of a +second frame with closer wires below the same, for holding the pen in +upright position, in connection with a bottom pad or absorbent below the +rack frames.</p> + +<h3>IMPROVED STOPPER FOR MUCILAGE BOTTLE.</h3> + +<p>James Tilghman, New York city.—This is a combined brush and stopper, +consisting essentially of a handle having a stem and a flat end corresponding +to the top of the cork. The brush has a flat head, corresponding +to the bottom of the cork. The cork is interposed between the +said head and end of the handle, and held in place by the central stem.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div> +<a name="Page_27" id="Page_27"></a> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/oef-businessandpersonal-20n.png" width="289" height="35" alt="Business and Personal." border="0" /></div> + +<hr /> + +<p><i>The Charge for Insertion under this head is One Dollar +a line for each insertion. If the Notice exceeds four +lines, One Dollar and a Half per line will be charged.</i></p> + +<hr /> + +<p>Metallic Letters and Figures to put on patterns of +castings, all sizes. H. W. Knight, Seneca Falls, N. Y.</p> + +<p>How to make Violins—Write J. Ranger, Syracuse, N. Y.</p> + +<p>Blake's Belt Studs.—The best and cheapest fastening +for Rubber or Leather Belts. Greene, Tweed & Co., 18 +Park place, N. Y.</p> + +<p>All kinds of new Lift and Force Pumps for all purposes, +at half price, or trade for firearms or tools. W. P. +Hopkins, Lawrence, Mass.</p> + +<p>Steam Yacht for sale. 31 feet long, 6½ beam; new. +John Howard, No. 1720 Rittinhouse st., Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>Mothers make selections for themselves uptown, but +they always go to Baldwin the Clothier in New York and +Brooklyn for boys' outfits.</p> + +<p>Wanted—The Agency of small article of merit or novelty +for the Hardware or House furnishing lines. W. M. +Ernst & Co., 26 Cliff street, New York.</p> + +<p>Thermometers and Hydrometers for scientific and +other purposes. Goldbacher, 98 Fulton street, N. Y.</p> + +<p>For Sale.—One 3 ft. Planer, $195; one 8 ft. do., $350; +one 26" Lathe, $295; one 22" do., $175; one 15" do., $120. +At Shearman's, 132 North 3d street, Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p>Inventors.—Send 10 cents for the "Journal of Invention," +4 months. 37 Park Row, N. Y. Room 2.</p> + +<p>Reliable Oak Leather and Rubber Belting. A specialty +of Belting for high speed and hard work. Charles +W. Arny, Manufacturer, Phila., Pa. Send for price lists.</p> + +<p>Shaw's Noise-Quieting Nozzles for Escape Pipes of +Locomotives, Steamboats, etc. Quiets all the noise of +high pressure escaping steam without any detriment +whatever. T. Shaw, 915 Ridge Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p>For 13, 15, 16, and 18 in. Swing Screw-Cutting Engine +Lathes, address Star Tool Company, Providence, R. I.</p> + +<p>John T. Noye & Son, Buffalo, N. Y., are Manufacturers +of Burr Mill Stones and Flour Mill Machinery of all +kinds, and dealers in Dufour & Co.'s Bolting Cloth. +Send for large illustrated catalogue.</p> + +<p>Removal.—Fitch & Meserole, Manufacturers of Electrical +Apparatus, and Bradley's Patent Naked Wire Helices, +have removed to 40 Cortlandt St., N. Y. Experimental +work.</p> + +<p>Power & Foot Presses, Ferracute Co., Bridgeton, N. J.</p> + +<p>For Best Presses, Dies, and Fruit Can Tools, Bliss & +Williams, cor. of Plymouth and Jay Sts., Brooklyn, N. Y.</p> + +<p>Lead Pipe, Sheet Lead. Bar Lead, and Gas Pipe. Send +for prices. Bailey, Farrell & Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.</p> + +<p>Hydraulic Presses and Jacks, new and second hand. +Lathes and Machinery for Polishing and Buffing metals. +E. Lyon & Co., 470 Grand St., N. Y.</p> + +<p>Solid Emery Vulcanite Wheels—The Solid Original +Emery Wheel—other kinds imitations and inferior. +Caution.—Our name is stamped in full on all our best +Standard Belting, Packing, and Hose. Buy that only. +The best is the cheapest. New York Belting and Packing +Company, 37 and 38 Park Row, N. Y.</p> + +<p>Steel Castings from one lb. to five thousand lbs. Invaluable +for strength and durability. Circulars free. +Pittsburgh Steel Casting Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.</p> + +<p>Leather and Rubber Belting, Packing, Hose, and Manufacturers' +Supplies. Send for list. Greene, Tweed & +Co., 18 Park place, N. Y.</p> + +<p>For Solid Wrought Iron Beams, etc., see advertisement. +Address Union Iron Mills, Pittsburgh, Pa., for +lithograph, etc.</p> + +<p>Blank Book Back-Shaping Machine. Illustrated circular +free. Frank Thomas & Co., Home St., Cincinnati, O.</p> + +<p>Hand Fire Engines, Lift and Force Pumps for fire +and all other purposes. Address Rumsey & Co., Seneca +Falls, N. Y., U. S. A.</p> + +<p>Help for the weak, nervous, and debilitated. Chronic +and painful diseases cured without medicine. Pulvermacher's +Electric Belts are the desideratum. Book, with +full particulars, mailed free. Address Pulvermacher +Galvanic Co., 292 Vine St., Cincinnati, Ohio.</p> + +<p>Silver Solder and small Tubing. John Holland, Cincinnati, +Manufacturer of Gold Pens and Pencil Cases.</p> + +<p>Patent Scroll and Band Saws. Best and cheapest in +use. Cordesman, Egan & Co., Cincinnati, O.</p> + +<p>Mill Stone Dressing Diamonds. Simple, effective, and +durable. J. Dickinson, 64 Nassau St., N. Y.</p> + +<p>Best Glass Oilers. Cody & Ruthven, Cincinnati, O.</p> + +<p>For Boult's Paneling, Moulding, and Dovetailing Machine, +and other wood-working machinery, address B.C. +Machinery Co., Battle Creek, Mich.</p> + +<p>Chester Steel Castings Co. make castings for heavy +gearing, and Hydraulic Cylinders where great strength +is required. See their advertisement, page 30.</p> + +<p>Reliable information given on all subjects relating to +Mechanics, Hydraulics, Pneumatics, Steam Engines, and +Boilers, by A. F. Nagle, M.E., Providence. R. I.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<a name="art45" id="art45"></a> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/notesqueries-400.png" width="400" height="100" alt="Notes and Queries" border="0" /> +</div> + +<p>It has been our custom for thirty years past to devote +a considerable space to the answering of questions by +correspondents; so useful have these labors proved that +the <span class="sc">Scientific American</span> office has become the factotum, +or headquarters, to which everybody sends, who wants +special information upon any particular subject. So large +is the number of our correspondents, so wide the range +of their inquiries, so desirous are we to meet their wants +and supply correct information, that we are obliged to +employ the constant assistance of a considerable staff of +experienced writers, who have the requisite knowledge +or access to the latest and best sources of information. +For example, questions relating to steam engines, boilers, +boats, locomotives, railways, etc., are considered and +answered by a professional engineer of distinguished +ability and extensive practical experience. Inquiries +relating to electricity are answered by one of the most +able and prominent practical electricians in this country. +Astronomical queries by a practical astronomer. Chemical +inquiries by one of our most eminent and experienced +professors of chemistry; and so on through all +the various departments. In this way we are enabled +to answer the thousands of questions and furnish the +large mass of information which these correspondence +columns present. The large number of questions sent—they +pour in upon us from all parts of the world—renders +it impossible for us to publish all. The editor selects +from the mass those that he thinks most likely to be of +general interest to the readers of the <span class="sc">Scientific American</span>. +These, with the replies, are printed; the remainder +go into the waste basket. Many of the rejected +questions are of a primitive or personal nature, which +should be answered by mail; in fact, hundreds of correspondents +desire a special reply by post, but very few +of them are thoughtful enough to inclose so much as a +postage stamp. We could in many cases send a brief +reply by mail if the writer were to inclose a small fee, a +dollar or more, according to the nature or importance of +the case. When we cannot furnish the information, the +money is promptly returned to the sender.</p> + +<p>J. P. D. will find directions for colored +whitewash on pp. 235, 236, vol. 36.—A. M. will find directions +for electroplating on p. 59, vol. 36.—H. P. can +recover silver from photographers' waste by the process +detailed on p. 250, vol. 27.—A. W. A.'s difficulty as to 64 +and 65 squares in the puzzle can be solved by an inspection +of the diagrams on p. 323, No. 21, <span class="sc">Scientific American +Supplement</span>.—I. A. will find a description of a +magneto-electric machine on p. 195, vol. 34. A clock +thus would go for 12 hours, and wind itself at the same +time for 12 hours more, if such a machine could exist, +would be a perpetual motion. As to tempering small +drills, see p. 186, vol. 26.—R. B. can prevent rust on +iron or steel by the means described on p. 26, vol. 25. +For a recipe for a depilatory, see p. 186, vol. 34.—A. T. R. +is informed that the hydrocarbon engine is reversible.—T. W. +will find directions for making sand belts on p. +235, vol. 36.—M. G. should address a manufacturer of +oxygen cylinders.—J. S. C., who inquires as to a water +fountain, sizes of pipes, etc., should send us a sketch +with dimensions.—O. L. is informed that the proper way +to ascertain the relative strengths of corrugated and +plain sheet metal is by experiment.—G. H. B. will find +directions for making colored printing inks on p. 90, +vol. 36.—P. M. will find on p. 250, vol. 36, directions for +making a polishing starch.—C. H. B. can braze the ends +of his brass plate to make a cylinder of it. See p. 219, +vol. 36.—W. H. C. is informed that his method of fluting +reamers is not new.—C. C. G. will find his method of +raising coal or other weights impracticable.—E. S. G. +had better test so simple an experiment and satisfy himself.—W. H. C. +is informed that the most satisfactory +plan would be to get his tools nickel-plated.</p> + +<p>(1) J. H. N., of Christ Church, New Zealand, +asks: Is the stearin from which the olein has been +extracted by Dr. Mott's process fit to be made at once +into good stearin candles, without any further treatment? +A. Yes.</p> +<a name="artnq2" id="artnq2"></a> +<p>(2) B. B. says: I wish to express the +strongest coloring matter from certain herbs, sage +leaves, for instance. How can it best be done cheaply +and quickly? Evaporation during several days, after +boiling and simmering, has the effect; but it is inconveniently +slow. The color produced is a medium brown. +A. Dry the leaves, etc., thoroughly, and grind to a fine +powder. Digest this for several days in enough warm +water to thoroughly moisten it throughout. Then add +enough wood naphtha to make a stiff paste, and after +standing an hour transfer to a fine linen bag and express +the thick liquid in a screw press. 2. Is there anything +that will set the color? A. Try a strong hot solution of +alum.</p> + +<p>(3) H. K. F. M. says: I have a box made of +Bohemian crystal. The cover, which was held to the +box by a brass frame, has come apart from its frame. It +seemed to have been cemented by a hard substance resembling +plaster of Paris. How can I make it? A. +Boil 3 parts powdered rosin for sometime with 1 part of +caustic soda and 5 parts of water; then stir into the +soap formed one half its weight of plaster of Paris, +and use immediately.</p> + +<p>(4) F. N. Y. asks: Would a canvas bag, +coated with a varnish made of india rubber dissolved +in naphtha, be suitable to hold oxygen gas? A. Yes; +but bags made of double pieces of cloth, cemented together +with the varnish, are better.</p> +<a name="artnq5" id="artnq5"></a> +<p>(5) J. A. B. asks: Is there any difference +between electricity and magnetism? A. Electricity and +magnetism are supposed to be manifestations of the +same force whose actions are produced at right angles +to each other; the action which occurs in the line of polarization +being called electricity, and the one at right +angles to this line, magnetism. There is an important +difference between them, however, as electricity is essentially +a dynamic force, while magnetism is purely +static.</p> + +<p>1. Is not the idea of the world moving around the sun +in an elliptic form absurd? A. No. 2. My idea is that +the north star is the center of the universe, or in fact +is the magnet that all the suns or fixed stars move +around, and that the attraction of the pole of the earth, +although it moves around the sun, is the cause of the +change of seasons, or, in other words, the angle of light. +A. There is nothing whatever to support the idea. But +a supposed center of the universe has really been designated +by some astronomers.</p> + +<p>(6) P. S. asks: How much copper wire +does it require to construct an electro-magnet that will +uphold 100 lbs., and what size of wire should be used? +A. Probably 500 or 600 feet of No. 14 copper wire would +be sufficient with 3 or 4 very large size Grove cells and +cores about 6 inches long and 1 inch in diameter.</p> + +<p>(7) H. S. B. says: Water falls about 16 feet +per second. My overshot water wheel moves about 4 +feet per second. Do I in that way lose that percentage +of the actual power of the water? A. Not necessarily.</p> + +<p>(8) C. N. B. asks: Can a steam engine be +worked with compressed air the same as with steam? A. +Generally speaking, it can; but not in every respect.</p> + +<p>(9) J. Y. says: If all the measures of length, +surface, and capacity in the world, and all the weights +were lost, by what means could new ones be made corresponding +exactly with those we now have? A. It +would be impossible, as all the measures in use refer to +certain arbitrary standards.</p> + +<p>(10) R. B. G. asks: If a horse be pulling +at the end of a lever and traveling 3 miles an hour, how +many lbs. pressure against his collar must he exert, to +raise 33,000 lbs. 1 foot per minute? A. The force exerted +by the animal will depend upon the length of the +lever, which should be given.</p> + +<p>(11) C. H. McK. asks: Would a pump so +constructed as to create an incessant suction draw water +an indefinite distance, or how far would it draw it? +A. Such a pump would raise water no higher than any +other that was equally tight.</p> + +<p>(12) J. W. says: I wish to get some boilers +made about 12 inches in diameter and 13 inches deep. +I want them to stand a pressure corresponding to 400° +Fah°. Do you think it would be safe to have them made +of cast iron? A. We think it will be better to use wrought +iron. Make the shell about <span style="font-size: 0.7em;"><sup>7</sup></span>⁄<span style="font-size: 0.6em;">16</span> of an inch thick.</p> +<a name="artnq13" id="artnq13"></a> +<p>(13) J. R. S. says, in reply to E. W. P., +who says that he has an artesian well which does not +flow; but from which he pumps by inserting a pipe +inside the well tubing, and asks: "If we attach the +pump to the well tubing directly, allowing no air to enter +the tube, would it not be like trying to pump water +from an airtight barrel?" If such were the case, the +drive well would be a miserable failure; for in all drive +wells the pump is attached directly to the tube. I would +advise E. W. P. to attach his pump to the well tube direct, +and he will gain three times the amount of water that +he now gets. By having his pump attached to the well +tube directly, the working of the pump creates a vacuum, +and the atmospheric pressure on the earth's surface +violently forces the liquid to fill the vacuum thus +formed, thereby giving a much greater amount of water +than can be otherwise obtained. It is a well established +fact that more water can be obtained by the drive well +than by any other. A. In our answer to E. W. P., it +will be evident, we think, to most of our readers, that +we only referred to the case in which the well had no +connection with the atmosphere, when the pipe was +tightly fitted. It appears, however, that it might have +been better to have stated this more definitely, and we +gladly embrace the opportunity afforded by the interesting +letters of our correspondents. We would be glad +to receive from J. R. S. some experimental data in +proof of his assertion as to the great gain from a tight +connection. This also answers J. T. G. and W. H. F.</p> + +<p>(14) H. H. S. says: 1. Given, a boat with a +35 feet keel, of 6 feet beam, with fine lines; also a two-cylinder +engine, each cylinder 4 x 5 inches; and a wheel +28 inches in diameter and of 3½ feet pitch. Will an upright +boiler, with 135 square feet heating surface, and 4 +square feet grate surface, be sufficient to run the engine +at 250 or 300 revolutions per minute with 100 lbs. steam? +A. With good coal and a forced draft, the boiler may be +large enough. 2. What will be the probable speed of +boat? A. In smooth water, 7 to 8 miles an hour.</p> + +<p>(15) F. A. asks: What would be a safe outside +pressure for a cylinder of wrought iron, ½ inch +thick and 4 feet in diameter, and 8 feet long? A. According +to tables given in Wilson's "Treatise on Steam +Boilers," the working pressure for such a tube would be +about 65 lbs. per square inch.</p> + +<p>(16) F. M. M. asks: 1. How large must an +engine be to run a boat 12½ feet wide, 75 feet long, +drawing 4 feet of water, at the rate of 30 miles per hour, +on a river or bay where the surface is smooth? A. We +have some doubts as to whether these conditions could +be fulfilled. 2. Do steamboats on the ocean use salt +water in their boilers for steam, or do they carry fresh +water? A. They ordinarily have surface condensers, +so that the water of condensation is returned to the +boilers.</p> + +<p>(17) E. S. N. says: Please give your ideas +as to how much water an engine 18 inches in diameter by +22 inches stroke, running at 145 revolutions per minute, +at 80 lbs. steam, cutting off at about 18 inches, will require. +We furnished an injector for one of the above +dimensions, capable of throwing 900 gallons per hour. +It was found to be insufficient, and I went to the mill to +discover the cause, if possible. The manufacturers of +the injector thought it ought to be large enough, and so +did we. I found everything set up properly, and the +piston and valve were evidently in good order. I finally +measured the capacity of the tank which supplied the +injector, and found that it drew 960 gallons per hour. +A. We do not think the data are sufficient for an accurate +calculation. It is possible, however, that some of +our readers have made experiments on similar engines, +and can give some useful information.</p> + +<p>(18) T. W. asks: What size of breast water +wheel, with a fall of 2 feet water, would it require to +produce the same power as an overshot wheel of 4 feet +diameter, 18 inches face, with a fall of 5 feet water? A. +If the breast wheel gave the same efficiency as the other, +it would require a face about 2½ times as wide.</p> + +<p>(19) A. K. says: A. asserts that if a small +and a large boiler be set side by side and connected with +the top gauge cock of the two boilers, level, when they +are first filled with water, and then steam is raised, that +the water will not remain the same, that the pressure +will be greater in the larger boiler, and consequently +will force the water into the smaller one. B. says that +the water will always remain the same as long as the +boilers are connected; that the pressure on the water +will be the same in both boilers, and therefore the water +will always assume the same level in each. Which is +right? A. The pressures sometimes vary in two boilers +connected in this way; and they should be set in such a +way that the water cannot be forced from one into the +other under any circumstances.</p> +<a name="artnq20" id="artnq20"></a> +<p>(20) J. T. G. says: I notice your reply to +W. G. in regard to pounding of a steam pump, in which +you recommend the use of a larger air vessel. I think +that W. G. can remedy the difficulty by allowing a +small quantity of air to enter the pump cylinder at each +stroke, which can be done without sensibly diminishing +the amount of water delivered, provided the lift is not +so high as to nearly equal the capacity of the pump. +That would keep the maximum quantity of air in the +air vessel, and I think that the air in the discharge pipe +would have the effect of converting a comparatively +rigid column into an elastic one. W. G. can easily try +the experiment by running with the drain cocks at the +end of his pump partially open; and if that remedies +the difficulty, he might insert a small check valve opening +inward to prevent the discharge of water during the +out-stroke. If W. G. tries this, I wish that he would let +us know the result through the <span class="sc">Scientific American</span>.</p> + +<p>(21) G. H. says: Please decide the following: +A. claims that a team of horses can draw a greater +load when hitched close to it than when hitched at a +distance of 10 or 20 feet. B. claims that, everything +else being equal, distance makes no difference, and that +the team could pull as many lbs. at a distance of 20 feet +as it could at ten or less. Which is right? A. We incline +to B.'s opinion.</p> +<a name="artnq21" id="artnq21"></a> +<p>Please tell me the relative power of conducting electricity +of the principal metals. A. According to +Matthiessen, the electrical conductivity of the principal +metals, under similar conditions, is as follows:</p> + +<table align="center" summary="electrical conductivity"> +<tr> + <td>Silver</td> + <td class="right">100.0</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Copper</td> + <td class="right">99.9</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Gold</td> + <td class="right">80.0</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Aluminium</td> + <td class="right">56.0</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Sodium</td> + <td class="right">37.4</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Zinc</td> + <td class="right">29.0</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Cadmium</td> + <td class="right">23.7</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Potassium</td> + <td class="right">20.8</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Platinum</td> + <td class="right">18.0</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Iron</td> + <td class="right">16.8</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Tin</td> + <td class="right">13.1</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Lead</td> + <td class="right">8.3</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>German silver</td> + <td class="right">7.7</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Antimony</td> + <td class="right">4.6</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Mercury</td> + <td class="right">1.6</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Bismuth</td> + <td class="right">1.2</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<a name="artnq22" id="artnq22"></a> +<p>(22) S. R. S. asks: How can lime, or rather +phosphate of lime, be precipitated from cod liver oil, +which is perfectly clear and said to contain 2 per cent. +of the phosphate? A. This can only be done by first +destroying the organic matter of the oil, and then examining +the residue for the phosphates with the usual +reagents—magnesia solution, barium chloride, nitrate +of silver, ammonium molybdate, etc. With so small a +percentage of the phosphates, it will be necessary for +you to work with concentrated solutions, and slowly. +The oil may be oxidized by treating it on the waterbath +with hot hydrochloric acid, with some chlorate of potash, +added in small quantities at a time. Then evaporate +down nearly to dryness, and treat with a little +strong nitric and a few drops of sulphuric acid. This +will take some time if properly done.</p> + +<p>(23) J. H. S. says, in answer to J. H. B.'s +query as to a parrot pulling out his feathers: Take +a knife and scrape the inside edge of the bill, and the +feathers will slip from the bill without coming out. +This is done for feather-eating hens; no doubt it will +answer for a parrot as well.</p> +<a name="artnq24" id="artnq24"></a> +<p>(24) S. R. S. says: I have some dentists' +pellet gold. I alloyed it with brass and silver. I melted +it several times, but it was so very brittle that I could +not work it. I then added a $2½ gold coin, and fused, +all together, but it was as brittle as before. I then fused +it and dropped in lumps of pure saltpeter, but it is still +as brittle as before. I fused the gold on a lump of +charcoal with an alcohol blowpipe. Please tell me how +to work it. A. You fail to state the proportions of your +alloy. There may be an excess of zinc and copper, or +the fusion may not have been complete. Place it, together +with several small pieces of rosin and a little +borax or carbonate of soda, in a small blacklead crucible, +and heat to very bright redness over a good fire. +If this does not obviate the difficulty, fuse the alloy +with about three times its weight of nitrate of potassa +(saltpeter), and treat the mass when cold with dilute sulphuric +acid. Pour off the acid solution and fuse the +alloy, together with any silver sulphate adhering to it +and a little carbonate of soda. Any silver contained in +the acid solution may be recovered by adding a little +salt or muriatic acid, and fusing the precipitated chloride +of silver with carbonate of soda.</p> + +<p>(25) N. S. asks: 1. Can water be decomposed +into its constituents (oxygen and hydrogen) with +any considerable rapidity, and in large quantities, by +electricity? A. Yes; providing a large magneto-electric +machine be used. 2. What is the best and cheapest +method of generating hydrogen in large quantities? A. +The action of iron or zinc scraps on diluted oil of vitriol +is among the best. A considerable volume of pure hydrogen +may also be obtained with facility by passing +superheated steam through a large iron tube filled with +scrap iron heated to bright redness.</p> + +<p>(26) G. S. D. W. asks: Is there any process +by which an engraving can be transferred either to +stone or wood, where the printing ink can be made to +show up as black as in the original after the transfer +has been made? A. We know of no satisfactory method +whereby this may be accomplished directly. By +means of the chromate of gelatin photographic process, +such transfers may be made without great difficulty.</p> + +<p>(27) F. M. M. asks: 1. If a steamboat 100 +feet long, of 5 feet beam and 4 feet draught, be provided +with one set of common side paddle wheels, and +power enough to run it at the rate of 10 knots per hour, +would two sets of side wheels, with the power doubled +and the revolutions of the wheels doubled, double the +speed of the boat? A. No. 2. If we take the same +boat, side wheels, and power, for running 10 knots per +hour, and arrange for the side wheels to feather their +paddles, what effect would it have on the speed of the +boat? A. You might obtain from 10 to 15 per cent. more +of the power of the engine in useful effect.</p> + +<p>(28) W. J. T. asks: 1. What is the best dark +color to paint a laboratory, and what kind of paint +must I use? A. One of the best for this purpose is +shellac in alcohol, colored to suit with Vandyke or Spanish +brown, etc. 2. I wish to varnish my benches. What +varnish would you recommend? A. Shellac is commonly +used, but copal gives good results, also Brunswick +black in oil.</p> + +<p>Of what should a waste water pipe be made, so as to +resist acids? A. Make it of lead or block tin.</p> + +<p>Can you recommend an elementary work on electric +batteries? A. Sprague's "Electricity: its Theory, +Sources, and Applications," is one of the best.</p> + +<p>(29) T. P. H. asks: Can I take a wax impression +off type and then electrotype it with a battery? +A. Yes. This is the common method of making electrotypes +for printing from.</p> +<a name="artnq30" id="artnq30"></a> +<p>(30) C. M. asks: What are the locations of +the various branch mints of the United States? A. A +recent authority gives them as Philadelphia, Pa., San +Francisco, Cal., Carson City, Nev., and Denver, Col. +Assay offices are situated at New York city, Charlotte, +N. C., and Boise City, Idaho.</p> +<a name="Page_28" id="Page_28"></a> +<p>(31) B. L. D. asks: Can you give me a recipe +for making paste for sharpening razors, knives, +etc.? A. Mix the finest emery obtainable with a little +suet.</p> +<a name="artnq32" id="artnq32"></a> +<p>(32) C. B. McM. says: I hear that four gallon +measures of different capacities are in use, and that +The United States standard gallon contains 230 cubic +inches. In the confusion of text-book statements such +as—"wine gallon = 231 cubic inches," "beer gallon += 282 cubic inches," "American standard gallon = +58973 grains (Youmans' Chemistry) = nearly 234 cubic +inches," and the very extensive ignorance of what is +really correct, please repeat the information in a way +that may be quoted as authority for the capacity of a +United States gallon in cubic inches, and the weight in +grains. A. "The gallon of the United States is the +standard or Winchester wine gallon of 231 cubic inches, +and contains 8.3388822 lbs. avoirdupois, or 58372.1754 +troy grains of distilled water at 39.83° Fah., the barometer +being at 30 inches. It is equal to 3.785207 liters. +The gallon of the State of New York is of the capacity +of 8 lbs. pure water at its maximum density, or 221.184 +cubic inches. It is equal to 3.62346 liters."—<i>Appleton's +Cyclopœdia.</i></p> +<a name="artnq33" id="artnq33"></a> +<p>(33) S. C. D. says: Please give directions +for electrotyping cylindrical rollers for impressing upon +sheets of wax, accurately, of the proper figure for +honeycomb foundations. The figure for the surface of +the cylinders to be derived from sheets of wax foundation, +having the figure correctly impressed upon them. +A. This can be done by coating with plumbago, and +then electrotyping with copper, in a way familiar +to most printers and to all electrotyping establishments. +The plates can afterwards be bent round a roller, and +used to impress the sheets of wax.</p> + +<p>(34) J. H. T. asks: There is a piece of +ground, 100 rods long and 10 rods wide at one end, running +to a point at the other, which we wish to divide +into 4 equal lots. Please give a rule. A. Let the 100 +rods be the base of a triangle, divide it into 4 parts of +25 rods each, and join the apex with each of the three +dividing points. You will then have 4 triangles on +equal bases and between the same parallels, which, according +to Euclid, are equal to each other.</p> +<a name="artnq35" id="artnq35"></a> +<p>(35) R. S. asks: What are the chemical +qualities of bisulphide of lime, and how can I prepare +it? A. The bisulphide of calcium (C<span class="sub">2</span>S<span class="sub">5</span>) is produced by +boiling milk of lime with sulphur and water, but not +long enough to allow the lime to become completely +saturated. The filtered liquid, on cooling, deposits crystals +whose composition agrees with the formula C<span class="sub">2</span>S<span class="sub">2</span> + +3H<span class="sub">2</span>O. Exposed to the air, it soon absorbs oxygen, becoming +converted into insoluble sulphate of calcium. +Its aqueous solutions are likewise decomposed. Its reactions +with the metallic salts are similar to those of the +alkaline sulphides.</p> + +<p>(36) H. M. S. asks: 1. Of what is the bronze +preparation made and how is it applied to clock fronts? +A. Bronze powders are made of various metallic alloys. +The gold bronze is usually made of Dutch gold (an alloy +of copper and zinc) and of the bisulphide of tin (<i>aurum +musivum</i>). They are usually applied to metal work by +means of an oil size or japan varnish. 2. In what way +can I remove the old bronze? A. Wash first with a solution +of washing soda (hot), clean and dry, and then +rub with a little benzole, alcohol, or ether.</p> + +<p>(37) W. E. W. asks: 1. Of what mixture is +the bright red paint usually put upon axes made? A. It +consists of fine vermilion ground with 1 part boiled oil +and 2 parts turpentine. 2. Is more than one coat applied? +A. One coat will suffice. It is best applied with +a fine brush, when the metal is warm.</p> + +<p>(38) C. M. B. asks: Is the odor emitted by +the ailanthus tree unwholesome? A. It is considered so +by many, but we have no proof as to the facts.</p> +<a name="artnq39" id="artnq39"></a> +<p>(39) L. S. & Co. ask: Is there anything +known which would clean the hands from paints and +lacquers without the use of turpentine? A. A little ammonia +and benzine or naphtha, aided by a little sand, is +often used in stubborn cases; <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'put'">but</ins> plenty of good soap +and warm water, with a stiff brush or a small piece +of pumicestone, will ordinarily suffice.</p> +<a name="artnq40" id="artnq40"></a> +<p>(40) W. P. S., Jr., says: Can you give me a +recipe for making <i>papier maché</i>? A. <i>Papier maché</i> is obtained +from old paper and the like made into a pulp by +grinding with milk of lime or lime water, and a little +gum dextrin or starch. This pulp is then pressed into +form, coated with linseed oil, baked at a high temperature, +and finally varnished. The pulp is sometimes +mixed with clay (kaolin), chalk, etc.; and other kinds +are made of a paste of pulp and recently slaked lime. +This is used for ornamenting wood, etc.</p> + +<p>(41) M. P. B. says, in reply to a correspondent +who asked how to prevent his water filter from +getting choked up: Fit in the filter, on the top of the +charcoal, a piece of board having in the center a circular +hole from two to four inches in diameter, according +to the size of the filter; force in this a sponge so tightly +that all the water has to pass through it first, but not so +as to prevent its free passage. This sponge will absorb +readily the gross impurities of the water, and can easily +be taken out and cleaned once or twice a week.</p> + +<p>(42) A. C. S. asks: 1. Is there any reason +why lightning rod points should always be bright, if +the points are kept sufficiently sharp? A. It makes no +difference if the points are not bright. 2. If lightning +rods put up in the ordinary way above the roof terminate +in the eaves' spouting of the house, and said +spouting had good ground connections, would this not +be equal to the best lightning rod, and thereby save +many feet of rod and many dollars of expense? A. +The arrangement you suggest would be good. Make a +thoroughly good ground connection with leaders, have +all joints well soldered, and you may dispense with the +rod as you propose.</p> + +<p>(43) J. A. W. says: Having occasion to do +some copper plating some time ago, I dissolved sulphate +of copper in water in a glass jar. I then poured +it off into my battery, and there was some left in the +jar. I threw a small piece of iron into it and left it for +some days. I then took it out; and to my surprise, I +found that it had been perfectly plated with copper. +Please let me know the cause? A. The reaction you +note is taken advantage of to cheaply copper plate +small articles of cast iron. See answer to J. O. M., p. +347, vol. 36. In the presence of water, the reaction is as +follows:</p> +<table summary=" chemical formula"> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="center">CuSO<span class="sub">4</span></td> + <td>+</td> + <td class="center">Fe</td> + <td>=</td> + <td class="center">FeSO<span class="sub">4</span></td> + <td>+</td> + <td class="center">Cu.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="center"><span style="font-size: 0.8em;">Sulphate of copper.</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td class="center"><span style="font-size: 0.8em;">Iron.</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td class="center"><span style="font-size: 0.8em;">Sulphate of iron.</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td class="center"><span style="font-size: 0.8em;">Copper.</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>As the iron is a more positive metal than copper, it displaced +the latter in combination with acids, the remaining +portions of the iron becoming coated with the precipitated +copper.</p> + +<p>(44) A. G. asks: Is the silver, for a reflecting +telescope, put on the back of the glass the same as +on looking glasses? A. No. Only one side of the glass +is ground and polished to the shape required. The silvering +is done on this side; and then, with the softest +buckskin and the finest rouge, the surface of the silver +is polished for the reflecting surface. In cities where +gas is used, it will not retain its brilliancy very long; +then it requires to be cleaned with nitric acid and resilvered, +which is only the work of a few hours when a +person has become accustomed to it.</p> + +<p>(45) A. L. B. says: 1. I understand that, in +modern chemistry, the acids and alkalies are the two extremes +of a class of substances called hydrates, the +only difference being the radical. In the reaction of +nitric acid, HO NO<sub>2</sub> or HNO<sub>3</sub> on potassic hydrate, KOH +is KO NO<sub>2</sub> or KNO<sub>3</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>O. Which molecule loses +the oxygen atom, and why should one part with it more +than the other?</p> + +<table summary=" chemical formula"> +<tr> + <td valign="top">A.</td> + <td class="center">HNO<span class="sub">3</span></td> + <td>+</td> + <td class="center">KOH</td> + <td>=</td> + <td class="center">KNO<span class="sub">3</span></td> + <td>+</td> + <td class="center">H<span class="sub">2</span>O</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="center"><span style="font-size: 0.8em;">Nitric acid</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td class="center"><span style="font-size: 0.8em;">potassic hydrate</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td class="center"><span style="font-size: 0.8em;">potassic nitrate</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td class="center"><span style="font-size: 0.8em;">water</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>In this reaction the potassium is considered, by virtue +of its greater affinity, as replacing the hydrogen atom in +the hydric nitrate; the hydrogen in turn satisfying the +OH group to form water. These hydrates are similar +only in point of constitution. Their chemical deportments +are widely different. 2. What are oxides in modern +chemistry? A. The bodies formed by the direct +combination of oxygen with the elementary bodies are +called oxides. With water some of these oxides form +hydrates, as</p> + +<table summary=" chemical formula"> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="center">K<span class="sub">2</span>O</td> + <td>+</td> + <td class="center">H<span class="sub">2</span>O</td> + <td>=</td> + <td class="center">2(KHO)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="center"><span style="font-size: 0.8em;">potassium oxide</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td class="center"><span style="font-size: 0.8em;">water</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td class="center"><span style="font-size: 0.8em;">potassic hydrate</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>(46) J. R. M. asks: To have a circular saw +run well, should the mandrel have a little end play if it is +desired to relieve the saw and guides of strain? A. If +the saw is not true or the carriage runs crooked, end +play of the mandrel to the extent of the deviations will +relieve the strain upon the saw. But if the carriage +runs true and the saw true, the mandrel should have no +end play.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Minerals</span>, etc.—Specimens have been received +from the following correspondents, and +examined, with the result stated:</p> + +<p>M. S. M.—It is a quartz crystal, the opposite sides of +which have been ground flat, probably by artificial +means.—F. B.—It is graphite.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h3><b>COMMUNICATIONS RECEIVED.</b></h3> + +<p>The Editor of the <span class="sc">Scientific American</span> acknowledges, +with much pleasure, the receipt of original papers and +contributions upon the following subjects:</p> + +<p>On a Battery and Electric Clock. By J. E. W.</p> + +<p>On Anti-Water Drinking. By C. P. W.</p> + +<p>On Snakes Catching Fish. By C. R. G.</p> + +<p>On Utilization of Sewage. By Dr. H. D. T.</p> + +<p>On Aerial Navigation. By C. W.</p> + +<p>On the Ash-Colored Salamander. By C. F. S.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<a name="art" id="art"></a><h3>HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS.</h3> + +<p>Correspondents whose inquiries fail to appear should +repeat them. If not then published, they may conclude +that, for good reasons, the Editor declines them. The +address of the writer should always be given.</p> + +<p>Inquiries relating to patents, or to the patentability +of inventions, assignments, etc., will not be published +here. All such questions, when initials only are given, +are thrown into the waste basket, as it would fill half of +our paper to print them all; but we generally take pleasure +in answering briefly by mail, if the writer's address +is given.</p> + +<p>Hundreds of inquiries analogous to the following are +sent: "Who makes machinery suitable for making flour +barrels? Whose is the best theodolite? Who sells +steam whistles? Whose is the cheapest silk, suitable +for balloons? Who makes the best engraving machine +for transferring designs to copper?" All such personal +inquiries are printed, as will be observed, in the column +of "Business and Personal," which is specially +set apart for that purpose, subject to the charge mentioned +at the head of that column. Almost any desired +information can in this way be expeditiously obtained.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<a name="art46" id="art46"></a> +<p class="center">OFFICIAL.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h2>INDEX OF INVENTIONS</h2> + +<p class="center">FOR WHICH</p> + +<p class="center"><b>Letters Patent of the United States were +Granted in the Week Ending</b></p> + +<h3>June 5, 1877,</h3> + +<p class="center"><b>AND EACH BEARING THAT DATE.</b></p> + +<p class="center">[Those marked (r) are reissued patents.]</p> + +<hr /> + +<p>A complete copy of any patent in the annexed list, +including both the specifications and drawings, will be +furnished from this office for one dollar. In ordering, +please state the number and date of the patent desired +and remit to Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New York city.</p> + +<hr /> +<table align="center" summary="patents list" border="0"> +<tr> + <td><br />Air, cooling, C. Pfanne </td> + <td class="right"><br />191,710</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Apple parers, etc., W. M. Griscom</td> + <td class="right">191,669, 191,670</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ash sifter, G. W. & L. Demond</td> + <td class="right">191,520</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Bag holder, E. Woods</td> + <td class="right">191,741</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Baking pan, L. B. Foss</td> + <td class="right">191,578</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Baking pan, J. H. Pitts</td> + <td class="right">191,548</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Barrel cover, McClellan & McBride</td> + <td class="right">191,699</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Barrel head, G. M. Breinig</td> + <td class="right">191,644</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Bedstead, wardrobe, S. S. Burr</td> + <td class="right">191,651</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Bee hive, T. A. Atkinson</td> + <td class="right">191,635</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Bee hive, H. F. Poggenpohl</td> + <td class="right">191,612</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Bee hive, Sperry & Chandler</td> + <td class="right">191,620</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Bench dog, W. Lyle</td> + <td class="right">191,693</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Bit stock, J. T. Matthews</td> + <td class="right">191,540</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Blacksmith's tongs, J. Van Matre</td> + <td class="right">191,734</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Boiler furnace, etc., J. E. Crowell</td> + <td class="right">191,518</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Bottle stopper, C. De Quillfeldt (r)</td> + <td class="right">7,722</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Bottles, etc., sealing, C. L. Darby</td> + <td class="right">191,519</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Bottling machine, W. H. Kelly</td> + <td class="right">191,596</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Bracket, J. B. Sargent</td> + <td class="right">191,718</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Breech loading fire arm, V. Bovy</td> + <td class="right">191,563</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Breech loading fire arm, J. Schudt</td> + <td class="right">191,721</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Bridge, E. S. Sherman</td> + <td class="right">191,552</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Bung cutter, R. & G. N. Crichton</td> + <td class="right">191,658</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Button, clasp, L. B. Colin</td> + <td class="right">191,657</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Button fastening, A. Brookmann</td> + <td class="right">191,649</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Calender and washing list, J. C. Coombs</td> + <td class="right">191,517</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Car brake, E. S. Jones</td> + <td class="right">191,594</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Car coupling, W. Duesler</td> + <td class="right">191,522</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Car lavatory, C. E. Lucas</td> + <td class="right">191,691</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Carriage perch stay, J. R. McGuire</td> + <td class="right">191,700</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Chair convertible, J. P. True</td> + <td class="right">191,733</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Chair, folding, B. F. Little</td> + <td class="right">191,689</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Chicken coop, Sullivan & Retallic </td> + <td class="right">191,621</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Chicken coop, R. L, & N. J. Todd</td> + <td class="right">191,556</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Chimney draft regulator, W. H. Sears</td> + <td class="right">191,722</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Chisel, mortising, J. T. Bowen</td> + <td class="right">191,643</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Churn, T. J. Parrish </td> + <td class="right">191,708</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Churn, reciprocating, H. C. Sperry</td> + <td class="right">191,726</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Churn, rotary, A. J. Borland</td> + <td class="right">191,562</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Churn, rotary, Hatton & Record</td> + <td class="right">191,676</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Churn, rotary, J. G. Wallace </td> + <td class="right">191,736</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Clasp hook, spring, J. W. Knause</td> + <td class="right">191,686</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Clocks, adjusting position of, W. F. Wuterich</td> + <td class="right">191,630</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Coal and ore washer, J. M. Bailey</td> + <td class="right">191,511</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Corn dropper, J. P. Simmons</td> + <td class="right">191,723</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Corset skirt supporter, T. F. Hamilton</td> + <td class="right">191,672</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Cotton scraper, etc., M. Roby</td> + <td class="right">191,613</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Cultivator, W. E. Dewey</td> + <td class="right">191,660</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Cultivator, A. S. McDermott </td> + <td class="right">191,606</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Cupboard, W. H. Sallada</td> + <td class="right">191,549</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Curry comb, Bennett & Moody</td> + <td class="right">191,559</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Curry comb, P. Miller</td> + <td class="right">191,608</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Desk, school, C. H. Presbrey</td> + <td class="right">191,713</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Drawing instrument, J. R. Peel</td> + <td class="right">191,611</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Drill hoe, E. F. Pryor</td> + <td class="right">191,714</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Easel, T. L. Fisher</td> + <td class="right">191,577</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Easel, F. S. Frost</td> + <td class="right">191,579</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Eccentric, reversible, Lafayette & Strong</td> + <td class="right">191,602</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Elevator, etc., telescopic, W. R. Comings</td> + <td class="right">191,516</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Elliptic spring, N. J. Tilghman</td> + <td class="right">191,731</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Engine frame, S. W. Putnam </td> + <td class="right">191,716</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Engine exhaust, C. T. Parry </td> + <td class="right">191,545</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Engine valve motion, H. Haering</td> + <td class="right">191,583</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Feed rack, W. H. Howard</td> + <td class="right">191,590</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Feed water heater, N. W. Kirby</td> + <td class="right">191,597</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Fence, E. H. Perry</td> + <td class="right">191,547</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Fences, R. F. Ward</td> + <td class="right">191,626, 191,627</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Fence cap, metallic, J. D. W. Lauckhardt</td> + <td class="right">191,603</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Finger guard, K. A. Wynne</td> + <td class="right">191,742</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Fire escape, L. Henkle</td> + <td class="right">191,677</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Fire front, G. W. Purcel</td> + <td class="right">191,715</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Fire kindler, J. G. Distler</td> + <td class="right">191,572</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Fireproof column, Drake & Wight</td> + <td class="right">191,662</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Flour bin and sifter, F. M. Mahan</td> + <td class="right">191,694</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Fluting and polishing, C. Johnson </td> + <td class="right">191,684</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Fluting machine, Keller & Olmesdahl</td> + <td class="right">191,595</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Fly trap, Carroll & Lamb</td> + <td class="right">191,652</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Fountain, portable, W. H. Zinn</td> + <td class="right">191,557</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Fruit crate, G. Willard</td> + <td class="right">191,739</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Fuel, pressing, stalks, etc., for, Davis & Fisk</td> + <td class="right">191,571</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Fulling mill, J. Hunter</td> + <td class="right">191,592</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Furnace bottom construction, P. D. Nicols</td> + <td class="right">191,543</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Furnaces, oxygen, blast, C. Hornbostel</td> + <td class="right">191,530</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Gage cock, boiler, D. T. Ellis</td> + <td class="right">191,663</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Gas apparatus, portable, D. H. Irland</td> + <td class="right">191,531</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Gate, B. R. Baker</td> + <td class="right">191,637</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Gate, J. T. Guy</td> + <td class="right">191,671</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Gearing, oscillating, N. P. Otis</td> + <td class="right">191,705</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Glassware, making, C. L. Knecht</td> + <td class="right">191,534</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Grate, J. H. Mearns</td> + <td class="right">191,702</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Griddle, H. C. Milligan</td> + <td class="right">191,703</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Gutter holder, M. Schmitt</td> + <td class="right">191,616</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Hame attachment, J. Hudson</td> + <td class="right">191,591</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Harness saddle tree, W. L. Frizzell</td> + <td class="right">191,525</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Harrow, H. I. Lund </td> + <td class="right">191,604</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Harvester, Philleo & Cox</td> + <td class="right">191,711</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Harvester corn, B. Osgood</td> + <td class="right">191,610</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Harvester finger bar, H. L. Hopkins</td> + <td class="right">191,678</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Harvester rake, R. Emerson</td> + <td class="right">191,664</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Harvester rake, R. D. Warner</td> + <td class="right">191,743</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Harvester reels, H. A. Adams</td> + <td class="right">191,631, 191,632</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Harvester cutter, Haskin & Reigart</td> + <td class="right">191,675</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Hats, pressing, R. Kent</td> + <td class="right">191,533</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Hatter's measure, J. A. Harrington</td> + <td class="right">191,674</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Hay derrick, etc., R. N. B. Kirkham</td> + <td class="right">191,598</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Hay elevator, E. L. Church</td> + <td class="right">191,568</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Hinge and door, safe, P. F. King</td> + <td class="right">191,680</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Hog catcher, J. H. Eames</td> + <td class="right">191,575</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Hoisting machine, H. J. Reedy</td> + <td class="right">191,717</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Hoisting machine, G. H. Reynolds (r)</td> + <td class="right">7,727</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Hoisting machine, F. G. Hesse</td> + <td class="right">191,529</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Holdback, J. W. Hight</td> + <td class="right">191,589</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Honey box, Johnson & Keeley</td> + <td class="right">191,593</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Hoopskirt spring, etc., A. Benjamin</td> + <td class="right">191,641</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Hydrocarbon injector, H. E. Parson</td> + <td class="right">191,546</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Hydrocarbons, extracting, W. Adamson</td> + <td class="right">191,623</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ice cream freezer, J. Solter</td> + <td class="right">191,725</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ice cutting machine, C. Chadwick</td> + <td class="right">191,515</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ice house, E. Schandein</td> + <td class="right">191,719</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ice machine, A. T. Ballantine</td> + <td class="right">191,638</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Indicator for bellows, J. E. Treat</td> + <td class="right">191,624</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Iron and steel cementation, J. W. Hoxie.</td> + <td class="right">191,681</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Iron from cold short pig, etc., C. C. McCarty</td> + <td class="right">191,698</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Jar cover, E. Meier </td> + <td class="right">191,541</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Jewelry, plated, English & Covell</td> + <td class="right">191,665</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Keyhole guard, C. H. Covell (r)</td> + <td class="right">7,720</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Label holder, J. E. Sweetland</td> + <td class="right">191,555</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Lathe tool, E. F. Beugler</td> + <td class="right">191,560</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Lathes, truing work in, A. Hatch</td> + <td class="right">191,586</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Lifting jack, T. Weathers</td> + <td class="right">191,737</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Lime kiln, M. Callan</td> + <td class="right">191,566</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Lithographic press, C. C. Maurice</td> + <td class="right">191,696</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Locomotive light, A. Dressell</td> + <td class="right">191,574</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Loom take-up, J. Lyall</td> + <td class="right">191,692</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Loom harness cording, L. J. Knowles</td> + <td class="right">191,600</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Lubricator, C. H. Parshall</td> + <td class="right">191,707</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Mandrel, expanding, Amann & Harker</td> + <td class="right">191,634</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Manure drill, A. C. Hurley</td> + <td class="right">191,682</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Marine ram, N. H. Borgfeldt</td> + <td class="right">191,514</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Match safe, J. A. Field</td> + <td class="right">191,576</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Medicine case, J. C. Millard</td> + <td class="right">191,607</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Milk cooler, J. Bissonett</td> + <td class="right">191,513</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Millstone dress, R. S. Williams</td> + <td class="right">191,740</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Mineral wool, treating, A. D. Elbers</td> + <td class="right">191,524</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Mirror, adjustable, S. R. Scottron</td> + <td class="right">191,720</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Motion, converting, C. Chadwick</td> + <td class="right">191,654, 191,655</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Needle, knitting, etc., S. Peberdy</td> + <td class="right">191,709</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Oil can, D. Bennett</td> + <td class="right">191,642</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Oil well rope socket, H. Baddock (r)</td> + <td class="right">7,719</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ore, reducing nickel, W. B. Tatro</td> + <td class="right">191,728</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Organ swell, reed, Kelly & Hebard</td> + <td class="right">191,532</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Paper barrels, making, E. M. Slayton</td> + <td class="right">191,618</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Paperbox, P. B. Pickens</td> + <td class="right">191,712</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pianoforte bridge, J. Herald</td> + <td class="right">191,587</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Picture exhibitor, J. Hannerty</td> + <td class="right">191,673</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Plow, E. Haiman (r)</td> + <td class="right">7,724</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Plow, L. F. W. Liles</td> + <td class="right">191,688</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Plow clevis, C. O. Wilder</td> + <td class="right">191,629</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Plow colter, C. R. Thompson</td> + <td class="right">191,622</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Plow, sulky, A. A. Fowler </td> + <td class="right">191,677</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Plow, sulky, W. Henry</td> + <td class="right">191,588</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Preserving, bleaching fruit, etc., J. R. Dodge, Jr.</td> + <td class="right">191,661</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pulleys, casting, G. G. Lobdell</td> + <td class="right">191,690</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pulp, die for forming, D. Scrymgeour</td> + <td class="right">191,551</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pump, rotary, Swan & Edgecomb</td> + <td class="right">191,727</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pumps, making buckets for, J. N. Kaufholz</td> + <td class="right">191,685</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pumping from casks, etc., W. F. Class</td> + <td class="right">191,656</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Quicksilver condenser, R. F. Knox</td> + <td class="right">191,687</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Railway signal, electric, J. P. Tirrell</td> + <td class="right">191,732</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Reamer, expanding, R. Blair</td> + <td class="right">191,561</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Refrigerator, Thompson & Parkhurst</td> + <td class="right">191,729</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Refuse burner, W. Glue</td> + <td class="right">191,744</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ribbon block, G. N. Stanton</td> + <td class="right">191,554</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ribbon, etc., storing, A. C. Mason</td> + <td class="right">191,695</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ripping tool, G. D. Clark</td> + <td class="right">191,569</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Safe, fireproof, Saxe & Harding</td> + <td class="right">191,550</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Sandpapering machine, J. P. Beck</td> + <td class="right">191,640</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Sash fastener, S. G. Monce</td> + <td class="right">191,609</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Saw guide, J. B. Currier</td> + <td class="right">191,659</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Sawing machines, scroll, J. H. Plummer (r)</td> + <td class="right">7,725, 7,726</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Seed drill, H. L. Brown</td> + <td class="right">191,565</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Seed planter, check row, G. D. Haworth</td> + <td class="right">191,528</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Sewing machine, straw, S. C. Brown</td> + <td class="right">191,647</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Sewing machine trimmer, H. H. Hallett</td> + <td class="right">191,584</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Shingles, etc., bunching, P. Dexter (r)</td> + <td class="right">7,723</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Shoes, making, J. Tibbetts</td> + <td class="right">191,730</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Skate, J. A. Dodge</td> + <td class="right">191,573</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Skate, roller, J. Miner</td> + <td class="right">191,542</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Skylight bar, J. W. Atkinson</td> + <td class="right">191,636</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Spinning, roll support. F. B. Hart</td> + <td class="right">191,585</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Spooling, stop motion, J. Wild</td> + <td class="right">191,738</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Spools, preventing unrolling tape, etc., A. C. Gould</td> + <td class="right">191,581</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Spoon blank, die, H. W. Bassett</td> + <td class="right">191,639</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Stamp, hand, L. Tilton</td> + <td class="right">191,623</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Stamp mill, G. Downing</td> + <td class="right">191,521</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Steamboat smoke stack, Rouze <i>et al</i></td> + <td class="right">191,614</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Stop motion fork slide, J. McCaffrey, Jr.</td> + <td class="right">191,697</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Stove, J. Gladding, 3d</td> + <td class="right">191,580</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Stove, coal oil, M. H. Barnes</td> + <td class="right">191,558</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Stove, cooking, D. E. Paris</td> + <td class="right">191,706</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Stovepipe damper, A. Brightman</td> + <td class="right">191,646</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Stovepipe thimble, J. Carhartt</td> + <td class="right">191,567</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Stove, oil, cooking, Sherburne <i>et al</i></td> + <td class="right">191,553</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Straw cutter, A. Vahldieck</td> + <td class="right">191,625</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Sugar, liquefying hard, O. H. Krause</td> + <td class="right">191,535</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Sugar liquor, collecting, A. A. Goubert</td> + <td class="right">191,527</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Sugar liquor, collecting, Matthiessen <i>et al</i></td> + <td class="right">191,537, 191,538</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Sugar, washing raw, F. O. Matthiessen</td> + <td class="right">191,539</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Swing, J. J. Janezeck</td> + <td class="right">191,683</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Thill coupling, J. Kitzmiller </td> + <td class="right">191,599</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Tobacco, hoisting, C. H. Slaton</td> + <td class="right">191,619</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Tobacco pipe, N. T. Oberg</td> + <td class="right">191,544</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Tobacco plant planter, R. A. Knox</td> + <td class="right">191,601</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Top, spinning, T. McLaughlin</td> + <td class="right">191,701</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Tortoise-shell handle, C. W. Schaeffer</td> + <td class="right">191,615</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Towel rack, C. A. Brickley</td> + <td class="right">191,564</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Trap for balls, T. Wilkie</td> + <td class="right">191,628</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Tube well, T. J. Dean (r)</td> + <td class="right">7,721</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Type writer, D. H. Sherman</td> + <td class="right">191,617</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Upholstering tuft, R. H. Bryant</td> + <td class="right">191,650</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Valve tank, J. P. Duncan</td> + <td class="right">191,523</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Vegetable cutter, W. Chapin</td> + <td class="right">191,653</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Vehicle spring and axle, S. W. Ludlow</td> + <td class="right">191,536</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ventilation, etc., W. H. Bennett</td> + <td class="right">191,512</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Wagon axle skein, H. L. Hinds</td> + <td class="right">191,679</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Wagon gearing, W. P. Brown</td> + <td class="right">191,648</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Wagons, skid attachment for, C. Crandall</td> + <td class="right">191,570</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Wardrobe hook, labeled, T. F. Breese</td> + <td class="right">191,645</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Wash boiler, T. Gunsalus</td> + <td class="right">191,582</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Water gauge, C. D. Smith</td> + <td class="right">191,724</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Water wheel, L. Good</td> + <td class="right">191,668</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Water wheel, I. Mallery</td> + <td class="right">191,605</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Weaving shuttle, duck, W. L. Gilbert</td> + <td class="right">191,526</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Wheelbarrow, E. W. Walker</td> + <td class="right">191,735</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Wood pressing machine, S. L. Nagle</td> + <td class="right">191,704</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Wrench, pipe, G. Fletcher</td> + <td class="right">191,666</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<hr /> + +<h2>DESIGNS PATENTED.</h2> + +<p class="ind"> +10,030 to 10,032.—<span class="sc">Embroidery</span>.—E. Crisand, New Haven, Conn.<br /> +10,033.—<span class="sc">Lock-Case</span>.—R. Flocke, Newark, N. J.<br /> +10,034.—<span class="sc">Bottles</span>.—J. H. Harrison, Davenport, Iowa.<br /> +10,035 to 10,037.—<span class="sc">Carpet</span>.—H. S. Kerr, Philadelphia, Pa.<br /> +10,038, 10,039.—<span class="sc">Carpets</span>.—T. J. Stearns, Boston, Mass.<br /> +10,040.—<span class="sc">Moulding</span>.—R. M. Merrill <i>et al</i>., Laconia, N. H.<br /> +10,041 to 10,044.—<span class="sc">Oil Cloth</span>.—C. T. Meyer <i>et al</i>., Bergen, N. J.<br /> +10,045.—<span class="sc">Studs, etc</span>.—J. W. Miller <i>et al</i>., Newark, N. J.<br /> +10,046.—<span class="sc">Book Cases</span>.—J. W. Schuckers, New York city.<br /> +</p> + +<p>[A copy of any one of the above patents may be had by +remitting one dollar to <span class="sc">Munn</span> & Co., 37 Park Row, New +York city.]</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/oef-advertisements.png" width="229" height="34" alt="Advertisements" border="0" /></div> + +<hr /> + +<p class="ind"> +Inside Page, each insertion - - - - 75 cents a line.<br /> +Back Page, each insertion - - - - $1.00 a line. +</p> + +<p><i>Engravings may head advertisements at the same rate +per line, by measurement, as the letter press. Advertisements +must be received at publication office as early +as Friday morning to appear in next issue.</i></p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<table align="center" width="80%" summary="advertisements"> +<tr> + <td> + +<table summary="mill"> +<tr> +<td><a href="images/14-grainmill.png"><img src="images/14-grainmill-150.png" width="150" height="176" alt="THE SCIENTIFIC Grain and Middlings Mill." /></a> +</td> + +<td><p class="adl">THE SCIENTIFIC</p> +<h2 class="foo1">Grain & Middlings Mill.</h2> +<p class="centerfoo">12, 20, and 30 inch Mill Stones.</p> + +<p class="foo">Sent on trial to responsible parties, +and warranted the full equal +of any heavy mill built in the world. +Send for our price list, as this may +not appear again.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>A. W. STRAUB & CO.,</b><br /> +1361 Ridge Avenue, Phila, Pa.</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="ind"><b>NO MORE SLIPPING BELTS. MY NEW</b> +Patent Pulley Cover will do double the work before the +belt will slip. Put on without disturbing shafting. +Agent wanted in every city. Circulars free.</p> + +<p class="author">JOHN W. SUTTON, 95 Liberty St., New York.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> +<p class="adl">THE NEW GERMAN PATENT LAW.</p> +<p class="foo"> +Being the Full Text of the New Law for Patents, passed +July 1st, 1877, covering all the States of the German +Empire. Contained in <span class="sc">Scientific American Supplement</span> +No. <b>80.</b> Price 10 cents. To be had at this office +and of all newsdealers.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/14-shafting-400.png" width="400" height="114" alt="Patent Cold Rolled Shafting" /> +</div> +<table align="center" summary="info"> +<tr><td><p> +Price list mailed on application to <span class="sc">Jones & Laughlins</span>, +Try Street, 2d and 3rd Avenues, Pittsburgh, Pa. +190 S. Canal Street, Chicago, Ill., and Milwaukie, Wis.</p> +<div class="figleft1"><img src="images/finger-32.png" width="32" height="14" alt="right finger pointing" border="0" /> +</div> <p>Stocks of this shafting in store and for sale by<br /> +FULLER, DANA, & FITZ, Boston, Mass.<br /> +GEO. PLACE & CO. 121 Chambers St., N. Y.</p></td></tr></table> + +<hr class="full" /> +<a name="Page_29" id="Page_29"></a> + +<p class="adxl">EUREKA SAFETY POWER!</p> + +<div class="figleft"> +<a href="images/15-eureka.png"><img src="images/15-eureka-150.png" width="150" height="187" alt="EUREKA SAFETY POWER" /></a> +</div> + +<p>Practically <b>impossible to explode</b>. +Tested to 300 lbs. pressure +per square inch. 2-Horse Power, +<b>$150</b>, 3 to 4 H.P., <b>$250</b>. Also, +Stationary Engines and boilers, and +<b>Spark Arresting Portable Engines</b> +for plantation use. Send for +our circular. Discount to the trade.</p> + +<p class="center">B. W. PAYNE & SONS,</p> +<p class="center">Corning, N. Y.</p> +<br clear="all" /> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="ind"><b>SIZING OF COTTON GOODS. READ</b> +before the Society of Arts by W. Thompson, F.R.S. A +most Full and Clear Description of the process, embracing: +An account of the process of Weaving, explaining +the object and utility of Size. A table of Sizing Mixtures, +in which are enumerated the Substances used: +1, for giving Adhesive properties to Size; 2, to give +Weight and Body to the Yarn; 3, for Softening the Size +or Yarn; and 4, for Preserving the Size from Mildew and +Decomposition. Tests for these Substances, and Directions +for Preparing, so as to obtain the results required. +Proportions of Sizing. Use of Flour in Size. Weighting +Materials, China Clay and its substitutes. "Softenings," +and Oils for Softening. East Winds and their effect. +Glycerine, Grape Sugar, Mildew Preventives, and Tape +Sizing. "Slashing," Packing, Damaged Goods, etc. Contained +in <span class="sc">Scientific American Supplement</span> No. <b>80</b>. +Price 10 cents. For sale at this office and of all newsdealers.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="adl">CELEBRATED FOOT LATHES.</p> + +<div class="figleft"> +<a href="images/15-footlathes.png"><img src="images/15-footlathes-120.png" width="120" height="103" alt="CELEBRATED FOOT LATHES." /></a> +</div> +<p>Foot Power Back-geared Screw +Lathes, Small Hand and Power Planers +for Metal, Small Gear Cutters, +Slide-rests, Ball Machine for Lathes, +Foot Scroll Saws, light and heavy +Foot Circular Saws. Just the articles +for Amateurs or Artisans. Highly +recommended. Send for illustrated +Catalogues.</p> + +<p class="author">N. H. BALDWIN, Laconia, N. H.</p> +<br clear="all" /> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><span style="float:left; font-size:2.3em; font-weight:bold; line-height:85%;">$66 </span> + a Week in your own town. Terms and $5 outfit +free. <span style="float: right;">H. HALLETT & CO., Portland Maine.</span></p> +<br clear="all" /> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><b>SAVE OIL. USE TOMLINSON'S</b> +Car Axle Box. Cars run for 3 cents for a thousand +miles. See <i>Car Builder</i> for June, 1877. Address</p> + +<p class="author">J. B. TOMLINSON, 80 White St., N. Y.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h3>Dayton Cam Pump</h3> + +<div class="figleft4"> +<a href="images/15-daytoncampump.png"> +<img src="images/15-daytoncampump-150-1.png" class="adleft" border="0" alt="Dayton Cam Pump" /> +<img src="images/15-daytoncampump-150-2.png" class="adleft" border="0" alt="Dayton Cam Pump" /> +<img src="images/15-daytoncampump-150-3.png" class="adleft" border="0" alt="Dayton Cam Pump" /> +<img src="images/15-daytoncampump-150-4.png" class="adleft" border="0" alt="Dayton Cam Pump" /> +<img src="images/15-daytoncampump-150-5.png" class="adleft" border="0" alt="Dayton Cam Pump" /> +<img src="images/15-daytoncampump-150-6.png" class="adleft" border="0" alt="Dayton Cam Pump" /> +<img src="images/15-daytoncampump-150-7.png" class="adleft" border="0" alt="Dayton Cam Pump" /> +<img src="images/15-daytoncampump-150-8.png" class="adleft" border="0" alt="Dayton Cam Pump" /> +<img src="images/15-daytoncampump-150-9.png" class="adleft" border="0" alt="Dayton Cam Pump" /> +<img src="images/15-daytoncampump-150-10.png" class="adleft" border="0" alt="Dayton Cam Pump" /> +</a> +<br /> + +<p><span class="sc">The Only Pump in the Market Designed +and Constructed Especially for Boiler +Feeding.</span></p> + +<p>Are Pumping water at 268° F. No Dead Centers. +The Steam Valve is a plain Slide Valve, +identical to the slide valve of a Steam Engine, +but derives its motion from a cam. +Speed can be regulated to suit evaporation.</p> + +<p>Pumping Returns from Steam Heating Apparatus a specialty.</p> + +<div class="figleft1"><img src="images/finger-32.png" width="32" height="14" alt="right finger pointing" border="0" /> +</div> <p style="margin-bottom:2em;">Send for Circular.</p> + +<p class="author" style="font-size: 1.5em;">Smith, Vaile & Co.,</p> + +<p class="author">DAYTON, OHIO.</p> +</div> +<br clear="all" /> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="adxl">What 25 cents Will Buy!</p> + +<p class="center"><b>THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="sc">price twenty-five cents.</span></p> + +<p>This is a most useful Little bound book of 150 pages, +comprising, probably, the most extensive variety of +standard, practical, condensed information ever furnished +to the public for so small a price. Contents:</p> + +<p class="foo">1. <b>The Last Census of the United States (1870)</b>, +by States, Territories and Counties. <span class="sc">in full</span>, showing +also the area in square miles of each State and Territory.</p> + +<p class="foo">2. <b>Table of Occupations.</b>—Showing the occupations +of the people of the United States, and the number of +persons engaged in each occupation. Compiled from +the last census.</p> + +<p class="foo">3. <b>Table of Cities,</b> having over 10,000 inhabitants. +Compiled from the last census.</p> + +<p class="foo">4. <b>Map of the United States.</b> Miniature outline.</p> + +<p class="foo">5. <b>The United States Patent Laws</b> (full text).—Principal +Official Rules for Procedure; Directions How +to Obtain Patents, Costs, etc.; Forms for Patents and +Caveats: How to Introduce and Sell Inventions; Forms +for Assignments; Licenses; State, Town, County, and +Shop Rights; General Principles applicable to Infringements; +Synopsis of the Patent Laws of Foreign Countries; +Rights of Employers and Employes in respect to +Inventions.</p> + +<p class="foo">6. <b>The Ornamental Design Patent Law</b> (full +text).—Costs and Procedure for securing Design Patents +for Ornamental Productions such as Designs for Textile +Fabrics, Patterns for Wood and Metal Work, New +Shapes and Configurations of any article of Manufacture, +Prints, Pictures, and Ornaments, to be printed, woven, +stamped, cast, or otherwise applied upon machinery, +tools, goods, fabrics, manufactures.</p> + +<p class="foo">7. <b>The United States Trade-Mark Law</b> (full +text).—With Directions, Proceedings and Expenses for +the Registration of Trade-Marks of every description.</p> + +<p class="foo">8. <b>The Label Copyright Law</b> (full text).—With +Directions, Proceedings and Cost of Registering Labels +for Goods. Medicines, and Merchandise of all kinds.</p> + +<p class="foo">9. <b>The General Copyright Law of the United +States</b> (full text).—With Directions and Costs for +Securing Copyrights by Authors for Books, Pamphlets, +Charts, Photographs, Pictures, and Works of Art.</p> + +<p class="foo">10. <b>The Principal Mechanical Movements.</b>—Described +and illustrated by 150 small diagrams, of great +value to Inventors and Designers of Mechanism.</p> + +<p class="foo">11. <b>The Steam Engine.</b>—With engraving, showing +all the parts, names, etc., and a brief history of the Invention +and Progress of Steam Power.</p> + +<p class="foo">12. <b>Geometry,</b> as Applied to Practical Purposes. +With illustrations.</p> + +<p class="foo">13. <b>Horse Power.</b>—Simple Rules for Calculating the +Horse-Power of Steam Engines and Streams of Water.</p> + +<p class="foo">14. <b>Knots.</b>—Presenting engravings of 48 different +kinds of Rope Knots, with explanations as to tying.</p> + +<p class="foo">15. <b>Tables of Weights and Measures.</b>—Troy, +Apothecaries', Avoirdupois, French, Weights; U. S. +Standard; Dry Measure; Land Measure; Cubic Measure; +Liquid Measure; French Square Measure; French Cubic, +or Solid Measure; Measuring Land by Weight; Engraving +of a section of English and French rule, of +equal length.</p> + +<p class="foo">16. <b>Valuable Tables:</b> (1) Velocity and Force of the +Wind. (2) Specific Gravity and Weight, per Cubic foot +and Cubic inch, of the principal substances used in the +Arts (3) Heat-conducting Power of various Metals +and other Solids and Liquids. (4) Table of the Mineral +Constituents absorbed or removed from the Soil, per +acre, by different crops. (5) Table of Steam Pressures +and Temperatures. (6) Table of the Effects of Heat +upon various bodies, melting-points, etc.</p> + +<p class="foo">17. <b>Medallion Portraits of Distinguished +American Inventors,</b> with biography in brief and +engravings of their inventions, viz.: Franklin, Fulton, +Whitney, Wood, McCormick, Blanchard, Winans, Morse, +Goodyear, Howe, Lyle, Eads.</p> + +<p class="foo">18. <b>Engravings</b> of Capitol, Washington, with brief +history, dimensions, cost, etc.; United States Patent +Office, interior and exterior views, dimensions, and +description; Scientific American Buildings, N. Y. and +Washington.</p> + +<p class="foo">19. <b>Miscellaneous Information.</b>—Force of Expansion +by Heat; Small Steam-boats, proper dimensions of +Engines, Boilers, Propellers. Boats; Incubation, Temperature +of; To Make Tracing Paper; Constituents of +various substances; Friction, how produced, and Rules +for Calculation; Specific Heat Explained; Specific +Gravity of Liquids, Solids, Air, and Gases; Gunpowder—Pressure, +Heat, and Horse-Power of; Copying Ink, to +Make; Heat, its mechanical equivalent explained; +Molecules of Matter, size and motion explained; Lightning +and Lightning Rods—valuable information; Value +of Drainage Explained; Amount of Power at present +yielded from Coal by best Engines; Sound—its velocity +and action; Liquid Glues, Recipes; Value of Brains; +Properties of Charcoal; Height of Waves; Speed of +Electric Spark, etc.; Plain Directions, with Engravings, +showing how any person can make Electro-Magnets +and Electric Batteries at a cost of a few cents; Valuable +Recipes.</p> + +<p><i>The Scientific American Reference Book,</i> price only 25 +cents, may be had of News Agents in all parts of the +country, and of the undersigned. Sent by mail on receipt +of the price.</p> + +<p class="author">Address MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, New York.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="adl">THE SECOND GREAT SALE</p> + +<p class="adl">OF PATENTS AT</p> + +<p class="adxxl">AUCTION</p> + +<p>Will take place at the Auction Rooms of GEO. W. +KEELER, 53 Liberty St., N. Y., on July 16, at 12 o'clock. +Models now on exhibition. Send for Catalogue.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<div class="figleft" style="margin-top: 2em;"> +<a href="images/15-woodlight.png"><img src="images/15-woodlight-200.png" width="200" height="155" alt="Wood and Light" /></a> +</div> + +<h3><b>WOOD & LIGHT</b></h3> + +<h3 class="foo">Machine Co.</h3> + +<p class="centerfoo">WORCESTER, Mass.</p> + +<p class="centerfoo">Manufacture of all kinds of</p> + +<p class="centerfoo"><b>Iron-Working +Manchinery</b>,</p> + +<p class="centerfoo">including many novelties.</p> + +<p class="centerfoo">Shafting, Pulleys, &c.</p> + +<p class="centerfoo" style="margin-bottom: 1em;">Send for Circulars.</p> + +</td></tr></table> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<table summary="candy" align="center" border="0"> +<tr> + <td class="cl" valign="top"><span class="figleft5" style="margin-top: 0;"> +$95 </span></td> + <td class="cl" valign="top">A month and expenses.<br /> + <span class="figleft2">CANDY </span></td> + <td class="cl" valign="top"><b>SALESMAN WANTED</b><br /> + to sell to <b>DEALERS.</b> <b>SAMPLES FREE.</b><br /> + <span class="figleft4">& NOVELTIES </span> + <span style="font-size: 0.7em;">LETTERS must have</span><br /> + <span style="font-size: 0.7em;"> enclosed return postage.</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +<p class="center" style="margin-top: 0;">H. SMITH & CO., CONFECTIONERS, Cincinnati, O.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<table align="center" width="80%" summary="advertisements"> +<tr> + <td> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/15-pondstools-400.png" width="400" height="50" alt="Pond's Tools" /> +</div> +<p class="adl">Engine Lathes, Planers, Drills, &c.</p> + +<p>Send for Catalogue. DAVID W. POND, Successor to +LUCIUS W. POND. <b>Worcester, Mass</b>.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="adxxl">STEAM PUMPS.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>FIRST PRIZES, CENTENNIAL, PHILA., VIENNA,</b><br /> +<b>PARIS, NEW YORK, BALTIMORE, BOSTON.</b></p> + +<p>Send for circular of recent patented improvements,</p> + +<p class="author">THE NORWALK IRON WORKS CO.,</p> + +<p style="margin-top: -1em; margin-bottom: 3.5em;"><span style="float: left;">Prices Reduced.</span> <span style="float: right;">South Norwalk, Conn.</span></p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<div class="figleft"> +<a href="images/15-burnam.png"><img src="images/15-burnam-100.png" width="100" height="133" alt="Water Wheel" /></a> +</div> + +<p class="adl">N. F. BURNHAM'S</p> + +<h3 class="foo">1874</h3> + +<h2 class="foo2">WATER WHEEL</h2> + +<p>Is declared the "<b>standard turbine</b>," +by <b>over 600</b> persons who bought and use +them with <b>part</b> and <b>full gate</b> open.</p> + +<p class="centerfoo">Pamphlets Free.</p> + +<p class="ind" style="margin-top: -1em; margin-bottom: 3.5em;"><span style="float: left;"><b>N. F. BURNHAM,</b></span> <span style="float: right;"><b>York, Pa.</b></span></p> + +<hr class="full" /> +<div class="figleft" style="width: 50px"> </div> +<p><span style="float:left; font-size:3.0em; font-weight:bold; line-height:85%;">OTIS' </span></p> + +<p>SAFETY HOISTING<br /> + +<span style="font-size: 1.5em;"><b>Machinery</b></span></p> + +<p class="center">OTIS BROS. & CO., No. 348 Broadway, New York.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><span style="float:left; font-size:2.5em; font-weight:bold; line-height:85%; margin-left: 1.2em;"> +$55 <img src="images/to-15.png" width="15" height="27" alt="TO" border="0" /> $77 </span> +a week to Agents. $10 <i>Outfit Free</i>.<br /> +P. O. VICKERY, Augusta Maine.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<table width="400" summary="Enamel ad." align="center" border="0"> +<tr> +<td class="blackcella"> +<h2>WE ENAMEL</h2> +<p class="ad1" style="margin-top: -1em;"><b>in FINE JET BLACK every variety of turned woodwork parts of machinery, castings; tinware and other metal work ENAMELED JET GOODS, in wood or metal, made to order AMERICAN ENAMEL Co. 17 Warren St PROVIDENCE, R. I.</b></p> + +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><span style="float:left; font-size:2.3em; font-weight:bold; line-height:85%; margin-left: 1.2em;">50 </span> +<b>MIXED CARDS</b>, with name, 10c. and stamp.<br /> +Agent's Outfit, 10c. COE & CO., Bristol, Ct.</p> + +</td></tr></table> +<hr class="full" /> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<a href="images/15-photoengravings.png"><img src="images/15-photoengravings-600.png" width="600" height="257" alt="Photo Engraving Co." /></a> +</div> + +<table align="center" summary="photoengraving" border="0"> +<tr> + <td width="33%"><span style="font-size: 0.7em;">L. SMITH HOBART, President.</span><br /> +<span style="font-size: 0.7em;">J. C. MOSS, Superintendent.</span></td> + <td class="center1a" width="34%"><img src="images/15-smallfancyhr-150.png" width="125" height="9" alt="small fancy rule" /></td> + <td width="33%"> NEW YORK </td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="adl">TYPE-METAL RELIEF PLATES.</p> + +<p class="adxl">A SUPERIOR SUBSTITUTE FOR WOOD-CUTS</p> + +<p class="adl">AT MUCH LOWER PRICES.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="ind" style="font-size: 0.9em;">These plates are engraved almost entirely by photo-chemical +means, thus avoiding the old, slow and tedious method of engraving +on wooden blocks, where the workman is compelled to engrave +each line separately by cutting away the wood around it, often +spending many days upon a plate a few inches square.</p> + +<p class="indfoo4;">In appearance our relief plates are the same as regular stereotypes, +being mounted type high on blocks ready to be set up and +printed from, with type, on any ordinary press.</p> + +<p class="indfoo4;">They can be used directly and will wear as long as any type-metal +plates, but if a great number of impressions are wanted, +duplicate</p> +<h3 class="foo4;">ELECTROTYPES AND STEREOTYPES</h3> +<p class="indfoo4;">can be made from them the same as from wood-cuts.</p> + +<p class="indfoo4;">They have a printing surface as smooth as glass, and the lines +are engraved deeper than they are in hand-cut plates. Notwithstanding +the <i>low prices</i> at which they can be furnished, they are +very much superior to wood-cuts, and in some classes of work are +rapidly taking the place of lithography.</p> + +<h3 class="foo4;">REFERENCES.</h3> + +<p class="indfoo4;">Among those who manifest their satisfaction with our work, by +continued orders, we may mention:—D. Appleton & Co., Scribner +& Co., Frank Leslie, A. D. F. Randolph & Co., G. W. Carleton +& Co., The American Tract Society, Robert Carter & Bros., Munn +& Co., Pub. "Iron Age," Pub. "Illustrated Weekly," Pub. +"McGee's Illustrated Weekly," and also a large part of the +principal publishers and manufacturers throughout the country.</p> + +<h3 class="foo4;">COPY.</h3> + +<p class="indfoo4;">Almost all kinds of Prints or Engravings from Wood, Stone, +Copper and Steel may be reproduced directly. <i>The requisites are, +clean, distinct black lines or stipple work, on white or only +slightly tinted paper. All Photographs and Pencil Sketches +must first be drawn in ink.</i> We keep a corps of artists +constantly employed, trained to do this work in the best manner. +We can make drawings from photographs or tin-types taken in the +usual way. They may be of any size, but should, of course, show +the object distinctly.</p> + +<p class="indfoo4;">Drawings for our use, unless intended to be redrawn, should +be on a <i>smooth, white</i> surface, in <i>perfectly black</i> lines, and +usually twice the dimensions each way of the desired plate.</p> + +<p class="indfoo4;">Copy for fac-similes of handwriting should be in <i>perfectly +black ink</i>, on <i>smooth white</i> paper, written with a full pen, and +without use of blotting paper.</p> + +<h3 class="ind" style="font-size: 0.9em; margin-top: -1em;">TIME.</h3> + +<p class="indfoo4;"> +While we can engrave a plate in a few hours that would occupy +a wood-engraver a month, and often do so, yet with the large +amount of work constantly on hand and promised, we cannot usually +engage to fill an order for a single plate in less than from three +to six days; larger orders will, of course, require longer time.</p> + +<h3 class="foo4;">CHANGE OF SIZE.</h3> + +<p class="indfoo4;">In reproducing wood-cut prints, the size can often be considerably +reduced; but if the reduction is great, the lines become so fine +and close together that they will not print well. Coarse wood-cuts, +such as are generally used in Newspapers, may often be reduced +to half their linear dimensions, but <i>fine</i> wood-cuts will admit +of but little reduction.</p> + +<p class="indfoo4;"><i>Most</i> steel plate prints and lithographs will not admit of any +reduction, and even when reproduced, the same size in relief, +require considerable care in printing.</p> + +<p class="indfoo4;">All kinds of prints generally look bad when much enlarged, +as the lines become very coarse and ragged on the edges; though +we have sometimes made very effective cuts for posters and hand-bills +in this way.</p> + +<p class="indfoo4;">In all cases of enlargement and reduction the relative proportions +remain the same.</p> + +<p class="indfoo4;">It must not be forgotten, however, that by redrawing, prints of +any kind can be enlarged or reduced to any desired size.</p> + +<h3 class="foo4;">PROOFS.</h3> + +<p class="indfoo4;">We will, whenever desired, furnish tin-type proofs of drawings +made by us, for examination and approval, or correction, before +engraving.</p> + +<p class="indfoo4;">A printed proof is sent with each plate when delivered, which +may always be equaled or surpassed in actual work with proper +usage.</p> + +<h3 class="foo4;">PRICES.</h3> + +<p class="indfoo4;">It is impossible to give a scale of prices by the square inch for +miscellaneous job-work, as sometimes a small cut two or three +inches square may require as much work as another one a foot +square. We can, however, give an average inch rate to newspaper +publishers whose work runs uniformly about the same from week to +week, especially when they furnish us with copy already prepared—such +as prints and pen-and-ink drawings.</p> + +<p class="indfoo4;">In sending for estimates, be careful to send us the copy we are +to work from, with full specifications as to size and quality, and +remember that it is the same with engraving that it is with everything +else; the price will vary greatly with the quality of work +ordered.</p> + +<p class="indfoo4;">Never, directly or indirectly, ask us to give <i>you</i> better prices +than we give our other customers, as we try to treat all alike.</p> + +<p class="indfoo4;">The great advantage of our method of engraving enables us to +give better work at lower prices than can be given by any other +method for the greater part of such work as would be given to +wood-engravers, though in very small pieces of the poorer grades +of work the advantage is not so great, and in very coarse work +such as is usually engraved on mahogany and pine, our process +gives us no advantage over the wood-engraver.</p> + +<p class="indfoo4;">To estimate properly upon any piece of work, we must understand +just what is wanted. We guarantee all our work to be +executed in the style agreed upon.</p> + +<h3 class="foo4;">TERMS.</h3> + +<p class="indfoo4;">OUR TERMS are CASH ON DELIVERY, except by special +agreement.</p> + +<p class="indfoo4;">Orders from parties not known to us must be accompanied by +an advance of at least half the price, or satisfactory City reference.</p> + +<p class="indfoo4;">Goods sent by Express will be C. O. D. Where plates are small +they may be sent by Mail upon receipt of price and postage. +Remittances must be by draft on New-York or P. O. money order, +payable to the order of Photo-Engraving Co., or by registered letter—<i>not +by Checks on Local Banks</i>.</p> + +<p class="indfoo4;">We pledge ourselves to meet the reasonable demands of those +who employ us. If, in any case, we cannot do so, we will refund +the money advanced.</p> + +<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.9em; margin-top: -1em;"><b><i>Send Stamp for Illustrated Circular</i>.</b></p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<table align="center" width="80%" summary="advertisements"> +<tr> + <td> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/15-girders-400.png" width="400" height="73" alt="WROUGHT IRON BEAMS and GIRDERS" /> +</div> + +<p>THE UNION IRON MILLS, Pittsburgh, Pa., Manufacturers +of improved wrought iron Beams and +Girders (patented).</p> + +<p class="foo">The great fall which has taken place in the prices of +Iron, and especially in Beams used in the construction +of FIRE PROOF BUILDINGS, induces us to call the special +attention of Engineers, Architects, and Builders to +the undoubted advantages of now erecting Fire Proof +structures; and by reference to pages 52 & 54 of our Book +of Sections—which will be sent on application to those +contemplating the erection of fire proof buildings—THE +COST CAN BE ACCURATELY CALCULATED, the +cost of Insurance avoided, and the serious losses and interruption +to business caused by fire; these and like considerations +fully justify any additional first cost. It is +believed, that were owners fully aware of the small +difference which now exists between the use of Wood +and Iron, that in many cases the latter would be adopted.</p> + +<p class="foo">We shall be pleased to furnish estimates for all the Beams +complete, for any specific structure, so that the difference +in cost may at once be ascertained. Address</p> + +<p class="author">CARNEGIE, BROS. & CO., Pittsburgh, Pa.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><span style="float:left; font-size:2.3em; font-weight:bold; line-height:85%;">$5 to $20 </span> +per day at home. Samples worth $5 +free. <br /><span class="sc">STINSON & CO</span>., Portland, Me.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +</td></tr></table> + +<table align="center" summary="castings" border="0"> +<tr> + <td class="center1"><span style="font-size: 1.2em;"><b>LIGHT</b></span><br /> +<span style="font-size: 1.2em;"><b>GRAY IRON</b></span></td> + <td class="center1"><span style="font-size: 3em;"><b>CASTINGS</b></span></td> + <td class="left1" style="padding-left: 0.2em; font-size: 0.8em;">to order promptly.<br /> +Plain, Bronzed,<br /> +or Galvanized.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="ind1">We make a <i>specialty</i> of light work.<br /> + +LIVINGSTON & CO., Iron Founders, Pittsburgh, Pa.</p> + +<table align="center" width="80%" summary="advertisements"> +<tr> + <td> + + <hr class="full" /> + +<p class="adxl">The George Place Machinery Agency</p> + +<p class="adl">Machinery of Every Description.</p> + +<p class="center">121 Chambers and 103 Reade Streets, New York.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="adl">SPARE THE CROTON AND SAVE THE COST.</p> + +<p class="adxxl">Driven or Tube Wells</p> + +<p>furnished to large consumers of Croton and Ridgewood +Water. WM. D. ANDREWS & BRO., 414 Water St., N. Y. +who control the patent for Green's American Driven Well.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="ind"><b>PATENT RIGHTS</b> for Useful Inventions Wanted. +Address Box 1012, P.O., N. Y., with description and terms.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="adl">TO ELECTRO-PLATERS. JEWELERS, AND +WATCHMAKERS.</p> + +<p>BATTERIES, CHEMICALS, AND MATERIALS, in +sets or single, with Books of instruction for Nickel, +Gold, and Silver Plating. THOMAS HALL, Manufacturing +Electrician, 19 Bromfield Street, Boston, Mass. +Illustrated Catalogue sent free.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="adxl">Lathes, Planers, Shapers, Drills,</p> +<p class="center"><b>Gear & Bolt Cutters, &c.</b> E. GOULD, Newark, N. J.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<table align="center" summary="SASH-LOCK"> +<tr><td> +<p><span style="float:left; font-size:2.6em; font-weight:bold; line-height:85%;">SELF-ACTING</span> + <b> SASH-LOCK<br /> + for Meeting Rails</b></p> + +<div class="figright1"> +<a href="images/15-sash-lock.png"> +<img src="images/15-sash-lock-335-1.png" class="adright" border="0" alt="Sash-lock" /> +<img src="images/15-sash-lock-335-2.png" class="adright" border="0" alt="Sash-lock" /> +<img src="images/15-sash-lock-335-3.png" class="adright" border="0" alt="Sash-lock" /> +<img src="images/15-sash-lock-335-4.png" class="adright" border="0" alt="Sash-lock" /> +<img src="images/15-sash-lock-335-5.png" class="adright" border="0" alt="Sash-lock" /> +<img src="images/15-sash-lock-335-6.png" class="adright" border="0" alt="Sash-lock" /> +<img src="images/15-sash-lock-335-7.png" class="adright" border="0" alt="Sash-lock" /> +<img src="images/15-sash-lock-335-8.png" class="adright" border="0" alt="Sash-lock" /> +</a> +<br /> +<p class="adxll"><br /><br /><br />Burglar <br /> Proof.</p> + +<p>Can not be forced or tampered with +in any way. <b>Beautiful design; +practical; simple.</b> United +States, State, or County Rights for +sale. Address<br /> +D. C. GOODRICH, Harrisburg, Pa.</p> +</div><br /> +</td></tr></table> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<div class="figleft" style="margin-top: 2em;"> +<a href="images/15-trade_engine.png"><img src="images/15-trade_engine-150.png" width="150" height="232" alt="THE TRADE ENGINE" /></a> +</div> +<div class="center"> +<p class="centerfoo1b">THE</p> +<p class="adxxl" style="margin-bottom: 0;">TRADE ENGINE</p> + +<img src="images/fancyhr3-120.png" width="120" height="16" alt="fancy rule" border="0" /> +</div> + +<p class="foo1a">Noiseless in operation—Perfect +in workmanship—all light parts +of Cast Steel.</p> + +<p class="foo1">Every Engine indicated, and +valve corrected to give the +highest attainable results.</p> + +<p class="foo1">Warranted superior to any +semi-portable Engine in the +market!</p> + +<p class="foo1">Send for Price List and Circular.</p> + +<p class="author">HERRMANN & HERCHEL—<br /> +RODE M'F'G Co.,<br /> +Dayton, Ohio,</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="adxl">WESSELL METAL, A PERFECT IMITATION</p> +<p class="foo">of gold in color, surface, etc., for manufacturers of +imitation jewelry, and other workers in fine yellow +metal. Wessell Manuf'g Co., No. 204 East 23d St., N. Y.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<div class="figleft"> +<a href="images/15-piano.png"><img src="images/15-piano-150.png" width="150" height="107" alt="U. S. PIANO CO." /></a> +</div> + +<p><span style="float:left; font-size:2.8em; font-weight:bold; line-height:87%;">Y</span> +<b>OU ask WHY</b> we can sell First-Class 7 1-3 Octave Rosewood Pianos +for <b>$290.</b> Our answer is, that it costs +less than $300 to make any <b>$600</b> Piano +sold through Agents, all of whom +make <b>100 per ct.</b> profit. We have no +Agents, but sell <span class="sc"><b>Direct</b></span> to Families +at Factory price, and warrant five years. +We send our Pianos everywhere for trial +and require no payment unless they are +found satisfactory. Send for our Illustrated Circular, which gives +full particulars, and contains the names of over 1500 Bankers, Merchants +and Families that are using our Pianos in every State of the +Union. Please state where you saw this notice. Address,</p> + +<p class="adl">U. S. PIANO CO., 810 Broadway, N. Y.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><span style="float:left; font-size:2.5em; font-weight:bold; line-height:95%;">$12 </span> +<b>a day</b> at home. Agents wanted. Outfit and +terms free. <br />TRUE & CO., Augusta, Maine.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="adxl">Wood-Working Machinery,</p> + +<p class="foo">Such as Woodworth Planing, Tongueing, and Grooving +Machines, Daniel's Planers, Richardson's Patent Improved +Tenon Machines, Mortising, Moulding, and +Re-Saw Machines, and Wood-Working Machinery generally. +Manufactured by</p> +<p class="author"> +WITHERBY, RUGG & RICHARDSON,<br /> +26 Salisbury Street, Worcester, Mass,</p> +<p class="foo"> +(Shop formerly occupied by R. BALL & CO.)</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/15-steelnamestamps-400.png" width="400" height="77" alt="Steel Name Stamps." /> +</div> + +<p class="center" style="margin-top: -0.5em;"><b>N. Y. STENCIL WORKS, 87 Nassau St., N. Y.</b></p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="adxl">WANTED — FOR MONCLOVA, STATE</p> +<p class="foo"> +of Coahuila, Mexico, a man who knows how to make +Star Candles, without the use of Sulphuric Acid, capable +to put up and put in running order the necessary +apparatus, superintend the manufacturing process, and +teach same to the parties interested. Apply and state +terms to</p> +<p class="author"> +GOLDFRANK, FRANK & CO., <br /> +San Antonio, Texas.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> +</td></tr></table> + +<table align="center" summary="cigars" border="0"> +<tr> + <td class="left1" rowspan="2" valign="top"><img src="images/15-WE-83.png" width="65" height="100" alt="WE" border="0" /></td> + <td class="left1" colspan="2"><span style="font-size: 1.1em;"> Want SALESMEN on a regular salary of<br /> + a month and expenses to sell our</span></td> + <td class="left1" rowspan="2"><img src="images/15-85dollars-139.png" width="100" height="100" alt="$85" border="0" /></td> +</tr> +<tr><td class="left1" > +<img src="images/15-cigars-147.png" width="120" height="50" alt="CIGARS" border="0" /> </td> + <td class="left1" ><p style="font-size: 0.8em;">to DEALERS. Samples FREE.<br /> +Send 3c. stamp to insure answer.<br /> +S. FOSTER & CO. Cincinnati, O.</p></td></tr> +</table> + +<table align="center" width="80%" summary="advertisements"> +<tr> + <td> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<table align="center" summary="book"> +<tr> + <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"><br /><p class="adl">EXTRAORDINARY,</p> +<p class="adl">WONDERFUL,</p> +<p class="adl">AND VALUABLE</p> +<p class="adl">MEDICAL WORK.</p></td> + <td><p>With engravings; price, $1. +Contains, also, fifty original +prescriptions for prevailing +diseases, each worth ten +times the price of the book. +Gold Medal has been awarded +the author. Descriptive +circulars sent free. Address +Dr. W. H. PARKER, No. +4 Bulfinch Street, Boston.</p></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<div class="figleft"> +<a href="images/15-reward.png"><img src="images/15-reward-100.png" width="100" height="102" alt="DYKES BEARD ELIXIR" /></a> +</div> + +<p><span style="float:left; font-size:2.2em; font-weight:bold; line-height:87%;">$100.00 R</span> + +<span style="font-size: 0.8em;"><b>EWARD.</b> This MOUSTACHE or<br /> +HEAVY BEARD produced on a +smooth face by the use of <b>DYKES BEARD ELIXIR</b>, +without injury, or will forfeit $100.00. Price by mail +in sealed package 25 cents, 3 packages only 50 cents.</span></p> +<p class="author" style="font-size: 0.8em;"> +A. L. SMITH & Co., Palatine, Ill., Sole Agents.</p> +<div class="figleft1"><img src="images/finger-32.png" width="32" height="14" alt="right finger pointing" border="0" /> +</div> <p>We caution the public against imitations.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="adxl">THE DRIVEN WELL.</p> +<p>Town and County privileges for making <b>Driven +Wells</b> and selling Licenses under the established +<b>American Driven Well Patent</b>, leased by the year +to responsible parties, by</p> +<p class="center" style="margin-top: -1em;"><b>WM. D. ANDREWS & BRO.,</b></p> + +<p class="author"><b>NEW YORK.</b></p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><span style="float:left; font-size:2.3em; font-weight:bold; line-height:88%;">I</span> +MPORTANT FOR ALL CORPORATIONS AND +MANF'G CONCERNS.—<b>Buerk's Watchman's +Time Detector</b>, capable of accurately controlling +the motion of a watchman or patrolman at the +different stations of his beat. Send for circular.</p> +<p class="centerfoo"> +<b>J. E. Buerk, P.O. BOX 979, Boston, Mass</b></p> + +<p class="foo">N. B.—The suit against Imhaeuser & Co., of New York, +was decided in my favor, June 10, 1874. Proceedings +have been commenced against Imhaeuser & Co. for selling, +contrary to the order of the Court. Persons using +clocks infringing on my patent, will be dealt with +according to law.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="center" style="margin-bottom: -1em;">25 per cent. Discount on Price List of</p> +<p class="adxl">Superior Wood-Working Machinery</p> + +<div class="figleft"> +<a href="images/15-superior.png"><img src="images/15-superior-170.png" width="170" height="100" alt="Superior Wood-Working Machinery" /></a> +</div> + +<p>allowed for the present. Also +for <b>Smith's Chilled-Beam +Vises</b>; effective, heavy, strong, +durable, and economical. For +full particulars, address</p> +<p class="centerfoo">H. B. SMITH,<br /> +Smithville, Burlington Co.,</p> +<p class="author"> +N. J., U. S. A.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="adl">HINTS TO YOUNG MACHINE-TENDERS.</p> +<p class="foo"> +By an old Papermaker. Practical Instructions +for the tending and care of Papermaking Machinery. +Showing how to clean a Dandy; how to make good +edges; to keep paper from crushing and worming; to +stop crimping; together with many other valuable directions, +hints, and suggestions, contained in <span class="sc">Scientific +American Supplement</span> No. <b>79</b>. Price 10 cents. +To be had at this office and of all newsdealers.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="adl">JOHN HOLLAND'S</p> +<p class="adxxlfoo">GOLD PENS</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<a href="images/15-goldpen.png"><img class="foo" src="images/15-goldpen-200.png" width="200" height="55" alt="Gold Pen" /></a> +</div> +<p style="margin-top: 0em;">Received the Centennial Medal from the Judges on Awards, for +"superior elasticity and general excellence." If not sold by your +Stationer, send for Illustrated Price-List to the</p> +<h3 style="margin-top: -1em;">Manufactory, 19 W. 4th St., Cincinnati.</h3> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h3 style="margin-bottom: 0em;">SECOND-HAND MACHINERY.</h3> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center" style="margin-top: 0em; margin-bottom: 0em;">For Sale.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p style="margin-top: 0;">The Machinery in the works of the UTICA STEAM +ENGINE CO., comprising Large Face Plate Lathe, +Engine Lathes, large and small, 20 ft. × 4 ft. Planer, +Slotter, Shaper, Lauback Universal Drills, Bolt Cutter, +Fans, Upright Drills, Cranes, Dudgeon Steam Hammer, +Steam Fire Pump, Hose, Platform Scales, Pulleys, one +40 H. P. Locomotive Boiler, two 50 H. P., and one 25 +H. P. Tubular Boilers, one 36 in. by 16 ft. Cylinder +Boiler, etc., etc.</p> + +<p style="margin-top: 0;">For Catalogue and Price List, address</p> + +<p class="author">JAMES F. MANN, UTICA, N. Y.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/15-paragon-400.png" width="400" height="33" alt="THE PATENT PARAGON LAMP STOVE" /> +</div> + +<p class="ind" style="margin-top: -0.5em;">Can be used with any ordinary Kerosene Lamp. Every family wants +one. <b>Price 35 Cts.; by mail 45 Cts.</b> <i>One agent +made $21 in 3 days.</i> Send for terms.</p> <p class="adl">Abott M'f'g Co., +101 Beekman Street, New York.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="adxxl">Iron Castings</p> + +<p class="foo">to order, <i>smooth</i> and <i>exact to pattern</i>, of <i>Soft Tough Iron</i>, +at T. Shriver & Co.'s Foundry, 333 East 56th St., N. Y. +Prices very low. <i>Favorable terms</i> made on Castings in +regular supply.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<a name="Page_30" id="Page_30"></a> + +<p class="adxxl">Cotton Mills and Machine Shops</p> + +<p style="font-size: 0.9em; margin-top: -1em;">Can make great savings by using the Allen Governor. +Its operation is unequalled and wonderful. Nearly all +machinists once using these Governors become agents +for their sale. They are simple in construction, not +liable to get out of order, permit the speed of the engine +to be changed at will, are neat in appearance, noiseless, +very durable, save the engineer's time, save fuel, and +are at once the most powerful and most sensitive +Governors ever made.</p> + +<p style="font-size: 0.9em; margin-top: -1em;"> +Russell (Cotton) Mills, Plymouth, Mass., March 20, 1876.</p> + +<p style="font-size: 0.9em; margin-top: -0.7em;">S. B. ALLEN: Your Governor has been attached to our +Corliss engine over one year, and has given perfect satisfaction. +The engine was never governed until yours +was attached, although we have tried three of the best +kind of Governors known. When steam or work varied, +the speed would vary, and we could only run our looms +an average of 103 picks per minute. Since using your +Governor, and solely on account of the perfect steadiness +with which it holds the engine and machinery, we +are enabled to run the looms regularly 112 picks per minute, +MAKING AN ACTUAL INCREASE OF OUR ENTIRE +PRODUCTION OF OVER EIGHT PER CENT. Your Governor +saves coal, saves waste, saves care and labor of +the engineer, and produces more goods and better goods. +I have timed the engine a hundred times, and never +found it to vary in the least. It is the honest truth that +the Allen Governor holds it exactly on speed.</p> + +<p style="font-size: 0.9em; margin-top: -1em;"> +Address</p> +<p class="author" style="font-size: 0.9em;"> +L. C. KING, Superintendent.</p> + +<p style="font-size: 0.9em;">GERARD B. ALLEN & CO., St. Louis.<br /> +FRASER & CHALMERS, Chicago.<br /> +NEW ORLEANS MACHINERY DEPOT, New Orleans.<br /> +PACIFIC IRON WORKS, San Francisco.<br /> +FILER, STOWELL & CO., Milwaukee, Wis., or<br /> +<b>THE ALLEN GOVERNOR CO., Boston.</b></p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="adxl">HORSE STALL FLOOR,</p> + +<p style="font-size: 0.9em; margin-top: -1em;">Patented through the Scientific American Patent +Agency, June 4th, 1872. Rights sent by mail, with full +instructions how to make and use, on receipt of $1.00; two +for $1.50. It will keep the stall cleaner and the horse +much more comfortable than any floor in use. It requires +less than one-half of the usual amount of bedding. Any +man can make them with very little expense. A liberal +discount to carpenters or stable keepers in quantities of +twelve or more. This floor is used throughout the New +England States, and many parts of the South and West. +State, County, and Town rights for sale. Agents wanted.</p> + +<p class="centerfoo"><b>G. W. GORDON,</b></p> + +<p class="author"><b>256 Broadway, Chelsea, Mass.</b></p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="adxxl">THE BIGELOW</p> +<p class="adxxl">Steam Engine.</p> + +<p class="adl">BOTH PORTABLE AND STATIONARY.</p> + +<p><b>The CHEAPEST AND BEST in the market.</b><br /> +<b>Send for descriptive circular and price list.</b></p> + +<p class="adl">H. B. BIGELOW & CO.,</p> + +<p class="author"><b>New Haven, Conn.</b></p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="adxl">LeCOUNT'S PATENT</p> + +<p class="adxxl">Machinists' Tools.</p> + +<table align="center" summary="prices" border="0"> +<tr> + <td class="center" colspan="3">REDUCED PRICES.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left">Set Iron Dogs,</td> + <td>3-8 to 2 in.,</td> + <td class="right">$5.60</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left"> " " "</td> + <td>3-8 to 4 in.,</td> + <td class="right">12.00</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left"> " Steel "</td> + <td>3-8 to 2 in.,</td> + <td class="right">6.30</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left"> " " "</td> + <td>3-8 to 4 in.,</td> + <td class="right">13.00</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center" style="margin-top: 0em;">Iron & Steel Clamps, Die Dogs, Clamp Dogs, Vice Clamps,<br /> +Expanding Mandrels, &c. Send for latest Price List to<br /> +C. W. LE COUNT, South Norwalk, Conn.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="adxxl"><i>Working Models</i></p> + +<p class="centerfoo">And Experimental Machinery, Metal or Wood, made to +order by</p> +<p class="author">J. F. WERNER, 62 Center St., N. Y.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/16-patents-400.png" width="400" height="112" alt="PATENTS" /> +</div> + +<p class="adl">CAVEATS, COPYRIGHTS, TRADE +MARKS, ETC.</p> + +<p>Messrs. Munn & Co., in connection with the publication +of the <span class="sc">Scientific American</span>, continue to examine +Improvements, and to act as Solicitors of Patents for +Inventors.</p> + +<p>In this line of business they have had <span class="sc">over thirty +years' experience</span>, and now have <i>unequaled facilities</i> +for the preparation of Patent Drawings, Specifications, +and the Prosecution of Applications for Patents in the +United States, Canada, and Foreign Countries. Messrs. +Munn & Co. also attend to the preparation of Caveats, +Trade Mark Regulations, Copyrights for Books, Labels, +Reissues, Assignments, and Reports on Infringements +of Patents. All business intrusted to them is done +with special care and promptness, on very moderate +terms.</p> + +<p>We send free of charge, on application, <span class="sc">The +Scientific American Hand Book</span>, an elegantly illustrated +pamphlet of 48 pages, containing further information +about Patents and how to procure them; directions +concerning Trade Marks, Copyrights, Designs, +Patents, Appeals, Reissues, Infringements, Assignments, +Rejected Cases, Hints on the Sale of +Patents.</p> + +<p><i>Foreign Patents.</i>—We also send, <i>free of charge,</i> a +Synopsis of Foreign Patent Laws, showing the cost and +method of securing patents in all the principal countries +of the world. American inventors should bear in +mind that, as a general rule, any invention that is valuable +to the patentee in this country is worth equally as +much in England and some other foreign countries. +Five patents—embracing Canadian, English, German, +French, and Belgian—will secure to an inventor the exclusive +monopoly to his discovery among about <span class="sc">one +hundred and fifty millions</span> of the most intelligent +people in the world. The facilities of business and +steam communication are such that patents can be obtained +abroad by our citizens almost as easily as at +home. The expense to apply for an English patent is +$75; German, $100; French, $100; Belgian, $100; Canadian, +$50. Address</p> + +<p class="author">MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, New York city.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><span style="float:left; font-size:2.3em; font-weight:bold;">Pyrometers, </span> +For showing heat of +Ovens, Hot Blast Pipes, +Boiler Flues, Super-Heated Steam, Oil Stills, &c.</p> + +<p class="center">HENRY W. BULKLEY. Sole Manufacturer,</p> +<p class="author"> +149 Broadway, New York.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><span style="float:left; font-size:2.3em; font-weight:bold; line-height:95%;">$5 </span> +Outfit free. Salary guaranteed. Write at once to<br /> +EMPIRE NOVELTY CO., 309 Broadway, New York.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p>TAYLOR'S M'F'G CO., WESTMINSTER, MD., Portable<br /> +and Stationary Engine Builders, etc. Send for Cata.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<div class="figleft"><br /> +<img src="images/16-steampumps.png" width="250" height="76" alt="Steam Pumps" /> +</div> + +<p>Wright's Pat. Bucket<br /> +Plungers are the best.</p> + +<p class="foo">VALLEY MACHINE Co.<br /> +Easthampton, Mass.</p> + +</td></tr></table> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<a name="roots" id="roots"></a> +<p class="adxxl">ROOTS' FORCE BLAST BLOWER,</p> + +<div class="figleft"> +<a href="images/16-roots.png"><img src="images/16-roots-350.png" width="350" height="182" alt="Roots blower" /></a> +</div> +<br /> +<p class="adxl"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><i>FIRST PREMIUM</i></span></p> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>AWARDED</b></span></p> +<h4>AT</h4> +<p class="adxl">PARIS AND VIENNA,</p> + +<p class="adxl">SPEED ONLY 100 TO <ins title="Transcriber's Note: figure obscured by address label: 'Journal of Pharmacy X 145 S 10th st'">??0</ins> REV. PER M. SAVES</p> +<p class="adxxl">HALF THE POWER REQUIRED FOR FAN.</p> + +<p class="adl">P. H. & F. M. ROOTS, Manuf'rs, CONNERSVILLE, IND.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>S. S. TOWNSEND, Gen'l' Ag't, 6 Cortlandt St., NEW YORK.</b></p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<table align="center" width="80%" summary="advertisements"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p class="center"><span class="sc">Established</span> 1844.</p> + +<h2 class="foo2">JOSEPH C. TODD,</h2> + +<p class="foo">(Formerly of Todd & Rafferty), <span class="sc">ENGINEER and MACHINIST</span>. +Flax, Hemp, Jute, Rope, Oakum, and Bagging +Machinery, Steam Engines, Boilers, etc. Also Agent for +the celebrated and improved Rawson & Rittinger Hoisting +Engine, I will furnish specifications and estimates for +all kinds of machinery. Send for descriptive circular +and price. Address</p> + +<p class="centerfoo"><b>J. C. TODD,</b><br /> +10 Barclay St., New York, or Paterson, N. J.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<table summary="Guild and Harrison Pumps" align="center" border="0"> +<tr> + + <td><p class="adxl">GUILD & GARRISON,</p> + +<p style="font-size: 1.2em; margin-top: -1em; margin-bottom: 0.2em;"> 34 to 44 First St.,</p> + +<p class="center">Williamsburgh, N. Y.,<br /> +Manufacturers of<br /> +<span style="font-size: 1.4em;"><b>STEAM PUMPS</b></span><br /> +for all purposes.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>Also Vacuum Pumps,</b><br /> +<b>Vacuum Fans and</b><br /> +<b>Air Compressors.</b></p> +</td> +<td> +<a href="images/16-guildpump.png"><img src="images/16-guildpump-200.png" width="201" height="150" alt="pump" border="0" /></a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<br clear="all" /> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h3 style="margin-bottom: 0em;">NON-COMBUSTIBLE STEAM BOILER AND PIPE</h3> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/16-covering-400.png" width="400" height="51" alt="COVERING" /> +</div> + +<h2 style="margin-top: 0em;">WITH "AIR SPACE" IMPROVEMENT.</h2> + +<p>Saves 10 to 20 per cent. CHALMERS SPENCE CO.,</p> +<p class="author">Foot E. 9th St. N. Y.; 1202 N. 2d St., St. Louis, Mo.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p>NEW WOOD LATHE; ALSO SCROLL SAW. BOTH<br /> +new and first-class. Send for circulars.</p> + +<p class="author">H. BICKFORD, Cincinnati, O.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> +<br /> +<table width="400" summary="Burley Rock Drill Co. ad." align="center" border="0" style="border-collapse: collapse;"> +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blackcell"> +<span style="font-size: 1.4em;">ROCK DRILLING MACHINES</span><br /> +<span style="font-size: 0.6em;">AND</span><br /> +<span style="font-size: 0.9em;">AIR COMPRESSORS.</span></td></tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blackcell-l"> +MANUFACTURED BY</td></tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blackcell-r"> +<span class="sc">Burleigh Rock Drill Co.</span><br /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="blackcell-l"> +SEND FOR PAMPHLET. </td> +<td class="blackcellb">FITCHBURG MASS. + +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="adxl">MACHINISTS' TOOLS.</p> + +<p class="centerfoo">NEW AND IMPROVED PATTERNS.</p> +<p class="indfoo">Send for new illustrated catalogue.</p> + +<h2 style="margin-top: 0em;">Lathes, Planers, Drills, &c.</h2> + +<p class="centerfoo"><b>NEW HAVEN MANUFACTURING CO.,</b></p> + +<p class="author"><b>New Haven, Conn.</b></p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="adxxl">Steel Castings,</p> + +<p class="ind">From ¼ to 10,000 lbs. weight, true to pattern. An invaluable +substitute for forgings, or for malleable iron castings +requiring great strength. Send for circular and +price list to <br />CHESTER STEEL CASTING COMPANY,<br /> +EVELINA STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA.<br /><br /></p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<table align="center" summary="planer" border="0"> +<tr> + <td class="left1" rowspan="2" valign="top"><img src="images/16-planer-600-left-50.png" width="50" height="110" alt="FULL SIZE PLANER SAW TOOTH - 3 CENTS EACH" border="0" /></td> + <td class="center"><br /><img src="images/16-planer-600-center-483.png" width="483" height="45" alt="FULL SIZE PLANER SAW TOOTH - 3 CENTS EACH" border="0" /><br /> + <b>FULL SIZE PLANER SAW TOOTH - 3 CENTS EACH</b></td> + <td class="right1" rowspan="2" valign="top"><img src="images/16-planer-600-right-48.png" width="48" height="113" alt="FULL SIZE PLANER SAW TOOTH - 3 CENTS EACH" border="0" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="center"><p style="font-size: 0.8em; float: right;"><br />"OFFICE OF DICKINSON BROS., + RIDGEWAY, ELK Co., PA., May 28th, 1877. </p><br clear="all" /> +<p style="font-size: 0.8em;">"Messrs. EMERSON, SMITH & Co. GENTS: We have been through four winters +in frozen hemlock, cutting 20,000 feet +of lumber per day with your Patent Planer Saw, averaging 75,000 feet with each set of 40 bits."</p> +<div class="figleft1"><img src="images/finger-32.png" width="32" height="14" alt="right finger pointing" border="0" /> +</div> +<p style="font-size: 0.9em;">Mill Men and Sawyers, send your full address, plainly written, on a postal card, +for Emerson's Hand Book of Saws, free, +to <b>EMERSON, SMITH & CO., Beaver Falls, Pa.</b> Please name size and style of saw used.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<hr class="full" /> + + <table align="center" summary="emery wheel"> +<tr> + <td><p class="adxl">Machines</p> <p class="adl">AND</p> <p class="adxl">Wheels</p> <p class="adxl">Guaranteed.</p></td> + <td><img src="images/16-emerywheel-130.png" width="130" height="128" alt="LEHIGH VALLEY EMERY WHEEL CO." border="0" /></td> + <td><p class="adl"><i>Send for</i></p> <p class="adl">Illustrated</p> <p class="adl">Circular,</p> +<p class="adl"><i>Weissport</i>,</p> <p class="adl">PA.</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="adl"><i>PERFECT</i></p> + +<p class="adxl">NEWSPAPER FILE</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/16-fancyrule3-120.png" width="118" height="9" alt="FANCY RULE" border="0" /></div> + +<p style="margin-top: 0em;">The Koch Patent File, for preserving newspapers, +magazines, and pamphlets, has been recently improved +and price reduced. Subscribers to the <span class="sc">Scientific American</span> +and <span class="sc">Scientific American Supplement</span> can be +supplied for the low price of $1.50 by mail, or $1.25 at the +office of this paper. Heavy board sides; inscription +"SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN," in gilt. Necessary for +every one who wishes to preserve the paper.</p> + +<p class="foo">Address</p> + +<h3 style="margin-top: -1em;">MUNN & CO.,</h3> + +<p class="author">Publishers <span class="sc">Scientific American</span>.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="adl">HARTFORD</p> +<p class="adxxl">STEAM BOILER</p> +<p class="adl">Inspection & Insurance</p> +<p class="adl">COMPANY.</p> + +<p class="ind"><span style="float: left;"><b>W. B. FRANKLIN, V. Pres't.</b></span> <span style="float: right;"><b>J. M. ALLEN, Pres't.</b></span></p><br /> + +<p class="center"><b>J. B. PIERCE, Sec'y.</b></p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><span style="float:left; font-size:2.0em; font-weight:bold; line-height:85%;">PUNCHING <br />PRESSES.</span> +Drop Hammers and Dies, for working Metals, &c. <br /> +THE STILES & PARKER PRESS CO.,<br /> +Middletown, Conn.</p> +<br clear="all" /> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="adl">A PRACTICAL MACHINIST, WITH TEN</p> +<p class="ind" style="margin-top: -1em; margin-bottom: 1em;">years' experience as Foreman in one of the largest and +most successful shops in the country, employing over +four hundred men, wishes employment. Would be +willing to invest a few thousand dollars in a safe and +paying business. Address A. Foreman, P. O., Phila., Pa.<br /><br /></p> + +</td></tr></table> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<div class="figleft4"><br /> +<a href="images/16-gasburner.png"> +<img src="images/16-gasburner-540-1.png" class="adleft" border="0" alt="gaslighter" /> +<img src="images/16-gasburner-540-2.png" class="adleft" border="0" alt="gaslighter" /> +<img src="images/16-gasburner-540-3.png" class="adleft" border="0" alt="gaslighter" /> +<img src="images/16-gasburner-540-4.png" class="adleft" border="0" alt="gaslighter" /> +<img src="images/16-gasburner-540-5.png" class="adleft" border="0" alt="gaslighter" /> +<img src="images/16-gasburner-540-6.png" class="adleft" border="0" alt="gaslighter" /> +</a> +<br /><br /> +<br /> + +<p class="adxxl">WANTED:</p> +<p> +Agents for the Automatic Gas Lighting Torch in every gas-burning town in the United +States. Exclusive territory given. Sewing machine agents preferred. This Torch +lights without matches. Address</p> + +<p class="author"><b>The Stockwell Self-Lighting Gas Burner Co., <br /> +89 LIBERTY STREET, NEW YORK.</b><br /><br /></p> +</div><br /> +<br clear="all" /> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<table align="center" width="80%" summary="advertisements"> +<tr> + <td> + +<p class="adxl"><br />GUARDIOLA'S</p> +<h3 style="margin-top: -0.5em;">COFFEE & SUGAR MACHINERY</h3> + +<p style="margin-top: -0.5em;"><b>Coffee, Malt, Corn, Cocoa, and Grain-drying +Machine. Coffee-Hulling and +Polishing Machines. Coffee-Washing +Machine. Helix Sugar Evaporator.</b></p> + +<p style="margin-top: -0.5em;"><b>Messrs. C. ADOLPHE LOW & CO.,</b> 42 Cedar +Street, <b>Messrs. MUNOZ & ESPRIELLA,</b> 52 Pine +Street, New York, are Mr. Guardiola's Agents, and they +will give prompt attention to all orders for any of the +above machines.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<table width="400" summary="Hoadley ad." align="center" border="0"> +<tr> +<td class="blackcell"> +THE HOADLEY<br /> +PORTABLE STEAM ENGINE.<br /> +WITH AUTOMATICAL CUT-OFF REGULATOR AND BALANCED VALVE.<br /> +<span style="font-size: 0.8em">THE BEST <i>AND</i> MOST ECONOMICAL ENGINE MADE<br /> +<i>SEND FOR CIRCULAR</i>.</span><br /> +The J. C. HOADLEY CO. LAWRENCE, MASS.<br /> +<span style="font-size: 0.7em">STATE WHERE YOU SAW THIS.</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="adxl">EAGLE FOOT LATHES,</p> + +<div class="figleft"> +<a href="images/16-eaglefootlathe.png"><img src="images/16-eaglefootlathe-100.png" width="100" height="100" alt="EAGLE FOOT LATHES" /></a> +</div> + +<p>Improvement in style. Reduction in +prices April 20th. Small Engine Lathes. +Slide Rests, Tools, etc. Also Scroll and +Circular Saw Attachments, Hand Planers, +etc. Send for Catalogue of outfits +for Amateurs or Artisans.</p> + +<p class="center">WM. L. CHASE & CO.,<br /> +95 & 97 Liberty St., New York.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="adxxl">Mill Stones and Corn Mills.</p> + +<p class="foo">We make Burr Millstones, Portable Mills, Smut Machines, +Packers, Mill Picks, Water Wheels, Pulleys, and +Gearing, specially adapted to Flour Mills. Send for +catalogue.</p> + +<p class="author"><b>J.T. NOYE & SON, Buffalo, N. Y.</b></p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="adl">F. ADEE & CO.'S PATENT</p> +<h2 class="foo1">LEAD STENCH TRAPS.</h2> + +<p class="foo">Positive protection against Sewer-gas. Best and cheapest. +See illustration, <span class="sc">Scientific American</span>, April 14th. +Send for circular.</p> +<p class="author"> +F. ADEE, 275 Pearl St., N. Y.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="adxxl">ASBESTOS BOARD,</p> +<p><b>For Flange Joints, Cylinder Heads, Man-hole Plates, etc.</b><br /> +The only genuine, strictly fire-proof, made from pure <b>Italian Asbestos.</b> All sizes, from 1-32 to 1-4 inch.</p> +<p class="author"><b>H. W. JOHNS M'F'G CO., 87 Maiden Lane, New York.</b></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="adxxl">THE TANITE CO.,</p> + +<h2 class="foo1">STROUDSBURG, PA.</h2> + +<h3 class="foo2">EMERY WHEELS AND GRINDERS.</h3> + +<p class="center" style="margin-top: -0.5em;">GEO. PLACE, 121 Chambers St., New York Agent.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<div class="figleft"> +<a href="images/16-printingpress.png"><img src="images/16-printingpress-100.png" width="100" height="118" alt="The Excelsior 1st Premium at Centennial" /></a> +</div> + +<p><span style="float:left; font-size:2.5em; font-weight:bold; line-height:85%;">$3 </span> + + <span style="line-height: 90%; font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bolder;">PRINTING PRESS!</span> + +Prints cards, envelopes, etc., equal +to <i>any</i> press. Larger sizes for large work. +<i>Do your own printing and advertising and +save money</i>. Excellent spare hour amusement +for old or young. Or it can be made +<i>money making</i> business anywhere. Send +3c. stamps for large catalogue to</p> + +<p class="author" style="line-height: 90%">KELSEY & CO., Manufacturers, <br /> +Meriden, Conn.</p> + +</td></tr></table> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="adxl">NOTICE TO</p> + +<p class="adxxl">FOREIGN SUBSCRIBERS.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="ind">For the convenience of subscribers residing abroad, +we have prepared the annexed table, exhibiting the subscription +price of the <span class="sc">Scientific American</span> and <span class="sc">Supplement</span> +in the principal foreign currencies:</p> + +<table class="sr" align="center" summary="subscription rates" border="1"> +<tr> +<td class="ll" style="width: 270px;"><br />The prices here given are +for one year's subscription, +including the postage.<br /></td> +<td class="center" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="width:65px;"><img src="images/16-sciam-35.png" width="35" height="210" alt="Scientific American" border="0" /></td> +<td class="center" valign="bottom" style="width:65px;"><img src="images/16-sciam-supp-35.png" width="35" height="211" alt="Scientific American Supplement" border="0" /></td> +<td class="center" valign="bottom" style="width:70px;"><img src="images/16sciam-and-supp-36.png" width="36" height="224" alt="Scientific American and Supplement together" border="0" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="ll" style="width:175px;"> +Austria +</td> +<td class="lnext" style="width:125px; border-right: 1px solid #ffffff;"> +S. Florins +</td> +<td class="rl" style="width:65px; border-left: 1px solid #ffffff;"> +9 +</td> +<td class="rc" style="width:65px;"> +13 +</td> +<td class="rr" style="width:70px;"> +20 +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="ll" style="width:175px;"> +Belgium +</td> +<td class="lnext" style="width:125px; border-right: 1px solid #ffffff;"> +Francs +</td> +<td class="rl" style="width:65px; border-left: 1px solid #ffffff;"> +20 +</td> +<td class="rc" style="width:65px;"> +30 +</td> +<td class="rr" style="width:70px;"> +46 +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="ll" style="width:175px;"> +Denmark +</td> +<td class="lnext" style="width:125px; border-right: 1px solid #ffffff;"> +Kroner +</td> +<td class="rl" style="width:65px; border-left: 1px solid #ffffff;"> +15 +</td> +<td class="rc" style="width:65px;"> +23 +</td> +<td class="rr" style="width:70px;"> +35 +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="ll" style="width:175px;"> +France +</td> +<td class="lnext" style="width:125px; border-right: 1px solid #ffffff;"> +Francs +</td> +<td class="rl" style="width:65px; border-left: 1px solid #ffffff;"> +20 +</td> +<td class="rc" style="width:65px;"> +30 +</td> +<td class="rr" style="width:70px;"> +46 +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="ll" style="width:175px;"> +German Empire +</td> +<td class="lnext" style="width:125px; border-right: 1px solid #ffffff;"> +R. M. +</td> +<td class="rl" style="width:65px; border-left: 1px solid #ffffff;"> +16 +</td> +<td class="rc" style="width:65px"> +25 +</td> +<td class="rr" style="width:70px;"> +37 +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="ll" style="width:175px;"> +Great Britain +</td> +<td class="lnext" style="width:125px; border-right: 1px solid #ffffff;"> +Shillings +</td> +<td class="rl" style="width:65px; border-left: 1px solid #ffffff;"> +16 +</td> +<td class="rc" style="width:65px;"> +24 +</td> +<td class="rr" style="width:70px;"> +36 +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="ll" style="width:175px;"> +Holland +</td> +<td class="lnext" style="width:125px; border-right: 1px solid #ffffff;"> +H. F. +</td> +<td class="rl" style="width:65px; border-left: 1px solid #ffffff;"> +9 +</td> +<td class="rc" style="width:65px;"> +14 +</td> +<td class="rr" style="width:70px;"> +21 +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="ll" style="width:175px;"> +Italy +</td> +<td class="lnext" style="width:125px; border-right: 1px solid #ffffff;"> +Francs +</td> +<td class="rl" style="width:65px; border-left: 1px solid #ffffff;"> +20 +</td> +<td class="rc" style="width:65px;"> +30 +</td> +<td class="rr" style="width:70px;"> +46 +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="ll" style="width:175px;"> +Norway +</td> +<td class="lnext" style="width:125px; border-right: 1px solid #ffffff;"> +Kroner +</td> +<td class="rl" style="width:65px; border-left: 1px solid #ffffff;"> +15 +</td> +<td class="rc" style="width:65px;"> +23 +</td> +<td class="rr" style="width:70px;"> +35 +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="ll" style="width:175px;"> +Russia +</td> +<td class="lnext" style="width:125px; border-right: 1px solid #ffffff;"> +Roubles +</td> +<td class="rl" style="width:65px; border-left: 1px solid #ffffff;"> +5 +</td> +<td class="rc" style="width:65px;"> +8 +</td> +<td class="rr" style="width:70px;"> +11 +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="ll" style="width:175px;"> +Sweden +</td> +<td class="lnext" style="width:125px; border-right: 1px solid #ffffff;"> +Kroner +</td> +<td class="rl" style="width:65px; border-left: 1px solid #ffffff;"> +15 +</td> +<td class="rc" style="width:65px;"> +23 +</td> +<td class="rr" style="width:70px;"> +35 +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="ll" style="width:175px;"> +Switzerland +</td> +<td class="lnext" style="width:125px; border-right: 1px solid #ffffff;"> +Francs +</td> +<td class="rl" style=" width:65px; border-left: 1px solid #ffffff;"> +20 +</td> +<td class="rc" style="width:65px;"> +30 +</td> +<td class="rr" style="width:70px;"> +46 +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="ind">Deposit either of the above amounts in any of the important +post offices in Great Britain or Ireland, or in any +country on the Continent of Europe, making the order +payable to MUNN & Co., New York city, and send us the +receipt, with the name of the sender, and the address +to which the paper is to be mailed.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<table align="center" width="80%" summary="advertisements"> +<tr> + <td> +<p><span style="float:left; font-size:2.3em; font-weight:bold; line-height:85%;">Tube Cleaners </span> +for cleaning Boiler +Tubes. <br />THE NATIONAL STEEL TUBE </p> +<p class="author">CLEANER CO. 814 E. 9th St., N. Y.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><span style="float:left; font-size:2.3em; font-weight:bold; line-height:85%;">A</span> +LCOTT LATHES, for Broom, Rake and Hoe Handles.</p> +<p class="author">S. C. HILLS, 78 Chambers St. N. Y.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> +<p><span style="float:left; font-size: 3em; font-weight:bold; line-height:85%;"> +<span style="font-family: sans-serif;">DROP </span></span> + <b>FORGINGS and<br /> + SPECIAL MACHINERY,</b><br /> +THE HULL & BELDEN CO.,</p> +<p class="author" style="margin-right: 30%;">Danbury, Conn.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<table align="center" summary="best" border="0"> +<tr> + <td>DAMPER <br />REGULATORS</td> + <td class="center" style="font-size:3em; margin-top: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em;"><b>BEST</b><br /></td> + <td>AND LEVERS <br />GAUGE COCKS.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="author" style="margin-top: 0.4em;">MURRILL & KEIZER, 44 HOLLIDAY ST., BALTIMORE</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="adl">TORPEDO VESSELS. <span class="sc">By Mr.</span> DONALDSON.</p> +<p class="foo">A valuable paper, lately read before the United +Service Institute. Being a full exposition of the Torpedo-boat +system, from the earliest efforts to the present +time. Giving dimensions and performances of the +several sizes built by Thornycroft Bros. for the various +governments, highly interesting trials of these boats, +and experiences in war, and a description of the torpedoes +used. 1 illustration. Contained in <span class="sc">Scientific +American Supplement</span> No. 79. Price 10 cents. To +be had at this office and of all newsdealers.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><span style="float:left; font-size:2.3em; font-weight:bold; line-height:88%;">B</span> +<b>OGARDUS' PATENT UNIVERSAL ECCENTRIC MILLS</b>— +For grinding Bones, Ores, Sand, Old +Crucibles, Fire Clay, Guanos, Oil Cake, Feed, Corn, +Corn and Cob, Tobacco, Snuff, Sugar, Salts, Roots, +Spices, Coffee, Cocoanut, Flaxseed, Asbestos, Mica, +etc., and whatever cannot be ground by other mills. +Also for Paints, Printers' Inks, Paste Blacking, etc. +JOHN W. THOMSON, successor to JAMES BOGARDUS, +corner of White and Elm Sts., New York.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><b>LEHIGH UNIVERSITY.</b>—<span class="sc"><b>Tuition Free.</b></span></p> + +<p class="foo">Civil, Mechanical, and Mining Engineering; Chemistry +and Metallurgy; Full Classical Instruction; French and +German; English Literature; International and Constitutional +Law; Psychology and Christian Evidences.</p> + +<p class="foo">For Registers, address the Rev. JOHN M. LEAVITT, +D.D., President, Bethlehem, Penna.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<table align="center" summary="drills" border="0"> +<tr> + <td><span style="font-size: 2.2em;"><b>DRILLS,</b></span></td> + <td class="left1">Jigging Machines, etc.<br /> +Illustrated catalogues sent <br /> +</td> + <td><span style="font-size: 2.2em;"><b>FREE</b></span></td> +</tr> +</table> + <p class="center">Address AMES M'F'G CO., Chicopee, Mass.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="ind"><b>PHOSPHOR-BRONZE AND ITS APPLICATIONS.</b> +By ALEXANDER DICK. A series of valuable +tests, showing the superiority of Phosphor-bronze +over ordinary bronze. Old bronze and new compared. +Phosphor-bronze under oft-repeated strains; also its +adaptability to frictional purposes. Contained in <span class="sc">Scientific +American Supplement</span> No. 79. Price 10 cents. +To be had at this office and of all newsdealers.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/16-asbestos-400.png" width="400" height="140" alt="H.W. JOHNS' PATENT ASBESTOS MATERIALS." /> +</div> + +<p class="ind"><b>Paints, Roofing, Steam Pipe and Boiler Coverings, +Steam Packing,</b> <i>Sheathings, Fire, Acid</i>, and +<i>Waterproof Coatings, Cements</i>, etc. Send for Samples, Illustrated +Catalogues, Price Lists, etc.</p> + +<p class="adl">87 MAIDEN LANE, NEW YORK.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><b>FIFTY SYRUP RECIPES, FOR HOUSEHOLD</b> +purposes, Mineral Waters, etc., to wit: Simple +Syrup, (2) Lemon Syrup, Mulberry Syrup, Vanilla Syrup, +Vanilla Cream Syrup, (2) Cream Syrup, Ginger Syrup, +Orange Syrup, (2) Pineapple Syrup, Nectar Syrup, Sherbet +Syrup, Grape Syrup, Banana Syrup, (2) Coffee Syrup, +Wild Cherry Syrup, Wintergreen Syrup, (2) Sarsaparilla +Syrup, Maple Syrup, (2) Chocolate Syrup, Coffee Cream +Syrup, Ambrosia Syrup, Hock and Claret Syrup, Solferino +Syrup, Capsicum Syrup, Cherry Syrup, Strawberry +Syrup, (2) Raspberry Syrup, Peach Syrup, Blackberry +Syrup, Orgeat Syrup, Catawba Syrup, Milk Punch Syrup, +Champagne Syrup, Sherry Cobbler Syrup, Excelsior +Syrup, Fancy Syrup, Currant Syrup, Framboise Syrup, +Maidenhair Syrup, Orange Flower Syrup, Cinnamon +Syrup. How to make Syrups Frothy.</p> + +<p class="foo">Colognes for the Sick Room, by GEO. LEIS. With +recipes for the production of preparations that serve as +pleasing perfumes, deodorizers, and cosmetic lotions. +All the above are contained in <span class="sc">Scientific American +Supplement</span> No. <span style="font-size: 1.3em;"><b>77</b>.</span> Price 10 cents. To be had at this +office and of all newsdealers.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><span style="float:left; font-size:2.3em; font-weight:bold; line-height:88%;">T</span> +HE "Scientific American" is printed with CHAS. +ENEU JOHNSON & CO.'S INK. Tenth and Lombard +Sts., Philadelphia, and 59 Gold St., New York.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<a name="transcriber_note"></a> +<table summary="note" width="60%" align="center" style="margin-top: 5em;"> +<tr> + <td class="note"> + <h3>Transcriber's Note:</h3> + +<p>Some archaic (Early American) spellings have been retained.</p> + +<p>Obvious punctuation errors have been repaired.</p> + +<h4>Errata</h4> + +<p>The remaining corrections made are indicated by dotted lines under the corrections.<br /> +Scroll the mouse over the word and the original text will <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'apprear'">appear</ins>.</p> + +<p>'thin' corrected to 'tin'<br /> +"... the requisite quantity depending upon the thickness +of the tin plate to be removed."<br /> +<a href="#art13">Article 13</a></p> + +<p>'put' corrected to 'but'<br /> +"... but plenty of good soap and warm water,..."<br /> +<a href="#artnq39">Article NQ (39)</a></p> + +<p>P. 16: "SPEED ONLY 100 TO ??0 REV. PER M. SAVES HALF THE POWER REQUIRED FOR FAN."</p> + +<p>figure obscured by address label ('Journal of Pharmacy X 145 S 10th st.').<br /> +<a href="#roots">Advert</a> for 'ROOTS' FORCE BLAST BLOWER'</p> + +<a href="#top">Return to Top</a> + + </td> +</tr> +</table> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Vol. XXXVII.--No. +2. [New Series.], July 14, 1877, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN *** + +***** This file should be named 38481-h.htm or 38481-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/8/4/8/38481/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Lesley Halamek, and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. 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/dev/null +++ b/38481.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6289 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Vol. XXXVII.--No. 2. +[New Series.], July 14, 1877, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Scientific American, Vol. XXXVII.--No. 2. [New Series.], July 14, 1877 + A Weekly Journal Of Practical Information, Art, Science, + Mechanics, Chemistry, And Manufactures + +Author: Various + +Release Date: January 3, 2012 [EBook #38481] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Lesley Halamek, and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +[Illustration] + + +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN + + +A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, +CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES. + + +NEW YORK, JULY 14, 1877. + +Vol. XXXVII.--No. 2. [NEW SERIES.] + +[$3.20 per Annum [POSTAGE PREPAID.]] + + * * * * * + + +CONTENTS. + +(Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.) + + Africa, carrying peace into 16 + Air compressor, Bower's * 15 + Alloy, new 18 + American inventions. N.S.Wales 25 + American Institute Exhibition 24 + Answers to correspondents 27 + Artesian well, pumping (13) 27 + Billiard ball holder * 22 + Billiard table * 22 + Bisulphide of lime (35) 28 + Bleaching silk and wool 24 + Boot and shoe machinery * 19 + Bookbinding, new method of * 19 + Books and publications 25 + Business prospects 15 + Carrigeen crop 17 + Catastrophism, Clarence King on 16 + Catastrophe in geology 17 + Chalk cup * 22 + Coloring matter from herbs (2) 27 + Copper plates covered with steel 22 + Curtain fixture * 19 + Disinfecting rooms 15 + Duplex education 17 + Dyspepsia, on 20 + Education in Germany 24 + Electricity, conducting power (21) 27 + Electrotyping cylinders (33) 28 + Electricity and magnetism (5) 27 + Gold, dentists' (24) 27 + Horses, dead, standing erect 20 + Inventions patented in England 25 + Lightning, effects of 20 + Lime, precipitating (22) 27 + Locomotive valves, setting 21 + Man's place in Nature 25 + Measures of the U. S. (32) 28 + Mints of the U. S. (30) 27 + Papier Mache (40) 28 + Patents, American and foreign 25 + Patent decisions, recent 25 + Patents, official list of 28 + Phosphorescent sweating 18 + Plague, extension of the 24 + Plants, curious carnivorous * 23 + Popular fallacies 24 + Santini, death of Professor 15 + Sebastin, a new explosive 18 + Solar heat, apparatus for utilizing 18 + Special notice 25 + Steamer, new 21 + Steam pump, pounding (20) 27 + Sulphur, test for 22 + Sunstroke 20 + Tin scrap, utilization of * 18 + Tin-can telephone 21 + Tin and phosphorus, alloy of 24 + Yule, John 15 + + * * * * * + + + + +BOWER'S PATENT AIR COMPRESSOR. + + +The new air compressor herewith illustrated may be operated by steam +or water power, and is available for work in mines, tunnels, or +quarries, for driving rock drills, coal cutters, and hauling and +pumping engines, working mining pumps, for use in factories, and in +fact for all service where a safe and efficient power is required. The +construction of the machine, the capacity of which differs according +to the amount of power required, will readily be understood from the +illustration. Above the air cylinder are two distinct air chambers, +each having two induction or receiving valves, which cushion on +rubbers. With the movement of the piston these chambers alternately +receive and force the compressed air through check valves placed +in the upper part of the air compartment, both compartments being +connected with one pipe conveying the air to the ordinary air +receiver. These check valves lift alternately, and cushion on water; +and as the compressed air is forced into the pipe connecting with the +receiver, without a possibility of any of it escaping back into the +receiving chambers, it is claimed that there is the smallest possible +loss of power, and that the machine will give fully 90 per cent of +steam power expended in the shape of compressed air. The compressor is +compact in form, strongly made, simple in construction, and not liable +to get out of order. One peculiarity in its construction is that no +water jacket or hollow piston is used; yet under any of the extreme +pressures to which the machine has been tested, no inconvenience, we +are informed, from heat has been perceptible. + +In connection with the compressor, receivers of various sizes are +used, into which the air is pumped and thence conveyed by pipe to the +location where required, even if it be a mile or more, the loss by +friction between receiver and point of utilization of the air being, +it is claimed, under 2 lbs. of the pressure. + +The manufacturers also build water-power compressors, one of which, +driven by 75 to 100 horse power, they have recently shipped to Utah. +The machine is intended to convey the air through iron tubes 5,000 +feet to the mouth of a silver mine, where a 50 horse power hoisting +and a 25 horse power pumping engine will be driven by air instead +of steam, and a tube will be extended into the mine 1,000 feet deep, +where the power drills and small pumps will be operated by air also. + +The manufacturers submit a number of excellent testimonials from +parties using the machine. From one, we learn, that at the Antelope +and Prince of Wales mine, near Alta City, Utah, the compressor runs 10 +hours per day, and supplies compressed air to two 3 inch drills used +in running levels. The distribution terminates at distances of from +1,000 to 2,000 feet from the compressor. The machine also drives one +hoisting engine and ventilates the lower part of the mine. The main +supply pipe is three inches in diameter, 2,300 feet long, and is +tapped by two inch pipe wherever power is required. The expenditure +of fuel is one cord of green pine wood and 600 lbs. of bituminous +coal per 10 hours. Air pressure in receiver 100 lbs. This pressure +is reported to be obtained by 70 lbs. of steam as indicated by the +gauges. + +For further particulars, address the manufacturers, Messrs. Griffith +and Wedge, Zanesville, Ohio. + +[Illustration: BOWER'S AIR COMPRESSOR.] + + * * * * * + + + + +DEATH OF PROFESSOR SANTINI. + + +A cable dispatch announces the death of the Italian astronomer, +Giovanni Santini. The Professor was born at Tuscany, June 30, 1786, +and was in the ninety-first year of his age. He graduated at the +University of Pisa. He soon devoted himself to a study of the exact +sciences, and in 1814 he had achieved so much distinction that he was +appointed to a professorship in the Padowa Observatory in place +of Vincenzo Cheminello. In 1825 he was appointed Rector of the +University, and up to the time of his death he held the position of +Professor of Astronomy and Director of Mathematical Studies. He was +generally esteemed by the learned societies of Europe, and held +a number of honorary titles and degrees from various leading +universities. He was also a correspondent of the French Academy. The +principal books published by him are strictly scientific, such +as "Decimal Arithmetic" (1808), "Elements of Astronomy" (1820), +"Logarithms and Trigonometry," and "Optical Problems" (1821-23). Some +of his elementary works on astronomy for beginners are the best ever +published in Italy. + + * * * * * + + + + +JOHN YULE. + + +The death is announced of Mr. John Yule, of the Hutchestown Engine +Works, Rutherglen, N. B., at the age of 66. During early life, Mr. +Yule went the round of the best engineers' shops in Scotland and +England, and became one of the recognized leaders in engineering +progress. His inventiveness took various directions, amongst other +fruits being an improved rotary engine, a compensating governor for +the steam engine, and a screw tap, drill, and mandrel. For the latter +he was awarded the silver medal of the Scottish Society of Arts. For +some years Mr. Yule acted as the manager of the boiler department of +Messrs. Robert Napier & Son's establishment, but eventually resumed +business at the Hutchestown Works, and devoted attention amongst +other matters to the improvement of swing bridges and steam cranes and +hammers. In the former line two of his most important works are the +plate girder bridge over the entrance to one of the docks at Port +Glasgow, for the Caledonian Railway, erected from plans by Messrs. +Bell and Miller, C.E., Glasgow; and a lattice girder bridge over the +entrance to Kingston Dock, Glasgow Harbor. Owing to the angle at which +this last bridge crosses the dock, great difficulties were experienced +in working out the mechanical details so as to admit of easy motion. +These were skillfully overcome, and the bridge was, as finally +erected, a monument of his design as well as workmanship. The +Blackhill incline on the Monkland Canal, constructed nearly a quarter +of a century ago, is a sample of Mr. Yule's mechanical powers. Of late +years he was largely engaged as a professional valuator. + + + * * * * * + + + + +BUSINESS PROSPECTS. + + +We have recently taken the pains to make inquiries from the more +eminent bankers and merchants in the chief cities of the interior, and +the results of our inquiries have tended to confirm the belief we have +more than once expressed in this journal, that although, from various +causes, there is overhanging a portion of our American industries a +cloud of gloom and depression, still throughout the nation at large +there is going on a process of growth and recovery from which the best +results are anticipated. How long we shall have to wait before the +life which is at work silently and secretly beneath the surface will +put forth its full power, in the full harvest of productive activity, +is, of course, impossible to foretell. What is chiefly important for +us to know, however, is that the progress we are making tends upwards +and not downwards, and that it promises to lead our industry and +commerce to a brighter and not to a darker future.--_Financial +Chronicle._ + + + * * * * * + + + + +TO DISINFECT ROOMS. + + +The disinfection of a room is not complete unless the walls have been +thoroughly cleansed. If they are papered, the paper must be removed +and the surface beneath carefully scraped and washed. If the walls are +painted, they should be washed with caustic soda. The ceiling should +also be subjected to a similar treatment. + + * * * * * + + + + +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. + +ESTABLISHED 1845. + +MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors. + +PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT NO. 37 PARK ROW, NEW YORK. + +O. D. MUNN. + +A. E. BEACH. + + * * * * * + + + + +TERMS FOR THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. + + +One copy, one year, postage included $3.20 +One copy, six months, postage included 1.60 + +CLUBS.--One extra copy of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN will be supplied +gratis for every club of five subscribers at $3.20 each; additional +copies at same proportionate rate. Postage prepaid. + + +THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT + + +is a distinct paper from the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. THE SUPPLEMENT is +issued weekly; every number contains 16 octavo pages, with handsome +cover, uniform in size with SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. Terms of subscription +for SUPPLEMENT, $5.00 a year, postage paid, to subscribers. Single +copies 10 cents. Sold by all news dealers throughout the country. + +COMBINED RATES.--The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and SUPPLEMENT will be sent +for one year, postage free, on receipt of _seven dollars_. Both papers +to one address or different addresses, as desired. + +The safest way to remit is by draft, postal order, or registered +letter. + +Address MUNN & CO., 37 Park Bow, N. Y. + +--> Subscriptions received and single copies of either paper sold by +all the news agents. + + + + +PUBLISHERS' NOTICE TO MAIL SUBSCRIBERS. + + +Mail subscribers will observe on the printed address of each paper the +time for which they have prepaid. Before the time indicated expires, +to insure a continuity of numbers, subscribers should remit for +another year. For the convenience of the mail clerks, they will please +also state when their subscriptions expire. + +New subscriptions will be entered from the time the order is received; +but the back numbers of either the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN or the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT will be sent from January when desired. +In this case, the subscription will date from the commencement of the +volume, and the latter will be complete for preservation or binding. + + * * * * * + + + + +VOL. XXXVII., NO. 2. [NEW SERIES.] _Thirty-second Year._ + +NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JULY 14, 1877. + + + * * * * * + + + + +TABLE OF CONTENTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, + +NO. 80, + +FOR THE WEEK ENDING JULY 14, 1877. + + +I. ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS.--Wrought Iron Bridge Designs: + by WILLIAM O. DOUGLAS. A method of construction whereby the + safety of the structure is not dependent on any single member. + 2 engravings.--Steel Wire Hawsers. + + Health and Sewage of Towns; by ALFRED CARPENTER, M.D., C.S.S. + A practical experience of the Dry system. + + Carlisle Bridge, Dublin, 1 engraving--Extinction of Fires.--Important + Dutch Enterprise. + + Foot Bridge across the River Ness at Inverness; by C. R. MANNERS, + Engineer. 13 illustrations. + + Radiating Steam Hercules for the St. Heliers' Harbor Works, Jersey. + 2 figures.--New Meat Trucks.--New Horseshoe.--Scott's Wheel-Cutting + and Moulding Machine. 3 figures. + + Compound Engine with Rope Driving Gear; by BENJAMIN GOODFELLOW, + Engineer. 3 engravings.--Differential Screw Pipe Joint. + 6 figures. + + Pipes for Gas and Other Purposes (continued from SUPPLEMENT No. + 77). Main-laying continued, with 4 figures.--Fittings of Gas and + Water Pipes; Includes the average "life" of pipes; an account of + various soils, and amount of corrosion in each; Professor Barff's + new iron-preserving process, and other processes in practical use + for preserving iron pipe; proving pipe; the utility of various + metals, and directions for pipe-laying: various fittings, + illustrated in 16 figures. + +II. TECHNOLOGY.--The Sizing of Cotton Goods; a paper read before the + Society of Arts, by W. THOMPSON, F.R.S. A very full and clear + description, embracing: An account of the process of weaving, + explaining the object and utility of size. A table of sizing + mixtures in which are enumerated all the substances used, (1) for + giving adhesive properties to the size, (2) to give weight and + body to the yarn, (3) for softening the size or yarn, and (4) for + preserving the size from mildew and decomposition. + Tests for these substances and directions for mixing, so as to + obtain the results required. Proportions of sizing. Use of flour + in size. Weighting materials, China clay and its substitutes. + "Softenings" and oils for softening. East winds. Glycerin, grape + sugar, mildew preventives, and tape sizing. "Slashing," packing, + mildew, damaged goods, etc.--Notes on Garment Dyeing. Giving + preparation of garments with cotton warps, green on garments with + cotton warps, brown on the same, etc. + +III. LIGHT, HEAT, ELECTRICITY, ETC.--On the Minute Measurements + of Modern Science. By ALFRED M. MAYER. Article IX. The dividing + engine and methods of making accurate linear scales. + 8 illustrations. + +IV. NATURAL HISTORY, ETC.--Catastrophism, or the Evolution of + Environment. An address by Clarence King before the Sheffield + Scientific School of Yale College, New Haven, Conn. + +V. AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE.--Pencils of Silver Nitrate.--The Black + Poplar.--Tree Leaves as a Fertilizer.--Improving Pastures.--Lawns + and Hay.--Thoroughbred Pigs.--Shall Country Houses have Cellars? + +VI. MISCELLANEOUS.--The New German Patent Law: being the Full + Text of the New Law for Patents, passed July 1, 1877, covering all + the States of the German Empire. + + +Terms.--SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, one year, postpaid, _five +dollars_. One copy of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and one copy of SCIENTIFIC +AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, one year, postpaid, _seven dollars_. CLUBS.--One +extra copy of the SUPPLEMENT will be supplied gratis for every club of +five SUPPLEMENT subscribers at $5.00 each. + +All the back numbers of the SUPPLEMENT, from the commencement, January +1, 1876, can be had. Price 10 cents each. + +NOW READY.--The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT for 1876, Complete +in two large volumes. Over 800 quarto pages; over 2,000 engravings. +Embracing History of the Centennial Exhibition. New Illustrated. +Instructions in Mechanical Drawing. Many valuable papers, etc. Price +five dollars for the two volumes, stitched in paper; or six dollars +and fifty cents, handsomely bound in stiff covers. + +Remit by postal order. Address + +MUNN & CO. PUBLISHERS, 37 Park Row, New York. + +--> Single copies of any desired number of the SUPPLEMENT sent to any +address on receipt of 10 cents. + + * * * * * + + + + +CARRYING PEACE INTO AFRICA. + + +To carry war into Africa has been a proverb ever since Rome vowed the +destruction of Carthage. But the Carthagenian invasion was a modern +episode in Africa's experiences of that nature. On one of the earlier +monuments of Egypt there is figured a slave-hunter's raid upon an +Ethiopian village, the horrid details of which are said by travelers +to be an accurate picture of a slave raid of to-day. The same +murderous work has been going on incessantly for at least 4,000 years: +how much longer there is no telling. For all these ages the African +borders have known war and war only, and of the most destructive and +barbarizing nature. + +Recently, under the influence of Sir Samuel Baker, Colonel Gordon, and +the civilized world in general, the Khedive of Egypt has carried war +into the interior in the interests of peace: a conquest in a measure +justified by the suppression of inter-tribal war for the filling of +slave pens, and the abolition of the slave trade down the Nile. A +similar reform has been effected on the east coast by the pressure of +English power on the Sultan of Zanzibar. And the immediate effect of +these two movements has been to prevent the butchery or enslavement of +not less than half a million negroes annually. + +A still more promising invasion of Africa has just been decided upon +in the International Geographical Conference in Brussels: an invasion +wholly in the interests of peace and civilization. At the meeting, +a year ago, it was declared advisable to establish, by international +effort, a line of permanent commercial stations from Bagomoyo, on the +coast of Zanzibar, to St. Paul de Loanda, on the opposite Atlantic +coast; the first stations to be at Ujiji, where Stanley found +Livingstone, on the eastern shore of lake Tanganyika; at Nyangwe, +Livingstone's furthest point northward on the Lualaba; and at some +point further west on the route of Cameron, to be fixed in the +dominions of Muata Yamvo, one of the most powerful chiefs of Central +Africa. At the second conference, which ended June 24, arrangements +were made for sending out the first expedition toward Tanganyika. + +The object of the proposed stations is the development of civilization +by commerce, not by religious propaganda. Primarily they will serve +as bases of operation for explorers of the interior, a sort of +_entrepots_, where the explorer may supply himself with provisions, +instruments, and goods, and thus save the cost and embarrassment of +an army of porters from the coast. They will also serve as places of +refuge for explorers in times of sickness and other reverses, which +have hitherto so terribly hampered explorers. The heads of these +pioneer establishments are to be men of scientific training and proved +executive ability; and each will be aided by a physician-naturalist +and a few skilled artisans. The points thus far chosen are on a line +regularly traveled by the caravans of Arab traders, carrying coffee, +tea, sugar, arms, and woven goods to permanent Arab residences and +trading stations in the interior. An agent of the London Missionary +Society has already begun the survey of a route for ox teams as far +as lake Tanganyika; and Cameron has expressed the opinion that a light +narrow-gauge railway could be constructed from the coast to the lake +at a cost not exceeding four thousand dollars a mile. The traffic +along such a road, he thinks, would soon pay interest on the outlay. + +The unexplored region thus to be opened up to civilization and +commerce (other than in human beings) is larger than the United +States east of the Mississippi. Around it is a still larger region of +partially explored country of unequalled fertility, abounding in great +lakes and navigable rivers, and for the most part so high above +the sea that the products of the tropics mingle with those of +the temperate zone. The cereals, durah, maize, rice, sugar cane, +starch-yielding roots and tubers, cotton, coffee, tobacco, spices, +gums and caoutchouc, dye-stuffs and medicinal plants, the banana, +fig, date, orange, and the vine are among the known products of this +region; and all are capable of becoming important staples of foreign +commerce. The country is not less rich in coal, iron, copper, gold, +and other valuable minerals. The climate, though moist from abundant +rain, is less debilitating than India or Brazil; and everywhere, away +from the miasmatic coast regions and the marshes of the lower river +courses, European explorers have found small cause for complaining of +excessive heat or unhealthiness. On the elevated plateaus which cover +so large a part of Central Africa, the climate is like that of the +sanitariums of India; while among the mountains the finest climates of +the world are fairly rivalled. Stanley found in the mountainous region +between the great lakes and within a degree of the equator every +climatic condition and every element of landscape beauty that could +attract and delight a white colony. It was a perfect alpine country, +with mountains rising from twelve to fifteen thousand feet, yet free +from alpine cold and snow. Countless torrents from the hills watered +ever-verdant valleys as beautiful as those of Tyrol, lying under a +brilliant equatorial sun, yet with a climate as cool and equable as +any European might desire. Further south, among the mountains about +Lake Nyassa, the same features are presented on a grander scale: +a country aptly described as a second Switzerland of gigantic +proportions. + +There can be no question of the ability of Europeans to sustain +themselves in the greater part of the interior-certainly on all the +higher plateaus-nor of the possibility of building up in Central +Africa a great civilized empire. Nature offers every facility, and the +native population seem to be well fitted for productive industry. In +every respect they are physically and morally superior to the negroes +of the coast, and only need protection and the encouragement of +legitimate commerce to weld them into a great nation. Already +they stand on the borders of civilization. They are intelligent, +industrious, and not unskillful in the manufacture of iron and copper +ornaments, utensils, and weapons. The arts of tanning, spinning, +weaving, dyeing, mat-making, etc., are widely diffused among them, and +many of their products are remarkable for their fineness and +strength. They carry on agriculture with considerable success; +and, notwithstanding the chronic state of insecurity incident to +slave-hunting, their wealth in cattle is very great. As soon as the +disturbing and impoverishing influence of the slave traffic is abated, +and a market provided for the products of peace, the advancement of +the people in civilization is likely to go on with great rapidity. +As the source of raw materials which we need, and as a market for the +surplus manufactures of Europe and America, the country offers, to say +the least, many attractions; and it will not be surprising if, within +fifty years, thriving commercial stations will be founded on all +its great lakes and rivers, and connected with the outer world by +telegraphy, railways, and steamship lines. + + * * * * * + + + + +ADDRESS OF CLARENCE KING ON CATASTROPHISM. + + +Mr. Clarence King lately delivered an interesting address before the +Sheffield Scientific School of Yale College, New Haven, Conn., under +the title of "Catastrophism, or the Evolution of Environment," which +promises to evoke considerable discussion. We subjoin an abstract of +the principal features of the address, which is quite lengthy. The +full text will be found in our SUPPLEMENTS, Nos. 80, 81. + +Mr. King refuted the doctrine of slow evolution as taught by Huxley +and Darwin, and declared that the surface of the earth and climate had +been subject to sudden and catastrophic mutation, which included in +its environment all types of life. + +He reasoned that marine fossils are found entombed in rocky beds far +remote from present seas; and that these beds were once sea bottoms +that have been upheaved by convulsions of Nature. The earliest history +of mankind is pregnant with catastrophe, and we have historic story +and biblical record of its sudden and destructive energy. He called +to mind the vast and massive eruptions of the Pliocene basalt as seen +upon our own continent. + +The great obvious changes in the rocky crust were referred to a few +processes; the sub-aerial decay of continents, delivery by streams +of land-detritus into the sea, the spreading out of these comminuted +materials upon a pelagic floor, and lastly upheaval, by which oceanic +beds were lifted up into subsequent land masses. All these processes +he declared to have been more rapid in the past than now. Suddenness, +world-wide destructiveness, were the characteristics of geological +changes. Periods of calm, like the present, are suddenly terminated by +brief catastrophic epochs. Successive faunas and floras were created +only to be extinguished by general cataclysms. + +He believed in recurrent, abrupt accelerations of crust change, so +violent as to destroy all life on the globe. He declared the idea to +be the survival of a prehistoric terror, and was backed up by breaks +in the great palaeontological record. Of the geologic features of +our continent, he said that beneath our America lies buried another +distinct continent, which he called Archaean America, which was made +up of what was originally ocean beds lifted into the air and locally +crumpled into vast mountain chains, which were in turn eroded by +torrents into mountain peaks. The original coast lines of this +continent we may never be able fully to survey, but its great +features, the lofty chains of the mountains which made its bones, were +very nearly co-extensive with our existing systems, the Appalachians +and Cordilleras. The canon-cutting rivers of the present Western +mountains have dug out the peaks and flanks of those underlying, +primeval uplifts and developed an astonishing topography; peaks rising +in a single sweep 30,000 feet from their bases, precipices lifting +bold, solid fronts 10,000 feet into the air, and profound mountain +valleys. The work of erosion, which has been carried on by torrents +of the quaternary age, brings to light buried primeval chains loftier +than any of the present heights of the globe. + +At the close of the Palaezoic age, two enormous masses of what, +probably, were then continents began to sink, and as they disappeared +the present Atlantic and Pacific oceans appeared, while the sea-floor +of a then ocean, emerged, and became the new continent of America. +Dividing this new continent was a sea, but catastrophe removed this +sea and resulted in the folding up of mountain ranges 20,000 and +40,000 feet in height, thereby essentially changing the whole climate +of the continent. Of the land life of the mesozoic age we have +abundant remains. The wonderful reptilian and avian fauna of the +mesozoic age is now familiar to all. But after the catastrophe, and +the change of climate which must necessarily have ensued, this fauna +totally perished. + +After criticising the opinions of Huxley, Lyell, Hutton, Darwin, and +others, he recurred to the effects of sudden terrestrial or cosmical +changes, and conceived that the effects of these changes would +be, first, extermination; secondly, destruction of the biological +equilibrium; and thirdly, rapid morphological change on the part of +plastic species. When catastrophic change burst in upon the ages of +uniformity, and sounded in the ear of every living thing the words +"Change or die!" plasticity became the sole principle of salvation. +And plasticity is the key to survival and prosperity. Mr. King +remarked in conclusion of his address: "He who brought to bear that +mysterious energy we call life upon primeval matter bestowed at +the same time a power of development by change, arranging that the +interaction of energy and matter, which make up environment should, +from time to time, burst in upon the current of life and sweep it +onward and upward to ever higher and better manifestations. Moments of +great catastrophe, thus translated into the language of life, become +moments of creation, when out of plastic organisms something newer and +nobler is called into being." + + * * * * * + + + + +DUPLEX EDUCATION. + + +The age in which we live is a fast one, and he who does not move with +equal celerity, and keep pace with those around him, is ruthlessly +thrust to the wall, and remains there unless he has strength and will +to regain the lost position. We call to our aid every force of +Nature and invoke the assistance of every appliance with which we are +cognizant. We call our fathers slow, and to us they were so; but there +was the same need of celerity in their every-day life as to-day there +is in ours. + +While calling to our aid the elements of Nature and adapting thousands +of mechanical appliances to our wants, do we not often feel that there +is beyond all these a "something" that may be invoked and trained to +help us on in the race of life? Occasionally we find dim glimmerings +of this "something" that we believe will eventually grow to be one of +the prominent sciences. Physiologists tell us that the human brain is +double, that the right and left lobes act in a degree independent of +each other--the right lobe of the brain controlling the physiology of +the left side of the individual from head to heel, while the left lobe +exercises a like dominion on the opposite side. Grant this to be true, +then can be explained the idiosyncrasy that is occasionally seen in +individuals, of which we may instance that of writing at the same +time with both hands; and again we have heard of telegraph operators +sending and receiving two messages at the same time, operating with +both hands, and independent of each other. It is said that Nasmyth, +the inventor of the steam hammer, could actually produce two sketches +or drawings in this way and at the same time. It is also affirmed that +Sir Charles Fox, the architect of the Exhibition building of 1851, +could write upon two ideas at the same time and transfer these ideas +simultaneously to paper with right and left hand. The mechanic can +often be found who can operate upon one piece of mechanism, while at +the same time his brain is busy upon the study of some unborn idea, +foreign to that work upon which he is laboring. Writers can be found +who can write out one train of ideas, while ideas entirely different +are being cogitated upon somewhere in their craniums. We have even +heard it affirmed that an indistinct glimmering of a third idea would +occasionally peep around the corner of the caputs of these favored +ones. + +Why not educate this? Why not form schools and institutions to bring +it out and lead the brain to perform this double function? It can +certainly be done. The world wants it, surely. The age demands it. +Individuals need it. If these individuals can succeed and become +experts in this method of double work, will not double compensation +and a greater remuneration be their reward? This, certainly, will be +an incentive to its acquirement. Go to the apprentice when first he +takes position beside the vise, with chipping chisel in one hand and +hammer in the other. The injunction he mentally receives as he raises +the hammer is, that to miss the chisel is to hit his knuckles. After +a few demonstrative blows he knows what it means, and therefore chisel +and hammer soon come by some strange process to harmonize in action, +so that in whatever position the head of the chisel may be, the blow +is sure to be properly received, and that, too, without any sensible +effort on his part. In this illustration both right and left hand are +taught to act, by brain dictation, in a certain concerted manner. + +Again, we find that mutes have been learned to articulate words +and sentences by proper education, they being taught to imitate the +motions of the mouth and labial organs as by their tutors directed. +Education can do much, and these are some of its results. Can we not +by proper teaching produce all the results as shown in the case of +Nasmyth and Fox. The first lessons must necessarily be simple. For +instance, two things done at the same time with both hands, giving +expression at this time to ideas connected therewith, but distinct +from each other. From this simple lesson we progress, and, as the +ultimatum, we may arrive at greater achievements than Nasmyth or Fox +ever dreamed of. We may find that we can so divide our entity that we +can be conscious of a double-brain existence in a dual action. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE CARRIGEEN CROP. + + +To the great majority of people, Carrigeen, under the more familiar +name of Irish Moss, is known chiefly as the basis of a pleasant and +wholesome drink for the sick room, or as an article of use in the +preparation of delicacies for the table. Comparatively few are aware +of its wide and varied use in the arts, or that the thousands of +barrels of it employed annually by our manufacturers of paper, cloth, +felt, and straw hats, etc., and by brewers, is not an Irish, but an +American product, and, speaking strictly, is not a moss but a seaweed. + +Carrigeen (_chondrus crispus_) is to be found more or less abundantly +all along our northern coast, ranging between the low water line +and the depth of forty feet, or so; but as a rule its fronds, which +correspond to the leaves of air plants, are so numerously inhabited by +small mollusca that they are spoiled for other use. The clean-growing +article seems to be limited almost wholly to certain ledges in the +neighborhood of Scituate, Mass.--a section of coast guarded by the +celebrated Minot Ledge Lighthouse, and famous for its danger to +shipping. Here, where the waves of the Atlantic dash with full force +upon the rocky coast, the carrigeen grows to perfection; and wherever +it escapes the spawn of mussels and other shellfish, is gathered +during the summer season in vast quantities. + +The harvest begins in May and ends about the first of September. The +gathering is made in two ways--by hand-picking during exceptionally +low tides, and by means of long-handled iron-toothed rakes at ordinary +tides. Of course the work cannot be carried on except during fair +weather. Hand-pulling is possible only during the bi-monthly periods +of spring tides, that is, when the moon is full and again at new moon. +At such times high tide occurs about midday and midnight, and the +ledges are exposed for moss gathering morning and evening. The +mossers' boats are rowed to the rocks where the finest grades abound, +and the gatherers select with great care the growths that are freest +from minute shells and other foreign matter. This portion of the crop, +if properly handled afterwards, generally goes to the apothecary and +fetches a price two or three times that of the common grade. + +As the tide rises the pickers are driven to their boats, and proceed +to the outer moss-bearing rocks where the rake is used, as it also is +during ordinary low tides. Moss taken in this way is not so clean as +the hand-picked, and is always mixed with tape grass, which must be +removed during the process of curing and packing. + +The curing of the moss is the most critical part of this peculiar +farming. On being brought to the shore the moss is black and +unsightly; it must be bleached as well as dried. The bleaching is +effected by repeated wetting and drying in the sun; and as the moss +is readily soluble in fresh water the bleaching beds are situated +near the banks of the salt creeks that abound along the shore. After +drying, the moss is packed in tubs and rolled to the water, where it +is thoroughly washed, then rolled back to the bleaching bed, to +be dried again in the sun. Five or six such exposures are usually +sufficient. On the bleaching ground, the moss is carefully spread +and turned, and watchfully guarded against wetting by rain. In this +process it turns from black to red, then to the yellowish-white of the +perfected article. When properly cured the moss is stored in bulk, +in shanties; where, as time permits, it is picked over and packed in +barrels. The crop averages about half a million pounds a year; and +thanks to the brighter and more abundant sunshine of our coast, the +moss has a brighter color and is of finer quality than the Irish +product. + + * * * * * + + + + +CATASTROPHISM IN GEOLOGY. + + +Mr. Clarence King was probably not a little surprised to learn from +the Tribune that in his most suggestive address on "Catastrophism and +the Evolution of Environment," he had turned the guns of Geology upon +Biology; and that in calling attention to the influence of periods of +accelerated change in environment upon exposed types of life he had +swept away the "fundamental doctrines upon which has been built the +scheme of development by natural selection and the survival of the +fittest." Certainly nothing in the address betrays any consciousness +of possible effects of that sort. And it is quite probable also that +Mr. King will have to suffer some annoyance from seeing his name set +up at gaze, like Joshua's moon in Ajalon, by the unscientific press +generally, as that of the newest champion of orthodoxy against the +leaders of modern scientific thought: a penalty which scientific men +always have to pay for emphasizing neglected truths. + +Mr. King certainly deals some telling blows against the position of +the stricter school of Uniformitarians in geology, and brings into +prominence a much neglected element in the struggle for existence; but +there is no scientific revolution threatened, nor are any crumbs of +comfort spread for those endeavoring to arrest the natural drift of +scientific progress. + +The issue between Mr. King and the sticklers for uniformity in rates +of geological change is simply this: In the reaction against the +sweeping cataclysms, the sudden wipings out of whole creations and +the sudden introductions of new worlds of life believed in by earlier +geologists, the modern English school has come to look upon time and +the slower modifications of the earth's surface, now observable, with +the struggle for existence under easy conditions, as the chief factors +in geological change and its accompanying variations in the forms of +life. Mr. King, on the other hand, insists that in so doing they have +taken too little account of catastrophic changes, that is, widespread +and sudden movements of sea and land. In other words, he raises rapid +change of environment from the subordinate place it has hitherto +occupied in the scheme of historical development, and gives special +emphasis to the grand geologic movements which have to do with such +changes. + +In this Mr. King has unquestionably rendered good service to the +science he has done so much to extend and honor in the field; while +the illustrations from American geology which he brings to bear on the +subject are as likely as his sturdy opinions to attract attention. +Yet we are inclined to think that in some things he has allowed his +enthusiasm to run away with him. The stolid self-confidence of +extreme Uniformitarians has tempted him to exaggerate the periodic +accelerations of geologic and biologic movement, and to overstate +their effects quite as much as others have underestimated them; +and when he charges the followers of Lyell with intellectual +near-sightedness and a lack of "the very mechanism of imagination," +they may possibly be able to retort not unjustifiably that he has +mistaken the natural foreshortening of the geological vista due to +distance for actual brevity; and that his belief in the abruptness and +suddenness of the great changes which the earth's strata record, may +be due to his own lack of sustained imaginative power for grasping and +interpreting all the evidences of the enormous time really involved. +But this is a question not of imaginative capacity but of logical +deduction from observed facts; and however abrupt the beginning of +some of the great geologic movements may have been, their subsequent +progress cannot in all cases have been so rapid as to allow of their +being called catastrophic in any ordinary acceptation of the term. + +Take, for example, the alleged catastrophe which marked the close of +the mesozoic age in the West. Of this movement Mr. King remarks: "In +a quasi-uniformitarian way, 20,000 or 30,000 feet of sediment had +accumulated in the Pacific and 14,000 in the [American] mediterranean +sea; when these regions, which, during the reception of sediment, +had been areas of subsidence, suddenly upheaved, the doming up of the +middle of the continent quite obliterating the mediterranean sea and +uniting the two land masses into one. The catastrophe which removed +this sea resulted in the folding up of mountain ranges 20,000 and +40,000 feet in height, thereby essentially changing the whole climate +of the continent." + +That this great change occurred, and was attended with an obliteration +of the wonderful reptilian and avian fauna of the mesozoic age, is +most true: that it occurred suddenly does not appear. On the contrary, +there is evidence to show that the prodigious folding up of mountain +ranges involved could not have proceeded with sufficient rapidity to +turn the course of a stream of water. It happened that one of those +folds--one which, had no denudation been going on meanwhile, +would have lifted its crest higher than the highest peak of the +Himalayas--lay directly across the course of the Colorado river. The +river held its course uninterruptedly, sawing its way through the +uplift until six vertical miles of rocky strata had risen past it. At +no time, therefore, could the rapidity of motion in the bulging strata +have exceeded the capacity of the river to wear away the obstruction, +and the bulge was fifty miles across! We do not know how rapidly a +river may sink its channel through such a rising barrier; but we do +know that a process of that nature cannot legitimately be described +as swift or sudden. And surely it requires not less intellectual +far-sightedness and imaginative faculty to carry the mind across the +enormous stretch of time involved in such a change slowly wrought--a +period during which at least three vertical miles of the rising +mountain fold was worn down by rain and atmospheric abrasion--as to +mass the continental doming, the mountain folding, and the attendant +life changes together as a convulsive "catastrophe." + +Mr. King, however, is not a Catastrophist of a very violent sort. He +shelves among the errors of the past the belief in such cataclysms as +Cuvier believed in, involving world-wide destruction of all life--"the +mere survival of a prehistoric terror, backed up by breaks in the +palaeontological record and protected within those safe cities of +refuge, the Cosmogonies;" though he rejects as equally unsatisfactory +the mild affirmations of the Uniformitarians, that existing rates +of change and indefinite time are enough to account for all the +geological record. With our present light, he holds, geological +history seems to be a dovetailing together of the two ideas. "The ages +have had their periods of geological serenity, when change progressed +in the still, unnoticeable way, and life through vast lapses of +time followed the stately flow of years; drifting on by insensible +gradations through higher and higher forms, and then all at once +a part of the earth suffered short, sharp, destructive revolution +unheralded as an earthquake or volcanic eruptions." Thus stated, his +position does not seem to be radically different from that of +the broader Uniformitarians, except that he marks the periods of +accelerated physical change, and not those of comparative quiescence, +as the dominant ones in their influence on life-change. He takes +high and strong ground, too, in insisting that it is the business +of geology not simply to decipher and map out the changes which have +taken place in the configuration of the globe and in its climatic +conditions, but also to investigate and fix the rates of change. And +when the evolution of environment takes form as a distinct branch of +geology, he expects to witness a marked modification in the dominant +views of biologists. Its few broad laws will include "neither the +absolute uniformitarianism of Lyell and Hutton, Darwin and Haeckel, +nor the universal catastrophism of Cuvier and the majority of +teleogists." "Huxley alone among prominent evolutionists opens the +door for a union of the residue of truth in the two schools, fusing +them in his proposed evolutional geology." + +So, on looking back over a trail of thirty thousand miles of +geological travel, Mr. King is impelled to say that Mr. Huxley's +far-sighted view perfectly satisfies his interpretation of the broad +facts of the American continent. + +Of Mr. King's observations in regard to plasticity of physical +structure in connection with rapidly changing environment and the +struggle for existence, we propose to speak at another time. + + * * * * * + + + + +The great stone monuments of England, like Stonehenge, are supposed, +by Mr. James Fergusson, to be military trophies, erected in the time +of King Arthur on the battle fields by the victorious armies. + + * * * * * + + + + +A NEW APPARATUS FOR STORING AND UTILIZING SOLAR HEAT. + + +The apparatus herewith illustrated is devised to collect solar heat or +other heat, store it up in a heat reservoir--a mass of iron or other +suitable material--confine it in the reservoir until needed, keep +it in such form that it can be transported from place to place, and +utilize it for industrial or other purposes. + +[Illustration: APPARATUS FOR STORING AND UTILIZING SOLAR HEAT.] + +A is a concave mirror for concentrating the solar rays upon the heat +reservoir, B, which is a mass of iron. C is the heat box for +confining the heat until needed, and also for serving as package for +transporting the heat reservoir when hot. G is the heat reservoir +chamber, in which the heat is communicated from the hot reservoir to +the air. Under certain circumstances the heat reservoir may be heated +in the heat reservoir chamber. H is a devaporizing chamber, for +extracting the moisture from the air by means of a deliquescent +substance or other material or treatment. A vertical stack or flue, I, +communicates with the heat reservoir chamber, for conveying the heated +air away for use. + +The device for concentrating the solar rays may be either stationary +or movable, and, if movable, may be moved by hand, or automatically, +to follow the sun. The various chambers mentioned will have valves, +J, at the ends to regulate the passage of the air, and there will be a +door, K, at the side or bottom. + +Patented through the Scientific American Patent Agency, March +20, 1877, by Messrs. John S. Hittell and Geo. W. Deitzler, of San +Francisco, Cal. + + * * * * * + + + + +PHOSPHORESCENT SWEATING. + + +While the subject of phosphorescence in marine animals was under +discussion at a society meeting in Florence, Professor Panceri cited +the case of a medical man, who, after eating fish, felt indisposed, +had nausea, and sweats that were luminous. This idiosyncrasy was laid +to the _pesce baudiera_, a Neapolitan fish. Dr. Borgiotti, another +member of the Academy, also narrated a case of phosphorescent sweating +in a patient with miliaria, a fact which has previously been noticed. + + * * * * * + + + + +UTILIZATION OF TIN SCRAP. + + +Messrs. Charles A. Catlin and George F. Wilson, of Providence, R. +I., have patented, May 8, 1877, a new process of utilizing tin scrap, +whereby they claim the tin is recovered, either as a valuable salt +of that metal or in the metallic form, and the iron or other metal is +left as a scrap at once available for reworking. + +[Illustration: CALLIN AND WILSON'S PROCESS OF UTILIZING TIN SCRAP.] + +In any suitable building, a crane, A, is erected and placed in the +sweep of that crane; in any convenient order are a boiler, D, two +tanks, B and C, an evaporating pan, F, and an additional tank, E. +From the crane is suspended a wire basket to contain the scrap to be +treated, so perforated as to admit of the ready entrance of the liquid +when submerged in, and its ready escape when withdrawn from, the +boiler, D, in which boiler is put a sufficient quantity of the +solution of caustic soda or potash to allow of a complete submersion +therein of the basket and its contents. The basket, G, is then filled +with the material to be treated, sprinkling in during the filling the +requisite quantity of common salt or other chloride and nitrate +of soda or other nitrate, using these dry, not in solution, either +previously mixed or shaken in together in the proportion of from three +to five pounds each to every hundred pounds of scrap, the requisite +quantity depending upon the thickness of the thin [tin?] plate to be +removed. The loaded basket, being elevated by the crane, A, is +then swung round, and, by lowering, submerged in the hot or boiling +solution of caustic soda or potash in the iron boiler, D, which may +hold in solution a further proportion of the chloride and nitrate +used, the heat of which solution is maintained by a fire beneath the +boiler, or in any other and ordinary way. In the ensuing reaction the +oxygen of the nitrate combines with the tin to form stannic acid, and +this, in turn, combining with the alkali present, forms a stannate +of that base, which, entering into solution, leaves the before-plated +metal tin-free, the chloride present assisting in the reaction. A +further and more complex reaction takes place, by which copious fumes +of ammonia are evolved, which may be utilized by proper appliances. +When the reaction is complete, the basket containing the now tin-freed +scrap is withdrawn from the boiler, and suspended above it long enough +to drain. It is then swung over the tank, C, containing water, in +which it is washed by submerging and withdrawing several times, and +in like manner the washing completed in the water of the tank, B. The +contents of the basket being now discharged, it is again filled with +fresh scrap in the manner already described, and the process repeated. +The loss by evaporation from the boiler, D, is supplied by the wash +water in the tank, C; this, in turn, being supplied by the wash water +in the tank, B, to which fresh water is supplied as required. When +the caustic solution is sufficiently charged with the tin salt, it +is allowed to deposit the impure crystals, which, being removed and +drained, are redissolved in water in the iron tank, E. This solution +in the iron tank, E, after filtration or decantation, is again +concentrated in the evaporating pan, F, the crystals of stannate being +removed from time to time, drained and dried; or the impure crystals +obtained in the boiler, D, may be mixed with fine charcoal or other +reducing agent, and subjected to the requisite heat for the reduction +of the tin to the metallic form. + + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW ALLOY. + + +A very beautiful new alloy, intended to replace brass in various +ornamental uses, especially in window and door furniture, has been +invented by W. A. Hopkins, of Paris. The alloy is composed of copper, +tin, spelter, or zinc and lead, which metals are manipulated. A +crucible is placed in the furnace and fired to red heat, and into the +crucible thus heated the metals are placed in the proportions of--tin +1-1/8 (say) 1 oz., spelter or zinc 1/2 oz., lead 5/16 of an ounce. These +are the proportions he prefers to use, as he has found them to give +excellent and satisfactory results, but he does not intend to confine +himself rigidly to the precise proportions named, as they may, +perhaps, be slightly varied in some particulars without materially +detracting from the beautiful color of the alloy which it is +intended to produce. The molten metals are kept well stirred, and +any impurities therein should be removed. When thoroughly mixed, +this alloy, which is termed the first alloy, is poured off into ingot +moulds and left to cool. Copper, in the proportion of eight parts to +one of this first alloy, is then placed in the crucible and brought +to melting heat, when the tin or first alloy is added and intimately +mixed with the copper, for which purpose the molten mass must be well +stirred for several minutes; it is then poured into ingot moulds for +sale in the form of ingots, or it may be poured into pattern moulds so +as to produce the articles required. This is the mode of manipulation +which it is preferred to employ, as an opportunity is thus afforded of +removing any impurities from the first alloy before mixing it with the +copper; but all the metals may, if preferred, be mixed together in the +proportions given and melted at one operation. By this means an alloy +is obtained of great strength, and of a very beautiful appearance, and +which is particularly suitable for small work, such, for instance, as +window and door furniture and other house furniture which is usually +made in brass or other alloy of copper, though it is not intended to +confine its use to such articles. + + * * * * * + + + + +SEBASTIN--AN IMPROVED EXPLOSIVE. + + +In the manufacture of the explosive known as dynamite, an infusorial +earth is used, which is filled with or made to absorb nitroglycerin. +As compared with certain kinds of charcoal, however, the absorptive +and retentive power of infusorial earth in small changes of +temperature unfavorably affect the common dynamite, and cause a +separation of the nitrogylcerin from the infusorial earth. The +improvement we now refer to is the invention of G. Fahnehjelm, of +Stockholm, Sweden, and consists in the substitution of a highly +porous and absorptive species of wood charcoal, in place of the +earth heretofore employed. The author designates his production as +"sebastin," and gives a number of interesting particulars as follow: + +In order to produce a charcoal having the required quantities, the +carbonization or coking must be done in such a manner as to completely +destroy the organic substances, and to produce as porous a charcoal as +possible. For this he selects by preference young trees or striplings +or branches of poplar, hazelwood, or alder tree, and he burns them in +an open fire. When the wood has been consumed he does not put out the +fire by means of water, but leaves it to go out of itself. In this +way he obtains a very inflammable and very porous charcoal, which can +absorb more than five, and approaching six times its weight of +nitroglycerin without any risk of the separation of the oil. The +charcoal is pulverized in a wooden mortar, but it should not be +reduced to too fine a powder, else it will not so completely absorb +the nitroglycerin. The charcoal produced in the ordinary way, or by +closed fire, is quite different as regards absorbing power. Charcoal +of fir trees may, however, be used, and may acquire nearly the same +qualities, that is, if charred a second time in a special oven. + +By mixing the different kinds of charcoal, a material may be obtained +possessing the required absorbing qualities, and an explosive compound +may then be obtained of the required power without loss of the +necessary consistency--that is, without being too dry, which is not +desirable. The charcoal not only serves as the best absorbent for the +nitroglycerin, but it plays also an important part in the combustion. +The nitroglycerin in exploding decomposes into steam, carbonic acid, +nitrogen, and oxygen. In the explosion of dynamite with inert base the +oxygen goes away without being utilized, but in the explosion of this +new compound (the new sebastin as he calls it) a part of the absorbent +charcoal is burnt by means of the liberated oxygen. The quantity of +gas is thus augmented, and also the development of heat, whereby again +the tension of this gas is augmented. As, however, the quantity of +charcoal necessary for the complete absorption of the nitroglycerin +is in all cases much larger than that which can reduce the excess of +oxygen produced at the explosion into carbonic acid, he adds to the +compound a salt, which also by the combustion gives an excess amount +of oxygen which may contribute to burn the rest of the charcoal. For +this purpose he uses by preference nitrate of potassa, which may be +added without any risk, and which gives the explosive compound a very +much greater rapidity or vehemence, and consequent force of explosion. + +The composition of the new sebastin depends upon the objects for which +it is to be used, and the effects intended to be produced. The +strongest compound, and even in this there is stated to be no risk of +the separation of the nitroglycerin, is composed of 78 parts by +weight of nitroglycerin, 14 of the wood charcoal, and 8 of nitrate of +potassa; and when less power is required the proportions are +varied, the second quality consisting of 68 per cent. by weight of +nitroglycerin, 20 of the charcoal, and 12 of nitrate of potassa. + +To show the relative strength of the compounds, the inventor says: Let +the dynamic force of pure nitroglycerin be represented by the number +2,884,043.6, then the dynamic force of the sebastin No. 1, as +above, will be indicated by 2,416,575, and of the sebastin No. 2 by +1,933,079.4, while that of dynamite No. 1 (consisting of 75 per +cent. of nitroglycerin and 25 per cent. of infusorial earth) will be +represented by 674,694. + +For the above qualities of sebastin the increased effect produced by +the greater rapidity of the explosion must be taken into account also. +The increase has not yet been measured, but is estimated at 10 per +cent. The sebastin may also be compounded in other proportions of the +constituent parts, but the object being to produce explosive compounds +of the greatest force which it is possible to employ without danger, +he merely mentions that the proportion by weight may vary from 50 +to 80 per cent. of nitroglycerin, 15 to 35 per cent. of the prepared +charcoal, and 5 to 20 per cent. of the nitrate of potassa; the parts +being taken by weight, as above stated. + + * * * * * + + + + +A NEW METHOD OF BOOKBINDING. + + +The annexed engravings represent a new system of binding books, +for which a number of important advantages are claimed. It obviates +stitching, allows of each leaf being firmly secured, and hence is +especially well suited for single-leaved books. It admits of plates +and maps being bound in their proper places instead of being pasted +in, and renders the book much stronger and more durable. The inventor +claims a saving of 40 to 75 per cent of the time required for +stitching, and of 50 per cent of the time needed in ordinary rebinding +work. + +[Illustration: Bookbinding Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4] + +The mode of operation is as follows: On receiving the sheets, the +binder folds them and places them in consecutive order, according to +the printer's signature. The front and bottom edges of the book are +then trimmed so as to obtain two straight sides; and the backs of the +sheets are cut off, transforming them into single leaves. Horizontal +lines are now marked with pencil across the back of the book for the +saw cuts; and a diagonal line, A, B, Fig. 2, is drawn to serve as a +guide in replacing the leaves in their proper places. A thin coat of +glue is next applied to the back; and when this is dry, the book is +divided into sections of from four to eight leaves (without counting +them) entirely disregarding the printer's signatures, but placing the +sheets in their original order. The binder places the first section +removed at his right hand, the next at his left, and so on, forming +two piles. Each pile is then straightened, and in the back of each, a +little below the transverse lines, are made bevel cuts with the saw. +Said cuts are 1/8 inch in length, inclined at an angle of +45 deg., and so placed that one half their length is above and the other +half below the marked line. When one pile of sheets is thus sawn, the +other pile is similarly treated; but the corresponding cuts are made +at relatively opposite angles. This will be understood from Fig. 1, in +which C represents the edge of the right hand pile, for example, and D +that of the left hand pile. + +The sections of each pile are now returned in their regular order, +according to the printer's signatures. Should a section have been +misplaced, the diagonal line, being thus broken, will show the fact. +It will be seen, however, that this arrangement involves the alternate +use of sheets from each pile, so that, when all are put together, the +beveled cuts will cross or form dovetails, as shown in Fig. 3. Half +inch strips of white paper muslin, E, Fig. 4, are next pasted around +the back edges of the first and last sections. This is done to +strengthen the hold of the twines in the back of the book, said +sections necessarily bearing the whole strain of the covers. The twine +used corresponds in size to the holes made by the coincidence of the +beveled saw cuts. This twine is passed through the holes by means of a +blunt darning needle. The back of the book is shown in Fig. 2; and in +Fig. 4 the twines are represented as passed. Nothing further remains +to be done but to paste in the fly-leaves and lining, and finish the +book in the usual manner. + +It is evident that this a very much stronger method of securing the +leaves than that in which the twine is simply laid and glued in a +straight cut. Each leaf is independently fastened; and the thread is +prevented from cutting through, as is commonly the case when the book +has been used to any great extent. Books can be bound to open more or +less as desired; and in rebinding, instead of taking the book apart +and cutting threads, a thin shaving is sliced off the back, and the +leaves are treated in the manner already described. + +Patented March 20, 1877, by Mr. Florenz E. Schmitz. For further +information, address Messrs. Schmitz and Slosson, box 1180, +Middletown, Orange county, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + + + +IMPROVED CURTAIN FIXTURE. + + +We illustrate herewith an improved curtain fixture, which may be +adjusted to windows or curtains of different widths, and is adapted +for use in connection with different means for raising and lowering +the curtain. Fig. 1 represents the device in place, a portion of the +cornice being broken away to exhibit it; and Fig. 2 shows the same in +detail. + +[Illustration: Improved Curtain Fixture Figs. 1 and 2] + +Attached to the cornice are guides, A, in which are sliding loops, B. +The latter may be adjusted to suit the position of the hooks placed in +the window case to sustain the cornice, so that said hooks need not be +set with any particularity. The curtain roller, C, has both its ends +screw-threaded, to receive hollow pulleys, as shown. The spindles +projecting from these pulleys are inclosed in coiled springs which +press against the bearings, D, and so hold the shade in any position +in which it may be placed. The bearings, D, are clasped in the ways, +A, and are laterally adjustable. Sliding blocks are also arranged in +said ways, and through each block passes a set screw, E. It will be +perceived that the bearings may be readily adjusted to curtains of +different widths, and the parts may afterward be locked in position by +the set screws, E. The curtain may be raised or lowered by cords wound +on the hollow pulleys. + +Patented December 5, 1876, by Mr. K. J. Pospisil. For further +particulars relative to sale of patent, address the Penn Patent +Agency, 133 South Second street, Philadelphia, Pa. + + * * * * * + + + + +BOOT AND SHOE MACHINERY. + + +[Illustration: Boot and Shoe Machinery Fig. 1] + +No manufacturers have taken greater advantage of the ingenuity of the +mechanical engineer than the American boot and shoe makers. Nearly +every operation in the complex process of evolving finished boots +from the plain skins of leather is the object of a special class of +machinery; and for several years past, we have weekly chronicled the +patenting of several improvements in the devices for effecting some +of the numerous operations. We present herewith a series of eight +labor-saving machines of the most approved construction, which we +select from Knight's "American Mechanical Dictionary."[1] + +[Footnote 1: Published in numbers by Messrs. Hurd & Houghton, New York +city.] + +Fig. 1 is a shoe-edge trimmer, in which the shoe is mounted on a +jack, the carriage of which has a motion of translation and rotation +communicated to it: so that, while the side of the sole is being +trimmed, the shoe is fed longitudinally against the knife, but at the +toe and heel is rotated beneath it. The knife is universally jointed, +to permit the hands of the operator to determine the different bevels +cut. + +[Illustration: Boot and Shoe Machinery Fig. 2] + +Fig. 2 is an ingenious little machine for placing the eyelets of the +lace holes in position, and fastening them. The eyelets are fed, one +by one, from the reservoir at the top, down the inclined ways, and are +seized at the foot between the plunger and anvil, and they are riveted +in their proper places in the shoe or strip of leather, which is held +and fed by the operator. + +[Illustration: Boot and Shoe Machinery Fig. 3] + +Fig. 3 is a machine in which a shoe or boot is chucked and revolved +against a burnishing tool, to impart a smooth and elegant finish to +the heel. Our engraving shows a machine with what is called in the +trade a "hot kit," a heated burnishing tool, with a flexible gas pipe +of sufficient length, which follows the oscillations of the burnishing +stock, _a_, and which conveys gas to the interior of the tool, where +it is burnt in a jet. The tool is made to reciprocate over the surface +of the heel, passing from breast to breast at each oscillation with an +elastic pressure. + +[Illustration: Boot and Shoe Machinery Fig. 4] + +Fig. 4 is a machine for pressing together the "lifts" which compose +a boot or shoe heel, thus dispensing with the handiwork of the +hammer and lapstone. The bed is adjusted vertically by a screw to any +thickness to which the blank heel may be built; and the plunger is +brought down by the depression of the treadle with such force as to +compact the lifts together. + +Fig. 5 shows a heel-pricking machine. When the lifts of the heel are +fairly pressed together by the appliance shown in Fig. 4, the pricking +machine pierces the necessary holes through all the lifts at once by +a gang of awls. The compressed heels are first secured together by +tacking, and then placed on the platen; and the plunger, with its gang +of awls, descends with great force. + +Fig. 6 is a heel trimmer, known in the trade as the Cote trimmer. The +shoe is held stationary by the treadle clamp; and the knife stock, +which is centrally pivoted to the outer plate or jaw bearing upon the +tread lift, is then grasped in the hands of the operator, and moved to +give a sweeping cut to trim the heel. + +Fig. 7 is a machine for pressing boot soles. Beneath the crosshead of +the press is a swinging bed, on each end of which is a form, in order +that a shoe may remain under pressure upon one while the operator +is placing another shoe on the other. The pressure is given by the +treadle, which brings down the upper platen on the channeled sole. + +[Illustration: Boot and Shoe Machinery Fig. 5] + +[Illustration: Boot and Shoe Machinery Fig. 6] + +[Illustration: Boot and Shoe Machinery Fig. 7] + + * * * * * + + + + +ON DYSPEPSIA. + + +At a late meeting of the Harveian Society, of London, Dr. Farquharson +read a paper on this subject. Attention was directed to the state of +the tongue in dyspepsia. A deeply fissured tongue often meant little; +whereas a thin white fur, composed of minute dots, was generally found +along with pain immediately after food. Pain after a longer interval +was accompanied by a pale, flabby tongue, with reddish tip and center. +The treatment of dyspepsia consisted of two parts, that of food +and that of drugs. The latter was the principal part with patients +applying for gratuitous relief. The pain occurring immediately after +food was usually relieved by alkalies; whereas acids were indicated +where suffering was not experienced until an hour or two after the +commencement of the digestive act. For the relief of the nausea and +sickness remaining after the bowels were thoroughly cleansed, nothing +was so effectual as hourly drop doses of ipecacuanha wine. Nux vomica +was also a valuable remedy. Pain might be but the protest of the +stomach against an overload, or be the result of deficient tone from +general nervous exhaustion. In some cases each meal was followed by +diarrh[oe]a; and for these cases attention was directed to Ringer's +plan of minute doses of the liquor hydrargyri perchloridi In speaking +of diet, Dr. Farquharson pointed out that there are three forms of +dyspepsia: 1. The dyspepsia of fluids, as it is called, where the +stomach seems intolerant of all forms of fluid; 2. The digestive +derangement following intemperance in the matter of animal food; and, +3. The dyspepsia connected with indulgence in tea, or other warm and +weak infusions of tannin. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE DESTRUCTIVE EFFECTS OF LIGHTNING. + + +The amount of destruction of life and property by lightning, or rather +electrical discharges, has been very great throughout the world. + +It is estimated that at least 45 persons are killed annually by +lightning in this country. The average number of deaths by lightning +has been 22 in England, 9 in Switzerland, 3 in Belgium, and 75 in +France. In France alone, during a period of thirty years, over 10,000 +persons were smitten, of which 2,252 were instantly killed. Eighty +were wounded and 9 killed during one thunderstorm at Chateauneuf les +Montiers in 1861, and within one week, when the air was highly charged +with electricity, thirty-three fearful flashes of lightning were +observed, each bringing death to some victims. + +During the sixteen years between 1799 and 1816, 156 vessels of the +British navy were struck by lightning; 73 men were killed and 138 +injured, and the loss of materials amounted to over a million dollars; +but since the system of metallic conductors, adapted for vessels, +devised by Sir W. Snow Harris, has been applied to the vessels in that +navy, the losses and damages by lightning have almost entirely ceased, +although the number of vessels has been greatly increased. + +In Fuller's Church History it is stated that "scarcely a great +abbey in England exists which once, at least, was not burned down by +lightning from heaven." + +On the night of April, 1718, twenty-four steeples were struck along +the coast of Brittany; and on the 11th of January, 1815, twelve +steeples suffered a similar fate in the Rhenish provinces. + +On the 27th of July, 1759, lightning burnt all the woodwork of the +great cathedral at Strasbourg; and on the 14th of August, 1833, it was +struck three times within a quarter of an hour, and so much damaged +that the repairs cost about $6,000,000. In 1835 lightning conductors +were placed upon the building and steeple, and since then it has +not been damaged whatever by lightning, although discharges have on +several occasions occurred in line with the top of the steeple, which +is 437 feet above the ground. + +On the 18th of August, 1769, the Tower of St. Nazaire, at Brescia, +was struck, and the subterranean powder magazine, containing 2,076,000 +lbs. of powder, belonging to the Republic of Venice, was exploded. +One sixth of the whole town was laid in ruins and the rest very much +injured, and about 3,000 persons killed. + +On the 26th of June, 1807, the powder magazine of Luxembourg, +containing 28,000 lbs., was struck, and besides about 30 persons +killed and 200 injured, the town was ruined. + +Explosions and large fires, involving a great loss, have become rather +frequent in this country, owing to the iron tanks used for the storage +of petroleum being struck by lightning. From March to August, in 1876, +over 10,000,000 gallons, and on April 19, 1877, over 2,000,000 gallons +of oil, and the village of Troutman, were destroyed in the oil regions +of Pennsylvania. + +Some of the thunderstorms which have prevailed in this country have +been very terrific and destructive. During August 14th, 15th, and +16th, 1872, portions of New York State and the New England States were +visited by some of the most terrific thunderstorms ever experienced, +during which over 200 dwellings were struck and damaged, about 10 +persons were instantly killed, and 160 stunned. Quite a number of +barns, with their contents, hay and cattle, were also struck, fired, +and consumed. Cars, while running on some of the railroads, were +surrounded by a vivid electric light, but no passengers were injured, +although they were greatly alarmed. Telegraph wires were melted by the +half mile, telegraph instruments broken, and poles shattered in all +directions. One of these storms occurred at midnight, at Arlington, +Mass., August 14th, in which brilliant streams of electricity darted +across the sky in every direction, and the thunder which followed was +constant for a period of thirteen minutes, without the intermission +of an instant of silence. Three hundred and thirty-one discharges +were counted in seven minutes by an observer, and each discharge was +followed by loud and sometimes rattling reports, whose reverberations +rolled through the heavens in an endless procession of majestic and +terrific sounds. During this scene, the moon, which was about half an +hour above the western horizon, was visible, but so magnified, through +the haze and vapor, as to appear like a brilliant flame suspended in +the sky. For a period of twenty minutes the scene was one of grandeur +and sublimity rarely witnessed. + +In the States of Illinois and Iowa, and the prairie country west of +the Mississippi river, thunderstorms are generally more terrific, and +more lives have been lost there from the effects of lightning than +in any other section of this country. Owing to the said country being +level and devoid of trees, the equilibrium between the electricity +of the atmosphere and that of the earth is principally restored by +disruptive discharges.--_Spang's "Treatise on Lightning Protection"_ + + * * * * * + + + + +A tooth of a mastodon has been dug up near the Ashley river in South +Carolina. It is 111/2 inches long, 6 inches in diameter, and weighs more +than 5 lbs. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE SEA SERPENT SIGHTED FROM A ROYAL YACHT. + + +The Osborne, paddle royal yacht, Commander Hugh L. Pearson, which +arrived at Portsmouth from the Mediterranean on Monday, June 11, +has forwarded an official report to the Admiralty, through the +Commander-in-Chief (Admiral Sir George Elliot, K.C.B.), respecting a +sea monster which she encountered during her homeward voyage. + +At about 5 o'clock in the afternoon of June 2, the sea being +exceptionally calm, while the yacht was proceeding round the north +coast of Sicily toward Cape Vito, the officer on the watch observed +a long ridge of fins, each about 6 feet long, moving slowly along. He +called for a telescope, and was at once joined by other officers. The +Osborne was steaming westward at ten and a half knots an hour, and +having a long passage before her, could not stay to make minute +observations. The fins were progressing in a eastwardly direction, and +as the vessel more nearly approached them, they were replaced by the +foremost part of a gigantic monster. Its skin was, so far as it could +be seen, altogether devoid of scales, appearing rather to resemble in +sleekness that of a seal. + +The head was bullet-shaped, with an elongated termination, being +somewhat similar in form to that of a seal, and was about six feet in +diameter. Its features were only seen by one officer, who described +them as like those of an alligator. The neck was comparatively narrow, +but so much of the body as could be seen, developed in form like that +of a gigantic turtle, and from each side extended two fins, about +fifteen feet in length, by which the monster paddled itself along +after the fashion of a turtle. + +The appearance of the monster is accounted for by a submarine volcano, +which occurred north of Galita, in the Gulf of Tunis, about the middle +of May, and was reported at the time by a steamer which was struck by +a detached fragment of submarine rock. The disturbance below water, it +is thought probable, may have driven up the monster from its "native +element," as the site of the eruption is only one hundred miles from +where it was reported to have been seen--_Portsmouth (Eng.) Times._ + + * * * * * + + + + +SUNSTROKE. + + +The sudden accession of heat has already produced one fatal, and more +than one severe, case of sunstroke in the metropolis. Probably the +affection so designated is not the malady to which the term _coup de +soleil_ can be properly applied. The condition brought about is +an exaggerated form of the disturbance occasioned by entering +too suddenly the "hot" room of a Turkish bath. The skin does not +immediately perform its function as an evaporating and therefore +cooling surface, and an acute febrile state of the organism is +established, with a disturbed balance of circulation, and more or less +cerebral irritation as a prominent feature of the complaint. Death may +suddenly occur at the outset of the complaint, as it has happened in +a Turkish bath, where the subject labors under some predisposition to +apoplexy, or has a weak or diseased heart. It should suffice to point +out the danger and to explain, by way of warning, that although the +degrees of heat registered by the thermometer, or the power of the +sun's rays, do not seem to suggest especial caution, all sudden +changes from a low to a high temperature are attended with danger +to weak organisms. The avoidance of undue exercise--for example, +persistent trotting or cantering up and down the Row--is an obvious +precaution on days marked by a relatively, if not absolutely, high +temperature. We direct attention to this matter because it is obvious +the peculiar peril of overheating the body by exertion on the first +burst of fine weather is not generally realized. It is forgotten that +the increased temperature must be measured by the elevation which has +recently taken place, not the number of degrees of heat at present +recorded. The registered temperature may be more or less than that +which occurred a year ago; but its immediate effects on the organism +will be determined by the conditions which have preceded it and the +violence of the change.--_Lancet_. + + * * * * * + + + + +DEAD HORSES STANDING ERECT. + + +The Danville _Advertiser_ of the 7th inst. says: Mr. Smith was in +town on Saturday with his hired man, and the two tell a singular story +about a lightning stroke. Mr. Smith was on a grain drill in a field, +and his hired man was about 12 rods from him, dragging. Suddenly Smith +heard the noise of thunder, and became unconscious. The man also heard +the noise, but neither of them saw any flash of lightning. The +man went to Smith, and in about twenty minutes he was restored to +consciousness. Then attention was given to the horses. One of them was +standing erect, with one foot lifted a little way from the earth, and +the other was kneeling with his nose in the earth, and both were stone +dead, and retained their positions until they were pushed over. The +supposition is that in this case the electricity went from the earth +to the sky. + + * * * * * + + + + +The Berlin correspondent of the London _Times_ states that General +Berdan, of the United States, has invented an instrument which +will greatly improve the art of killing. He calls his invention a +"range-finder." It consists of a telescope and other instruments, all +of which can be carried on a dogcart, and which enable the engineers +to measure with perfect accuracy up to 2,000 metres, or 1,500 yards. +The time needed to ascertain distances, is only two minutes, and +the General believes that his invention will double the accuracy of +artillery fire, and quadruple that of infantry. + + * * * * * + + + + +SETTING LOCOMOTIVE SLIDE VALVES. + +BY JOSHUA ROSE. + + +E. G. asks: "How can I set the slide valves of a locomotive when +she is on the road?" J. H. S. asks: "What is the method of setting +locomotive slide valves from marks on the slide spindle?" And F. O. +asks: "How are the valves of inside cylinder locomotives set, since +the back ports are out of sight and you cannot measure the lead?" + +Our correspondent will find these questions answered in full below. + +It is presumed that the lengths of the eccentric rod, reverse rod, and +other parts are correct, and they are properly connected and oiled +so as to be in working order. The first thing to do is to place the +reverse lever in the forward full-gear notch of the quadrants, or +sectors, as they are sometimes called. The next procedure is to place +the crank on its forward dead center as near as can be ascertained by +the eye, and loosening the set screw of the forward eccentric, that is +to say, the eccentric which connects with the upper end of the link, +move that eccentric round on the shaft until the valve leaves the port +at the front end of the cylinder open to the amount of whatever lead +it is desired to give the valve. In moving the eccentric round on the +shaft, it is necessary to move it in the direction in which it will +turn when in operation. This is done in order to take up any lost +motion there may be in the eccentric straps, in the eccentric rod +eyebolts, or other working parts or joints between the eccentric and +the slide valve rod or spindle. If the eccentric was turned backward +instead of forward, all the lost motion would operate to vitiate the +set of the valve, because, when the eccentric begins to move, its +motion will have no effect in moving the slide valve spindle, until +all the lost motion in the various parts is taken up by the eccentric +movement. In considering this part of the operation, we must bear in +mind that, to set the valve, we must move the wheels of the engine, +it being impracticable to move the piston itself. Now, in moving the +wheels, we are confronted with the fact that the crank pin is pulling +the connecting rod; hence, if there is any lost motion in the brasses +at either end of the connecting rod, the piston will not be at the end +of its stroke when the crank is on its dead center. + +Suppose, for instance, that we have moved the driving wheel forward +until the crank stands upright at a right angle to the bore of the +cylinder, the resistance to motion of the piston and crosshead has +caused the crank pin to bed against the half-brass nearest to the +cylinder, all the play or lost motion is then between the other +half-brass and the crank pin. When, however, the engine is at work and +the piston is driving the crank pin, instead of being driven by it, +the lost motion will exist between the crank pin and the half-brass +nearest to the cylinder, and the contact will exist between the crank +pin and the other brass. The difference in the position of the piston, +caused by this lost motion, may be ascertained by moving the piston +back and forth until the crank pin contacts with first one and then +the other half-brass. It is sometimes attempted to remedy the defect +due to this lost motion by moving the crank pin past the dead center +and then moving it back to the dead center, so that while on that +center the play or lost motion in the connecting rod is taken up. This +is all very well so far as the connecting rod and piston is concerned, +and will cause them both to stand on their respective dead centers +with the lost motion taken up; but, in moving the wheel back to the +dead center, we have given full liberty to all the lost motion in the +various parts of the valve motion or gear, as already explained, in +reference to moving the eccentric upon the shaft. As there are so many +more parts in the valve gear, in which lost motion may occur, it is +manifestly preferable to take up that play by moving the driving wheel +in a continuous direction, rather than to move the latter back to +accommodate any play there may be in the connecting rod. + +The crank being placed by the eye upon its forward dead center, and +the eccentric connected to the top of the link being moved round +on the axle (in the direction in which the wheels will run when the +engine is going forward) until the steam port at the front end of the +cylinder is open to the amount of the lead, we fasten the eccentric to +hold in that position. We then throw the reverse lever over into the +last notch at the other end of the sector, lifting the link up so +that the eccentric connected to the lower end of the link may be +approximately adjusted, which is done by moving the eccentric round +upon the axle (in the direction in which the axle will revolve when +the engine is running backward) until the crank stands upon the same +dead center, and the front port is open to the amount of the lead. +This being done, we have the eccentrics approximately adjusted and may +proceed to the final adjustment, in which the first thing to do is to +find the exact dead centers of the crank. It is obvious that a line +drawn through the center of the crank pin and the center of the wheel +axle, will stand horizontally true and level when the crank is on +either of the dead centers, but the presence of the crank pin makes +it impracticable to draw such a line. We can therefore draw one which +will be parallel to those centers; and to do this we draw a circle +upon the end of the wheel axle (and from its center) of the same +diameter as that of the crank pin, and then resting a straight-edge +upon the bearing of the crank pin (taking care to avoid the round +corner upon the pin, if there is one), we place the other end of the +straight-edge even with the top of the circle drawn upon the axle; and +then, using the straight-edge as a guide, we draw a line across the +end of the axle and the wheel face. When this line is level the crank +will be upon its dead center. This plan is sometimes employed, but is +not a very accurate one, because the length of the line is very short +as compared to the circumference of the driving wheel; hence, an error +of the thickness of the line becomes one equal to several thicknesses +of the line when carried out to the wheel circumference. Furthermore, +if the line of the cylinder does not stand horizontally level, as +is sometimes the case, the result of the whole proceeding will be +inaccurate. Again, the connecting rod end and the coupling rod is in +the way, rendering it awkward to both draw and level the line. + +A better and more accurate method to find the dead centers is as +follows: Place the reverse lever into the end notch of the sector at +the forward end, and then move the driving wheel forward until the +guide block is within about a quarter of an inch of the end of its +travel, then place a straight-edge against the end of the guide block, +and draw, on the outside face of the guide bar, a line even with the +end of the guide block. Bend a piece of wire (pointed at both ends) to +a right angle, make a center punch mark either in the rail, under the +driving wheel, or in some stationary, solid part contiguous to the +wheel, or at such distance from it that when one end of the bent wire +is placed in the center punch mark, the operator with the other end +will be able to draw a line across the rim of the driving wheel. Here, +however, arises another consideration, that it is better to set the +valves with the wheel axle in its proper position in the pedestal +shoes, and in order to do this the wheel should rest upon the rail +with its proper proportion of the weight of the engine resting upon +it. The springs will then be deflected to their proper amount, and the +axle box will have passed its proper distance up the pedestals. It is +obvious that if the engine is blocked up so that the driving wheels +clear the rails (which is done in order to avoid having the weight of +the engine to move while setting the valve), the axle boxes will drop +in the pedestal and the valve will be set incorrectly, as the wheels +are in a wrong position. To avoid this, and at the same time to avoid +having to move the whole engine while setting the valve, the engine +is blocked up from the rails, and the axle boxes of the driving wheels +are wedged up so as to be lifted up into their proper position. In +this case there is no very accurate means of ascertaining what is +the exact proper height, save it be by first marking upon the outside +faces of the shoes or pedestal a line even with the top of the axle +box when the load is upon the wheels, and then, after blocking up the +engine from the rails, wedging up the axle boxes till the face again +comes even with the line. + +Whatever plan is pursued, one end of the piece of wire is rested in +the fixed center punch mark, and with the other a line is drawn across +the outside face of the wheel rim. The driving wheel is then revolved +forward until the guide block returns, having passed to the end of its +travel. When its end again stands exactly even with the mark made upon +the guide bar, the piece of wire is again brought into requisition, +one end being rested in the fixed center punch mark as before, and +with the other end another line is drawn across the outside rim of the +wheel. It is obvious that by taking a pair of compasses and finding a +point exactly equidistant between the two lines thus marked upon the +wheel rim, and then marking that point with a center punch mark, the +crank will be upon its exact dead center, when one end of the piece of +bent wire rests in the fixed center punch mark, the other end rests +in the center punch mark upon the wheel rim. To find the other dead +center, the wheel must be moved about halfway round and the process +repeated with the motion block at the other end of the guide bars. + +Thus, whenever the piece of wire will stand with one end resting in +the fixed center punch mark and the other end in either of the center +punch marks upon the wheel run, the crank is upon a dead center. +Having thus placed the crank upon either dead center, we measure the +valve lead, and if in temporarily fixing our eccentrics we gave it too +much lead, we mark where it stands upon the shaft by means of a line +drawn on the axle and carried up on the side face of the eccentric; +then move the eccentric back some little distance more than is +necessary to make the adjustment, and then move it forward again a +little at a time, noting when the valve has the proper amount of lead, +and thus fasten the eccentric upon the axle by means of the set screw. + +The object of moving the eccentric too far back and then moving it +forward is to make the adjustment so that the latter may be made with +the lost motion of the valve gear all taken up. The next proceeding is +to move the driving wheel halfway round and try the lead at that end +of the stroke. If the lead at the two ends is not equal, it shows that +either the slide valve spindle or the eccentric rods are not of the +proper length and must be rectified; this being done, the crank must +be again placed upon first one and then the other dead center, the +valve lead being measured at each end. When the lead is equal at each +end, the rods are of correct length, and the amount of the lead must +be regulated by moving the eccentrics as already directed. + +If the link block does not come opposite the end of the eccentric rod +when the reverse lever is in the end notch of the sector, the length +of the reverse rod is wrong and should be corrected. If the link block +comes right, under the above conditions, for the forward but not for +the backward eccentric rod, the notches in the sector are not cut +in their proper positions, or the link hanger is not of the proper +length. In either case the error may be remedied by altering the +length of the latter. But, as doing this would alter the amount of the +valve lead, it is well, if there is any prospect of such errors, to +correct them before setting the valves. + +Instead of measuring the lead of the valve with a rule, or by a wedge, +the following plan is very often adopted: After the valve and spindle +are in position, the valve is placed with the proper amount of lead +upon the front port. A center punch mark is then made upon the face +of the steam chest. A piece of quarter inch iron wire is then bent at +right angles and each end filed to a point. One end of this wire is +placed in the fixed center punch mark in the steam chest, and with the +other a mark is made upon the slide spindle. Upon this latter mark a +center punch mark is also made sufficiently deep to be very plainly +visible when the burr raised by center punching is filed off, which +is necessary to prevent this burr from cutting the packing. It follows +that whenever the bent piece of wire will rest with one end in the +center punch mark in the steam chest, and the other end in the center +punch mark in the slide spindle, the valve is in its proper position +when the crank is on the corresponding dead center. This plan is a +very old one and possesses the advantage that the valve may be set +without seeing it, that is to say, with the steam chest cover on. If +the length of the piece of wire measured direct from point to point is +known, the valve may be set when the engine is upon the road without +taking off the steam chest cover. The center punch mark upon the steam +chest should, however, always be placed in about the same spot, so as +to avoid mistakes in case of there being other similar marks upon the +chest. It should always be made deep, so as not to get filled up with +paint and be difficult to find. In course of time the mark upon the +slide valve spindle is apt to disappear from the wear of the spindle, +hence the center punch with which it is made should have a long +conical point. To mark the position of the eccentric upon the axle, +it is an excellent plan, after the eccentrics are finally adjusted, +to take a chisel with the cutting end ground to the form of a fiddle +drill, one cutting edge being at a right angle to the other. The +chisel must be held so that while one edge rests upon the axle, the +other edge will bear against the radial face of the eccentric. A sharp +blow with a hammer upon the chisel-head will make a clean indented cut +upon the axle and the eccentric, the two cuts exactly meeting at their +junction and denoting the position of the eccentrics. In setting the +valves of inside cylinder locomotives, the back ports being out of +sight, the amount of lead is ascertained by making a wooden wedge +about three inches long, a thirty-second of an inch thick at one end +and three eighths of an inch thick at the other end. The faces of this +wedge are chalked, and the lead is measured by inserting it between +the edge of the valve and the edge of the port until its thickness +just fills the space, and then moving it edgeways so that the valve +and port edges will just mark it. By measuring the thickness of the +wedge at the mark, the amount of lead is ascertained. After the valves +are set, it is still desirable to mark the position by center +punch marks upon the outside of the steam chests and upon the valve +spindles, as already described. + +If an eccentric should slip when the engine is upon the road, +and there are no marks whereby to readjust them, it may be done +approximately as follows: Put the reverse lever in the end notch of +the forward gear, then place the crank as nearly on a dead center as +the eye will direct, and open both the cylinder cocks, then disconnect +the slide valve spindle from the rocker arm, and move the valve +spindle until the opening of the port corresponding to the dead center +on which the crank stands will be shown by steam blowing through the +cylinder cock, the throttle valve being opened a trifle. The position +of the valve being thus determined, the eccentric must be moved upon +the shaft until the valve spindle will connect with the rocker arm +without being moved at all. The throttle valve should be very slightly +opened, otherwise so much steam will be admitted into the cylinder +that it will pass through any leak in the piston and blow through +both cylinder cocks before there is time to ascertain which cock gives +first exit to the steam. + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW STEAMER. + + +A new steamer for the Mallory line, between New York and Texas, was +lately launched from the yard of Roach & Co., Chester, Pa., 2,200 tons +burden. Principal dimensions as follows: Length over all, 239 feet 7 +inches; beam (moulded), 34 feet; depth from the base to the spar deck +beams, 18 feet 21/2 inches; depth of hold, 16 feet 51/2 inches; diameter +of propeller (Hirsch's patent-four blades), 11 feet 6 inches. She +is to be provided with compound engines, having cylinders 24 and 44 +inches in diameter, with a stroke of 44 inches, and two return tubular +boilers 10 feet long, 10 feet 3 inches wide, and 8 feet 6 inches high. +Aft are compartments capable of holding 80 tons of water, for the +purpose of depressing the stern before and after crossing the bar at +Corpus Christi. Her low draught is 71/2 feet; speed, 14 knots. + + * * * * * + + + + +A TIN-CAN TELEPHONE. + + +In Professor Bell's telephone a plate of sheet iron is made to vibrate +by means of the electrical current, something after the manner of +the skin of a drumhead. In a recent improvement by Mr. G. B. Havens, +Louisville, Ky., the electrical wires are wrapped around a common tin +fruit can. By means of tin cans at each end, sounds, it is said, were +sent over 92 miles of wire, and included several pieces of music. + + * * * * * + + + + +MR. HOTCHKISS, an American inventor, whose improved revolving cannon +we illustrated some time since, has received intimation that his +system has been approved by the French Government, and that they have +decided to adopt his cannon. + + * * * * * + + + + +COLLENDER'S IMPROVED BILLIARD TABLE. + + +In the accompanying engravings, we illustrate two important +improvements in the construction of billiard tables, which have +recently been devised by Mr. H. W. Collender, the well known billiard +table manufacturer of this city. The first, which is represented in +Fig. 1, relates to the construction of the bed-supporting frame, and +aims to render the same stronger while cheapening its manufacture. +In putting together the body and framework of the table, the usual +practice is to cut away the stock of the cross beam and longitudinal +beam, and halve them together. Longitudinal grooves are also formed on +the inner surface of the side and "broad rails," to accommodate tenons +on the ends of the cross beams; and the latter are secured in place +by bolts fastening their ends to the broad rails. Mr. Collender claims +that, by this mode of construction, not only are the cross beams +weakened by being halved together, but the broad rails are also +weakened by the cutting away of this stock near the middle to effect +the framing into them of the ends of the cross beams. + +[Illustration: Fig 1, billiard table support frame] + +From Fig. 1, it will be seen that the cross beam, A, is combined with +the side broad rails in the following manner: Upon the inner face of +each broad rail is secured a cast iron socket piece, B, into which +fits one end of the cross beam, A. From said beam the bolt, C, passes +through the shoe, B, and is secured by a nut, D, let into the stock of +the broad rail. The shoe, B, has lugs which enter the broad rail; and +the aperture in it, through which the bolt passes, is made oblong to +admit of the drawing of the parts together after the insertion of the +bolt. Upon the sides of the cross beam near the middle, and directly +opposite each other, are two shoes, E; these have no bolt holes. In +them are placed the adjacent ends of the longitudinal beams, F, the +other extremities of which are seated in shoes on the broad rails. +The shoes, E, have their lugs of such a length, compared with the +thickness of cross beam, A, that when put in place on said beam said +lugs will come together. The advantage of this is that, should the +beam, A, shrink in width, the shoes on each side of it will still +maintain their proper relation to form immovable abutments for the +ends of pieces, F. This construction allows of shorter stuff being +used in the manufacture, and renders the framework stronger. + +[Illustration: Figure 2, billiard table frame corner] + +In Fig. 2 is illustrated a new method of forming the corners of the +table. Hitherto it has been customary to use corner blocks, of various +sizes according to the dimensions of the table, located one at each +corner. Into these the broad rails were framed and secured. To this +arrangement Mr. Collender adduces a long category of objections, based +on the possibility of the weight of the bed being thrown on these +blocks in case of shrinkage of the frame, on the fact that the corner +of the table bed must necessarily be left without any support where +it extends over the upper end of the corner block, and also that in +a bevel table, in which the area of the top of the corner block is +unavoidably much greater than that of the top of the corner block of +a vertical-sided table, a large portion of the table bed will be left +without any support. + +The new device consists of a cast iron union plate, G, which is bolted +to the leg as shown. The broad rails and casting are securely fastened +by the bolt, H. It will be seen that this bolt, passing through the +end of one broad rail, and into a nut let into the other rail, +will securely draw and hold together the ends of said rails and the +interposed metal plate clamped between them, and that as the plain +ends of the wooden rails just fit (widthwise) between the projecting +heads on the edges of said interposed plate, the latter will form a +sort of housing for the ends of the rails. And it will be understood +that in this construction not only does the bead on the outer edge of +the plate overlap the edges of the rails and form a neat and durable +corner finish to the body, but the broad rails being bolted together +in the direction of the grain of the wood with only an interposed +metal plate, there will be no tendency to a loosening of the union of +the parts of the frame. The main importance of this invention rests +in the idea of dispensing with the usual corner blocks, and thus +permitting the top edges of the broad rails, on which the bed rests, +to practically come together and afford a perfect support to the bed +clear out to the corners of the latter; at the same time the whole +structure is rendered stronger and more durable with less weight of +material. + +These inventions are the subject of separate patents, that of the +first being dated April 4, 1876, and of the second, November 16, 1875. +For further information, address the manufacturer and patentee, Mr. H. +W. Collender, 738 Broadway, New York city. + + * * * * * + + + + +COATING ENGRAVED COPPER PLATES WITH STEEL. + + +In order to render copper plates which are used in printing more +durable, they can be covered with an electrolytic deposit of iron +which possesses an unusual degree of hardness almost superior to +steel. The salt usually employed has been the double sulphate of iron +and ammonia. Professor Boettger, who first invented this process, has +recently devised an improvement in the bath employed. He dissolves 10 +parts of ferrocyanide of potassium (yellow prussiate of potash) and +20 parts of the double tartrate of soda and potash (Rochelle salts) in +200 parts of water, and to this he adds 3 parts of persulphate of iron +dissolved in 50 parts of water. A large precipitate of Prussian +blue is formed. To the whole is added, drop by drop, with constant +stirring, a solution of caustic soda until the blue precipitate +entirely disappears, leaving a perfectly clear, light yellow liquid, +which is now ready for use. + +Professor Boettger also claims that this solution can be employed with +advantage for dyeing cotton yarn and fabrics a beautiful blue, without +the use of a mordant. For this purpose the goods are put into the +bath, that has previously been slightly warmed, until they are +saturated through and through, and then dried in the air, after which +they are immersed in extremely dilute sulphuric acid (1 to 50), which +neutralizes the alkali, and after washing and drying again they are +permanently dyed a fine blue color. + + * * * * * + + + + +TEST FOR SULPHUR IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. + + +H. Vohl recommends the following as the best method of detecting +sulphur in organic compounds: The substance to be tested is heated in +a solution of caustic lime and oxide of lead in glycerin. The latter +is prepared as follows: One volume of distilled water is mixed with +2 volumes of pure glycerin and heated to boiling; freshly prepared +slaked lime is added, little by little, until it is saturated. Freshly +precipitated hydrated oxide of lead, or moist litharge, is added in +excess, and the liquid allowed to boil gently for a few minutes, +then tightly corked and left to cool, after which the clear liquid +is decanted from the sediment into a glass vessel that can be tightly +corked. If into this solution be introduced and heated any organic +which contains sulphur, like hair, feathers, horn, albumen, and the +like, it will at once turn black from the formation of sulphide of +lead. The great delicacy of this test is evident from the fact that, +when pure wheat bread is boiled with this reagent, it turns yellow at +first and then dark gray in consequence of the presence of sulphur in +the gluten of the bread. + + * * * * * + + + + +IMPROVED BILLIARD BALL HOLDER. + + +The usual receptacle for the fourth ball, when only three balls are +used in the game of billiards, is placed at the side of the table. As +this is both inconvenient and unsightly, a neat device, clearly shown +in the annexed illustration, has been invented, which is intended to +be attached to a gas fixture over the table. A plate or sign is also +added on which the number of a table--in case several tables are +employed, as in a billiard saloon--may be inscribed. The form and +design of the arrangement may of course be varied in many ways. + +[Illustration: billiard ball holder] + +Patented May 2, 1876. For further particulars, address the +manufacturer, Mr. H. W. Collender, 738 Broadway, New York city. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE MONITOR CHALK CUP. + + +The annexed engraving represents an improved chalk cup or holder +for billiard tables, which is so constructed that it will not become +loose, sag down, mar the table, or jar when the ball strikes the +cushion. It may be adjusted to remain in any desired position. + +The shank is pivoted in a metallic frame which is secured to the +table. The rear end of the shank works against a spring. On the upper +portion of the shank is a projection which embraces a horizontal +flange to sustain the box against being forced downward. The +arrangement is very similar to the ordinary window catch. The player +has only to start the box from its position under the table, when +the spring carries it out at right angles to the rail. A touch is +sufficient to cause the spring to carry the box back to its former +position. The device is very simple, and its advantages will be +evident to all billiard players cognizant of the defects of the +ordinary cup. + +[Illustration: THE MONITOR CHALK CUP.] + +Patented May 1, 1877. For further particulars, address the +manufacturer and patentee, Mr. H. W. Collender, 738 Broadway, +New York city. + + * * * * * + + + + +CURIOUS CARNIVOROUS PLANTS. + + +The _arum Dracunculus_ is one of the most curious of that wonderful +series of carnivorous plants which at the present time are engaging +the closest scrutiny of naturalists. It is a true trap in one +sense--inasmuch as it captures the victim which ventures near it; but +it relies on little or no mechanical means for securing its prey, but +stupefies the living insect by its odor. The flower is horn-shaped, +about 11 inches in length, with an opening some 5 inches in diameter. +The color within is a dull dark violet, while the interior of the +spathe is lined with black, hooked bristles, the whole appearance +of the flower being thoroughly repulsive. The illustrations herewith +presented, Figs. 1 and 2, represent it at one third its natural +size, Fig. 2 showing a section of the flower. It is not certain what +attracts the insects, which are usually of the species known as the +meat fly and the common house fly. They do not seem to seek for the +small quantity of nectar concealed, and yet they cluster about the +fatal opening, as if drawn by some overpowering fascination. Overcome +by lethargy, they fall inert upon the flower, are lightly held by the +bristles, and finally die asphyxiated by the carbonic acid which the +plant disengages in large quantities during its inflorescence. Strange +as is the action of the _arum_, the method whereby the _mentzelia_ +takes its prey is even more wonderful. To illustrate on a magnified +scale, let the reader imagine a surface thickly covered with strong +iron posts, on the sides of which are numerous keen barbs pointing +downward. Then between these posts, suppose that jars overflowing with +honey are placed. An elephant, let it be imagined, attracted by the +profusion of sweetness, inserts his trunk between the posts and +finds easy access to the honey. But while he can force his proboscis +downward past the barbs turned in that direction, when he attempts to +withdraw it he finds the keen points catch in the flesh, and render +it impossible to do so. A terrible struggle follows, the unfortunate +animal twisting and writhing in every direction, until finally by +an Herculean effort the head is torn from the body, and the latter +becomes digested by some potent gastric juice, exuding from the +colossal organism of which the trap forms but a portion. Of course +this is vastly exaggerated, and it would puzzle an elephant to pull +his own head off; but if for the post studded trap, we substitute the +surface of a flower, and if we replace the elephant by a fly, we shall +have conceived an accurate picture of what takes place in the peculiar +receptacle with which Nature has provided the _mentzelia ornata_. +This is very beautifully shown in Fig. 3; and at A, in same figure, +is represented the barbed bristles grasping the highly magnified +proboscis of the fly. Between the barbed bristles are mushroom-shaped +projections, from the summits of which a viscous nectar exudes. This +is the honey bait which induces the insect to insert his trunk between +the fatal barbs. There is still another plant, _physianthus albens_, +which captures butterflies by grasping the proboscis. The construction +of the flower is quite complicated, so that the insects are compelled +to insert their trunks through a narrow and winding passage in order +to reach the nectar. The organ then necessarily comes in contact with +an adhesive substance, which prevents its removal. + +The _Gronovia scandens_, Fig. 4, is another plant trap, which catches +no flies nor possesses any such wonderfully adapted devices as the +plants already described. It simply has its branches covered with +double barbed bristles of great strength which attach themselves to +anything brought in contact with them. The bristles are strong enough +to hold lizards, as represented by our engraving, the points inserting +themselves in the interstices of the scaly covering of the reptile. +Of course the lizard thus held starves to death, and small birds +often follow a like fate. We are indebted to _La Nature_ for the +illustrations. + +[Illustration: Figs. 1 and 2.--ARUM DRACUNCULUS.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 3.--MENTZELIA.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 4.--GRONOVIA SCANDENS.] + + * * * * * + + + + +POPULAR FALLACIES. + + +Night air and damp weather are held in great horror by multitudes +of persons who are sickly or of weak constitutions; consequently, by +avoiding the night air, and damp weather, and changeable weather, and +weather that is considered too hot or too cold, they are kept within +doors the much largest portion of their time, and as a matter of +course continue invalids, more and more ripening for the grave +every hour; the reason is, they are breathing an impure atmosphere +nineteen-twentieths of their whole existence. + +As nothing can wash us clean but pure water, so nothing can cleanse +the blood, nothing can make health-giving blood, but the agency of +pure air. So great is the tendency of the blood to become impure in +consequence of waste and useless matters mixing with it as it passes +through the body, that it requires a hogshead of air every hour of our +lives to unload it of these impurities; but in proportion as this air +is vitiated, in such proportion does it infallably fail to relieve the +blood of these impurities, and impure blood is the foundation of all +disease. The great fact that those who are out of doors most, summer +and winter, day and night, rain or shine, have the best health the +world over, does of itself falsify the general impression that night +air or any other out-door air is unhealthy as compared with in-door +air at the same time. + +Air is the great necessity of life; so much so, that if deprived of it +for a moment, we perish; and so constant is the necessity of the +blood for contact with the atmosphere, that every drop in the body is +exposed to the air through the medium of the lungs every two minutes +and a half of our existence. + +Whatever may be the impurity of the out-door air of any locality, +the in-door air of that locality is still more impure, because of +the dust, and decaying and odoriferous matters which are found in +all dwellings. Besides, how can in-door air be more healthy than the +out-door air, other things being equal, when the dwelling is supplied +with air from without? + +To this very general law there is one exception, which it is of the +highest importance to note. When the days are hot, and the nights +cool, there are periods of time within each twenty-four hours, when +it is safest to be in-doors, with doors and windows closed; that is to +say, for the hour or two including sunrise and sunset, because about +sunset the air cools, and the vapors which the heats of the day have +caused to ascend far above us, condense and settle near the surface of +the earth, so as to be breathed by the inhabitants; as the night grows +colder, these vapors sink lower, and are within a foot or two of the +earth, so they are not breathed. As the sun rises, these same vapors +are warmed, and begin to ascend, to be breathed again, but as the +air becomes warmer, they are carried so far above our heads as to +be innocuous. Thus it is that the old citizens of Charleston, S. +C., remember, that while it was considered important to live in +the country during the summer, the common observation of the people +originated the custom of riding into town, not in the cool of the +evening or of the morning, but in the middle of the day. They did not +understand the philosophy, but they observed the fact that those who +came to the city at mid-day remained well, while those who did so +early or late suffered from it. + +All strangers at Rome are cautioned not to cross the Pontine marshes +after the heat of the day is over. Sixteen of a ship's crew, touching +at one of the West India islands, slept on shore several nights, and +thirteen of them died of yellow fever in a few days, while of two +hundred and eighty, who were freely ashore during the day, not a +single case of illness occurred. The marshes above named are crossed +in six or eight hours, and many travelers who do it in the night +are attacked with mortal fevers. This does, at first sight, seem to +indicate that night air _is_ unwholesome, at least in the locality +of virulent malarias, but there is no direct proof that the air about +sunrise and sunset is not that which is productive of the mischief. + +For the sake of eliciting the observations of intelligent men, we +present our theory on this subject. + +A person might cross these marshes with impunity, who would set out on +his journey an hour or two after sundown, and finish it an hour or two +before sun-up, especially if he began that journey on a hearty meal, +because, in this way, he would be traveling in the cool of the night, +which coolness keeps the malaria so near the surface of the earth as +to prevent its being breathed to a hurtful extent. + +But if it is deadly to sleep out of doors all night in a malarial +locality, would it be necessarily fatal to sleep in a house in such +a locality? It would not. It would be safer to sleep in the house, +especially if the windows and doors were closed. The reason is, that +the house has been warmed during the day, and if kept closed, it +remains much warmer during the night indoors than it is outdoors; +consequently, the malaria is kept by this warmth so high above the +head, and so rarefied, as to be comparatively harmless. This may +seem to some too nice a distinction altogether, but it will be found +throughout the world of Nature that the works of the Almighty are most +strikingly beautiful in their _minutae_, and these _minutae_ are the +foundation of His mightiest manifestations. + +Thus it is, too, that what we call fever and ague might be banished +from the country as a general disease, if two things were done. 1. +Have a fire kindled every morning at daylight, from spring to fall, +in the family room, to which all the family should repair from their +chambers, and there remain until breakfast is taken. 2. Let a fire +be kindled in the family room a short time before sundown; let every +member of the family repair to it, and there remain until supper is +taken. + +In both cases, the philosophy of the course marked out consists in two +things. First. The fire rarefies the malaria and causes it to ascend +above the breathing point. Second. The food taken into the stomach +creates an activity of circulation which repels disease.--_Hall's +Journal of Health_. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE EXTENSION OF THE PLAGUE. + + +Our recent English medical exchanges mention, with undisguised +apprehension, the fact that already early this spring authentic +observers state that the plague has broken out in Bagdad, and is +rapidly increasing there; and information from other sources renders +it probable that the disease has shown itself in other places in the +vicinity of that city, some of which have not suffered before since +the new development of the disease in Mesopotamia, three or four years +ago. The progress of the epidemic in and about Bagdad last year shows +that each year since its reappearance in that district it has covered +a wider area, and it will be remembered that last year it crossed the +Turco-Persian frontier, and broke out at Shuster, in Khuzistan. From +the phenomena of the epidemic to this period it was feared, especially +by the physicians on the spot, that, if it should recur in the present +year, it must be expected to extend over a still wider area, and show +itself in even a more aggravated form than had yet been observed. This +opinion is concurred in by Surgeon-Major Colville, the medical officer +attached to the British Embassy at Bagdad, and is expressed in his +official report, on the subject of the last and previous year's +outbreak. + +The Turco-Russian struggle in Asia Minor, and the massing of Persian +troops on the western frontier of that country, add an additional and +most grave factor to this ominous intelligence. + +It has been so long since Christian Europe has suffered from this +terrible disease that most medical men have never seen a case, and, +indeed, for awhile, epidemiologists flattered themselves it had "died +out." They yet say that a thorough system of sanitation will certainly +check its advance. + +Let us hope so; for of all pestilences which have ever scourged +humanity, and desolated empires, none approach in magnitude those of +the plague. Under the name of "the black death," it fills, as Hirsch +remarks, one of the darkest pages in the history of the human race. +It devastated every known country of the earth, and penetrated to the +remotest mountain hamlets and granges, sometimes sweeping away in a +few days every inhabitant, leaving not one to remember the name or to +inherit the goods of the family or the village. Long years afterward, +travelers would come upon these unknown villages, the houses rotting, +the bones of the plague-stricken owners bleaching in the rooms and +streets, and no one to say who they had been. + +As an epidemic disease, it no doubt spreads from India, that mother of +pestilence, where, in the province of Kutch and Guzerat, it is found +as an endemic of great malignancy. Far more fatal in its historical +appearance than the cholera, it is well that the medical mind of +Europe is on the alert to meet its approach with the most energetic +measures; and should they fail, it will devolve upon us to lose +no time in taking up the defensive in the most energetic +manner.--_Medical and Surgical Reporter._ + + * * * * * + + + + +EDUCATION IN GERMANY. + + +The compulsory school laws of Prussia are frequently pointed to as +models for similar laws, perhaps with the hope that by imitating her +lower schools we can bring up our high schools to an equal rank with +hers, and place our universities on a level with those which are +producing the most finished scholars, the deepest thinkers, and the +greatest investigators. We are likely to forget that the conditions +are different, and especially that _nascitur, non fit_, is as true of +a chemist as of a poet. The state of popular education in Germany +is, however, a matter of interest, and is best illustrated by the +following table, showing the percentage of unschooled men among the +recruits from different German provinces: + + Per cent. + Prussia 3.19 + Bavaria 1.79 + Saxony 0.23 + Wuertemberg 0.02 + Baden 0.22 + Hesse 0.35 + Mecklenburg 1.09 + Thuringia 1.42 + Alsace 3.45 + +These figures seem to indicate a higher grade of intelligence and +wider diffusion of knowledge among all classes, for recruits are from +every class, than in Austria, although in the latter the figures are +arranged so differently as to make any accurate comparison of Austria +and Germany rather difficult and unsatisfactory. + + +-----------------+----------+----------------+-----------------+---------- +NAME OF DISTRICT.| Number of| Number of | Percentage of | Number of + | Common | inhabitants to | school children | Normal + | Schools. | each school. | who attend. | Schools. +-----------------+----------+----------------+-----------------+---------- +Bohemia | 4,190 | 1,254 | 77 | 12 +Bukowina | 167 | 3,121 | 9 | 1 +Dalmatia | 241 | 1,864 | 12 | 2 +Galicia | 2,374 | 2,341 | 15 | 1 +Carinthia | 318 | 1,060 | ? | 2 +Carniola | 234 | 1,187 | 48 | 2 +Custrin | 396 | 1,496 | 38 | 5 +Moravia | 1,866 | 1,082 | 78 | 5 +Lower Austria | 1,267 | 1,578 | 76 | 5 +Upper Austria | 506 | 1,455 | 82 | 2 +Salzburg | 155 | 982 | 85 | 1 +Steiermark | 690 | 1,657 | 59 | 3 +Schlesia | 433 | 1,208 | 77 | 4 +Tyrol | 1,926 | 457 | ? | 6 + |----------|----------------|-----------------|---------- + Total | 14,763 | | | 51 +-----------------+----------+----------------+-----------------+---------- + +Over 3,000 teachers' positions are said to be vacant at the present +time. + + * * * * * + + + + +BLEACHING SILK AND WOOL. + + +The methods now in use for bleaching silk, wool, and all animal +fibers, such as sulphurous acid, alkalies, soap, etc., are so +imperfect that Tessie du Motay has patented the following process, +involving the use of binoxide of barium, with or without the addition +of permanganates. The binoxide of barium is pulverized and subjected +to the action of carbonic acid to remove any unconverted caustic +baryta present. It is then thrown into boiling water, and after the +bath has partially cooled the materials to be bleached are introduced +and the bath kept at a temperature of 86 deg. Fah. to 194 deg. Fah. for two +hours; silk from wild silkworms requiring a higher temperature than +wool, goat's hair, and the like. It is then taken out and washed, put +into an acid bath, then washed again. If necessary, the barium bath +is repeated, as also the subsequent washings. If this second bath of +binoxide of barium does not produce the requisite whiteness, it is +introduced into a solution of permanganic acid or permanganate of +magnesia before the last washing. + +Binoxide of Barium, BaO_{2}, is made by subjecting the oxide or +caustic baryta, BaO, to a stream of oxygen or common air at a high +temperature. Its bleaching action is probably due to the formation of +peroxide of hydrogen in solution in the bath. + + * * * * * + + + + +AN ALLOY OF TIN AND PHOSPHORUS. + + +At the Graupen Tin Works, in Bohemia, an alloy of tin and phosphorus +is made containing the greatest possible quantity of phosphorus which +the tin is able to retain without losing any of it upon repeated +meltings. This compound, which is neither entitled to the name of +alloy nor is it a phosphide of tin, is employed in the manufacture +of phosphorus-bronze. In the manufacture of phosphorus-bronze, by +alloying copper with phosphorus-tin, no other precautions require to +be observed than in the preparation of common bronze. As the different +properties of phosphorus-bronze depend upon the proportions of +phosphorus and of tin, two kinds of phosphorus-tin are prepared. No. +0 contains 5 per cent., and No. 1, 21/2 per cent. of phosphorus. These two +kinds suffice to make the greater part of all the desired mixtures. +For special purposes, the Graupen Works make to order phosphorus-tin +with any desired quantity of phosphorus not exceeding 5 per +cent., which is the highest possible limit. It is claimed +that phosphorus-bronze may be manufactured by the use of this +phosphorus-tin as much as 40 per cent. cheaper than that now in the +market, while it will only cost 8 per cent. more than the ordinary tin +and copper bronze. + +No details are given of the method employed to make the phosphorus +combine with tin, but the low melting point of tin as compared with +that of copper would indicate that this would lead to the great saving +promised above. + + * * * * * + + + + +AMERICAN INSTITUTE EXHIBITION. + + +The forty-sixth Exhibition of this Institute will open September 12, +in this city. Parties having novelties which they intend to bring to +public notice should at once address the General Superintendent for +blanks and information. The medals, it is said, have been increased +and special awards will be made upon a number of articles. + + * * * * * + + + + +AMERICAN INVENTIONS FOR NEW SOUTH WALES. + + +Writing from Sydney, under date of April 14, the _Times_ correspondent +thus refers to the supply of locomotives and carriages from America: +Our appearance at Philadelphia has drawn the attention of American +manufacturers to us in a most marked and unexpected degree. A country +that, like New South Wales, is rolling in wealth must be a country +that is able to buy, and a country that is able to buy is exactly the +country that American manufacturers have been anxiously looking out +for. Our representatives at Philadelphia have come back strongly +impressed with the fact that there are many things that the Americans +can supply us with advantage. Our Government has an offer from Messrs. +Baldwin & Co. to furnish a locomotive engine for about L1,000 less +than the cost of an English engine, and to leave the payment open +until the engine has been thoroughly proved and approved. A Pullman's +sleeping car and an ordinary passenger car have already been ordered, +and American wheels, axles, rails, and brakes are strongly pressed +on our acceptance. As our Government engineers are all of the English +school, American novelties will have a hard battle to fight to +win official acceptance, but the demand for economy in railway +construction and working is so great that people and Parliament will +press on the Minister for Public Works a fair trial for any American +novelties that may seem to be suited to our wants. The English +manufacturers, therefore, who have hitherto supplied us must look to +their laurels.--_Capital and Labor_. + + * * * * * + + + + +MAN'S PLACE IN NATURE. + + +Concerning man's true place in Nature, Haeckel says: + +"Whatever part of the body we consider, we find upon the most exact +examination that man is more nearly related to the highest apes than +are the latter to the lowest apes. It would therefore be wholly forced +and unnatural to regard man in the zoological system as constituting a +distinct order, and thus to separate him from the true ape. Rather is +the scientific zoologist compelled, whether it is agreeable to him or +not, to rank man within the order of the true ape (Simiae)." + +To whatever minutiae of detail the comparison is carried, we reach in +every case the same result. Between man and the anthropoid apes there +are the closest anatomical and physiological resemblances. In form +and function, there is the most exact agreement between all the +corresponding bones of the skeleton of each; the same arrangement +and structure of the muscles, nerves and entire viscera, and of +the spleen, liver and lungs--the latter being a matter of especial +significance, for between the manner of breathing and the process of +nutrition there is the closest relation. + +The brain, also, is subject to the same laws of development, and +differs only with regard to size. The minute structure of the skin, +nails, and even the hair, is identical in character. Although man +has lost the greater part of his hairy covering, as Darwin thinks, in +consequence of sexual selection, yet the rudimentary hairs upon the +body correspond, in many respects, to those of the anthropoids. The +formation of the beard is the same in both cases; while the face and +ears remain bare. Anthropoids and men become grayhaired in old age. +But the most remarkable circumstance is that, upon the upper arm, the +hairs are, in both cases, directed downward, and upon the lower arm +upward; while in the case of the half-apes it is different, and not as +soft as that of man and the anthropoids. + +The eye, on account of its delicate structure, is peculiarly +suitable for comparisons of this kind; and we find here the greatest +similarity: even inflammation and green cataract occur under the same +circumstances, in both. See, also, Darwin upon this point. + +There is no more striking proof that man and the anthropoid apes have +the same anatomical and physiological nature, and require the same +food, than the similarity of their blood. Under the microscope the +blood corpuscles are identical in form and appearance; while those of +the carnivora are clearly different from them. + +It may now be interesting, in confirmation of what has been said, to +refer to the family life, and, if one may so speak, to the mental +and moral life of the anthropoids. Like man, the ape provides with +exceeding care for its young, so that its parental affection has +become proverbial. Connubial fidelity is a general and well known +virtue. The mother ape leads its young to the water, and washes its +face and hands in spite of its crying. Wounds are also washed out with +water. The ape, when in distress, will weep like a human being, and +in a manner that is said to be very affecting. Young apes manifest +the same tendencies as human children. When domesticated, they are +in youth docile and teachable, and also, at times, like all children, +disobedient. In old age they often become morose and capricious. Most +apes construct huts, or, at least, roofs, as a protection from the +weather, and sleep in a kind of bed. + +One peculiarity is alone common to them and man, and this is the habit +of lying upon the back in sleep. In battle they defend themselves with +their fists and long sticks; and, under otherwise like circumstances, +they manifest like passions and emotions with man: as joy and sorrow, +pain and envy, revenge and sympathy. In death, especially, the ape +face assumes a peculiarly human-like and spiritual expression, and the +sufferer is the object of as genuine compassion as exists in the case +of man. It is also well known that apes bury their dead, laying the +body in a secluded spot, and covering it with leaves. Regarding the +domestic life of the ape, Darwin says, in his "Descent of Man" (vol. +1, p. 39): + +"We see maternal affection manifested in the most trifling details. +Thus Rengger observed an American monkey (a Cebus) carefully driving +away the flies which plagued her infant; and Duvancel saw a Hylobates +washing the faces of her young ones in a stream. So intense is +the grief of female monkeys for the loss of their young, that it +invariably caused the death of certain kinds kept under confinement +by Brehm in North Africa. Orphan monkeys are always adopted, and +carefully guarded by other monkeys, both males and females. One female +baboon had so capacious a heart, that she not only adopted young +monkeys of other species but stole young dogs and cats, which she +continually carried about with her. Her kindness did not go so far, +however, as to share her food with her adopted offspring; at which +Brehm was surprised, as his monkeys divided everything quite +fairly with their own young ones. An adopted kitten scratched +the above-mentioned affectionate baboon, who certainly had a fine +intellect, for she was much astonished at being scratched, and +immediately examined the kitten's feet, and without more ado bit off +the claws." + +The number of characteristics possessed in common by man and the +higher apes is, indeed, very great, and includes not only physical +and emotional but even intellectual qualities.--_From Schlickeysen's +"Fruit and Bread," translated by Dr. Holbrook._ + + * * * * * + + + + +SPECIAL NOTICE. + + +Persons who have sent numbers of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN to this +office, for the purpose of having them bound, will please call or send +for them immediately. + +Some of the volumes extend back to 1860, and as we need the room they +occupy, we shall dispose of those not claimed within ten days from +date of this paper. + +MUNN & Co., 37 Park Row, New York. + + * * * * * + + + + +DECISIONS OF THE COURTS. + +UNITED STATES CIRCUIT COURT.--DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY. + +SHAWL STRAP PATENT.--GEORGE CROUCH _vs._ WILLIAM ROEMER. + + +[In equity.] + + By Nixon, District Judge. + + This is an action for an alleged infringement of complainant's + letters patent No. 82,606, dated September 29, 1868, and reissued + March 7, 1871, No. 4,289. + + The subject-matter of the patent is in the reissue described to be + a strap "to confine a shawl or similar article in a bundle," and + termed a shawl-strap. The schedule attached to and forming a part + of the said reissued patent states, that before the complainant's + invention "straps had been used to confine a shawl or similar + article in a bundle, and a leather cross-piece with loops at the + ends, had extended from one strap to the other; and above and + attached to this leather cross-piece was a handle. This leather + cross-piece or connecting strap is liable to bend and allow the + straps to be drawn toward each other by the handle in sustaining + the weight. Hence the bundle is not kept in a proper shape and the + handle is inconvenient to grasp." + + The invention is then stated to consist "of a rigid cross-bar + beneath the handle, combined with suspending straps, that are to + be passed around the shawl or bundle, such straps passing through + loops at the ends of the handle." + + No question can be made but that the shawl straps manufactured + and sold by the defendant are an infringement of the complainant's + reissue. They consist of a metallic cross-bar, with slots at the + ends for the reception of the straps, and which also connect the + ends of the handle. + + Several defences are set up in the answer, but the only one + necessary to consider is the first, to wit: The want of novelty + and prior public use. + + I had occasion, heretofore, to inquire into the validity of + the complainant's patent, in a controversy between the same + complainant, and Speer _et al._, reported in VI. Off. Gaz. 1874, + in which, as in this case, the principal defence turned upon + the novelty of the invention. A prior public use was alleged and + attempted to be proved. I there said and now repeat "that the + patent is _prima facie_ evidence that the patentee was the + original and first inventor, and that any one who controverts this + assumes the burden of proof and undertakes to show affirmatively + that there was a prior knowledge and use of the alleged invention + under such circumstances, as to give to the public the right of + its continued use against the patentee." + + The defence in this case has brought out many facts in regard to + the public use of the rigid cross-bar in shawl straps anterior to + the date of the complainant's patent, which were not developed in + the former suit. There is no evidence which in my judgment affects + the honesty of the complainant's claim, or which creates any + doubt that he really believed himself to be the original and first + inventor, but nevertheless I am constrained to the conclusion, + after a most careful examination of the whole testimony, that the + proofs show with reasonable certainty that he has been anticipated + in the invention and that his patent is void, in consequence of + the prior knowledge and public use, and the bill must be therefore + dismissed with costs. + + [_E. B. Barnum_, for complainant. + _Arthur v. Briesen_, for defendant.] + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS. + +THE ECONOMIC THEORY OF THE LOCATION OF RAILWAYS. + + +By Arthur M. Wellington, C.E. Price $2.00. New York city: Office of +the Railroad Gazette, 73 Broadway. + + The author of this book is thoroughly conversant with his subject, + and his statement that the book has gradually grown from a few + notes into a volume may be accepted as an explanation of the + somewhat fragmentary character of the work. He asserts that "all + our railways are uneconomically located," and "in many cases these + errors are shockingly evident." If these statements are true, he + is right in stating that "there is something almost pitiful in + the waste of human labor enforced by such costly blundering." He + considers that other countries have made lamentable blunders in + locating their railroads, so that the suffering stockholders of + American lines may take comfort from the thought that others are + or may be as badly off. + + +FRUIT AND BREAD. A SCIENTIFIC DIET. By Gustav Schlickeysen. Translated +from the German by M. L. Holbrook, M.D. With an Appendix. Illustrated. +New York city: M. L. Holbrook & Co. + + The author and translator of this little treatise are firm + believers in vegetarianism, and present in a highly attractive + form the main arguments which sustain them in their position. The + subject is most carefully and systematically treated, and although + the conclusions at which the author arrives are greatly at + variance with modern belief and practice, the book is nevertheless + entitled to proper and respectful consideration. Illustrations are + given of the teeth and stomachs of various animals, and these are + compared with the similar organs existing in man, so exhibiting + in a clear and satisfactory manner the perfect adaptedness of the + latter to a purely vegetable regimen, which is certainly something + more than merely accidental. Altogether the book is well worthy + of perusal by others than those more immediately interested in the + question of diet. + + +THEORETICAL NAVAL ARCHITECTURE: a Treatise on the Calculations +involved in Naval Design. By Samuel J. P. Thearle, F.R.S.N.A., etc. +Two Volumes; Text and Plates. New York city: G. P. Putnam's Sons. + + This book is designed to meet the requirements of both those who + possess but a moderate amount of mathematical knowledge as well as + of those who are much further advanced. Numerous formulae and rules + clearly stated will enable the former to perform without much + difficulty the ordinary routine of the draughting office, while + ample opportunity is afforded the latter to trace back the + processes from which these rules have gone forth. The book is + divided into six parts. Part I. embraces the calculations relating + to the forms and dimensions of ships. II. those relating to the + weights and centers of gravity of ships. Part III. refers to the + strength of ships. IV. and V. to their propulsion by sails and by + steam engines; while Part VI. treats of the calculations relating + to steering. An excellent book of plates and tables accompanies + the text. + + +KEMLO'S WATCH REPAIRER'S HANDBOOK: being a complete guide to the young +beginner in taking apart, putting together, and thoroughly cleaning +the English lever and other foreign watches, and all American watches. +By F. Kemlo, Practical Watchmaker. With Illustrations. Price $1.25. +Philadelphia, Pa.: Henry Carey Baird & Co. + + This work will prove of great value to all in whom the curious + mechanism of clocks and watches has excited more than a passing + interest. None but skilled followers of the art have been allowed + to contribute to its pages, so that the practical worth of the + information given can be fully relied upon. A concise history of + timekeepers is followed by a clear and exhaustive description of + the English lever watch, which in turn is followed by articles + on cleaning, putting together, and the conditions necessary to + produce a good English watch. American watches deservedly engage + considerable attention. Papers on repairing watches, cleaning and + repairing clocks, and a short description of the necessary tools + complete the book. + + +RECENT PROGRESS IN SANITARY SCIENCE. By A. R. Leeds. Salem, Mass.: +Printed at the Salem Press. + + This is a reprint of a paper read at the Lyceum of Natural + History, October 9, 1876, by the well known Professor of Chemistry + at the Stevens Institute. + + +WILLIAMS' TOURIST'S MAP AND GUIDE TO COLORADO AND THE SAN JUAN MINES. +Price 50 cents each. New York city: H. T. Williams, 46 Beekman street. + +Two well edited publications, deserving the attention of travelers and +emigrants. + + * * * * * + + + + +INVENTIONS PATENTED IN ENGLAND BY AMERICANS. + + +June 7 to June 15, 1877, inclusive. + +BOOTS AND SHOES.--Mellen Bray, Newton, Mass. ELECTRO-MAGNETIC +MOTOR.--W. W. Gary, Washington, D. C. FURNACES.--J. J. Storer, New +York city. GAS.--M. H. Strong, Brooklyn, N. Y. GAS APPARATUS.--D. C. +Smith, East Northwood, N. H. GAS MACHINES.--T. F. Rowland, Greenpoint, +N. Y. MINERAL WOOL APPARATUS.--A. D. Elbers, Hoboken, N. J. MOTIVE +POWER.--W. G. Smith et al., New York city. POWER LOOMS.--James Long, +Philadelphia, Pa. PULVERIZING MACHINES.--J. J. Storer, New York city. +PUMP.--A. F. Eells et al., Boston, Mass. REFRIGERATING APPARATUS.--B. +J. B. Mills, Lexington, Ky. SEWING MACHINES.--C. H. Warner, +Sturbridge, Mass. SHEET METAL UTENSILS.--F. G. Niedringhaus, St. +Louis, Mo. VALVE GEAR.--E. Cope et al., Hamilton, Ohio. + + * * * * * + + + + +RECENT AMERICAN AND FOREIGN PATENTS. + +NOTICE TO PATENTEES. + + +Inventors who are desirous of disposing of their patents would find it +greatly to their advantage to have them illustrated in the SCIENTIFIC +AMERICAN. We are prepared to get up first-class WOOD ENGRAVINGS of +inventions of merit, and publish them in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN on +very reasonable terms. + +We shall be pleased to make estimates as to cost of engravings +on receipt of photographs, sketches, or copies of patents. After +publication, the cuts become the property of the person ordering them, +and will be found of value for circulars and for publication in other +papers. + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW AGRICULTURAL INVENTIONS. + +IMPROVED HAY ELEVATOR. + + +Eugene L. Church, Walworth, Wis.--This is a hay elevator and carrier +of simple and effective construction; and it consists essentially of a +traveling carriage locking, by a tilting catch, on a fixed stop block +of the track, from which it is released by the action of the bail +of the sheave frame of the hay fork on a pivoted grappling hook, the +sheave being held in suspended position by the joint action of a fixed +hook, of the pivoted hook, and of the tilting catch. A track beam, +which is suspended from the rafters of a barn or other building by +means of eyebolts passing through the center of the track beam. A +carriage runs along the track beam by a pair of flanged wheels, at +each end of which the wheels of one pair are set at such distance from +each other that they clear readily the suspension bolts as they pass +along the same. A hoisting rope is attached, in the customary manner, +to a fixed point at one end of carriage, and passed then through the +sheave frame of the hay fork, and over a pulley of the carriage, and +through a sheave at the end of track beam, and down to the ground, +where a horse is hitched to its free end. + + +IMPROVED CORN HARVESTER. + + +Bennett Osgood, Lenox, Iowa.--This invention is an improved machine +for cutting up the corn, removing the ears from the stalks, and +cutting the stalks into pieces, and which may be adjusted to cut up +the corn and shock it. As the stalks are carried back by chains, pins +or hooks on bars tear open the husks of the ears; and the bars, in +connection with rollers, break the ears from the stalks. The ears, +when broken off, drop through an opening in the platform into an +elevator, up which they are carried, and are discharged into a wagon +drawn at the side of the machine. The box of the elevator is supported +from the frame of the machine, and its carrier is driven from a shaft +by an endless band. The stalks are carried back by endless chains, and +allowed to drop from the rear end of the platform upon the brackets +attached to the rear bar of the frame. As they fall upon the brackets +they are cut into three pieces by two knives, which work in slots in +the brackets, and to the upper part of which are pivoted the upper +ends of two bars. The lower ends of these bars are pivoted to a crank +formed upon the shaft, which revolves in bearings attached to the rear +bar of the frame. + + +IMPROVED SULKY HARROW. + + +George M. Furman, Laclede, Mo.--This is an improved riding harrow, +so constructed that it may be readily raised from the ground, by the +driver from his seat, to clear it of rubbish, to pass obstructions, +and to pass from place to place, to cut up the ground and cover the +seed thoroughly, and be used for cultivating small grain and plants. + + +IMPROVED HARROW. + + +Hans Iver Lund, Charlotte, Iowa.--The object of this invention is to +furnish an iron harrow which shall be light, strong, and durable, +of less draft than an ordinary harrow, of less size, inexpensive +in manufacture, and effective in operation, breaking up the lumps +thoroughly, and stirring up the soil evenly. The harrow is designed +to be made in three sections, all exactly alike, one, two, or three of +which may be used at a time. + + +IMPROVED COMBINED COTTON SCRAPER AND CULTIVATOR. + + +Malachiah Roby, Kosciusko, Miss.--This machine is so constructed as to +bar off and dirt or cultivate cotton plants at one operation; and the +invention relates to the construction and arrangement of a center or +main beam, to the forward end of which the draft is attached. To the +beam, a little in the rear of its forward end, is attached the middle +part of a crossbar, in which are formed a number of holes to receive +the hooks or clevises by which the forward ends of side beams are +secured to said crossbar. To the rear end of the main beam is attached +the middle part of a crossbar, to which the rear ends of the side +beams are secured by a bow and yoke passed around them diagonally, and +which are tightened, when adjusted in place, by nuts screwed upon the +ends of the bows. Bands are passed around said beams and diagonally +around said standards, and tightened in place by wedges or other +suitable means, so that the scrapers can be readily adjusted to +work deeper or shallower in the ground, and easily detached when not +required for use. Cultivating plows or dirters have standards which +are attached to the side beams, the plows and standards of the inner +side beams being placed in advance of those attached to the outer side +beams. When the machine is to be used as a cultivator, the scrapers +are detached, and may be replaced by cultivating plows. + + +IMPROVED CULTIVATOR. + + +Austin S. McDermott, Prairie Creek (Melleray P. O.), Iowa.--The object +of this invention is to furnish a cultivator which shall be readily +adjusted as the character of the work to be done may require, and +easily guided and controlled. The tongue of the machine is made in +V shape, and its rear end is attached to the axle. The arms of the +tongue are connected by a crossbar, to which the doubletree is pivoted +by a hammer bolt. To the ends of the axle are attached, or upon them +are formed, crank axle arms, upon the journals of which the wheels +revolve. To the arms of the tongue, near the forward end of said +tongue, are bolted the ends of the forward arms of the three-armed +bar, the third arm of which projects to the rearward, and its rear end +is bent into U form to receive a curved bar, which is pivoted to +the three-armed bar by a bolt that passes through the bend of the +three-armed bar and through the center of the curved bar. The ends of +the curved bar are secured to the forward ends of the beams by bolts, +two to each end. To the rear ends of the beams are attached handles +which may be strengthened by braces, and are designed for use in +guiding the plows when the machine is used as a walking cultivator. + + +IMPROVED CHICKEN COOP. + + +Daniel M. Sullivan and Thomas A. Retallic, Montgomery City, Mo.--This +invention consists of a coop adjustable vertically on a standard, +and provided with removable partitions and doors for convenience in +cleansing. The frame of the coop is placed on a standard, at the top +of which is placed a pulley. A cord is attached to the top of the coop +frame, and runs over the pulley, and is attached to a counterweight. +The coop is divided by a central transverse partition into two +compartments, which are subdivided by transverse partitions composed +of slats, and held in place by a dowel pin at the bottom and by a pin +at the top. The vertical strips that hold the slats of the partitions +together are grooved on each side to receive sliding partitions which +are arranged on a central longitudinal line of the coop, and at +right angles to the partitions. Grooves are also made in the ends and +central partition of the coop to receive these sliding partitions. + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW TEXTILE INVENTIONS. + +IMPROVED FULLING MILL. + + +James Hunter, North Adams, Mass., assignor to himself and James E. +Hunter, of same place.--The object of this invention is to improve +the construction of fulling mills in such a way that there can be no +possibility of injuring the cloth while passing through the rollers, +and in such a way as to give the operator full control over the +friction caused by the tongue or lever upon the goods, whether said +goods be heavy or light. + + +IMPROVED SHUTTLE-DRIVING MECHANISM FOR NARROW-WARE LOOMS. + + +William B. Willard, New York city.--This invention, relating to looms +for weaving narrow ware, consists in the arrangement of a spur wheel +traveling on a fixed rack, and actuating a movable rack attached to +the shuttle carrier. Motion is given to the spur wheel by a cam on the +main shaft of the machine, which acts through a slotted lever and a +connecting rod. The object is to provide mechanism for throwing the +shuttle in such looms. In the loom the shuttlerace is divided at its +center, leaving a space of sufficient width to admit of the passage +and shedding of the warp. The shuttle slides in the race, and is of +such length as to overlap the opening, so that it may pass smoothly +from one section of the shuttlerace to the other. The shuttle is +pierced to receive the fingers of the shuttle carrier, which slides on +the bar. The latter is a piece of sheet metal, which is turned over at +its upper edge to receive the bar, and is provided with guides for the +fingers. The said fingers are capable of engaging with the holes in +the shuttle and project below the piece of sheet metal, and are bent +at right angles, and provided with grooved friction rollers, which +engage with a cam slot of such form that it will draw the fingers, one +at a time, downward out of the shuttle, and retain them below the +warp during the passage of the portion of the shuttle with which they +engage, through the threads of the warp, and replace them after that +part of the shuttle passes the warp. + + +IMPROVED LOOM TEMPLE. + + +Christian H. Schlaf, Rockville, Conn.--This is an improved device for +stretching the cloth while being woven. It is so constructed as to +adjust itself as the cloth is being woven and carried forward to the +cloth beam. + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW WOODWORKING AND HOUSE AND CARRIAGE BUILDING INVENTIONS. + +IMPROVED THILL COUPLING. + + +Josiah Kitzmiller, Keedysville, Md.--This is an improvement upon that +form of thill coupling in which a pivoted cap is employed to slide +over the end of the bolt or pin which secures the eye of the thill +iron to the lugs or ears of the axle clip, the said cap serving to +prevent the said pin from becoming accidentally displaced without +the use of a screw nut or other securing device. It consists in the +construction and arrangements of a spring catch for holding +said pivoted cap down to its place against any tendency to rise +accidentally, the said spring catch being located in a transverse +groove or recess in the cap and between the cap and the adjacent lug +and being provided with a beveled head and square shoulder, which +engages with the under side of the lug to hold the cap down. The merit +of this arrangement is that the catch is concealed from sight by the +complete inclosure of the spring and the position of the beveled head +beneath the coupling, and hence the exterior of the coupling +presents a plain, smooth, and neat appearance, free from catches +or projections, which would be liable to hook into the clothing in +getting into or out of the carriage. + + +IMPROVED VEHICLE SPRING. + + +Fredrick W. Faber, Columbus, Texas.--This invention consists in +combining an auxiliary spring with a spring suspended from goosenecks +attached to the axle, the said auxiliary spring being attached to the +axle, and provided with yokes for embracing the suspended spring, the +object being to provide a device for steadying the main spring and +preventing lateral motion. + + +IMPROVED TIRE HEATER. + + +Philip W. Cassil, New Athens, O.--To the top of the furnace or firebox +is secured the ring heating chamber, which consists of the ring plate +having a ring flange or rim formed around its outer edge. To the ring +plate are attached the outer ends of a number of arms, the inner ends +of which meet in the center of the ring plate, and have a journal +attached to them. The journal may be hollow or solid, and upon it is +placed a hub to which are attached a number of radial arms, to the +outer ends of which is attached a rim. The rim fits against the +inner part of the ring plate, and forms the inner wall of the heating +chamber. + + +IMPROVED CHIMNEY COWL. + + +Andrew F. Barry and Ira G. Lane, New York city.--This invention is a +chimney cowl or ventilator which will deflect the natural current of +air, so that a draft is continually maintained. To the upper end of +a sheet metal chimney top is attached a strip of metal, bent into a +spiral form, and having spaces between the successive convolutions of +the spiral. The spirals overlap each other, and increase in diameter +towards the top. The coils are connected at intervals by stays, and +the end of the upper and outer coil is tapped on to the one that +precedes it, and is trimmed off horizontally, and upon it is placed an +ornamental border. The wind, striking this top from any direction, +is deflected so as to cause a draft. The device is claimed to be +ornamental in appearance, is cheaply and easily made, and does not +obstruct the chimney. + + +IMPROVED WAGON AXLE. + + +Wilbur F. Buckelew, Shreveport, La.--The object of this invention is +to strengthen the wooden axles of wagons, and to fasten the skeins +so that they will not become loose. A wooden axle is grooved +longitudinally upon its under side throughout its entire length, to +receive a rod, which is reduced in size at its ends, and threaded to +receive the nuts. This rod is bent so as to conform to the tapering +portion of the axle upon which the skein is placed. The skeins, having +countersunk outer ends, are placed on the ends of the axle, and nuts +having a beveled face corresponding to the countersunk ends of the +skeins, are placed on the ends of the rod, and clamp the skeins +securely on the axle. By giving the nut this peculiar form, it +contains more threads than it otherwise would, and is in consequence +stronger. The rod not only serves to retain the skeins securely in +their places, but it also acts as a stay or truss rod for the axle, +greatly strengthening it. + + +IMPROVED WAGON BRAKE LEVER. + + +Jacob P. Outson, Racine, Wis.--This invention consists of a curved +ratchet bar and two levers working on the same pivot, one carrying a +spring pawl, that engages with the curved ratchet bar, and the other +carrying a stud for throwing the pawl out of the notches of the +ratchet bar. When the brake is to be applied to the wheels of the +wagon, one lever is thrown forward, carrying with it the other lever; +and the pawl, by engaging the notches of the bar, holds the lever +at any desired point. When it is desired to release the brake first +named, the lever is drawn back, moving first the length of the slot, +the stud striking the pawl and throwing it out of engagement with +the ratchet bar, when the lever may be carried back to any required +position. + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW HOUSEHOLD INVENTIONS. + +IMPROVED BAKER. + + +Luna Drew, Irving, Wis.--This is an improved baking attachment to +heating stoves of all kinds, so that the heat of the same may be +utilized for baking, warming, raising bread, and other purposes. It +consists of a baker supported on adjustable legs, and secured to +a round, oval, or square heating stove by suitable top and bottom +slides. A warmer is arranged below the baker. The front of the baker +is detachable, to admit its use for baking or warming purposes. + + +IMPROVED FIRE KINDLER. + + +John G. Distler, Brooklyn (Greenpoint P. O.), N. Y.--This invention is +an improved fire kindler, simple in construction, convenient in use, +and effective in operation, burning freely, and lasting long enough +to fully kindle the fire. It is formed of corncobs, steamed, having +a number of transverse holes formed through them, dried, dipped in +melted white resin, and wrapped in paper. The corncobs are steamed to +prevent them from breaking while being bored. The cobs, while still +moist with the steam, have a number of transverse holes bored in them +with a rapidly revolving bit, and are then thoroughly dried. When dry +the cobs are dipped in melted white resin, and before they are fully +cold they are wrapped in ordinary paper, which adheres to them, +prevents any odor from passing off into the room and prevents them +from soiling the hands while being handled. + + +IMPROVED MATCH SAFE. + + +John A. Field, Racine, Wis.--This is a match safe, the back, top, and +front of which are made from a single piece of tin, and to which a +lighter of wire cloth is attached, which is placed over a picture, to +give the match safe an ornamental appearance. It is so arranged that +the matches are delivered singly to a pair of hooks, from which they +may be readily taken by the fingers. + + +IMPROVED NURSERY CHAIR. + + +Luther I. Adams, East Templeton, Mass.--This chair may be readily +converted into a high or low chair, and in which an attached toy box +retains the toys when the chair is in either position. The armed low +chair has curved legs. Between the rear legs a shaft is journaled, +upon which two wheels are placed. The support for the low parts +when it is used as a high chair consists of two similar sides, each +composed of two curved strips, which are held together partly by +crossbars and partly by triangular metallic pieces that are attached +to their upper ends and pivoted to the center of the crossbars that +connect the legs. A shaft, having upon it wheels, is journaled in the +curved strips at the back of the chair near the lower ends. The toy +box consists of a tray that is concaved at its upper edge and is made +convex at its lower end, and is provided with a cover that extends +over a portion of it, and forms a receptacle for toys when the box is +in a vertical position. + + +IMPROVED FRUIT JAR. + + +Catherine Hastings, Oswego, N. Y.--This is an improved attachment for +fruit jars, to enable them to be conveniently handled when filled with +hot fruit, and at other times. It does not interfere with standing the +full fruit jars upon their tops, if desired, and enables the jars to +be used for holding and carrying various articles. There is a metallic +screw band, by which the cover is secured upon the mouth of jar. To +the opposite sides of the band are soldered lugs to which are pivoted +the ends of a wire bail. + + +IMPROVED VENTILATOR. + + +Charles E. Darling, Lewiston, Me., assignor of two thirds his right +to Henry Free and John E. Lydston, of same place.--This ventilator for +windows, doors, etc., works in noiseless manner, and is watertight. It +consists of radially recessed face disks, clamped to the glass frame, +and having an intermediate pivoted disk with corresponding recesses +that are set by a crank lever and cords into open or closed piston. + + +IMPROVED BAKING PAN. + + +Charles I. Kagey and Fred W. Stoneburner, Arcola, Ill.--The body of +this roaster is made of sheet iron, and is rectangular in form. To one +end of the body a cap is secured, and to the other end a rectangular +cast iron frame is fitted, to which a cast iron door is hinged. At the +top of the roaster, at or near its center, an aperture is made, which +is closed by a tapering projection that extends downward from a plate +that is hinged to the top of the roaster. Rings are attached to the +top of the roaster near each end for convenience in handling. The +apparatus, when in use, is placed upon a stove or in an oven. + + +IMPROVED STOVEPIPE SHELF. + + +John W. Jackson, Sharpsville, Pa.--A wire of the requisite strength is +bent into the shape required to form the horizontal support. To this +the shelf is attached, and also the bracket, which rests against the +pipe for supporting the same. + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW MECHANICAL AND ENGINEERING INVENTIONS. + +IMPROVED WATER WHEEL. + + +Isaac Mallery, Dryden, N. Y.--This invention relates to downward +discharge turbine water wheels; and it consists in the employment, in +combination with a stationary chute case and an independent adjustable +frame, of a series of gates, which are pivoted to this frame and +adjustable to the periphery of said case. The bucket wheel is formed +of curved and inclined buckets arranged around a hub, and applied to a +cap ring and a skirting. This wheel is keyed on a driving shaft, +stepped on a bridge, and passed up through a tubular sleeve, which is +cast on the top of a cylindrical chute or guide case. This case is +rigidly secured to the base or bed frame, and constructed with oblique +issues, which direct the currents of inflowing water against the +buckets of the wheel. + + +IMPROVED VALVE MOTION FOR STEAM ENGINES. + + +Henry Haering, New York city.--This is an improved device for +operating the slide valve of a steam engine from the piston rod of +said engine, in such a way that the valve will be moved slightly to +partially uncover the inlet and exhaust ports as the piston completes +its stroke, and its motion will be continued in the same direction as +the piston begins to move upon the return stroke, until the ports are +fully opened, and will then stand still, with the ports fully open, +until the piston has nearly completed its return stroke. It consists +in the combination of a three-armed bar, two levers, connecting bar, +and connecting lever, with the piston rod and the valve stem of +a steam engine; and in the combination of a lockbar, spring, two +cylinders, and pin, with the two levers and the three-armed bar. +As the piston approaches the end of its stroke, the upper end of an +upright arm of a bar strikes the concaved side of the upper part of +one of the levers operating it, and moving the slide valve to close +the ports and admit steam in front of the piston. As the piston begins +its return stroke the inclined upper surface of one of the side arms +of the three-armed bar comes in contact with the lower end of the said +lever, and continues its motion in the same direction, fully opening +the said inlet port, which remains fully open until the piston has +again nearly completed its stroke. + + +IMPROVED REVERSIBLE ECCENTRIC. + + +George G. Lafayette and Pitt W. Strong, Brockville, Ontario, +Canada.--This is an improved device to act as a substitute for the +link motion on a reversible engine, or for adjusting the stroke of +a boiler-feed pump, while in motion, so as to regulate the amount of +feed water supplied to the boiler, without the use of an overflow pipe +and cock, and keeping thereby the pump constantly in motion, which +will save the annoyance frequently experienced in pumps by their +refusing to prime after having been stopped for a short time. It may +be further used to control the speed of all kinds of engines, whether +with plain slide valve or with a cut-off valve working on top of the +other by connecting directly to the device a suitable governor, so +as to automatically shorten and lengthen the stroke of the valve, and +give a uniform motion to the engine under different loads. + + +IMPROVED EXPANDING REAMER. + + +Robert Blair, San Francisco, Cal.--In this improved tool there is +a clamping bolt by which the cutters are clamped fast after being +adjusted. The cutters are arranged to slide directly across the stock +in dovetail grooves, and are slotted to slide along the clamping bolt +and washers, by which they are clamped fast after they are adjusted +to the position required by a toothed pinion and racks. The pinion is +arranged in the stock between the cutters, and the shaft extends out +of the end of the stock, with a nick in the end for a screwdriver to +turn it. + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW MISCELLANEOUS INVENTIONS. + +IMPROVED TORTOISE-SHELL HANDLE. + + +Christian W. Schaefer, New York city.--The object of this invention +is to mount the handles of canes, umbrellas, parasols, whips, opera +glasses, and similar articles with a tortoise-shell covering, in such +a manner that the present inefficient mode of attaching the same by +glue may be dispensed with, the covering attached in tightly fitting +and durable manner, and the joint or weld of the edges be not +noticeable in the least. + + +IMPROVED HAND STAMP. + + +Leonard Tilton, Brooklyn, E.D., N. Y.--This invention consists in +novel devices for giving positive rotation to the stamp heads after +the impressions are made, in combination with a reciprocating inking +pad, and in means for adjusting the throw of the inking pad with +respect to the printing faces of the stamp heads. + + +IMPROVED BUCKLE. + + +John Fenton, Indianapolis, Ind.--This invention is an improved buckle, +neat in appearance, strong and durable, which may be easily fastened +and unfastened, which will not require the strap to be perforated, and +will hold it securely in any position into which it may be adjusted. +The buckle is formed of a plate having holes in its middle part to +receive the rivets by which it is secured to the strap, and having +cross slots formed in its ends to receive the free end of the said +strap, and the eccentric, having its outer side corrugated radially, +and provided with a handle. + + +IMPROVED LIQUID DIFFUSER. + + +George M. Smyth, Brooklyn, N. Y.--This invention consists in the +combination of an air compressor, an air reservoir, and a receptacle +for the liquid, and an arrangement of pipes and nozzles for atomizing +the liquid. An air compressor of any ordinary construction is +connected with the reservoir by a pipe, in which two stopcocks are +placed. There is a receptacle for containing the liquid to be diffused +or atomized. A pipe passes through a stopper placed in the neck of the +said receptacle, and extends nearly to the bottom of the same, and its +upper end is provided with a stopcock and nozzle. A nozzle is arranged +at right angles to the first-mentioned nozzle, and is attached to a +brace that is secured to the pipe. + + +IMPROVED OIL CAN. + + +John Graves, New York city, assignor to himself and James L. Miller, +Westfield, N. J.--This is an improved case for packing oil cans for +transportation, the case furnishing the additional facility that the +can may be readily inserted into the same and tilted for use. The +invention consists of a wooden projecting case with side slots, in +which trunnions of the can are guided and supported for swinging the +can on pivot hooks, which serve also for the purpose of locking the +lid to the case. + + +IMPROVED HARNESS TUGS. + + +Charles Hauff, Ashland, O.--The body of the carrier is made in the +form of a ring with outwardly projecting flanges around its edges. The +strap is passed around the ring in the groove formed by its flanges, +and its inner end is sewed to its body at the side. Small wedge-shaped +blocks of leather are inserted in the angle between the parts of the +strap where they meet and the ring, which angular blocks are covered +by angular projection of the flanges of the ring. + + +IMPROVED COMPOSITION FOR CASTING ORNAMENTAL FIGURES. + + +August Kiesele, New York city.--This consists in a composition +formed by the admixture of dry pulverized sugar, melted paraffin, and +stearine. It is poured into moulds and allowed to cool. The article +is then removed from the mould, and powdered starch or sugar is dusted +over it to destroy the gloss and give it the appearance of alabaster. + + +IMPROVED PEN RACK. + + +Harvey W. Forman, Golden City, Col.--This consists of an upper frame +with intercrossing wires, forming wide spaces or meshes, and of a +second frame with closer wires below the same, for holding the pen in +upright position, in connection with a bottom pad or absorbent below +the rack frames. + + +IMPROVED STOPPER FOR MUCILAGE BOTTLE. + + +James Tilghman, New York city.--This is a combined brush and stopper, +consisting essentially of a handle having a stem and a flat end +corresponding to the top of the cork. The brush has a flat head, +corresponding to the bottom of the cork. The cork is interposed +between the said head and end of the handle, and held in place by the +central stem. + + * * * * * + + + + +BUSINESS AND PERSONAL. + + * * * * * + + +_The Charge for Insertion under this head is One Dollar a line for +each insertion. If the Notice exceeds four lines, One Dollar and a +Half per line will be charged._ + + * * * * * + + +Metallic Letters and Figures to put on patterns of castings, all +sizes. H. W. Knight, Seneca Falls, N. Y. + +How to make Violins--Write J. Ranger, Syracuse, N. Y. + +Blake's Belt Studs.--The best and cheapest fastening for Rubber or +Leather Belts. Greene, Tweed & Co., 18 Park place, N. Y. + +All kinds of new Lift and Force Pumps for all purposes, at half price, +or trade for firearms or tools. W. P. Hopkins, Lawrence, Mass. + +Steam Yacht for sale. 31 feet long, 61/2 beam; new. John Howard, No. +1720 Rittinhouse st., Philadelphia. + +Mothers make selections for themselves uptown, but they always go to +Baldwin the Clothier in New York and Brooklyn for boys' outfits. + +Wanted--The Agency of small article of merit or novelty for the +Hardware or House furnishing lines. W. M. Ernst & Co., 26 Cliff +street, New York. + +Thermometers and Hydrometers for scientific and other purposes. +Goldbacher, 98 Fulton street, N. Y. + +For Sale.--One 3 ft. Planer, $195; one 8 ft. do., $350; one 26" Lathe, +$295; one 22" do., $175; one 15" do., $120. At Shearman's, 132 North +3d street, Philadelphia, Pa. + +Inventors.--Send 10 cents for the "Journal of Invention," 4 months. 37 +Park Row, N. Y. Room 2. + +Reliable Oak Leather and Rubber Belting. A specialty of Belting for +high speed and hard work. Charles W. Arny, Manufacturer, Phila., Pa. +Send for price lists. + +Shaw's Noise-Quieting Nozzles for Escape Pipes of Locomotives, +Steamboats, etc. Quiets all the noise of high pressure escaping steam +without any detriment whatever. T. Shaw, 915 Ridge Ave., Philadelphia, +Pa. + +For 13, 15, 16, and 18 in. Swing Screw-Cutting Engine Lathes, address +Star Tool Company, Providence, R. I. + +John T. Noye & Son, Buffalo, N. Y., are Manufacturers of Burr Mill +Stones and Flour Mill Machinery of all kinds, and dealers in Dufour & +Co.'s Bolting Cloth. Send for large illustrated catalogue. + +Removal.--Fitch & Meserole, Manufacturers of Electrical Apparatus, and +Bradley's Patent Naked Wire Helices, have removed to 40 Cortlandt St., +N. Y. Experimental work. + +Power & Foot Presses, Ferracute Co., Bridgeton, N. J. + +For Best Presses, Dies, and Fruit Can Tools, Bliss & Williams, cor. of +Plymouth and Jay Sts., Brooklyn, N. Y. + +Lead Pipe, Sheet Lead. Bar Lead, and Gas Pipe. Send for prices. +Bailey, Farrell & Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. + +Hydraulic Presses and Jacks, new and second hand. Lathes and Machinery +for Polishing and Buffing metals. E. Lyon & Co., 470 Grand St., N. Y. + +Solid Emery Vulcanite Wheels--The Solid Original Emery Wheel--other +kinds imitations and inferior. Caution.--Our name is stamped in full +on all our best Standard Belting, Packing, and Hose. Buy that only. +The best is the cheapest. New York Belting and Packing Company, 37 and +38 Park Row, N. Y. + +Steel Castings from one lb. to five thousand lbs. Invaluable for +strength and durability. Circulars free. Pittsburgh Steel Casting Co., +Pittsburgh, Pa. + +Leather and Rubber Belting, Packing, Hose, and Manufacturers' +Supplies. Send for list. Greene, Tweed & Co., 18 Park place, N. Y. + +For Solid Wrought Iron Beams, etc., see advertisement. Address Union +Iron Mills, Pittsburgh, Pa., for lithograph, etc. + +Blank Book Back-Shaping Machine. Illustrated circular free. Frank +Thomas & Co., Home St., Cincinnati, O. + +Hand Fire Engines, Lift and Force Pumps for fire and all other +purposes. Address Rumsey & Co., Seneca Falls, N. Y., U. S. A. + +Help for the weak, nervous, and debilitated. Chronic and painful +diseases cured without medicine. Pulvermacher's Electric Belts are +the desideratum. Book, with full particulars, mailed free. Address +Pulvermacher Galvanic Co., 292 Vine St., Cincinnati, Ohio. + +Silver Solder and small Tubing. John Holland, Cincinnati, Manufacturer +of Gold Pens and Pencil Cases. + +Patent Scroll and Band Saws. Best and cheapest in use. Cordesman, Egan +& Co., Cincinnati, O. + +Mill Stone Dressing Diamonds. Simple, effective, and durable. J. +Dickinson, 64 Nassau St., N. Y. + +Best Glass Oilers. Cody & Ruthven, Cincinnati, O. + +For Boult's Paneling, Moulding, and Dovetailing Machine, and other +wood-working machinery, address B.C. Machinery Co., Battle Creek, +Mich. + +Chester Steel Castings Co. make castings for heavy gearing, and +Hydraulic Cylinders where great strength is required. See their +advertisement, page 30. + +Reliable information given on all subjects relating to Mechanics, +Hydraulics, Pneumatics, Steam Engines, and Boilers, by A. F. Nagle, +M.E., Providence. R. I. + + * * * * * + + + + +NOTES & QUERIES + + +It has been our custom for thirty years past to devote a considerable +space to the answering of questions by correspondents; so useful have +these labors proved that the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN office has become the +factotum, or headquarters, to which everybody sends, who wants special +information upon any particular subject. So large is the number of our +correspondents, so wide the range of their inquiries, so desirous are +we to meet their wants and supply correct information, that we are +obliged to employ the constant assistance of a considerable staff of +experienced writers, who have the requisite knowledge or access to +the latest and best sources of information. For example, questions +relating to steam engines, boilers, boats, locomotives, railways, +etc., are considered and answered by a professional engineer of +distinguished ability and extensive practical experience. Inquiries +relating to electricity are answered by one of the most able and +prominent practical electricians in this country. Astronomical queries +by a practical astronomer. Chemical inquiries by one of our most +eminent and experienced professors of chemistry; and so on through +all the various departments. In this way we are enabled to answer the +thousands of questions and furnish the large mass of information which +these correspondence columns present. The large number of questions +sent--they pour in upon us from all parts of the world--renders it +impossible for us to publish all. The editor selects from the mass +those that he thinks most likely to be of general interest to the +readers of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. These, with the replies, are +printed; the remainder go into the waste basket. Many of the rejected +questions are of a primitive or personal nature, which should be +answered by mail; in fact, hundreds of correspondents desire a special +reply by post, but very few of them are thoughtful enough to inclose +so much as a postage stamp. We could in many cases send a brief reply +by mail if the writer were to inclose a small fee, a dollar or more, +according to the nature or importance of the case. When we cannot +furnish the information, the money is promptly returned to the sender. + +J. P. D. will find directions for colored whitewash on pp. 235, 236, +vol. 36.--A. M. will find directions for electroplating on p. 59, vol. +36.--H. P. can recover silver from photographers' waste by the process +detailed on p. 250, vol. 27.--A. W. A.'s difficulty as to 64 and 65 +squares in the puzzle can be solved by an inspection of the diagrams +on p. 323, No. 21, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT.--I. A. will find a +description of a magneto-electric machine on p. 195, vol. 34. A clock +thus would go for 12 hours, and wind itself at the same time for +12 hours more, if such a machine could exist, would be a perpetual +motion. As to tempering small drills, see p. 186, vol. 26.--R. B. can +prevent rust on iron or steel by the means described on p. 26, vol. +25. For a recipe for a depilatory, see p. 186, vol. 34.--A. T. R. is +informed that the hydrocarbon engine is reversible.--T. W. will find +directions for making sand belts on p. 235, vol. 36.--M. G. should +address a manufacturer of oxygen cylinders.--J. S. C., who inquires +as to a water fountain, sizes of pipes, etc., should send us a sketch +with dimensions.--O. L. is informed that the proper way to ascertain +the relative strengths of corrugated and plain sheet metal is by +experiment.--G. H. B. will find directions for making colored +printing inks on p. 90, vol. 36.--P. M. will find on p. 250, vol. 36, +directions for making a polishing starch.--C. H. B. can braze the ends +of his brass plate to make a cylinder of it. See p. 219, vol. 36.--W. +H. C. is informed that his method of fluting reamers is not +new.--C. C. G. will find his method of raising coal or other weights +impracticable.--E. S. G. had better test so simple an experiment and +satisfy himself.--W. H. C. is informed that the most satisfactory plan +would be to get his tools nickel-plated. + +(1) J. H. N., of Christ Church, New Zealand, asks: Is the stearin from +which the olein has been extracted by Dr. Mott's process fit to be +made at once into good stearin candles, without any further treatment? +A. Yes. + +(2) B. B. says: I wish to express the strongest coloring matter from +certain herbs, sage leaves, for instance. How can it best be done +cheaply and quickly? Evaporation during several days, after boiling +and simmering, has the effect; but it is inconveniently slow. The +color produced is a medium brown. A. Dry the leaves, etc., thoroughly, +and grind to a fine powder. Digest this for several days in enough +warm water to thoroughly moisten it throughout. Then add enough wood +naphtha to make a stiff paste, and after standing an hour transfer to +a fine linen bag and express the thick liquid in a screw press. 2. Is +there anything that will set the color? A. Try a strong hot solution +of alum. + +(3) H. K. F. M. says: I have a box made of Bohemian crystal. The +cover, which was held to the box by a brass frame, has come apart +from its frame. It seemed to have been cemented by a hard substance +resembling plaster of Paris. How can I make it? A. Boil 3 parts +powdered rosin for sometime with 1 part of caustic soda and 5 parts of +water; then stir into the soap formed one half its weight of plaster +of Paris, and use immediately. + +(4) F. N. Y. asks: Would a canvas bag, coated with a varnish made of +india rubber dissolved in naphtha, be suitable to hold oxygen gas? A. +Yes; but bags made of double pieces of cloth, cemented together with +the varnish, are better. + +(5) J. A. B. asks: Is there any difference between electricity +and magnetism? A. Electricity and magnetism are supposed to be +manifestations of the same force whose actions are produced at +right angles to each other; the action which occurs in the line of +polarization being called electricity, and the one at right angles to +this line, magnetism. There is an important difference between +them, however, as electricity is essentially a dynamic force, while +magnetism is purely static. + +1. Is not the idea of the world moving around the sun in an elliptic +form absurd? A. No. 2. My idea is that the north star is the center +of the universe, or in fact is the magnet that all the suns or fixed +stars move around, and that the attraction of the pole of the earth, +although it moves around the sun, is the cause of the change of +seasons, or, in other words, the angle of light. A. There is nothing +whatever to support the idea. But a supposed center of the universe +has really been designated by some astronomers. + +(6) P. S. asks: How much copper wire does it require to construct an +electro-magnet that will uphold 100 lbs., and what size of wire should +be used? A. Probably 500 or 600 feet of No. 14 copper wire would be +sufficient with 3 or 4 very large size Grove cells and cores about 6 +inches long and 1 inch in diameter. + +(7) H. S. B. says: Water falls about 16 feet per second. My overshot +water wheel moves about 4 feet per second. Do I in that way lose that +percentage of the actual power of the water? A. Not necessarily. + +(8) C. N. B. asks: Can a steam engine be worked with compressed air +the same as with steam? A. Generally speaking, it can; but not in +every respect. + +(9) J. Y. says: If all the measures of length, surface, and capacity +in the world, and all the weights were lost, by what means could new +ones be made corresponding exactly with those we now have? A. It would +be impossible, as all the measures in use refer to certain arbitrary +standards. + +(10) R. B. G. asks: If a horse be pulling at the end of a lever and +traveling 3 miles an hour, how many lbs. pressure against his collar +must he exert, to raise 33,000 lbs. 1 foot per minute? A. The force +exerted by the animal will depend upon the length of the lever, which +should be given. + +(11) C. H. McK. asks: Would a pump so constructed as to create an +incessant suction draw water an indefinite distance, or how far would +it draw it? A. Such a pump would raise water no higher than any other +that was equally tight. + +(12) J. W. says: I wish to get some boilers made about 12 inches +in diameter and 13 inches deep. I want them to stand a pressure +corresponding to 400 deg. Fah deg.. Do you think it would be safe to have them +made of cast iron? A. We think it will be better to use wrought iron. +Make the shell about 7/16 of an inch thick. + +(13) J. R. S. says, in reply to E. W. P., who says that he has +an artesian well which does not flow; but from which he pumps by +inserting a pipe inside the well tubing, and asks: "If we attach the +pump to the well tubing directly, allowing no air to enter the tube, +would it not be like trying to pump water from an airtight barrel?" If +such were the case, the drive well would be a miserable failure; for +in all drive wells the pump is attached directly to the tube. I would +advise E. W. P. to attach his pump to the well tube direct, and he +will gain three times the amount of water that he now gets. By having +his pump attached to the well tube directly, the working of the pump +creates a vacuum, and the atmospheric pressure on the earth's surface +violently forces the liquid to fill the vacuum thus formed, thereby +giving a much greater amount of water than can be otherwise obtained. +It is a well established fact that more water can be obtained by the +drive well than by any other. A. In our answer to E. W. P., it will +be evident, we think, to most of our readers, that we only referred to +the case in which the well had no connection with the atmosphere, when +the pipe was tightly fitted. It appears, however, that it might have +been better to have stated this more definitely, and we gladly +embrace the opportunity afforded by the interesting letters of +our correspondents. We would be glad to receive from J. R. S. some +experimental data in proof of his assertion as to the great gain from +a tight connection. This also answers J. T. G. and W. H. F. + +(14) H. H. S. says: 1. Given, a boat with a 35 feet keel, of 6 feet +beam, with fine lines; also a two-cylinder engine, each cylinder 4 x +5 inches; and a wheel 28 inches in diameter and of 31/2 feet pitch. Will +an upright boiler, with 135 square feet heating surface, and 4 square +feet grate surface, be sufficient to run the engine at 250 or 300 +revolutions per minute with 100 lbs. steam? A. With good coal and +a forced draft, the boiler may be large enough. 2. What will be the +probable speed of boat? A. In smooth water, 7 to 8 miles an hour. + +(15) F. A. asks: What would be a safe outside pressure for a cylinder +of wrought iron, 1/2 inch thick and 4 feet in diameter, and 8 feet long? +A. According to tables given in Wilson's "Treatise on Steam Boilers," +the working pressure for such a tube would be about 65 lbs. per square +inch. + +(16) F. M. M. asks: 1. How large must an engine be to run a boat 121/2 +feet wide, 75 feet long, drawing 4 feet of water, at the rate of 30 +miles per hour, on a river or bay where the surface is smooth? A. We +have some doubts as to whether these conditions could be fulfilled. 2. +Do steamboats on the ocean use salt water in their boilers for +steam, or do they carry fresh water? A. They ordinarily have surface +condensers, so that the water of condensation is returned to the +boilers. + +(17) E. S. N. says: Please give your ideas as to how much water an +engine 18 inches in diameter by 22 inches stroke, running at 145 +revolutions per minute, at 80 lbs. steam, cutting off at about 18 +inches, will require. We furnished an injector for one of the above +dimensions, capable of throwing 900 gallons per hour. It was found +to be insufficient, and I went to the mill to discover the cause, if +possible. The manufacturers of the injector thought it ought to be +large enough, and so did we. I found everything set up properly, and +the piston and valve were evidently in good order. I finally measured +the capacity of the tank which supplied the injector, and found +that it drew 960 gallons per hour. A. We do not think the data are +sufficient for an accurate calculation. It is possible, however, that +some of our readers have made experiments on similar engines, and can +give some useful information. + +(18) T. W. asks: What size of breast water wheel, with a fall of 2 +feet water, would it require to produce the same power as an overshot +wheel of 4 feet diameter, 18 inches face, with a fall of 5 feet water? +A. If the breast wheel gave the same efficiency as the other, it would +require a face about 21/2 times as wide. + +(19) A. K. says: A. asserts that if a small and a large boiler be set +side by side and connected with the top gauge cock of the two boilers, +level, when they are first filled with water, and then steam is +raised, that the water will not remain the same, that the pressure +will be greater in the larger boiler, and consequently will force the +water into the smaller one. B. says that the water will always remain +the same as long as the boilers are connected; that the pressure on +the water will be the same in both boilers, and therefore the water +will always assume the same level in each. Which is right? A. The +pressures sometimes vary in two boilers connected in this way; and +they should be set in such a way that the water cannot be forced from +one into the other under any circumstances. + +(20) J. T. G. says: I notice your reply to W. G. in regard to pounding +of a steam pump, in which you recommend the use of a larger air +vessel. I think that W. G. can remedy the difficulty by allowing a +small quantity of air to enter the pump cylinder at each stroke, +which can be done without sensibly diminishing the amount of water +delivered, provided the lift is not so high as to nearly equal the +capacity of the pump. That would keep the maximum quantity of air in +the air vessel, and I think that the air in the discharge pipe would +have the effect of converting a comparatively rigid column into an +elastic one. W. G. can easily try the experiment by running with +the drain cocks at the end of his pump partially open; and if that +remedies the difficulty, he might insert a small check valve opening +inward to prevent the discharge of water during the out-stroke. If W. +G. tries this, I wish that he would let us know the result through the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. + +(21) G. H. says: Please decide the following: A. claims that a team +of horses can draw a greater load when hitched close to it than when +hitched at a distance of 10 or 20 feet. B. claims that, everything +else being equal, distance makes no difference, and that the team +could pull as many lbs. at a distance of 20 feet as it could at ten or +less. Which is right? A. We incline to B.'s opinion. + +Please tell me the relative power of conducting electricity of +the principal metals. A. According to Matthiessen, the electrical +conductivity of the principal metals, under similar conditions, is as +follows: + + Silver 100.0 + Copper 99.9 + Gold 80.0 + Aluminium 56.0 + Sodium 37.4 + Zinc 29.0 + Cadmium 23.7 + Potassium 20.8 + Platinum 18.0 + Iron 16.8 + Tin 13.1 + Lead 8.3 + German silver 7.7 + Antimony 4.6 + Mercury 1.6 + Bismuth 1.2 + +(22) S. R. S. asks: How can lime, or rather phosphate of lime, be +precipitated from cod liver oil, which is perfectly clear and said to +contain 2 per cent. of the phosphate? A. This can only be done by +first destroying the organic matter of the oil, and then examining the +residue for the phosphates with the usual reagents--magnesia solution, +barium chloride, nitrate of silver, ammonium molybdate, etc. With so +small a percentage of the phosphates, it will be necessary for you to +work with concentrated solutions, and slowly. The oil may be oxidized +by treating it on the waterbath with hot hydrochloric acid, with +some chlorate of potash, added in small quantities at a time. Then +evaporate down nearly to dryness, and treat with a little strong +nitric and a few drops of sulphuric acid. This will take some time if +properly done. + +(23) J. H. S. says, in answer to J. H. B.'s query as to a parrot +pulling out his feathers: Take a knife and scrape the inside edge of +the bill, and the feathers will slip from the bill without coming out. +This is done for feather-eating hens; no doubt it will answer for a +parrot as well. + +(24) S. R. S. says: I have some dentists' pellet gold. I alloyed it +with brass and silver. I melted it several times, but it was so very +brittle that I could not work it. I then added a $21/2 gold coin, and +fused, all together, but it was as brittle as before. I then fused it +and dropped in lumps of pure saltpeter, but it is still as brittle +as before. I fused the gold on a lump of charcoal with an alcohol +blowpipe. Please tell me how to work it. A. You fail to state the +proportions of your alloy. There may be an excess of zinc and copper, +or the fusion may not have been complete. Place it, together with +several small pieces of rosin and a little borax or carbonate of soda, +in a small blacklead crucible, and heat to very bright redness over +a good fire. If this does not obviate the difficulty, fuse the alloy +with about three times its weight of nitrate of potassa (saltpeter), +and treat the mass when cold with dilute sulphuric acid. Pour off the +acid solution and fuse the alloy, together with any silver sulphate +adhering to it and a little carbonate of soda. Any silver contained in +the acid solution may be recovered by adding a little salt or muriatic +acid, and fusing the precipitated chloride of silver with carbonate of +soda. + +(25) N. S. asks: 1. Can water be decomposed into its constituents +(oxygen and hydrogen) with any considerable rapidity, and in large +quantities, by electricity? A. Yes; providing a large magneto-electric +machine be used. 2. What is the best and cheapest method of generating +hydrogen in large quantities? A. The action of iron or zinc scraps +on diluted oil of vitriol is among the best. A considerable volume +of pure hydrogen may also be obtained with facility by passing +superheated steam through a large iron tube filled with scrap iron +heated to bright redness. + +(26) G. S. D. W. asks: Is there any process by which an engraving can +be transferred either to stone or wood, where the printing ink can +be made to show up as black as in the original after the transfer has +been made? A. We know of no satisfactory method whereby this may +be accomplished directly. By means of the chromate of gelatin +photographic process, such transfers may be made without great +difficulty. + +(27) F. M. M. asks: 1. If a steamboat 100 feet long, of 5 feet beam +and 4 feet draught, be provided with one set of common side paddle +wheels, and power enough to run it at the rate of 10 knots per +hour, would two sets of side wheels, with the power doubled and the +revolutions of the wheels doubled, double the speed of the boat? A. +No. 2. If we take the same boat, side wheels, and power, for running +10 knots per hour, and arrange for the side wheels to feather their +paddles, what effect would it have on the speed of the boat? A. You +might obtain from 10 to 15 per cent. more of the power of the engine in +useful effect. + +(28) W. J. T. asks: 1. What is the best dark color to paint a +laboratory, and what kind of paint must I use? A. One of the best for +this purpose is shellac in alcohol, colored to suit with Vandyke or +Spanish brown, etc. 2. I wish to varnish my benches. What varnish +would you recommend? A. Shellac is commonly used, but copal gives good +results, also Brunswick black in oil. + +Of what should a waste water pipe be made, so as to resist acids? A. +Make it of lead or block tin. + +Can you recommend an elementary work on electric batteries? A. +Sprague's "Electricity: its Theory, Sources, and Applications," is one +of the best. + +(29) T. P. H. asks: Can I take a wax impression off type and then +electrotype it with a battery? A. Yes. This is the common method of +making electrotypes for printing from. + +(30) C. M. asks: What are the locations of the various branch mints of +the United States? A. A recent authority gives them as Philadelphia, +Pa., San Francisco, Cal., Carson City, Nev., and Denver, Col. Assay +offices are situated at New York city, Charlotte, N. C., and Boise +City, Idaho. + +(31) B. L. D. asks: Can you give me a recipe for making paste for +sharpening razors, knives, etc.? A. Mix the finest emery obtainable +with a little suet. + +(32) C. B. McM. says: I hear that four gallon measures of different +capacities are in use, and that The United States standard gallon +contains 230 cubic inches. In the confusion of text-book statements +such as--"wine gallon = 231 cubic inches," "beer gallon = 282 cubic +inches," "American standard gallon = 58973 grains (Youmans' Chemistry) += nearly 234 cubic inches," and the very extensive ignorance of what +is really correct, please repeat the information in a way that may +be quoted as authority for the capacity of a United States gallon in +cubic inches, and the weight in grains. A. "The gallon of the United +States is the standard or Winchester wine gallon of 231 cubic inches, +and contains 8.3388822 lbs. avoirdupois, or 58372.1754 troy grains of +distilled water at 39.83 deg. Fah., the barometer being at 30 inches. It +is equal to 3.785207 liters. The gallon of the State of New York is of +the capacity of 8 lbs. pure water at its maximum density, or +221.184 cubic inches. It is equal to 3.62346 liters."--_Appleton's +Cyclop[oe]dia._ + +(33) S. C. D. says: Please give directions for electrotyping +cylindrical rollers for impressing upon sheets of wax, accurately, +of the proper figure for honeycomb foundations. The figure for the +surface of the cylinders to be derived from sheets of wax foundation, +having the figure correctly impressed upon them. A. This can be done +by coating with plumbago, and then electrotyping with copper, in a way +familiar to most printers and to all electrotyping establishments. The +plates can afterwards be bent round a roller, and used to impress the +sheets of wax. + +(34) J. H. T. asks: There is a piece of ground, 100 rods long and 10 +rods wide at one end, running to a point at the other, which we wish +to divide into 4 equal lots. Please give a rule. A. Let the 100 rods +be the base of a triangle, divide it into 4 parts of 25 rods each, and +join the apex with each of the three dividing points. You will then +have 4 triangles on equal bases and between the same parallels, which, +according to Euclid, are equal to each other. + +(35) R. S. asks: What are the chemical qualities of bisulphide +of lime, and how can I prepare it? A. The bisulphide of calcium +(C_{2}S_{5}) is produced by boiling milk of lime with sulphur and +water, but not long enough to allow the lime to become completely +saturated. The filtered liquid, on cooling, deposits crystals whose +composition agrees with the formula C_{2}S_{2} + 3H_{2}O. Exposed to +the air, it soon absorbs oxygen, becoming converted into insoluble +sulphate of calcium. Its aqueous solutions are likewise decomposed. +Its reactions with the metallic salts are similar to those of the +alkaline sulphides. + +(36) H. M. S. asks: 1. Of what is the bronze preparation made and how +is it applied to clock fronts? A. Bronze powders are made of various +metallic alloys. The gold bronze is usually made of Dutch gold +(an alloy of copper and zinc) and of the bisulphide of tin (_aurum +musivum_). They are usually applied to metal work by means of an oil +size or japan varnish. 2. In what way can I remove the old bronze? A. +Wash first with a solution of washing soda (hot), clean and dry, and +then rub with a little benzole, alcohol, or ether. + +(37) W. E. W. asks: 1. Of what mixture is the bright red paint usually +put upon axes made? A. It consists of fine vermilion ground with +1 part boiled oil and 2 parts turpentine. 2. Is more than one coat +applied? A. One coat will suffice. It is best applied with a fine +brush, when the metal is warm. + +(38) C. M. B. asks: Is the odor emitted by the ailanthus tree +unwholesome? A. It is considered so by many, but we have no proof as +to the facts. + +(39) L. S. & Co. ask: Is there anything known which would clean the +hands from paints and lacquers without the use of turpentine? A. A +little ammonia and benzine or naphtha, aided by a little sand, is +often used in stubborn cases; put plenty of good soap and warm water, +with a stiff brush or a small piece of pumicestone, will ordinarily +suffice. + +(40) W. P. S., Jr., says: Can you give me a recipe for making _papier +mache_? A. _Papier mache_ is obtained from old paper and the like made +into a pulp by grinding with milk of lime or lime water, and a little +gum dextrin or starch. This pulp is then pressed into form, coated +with linseed oil, baked at a high temperature, and finally varnished. +The pulp is sometimes mixed with clay (kaolin), chalk, etc.; and other +kinds are made of a paste of pulp and recently slaked lime. This is +used for ornamenting wood, etc. + +(41) M. P. B. says, in reply to a correspondent who asked how to +prevent his water filter from getting choked up: Fit in the filter, +on the top of the charcoal, a piece of board having in the center a +circular hole from two to four inches in diameter, according to the +size of the filter; force in this a sponge so tightly that all the +water has to pass through it first, but not so as to prevent its free +passage. This sponge will absorb readily the gross impurities of the +water, and can easily be taken out and cleaned once or twice a week. + +(42) A. C. S. asks: 1. Is there any reason why lightning rod points +should always be bright, if the points are kept sufficiently sharp? A. +It makes no difference if the points are not bright. 2. If lightning +rods put up in the ordinary way above the roof terminate in the eaves' +spouting of the house, and said spouting had good ground connections, +would this not be equal to the best lightning rod, and thereby save +many feet of rod and many dollars of expense? A. The arrangement you +suggest would be good. Make a thoroughly good ground connection with +leaders, have all joints well soldered, and you may dispense with the +rod as you propose. + +(43) J. A. W. says: Having occasion to do some copper plating some +time ago, I dissolved sulphate of copper in water in a glass jar. I +then poured it off into my battery, and there was some left in the +jar. I threw a small piece of iron into it and left it for some days. +I then took it out; and to my surprise, I found that it had been +perfectly plated with copper. Please let me know the cause? A. The +reaction you note is taken advantage of to cheaply copper plate small +articles of cast iron. See answer to J. O. M., p. 347, vol. 36. In the +presence of water, the reaction is as follows: + + CuSO_{4} + Fe = FeSO_{4} + Cu. + +Sulphate of copper. Iron. Sulphate of iron. Copper. + +As the iron is a more positive metal than copper, it displaced the +latter in combination with acids, the remaining portions of the iron +becoming coated with the precipitated copper. + +(44) A. G. asks: Is the silver, for a reflecting telescope, put on the +back of the glass the same as on looking glasses? A. No. Only one +side of the glass is ground and polished to the shape required. The +silvering is done on this side; and then, with the softest buckskin +and the finest rouge, the surface of the silver is polished for the +reflecting surface. In cities where gas is used, it will not retain +its brilliancy very long; then it requires to be cleaned with nitric +acid and resilvered, which is only the work of a few hours when a +person has become accustomed to it. + +(45) A. L. B. says: 1. I understand that, in modern chemistry, the +acids and alkalies are the two extremes of a class of substances +called hydrates, the only difference being the radical. In the +reaction of nitric acid, HO NO_{2} or HNO_{3} on potassic hydrate, KOH +is KO NO_{2} or KNO_{3}, and H_{2}O. Which molecule loses the oxygen +atom, and why should one part with it more than the other? + +A. HNO_{3} + KOH = KNO_{3} + H_{2}O + Nitric acid potassic potassic water + hydrate nitrate + +In this reaction the potassium is considered, by virtue of its greater +affinity, as replacing the hydrogen atom in the hydric nitrate; the +hydrogen in turn satisfying the OH group to form water. These hydrates +are similar only in point of constitution. Their chemical deportments +are widely different. 2. What are oxides in modern chemistry? A. The +bodies formed by the direct combination of oxygen with the elementary +bodies are called oxides. With water some of these oxides form +hydrates, as + + K_{2}O + H_{2}O = 2(KHO) + potassium water potassic + oxide hydrate + +(46) J. R. M. asks: To have a circular saw run well, should the +mandrel have a little end play if it is desired to relieve the saw +and guides of strain? A. If the saw is not true or the carriage runs +crooked, end play of the mandrel to the extent of the deviations will +relieve the strain upon the saw. But if the carriage runs true and the +saw true, the mandrel should have no end play. + +MINERALS, etc.--Specimens have been received from the following +correspondents, and examined, with the result stated: + +M. S. M.--It is a quartz crystal, the opposite sides of which +have been ground flat, probably by artificial means.--F. B.--It is +graphite. + + + * * * * * + + + + +COMMUNICATIONS RECEIVED. + + +The Editor of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN acknowledges, with much +pleasure, the receipt of original papers and contributions upon the +following subjects: + +On a Battery and Electric Clock. By J. E. W. + +On Anti-Water Drinking. By C. P. W. + +On Snakes Catching Fish. By C. R. G. + +On Utilization of Sewage. By Dr. H. D. T. + +On Aerial Navigation. By C. W. + +On the Ash-Colored Salamander. By C. F. S. + + + * * * * * + + + + +HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS. + + +Correspondents whose inquiries fail to appear should repeat them. +If not then published, they may conclude that, for good reasons, +the Editor declines them. The address of the writer should always be +given. + +Inquiries relating to patents, or to the patentability of inventions, +assignments, etc., will not be published here. All such questions, +when initials only are given, are thrown into the waste basket, as it +would fill half of our paper to print them all; but we generally take +pleasure in answering briefly by mail, if the writer's address is +given. + +Hundreds of inquiries analogous to the following are sent: "Who +makes machinery suitable for making flour barrels? Whose is the best +theodolite? Who sells steam whistles? Whose is the cheapest silk, +suitable for balloons? Who makes the best engraving machine for +transferring designs to copper?" All such personal inquiries +are printed, as will be observed, in the column of "Business and +Personal," which is specially set apart for that purpose, subject to +the charge mentioned at the head of that column. Almost any desired +information can in this way be expeditiously obtained. + + + * * * * * + + + + +OFFICIAL. + +INDEX OF INVENTIONS + +FOR WHICH + +LETTERS PATENT OF THE UNITED STATES WERE GRANTED IN THE WEEK ENDING + +June 5, 1877, + +AND EACH BEARING THAT DATE. + +[Those marked (r) are reissued patents.] + + * * * * * + + + + +A complete copy of any patent in the annexed list, including both the +specifications and drawings, will be furnished from this office for +one dollar. In ordering, please state the number and date of the +patent desired and remit to Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New York city. + + * * * * * + + + + +Air, cooling, C. Pfanne 191,710 +Apple parers, etc., W. M. Griscom 191,669,191,670 +Ash sifter, G. W. & L. Demond 191,520 +Bag holder. E. Woods 191,741 +Baking pan, L. B. Foss 191,578 +Baking pan, J. H. Pitts 191,548 +Barrel cover, McClellan & McBride 191,699 +Barrel head, G. M. Breinig 191,644 +Bedstead, wardrobe, S. S. Burr 191,651 +Bee hive, T. A. Atkinson 191,635 +Bee hive, H. F. Poggenpohl 191,612 +Bee hive, Sperry & Chandler 191,620 +Bench dog, W. Lyle 191,693 +Bit stock, J. T. Matthews 191,540 +Blacksmith's tongs, J. Van Matre 191,734 +Boiler furnace, etc., J. E. Crowell 191,518 +Bottle stopper, C. De Quillfeldt (r) 7,722 +Bottles, etc., sealing, C. L. Darby 191,519 +Bottling machine, W. H. Kelly 191,596 +Bracket, J. B. Sargent 191,718 +Breech loading fire arm, V. Bovy 191,563 +Breech loading fire arm, J. Schudt 191,721 +Bridge, E. S. Sherman 191,552 +Bung cutter, R. & G. N. Crichton 191,658 +Button, clasp, L. B. Colin 191,657 +Button fastening, A. Brookmann 191,649 +Calender and washing list, J. C. Coombs 191,517 +Car brake, E. S. Jones 191,594 +Car coupling, W. Duesler 191,522 +Car lavatory, C. E. Lucas 191,691 +Carriage perch stay, J. R. McGuire 191,700 +Chair convertible, J. P. True 191,733 +Chair, folding, B. F. Little 191,689 +Chicken coop, Sullivan & Retallic 191,621 +Chicken coop, R. L, & N. J. Todd 191,556 +Chimney draft regulator, W. H. Sears 191,722 +Chisel, mortising, J. T. Bowen 191,643 +Churn, T. J. Parrish 191,708 +Churn, reciprocating, H. C. Sperry 191,726 +Churn, rotary, A. J. Borland 191,562 +Churn, rotary, Hatton & Record 191,676 +Churn, rotary, J. G. Wallace 191,736 +Clasp hook, spring, J. W. Knause 191,686 +Clocks, adjusting position of, W. F. Wuterich 191,630 +Coal and ore washer, J. M. Bailey 191,511 +Corn dropper, J. P. Simmons 191,723 +Corset skirt supporter, T. F. Hamilton 191,672 +Cotton scraper, etc., M. Roby 191,613 +Cultivator, W. E. Dewey 191,660 +Cultivator, A. S. McDermott 191,606 +Cupboard, W. H. Sallada 191,549 +Curry comb, Bennett & Moody 191,559 +Curry comb, P. Miller 191,608 +Desk, school, C. H. Presbrey 191,713 +Drawing instrument, J. R. Peel 191,611 +Drill hoe, E. F. Pryor 191,714 +Easel, T. L. Fisher 191,577 +Easel, F. S. Frost 191,579 +Eccentric, reversible, Lafayette & Strong 191,602 +Elevator, etc., telescopic, W. R. Comings 191,516 +Elliptic spring, N. J. Tilghman 191,731 +Engine frame, S. W. Putnam 191,716 +Engine exhaust, C. T. Parry 191,545 +Engine valve motion, H. Haering 191,583 +Feed rack, W. H. Howard 191,590 +Feed water heater, N. W. Kirby 191,597 +Fence, E. H. Perry 191,547 +Fences, R. F. Ward 191,626, 191,627 +Fence cap, metallic, J. D. W. Lauckhardt 191,603 +Finger guard, K. A. Wynne 191,742 +Fire escape, L. Henkle 191,677 +Fire front, G. W. Purcel 191,715 +Fire kindler, J. G. Distler 191,572 +Fireproof column, Drake & Wight 191,662 +Flour bin and sifter, F. M. Mahan 191,694 +Fluting and polishing, C. Johnson 191,684 +Fluting machine, Keller & Olmesdahl 191,595 +Fly trap, Carroll & Lamb 191,652 +Fountain, portable, W. H. Zinn 191,557 +Fruit crate, G. Willard 191,739 +Fuel, pressing, stalks, etc., for, Davis & Fisk 191,571 +Fulling mill, J. Hunter 191,592 +Furnace bottom construction, P. D. Nicols 191,543 +Furnaces, oxygen, blast, C. Hornbostel 191,530 +Gage cock, boiler, D. T. Ellis 191,663 +Gas apparatus, portable, D. H. Irland 191,531 +Gate, B. R. Baker 191,637 +Gate, J. T. Guy 191,671 +Gearing, oscillating, N. P. Otis 191,705 +Glassware, making, C. L. Knecht 191,534 +Grate, J. H. Mearns 191,702 +Griddle, H. C. Milligan 191,703 +Gutter holder, M. Schmitt 191,616 +Hame attachment, J. Hudson 191,591 +Harness saddle tree, W. L. Frizzell 191,525 +Harrow, H. I. Lund 191,604 +Harvester, Philleo & Cox 191,711 +Harvester corn, B. Osgood 191,610 +Harvester finger bar, H. L. Hopkins 191,678 +Harvester rake, R. Emerson 191,664 +Harvester rake, R. D. Warner 191,743 +Harvester reels, H. A. Adams 191,631, 191,632 +Harvester cutter, Haskin & Reigart 191,675 +Hats, pressing, R. Kent 191,533 +Hatter's measure, J. A. Harrington 191,674 +Hay derrick, etc., R. N. B. Kirkham 191,598 +Hay elevator, E. L. Church 191,568 +Hinge and door, safe, P. F. King 191,680 +Hog catcher, J. H. Eames 191,575 +Hoisting machine, H. J. Reedy 191,717 +Hoisting machine, G. H. Reynolds (r) 7,727 +Hoisting machine, F. G. Hesse 191,529 +Holdback, J. W. Hight 191,589 +Honey box, Johnson & Keeley 191,593 +Hoopskirt spring, etc., A. Benjamin 191,641 +Hydrocarbon injector, H. E. Parson 191,546 +Hydrocarbons, extracting, W. Adamson 191,623 +Ice cream freezer, J. Solter 191,725 +Ice cutting machine, C. Chadwick 191,515 +Ice house, E. Schandein 191,719 +Ice machine, A. T. Ballantine 191,638 +Indicator for bellows, J. E. Treat 191,624 +Iron and steel cementation, J. W. Hoxie. 191,681 +Iron from cold short pig, etc., C. C. McCarty 191,698 +Jar cover, E. Meier 191,541 +Jewelry, plated, English & Covell 191,665 +Keyhole guard, C. H. Covell (r) 7,720 +Label holder, J. E. Sweetland 191,555 +Lathe tool, E. F. Beugler 191,560 +Lathes, truing work in, A. Hatch 191,586 +Lifting jack, T. Weathers 191,737 +Lime kiln, M. Callan 191,566 +Lithographic press, C. C. Maurice 191,696 +Locomotive light, A. Dressell 191,574 +Loom take-up, J. Lyall 191,692 +Loom harness cording, L. J. Knowles 191,600 +Lubricator, C. H. Parshall 191,707 +Mandrel, expanding, Amann & Harker 191,634 +Manure drill, A. C. Hurley 191,682 +Marine ram, N. H. Borgfeldt 191,514 +Match safe, J. A. Field 191,576 +Medicine case, J. C. Millard 191,607 +Milk cooler, J. Bissonett 191,513 +Millstone dress, R. S. Williams 191,740 +Mineral wool, treating, A. D. Elbers 191,524 +Mirror, adjustable, S. R. Scottron 191,720 +Motion, converting, C. Chadwick 191,654, 191,655 +Needle, knitting, etc., S. Peberdy 191,709 +Oil can, D. Bennett 191,642 +Oil well rope socket, H. Baddock (r) 7,719 +Ore, reducing nickel, W. B. Tatro 191,728 +Organ swell, reed, Kelly & Hebard 191,532 +Paper barrels, making, E. M. Slayton 191,618 +Paperbox, P. B. Pickens 191,712 +Pianoforte bridge, J. Herald 191,587 +Picture exhibitor, J. Hannerty 191,673 +Plow, E. Haiman (r) 7,724 +Plow, L. F. W. Liles 191,688 +Plow clevis, C. O. Wilder 191,629 +Plow colter, C. R. Thompson 191,622 +Plow, sulky, A. A. Fowler 191,677 +Plow, sulky, W. Henry 191,588 +Preserving, bleaching fruit, etc., J. R. Dodge, Jr. 191,661 +Pulleys, casting, G. G. Lobdell 191,690 +Pulp, die for forming, D. Scrymgeour 191,551 +Pump, rotary, Swan & Edgecomb 191,727 +Pumps, making buckets for, J. N. Kaufholz 191,685 +Pumping from casks, etc., W. F. Class 191,656 +Quicksilver condenser, R. F. Knox 191,687 +Railway signal, electric, J. P. Tirrell 191,732 +Reamer, expanding, R. Blair 191,561 +Refrigerator, Thompson & Parkhurst 191,729 +Refuse burner, W. Glue 191,744 +Ribbon block, G. N. Stanton 191,554 +Ribbon, etc., storing, A. C. Mason 191,695 +Ripping tool, G. D. Clark 191,569 +Safe, fireproof, Saxe & Harding 191,550 +Sandpapering machine, J. P. Beck 191,640 +Sash fastener, S. G. Monce 191,609 +Saw guide, J. B. Currier 191,659 +Sawing machines, scroll, J. H. Plummer (r) 7,725, 7,726 +Seed drill, H. L. Brown 191,565 +Seed planter, check row, G. D. Haworth 191,528 +Sewing machine, straw, S. C. Brown 191,647 +Sewing machine trimmer, H. H. Hallett 191,584 +Shingles, etc., bunching, P. Dexter (r) 7,723 +Shoes, making, J. Tibbetts 191,730 +Skate, J. A. Dodge 191,573 +Skate, roller, J. Miner 191,542 +Skylight bar, J. W. Atkinson 191,636 +Spinning, roll support. F. B. Hart 191,585 +Spooling, stop motion, J. Wild 191,738 +Spools, preventing unrolling tape, etc., A. C. Gould 191,581 +Spoon blank, die, H. W. Bassett 191,639 +Stamp, hand, L. Tilton 191,623 +Stamp mill, G. Downing 191,521 +Steamboat smoke stack, Rouze et al 191,614 +Stop motion fork slide, J. McCaffrey, Jr. 191,697 +Stove, J. Gladding, 3d 191,580 +Stove, coal oil, M. H. Barnes 191,558 +Stove, cooking, D. E. Paris 191,706 +Stovepipe damper, A. Brightman 191,646 +Stovepipe thimble, J. Carhartt 191,567 +Stove, oil, cooking, Sherburne et al 191,553 +Straw cutter, A. Vahldieck 191,625 +Sugar, liquefying hard, O. H. Krause 191,535 +Sugar liquor, collecting, A. A. Goubert 191,527 +Sugar liquor, collecting, Matthiessen et al 191,537, 191,538 +Sugar, washing raw, F. O. Matthiessen 191,539 +Swing, J. J. Janezeck 191,683 +Thill coupling, J. Kitzmiller 191,599 +Tobacco, hoisting, C. H. Slaton 191,619 +Tobacco pipe, N. T. Oberg 191,544 +Tobacco plant planter, R. A. Knox 191,601 +Top, spinning, T. McLaughlin 191,701 +Tortoise-shell handle, C. W. Schaeffer 191,615 +Towel rack, C. A. Brickley 191,564 +Trap for balls, T. Wilkie 191,628 +Tube well, T. J. Dean (r) 7,721 +Type writer, D. H. Sherman 191,617 +Upholstering tuft, R. H. Bryant 191,650 +Valve tank, J. P. Duncan 191,523 +Vegetable cutter, W. Chapin 191,653 +Vehicle spring and axle, S. W. Ludlow 191,536 +Ventilation, etc., W. H. Bennett 191,512 +Wagon axle skein, H. L. Hinds 191,679 +Wagon gearing, W. P. Brown 191,648 +Wagons, skid attachment for, C. Crandall 191,570 +Wardrobe hook, labeled, T. F. Breese 191,645 +Wash boiler, T. Gunsalus 191,582 +Water gauge, C. D. Smith 191,724 +Water wheel, L. Good 191,668 +Water wheel, I. Mallery 191,605 +Weaving shuttle, duck, W. L. Gilbert 191,526 +Wheelbarrow, E. W. Walker 191,735 +Wood pressing machine, S. L. Nagle 191,704 +Wrench, pipe, G. Fletcher 191,666 + + * * * * * + + + + +DESIGNS PATENTED, + + +10,030 to 10,032.--EMBROIDERY.--E. Crisand, New Haven, Conn. +10,033.--LOCK-CASE.--R. Flocke, Newark, N. J. +10,034.--BOTTLES.--J. H. Harrison, Davenport, Iowa. +10,035 to 10,037.--CARPET.--H. S. Kerr, Philadelphia, Pa. +10,038, 10,039.--CARPETS.--T. J. Stearns, Boston, Mass. +10,040.--MOULDING.--R. M. Merrill et al., Laconia, N. H. +10,041 to 10,044.--OIL CLOTH.--C. T. Meyer et al., Bergen, N. J. +10,045.--STUDS, ETC.--J. W. Miller et al., Newark, N. J. +10,046.--BOOK CASES.--J. W. Schuckers, New York city. + +[A copy of any one of the above patents may be had by remitting one +dollar to MUNN & Co., 37 Park Row, New York city.] + + + * * * * * + + + + +ADVERTISEMENTS + + * * * * * + +Inside Page, each insertion 75 cents a line. +Back Page, each insertion $1.00 a line. + +_Engravings may head advertisements at the same rate per line, by +measurement, as the letter press. Advertisements must be received +at publication office as early as Friday morning to appear in next +issue._ + + * * * * * + + + + +THE SCIENTIFIC GRAIN & MIDDLINGS MILL. + +[Illustration] + +12, 20, and 30 inch Mill Stones. + +Sent on trial to responsible parties, and warranted the full equal of +any heavy mill built in the world. Send for our price list, as this +may not appear again. + +A. W. STRAUB & CO., 1361 Ridge Avenue, Phila, Pa. + + +NO MORE SLIPPING BELTS. MY NEW Patent Pulley Cover will do double the +work before the belt will slip. Put on without disturbing shafting. +Agent wanted in every city. Circulars free. + +JOHN W. SUTTON, 95 Liberty St., New York. + + +THE NEW GERMAN PATENT LAW. Being the Full Text of the New Law for +Patents, passed July 1st, 1877, covering all the States of the German +Empire. Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT No. 80. Price 10 +cents. To be had at this office and of all newsdealers. + + +PATENT COLD ROLLED SHAFTING + +Price list mailed on application to JONES & LAUGHLINS, +Try Street, 2d and 3rd Avenues, Pittsburgh, Pa. +190 S. Canal Street, Chicago, Ill., and Milwaukie, Wis. +--> Stocks of this shafting in store and for sale by +FULLER, DANA, & FITZ, Boston, Mass. +GEO. PLACE & CO. 121 Chambers St., N. Y. + + +EUREKA SAFETY POWER! + +Practically IMPOSSIBLE TO EXPLODE. +Tested to 300 lbs. pressure per square inch. +2-Horse Power, $150, 3 to 4 H.P., $250. +Also, Stationary Engines and boilers, and +SPARK ARRESTING PORTABLE ENGINES +for plantation use. Send for our circular. +Discount to the trade. + +B. W. PAYNE & SONS, +Corning, N. Y. + + +SIZING OF COTTON GOODS. Read before the Society of Arts by +W. Thompson, F.R.S. A most Full and Clear Description of the process, +embracing: An account of the process of Weaving, explaining the object +and utility of Size. A table of Sizing Mixtures, in which are +enumerated the Substances used: 1, for giving Adhesive properties to +Size; 2, to give Weight and Body to the Yarn; 3, for Softening the +Size or Yarn; and 4, for Preserving the Size from Mildew and +Decomposition. Tests for these Substances, and Directions for +Preparing, so as to obtain the results required. Proportions of Sizing. +Use of Flour in Size. Weighting Materials, China Clay and its +substitutes. "Softenings," and Oils for Softening. East Winds and +their effect. Glycerine, Grape Sugar, Mildew Preventives, and Tape +Sizing. "Slashing," Packing, Damaged Goods, etc. Contained in +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT No. 80. Price 10 cents. For sale at this +office and of all newsdealers. + + +CELEBRATED FOOT LATHES. + +Foot Power Back-geared Screw Lathes, Small Hand and Power Planers for +Metal, Small Gear Cutters, Slide-rests, Ball Machine for Lathes, Foot +Scroll Saws, light and heavy Foot Circular Saws. Just the articles for +Amateurs or Artisans. Highly recommended. + +Send for illustrated Catalogues. + +N. H. BALDWIN, Laconia, N. H. + + +$66 a Week in your own town. Terms and $5 outfit free. +H. HALLETT & CO., Portland Maine. + + +SAVE OIL. USE TOMLINSON'S +Car Axle Box. Cars run for 3 cents for a thousand miles. +See _Car Builder_ for June, 1877. Address + +J. B. TOMLINSON, 80 White St., N. Y. + + +DAYTON CAM PUMP + +[Illustration] + +THE ONLY PUMP IN THE MARKET DESIGNED AND CONSTRUCTED +ESPECIALLY FOR BOILER FEEDING. + +Are Pumping water at 268 deg. F. No Dead Centers. +The Steam Valve is a plain Slide Valve, identical to +the slide valve of a Steam Engine, but derives its +motion from a cam. Speed can be regulated to suit +evaporation. + +Pumping Returns from Steam Heating Apparatus a specialty. + +--> Send for Circular. + +Smith, Vaile & Co., + +DAYTON, OHIO. + + +WHAT 25 CENTS WILL BUY! + +THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. + +PRICE TWENTY-FIVE CENTS. + +This is a most useful Little bound book of 150 pages, comprising, +probably, the most extensive variety of standard, practical, condensed +information ever furnished to the public for so small a price. +Contents: + +1. THE LAST CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES (1870), by States, Territories +and Counties. IN FULL, showing also the area in square miles of each +State and Territory. + +2. TABLE OF OCCUPATIONS.--Showing the occupations of the people of the +United States, and the number of persons engaged in each occupation. +Compiled from the last census. + +3. TABLE OF CITIES, having over 10,000 Inhabitants. Compiled from the +last census. + +4. MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. Miniature outline. + +5. THE UNITED STATES PATENT LAWS (full text).--Principal Official Rules +for Procedure; Directions How to Obtain Patents, Costs, etc.; Forms for +Patents and Caveats: How to Introduce and Sell Inventions; Forms for +Assignments; Licenses; State, Town, County, and Shop Rights; General +Principles applicable to Infringements; Synopsis of the Patent Laws of +Foreign Countries; Rights of Employers and Employes in respect to +Inventions. + +6. THE ORNAMENTAL DESIGN PATENT LAW (full text).--Costs and Procedure +for securing Design Patents for Ornamental Productions such as Designs +for Textile Fabrics, Patterns for Wood and Metal Work, New Shapes and +Configurations of any article of Manufacture, Prints, Pictures, and +Ornaments, to be printed, woven, stamped, cast, or otherwise applied +upon machinery, tools, goods, fabrics, manufactures. + +7. THE UNITED STATES TRADE-MARK LAW (full text).--With Directions, +Proceedings and Expenses for the Registration of Trade-Marks of every +description. + +8. THE LABEL COPYRIGHT LAW (full text).--With Directions, Proceedings +and Cost of Registering Labels for Goods. Medicines, and Merchandise +of all kinds. + +9. THE GENERAL COPYRIGHT LAW OF THE UNITED STATES (full text).--With +Directions and Costs for Securing Copyrights by Authors for Books, +Pamphlets, Charts, Photographs, Pictures, and Works of Art. + +10. THE PRINCIPAL MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.--Described and illustrated +by 150 small diagrams, of great value to Inventors and Designers +of Mechanism. + +11. THE STEAM ENGINE.--With engraving, showing all the parts, names, +etc., and a brief history of the Invention and Progress of Steam Power. + +12. GEOMETRY, as Applied to Practical Purposes. With illustrations. + +13. HORSE POWER.--Simple Rules for Calculating the Horse-Power of +Steam Engines and Streams of Water. + +14. KNOTS.--Presenting engravings of 48 different kinds of Rope Knots, +with explanations as to tying. + +15. TABLES OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.--Troy, Apothecaries', Avoirdupois, +French, Weights; U. S. Standard; Dry Measure; Land Measure; Cubic +Measure; Liquid Measure; French Square Measure; French Cubic, or Solid +Measure; Measuring Land by Weight; Engraving of a section of English +and French rule, of equal length. + +16. VALUABLE TABLES: (1) Velocity and Force of the Wind. (2) Specific +Gravity and Weight, per Cubic foot and Cubic inch, of the principal +substances used in the Arts (3) Heat-conducting Power of various +Metals and other Solids and Liquids. (4) Table of the Mineral +Constituents absorbed or removed from the Soil, per acre, by +different crops. (5) Table of Steam Pressures and Temperatures. +(6) Table of the Effects of Heat upon various bodies, melting-points, +etc. + +17. MEDALLION PORTRAITS OF DISTINGUISHED AMERICAN INVENTORS, with +biography in brief and engravings of their inventions, viz.: Franklin, +Fulton, Whitney, Wood, McCormick, Blanchard, Winans, Morse, Goodyear, +Howe, Lyle, Eads. + +18. ENGRAVINGS of Capitol, Washington, with brief history, dimensions, +cost, etc.; United States Patent Office, interior and exterior views, +dimensions, and description; Scientific American Buildings, N. Y. and +Washington. + +19. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.-Force of Expansion by Heat; Small +Steam-boats, proper dimensions of Engines, Boilers, Propellers. Boats; +Incubation, Temperature of; To Make Tracing Paper; Constituents of +various substances; Friction, how produced, and Rules for Calculation; +Specific Heat Explained; Specific Gravity of Liquids, Solids, Air, and +Gases; Gunpowder--Pressure, Heat, and Horse-Power of; Copying Ink, to +Make; Heat, its mechanical equivalent explained; Molecules of Matter, +size and motion explained; Lightning and Lightning Rods--valuable +information; Value of Drainage Explained; Amount of Power at present +yielded from Coal by best Engines; Sound--its velocity and action; +Liquid Glues, Recipes; Value of Brains; Properties of Charcoal; Height +of Waves; Speed of Electric Spark, etc.; Plain Directions, with +Engravings, showing how any person can make Electro-Magnets and +Electric Batteries at a cost of a few cents; Valuable Recipes. + +_The Scientific American Reference Book,_ price only 25 cents, may be +had of News Agents in all parts of the country, and of the undersigned. +Sent by mail on receipt of the price. + +Address MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, New York, + + +THE SECOND GREAT SALE + +OF PATENTS AT + +AUCTION + +Will take place at the Auction Rooms of GEO. W. KEELER, 53 Liberty St., +N. Y., on July 16, at 12 o'clock. Models now on exhibition. +Send for Catalogue. + + +WOOD & LIGHT MACHINE CO. WORCESTER, Mass. +Manufacture of all kinds of IRON-WORKING MANCHINERY, including many +novelties. Shafting, Pulleys, &c. + +Send for Circulars. + +[Illustration] + + +$95 A month and expenses. SALESMAN WANTED to sell to DEALERS. +SAMPLES FREE. CANDY & NOVELTIES + +LETTERS must have enclosed return postage. +H. SMITH & CO., CONFECTIONERS, Cincinnati, O. + + +POND'S TOOLS +ENGINE LATHES, PLANERS, DRILLS, &c. + +Send for Catalogue. DAVID W. POND, Successor to +LUCIUS W. POND. WORCESTER, MASS. + + +STEAM PUMPS. + +FIRST PRIZES, CENTENNIAL, PHILA., VIENNA, +PARIS, NEW YORK, BALTIMORE, BOSTON. + +Send for circular of recent patented improvements, + +THE NORWALK IRON WORKS CO., +South Norwalk, Conn. + +Prices Reduced. + + +N. F. BURNHAM'S 1874 WATER WHEEL +Is declared the "STANDARD TURBINE," by OVER 600 persons +who bought and use them with PART and FULL GATE open. +Pamphlets Free. +N. F. BURNHAM, YORK, PA. + + +OTIS' SAFETY HOISTING MACHINERY +OTIS BROS. & CO., No. 348 Broadway, New York. + + +$55 TO $77 a week to Agents. $10 _Outfit Free_. +P. O. VICKERY, Augusta Maine. + + +WE ENAMEL +in FINE JET BLACK every variety Of turned woodwork +parts of machinery castings tin-ware and other metal +work ENAMELED JET GOODS, in wood or metal, made to order +AMERICAN ENAMEL CO. 17 WARREN ST. PROVIDENCE. R. I. + + +50 MIXED CARDS, with name, l0c. and stamp. +Agent's Outfit, l0c. COE & CO., Bristol, Ct. + + +[Illustration: PHOTO ENGRAVING CO. + +MOSS'S PROCESS +67, Park Place.] +NEW YORK + +L. SMITH HOBART. President. +J. C. MOSS, Superintendent. + +TYPE-METAL RELIEF PLATES. + +A SUPERIOR SUBSTITUTE FOR WOOD-CUTS AT MUCH LOWER PRICES. + + +These plates are engraved almost entirely by photo-chemical means, thus +avoiding the old, slow and tedious method of engraving on wooden blocks, +where the workman is compelled to engrave each line separately by +cutting away the wood around it, often spending many days upon a plate +a few inches square. + +In appearance our relief plates are the same as regular stereotypes, +being mounted type high on blocks ready to be set up and printed from, +with type, on any ordinary press. + +They can be used directly and will wear as long as any type-metal +plates, but if a great number of impressions are wanted, duplicate + +ELECTROTYPES AND STEREOTYPES + +can be made from them the same as from wood-cuts. + +They have a printing surface as smooth as glass, and the lines are +engraved deeper than they are in hand-cut plates. Notwithstanding the +_low prices_ at which they can be furnished, they are very much +superior to wood-cuts, and in some classes of work are rapidly +taking the place of lithography. + +REFERENCES. + +Among those who manifest their satisfaction with our work, by +continued orders, we may mention:--D. Appleton & Co., Scribner & Co., +Frank Leslie, A. D. F. Randolph & Co., G. W. Carleton & Co., The +American Tract Society, Robert Carter & Bros., Munn & Co., Pub. +"Iron Age," Pub. "Illustrated Weekly," Pub. "McGee's Illustrated +Weekly," and also a large part of the principal publishers and +manufacturers throughout the country. + +COPY. + +Almost all kinds of Prints or Engravings from Wood, Stone, Copper and +Steel may be reproduced directly. _The requisites are, clean, distinct +black lines or stipple work, on white or only slightly tinted paper. +All Photographs and Pencil Sketches must first be drawn in ink._ We +keep a corps of artists constantly employed, trained to do this work +in the best manner. We can make drawings from photographs or tin-types +taken in the usual way. They may be of any size, but should, of course, +show the object distinctly. + +Drawings for our use, unless intended to be redrawn, should be on a +_smooth, white_ surface, in _perfectly black_ lines, and usually twice +the dimensions each way of the desired plate. + +Copy for fac-similes of handwriting should be in _perfectly black ink_, +on _smooth white_ paper, written with a full pen, and without use of +blotting paper. + +TIME. + +While we can engrave a plate in a few hours that would occupy a +wood-engraver a month, and often do so, yet with the large amount of +work constantly on hand and promised, we cannot usually engage to fill +an order for a single plate in less than from three to six days; +larger orders will, of course, require longer time. + +CHANGE OF SIZE. + +In reproducing wood-cut prints, the size can often be considerably +reduced; but if the reduction is great, the lines become so fine and +close together that they will not print well. Coarse wood-cuts, such +as are generally used in Newspapers, may often be reduced to half +their linear dimensions, but _fine_ wood-cuts will admit of but little +reduction. + +_Most_ steel plate prints and lithographs will not admit of any +reduction, and even when reproduced, the same size in relief, require +considerable care in printing. + +All kinds of prints generally look bad when much enlarged, as the +lines become very coarse and ragged on the edges; though we have +sometimes made very effective cuts for posters and hand-bills in this +way. + +In all cases of enlargement and reduction the relative proportions +remain the same. + +It must not be forgotten, however, that by redrawing, prints of any +kind can be enlarged or reduced to any desired size. + +PROOFS. + +We will, whenever desired, furnish tin-type proofs of drawings made by +us, for examination and approval, or correction, before engraving. + +A printed proof is sent with each plate when delivered, which may +always be equaled or surpassed in actual work with proper usage. + +PRICES. + +It is impossible to give a scale of prices by the square inch for +miscellaneous job-work, as sometimes a small cut two or three inches +square may require as much work as another one a foot square. We can, +however, give an average inch rate to newspaper publishers whose work +runs uniformly about the same from week to week, especially when they +furnish us with copy already prepared--such as prints and pen-and-ink +drawings. + +In sending for estimates, be careful to send us the copy we are to +work from, with full specifications as to size and quality, and +remember that it is the same with engraving that it is with everything +else; the price will vary greatly with the quality of work ordered. + +Never, directly or indirectly, ask us to give _you_ better prices than +we give our other customers, as we try to treat all alike. + +The great advantage of our method of engraving enables us to give +better work at lower prices than can be given by any other method for +the greater part of such work as would be given to wood-engravers, +though in very small pieces of the poorer grades of work the advantage +is not so great, and in very coarse work such as is usually engraved +on mahogany and pine, our process gives us no advantage over the +wood-engraver. + +To estimate properly upon any piece of work, we must understand just +what is wanted. We guarantee all our work to be executed in the style +agreed upon. + +TERMS. + +OUR TERMS are CASH ON DELIVERY, except by special agreement. + +Orders from parties not known to us must be accompanied by an advance +of at least half the price, or satisfactory City reference. + +Goods sent by Express will be C. O. D. Where plates are small they may +be sent by Mail upon receipt of price and postage. Remittances must be +by draft on New-York or P. O. money order, payable to the order of +Photo-Engraving Co., or by registered letter--_not by Checks on Local +Banks_. + +We pledge ourselves to meet the reasonable demands of those who employ +us. If, in any case, we cannot do so, we will refund the money advanced. + +_SEND STAMP FOR ILLUSTRATED CIRCULAR_. + + +WROUGHT IRON BEAMS & GIRDERS + +[Illustration: WROUGHT IRON BEAMS & GIRDERS] + +THE UNION IRON MILLS, Pittsburgh, Pa., Manufacturers of improved +wrought iron Beams and Girders (patented). + +The great fall which has taken place in the prices of Iron, and +especially in Beams used in the construction of FIRE PROOF BUILDINGS, +induces us to call the special attention of Engineers, Architects, and +Builders to the undoubted advantages of now erecting Fire Proof +structures; and by reference to pages 52 & 54 of our Book of Sections-- +which will be sent on application to those contemplating the erection +of fire proof buildings--THE COST CAN BE ACCURATELY CALCULATED, the +cost of Insurance avoided, and the serious losses and interruption to +business caused by fire; these and like considerations fully justify +any additional first cost. It is believed, that were owners fully +aware of the small difference which now exists between the use of Wood +and Iron, that in many cases the latter would be adopted. + +We shall be pleased to furnish estimates for all the Beams complete, +for any specific structure, so that the difference in cost may at once +be ascertained. Address + +CARNEGIE, BROS. & CO., Pittsburgh, Pa. + + +$5 TO $20 per day at home. Samples worth $5 free. +STINSON & CO., Portland, Me. + + +LIGHT GRAY IRON CASTINGS to order promptly. +Plain, Bronzed, or Galvanized. + +We make a _specialty_ of light work. + +LIVINGSTON & CO., Iron Founders, Pittsburgh, Pa. + + +THE GEORGE PLACE MACHINERY AGENCY + +Machinery of Every Description. + +121 Chambers and 103 Reade Streets, New York. + + +SPARE THE CROTON AND SAVE THE COST. + +DRIVEN OR TUBE WELLS furnished to large consumers of Croton and +Ridgewood Water. WM. D. ANDREWS & BRO., 414 Water St., N. Y. who +control the patent for Green's American Driven Well. + + +PATENT RIGHTS for Useful Inventions Wanted. +Address Box 1012, P.O., N. Y., with description and terms. + + +TO ELECTRO-PLATERS. JEWELERS, AND WATCHMAKERS. + +BATTERIES, CHEMICALS, AND MATERIALS, in sets or single, +with Books of instruction for Nickel, Gold, and Silver Plating. + +THOMAS HALL, Manufacturing Electrician, +19 Bromfield Street, Boston, Mass. +Illustrated Catalogue sent free. + + +LATHES, PLANERS, SHAPERS, DRILLS, GEAR & BOLT CUTTERS, &c. +E. GOULD, Newark, N. J. + + +SELF-ACTING SASH-LOCK for Meeting Rails + +[Illustration: Sash-lock] + +BURGLAR PROOF. + +Can not be forced or tampered with in any way. +BEAUTIFUL DESIGN; PRACTICAL; SIMPLE. +United States, State, or County Rights for sale. Address +D. C. GOODRICH, Harrisburg, Pa. + + +[Illustration] THE TRADE ENGINE + +Noiseless in operation-Perfect in workmanship--all light parts of +Cast Steel. + +Every Engine indicated, and valve corrected to give the highest +attainable results. + +Warranted superior to any semi-portable Engine in the market! + +Send for Price List and Circular. + +HERRMANN & HERCHEL-- +RODE M'F'G Co., +Dayton, Ohio, + + +WESSELL METAL, A PERFECT IMITATION +of gold in color, surface, etc., for manufacturers of +imitation jewelry, and other workers in fine yellow +metal. Wessell Manuf'g Co., No. 204 East 23d St., N. Y. + + +[Illustration] + +YOU ask WHY we can sell First-Class 7 1-3 Octave Rosewood Pianos +for $290. Our answer is, that it costs less than $300 to make any $600 +Piano sold through Agents, all of whom make 100 per ct. profit. +We have no Agents, but sell direct to Families at Factory price, and +warrant five years. + +We send our Pianos everywhere for trial and require no payment unless +they are found satisfactory. + +Send for our Illustrated Circular, which gives full particulars, and +contains the names of over 1500 Bankers, Merchants and Families that +are using our Pianos in every State of the Union. + +Please state where you saw this notice. Address, + +U. S. PIANO CO., 810 BROADWAY, N. Y. + + +$12 A DAY at home. Agents wanted. Outfit and terms free. +TRUE & CO., Augusta, Maine. + + +WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY, + +Such as Woodworth Planing, Tongueing, and Grooving Machines, Daniel's +Planers, Richardson's Patent Improved Tenon Machines, Mortising, +Moulding, and Re-Saw Machines, and Wood-Working Machinery generally. + +Manufactured by +WITHERBY, RUGG & RICHARDSON, +26 Salisbury Street, Worcester, Mass, +(Shop formerly occupied by R. BALL & CO.) + + +STEEL NAME STAMPS. +N. Y. STENCIL WORKS, 87 Nassau St., N. Y. + + +WANTED -- FOR MONCLOVA, State of Coahuila, Mexico, a man who knows how +to make Star Candles, without the use of Sulphuric Acid, capable to +put up and put in running order the necessary apparatus, superintend +the manufacturing process, and teach same to the parties interested. + +Apply and state terms to +GOLDFRANK, FRANK & CO., +San Antonio, Texas. + + +WE WANT SALESMEN on a regular salary of $85 a month and expenses to +sell our CIGARS to DEALERS. Samples FREE. + +Send 3c. stamp to insure answer. +S. FOSTER & CO. Cincinnati, O. + + +EXTRAORDINARY, WONDERFUL, AND VALUABLE MEDICAL WORK. + +With engravings; price, $1. +Contains, also, fifty original prescriptions for prevailing diseases, +each worth ten times the price of the book. Gold Medal has been +awarded the author. Descriptive circulars sent free. Address + +Dr. W. H. PARKER, +No. 4 Bulfinch Street, Boston. + + +[Illustration] + +$100.00 REWARD This MOUSTACHE or HEAVY BEARD produced on a smooth face +by the use of DYKES BEARD ELIXIR, without injury, or will forfeit +$100.00. + +Price by mail in sealed package 25 cents, 3 packages only 50 cents. + +A. L. SMITH & Co., Palatine, Ill., Sole Agents. + +--> We caution the public against imitations. + + +THE DRIVEN WELL. +Town and County privileges for making DRIVEN WELLS and selling Licenses +under the established AMERICAN DRIVEN WELL PATENT, leased by the year +to responsible parties, by + +WM. D. ANDREWS & BRO., +NEW YORK. + + +IMPORTANT FOR ALL CORPORATIONS AND MANF'G CONCERNS.--BUERK'S WATCHMAN'S +TIME DETECTOR, capable of accurately controlling the motion of a +watchman or patrolman at the different stations of his beat. +Send for circular. + +J. E. BUERK, P.O. BOX 979, BOSTON, MASS + +N. B.--The suit against Imhaeuser & Co., of New York, was decided in my +favor, June 10, 1874. Proceedings have been commenced against Imhaeuser +& Co. for selling, contrary to the order of the Court. Persons using +clocks infringing on my patent, will be dealt with according to law. + + +[Illustration] +25 per cent. Discount on Price List of SUPERIOR WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY +allowed for the present. Also for SMITH'S CHILLED-BEAM VISES; +effective, heavy, strong, durable, and economical. + +For full particulars, address + +H. B. SMITH, +Smithville, Burlington Co., +N. J., U. S. A. + + +HINTS TO YOUNG MACHINE-TENDERS. +By an old Papermaker. Practical Instructions for the tending and care +of Papermaking Machinery. + +Showing how to clean a Dandy; how to make good edges; to keep paper +from crushing and worming; to stop crimping; together with many +other valuable directions, hints, and suggestions, contained in +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT No. 79. Price 10 cents. + +To be had at this office and of all newsdealers. + + +JOHN HOLLAND'S GOLD PENS + +[Illustration] + +Received the Centennial Medal from the Judges on Awards, for +"superior elasticity and general excellence." If not sold by your +Stationer, send for Illustrated Price-List to the + +MANUFACTORY, 19 W. 4TH ST., CINCINNATI. + + +SECOND-HAND MACHINERY. + +FOR SALE. + +The Machinery in the works of the UTICA STEAM ENGINE CO., comprising +Large Face Plate Lathe, Engine Lathes, large and small, +20 ft. x 4 ft. Planer, Slotter, Shaper, Lauback Universal Drills, +Bolt Cutter, Fans, Upright Drills, Cranes, Dudgeon Steam Hammer, +Steam Fire Pump, Hose, Platform Scales, Pulleys, one 40 H. P. +Locomotive Boiler, two 50 H. P., and one 25 H. P. Tubular Boilers, +one 36 in. by 16 ft. Cylinder Boiler, etc., etc. + +For Catalogue and Price List, address + +JAMES F. MANN, UTICA, N. Y. + + +THE PATENT PARAGON LAMP STOVE + +Can be used with any ordinary Kerosene Lamp. Every family wants one. +PRICE 35 CTS.; BY MAIL 45 CTS. _One agent made $21 in 3 days._ +Send for terms. + +ABOTT M'F'G CO., +101 BEEKMAN STREET, NEW YORK. + + +IRON CASTINGS to order, _smooth_ and _exact to pattern_, +of _Soft Tough Iron_, at + +T. Shriver & Co.'s Foundry, +333 East 56th St., N. Y. + +Prices very low. _Favorable terms_ made on Castings in regular +supply. + + +ADVERTISEMENTS + + +Inside Page, each insertion - - - 75 cents a line. +Back Page, each insertion - - - $1.00 a line. + +_Engravings may head advertisements at the same rate per line, by +measurement, as the letter press. Advertisements must be received at +publication office as early as Friday morning to appear in next issue._ + + +COTTON MILLS AND MACHINE SHOPS + +Can make great savings by using the Allen Governor. Its operation is +unequalled and wonderful. Nearly all machinists once using these +Governors become agents for their sale. They are simple in construction, +not liable to get out of order, permit the speed of the engine to be +changed at will, are neat in appearance, noiseless, very durable, save +the engineer's time, save fuel, and are at once the most powerful and +most sensitive Governors ever made. + +Russell (Cotton) Mills, Plymouth, Mass., March 20, 1876. + +S. B. ALLEN: Your Governor has been attached to our Corliss engine over +one year, and has given perfect satisfaction. The engine was never +governed until yours was attached, although we have tried three of the +best kind of Governors known. When steam or work varied, the speed +would vary, and we could only run our looms an average of 103 picks per +minute. Since using your Governor, and solely on account of the perfect +steadiness with which it holds the engine and machinery, we are enabled +to run the looms regularly 112 picks per minute, MAKING AN ACTUAL +INCREASE OF OUR ENTIRE PRODUCTION OF OVER EIGHT PER CENT. Your Governor +saves coal, saves waste, saves care and labor of the engineer, and +produces more goods and better goods. I have timed the engine a hundred +times, and never found it to vary in the least. It is the honest truth +that the Allen Governor holds it exactly on speed. + +Address L. C. KING, Superintendent. + +GERARD B. ALLEN & CO., St. Louis. +FRASER & CHALMERS, Chicago. +NEW ORLEANS MACHINERY DEPOT, New Orleans. +PACIFIC IRON WORKS, San Francisco. +FILER, STOWELL & CO., Milwaukee, Wis., or +THE ALLEN GOVERNOR CO., BOSTON. + + +HORSE STALL FLOOR, + +Patented through the Scientific American Patent Agency, June 4th, 1872. +Rights sent by mail, with full instructions how to make and use, on +receipt of $1.00; two for $1.50. It will keep the stall cleaner and the +horse much more comfortable than any floor in use. It requires less +than one-half of the usual amount of bedding. Any man can make them +with very little expense. A liberal discount to carpenters or stable +keepers in quantities of twelve or more. This floor is used throughout +the New England States, and many parts of the South and West. State, +County, and Town rights for sale. Agents wanted. + +G. W. GORDON, + +256 Broadway, Chelsea, Mass. + + +THE BIGELOW STEAM ENGINE. + +BOTH PORTABLE AND STATIONARY. + +The CHEAPEST AND BEST in the market. +Send for descriptive circular and price list. + +H. B. BIGELOW & CO., + +New Haven, Conn. + + +LeCOUNT'S PATENT +MACHINISTS' TOOLS. + +REDUCED PRICES. +Set Iron Dogs, 3-8 to 2 in., - - - - - $5.60 + " " " 3-8 to 4 in., - - - - - - 12.00 + " Steel " 3-8 to 2 in., - - - - - 6.30 + " " " 3-8 to 4 in., - - - - - - 13.00 + +Iron & Steel Clamps, Die Dogs, Clamp Dogs, Vice Clamps, Expanding +Mandrels, &c. Send for latest Price List to + +C. W. LE COUNT, South Norwalk, Conn. + + +WORKING MODELS + +And Experimental Machinery, Metal or Wood, made to order by +J. F. WERNER, 62 Center St., N. Y. + + +[Illustration: Patents] + +PATENTS + +CAVEATS, COPYRIGHTS, TRADE MARKS, ETC. + +Messrs. Munn & Co., in connection with the publication of the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, continue to examine Improvements, and to act as +Solicitors of Patents for Inventors. + +In this line of business they have had OVER THIRTY YEARS' EXPERIENCE, +and now have _unequaled facilities_ for the preparation of Patent +Drawings, Specifications, and the Prosecution of Applications for +Patents in the United States, Canada, and Foreign Countries. Messrs. +Munn & Co. also attend to the preparation of Caveats, Trade Mark +Regulations, Copyrights for Books, Labels, Reissues, Assignments, and +Reports on Infringements of Patents. All business intrusted to them is +done with special care and promptness, on very moderate terms. + +We send free of charge, on application, THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN HAND +BOOK, an elegantly illustrated pamphlet of 48 pages, containing +further information about Patents and how to procure them; directions +concerning Trade Marks, Copyrights, Designs, Patents, Appeals, Reissues, +Infringements, Assignments, Rejected Cases, Hints on the Sale of +Patents. + +_Foreign Patents._--We also send, _free of charge,_ a Synopsis of +Foreign Patent Laws, showing the cost and method of securing patents +in all the principal countries of the world. American inventors should +bear in mind that, as a general rule, any invention that is valuable +to the patentee in this country is worth equally as much in England +and some other foreign countries. + +Five patents--embracing Canadian, English, German, French, and Belgian +--will secure to an inventor the exclusive monopoly to his discovery +among about ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY MILLIONS of the most intelligent +people in the world. The facilities of business and steam +communication are such that patents can be obtained abroad by our +citizens almost as easily as at home. The expense to apply for an +English patent is $75; German, $100; French, $100; Belgian, $100; +Canadian, $50. Address + +MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, New York city. + + +PYROMETERS, + +For showing heat of Ovens, Hot Blast Pipes, Boiler Flues, Super-Heated +Steam, Oil Stills, &c. + +HENRY W. BULKLEY. Sole Manufacturer, +149 Broadway, New York. + + +$5 Outfit free. Salary guaranteed. Write at once to +EMPIRE NOVELTY CO., 309 Broadway, New York. + + +TAYLOR'S M'F'G CO., WESTMINSTER, MD., Portable and Stationary Engine +Builders, etc. Send for Cata. + + +STEAM PUMPS + +Wright's Pat. Bucket Plungers are the best. + +VALLEY MACHINE Co. +Easthampton, Mass. + + +ROOTS' FORCE BLAST BLOWER, + +[Illustration: Roots blower] + +FIRST PREMIUM AWARDED AT PARIS AND VIENNA, + +SPEED ONLY 100 TO ??0 REV. PER M. SAVES HALF THE POWER REQUIRED FOR FAN. + +P. H. & F. M. ROOTS, Manuf'rs, CONNERSVILLE, IND. +S. S. TOWNSEND, Gen'l' Ag't, 6 Cortlandt St., NEW YORK. + + +ESTABLISHED 1844. + +JOSEPH C. TODD, + +(Formerly of Todd & Rafferty), ENGINEER AND MACHINIST. +Flax, Hemp, Jute, Rope, Oakum, and Bagging Machinery, Steam Engines, +Boilers, etc. Also Agent for the celebrated and improved +Rawson & Rittinger Hoisting Engine, I will furnish specifications and +estimates for all kinds of machinery. + +Send for descriptive circular and price. Address + +J. C. TODD, +10 Barclay St., New York, or Paterson, N. J. + + +GUILD & GARRISON, + +[Illustration: Pump] + +34 to 44 First St., +Williamsburgh, N. Y., +Manufacturers of STEAM PUMPS for all purposes. + +Also Vacuum Pumps, Vacuum Fans and Air Compressors. + + +NON-COMBUSTIBLE STEAM BOILER AND PIPE COVERING +WITH "AIR SPACE" IMPROVEMENT. + +Saves 10 to 20 per cent. CHALMERS SPENCE CO., +Foot E. 9th St. N. Y.; 1202 N. 2d St., St. Louis, Mo. + + +NEW WOOD LATHE; ALSO SCROLL SAW. BOTH new and first-class. +Send for circulars. + +H. BICKFORD, Cincinnati, O. + + +ROCK-DRILLING MACHINES AND AIR COMPRESSORS + +MANUFACTURED BY BURLEIGH ROCK DRILL CO. +SEND FOR PAMPHLET. FITCHBURG MASS + + +MACHINISTS' TOOLS. + +NEW AND IMPROVED PATTERNS. +Send for new illustrated catalogue. + +Lathes, Planers, Drills, &c. + +NEW HAVEN MANUFACTURING CO., + +New Haven, Conn. + + +STEEL CASTINGS, + +From 1/4 to 10,000 lbs. weight, true to pattern. An invaluable +substitute for forgings, or for malleable iron castings requiring +great strength. + +Send for circular and price list to + +CHESTER STEEL CASTING COMPANY, +EVELINA STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA. + + +[Illustration: Planer Saw teeth] + +FULL SIZE PLANER SAW TOOTH +3 CENTS EACH + +"OFFICE OF DICKINSON BROS., RIDGEWAY, ELK Co., PA., May 28th, 1877. + +"Messrs. EMERSON, SMITH & Co. GENTS: We have been through four winters +in frozen hemlock, cutting 20,000 feet of lumber per day with your +Patent Planer Saw, averaging 75,000 feet with each set of 40 bits." + +--> Mill Men and Sawyers, send your full address, plainly written, on +a postal card, for Emerson's Hand Book of Saws, free, to + +EMERSON, SMITH & CO., BEAVER FALLS, PA. +Please name size and style of saw used. + + +[Illustration: LEHIGH VALLEY EMERY WHEEL CO.] + +Machines AND Wheels Guaranteed, + +Send for Illustrated Circular, + +_Weissport_, PA. + + +PERFECT NEWSPAPER FILE + +The Koch Patent File, for preserving newspapers, magazines, and +pamphlets, has been recently improved and price reduced. Subscribers to +the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT can be +supplied for the low price of $1.50 by mail, or $1.25 at the office of +this paper. Heavy board sides; inscription "SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN," in +gilt. Necessary for every one who wishes to preserve the paper. + +Address + +MUNN & CO., + +Publishers SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. + + +HARTFORD STEAM BOILER INSPECTION & INSURANCE COMPANY. + +W. B. FRANKLIN, V. PRES'T. J. M. ALLEN, PRES'T. +J. B. PIERCE, SEC'Y. + + +PUNCHING PRESSES. + +Drop Hammers and Dies, for working Metals, &c. +THE STILES & PARKER PRESS CO., Middletown, Conn. + + +A PRACTICAL MACHINIST, WITH TEN years' experience as Foreman in one of +the largest and most successful shops in the country, employing over +four hundred men, wishes employment. Would be willing to invest a few +thousand dollars in a safe and paying business. Address +A. Foreman, P. O., Phila., Pa. + + +WANTED: +Agents for the Automatic Gas Lighting Torch in every gas-burning town +in the United States. Exclusive territory given. Sewing machine agents +preferred. This Torch lights without matches. Address + +THE STOCKWELL SELF-LIGHTING GAS BURNER CO., +89 LIBERTY STREET, NEW YORK. + + +GUARDIOLA'S COFFEE & SUGAR MACHINERY + +COFFEE, MALT, CORN, COCOA, AND GRAIN-DRYING MACHINE. COFFEE-HULLING +AND POLISHING MACHINES. COFFEE-WASHING MACHINE. HELIX SUGAR EVAPORATOR. + +MESSRS. C. ADOLPHE LOW & CO., 42 Cedar Street, +MESSRS. MUNOZ & ESPRIELLA, 52 Pine Street, New York, +are Mr. Guardiola's Agents, and they will give prompt attention to all +orders for any of the above machines. + + +THE HOADLEY PORTABLE STEAM ENGINE. + +WITH AUTOMATICAL CUT-OFF REGULATOR, AND BALANCED VALVE. + +THE BEST AND MOST ECONOMICAL ENGINE MADE +SEND FOR CIRCULAR + +The J. C. HOADLEY CO. LAWRENCE, MASS. + +STATE WHERE YOU SAW THIS. + + +EAGLE FOOT LATHES, + +[Illustration] + +Improvement in style. Reduction in prices April 20th. Small Engine +Lathes. Slide Rests, Tools, etc. Also Scroll and Circular Saw +Attachments, Hand Planers, etc. Send for Catalogue of outfits for +Amateurs or Artisans. + +WM. L. CHASE & CO., +95 & 97 Liberty St., New York. + + +MILL STONES AND CORN MILLS. + +We make Burr Millstones, Portable Mills, Smut Machines, Packers, Mill +Picks, Water Wheels, Pulleys, and Gearing, specially adapted to Flour +Mills. + +Send for catalogue. + +J. T. NOYE & SON, BUFFALO, N. Y. + + +F. ADEE & CO.'S PATENT LEAD STENCH TRAPS. + +Positive protection against Sewer-gas. Best and cheapest. +See illustration, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, April 14th. + +Send for circular. F. ADEE, 275 Pearl St., N. Y. + + +ASBESTOS BOARD, + +For Flange Joints, Cylinder Heads, Man-hole Plates, etc. +The only genuine, strictly fire-proof, made from pure ITALIAN ASBESTOS. +All sizes, from 1-32 to 1-4 inch. + +H. W. JOHNS M'F'G CO., 87 MAIDEN LANE, NEW YORK. + + +THE TANITE CO., + +STROUDSBURG, PA. + +EMERY WHEELS AND GRINDERS. + +GEO. PLACE, 121 Chambers St., New York Agent. + + +[Illustration: The Excelsior 1st Premium at Centennial] + +$3 PRINTING PRESS! + +Prints cards, envelopes, etc., equal to _any_ press. Larger sizes for +large work. + +_Do your own printing and advertising and save money_. Excellent spare +hour amusement for old or young. Or it can be made _money making_ +business anywhere. + +Send 3c. stamps for large catalogue to + +KELSEY & CO., Manufacturers, +Meriden, Conn. + + +NOTICE TO FOREIGN SUBSCRIBERS. + +For the convenience of subscribers residing abroad, we have prepared +the annexed table, exhibiting the subscription price of the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and SUPPLEMENT in the principal foreign currencies: + +The prices here given | SCIENTIFIC | SCIENTIFIC | SCIENTIFIC +are for one year's | AMERICAN | AMERICAN | AMERICAN and +subscription, including | | SUPPLEMENT | SUPPLEMENT +the postage. | | | together. +------------------------|-----------------|------------|-------------- +Austria | S. Florins 9 | 13 | 20 +Belgium | Francs 20 | 30 | 46 +Denmark | Kroner 15 | 23 | 35 +France | Francs 20 | 30 | 46 +German Empire | R. M. 16 | 25 | 37 +Great Britain | Shillings 16 | 24 | 36 +Holland | H. F. 9 | 14 | 21 +Italy | Francs 20 | 30 | 46 +Norway | Kroner 15 | 23 | 35 +Russia | Roubles 5 | 8 | 11 +Sweden | Kroner 15 | 23 | 35 +Switzerland | Francs 20 | 30 | 46 +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Deposit either of the above amounts in any of the important post +offices in Great Britain or Ireland, or in any country on the +Continent of Europe, making the order payable to MUNN & Co., New York +city, and send us the receipt, with the name of the sender, and the +address to which the paper is to be mailed. + + +TUBE CLEANERS for cleaning Boiler Tubes. +THE NATIONAL STEEL TUBE CLEANER CO. 814 E. 9th St., N. Y. + + +ALCOTT LATHES, for Broom, Rake and Hoe Handles. +S. C. HILLS, 78 Chambers St. N. Y. + + +DROP FORGINGS AND SPECIAL MACHINERY, +THE HULL & BELDEN CO., +Danbury, Conn. + + +BEST DAMPER REGULATORS AND LEVERS GAUGE COCKS. +MURRILL & KEIZER, 44 HOLLIDAY ST., BALTIMORE + + +TORPEDO VESSELS. BY MR. DONALDSON. +A valuable paper, lately read before the United Service Institute. +Being a full exposition of the Torpedo-boat system, from the earliest +efforts to the present time. Giving dimensions and performances of the +several sizes built by Thornycroft Bros. for the various governments, +highly interesting trials of these boats, and experiences in war, and +a description of the torpedoes used. 1 illustration. Contained in +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT No. 79. Price 10 cents. To be had at +this office and of all newsdealers. + + +BOGARDUS' PATENT UNIVERSAL ECCENTRIC MILLS--For grinding Bones, Ores, +Sand, Old Crucibles, Fire Clay, Guanos, Oil Cake, Feed, Corn, Corn and +Cob, Tobacco, Snuff, Sugar, Salts, Roots, Spices, Coffee, Cocoanut, +Flaxseed, Asbestos, Mica, etc., and whatever cannot be ground by other +mills. Also for Paints, Printers' Inks, Paste Blacking, etc. + +JOHN W. THOMSON, successor to JAMES BOGARDUS, +corner of White and Elm Sts., New York. + + +LEHIGH UNIVERSITY.--TUITION FREE. + +Civil, Mechanical, and Mining Engineering; Chemistry and Metallurgy; +Full Classical Instruction; French and German; English Literature; +International and Constitutional Law; Psychology and Christian +Evidences. + +For Registers, address the Rev. JOHN M. LEAVITT, +D.D., President, Bethlehem, Penna. + + +DRILLS, Jigging Machines, etc. +Illustrated catalogues sent FREE +Address AMES M'F'G CO., Chicopee, Mass. + + +PHOSPHOR-BRONZE AND ITS APPLICATIONS. +By ALEXANDER DICK. A series of valuable tests, showing the superiority +of Phosphor-bronze over ordinary bronze. Old bronze and new compared. +Phosphor-bronze under oft-repeated strains; also its adaptability to +frictional purposes. Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT No. 79. +Price 10 cents. To be had at this office and of all newsdealers. + + +[Illustration: Advertisement H. W. JOHNS' PATENT ASBESTOS MATERIALS.] + +PAINTS, ROOFING, STEAM PIPE AND BOILER COVERINGS, STEAM PACKING, +_Sheathings, Fire, Acid_, and _Waterproof Coatings, Cements_, etc. +Send for Samples, Illustrated Catalogues, Price Lists, etc. + +87 MAIDEN LANE, NEW YORK. + + +FIFTY SYRUP RECIPES, FOR HOUSEHOLD purposes, Mineral Waters, etc., +to wit: Simple Syrup, (2) Lemon Syrup, Mulberry Syrup, Vanilla Syrup, +Vanilla Cream Syrup, (2) Cream Syrup, Ginger Syrup, Orange Syrup, (2) +Pineapple Syrup, Nectar Syrup, Sherbet Syrup, Grape Syrup, Banana +Syrup, (2) Coffee Syrup, Wild Cherry Syrup, Wintergreen Syrup, (2) +Sarsaparilla Syrup, Maple Syrup, (2) Chocolate Syrup, Coffee Cream +Syrup, Ambrosia Syrup, Hock and Claret Syrup, Solferino Syrup, +Capsicum Syrup, Cherry Syrup, Strawberry Syrup, (2) Raspberry Syrup, +Peach Syrup, Blackberry Syrup, Orgeat Syrup, Catawba Syrup, Milk Punch +Syrup, Champagne Syrup, Sherry Cobbler Syrup, Excelsior Syrup, Fancy +Syrup, Currant Syrup, Framboise Syrup, Maidenhair Syrup, Orange Flower +Syrup, Cinnamon Syrup. How to make Syrups Frothy. + +Colognes for the Sick Room, by GEO. LEIS. With recipes for the +production of preparations that serve as pleasing perfumes, +deodorizers, and cosmetic lotions. + +All the above are contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT No. 77. +Price 10 cents. To be had at this office and of all newsdealers. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE "Scientific American" is printed with CHAS. +ENEU JOHNSON & CO.'S INK. Tenth and Lombard +Sts., Philadelphia, and 59 Gold St., New York. + + * * * * * + + + + +Transcriber's Note: + + +_x_ indicates italic script. + +Some archaic (Early American) spellings have been retained. + + +Errata: + +Article 13 ("CALLIN AND WILSON'S PROCESS OF UTILIZING TIN SCRAP.'"): + +'thin' corrected to 'tin' +"... the requisite quantity depending upon the thickness +of the tin plate to be removed." + +Article NQ (39): 'put' corrected to 'but' +"... but plenty of good soap and warm water,..." + +P. 16, Advert for 'ROOTS' FORCE BLAST BLOWER': + +"SPEED ONLY 100 TO ??0 REV. PER M. SAVES HALF THE POWER REQUIRED +FOR FAN." + +figure obscured by address label: + ('Journal of Pharmacy X 145 S 10th st.'). + + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Vol. XXXVII.--No. +2. [New Series.], July 14, 1877, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN *** + +***** This file should be named 38481.txt or 38481.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/8/4/8/38481/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Lesley Halamek, and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. 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