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diff --git a/38457.txt b/38457.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..57c7806 --- /dev/null +++ b/38457.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8929 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Alden's Handy Atlas of the World, by John B. Alden + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Alden's Handy Atlas of the World + +Author: John B. Alden + +Release Date: December 31, 2011 [EBook #38457] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALDEN'S HANDY ATLAS OF THE WORLD *** + + + + +Produced by Ben Courtney, Keith Edkins and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +Transcriber's note: In the indicated pronunciations [=a] signifies "a +macron" (i.e. long a); [)a] "a breve" (short a); and so forth. + + * * * * * + + +ALDEN'S + +HANDY ATLAS + +OF THE + +WORLD. + +INCLUDING +ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-EIGHT +COLORED MAPS, DIAGRAMS, +TABLES, ETC. + + * * * * * + +NEW YORK: +JOHN B. ALDEN, PUBLISHER. +1888. + + * * * * * + + +BRILLIANT BOOKS. + +The following are A FEW TITLES and prices from my catalogue of standard +books: + +Alden's Cyclopedia of Universal Literature, publishing in 15 volumes, of +about 500 pages each; per volume, paper, 30c.; cloth, 50c.; half Morocco, +60c. + +American Patriotism: Famous Orations and Patriotic Papers; cloth 50c., half +Morocco 70c. + +Ancient Classics for English Readers; 27 volumes; each, paper, 10c.; cloth, +20c. Also bound in 9 vols., half Russia, each 50c. + +Argyll's Reign of Law, cloth, 60c.; Unity of Nature, 60c.; Primeval Man, +35c.; the three in one volume, cloth, $1.00. + +Bacon's Essays, complete; paper 12c., cloth 25c. + +Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress; paper 8c., cloth 20c. and 30c. + +Chambers's Cyclopedia of English Literature; 8 volumes in cloth, $2.00. + +Chinese Classics: The Works of Confucius and Mencius, translated; cloth +75c. + +Classic Comedies, by Goldsmith, Sheridan, and Jonson; cloth 40c., half +Morocco 60c. + +Classic Prose Wonder-Book; 900 large octavo pages, richly bound. $1.50. + +Confessions of St. Augustine; translated, cloth, 50c. + +Creasy's Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World; cloth, 40c. + +De Quincey's Confessions of an English Opium Eater; cloth, 20c. + +Dore's Bible Gallery of Illustrations and Stories; reduced from $5.00 to +$1.25. + +Dore's Milton's Paradise Lost; text complete, with 52 cartoons, $1.25. + +Durfee's Poetical Concordance to the principal Poets of the World; cloth, +gilt edges, $1.00. + +Emerson's Essays, 2 volumes; each, cl., 40c.; half Morocco, 60c. + +Emerson's Nature, Etc.; cloth 35c., half Morocco 50c. + +Famous Warriors: Lives of Hannibal, Caesar, and Cromwell, by famous +authors; each, paper, 8c.; all in one vol., cloth, 40c. + +Farrar's Seekers after God; cloth, 35c. + +---- Lectures, Addresses and Essays; cloth 35c., half Morocco 50c. + +Geikie's Hours with the Bible; 6 vols., illustrated; reduced in price from +$1.50 per vol. to 45c. in cl., or 60c. in half Morocco. + +---- Life and Words of Christ; reduced in price from $8.00 to 45c. for +cloth, or 60c. for half Morocco. + +JOHN B. ALDEN, PUBLISHER, 393 PEARL ST., NEW YORK. + + * * * * * + +Copyright, 1885 and 1886, by RAND, MCNALLY & CO. + + * * * * * + + +{3} + +INDEX + +TO + +MAPS AND DESCRIPTIVE MATTER. + + * * * * * + + PAGE | PAGE + Abyssinia 51 | Maryland 101 + Afghanistan 45 | Massachusetts 87 + Africa 47 | Mexico 77 + Alabama 115 | Michigan 137 + Alaska 75 | Minnesota 143 + Algeria 49 | Mississippi 117 + Anam 39, 40 | Missouri 125 + Andorra 23, 24 | Montana 163 + Arabia 37, 41 | Montenegro 27, 30 + Argentine Republic 189, 191 | Mozambique 53 + Arizona 157 | Natal 55 + Arkansas 123 | Nebraska 147 + Asia 37 | Netherlands 17, 19 + Australasia 63 | Netherlands Indies 61 + Australia 63 | Nevada 167 + Austro-Hungary 31 | New Brunswick 71 + Belgium 17, 19 | New Hampshire 83 + Beluchistan 45 | New Jersey 95 + Bolivia 187 | New Mexico 155 + Brazil 187 | New South Wales 63 + British Columbia 73 | New York 93 + British Isles 13 | New Zealand 63 + Bulgaria 25, 27 | Nicaragua 175, 176 + Burmah 39, 40 | North America 65 + California 168 | North Carolina 107 + Cape Colony 55 | Northwest Territories 73 + Central America 175 | Norway 33 + Ceylon 43 | Nova Scotia 71 + Chili 191 | Nubia 51 + China 39 | Oceania 59, 60 + Chinese Empire 38 | Ohio 131 + Colombia, U.S. of 183, 184 | Ontario 67 + Colorado 153 | Orange River Free State 55 + Congo Free State 57 | Oregon 171 + Connecticut 91 | Paraguay 191 + Corea 39, 41 | Pennsylvania 97 + Costa Rica 175, 176 | Persia 45 + Cuba 179, 180 | Peru 187, 188 + Dakota 145 | Porto Rico 175, 179 + Delaware 99 | Portugal 21 + Denmark 33, 34 | Prince Edward Island 71 + Ecuador 187, 188 | Quebec 69 + Egypt 51 | Queensland 63 + England 14 | Rhode Island 89 + Europe 9 | Rumania 25, 27 + Europe, Northern 10 | Russia 35 + Europe, Southern 11 | San Domingo 175, 178 + Florida 113 | Sandwich Islands 61 + France 23 | San Salvador 175, 176 + Georgia 111 | Scotland 16 + Germany 19 | Servia 25, 27 + Great Britain 12 | Siam 39, 40 + Greece 27 | South America 181, 182 + Guatemala 175, 177 | South Australia 63 + Guiana, British 185 | South Carolina 109 + Guiana, Dutch 185 | Spain 21 + Guiana, French 185 | Sweden 33 + Hawaii 61 | Switzerland 23, 24 + Hayti 175, 178 | Tasmania 63 + Honduras 175, 177 | Tennessee 127 + Honduras, British 175, 177 | Texas 121 + Hong Kong 39, 41 | Transvaal 56 + Idaho 165 | Tripoli 47 + Illinois 135 | Tunis 49 + India 43 | Turkey 27 + Indiana 133 | United States 79 + Indian Territory 151 | Uruguay 189, 191 + Iowa 141 | Utah 159 + Ireland 15 | Venezuela 183, 184 + Italy 29 | Vermont 85 + Jamaica 175, 178 | Victoria 63 + Japan 39 | Virginia 103 + Kansas 149 | Wales 14 + Kentucky 129 | Washington 173 + Liberia 56, 58 | Western Australia 62 + Louisiana 119 | West Indies 175 + Madagascar 53 | West Virginia 105 + Maine 81 | Wisconsin 139 + Malay 39, 40 | World 7 + Manitoba 73 | Wyoming 161 + Marocco 49 | Zanzibar 53 + + * * * * * + + +{5} + +INDEX + +TO + +DIAGRAMS AND TABLES. + + * * * * * + + Agriculture, Persons Engaged in 114 + Agricultural Products of Mexico 76 + Angora Hair Exported by Cape Colony, Value of 46 + Area and Population of African Countries 46 + Area and Population of Asiatic Countries 36 + Area and Population of Central America 174 + Area and Population of European Countries 8 + Area and Population of German States 18 + Area and Population of Mexico 76 + Area and Population of Oceania 59 + Area and Population of South American Countries 181 + Area and Population of West Indies 174 + Barley, Average Annual Product of 82 + Boots and Shoes Manufactured, Value of 86 + Butter Product, 1880, Value of 172 + Cattle in Territories, Value of 160 + Cheese Product, 1880, Value of 92 + Cheese Product in Territories, 1880, Value of 158 + Cloth Manufactured in the Southern States 116 + Cocoa Exported by Venezuela, Value of 181 + Coffee Exported by Brazil, Value of 181 + Coffee Exported by Venezuela, Value of 181 + Coffee Imported by Europe 8 + Copper Ingots, Amount of, Produced in Southern States 106 + Copper Ingots, Annual Product of 156 + Corn Crop, 1870 to 1880, Increase in 104 + Corn, Increase in Acreage of 146 + Cotton Exported by Brazil, Value of 181 + Cotton Manufactures per 1,000 Population, Capital Invested in 88 + Crop Productions of Australasia 59 + Diamonds Exported by Brazil, Value of 181 + Diamonds Exported by Cape Colony, Value of 46 + Exports of Africa 46 + Exports of Belize 174 + Exports of Cuba 174 + Exports of Hawaiian Islands 59 + Exports of Hayti 174 + Exports of Jamaica 174 + Exports of Mexico 76 + Exports of Philippine Islands 59 + Exports of Porto Rico 174 + {6} + Exports of Society Islands 59 + Exports of South America 181 + Farm Animals in Australasia, Number of 62 + Farm Crops, Comparative Value of 122 + Farm Crops, 1870 to 1880, Increase in 164 + Farms of Five Hundred Acres or Over Occupied by Owners 110 + Farm Products, Comparative Yearly 112 + Farm products, 1882, Comparison of 166 + Fishery Products, 1880, Value of 170 + Flouring and Grist Mills, Capital Invested in 142 + Glassware, 1880, Capital Invested in Manufacture of 96 + Gold and Silver Deposited at Mints and Assay Offices, 1793 to 1883 168 + Gold Produced from Placer Fields in 1880 162 + Granite Quarries, Capital Invested in 80 + Hardware, Capital Invested in Manufacture of 90 + Hides Exported by Brazil, Value of 181 + Hogs on Farms, Number of 140 + Hops Produced in West in 1880, Pounds of 138 + Imports of Belize 174 + Imports of Society Islands 59 + Indigo Exported by Colombia, Value of 181 + Lace, Production of, Europe 8 + Lakes of South America, Area of 181 + Land, Total Cultivated, Uncultivated and Timber 120 + Lead Ore Mined, Annual Value of 124 + Limestone and Marble Quarries, 1880, Capital Invested in 84 + Linen Production of Europe 8 + Lumber Products, 1880, Value of 136 + Mineral Productions of Europe 8 + Molasses Produced in 1880, Gallons of 118 + Mules, Value of 126 + Orchard Products per 1,000 Population, Value of 98 + Ostrich Feathers Exported by Cape Colony, Value of 46 + Oyster Fisheries, 1880, Value of 100 + Peanuts, Annual Amount of Crop 102 + Plate Glass Manufacture, 1880 132 + Population, 1870 to 1880, Increase of 148 + Rice Produced in 1880, Pounds of 108 + Rivers of Africa, Length of 46 + Rivers of Asia, Length of 36 + Rivers of Europe, Length of 8 + Rivers of South America, Length of 181 + Rubber Exported by Brazil, Value of 181 + Seal Fisheries, Annual Products of 74 + Seas and Lakes of Asia, Areas of 36 + Seas and Lakes of Europe, Areas of 8 + Sheep in Territories, Comparative Number of 154 + Silk Goods Manufactured, Value of 94 + Silk Production of France 8 + Silk Production of Italy 8 + Silver Product of 1882 152 + Slaughtering and Meat Packing Products, 1880 134 + Sugar Exported by Brazil, Value of 181 + Tea Imported by Great Britain 8 + Tobacco Crop, 1882, Value of 128 + Tobacco Exported by Brazil, Value of 181 + Wheat and Corn, Amount Raised Yearly by Different Nations 150 + Wheat Production 1870 to 1880, Increase in 144 + Wool Product, in Pounds, 1880 130 + + * * * * * + + +{7} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{8} + +EUROPE. + +Northwestern portion of Old World and smallest of its grand divisions. +Extreme length northeast and southwest, 3500 miles extreme breadth, over +2,400 miles; coast line not less than 20,000 miles. + + -----------------+-----------+-------------+---------------+------------ + Divisions. | Area, | Population. | Capitals. | Population. + | Sq. Miles.| | | + -----------------+-----------+-------------+---------------+------------ + Andorra | 175 | 5,800 | Andorra | 1,000 + Austro-Hungary | 240,942 | 37,883,226 | Vienna | 1,103,857 + Belgium | 11,373 | 5,655,197 | Brussels | 389,782 + Bulgaria | 24,360 | 2,007,919 | Sophia | 20,501 + Denmark | 13,784 | 1,969,039 | Copenhagen | 273,323 + England and Wales| 58,186 | 25,974,439 | London | 4,766,661 + France | 204,177 | 37,672,048 | Paris | 2,269,023 + Germany | 212,028 | 45,234,061 | Berlin | 1,122,360 + Greece | 25,111 | 1,979,453 | Athens | 84,903 + Ireland | 32,531 | 5,174,836 | Dublin | 418,910 + Italy | 114,410 | 28,459,628 | Rome | 273,268 + Montenegro | 3,550 | 250,000 | Cetigne | 2,000 + Netherlands | 12,648 | 4,225,065 | The Hague | 127,931 + Norway | 122,869 | 1,806,900 | Christiania | 124,155 + Portugal | 36,510 | 4,306,554 | Lisbon | 246,343 + Rumania | 48,307 | 5,376,060 | Bukharest | 221,805 + Russia | 2,041,402 | 86,486,959 | St. Petersburg| 929,100 + San Marino | 32 | 7,816 | San Marino | 6,000 + Scotland | 29,820 | 3,735,573 | Edinburgh | 236,002 + Servia | 18,800 | 1,865,683 | Belgrade | 37,500 + Spain | 191,100 | 16,064,859 | Madrid | 397,816 + Sweden | 170,979 | 4,603,595 | Stockholm | 194,469 + Switzerland | 15,992 | 2,846,102 | Bern | 44,087 + Turkey | 63,850 | 4,490,000 | Constantinople| 600,000 + -----------------+-----------+-------------+---------------+------------ + +LENGTHS OF RIVERS. + + Miles. | Miles. + Danube 1,725 | Loire 600 + Don 1,300 | Oder 550 + Dneiper 1,230 | Petchora 900 + Dwina 700 | Rhine 600 + Elbe 737 | Vistula 690 + Kama 1,400 | Volga 2,400 + +AREAS SEAS AND LAKES. + + Square Miles. Square Miles. + Azov 14,000 | Geneva 336 + Baltic 154,570 | Ladoga 5,190 + Black 185,000 | Ogena 3,400 + Constance 200 | Wener 3,120 + Enara 685 | White 4,500 + +PRODUCTION OF RAW SILK. + + Italy 6,600,000 lbs. | France 19,149,000 lbs. + +LINEN. + + Produced. Consumed. + Russia 250,000 tons 90,000 tons + Great Britain 26,000 " 130,000 " + France 50,000 " 70,000 " + Germany 15,000 " 35,000 " + Netherlands 80,000 " 65,000 " + +LACE. + + Nottingham. Persons employed, 10,500. Value products, $29,782,980 + The Continent. Persons employed, 535,000. Value products, 28,128,370 + +ANNUAL MINERAL PRODUCTIONS. + + Lead, Cornwall 70,000 tons | Tin, Great Britain 15,000 tons + Lead, Cordova 30,000 " | Quicksilver, Spain 1,000 " + Coffee imported, Europe 270,000 tons + Tea " Great Britain 140,000,000 lbs. + +{9} + +[Illustration] + +{10} + +[Illustration] + +{11} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{12} + +GREAT BRITAIN. + +The largest island of Europe, and forming, with Ireland and the adjacent +islands, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The union of +England and Ireland was effected January 1, 1800. + +Area of the kingdom, 120,832 square miles. Pop., 35,241,482. The divisions +are: England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. Capital, London; pop., +4,766,661. Thirty-five cities have over 75,000 population. Climate is +variable but healthful. Average temperature, 50deg. Rainfall, London, 25 +inches; Glasgow, 21; and Dublin, 29. + +Middle-class education is entirely unorganized; no complete, trustworthy +statistics are to be had. There were, in 1884, 69 universities and +colleges, with 23,823 students. In 1881, there were 1,855 schools of +science, with 66,000 students. Number of public libraries, 202. The library +of the British Museum has 32 miles of shelves, filled with books. Number of +daily papers, 169. + +Productive area in England is 80 per cent.; in Ireland, 74 per cent.; +Scotland, 28.8 per cent.; Wales, 60 per cent. Leading crops in Great +Britain, wheat, barley and oats. Acreage, 1884: wheat, 2,676,477; barley, +2,159,485; oats, 2,892,576. In Ireland, oats and potatoes are most +important; acreage of former, 1,347,395; of latter, 798,942. Number of +acres of flax, 89,197. Orchards of Great Britain cover 180,000 acres, and +produce 85,000 tons of apples. + +The most important minerals are coal and iron. In 1883, coal product was +163,737,327 tons; value, $230,270,715. Iron ore, 17,383,046 tons; value, +$25,611,905. In 1883, 1,724,251 tons of pig iron were used in the +manufacture of Bessemer steel, 1,097,174 tons of it being made into steel +rails. Over 800 tons of steel are annually consumed in the manufacture of +pens, Birmingham alone using 500 tons; the average yearly production is +800,000,000. + +The annual value of the fisheries is $50,000,000. Herring fishery alone +$10,000,000; salmon, $4,000,000; oysters and shell-fish, $10,000,000. Value +of the Scotch fisheries alone in 1884 was $16,431,210, the herring fishery +alone being $10,267,755. Total value of imports, 1884, $1,948,872,745; +exports of home produce, $1,164,537,875; foreign and colonial produce, +$312,218,575. Value of corn and flour imported 1882, $338,111,835. Value of +cotton manufactures exported was $382,228,785. + +There are 2,674 cotton factories, employing 482,903 persons. Total number +of all factories, 7,105; number of persons employed, 975,546, of whom +110,585 are children under 13 years of age. Men employed, 38 per cent.; +women, 62 per cent. Amount of cotton imported, 1883, 1,734,333,552 lbs.; +wool, 495,946,779 lbs. + +Standing army in time of peace unlawful without the consent of Parliament; +annual appropriation of Commons for support of troops, based on "estimates" +made by the Cabinet. For 1884 and 1885, home and colonial effectives and +reserves, 644,753. + +Previous to 1815 there was but little emigration from the United Kingdom; +in that year the number was 2,081; in 1830-34, 381,956; 1875, 173,809; +1882, 413,288; and in 1884, 304,074, of whom 203,539 came to the United +States. + +First railway opened in 1825. In 1883, there were 18,681 miles of railway; +13,215 belonging to England and Wales, 2,964 to Scotland, and 2,502 to +Ireland. Number of postoffices, 1884, 15,951; and, in addition, 15,749 road +and pillar boxes. There are 27,604 miles of telegraph lines, and 140,498 +miles of wire. + +The colonies and dependencies of Great Britain have an estimated area of +8,000,000 square miles. Of this vast extent of territory, over 3,500,000 +square miles are in America, over 250,000 in Africa, over 1,000,000 in +Asia, and 3,000,000 in Australasia. + +{13} + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +{15} + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{17} + +BELGIUM. Bel'je-[)u]m. + +A kingdom of West Central Europe. Formerly united with Holland to form the +Netherlands. Independence achieved in 1830. Executive power is vested in a +King; legislative, in King, Senate and House of Representatives. + +The most densely populated of the European countries, Belgium ranks +eighteenth in area, but ninth in population. Area, 11,373 square miles. +One-sixtieth of the territory artificially gained by means of dykes. Length +of canal and river system, 995 miles. Capital, Brussels. Population, +389,782. + +Agriculture chief industry. Only about one-eighth of territory +uncultivated. In 1882, population, 5,655,197; average density, 497 per +square mile; 1,160,149 freeholders held 88 per cent. of land. + +This country is very rich in minerals. Over 17,500,000 tons of coal are +produced annually. Belgium is noted for its flax. The chief products are +wheat, rye, oats, barley, flax, hemp, tobacco. In 1880 there were 46,210 +horses, 411,551 oxen, and 90,100 sheep. + +Imports, 1882, $570,320,000; exports, $512,780,000. Manufactures are +important. About 190,000 persons employed in flax, hemp, woolen and cotton +manufactories. The lace of Brussels and the fire-arms of Liege are among +the finest in the world. The value of pig and wrought iron alone, in 1882, +was $34,473,260. Product of iron foundries about $3,000,000 per annum; of +quarries, $8,459,400. + +Roman Catholicism professed by nearly the entire population. Education is +zealously promoted by the government; total sum spent, 1881, $6,503,670. +Four universities in the kingdom. + +Total peace strength of the army, 1885, 47,872 men, with 9,000 horses and +204 guns; war footing, 227,900 men, 13,800 horses, and 240 guns. + +Of the 2,682 miles of railroad operated in 1883, 1,902 miles were owned and +managed by the government. Number miles telegraph in 1884, 3,713; +postoffices, 869. + +NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND). + +A kingdom of Europe, established by Congress of Vienna, in 1815. Area, +12,648 square miles. Population, 4,225,065. Country protected by dykes from +the overflow of rivers and the inundations of the sea. + +Constitution dated 1848. Law-making power resides in the States-General, a +parliament of two houses. Commercial centre, Amsterdam; pop., 350,201. +Capital, The Hague; pop., 127,931. + +The soil is highly productive; fruit is grown extensively. In 1882 there +were 5,046,210 acres of cultivated garden and pasture land. Number of acres +in cereals, 1,267,399; yield of grain, 130,470,000 bu. Horses, 270,900; +cattle, 1,427,000; and sheep, 745,100. + +Total exports, 1882, $313,330,000; imports, $414,330,000. Value of butter +exported to Great Britain alone, was $21,020,605. Holland's merchant +marine, 1884, consisted of 701 sailing vessels, of 251,500 tons, and 96 +steamers, of 123,400 tons. + +In 1884, miles of railway, 1,320. Miles of state telegraph, 2,660; miles of +wire, 9,760. Number of postoffices, 1,281. + +In 1884, regular army stationed in Holland numbered 65,007 officers and +men; navy composed of 157 vessels, with 9,462 officers and men. + +Constitution secures religious freedom. Number of Protestants, 2,469,814; +Roman Catholics, 1,439,137; Jews, 81,693. + +Returns for 1882 gave 2,822 elementary public schools; 11,250 teachers; +1,143 private schools; total number of pupils, 557,932. There are 4 +universities, 1 polytechnic school, 5 Roman Catholic, and 3 Protestant +seminaries. Total expense of schools, $5,921,515. {18} + +GERMANY. + +The third country in size in Europe. A confederate empire, composed of 25 +States, and the Reichsland of Alsace-Lorraine. Capital, Berlin. + +Climate uniform. Mean temperature of whole country, 48deg; of the valley of +the Rhine, 52deg. Rainfall at Berlin, 24 inches. + +About 63 per cent. of population is Protestant, and 36 per cent. Roman +Catholic. Number of churches, 37,720. Education is general and compulsory. +Number of elementary schools, 57,000; normal, 332; high, 1,100; technical +high schools, 9; industrial and trade, 994. Universities, 21, with 25,964 +students, of whom 89 per cent. are German, and 1 per cent. American. Number +of public libraries, 594; number of daily papers, 560. The book fair at +Leipzig annually disposes of 8,000 tons of books, valued at $8,000,000. + +Every German is liable to service in the army, and no substitution is +allowed. All Germans capable of bearing arms have to be in the standing +army seven years,--three years in active service, and four in army of +reserve; after which they form part of the Landwehr another five years. +Army on peace footing numbers 427,274 soldiers, and 18,118 officers. Total +war strength of trained soldiers would be 2,650,000; available force of all +classes, 5,670,000. + +Of the area, 94 per cent. is classed as productive. Leading products, 1882: +corn, 16,435,620 tons; potatoes, 17,769,300 tons; beets, 874,654 tons; hay, +17,486,000 tons; 11,500 tons of hops, and over 35,000,000 gallons of wine. +Value of farm animals, $1,486,000,000. The mineral products of 1883 were +valued at over $116,000,000. Value of imports, 1883, $822,724,000; exports, +$833,750. There are 23,940 breweries, producing annually 880,000,000 +gallons of beer. The annual butter product is 160,000 tons. + +Number of miles of railway, 1884, 22,617, of which 19,230 miles belong to +the government. Length of telegraph lines, 47,637 miles; wires, 170,960 +miles. Number of telegraph stations, 11,216. Number of postoffices, 13,637. + + -----------------------------+-------+----------+--------------+--------- + | | | | + STATES. | Area, | Pop. | Capitals. | Pop. + |Sq. Ml.| | | + -----------------------------+-------+----------+--------------+--------- + | | | | + Prussia |137,066|27,279,111| Berlin |1,122,360 + Bavaria | 29,292| 5,284,778| Munich | 230,023 + Wurtemberg | 7,675| 1,971,118| Stuttgart | 117,303 + Saxony | 6,777| 2,972,805| Dresden | 808,512 + Baden | 5,851| 1,570,254| Carlsruhe | 49,998 + Mecklenburg-Schwerin | 4,834| 577,055| Schwerin | 30,146 + Hesse | 2,866| 936,340| Darmstadt | 48,153 + Oldenburg | 2,417| 337,478| Oldenburg | 20,575 + Brunswick | 1,526| 349,367| Brunswick | 75,038 + Saxe-Weimar | 1,421| 309,577| Weimar | 19,994 + Mecklenburg-Strelitz | 997| 100,269| New Strelitz | 9,407 + Saxe-Meiningen | 933| 207,075| Meiningen | 11,227 + Anhalt | 869| 232,592| Dessau | 23,266 + Saxe-Coburg-Gotha | 816| 194,716| {Coburg | 15,791 + | | | {Gotha | 26,525 + Saxe-Altenburg | 509| 155,036| Altenburg | 26,241 + Waldeck | 466| 56,522| Arolsen | 2,477 + Lippe | 445| 120,246| Detmold | 8,053 + Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt | 340| 80,296| Rudolstadt | 8,747 + Schwarzburg-Sondershausen | 318| 71,107| Sondershansen| 6,110 + Reuss-Schleiz | 297| 101,330| Gera | 27,118 + Schaumburg-Lippe | 212| 35,374| Buckeburg | 5,088 + Reuss-Greiz | 148| 50,782| Greiz | 15,061 + Hamburg (State and Free City)| 148| 453,869| -- | --- + Lubeck (State and Free City) | 127| 63,571| -- | --- + Bremen (State and Free City) | 98| 156,723| -- | --- + Alsace-Lorraine | 5,580| 1,566,670| Strasburg | 104,471 + -----------------------------+-------+----------+--------------+--------- + +{19} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{20} + +SPAIN. + +A kingdom of Southwestern Europe, forming, with Portugal, the Iberian +peninsula. Capital, Madrid; pop., 397,816. Thirty-one towns have over +50,000 pop. + +Continental Spain has an area of 191,100 square miles. Population, +16,061,859. Number of Provinces, 49. Length of coast line, 1,370 miles. +Object of greatest interest, ruins of the Alhambra, at Granada. This is the +only state in Europe permitting slavery in its colonies. + +Climate varies greatly. Average temperature at Madrid, 58deg. Rainfall in +the Sierras averages from 25 to 35 inches; on the table lands of Castile, +10 inches. + +About 80 per cent. of the soil is classed as productive, though only 34 per +cent. is under cultivation. The vine is the most important culture, and +large quantities of oranges, raisins, nuts and olives, are grown and +exported. Leading cereals: wheat, rye, barley and corn. The wine product +averages yearly 320,000,000 gallons; value, $95,000,000. Average number of +oranges exported, 960,000,000. + +The mineral productions are of vast importance. The Cordova lead mines are +the richest in the world, and the mercury mines of Almaden are second only +to those of California. Average yearly lead product, 92,300 tons; value, +$8,000,000. Mercury, 1,090 tons; value, $1,199,000. Copper, 21,300 tons. +Tin, iron and salt are abundant. + +The national religion is the Roman Catholic. The school system is +inefficient, though measures tending toward improvement are being +introduced. At the last census (1877) 60 per cent. of the adult population +could not read. Number public schools, 1880, 29,828; number of pupils, +1,769,456. Number of universities, 10; students, 15,732. + +Number miles railway, 1884, 5,157, with 1,747 miles under construction. +Length of telegraph lines, 10,733 miles; number miles of wire, 26,160. +Number of postoffices, 2,699. + +The colonial possessions of Spain have an area of 163,876 square miles, and +a population of 7,991,894. The most important are Cuba and the Philippine +Islands. Area of Cuba, 43,220 square miles; pop., 1,521,684. Capital, +Havana; pop., 25,000. Sugar, tobacco and cigars are principal products; +average yearly sugar production, 520,000 tons. + +Available home and colonial troops, 400,000. + +PORTUGAL. + +Name derived from Portus Cale, the ancient name of Oporto. A kingdom of +Europe, occupying the western part of the Iberian peninsula. + +Area, 36,510 square miles. Population, 4,306,554. Number of Provinces, 6. +Length of coast line, 500 miles. Capital, Lisbon; pop., 246,343. Oporto, +centre of port wine trade; pop., 105,838. + +Climate healthful. Mean temperature at Lisbon, 61deg. Rainfall averages 27 +inches at Lisbon, and 118 at Coimbra. + +About 51 per cent. of soil is productive, and less than 23 per cent. under +tillage. Not sufficient grain raised for home consumption. Wine product for +1882, 125,000,000 gallons; value, $28,500,000. + +State religion, Roman Catholic. The average amount spent on public +education from 1875 to 1879 was $10,000; in 1884 the amount had risen to +$966,000. There is one university, established at Coimbra in 1290. + +Number of miles of railway, 1884, 950; with 300 miles under construction. +Number of miles of telegraph lines, 2,920; number of miles of wire, 7,084; +number of telegraph offices, 226. Number of postoffices, 931. {21} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{22} + +FRANCE. + +A country of Europe, the fourth in size. Named from a Germanic tribe, the +Franks, which invaded Gaul, A.D. 486. Area, including Corsica and adjacent +islands, 204,177 square miles. Climate one of the finest in Europe. Average +temperature ranges from 50deg at Dunkirk to 62deg at Toulon: that of Paris +is 51deg. Rainfall: at Paris, 22 inches; at Bordeaux, 30 inches. + +France has a coast line of 320 miles; the continental boundary line is 962 +miles. Largest river, the Loire. The Alps on the east, and the Pyrenees on +the south, connect France with the most magnificent mountain systems of +Europe. The French portion of the Alps has a length of 280 miles. + +The republic is divided into 87 Departments, Salary of President, $120,000; +length of term, 7 years. Paris, the capital and second city in Europe; +pop., 2,239,928. Lyons, the second city in size, and centre of silk +industry; pop., 376,613. Twenty-nine towns have a population of over +50,000; and 91, over 20,000. + +Agricultural pop., census 1881, 18,249,209. Number of acres cultivated, +67,000,000. In 1883, 37,039,040 acres were in cereals, of which +five-sevenths were wheat and oats; total production, 742,176,807 bu. Number +of acres in orchards, 560,000; yearly production of cider, 220,000,000 +gallons. Vineyards, 5,240,340 acres; annual average of wine product, +720,000,000 gals.; value, $225,000,000. Champagne vintage averages +20,000,000 bottles, 17,000,000 of which are exported; 1,204,145 acres under +beet-root cultivation in 1883, yielding 32,230,312,000 lbs. of sugar. + +Commercially the country ranks with Great Britain. Entrances to and +clearances from her ports include annually over 60,000 vessels; total +capacity, 12,000,000 tons. Value of yearly imports, exclusive of coin and +bullion, $870,000,000; exports, $960,000,000; food imported, $308,000,000 +annually. Value of exports, 1883, $912,340,000; imports, $1,277,340,000. +Value of silk exports was $93,402,000. There were 151,404 persons engaged +in silk culture. Number of pounds of raw silk produced, 19,149,587. France +makes yearly 26,000,000 pairs of gloves, of which 18,000,000 are exported. +There are 890 umbrella makers, who annually produce $5,900,000 worth. Value +of fishery products, $21,445,450. Average production of sardines, +980,000,000; oysters, 380,000,000. There are 83,572 men engaged in the +fisheries, with 22,345 vessels; total tonnage, 155,670. + +About 79 per cent. of population Roman Catholic; less than 2 per cent. +Protestant. Number of elementary schools, 1884, 85,388; pupils, 6,111,236. +Number of normal schools, 163. Public libraries, 505. The Imperial Library +at Paris has 18 miles of shelving filled with books. Daily papers +published, 128. + +The reorganization of the French army has been going on since 1872, and is +nearly completed. Every Frenchman not declared unfit for military service +may be called upon from the age of twenty to that of forty years to enter +the active army or the reserves. Substitution or enlistment for money +prohibited. In 1884 the army consisted of 524,797 officers and men, and +130,771 horses. + +Railway system dates from 1840; number of miles, 1884, 17,000. Number of +miles telegraph lines, 46,932; offices, 7,523. Number of postoffices, 1884, +6,486. + +The colonial possessions of France cover an area of 429,260 square miles, +with a total population of 9,300,000. Of the colonies, Algeria is the +largest and most important, having an area of 161,476 square miles, and a +population of 3,310,412. Algiers is the capital; population, 70,747. The +colonies next in importance commercially are Tunis and Cochin China. {23} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{24} + +SWITZERLAND. + +The most mountainous country of Europe. Formerly a league of +semi-independent States, but since 1848 a federal republic. Number of +Cantons, 22. President elected for a term of 1 year, and not eligible for +two consecutive terms; salary, $3,000. + +Area, 15,992 square miles. Pop., 2,846,102. The Alps extend nearly through +the length of the country; from many peaks 300 snow-capped summits are +visible. Rigi presents the finest view; Monte Rosa, the Matterhorn +(steepest in the world), Finsteraarhorn and Jungfrau range from 13,700 to +15,200 ft. high. The Mer de Glace is the largest glacier in the world. + +The general climate is milder than that of other mountain countries in the +same latitude. Average temperature at Geneva, 52deg. Average rainfall at +Geneva, 32 inches; at Zurich, 34 inches. + +Bern is the capital; pop., 44,087. Geneva, seat of watch and jewelry +industry; pop., 68,320. Basel, centre of silk industry; pop., 61,399. + +About 59 per cent. of the population is Protestant, and 41 per cent. Roman +Catholic. Education is compulsory. Number of public schools, 1882, 5,314; +pupils, 516,425; school pop., 573,713. There are four universities,--the +one at Basel, founded in 1460; and those of Bern, Zurich and Geneva, since +1832. The government maintains a polytechnic school at Zurich, and a +military academy at Thun. Number of public libraries, 1,654. + +The laws of the republic forbid the maintenance of a standing army within +its limits; but every Swiss is liable to serve in the defense of his +country. + +Of the total area 17 per cent. is forest, 30 per cent. mountains, lakes, +glaciers and rivers; 51 per cent. under crops and grass. Of the cultivable +area only 16.5 per cent. is devoted to agriculture. Less than 1 per cent. +is in vineyards. Rye, oats and potatoes are most important crops. The dairy +products are of most commercial importance. + +Number engaged in agriculture and dairy farming, census 1880, 1,138,678. +The average yearly production of cheese is 40,000 tons. + +The manufacturing industry is one of importance. Latest reports give yearly +value of watch manufactures $16,000,000; St. Gallen embroideries, +$15,000,000; silk ribbon produced at Basel, $7,200,000; and the silk +industry at Zurich, $15,200,000. There are 399 cotton factories, employing +38,500 people; 224 silk factories, with 23,500 people; 838 embroidery +factories, with 17,200 people; 45 woolen factories, with 2,500 workers. + +Number of miles of railway, January, 1883, 1,810. Telegraph system very +complete; with the exception of wires for railway service, it is wholly +under the control of the government. January, 1884, there were 4,270 miles +of lines, and 10,346 of wire; number of offices, 1,271. Number of +postoffices, 807; boxes, 2,081. + +ANDORRA. + +One of the smallest republics in the world, lying between France and Spain. +Its independence dates from Charlemagne, in 790. France and the Spanish +Bishop of Urgel have jointly a nominal interest in its government. A +permanent delegate has charge of the interests of France in the republic. + +Area, 175 square miles. Population, 5,800. Climate healthful, but too cold +to produce grain. It possesses rich iron mines, and one of lead. +Inhabitants principally shepherds. {25} + +BULGARIA. B[)o][)o]l-g[=a]'re-a. + +A principality under the suzerainty of Turkey. Governed by a Prince elected +by the National Assembly, with popular legislature and constitution. Area, +24,360 square miles. Population, 1881, 2,007,919. Capital of principality, +Sophia; pop., 20,501. Three towns of over 20,000 inhabitants; 20 of over +2,000. + +Most of the territory belongs to the basin of the Danube; traversed by many +streams. Soil in general very productive; agriculture is the chief pursuit +of the inhabitants. Principal exports: grain, wool, skins and timber. About +1,500,000 tons of corn are exported per year. Total imports in 1882 valued +at $8,312,700; exports, $6,844,395. + +One line of railway, 140 miles in length, extends from Rustchuk to Varna. +In 1883 there were in Bulgaria 1,325 miles of state telegraph lines. +Military service is obligatory. Peace strength of the army, 17,670 men; war +strength, 52,000. + +SERVIA. Ser've-a. + +The independence of this country from Turkey was established in 1878. By +the constitution adopted 1869, the executive power is vested in the King +and a Council of 8 ministers; the legislative, in the King and a National +Assembly. Area, 18,800 square miles. Population, 1,865,683. Capital, +Belgrade; population, 37,500. + +The surface of the country is generally mountainous. Vegetation is vigorous +in all districts. The climate is mild in the lower and level portions, but +extremely rigorous in the mountainous districts. Of the total area, +one-third is under cultivation, corn and wheat being the chief products. +There are 1,750,000 persons engaged in agriculture. Latest reports of +livestock give: swine, 1,067,940; horses, 122,500; cattle, 826,550; sheep, +3,620,750; goats, 725,700. + +The imports are estimated at about $10,000,000, and the exports a little +below that amount. In 1884 there were 200 miles of railway. Number miles of +telegraph, 1,410. The state religion is the Orthodox Greek. There is a +university of 158 students. Other schools number about 650, with about +45,000 pupils. + +RUMANIA. Roo-m[=a]'ne-a. + +A kingdom of Europe, formerly a part of Turkey. Though under the protection +of Russia since 1830, it was nominally subject to Turkey until 1878. In +1881 it was raised to a kingdom. Constitution adopted 1866, modified 1879 +and 1884. Government vested in the King, an Executive Council, Senate and +Chamber of Deputies. Area, 48,307 square miles. Estimated population, +5,376,000. Capital, Bukharest; population, 221,805. + +The soil is fertile, and of the total population, 70 per cent. is devoted +to agriculture. Number of freehold proprietors, 654,000. Of the area, 68 +per cent. is productive; 29 per cent. under cultivation. Grain, oil-seed +and wine are the leading products. Average production of cereals, 150,000 +tons. Cattle and sheep are extensively reared. Total value of exports, +1883, $44,130,055; imports, $71,981,435. Value of leading exports: cereals, +$34,511,400; animals, $2,328,490. Imports: textiles, $23,530,315; metals, +$14,632,880; skins and leather, $8,748,370. + +Education is free and compulsory. Number of primary schools, 2,743; high +schools, 54; normal, 8; universities, 2. The majority of the people belong +to the Orthodox Greek Church. In 1884 Rumania had 850 miles of state +railway; non-state lines numbered about 150 miles. There were about 3,000 +miles of telegraph. {26} + +TURKEY (OTTOMAN EMPIRE). + +The Ottoman Empire comprehends all countries over which Turkey has +supremacy. The area and population are known only through estimates, the +latest of which give the area as 2,406,492 square miles, and the population +as 42,209,359. The most important part, that in Europe, was in 1878 greatly +reduced in area and population. The latest estimates give the immediate +possessions in Europe an area of 63,850 square miles, and a population of +4,490,000. The laws of the empire are based on the precepts of the Koran; +the government is in the hands of the Sultan, whose will is absolute, +unless opposed to the teachings of the Mohammedan religion. Capital, +Constantinople; population, 600,000. + +While military service is compulsory on all Mohammedans over eighteen years +of age, there are some exemptions, and substitution is allowed. +Non-Mohammedans are not liable, but must pay an exemption tax. Number of +men under arms, 150,000; actual military strength, about 430,000. + +The total value of exports, 1882, was $50,828,895; imports, $87,687,400. +Principal exports: fruit, fresh and dried, $7,886,375; wool and mohair, +$4,330,020. In 1883, the mercantile navy consisted of 10 steamers, of 8,866 +tons; and 391 sailing vessels, of 63,896 tons. + +As the Koran encourages public education, public schools have long been in +existence in most Turkish towns. The Mohammedans are estimated to number +16,000,000. + +The first railroad was constructed in 1865, 45 miles being opened for +traffic that year. In 1882 the railroads numbered 1,076 miles, of which 904 +were in Europe and 172 in Asia. In 1884 there were 14,617 miles of +telegraph and 26,060 miles of wire. + +GREECE. Gr[=e]s. + +A kingdom of Southeastern Europe. Area, including Thessaly, but excluding +the Albanian territory detached from Thessaly and Epirus, which was added +to Greece in 1881, 25,111 square miles. Total population, 1,979,453. Almost +wholly mountainous,--an important element in the political history of +Greece. + +Executive power vested in the King, and the responsible heads of 7 +departments; legislative, in the Chamber of Representatives. + +Athens, capital and largest city; pop., 84,903. Over 82 per cent. of +inhabitants belong to the Greek Orthodox church. Greece has one university +and 2,698 other schools, with 140,776 pupils. + +Main pursuit of inhabitants is agriculture. Manufactures few. Of total +area, 41 per cent. is productive, and 6 per cent. is under cultivation. +Land largely owned by a few proprietors. New Provinces of Thessaly +unusually fertile; annual yield of wheat, 21,700,000 bushels; oats, +11,528,000. Old Provinces produce 34,000,000 bushels of wheat and +21,700,000 bushels of corn per year. Currant crop covers vast districts. +Latest reports give 97,176 horses, 279,445 horned cattle, 45,440 mules, and +97,395 asses. Number of sheep in all the Provinces, 4,421,977; goats, +2,836,663; oxen, 200,000. For 1883, total imports, $27,267,400; exports, +mostly raisins, currants, and olive oil, $18,571,400. Chief resource, +maritime commerce. + +Number of miles of railway now open for traffic, 107; projected railways, +435 miles. Land and submarine telegraphs, 3,720 miles. Postoffices, 213. +Army: peace footing, 30,292 men; war footing, 250,500. Commercial marine, +at the end of 1884, numbered 74 steamers, of 33,318 tons; and 3,164 sailing +vessels, of 239,361 tons. {27} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{28} + +ITALY. It'a-le. + +A kingdom in the South of Europe. Consists of a peninsula, the islands of +Sicily, Sardinia, Elba, and about 66 smaller ones. Area, 114,410 square +miles. Population, 28,459,628. Mean annual temperature: at Milan, 55deg; at +Rome, 59deg; at Naples, 61deg. Climate most unhealthy in Europe; due to +miasma generated in lagoons and marshes. Has many famous and picturesque +lakes. + +Government is a constitutional monarchy. Executive power vested in King and +responsible ministers: legislative rests conjointly with the King and a +Parliament, composed of a Senate, appointed for life; and a Chamber of 508 +Deputies, elected by the people for five years. Suffrage universal; freedom +of the press unrestricted. Famous rivers are the Po, Arno and Tiber. + +Italy abounds in historic and populous cities. Rome, the capital, has pop. +of 273,268; Naples, the largest, 463,172; Milan, 295,543; Palermo, 205,712; +Genoa, 138,081; Florence, 134,992; Venice, 129,445; 31 cities of over +30,000 inhabitants. + +Agriculture chief industry, though in a primitive condition; 87 per cent. +of total area productive; 12 per cent. under forest, 36 per cent. +cultivated; 28,000,000 acres in crops. Acreage of wheat, 12,000,000; annual +yield, 140,000,000 bushels. Vineyards occupy about 5,000,000 acres; olive +groves, 2,200,000. About 1,225,000 acres are devoted to chestnut culture. +Italy ranks next to France in wine production; average yield per annum, +605,000,000 gallons; average annual value of all agricultural products for +last 5 years, $640,000,000. + +Number of cattle in 1881, 4,783,232; sheep, 8,596,108; goats, 2,016,307. In +1883, exported 127,003 cattle; sheep, 273,939; swine, 38,668. Wool product +insufficient for home consumption; import, in 1883, 20,987,500 lbs. + +Mining is an important interest in Italy. Value of iron and steel mined +annually, $4,250,000. Sulphur is the chief mineral product; value, in 1882, +$9,328,505. Quarries employ 20,000 men. In 1883, total weight of cocoon +harvest, 92,886,200 lbs.; value, $26,491,665. + +Leading imports, 1883: raw cotton, $18,173,400; coal, $13,166,200; tobacco, +$2,321,800; sugar, $10,633,200. Exports for same year: raw silk, +$49,712,400; olive oil, $20,156,600; wine in casks, $15,668,200; fruit, +$8,685,800. Total imports, 1883, $257,241,023; exports, $236,321,513. In +same year, 111,296 vessels, of 18,465,381 tons, entered Italian ports; +cleared the same, 110,554 vessels, of 18,367,948 tons. + +Length of railway, in 1883, 5,651 miles; about 1,410 miles the property of +the state. In 1879, Italian Parliament passed bills for construction of +3,739 miles, to complete the railway system; cost, $200,000,000. Number of +postoffices in 1883, 3,497. Miles of telegraph, 17,258; about two-thirds +owned by the government; telegraph offices, not including railway and +private, 1,747; number of telegrams, 6,454,942. + +There is a universal liability to military service. Total war force, +2,119,250: permanent army, 750,765 strong; mobile militia, 341,250; +territorial militia, 1,021,954; reserve, 5,281. Navy, 1884, consisted of 89 +steamers, manned with 15,055 officers and men. + +Roman Catholicism is the prevailing creed; not more than 124,000 +Protestants and Jews in the kingdom. The present Roman Pontiff, or Pope Leo +XIII., is regarded as about the 263d Pope from St. Peter. + +Recent improvements in education have been made. There are 17 state +universities, 4 free universities, 11 superior colleges, and 219 special +schools. Number of primary public schools, 41,423; sum allowed for +expenses, $6,485,505. {29} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{30} + +AUSTRO-HUNGARY. Aws'tr[)o] H[)u]ng'ga-re. + +A monarchy of Europe. Ranks next to Russia in size. Much of the territory +is mountainous, the Carpathians extending over about 800 miles. Four-fifths +of the area of Austria is 600 feet above sea-level. + +Mean annual temperature ranges from about 48deg in the north to 59deg in +the south. Average temperature at Vienna, 50deg; highest, 94deg; lowest, +2deg. Rainfall: on Hungarian plains, 22 inches; in Alpine regions, 60 +inches. + +Austria, a German monarchy, and Hungary, a Magyar kingdom, together form a +bipartite state. Each has its own Parliament, ministers and government; +they are connected by a common ruler, Congress, army and navy. The +legislative power of Congress is limited to war and foreign affairs. + +Area of Austro-Hungary, 240,942 square miles; area of Turkish Provinces +controlled by the monarchy, 24,247 square miles. Population, including +military, 37,883,226; in Austria, 10,819,737 males and 11,324,507 females; +in Hungary, 7,702,810 males and 7,939,192 females. In Austria, 6,000,000 +people engaged in agriculture, 2,117,098 in manufacturing, and 177,870 in +mining. Farm population of Hungary, 2,848,868; miners, 25,905; +manufacturers, 766,416; traders, 177295 + +Vienna, the capital, has a population of 1,103,857. Budapest, 360,551. +Ninety-four per cent. of whole area is productive. Number of acres under +crops, fallow and grass, 67,608,070. Total production of cereals, +586,029,352 bushels; potatoes, 365,574,706 bushels; wines, 178,425,280 +gallons. Total number of horses, 3,282,790; cattle, 13,181,620; sheep, +13,093,463. + +Value of exports, 1883, $374,960,255. Chief exports: grain and flour, +$60,389,350; textiles, $55,516,850; animals, $48,519,015; fuel, +$38,979,570; sugar, $35,086,975. + +Railway mileage, 1884, 12,820. In 1883 there were 32,684 miles of telegraph +line in operation. Commercial marine, 1884, consisted of 9,174 vessels, +with a combined capacity of 321,402 tons. + +Army, in war, 1,072,300 strong; during peace, 291,078. Military service +compulsory on all males over 20 years of age. + +The Roman Catholic is the state religion; 67.6 per cent. of inhabitants are +Catholics; other creeds are tolerated. + +MONTENEGRO. Mon`t[=a]-n[=a]'gro. + +A small state of Europe; independence recently admitted by Turkey. Area, +3,550 square miles. Population, 1879, 250,000. The land surface is composed +of a series of elevated ridges, with high mountain peaks. Agriculture chief +occupation. Main products, maize, potatoes, sumac, sardines, smoked mutton, +hides, skins and furs. Total yearly imports amount to $100,000; exports, +$1,000,000. + +Constitution dates from 1852; government is a limited monarchy; executive +power rests with the reigning Prince; legislative, with a State Council. +Suffrage is extended to male citizens who are bearing or who have borne +arms. There is no standing army; but all male inhabitants are trained for +the service. The state could raise an armed force of 21,850 men. + +Public schools are supported by the government; education is compulsory. +Capital, Cetigne; pop., 2,000. Podgoritza has 4,000 inhabitants; and +Dulcigno, 3,000. + +Miles of telegraph, 280; number of offices, 15. {31} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{32} + +SWEDEN. Swe'den. + +This kingdom, united with Norway, forms the Scandinavian peninsula. The +government is vested in a King, a Council of State and a Parliament. Area, +170,979 square miles. Population, 4,603,595. Capital, Stockholm; +population, 194,469. The armed forces number 172,260 officers and men. The +Royal navy consists of 66 vessels, with 4,068 men. + +The country has numerous lakes and rivers. In the north it is cold and +sterile; but the climate, on the whole, is milder than that of other +countries in the same latitude, and south of latitude 59deg the country is +generally fertile. About 7 per cent. of the land area is cultivated, and 5 +per cent. is natural meadows. Agricultural population, 2,309,790. Emigrants +in 1883 numbered 29,490, of whom four-fifths came to the United States. + +Value of imports, 1882, $63,840,000; exports, $70,524,000. Chief exports: +timber, $32,482,290; metals, $11,861,580. Mining is one of the chief +industries. In 1883 there were exported 34,319 tons of iron ore, 52,126 +tons of bar iron, 3,602 pounds of silver, 945 tons of copper and 54,423 +tons of zinc ore. Mining population numbered 410371 + +The state religion is Lutheran Protestant. The census of 1880 returned +4,544,434 persons of that faith, with 2,408 churches. There are 2 +universities, with 2,540 students. Education is free and compulsory. The +total number of schools is about 9,800; pupils, 660,000; expenditures, +$2,718,390. + +The commercial navy numbers 3,356 sailing vessels, of 439,932 tons, and 785 +steamers, of 87,524 tons. Number of miles of railway, 1883, 4,000, of which +1,437 miles belong to the state; telegraph, 5,347 miles. + +NORWAY. Nor'w[=a]. + +In 1814 united with Sweden into a joint kingdom. Area, 122,869 square +miles. Population, 1,806,900. Government an hereditary constitutional +monarchy; executive power in the hands of the King and Council of State; +legislative rests with Storthing, or Great Court. Capital, Christiania; +pop., 1884, 124,155. + +Norway is an agricultural and pastoral country; but, owing to the light +character of the soil, the products are insufficient for home consumption, +and one-fourth of the total imports is grain. + +Principal imports are metals, minerals, textile manufactures and corn; +total value in 1883, $44,810,000. Chief exports are timber and fish; value +of all exports, 1883, $32,261,000. Fisheries employ 120,000 people and +25,000 boats, three-fourths employed in the cod fisheries; total product, +1883, $6,757,500. Merchant marine, 7,913 vessels; tonnage, 1,530,004; +largest in the world, considering population. + +Army raised by conscription and enlistment; war footing, 68,800 officers +and men. Armed force to exceed 18,000 unlawful without the consent of +Storthing. Navy, 31 sailing vessels and 40 steamers, with 152 guns, manned +by a force of 915. + +Miles of railway, 1884, 971; 929 miles controlled by the state. Miles of +telegraph, 5,629; length of wire, 10,075. Number of postoffices, 1032 + +Protestants are in the majority; unlimited religious liberty, Jesuitism +excepted; none but Lutherans eligible to high offices. + +Compulsory education prevails; primary schools, 6,617; 17 public high +schools, 1 university; total number of students, 284,035. {33} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{34} + +DENMARK. Den'mark. + +A constitutional kingdom in Europe. Area, 13,784 square miles. Population, +1,969,039. Almost entirely insular. Temperature at Copenhagen, 47deg. +Country low and level. + +Constitution, dating back to 1849, and modified in 1855, '63, '66, vests +executive authority in the King and his responsible ministers; legislative, +in the Senate and House of Commons. King must belong to Evangelical +Lutheran church. The franchise is extended to all males over 30, who are +not recipients of charity. + +Pop. of Copenhagen, the capital, 1880, 273,323; Aarhuus, 24,831; Adense, +20,804. In 1882, 11,614 emigrants left Denmark; vast majority of them for +the United States. Relatively, Denmark ranks among the first states of +Europe in point of agriculture. In 1880, 75 per cent. of area productive; +area under cereals, 1882, 2,681,691 acres; product, 86,706,937 bushels. +Cattle rearing increasing in importance. In 1881, value of cattle, +$7,350,395; number of horses, 347,561; sheep, 1,548,613; swine, 527,417. + +There were exported 84,586 cattle, 72,487 sheep, 2,230,000 lbs. of wool, +and 253,294 hogs. Total value of exports in 1882, $52,225,300. Total +imports, $70,297,280. Army is recruited by conscription; it embraces 36,469 +men, with a reserve of 14,000. In 1884, navy consisted of 40 steamers. +Miles of railway, 1,106; 932 miles operated by the state. Miles of +government telegraph, 2,283. + +Education compulsory; number of schools supported by the state, 2,940. + +RUSSIA. R[)u]sh'e-a. + +The Russian Empire comprises one-seventh of the total land area of the +globe. The area and population are known only through estimates, the latest +of which give the total area as 8,520,637 square miles, and the population +as 102,682,124. Area of European Russia, 2,041,402 square miles; +population, 86,486,959. Asiatic Russia: area, 6,479,235 square miles; +population, 16,195,165. The government of Russia is an absolute hereditary +monarchy; the whole legislative, executive and judicial power being vested +in the Emperor. Capital, St. Petersburg; population, 929,100. + +The established religion of the empire is the Greco-Russian, which numbers +63,835,000 members, 636 cathedrals and 41,807 churches. The mass of the +population is uneducated. European Russia has about 375 high schools, 61 +normal and 22,770 primary schools; pupils number more than 1,220,000. The +empire has 8 universities, with 10,700 students. + +Of European Russia, 63 per cent. of the area is productive; 21 per cent. is +cultivated. Chief products, cereals; the crop of 1883, exclusive of +Finland, was 1,671,012 tons; potatoes, 447,875 tons; tobacco, 119,200,000 +lbs. Large areas are covered with forests; value of timber exported 1881, +$49,200,000. Value of total exports of Russian Empire, $308,898,000; +imports, $283,396,000. Minerals are abundant; the mining population numbers +392,304. + +The total strength of the Russian army on a peace footing is 729,770 men +and 27,468 officers; war footing, 1,876,358 men and 41,551 officers. The +navy numbers 358 vessels, of 349,730 tons. + +In 1883, European Russia had 15,274 miles of railway, of which 13,670 miles +belonged to the state. Number of miles of telegraph, 65,726. Postoffices, +4,586. The commercial navy, in 1883, consisted of 187 steamers, of 138,291 +tons, and 2,155 sailing vessels, of 477,072 tons. {35} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{36} + +ASIA. + +Largest continental division of the globe, and oldest known in history. +Area, 17,241,538 square miles. Extends from Arctic Ocean to equator, and +through 165 degrees longitude; coast line nearly 40,000 miles. + + ---------------+-----------+-------------+--------------------+------- + Divisions. | Area, | Population. | Capitals. | Pop. + | Sq. Miles | | | + ---------------+-----------+-------------+--------------------+------- + Afghanistan | 278,000 | 2,500,000 | Kabul | 60,000 + Arabia | 1,000,000 | 6,000,000 | Mecca | 40,000 + Beloochistan | 140,000 | 1,000,000 | Kelat | 10,000 + British India | 874,220 | 198,755,993 | Calcutta |871,504 + Ceylon | 25,364 | 2,822,009 | Colombo |111,942 + China | 1,537,590 | 350,000,000 | Pekin |500,000 + Chinese Empire | 4,419,150 | 371,180,000 | " |500,000 + Corea | 82,000 | 16,227,885 | Seoul |199,127 + India, Native | 509,284 | 55,150,456 | Governed by Chiefs | + Japan | 148,456 | 36,700,118 | Tokio |823,557 + Manchooria | 362,310 | 12,000,000 | Saghalinoola | + Mongolia | 288,000 | 2,000,000 | Governed by Chiefs | + Nepaul | 53,000 | 3,000,000 | Khatmandu | 50,000 + Persia | 610,000 | 7,653,600 | Teheran |100,000 + Russia | 6,479,235 | 16,195,165 | St. Petersburg |927,467 + Siam | 280,564 | 5,750,000 | Bangkok |600,000 + Syria | 146,070 | 2,750,000 | Damascus |150,000 + Thibet | 651,500 | 6,000,000 | Lassa and | + | | | Tishoo-Loomboo | + Turkey | 729,350 | 16,172,981 | Constantinople |600,000 + ---------------+-----------+-------------+--------------------+------- + +LENGTHS OF RIVERS. + + Miles. Miles. + Amoo-Daria 900 | Hong-kiang 800 + Amoor 2,600 | Irtysh 1,700 + Brahmapootra 2,300 | Lena 2,700 + Cambodia 2,000 | Saghalien 514 + Euphrates 1,750 | Tigris 800 + Ganges 1,600 | Ural 1,000 + Hoang-ho 2,800 | Yang-tse-kiang 3,320 + Indus 1,850 | Yenisei 3,400 + Irrawaddy 1,200 | + +AREAS SEAS AND LAKES. + + Square | Square + Miles. | Miles. + Alakton-kul 1,300 | Palter 1,600 + Aral 24,500 | Po-yang 2,800 + Baikal 12,500 | Tingri-noor 2,800 + Balkash 8,600 | Tong-Lung 3,000 + Caspian 180,000 | Van 2,000 + Dead Sea 400 | Zaisang 1,300 + Gennesaret 90 | Zurrah 4,000 + Koko-nor 2,040 | + +{37} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{38} + +JAPAN. Zipangu. +"SUNRISE KINGDOM." + +An empire composed of islands lying east of Asia. Supposed to have been +founded 660 B.C. Area, 148,456 square miles. Pop., 36,700,118. The +population is divided into classes, as follows: Imperial family, 39; +kwazokii, or nobles, 3,204; shizoku, or knights, 1,931,824; common people, +34,765,051. Tokio, formerly known as Jeddo, or Yedo, is the capital; pop., +823,557. + +The government is an absolute monarchy. The title of the sovereign is +Supreme Lord, or Emperor (Mikado). + +Agriculture is followed to a great extent. The chief annual agricultural +products are: rice, 155,629,409 bu.; wheat, 62,049,940 bu.; beans, +10,795,717 bu. The annual value of silk production is $20,500,000. The +principal manufactures are silk and cotton goods, japanned ware, porcelain +and bronze. The value of the exports, 1883, was $35,609,000; of imports, +$28,548,000. + +A law went into effect in 1874, by which the government gives nine bushels +of rice annually to each person over seventy or under fifteen years of age +unable to work, and to foundlings until they reach the age of thirteen. +Latest reports place the number of paupers at 10,050, and expenditures at +$88,975. + +School attendance is compulsory. There are 30,275 schools in the empire, of +which 71 are normal, 98 are technical, and 2 are universities; also, a +military college and military school, with 1,200 students. Latest reports +give 82,213 teachers and 2,703,343 pupils. School age is from 6 to 14. +Total number of school age, 5,750,946. Public libraries, 21. Shintoism is +the ancient religious faith; but Buddhism is the religion of nearly all the +common people. + +The first railroad in the empire was opened June, 1875; it extended from +Hiogo to Osaka, twenty-five miles. At the end of June, 1884, there were 236 +miles of railway in the empire. There are 4,880 miles of telegraph, with +13,144 miles of wire. Postoffices were first established in 1871, and now +number about 5,200. + +CHINESE EMPIRE. + +An immense empire of Eastern Asia; in territorial extent, the second in the +world; in population, the largest. Area, 4,419,150 square miles. Pop., +371,180,000. + +Longest rivers: Yang-tse-kiang, 3,320 miles; with basin, 950,000 sq. miles. +Hoang-ho, 2,800 miles; with basin, 715,000 sq. miles. + +Capital Pekin; pop., 500,000. Twenty-three cities have more than 100,000 +population; and 66, more than 50,000. + +The state religion has no outward ceremonial, except a few symbolical rites +observed at New Year. It consists in the study of the teachings of +Confucius and Lao-tse. The majority of the people are Buddhists. Education +is almost universal, there being few adults unable to read and write. The +Chinese have had newspapers at least ten centuries. + +Value of imports, 1883, $103,071,415; exports, $98,349,895. The chief +imports were: opium, valued at $35,510,260; and cotton goods, valued at +$30,888,465. Chief exports: tea,--value, $45,077,135; and silk, chiefly +raw, $33,537,990. The coal fields of China are among the first in the +world; about 3,000,000 tons are mined each year. The mines at Kai-p'ing, in +1883, produced 600 tons per day. + +In June, 1876, a railway of twenty miles, between Shanghai and Woosung, was +opened for traffic; but the following year it was purchased by the Chinese +authorities, and closed. There are 20,000 Imperial roads in the empire. In +1884 there were 3,089 miles of telegraph line, with 5,482 miles of wire. +{39} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{40} + +ANAM. An`nam'. + +An empire of Indo-China under the protectorate of France. Area, 198,043 +square miles. Population, 12,000,000. Drained by many rivers. In January, +temperature 41deg throughout the north; in southern part of Cochin China, +mean annual temperature is 83deg. The elephant, panther and tiger found in +the forests of Anam. + +Inhabitants essentially agricultural. Country rich in metals. Government is +an absolute monarchy. Social equality exists among citizens. Buddhism and +doctrines of Confucius are dominant. Hue is the capital; pop., 100,000. + +BURMA. Bur'mah. + +As a result of the late war with Great Britain, Burma was on Jan. 1, 1886, +declared a part of the British Empire. The government is now administered +by the Governor General of India, though the country is not yet +incorporated with the Indian Empire. The late government was a despotism, +dependent on the will of the King. The area is 190,500 square miles. +Population estimated to be about 3,000,000. Capital, Mandalay; population, +70,000. Bhamo, on the Chinese frontier, is an important town. Education is +in the hands of the priests, but is very general. Buddhism is the +prevailing religion. + +The country is not so fertile as British Burma; but wheat, corn, rice, +pulse, indigo, cotton, tobacco, and a large variety of fruits are grown. +The forests produce valuable timber trees in great variety. Minerals +abound, but are not generally worked. Petroleum, however, is quite largely +produced. Burma possessing no seacoast, the foreign trade is +inconsiderable. + +SIAM. S[=i]-am'. + +A kingdom of Southeastern Asia, divided into 41 Provinces. The government +is an absolute monarchy. Area and population are but imperfectly known; +foreign estimates place the former at 280,564 square miles, and the +population at about 5,750,000. Prevailing religion, Buddhism. Siam has no +public debt. Capital, Bangkok; population, 600,000. There is a small +standing army, and a general armament of the people in form of a militia. + +Though much of the land is fertile, it is badly cultivated. Chief products, +rice, gums, teak, sandalwood, rosewood, spices and fruits. Foreign commerce +centres at Bangkok. Total value of exports from there in 1883, $8,525,655; +imports, $4,783,570. Commercial marine numbers 44 sailing vessels and 1 +steam vessel. In 1883, 884 vessels, of 185,612 tons, cleared the port of +Bangkok. + +MALAY. Ma-l[=a]'. + +A peninsula of Asia; the southernmost point of the continent. + +Area about 70,000 square miles. Estimated population, 650,000. Less known +of the interior than of any other point in Asia. Surface very uneven. +Climate is moist and hot: temperature on the Makran coast and in Persian +Gulf, 110deg; and at times, 125deg. Out of 365 days, 190 are rainy; +rainfall from 100 to 130 inches. + +Politically, Malay consists of the Straits Settlements of Great Britain, 6 +Provinces of Siam, and a number of small Malay States, either tributary to +or in treaty with the above powers. The Straits Settlements comprise the +Islands of Singapore and Penang and the territories of Malacca and Province +of Wellesley. Area, 1,445 square miles; pop., 423,384. {41} + +COREA. Ko-ree'a. + +A kingdom of Eastern Asia. Area estimated at 82,000 square miles. +Population, 16,227,885. Climate variable, on account of the unevenness of +the country; the thermometer at times registers 15deg below zero. + +The history of Corea dates back to 1120, when the Chinese gained possession +of it. Seems first to have been subjugated by the Tartars. Japanese ruled +it between 1692 and 1698, when it reverted to China. The country pays an +annual tribute of 800 ounces of silver to the Chinese Emperor. The King of +Corea is an absolute despot. Capital, Seoul; pop., 199,127. + +Minerals are said to abound in the peninsula; but the low state of +civilization in the country will not admit of their development. The +country is mountainous, and the cultivable portion small; principal crops +are rice, millet, beans and jute. + +Value of imports, 1881, $1,944,735; exports, $1,882,650. Principal exports, +ginseng, hides, rice and silk. Wheeled vehicles are unknown, and there are +no bridges over the many streams. Doctrine of Confucius the established +creed. + +HONG KONG. + +A colony of Great Britain, formerly a part of China. It consists of the +Island of Hong Kong, ceded to Great Britain in 1841, and the opposite +peninsula of Kow-loon, ceded to Great Britain, 1861. The government is +administered by a Governor, aided by an Executive Council. There is also a +Legislative Council. The chief city is Victoria. In 1883 the government +sustained 87 schools, with 5,597 pupils. The total population of Hong Kong +is 160,420, of whom but 7,990 are white persons. + +Hong Kong forms the centre of trade for many different kinds of goods. Its +commerce is virtually a part of that of China, and is chiefly carried on +with Great Britain, the United States and Germany. Of the exports and +imports only mercantile estimates are known; these place the former at +about $10,000,000, and the latter at $20,000,000. The tea and silk trade of +China is largely in the hands of Hong Kong firms. In 1882, 28,668 vessels, +of 4,976,233 tons, entered the ports of Hong Kong. + +ARABIA. A-ra'be-a. + +A peninsula of Asia. Area, 1,000,000 square miles; length, 1,200 miles; +breadth, 900 miles. Sandy desert comprises most of the country; fertile +regions are shores of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. Seacoast, 1,200 miles +in length. Heat intense: rainfall light. + +Population variously estimated from 8,500,000 to 15,000,000. Claims descent +from Ishmael; nomadic habits; Mohammedans in belief. + +The pearl fisheries, which are of great commercial importance, begin at the +Bahrein Islands, and extend southeast along the Persian Gulf, a distance of +nearly 200 miles. The yearly produce is estimated to be worth, over +$1,250,000. + +Coffee, probably indigenous, chief article of export. Wheat, barley, beans, +millet, dates and lentils form food of the natives. Rivers unimportant. + +Arabia was never subject to one sovereign. Inhabitants broken up into petty +tribes, each ruled by its own chief. {42} + +INDIA. In'de-a. + +An empire of Asia, divided into British territory and feudatory states, +acknowledging sovereignty of Great Britain. Richest and most populous +dependency of the English Crown. Area, 1,383,504 square miles. Population, +253,906,449. + +Government is entrusted to Secretary of State for India; he is aided by a +Council of 15 members. Executive authority vested in Governor General, +appointed by the British Crown, and a Council of 7 members. Salary of +Governor General, $125,000 per year. + +Population dense. The density varies from 441 per square mile to 43; the +average for all India being 184. Agriculture backward. Means of +transportation poor but improving. Eight famines have visited India, and +decimated the population of various Provinces. Soil is productive; rice, +corn, millet, barley and wheat are grown; cotton, indigo, opium and sugar +cane are largely exported. + +Large quantities of bullion are imported for the manufacture of ornaments. +In 1884, imports of gold, $27,347,280; silver, $37,042,530. Leading +imports, 1883-84: cotton manufactures, $125,584,245; metals, $25,909,250; +machinery, $8,955,740. Chief exports: raw cotton, $71,806,605; opium, +$56,472,300; seeds, $50,450,990; wheat, $44,399,155; rice, $41,816,400. +Total imports, 1884, $318,007,480; exports, $445,006,975. + +Capital, Calcutta; population, 871,504; 60 towns of over 50,000 +inhabitants. Over 19 dialects and languages spoken in the empire. + +Number vessels entered Indian ports, 1884, 5,812; cleared, 5,850; number +steamships entered by Suez Canal, 1,091; number vessels engaged in +interportal trade, 103,503. Miles of railway, 1854, 21; in 1885 there were +10,832; unfinished, 1,823. Miles of telegraph, 21,740; messages, 1,799,179. + +Education progressing. Schools, 109,212; scholars, 2,790,783; universities, +3; governmental schools, 15,845; commission of investigation appointed in +1883. + +European and native army, 190,476 men. Native states have an army of +349,835 men; 4,237 guns. + +CEYLON. See-lon'. + +An island situated in the Indian Ocean, southeast of India. Area, 25,364 +square miles; length, 260 miles; average breadth, 100 miles. Climate much +pleasanter than that of Southern India. Ceylon was first settled in 1505; +formed into a separate colony in 1798; fell under British rule in 1815. + +By the constitution of 1831 and 1833, government is administered by a +Governor, with an Executive Council and a Legislative Council. Minerals +abound; precious stones are often found; pearl fisheries of western coast +are famous. Bread-fruit, cinnamon, pepper, rice, cotton and tobacco are +among the chief products of the soil. + +Principal exports in 1883: coffee (the least since 1853), valued at +$6,338,155; tea, $430,000; cinchona bark, $2,105,000; cocoanut oil, +$2,030,000. Total exports in 1883, $16,654,500; imports, $22,643,335. + +There were 164 miles of railway open for traffic in 1884; 16 miles in +course of construction. Miles of telegraph were 989. + +Estimated population, 1884, 2,822,009; 1,698,070 Buddhists, 493,630 +Hindoos, 197,775 Mohammedans, and 147,977 Christians. The Europeans +numbered about 5,000, of whom 4,000 were English. There were 1,703 schools, +with nominal attendance of 102,109 pupils. + +Colombo is the capital; pop., 111,942. {43} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{44} + +PERSIA. Per'she-a. + +A kingdom of Western Asia. Area, 610,000 square miles. Population, +7,653,600. Temperature ranges from 10deg to 110deg; winters severe in +central territory; summers hot and dry. + +The government is an unlimited despotism. The Koran is law, the Shah being +looked upon as the vicegerent of the prophet. Persia has no national debt. +Persian army numbers 105,500 men on war basis; peace footing, 30,000. + +Soil, in some of the extensive valleys, very fertile. Wheat and other +cereals, cotton, sugar, rice, tobacco and opium yield well; silk is an +important product of the country. Fruit trees and vegetables flourish. +Mineral resources undeveloped. Diamonds have been taken from mines in +Khorasan for centuries. Pearl fisheries of the Persian Gulf the most +extensive in the world. + +Commerce centres at Tabriz. Bushire and Lingah principal ports. Imports, by +Lingah and Bushire, in 1883, $5,724,665. Exports, by same ports, +$3,071,705; opium, $1,403,415; grain and pulse, $342,250. System of +telegraph in the hands of Europeans; miles of line, 3,647; of wire, 5,947; +offices, 78. Mail service from Julfa to Tabriz and Teheran, thence to +Resht, established in 1877. + +Capital, Teheran; pop., 100,000. Of total population, 1,963,800 live in +cities, 1,909,800 are nomadic tribes, 3,780,000 inhabit country districts +and villages. Education among the upper classes advanced; many colleges are +sustained by government. + +AFGHANISTAN. Af-gan`is-tan'. + +Name given to plateau on northwest frontier of India. Estimated area, +278,000 square miles. Temperature at Ghazni, 10deg to 15deg below zero; at +Kandahar, heat in summer reaches 120deg. No other country of equal area has +such diversities of climate. Distinguished for the mountain passes, through +which India has been frequently invaded. + +Government is a despotism. Capital, Kabul. Population, 2,500,000, +consisting of numerous warlike clans. The Amir is a military dictator, with +a yearly revenue of $2,000,000, and a subsidy of $600,000 from India. +Two-thirds of inhabitants Mohammedans. + +Agricultural and pastoral pursuits the chief industries of the people; +wheat the most important crop; rice, barley and millet grown. On terraces, +6,000 and 7,000 feet high, all the vegetables and fruits of Europe grow; in +the south, sugar cane and date palm. + +BELUCHISTAN. Bel-oo`chis-tan'. + +A country of Asia lying east of Persia. Area, 140,000 square miles. +Population, 1,000,000. Climate diverse; in higher parts, extremely cold; in +valleys, heat is oppressive. Deficiency of water throughout the whole +country. Surface rugged and barren. + +The soil is unproductive, but has been cultivated until it supplies the +natives with necessaries. Fruits and vegetables flourish near the towns. + +The only exports are horses, grain and dates. Imports: Indian silk, cotton +goods, rice, sugar, spices, and dye stuffs in small quantities. + +The government is a despotism. Khan has unlimited power over life, person +and property; resides at Kelat, the capital, a city with a population of +10,000. Inhabitants divided into many tribes, ruled by chiefs. {45} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{46} + +AFRICA. + +A large insular continent lying south of Europe, from which it is separated +by the Mediterranean. Area, 11,512,480 square miles; extreme length, 4,330 +miles; extreme breadth, 4,000 miles; coast line, only about 16,000 miles, +there being few indentations, and a lack of good harbors. + +PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES. + + ------------------+----------+------------+-----------------+--------- + Name. | Area, | Population.| Capitals. | Pop. + | Sq. Mls. | | | + ------------------+----------+------------+-----------------+--------- + Abyssinia | 200,000 | 3,000,000 | Gondar | 7,000 + Algeria | 161,476 | 3,310,412 | Algiers | 70,747 + Cape Colony | 229,815 | 1,027,168 | Cape Town | 33,239 + Congo Free State |1,056,200 | 27,000,000 | | + Egypt | 394,240 | 6,806,381 | Cairo | 368,108 + Liberia | 14,300 | 1,068,000 | Monrovia | 3,000 + Madagascar | 228,500 | 3,500,000 | Tananarivo | 100,000 + Morocco | 219,000 | 5,000,000 | Marocco | 50,000 + Mozambique | 38,000 | ? 300,000 | Mozambique | ? 35,000 + Natal | 21,150 | 416,219 | Pietermaritzburg| 14,231 + Nubia | ? 35,000 | ? 400,000 | Dongola | + Orange River Free | 70,000 | 133,518 | Bloemfontein | 2,567 + State| | | | + Transvaal | 114,360 | 750,000 | Pretoria | 4,440 + Tunis | 42,000 | 2,100,000 | Tunis | 120,000 + Zanzibar | 625 | 300,000 | Zanzibar | 90,000 + ------------------+----------+------------+-----------------+--------- + +LENGTHS OF RIVERS. + + Miles. Miles. + Congo 2,400 | Orange 1,600 + Niger 2,900 | Senegal 1,000 + Nile 5,100 | Zambesi 1,800 + +LATEST REPORTED EXPORTS. + + Cape Colony: | Madeira: + Ostrich Feathers $4,656,900 | Wine $525,740 + Angora Hair 1,359,020 | Sugar 165,800 + Diamonds 13,712,350 | Bananas 9,680 + Copper 2,270,565 | Pineapples 2,110 + | + Marocco: | Sierra Leone: + Almonds $394,000 | Cola Nuts 819,175 lbs. + Cattle 393,880 | Gum Copal 452,196 " + Dates 27,480 | Palm Oil 250,730 gals. + Eggs 156,210 | Palm Kernels 21,624,681 lbs. + Gums 244,885 | Ginger 1,277,635 " + Shoes 527,420 | Rubber 1,084,219 " + | + Liberia: | Egypt: + Ivory 1,116 lbs. | Cotton $37,328,905 + Coffee 250,136 " | Rice 606,785 + Rubber 133,119 " | Sugar 1,971,590 + Palm Oil 1,100,222 gals. | Cottonseed 8,482,670 + +{47} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{48} + +MAROCCO. Ma-rok'ko. + +An empire of Africa, formerly the largest of the Barbary States. Area, +219,000 square miles. Population, 5,000,000. Atlas Mountains cross the +country; rivers few and small. Atlantic coast line, 750 miles long; +Mediterranean, 250 miles. + +The Sultan's authority is supreme in spiritual and temporal matters. +Estimated yearly revenue of Sultan, $2,500,000. Marocco has three capitals: +Fez (pop., 80,000) is the chief; Marocco, the old metropolis (pop., +50,000); and Mequinez (pop., 56,000). + +Both climate and soil are well suited to the production of wheat, barley, +corn and other grains; agriculture is neglected for pastoral pursuits. +Marocco supposed to be rich in minerals. + +Foreigners control the maritime trade; Tangier is the main port; seven +others open to foreign commerce. Import of cotton, 1882, valued at +$3,401,130; sugar, $1,390,240; rice, flour, etc., $1,462,090. Exports, +1882: wool, $1,116,850; shoes, $527,420; almonds, $394,000; cattle, +$393,880. In 1882, 1,050 vessels, of 314,794 tons, entered, and 1,047, of +315,559 tons, cleared, the ports of Marocco. + +ALGERIA. Al-jee're-a. + +Situated in North Africa; the most important French colonial possession. +Area, about 161,476 square miles. Coast line, 550 miles. Climate variable; +mean annual temperature at Algiers, 66.5deg. + +Government of settled districts administered by a Governor General; others +under military rule. Civil government divided into three departments, each +of which sends 2 Deputies and 1 Senator to the French Chambers. Algiers the +capital; pop., 1881, 70,747. Total population of Algeria, 1881, 3,310,412; +French, 233,937. + +Agriculture the principal industry; in 1881, 2,328,636 thus engaged. In +1882, 40,000,000 acres in farms; 5,460,000 under cereals; wheat product, +559,500 tons; barley, 790,000; number of acres devoted to vine culture, +99,000. Olive oil manufactured in 1880, 574,000 gals. Yield of tobacco, +from 20,000 acres, 9,490,000 lbs. In 1882 there were 1,027,913 cattle, +5,142,321 sheep, 3,056,660 goats. + +Imports, 1883, $47,639,790; exports, $33,788,880. In 1883, 4,803 vessels, +of 1,954,423 tons, entered Algerian ports. Number miles railway, 993. Miles +of line of telegraph in 1882, 3,645. In 1881 there were 619 students in the +higher schools; number of secondary schools, 16; pupils, 3,561; 916 infant +and primary schools, with 79,201 pupils. + +TUNIS. Tu'niss. + +A kingdom or regency of Africa, formerly one of the Barbary States; since +1881 under the protectorate of France. The government is practically +administered by a Minister Resident and two Secretaries. The area of the +country is about 42,000 square miles, and the population is estimated to +number 2,100,000. Capital, Tunis; population variously estimated from +100,000 to 120,000. + +There are twelve ports open to foreign trade. The imports average +$5,500,000 per annum, and the exports $6,500,000. The principal articles of +export are wheat, barley, esparto grass (used in making paper), olive oil, +dates, wool and skins. Principal imports, manufactured goods, liquors, +sugar and flour. + +In 1883, 3,768 vessels, of 1,524,429 tons, entered Tunisian ports; of these +1,222, of 1,018,538 tons, were French. Tunis has about 200 miles of +railway, and 2,500 miles of telegraph. {49} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{50} + +EGYPT. E'jipt. + +A dependency of Turkey, situated in North Africa. Estimated area, 394,240 +square miles. Population, 6,806,381. Territory covered by sandy deserts, +except where the annual inundations of the Nile render it fertile. Rain +falls once in three or four years. The agricultural population forms 61 per +cent. of the total. + +Egypt is a Province of the Ottoman Empire; yet it is independent at the +same time, and its sovereignty is dependent on the will of stronger powers, +England being dominant. Absolute executive power is in the hands of the +Khedive, under the supervision of England. Provincial Councils and a +Legislative Council advise with the Khedive on matters purely local. Cairo, +capital; pop., 368,106. + +Under the Pharaohs, Egypt was an agricultural country. It is distinguished +for the prominent part it played in ancient history, its ruins, and +situation with reference to the Suez Canal. + +Commerce extensive, consists largely of goods in transit; carries on a +large trade with Central Africa. In 1883, imports, $42,984,880; exports, +$61,549,425. Principal export, cotton; value, 1883, $37,328,905. + +The railway system, 1884, consisted of a single line, 1,276 miles long. +Miles of government telegraph, 1884, 2,767. Eastern telegraph company have +a line to Cairo, 455 miles in length. + +Population of chief towns, 1882: Alexandria, 208,755; Damietta, 34,046; +Tantah, 33,735; Mansourah, 26,784; Zagazig, 19,046; Rosetta, 16,671; Port +Said, 16,560; Suez, 10,913. + +The Nile is the only river in Egypt. The Suez Canal connects the +Mediterranean with the Red Sea; opened for navigation, November, 1869; +length, 100 miles; number of vessels passed through in 1883, 3,307, of +8,106,001 tons; gross receipts, $13,227,530; net profits, $7,172,700. In +1883, postoffice carried 9,587,000 letters. + +NUBIA. Nu'be-a. + +A country of Eastern Africa. From 1821 to 1884 Nubia was under the dominion +of Egypt. Since the southern boundary of Egypt can not yet be regarded as +fixed, it is impossible to give trustworthy statistics of the area and +population of Nubia. The fertile part of the country lies chiefly in the +valley of the Nile. The climate is hot and dry, but generally healthful. +Chief products are barley, cotton, indigo, durrah, dates, tobacco, senna +and coffee. An extensive transit trade is carried on with Egypt and +interior Africa, in gold dust, ostrich feathers and senna. The entire +valley contains the remains of ancient buildings, the most numerous lying +below Dongola. + +ABYSSINIA, (Ab-is-sin'e-a.) +or HABESH. + +An isolated country of Eastern Africa, consisting of three divisions, +Amhara, Tigre and Shoa. Tigre and Amhara constitute one kingdom, and Shoa +another; they are all divided into a great number of smaller provinces. +Gondar, in Amhara, is the capital of all Ethiopia. Capital of Shoa, +Ankobar; of Tigre, Adowa. Area about 200,000 square miles. Population about +3,000,000. Drained by numerous rivers emptying into the Nile. + +Lowland soil grows wheat, cotton, maize, rice, sugar cane and flax. No +foreign trade except exportation of small quantities of ivory, musk, coffee +and gold dust; manufactures limited. Inhabitants a mixture of many races, +warlike and uncivilized. {51} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{52} + +MADAGASCAR. Mad`a-gas'kar. + +The largest African island; the third largest in the world. Area, 228,500 +square miles. Population, 3,500,000. Near the centre of island, within an +arc of 90 miles, there are 100 extinct volcanoes. Mean yearly temperature +about 77deg. + +Government is an absolute monarchy, limited by powerful customs. The island +has been swayed by the dynasty of the Hovas since 1810. Since the treaty of +Tamatave, March 17, 1886, the country has been under the protectorate of +France. Commercial and diplomatic relations established between the island +and United States, Great Britain and France, in this century, previous to +1868. Capital, Tananarivo; population estimated at 100,000. + +Soil generally fertile; forests of valuable timber abound. Chief products +are rice, sugar, silk, cotton, bananas, potatoes, India rubber. Stock +raising and agriculture are the main industries. Chief exports are cattle, +hides, coffee, lard, sugar, vanilla, wax, gum, rice and seeds; principal +imports are metal goods, rum and cotton goods. Silver five-franc piece the +only legal coin; franc is cut into pieces for smaller coins. Tamatave +principal port; pop., 6,000; number of ships entering her harbor during +last six months of 1882, 116. In the same time the value of imports at +Tamatave from the United States was $207,410; value of exports to United +States, $257,485. + +Standing army, 20,000. Three-fourths of people Pagans. Christianity the +state religion. Education is compulsory; 1,167 schools, with 150,906 +pupils, in Imerina, the chief Province. + +MOZAMBIQUE. Mo-zam-beek'. + +A colonial possession of Portugal on the east coast of Africa. Area, 38,000 +square miles. A few settlements and military posts exercise feeble +authority over the inhabitants. The climate is genial, and the soil capable +of producing wheat, maize, tobacco, cotton and sugar cane. The chief towns +are: St. Sebastian (pop., 1,510), Ibo (pop. about 2,000), Sofala (pop. +2,000), and St. Thiajo Major. The forests abound in valuable timber trees; +pearl fisheries are important, and the mineral deposits are of exceptional +value. The gold mines of Mauica are supposed to be the richest in East +Africa. Ivory is obtained in large quantities for the Indian market; annual +value about $350,000. Other exports are India rubber, gums, oil, beeswax +and corn. Shipping trade is carried on by about 400 vessels. The capital is +Mozambique. + +ZANZIBAR. Zan`ze-bar'. + +An empire of Eastern Africa, consisting of the Island of Zanzibar, and +settlements along the coast from Cape Delgado as far as 3deg north +latitude. The limits of the Sultan's dominions inland are not known; but, +beyond a few travel routes, his authority extends but a little way from the +coast. The island has an area of 625 square miles, and a population +variously estimated from 150,000 to 300,000. Population of the town of +Zanzibar, 90,000; of Bagamoyo, on the opposite mainland, 10,000. + +The religion of the country is Mohammedanism. Christian missions are +established on the island and far into the mainland. Value of imports, +1882, $4,000,000; exports, $5,000,000. The exports are ivory, cloves, India +rubber and gum. In 1882, 85 vessels, of 89,773 tons, entered the ports. The +imports are chiefly cotton cloths, rice, cereals, kerosene oil and guns. +{53} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{54} + +CAPE COLONY. + +A colony in South Africa, originally founded by the Dutch, in 1652. Since +1806 controlled by Great Britain. Climate generally dry and salubrious. At +Cape of Good Hope, mean annual temperature is placed at about 62deg. +Average rainfall per year, 24 inches. Total area of Cape Colony, 229,815 +square miles. Estimated population, 1,027,168. Capital, Cape Town; pop., +33,239. + +The government is administered by a Governor, an Executive and a +Legislative Council and House of Assembly. Colonists are employed in +agricultural and pastoral pursuits. Ostrich breeding is successfully +carried on. Sheep farms often comprise from 8,000 to 15,000 acres and +upward. Total cultivated area in 1875, 580,000 acres. Vines occupied 18,000 +acres, yielding 4,484,665 gallons of wine. The colony had, in 1875, +1,111,713 head of cattle, 10,976,663 sheep, and 3,065,202 goats. The +principal exports from the colony in 1883 were: wool, valued at $8,015,700; +ostrich feathers, $4,656,900; grease wool, $1,948,025; hides and skins, +$2,180,250; copper ore, $2,270,565; Angora hair, $1,359,020; diamonds, +$13,712,350. Total exports in 1883 valued at $22,044,490; total imports, +$32,351,955. + +Vast majority of the population members of Dutch Reformed church, the +Episcopalian ranking next in number. Cape Colony has 1 university and 5 +colleges; education not compulsory; 71 per cent. of children who have +attained school age are in school. + +Army in 1883 consisted of 1,614 officers and men. By a law of 1878, every +able-bodied colonist between 18 and 50 years is liable to military service +beyond, as well as within, colonial limits. In 1884 the total length of +government railway was 1,213 miles; telegraph, 4,031 miles. + +ORANGE RIVER FREE STATE. + +An independent republic of South Africa. Founded by Boers from Cape Colony, +in 1836; constitution proclaimed 1854. Area, 70,000 square miles. +Population, 133,518: colored or native, 72,496; whites, 61,022. Annual +amount devoted to education, $1,000,000. Capital, Bloemfontein; pop., +2,567. + +Law-making power vested in a popular Assembly of 55 members; executive, in +President, elected for 5 years. Climate salubrious. Agricultural and +pastoral pursuits the chief industries. In 1881 there were 6,000 farms; +total number of acres, 23,592,400; cultivated, 114,916; number of horses, +131,594; 5,056,301 merino sheep, 673,924 goats; ostriches, 2,253. There are +many rich coal mines. Diamonds and other precious stones are found. Miles +of telegraph in operation, 559 + +NATAL. Na-tal'. + +Previous to 1856, Natal formed part of Cape Colony; in that year it was +erected into a separate colony under Great Britain. The government is +administered by a Governor, an Executive Council, and a Legislative +Council. Estimated area, 21,150 square miles. Pop., 1881, 416,210; white, +28,463; native, 329,253; coolies, 20,196. Principal town, Durban; pop., +16,630. Capital, Pietermaritzburg; pop., 14,231. + +Value of imports, 1883, $8,755,535; exports, $4,158,735. Principal exports: +hides, $255,040; ostrich feathers, $72,530; unrefined sugar, $610,420; +wool, $2,595,805. Principal imports are manufactured goods and flour. In +1883, 328 vessels, of 232,097 tons, entered, and 326, of 231,892 tons, +cleared, the ports. There are 105 miles of railway built, and 120 under +construction. {55} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{56} + +TRANSVAAL. Trans-val'. + +A South African republic founded by Boers who left Cape Colony in 1835 for +Natal, quitted the latter country on its annexation to Great Britain, and +settled in the territory north of the Vaal river. Recognized as an +independent state in 1852. Executive authority is in the hands of a +President, assisted by a Council of 4 members; legislative vested in a +Volksraad of 44 members. Area of republic, 114,360 square miles. Population +estimated, 1884, at 50,000 whites, of whom 40,000 are Dutch, and about +700,000 natives. Chief city, Pretoria; population, 4,440. + +The country is favorable for agriculture and stock raising. Chief crop, +wheat; sugar, coffee and cotton are grown. Cattle, sheep and ostriches are +reared. There is a great deal of mineral wealth, which has been but little +developed. The yearly exports are valued at $3,000,000, and are principally +grain, cattle, hides, wool, ostrich feathers, butter, ivory, gold and other +minerals. + +LIBERIA. Li-bee're-a. + +A republic of South Africa, founded in 1820 as a colony by the American +Colonization Society in behalf of liberated slaves from the United States. +Liberia was declared an independent state in 1847. The government is +modeled after that of the United States. The republic has 600 miles of +coast line, and extends inland about 100 miles; area, 14,300 square miles. +The population is wholly African, and numbers 18,000 Americo-Liberians and +1,050,000 aborigines. Capital, Monrovia; population, 3,000. The Liberians +have established churches and schools, and possess a number of printing +presses. The climate, which is still fatal to Europeans, has been much +improved by systematic drainage. + +The country is well watered, and the natural resources are very great. +Cotton and coffee are both indigenous, the former yielding two crops per +year. The oil palm is abundant, palm oil, ivory, India rubber and nuts +being the chief exports. + +CONGO FREE STATE. + +The Act defining and constituting the Congo Free State was signed by the +International Congo Conference at Berlin, February 26, 1885. The area of +the State is estimated at 1,056,200 square miles, with a population of +27,000,000. While the Congo state is under the sovereignty of the King of +Belgium, the latter country or government has no power or responsibility in +relation to it. The state is divided into four Provinces,--the Lower Congo, +the Upper Congo, Livingstone Falls and the Pool, and the district between +the Pool and Equator. The government is in the hands of an Administrator +General, under whom are a number of white subordinates, chiefs of Provinces +and other officials. + +Free commerce, in its widest sense, has been established in the basin of +the Congo, and for a distance of 360 miles along the Atlantic. In this +territory, no import duties can be levied for twenty years, and the Powers +reserve the right to decide if freedom of entry shall be maintained beyond +that period. The principal articles for export are said to be palm oil, +ivory, rubber, gum copal, ground nuts, orchilla weed and cam-wood; +principal imports are textiles, spirits, tobacco, guns and powder. {57} + +[Illustration] + +{58} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{59} + +OCEANIA. + +A fifth division of the globe, comprising island groups and the large +islands of the Pacific. The divisions are Australasia, Malaysia and +Polynesia. + +Australasia extends from equator to 47deg south latitude, and from 112deg +to about 170deg east longitude. It includes Australia, Papua, New Zealand +and Tasmania. + +Malaysia comprises the islands and groups lying just off the coast of +Southeastern Asia, and contains the large islands of Luzon, Mindanao, +Celebes, Java, Sumatra and Borneo. + +Polynesia includes Islands and island groups between Philippines and 100deg +west longitude. Among the most important groups are Caroline, Feejee, +Friendly, Gilbert, Hawaiian, Marshall and Society Islands. + + --------------------+----------+-----------+-------------+-------- + | Area Sq. | Pop. | Capital. | Pop. + | Miles. | | | + --------------------+----------+-----------+-------------+-------- + New South Wales | 316,320 | 840,614 | Sydney | 220,427 + New Zealand | 105,342 | 532,000 | Wellington | 20,563 + Queensland | 668,224 | 36,695 | Brisbane | 36,109 + South Australia | 903,690 | 293,509 | Adelaide | 38,479 + Tasmania | 26,375 | 122,479 | Hobart | 21,118 + Victoria | 87,884 | 915,948 | Melbourne | 291,464 + West Australia | 975,920 | 29,708 | Perth | 5,044 + |----------|-----------| | + Total Australasia |3,083,755 | 2,770,953 | | + |----------|-----------| | + Hawaiian Islands | 6,667 | 57,985 | Honolulu | 7,000 + Borneo | 12,745 | 2,183,974 |{Brunai | 20,000 + | | |{Banjarmasin | 30,000 + Celebes | 71,791 | 2,000,000 | Macassar | 20,000 + Java | 50,848 |20,259,450 | Batavia | 99,109 + Mindanao | 36,000 | 732,802 | Selangan | 10,000 + Luzon | 37,505 | 4,450,191 | Manila | 160,000 + Sumatra | 177,000 | 3,000,000 |{Acheen | 45,000 + | | |{Padang | 10,000 + ------------------------------------------------------------------ + +AUSTRALASIA.--Crop Production, 1882. + + Wheat 81,763,098 bu. | Other cereals 889,789 bu. + Oats 16,430,205 " | Potatoes 346,834 tons. + Barley 1,928,595 " | Hay 862,602 " + Maize 5,611,903 " | Wine 1,496,175 gals. + Gold produced 1881 $ 30,510,709 + Coin and bullion exported 1882 38,480,960 + Aggregate imports, 1882 310,698,578 + Aggregate exports, 1882 246,407,125 + +PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.--Exports, 1881. + + Coffee $ 959,346 | Liquid Indigo $ 8,256 + Cordage 137,031 | Rice 7,791 + Hemp 8,889,872 | Sugar 12,403,993 + Indigo 138,958 | Sapan-wood 58,230 + +SOCIETY ISLANDS, 1882. + + IMPORTS. | EXPORTS. + General Merchandise $702,475 | Gen. Mdse. + Cotton, copra, | (re-exp'rt'd) $358,604 + mother-of-pearl | Cotton, copra, + shell and other | mother-of-pearl + produce 367,975 | shell, etc. 516,583 + | Fire Wood & cocoanuts. 1,041 + ---------- | -------- + Total $1,070,450 | Total $876,228 + +HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, 1883--Domestic Exports. + + Sugar 114,107,155 lbs. | Rice 11,619,000 lbs. + Molasses 193,997 gals. | Coffee 16,057 lbs. + Paddy 1,368,705 lbs. | Bananas 44,902 bunches. + +{60} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{61} + +NETHERLANDS INDIES. + +The Netherlands Indies are by far the most important colonial possessions +of the Netherlands. They cover all the Dutch possessions in the East +Indies, and include Java, Madura, Banca, Sumatra, Bingtang, Billiton, +Celebes, the Moluccas, Lombok Bali, and many smaller islands and parts of +New Guinea, Borneo and Timor. Area of the colonies estimated at 636,329 +square miles; population, 27,784,959. The superior administration is in the +hands of a Governor General, assisted by a Council of 5 members. + +The most important colony is Java, which politically includes the +neighboring island of Madura. Total area, 50,848 square miles; population, +20,259,450. Java is governed under what is termed the culture system, which +was established in 1832. + +The strength of the total army in 1883 was 30,421 men, of whom 15,032 were +Europeans, and 15,389 natives. There is a military academy near Batavia, +and attached to every battalion is a school for soldiers. The navy, royal +and colonial, consisted of 79 vessels and 5,029 men. + +By far the larger part of the commerce of Dutch India is with the +Netherlands. The average value of the total imports for three years was +$62,500,000: exports, $75,000,000. About two-thirds of the imports were +from the Netherlands, and three-fourths of the exports were sent to that +country. The principal exports are sugar, coffee, rice, indigo and tobacco. +Latest reports give value of coffee exported, $13,086,790; sugar, +$19,625,470; indigo, $1,245,170; spices, $1,021,720; tobacco, $6,457,680. + +The Netherlands Indies had, in 1882, 3,682 miles of telegraph, with 84 +offices. Number of postoffices, 221. Java has now about 750 miles of +railway. + +HAWAII (SANDWICH ISLANDS). Ha-wi'ee. + +A kingdom of Oceania, consisting of a group of 15 islands, of which 8 are +inhabited. The government is a limited monarchy. Hawaii is the largest +island; but Honolulu, the capital, is situated on the island of Oahu. +Population of Honolulu, 7,000. Area of the islands, 6,667 square miles. At +the last census, the population numbered 57,985: male, 34,103; female, +23,882; native, 44,088; Chinese, 5,916; white, 4,561, of whom 1,276 were +Americans, 883 English, 436 Portuguese, 272 Germans, 81 French; half-caste, +3,420. + +To a great extent the islands are mountainous, and there are numerous +volcanoes, several of which are active. The volcano of Mauna Loa, on the +Island of Hawaii, is one of the highest active volcanoes in the world. The +soil is exceedingly fertile and productive. Chief products, sugar and rice; +but coffee, hides, bone, whale oil and wool are exported in considerable +quantities. Value of exports, 1883, $8,121,200; imports, $5,624,240. + +In 1883, 267 vessels, of 183,316 tons, entered, and 263 vessels, of 189,494 +tons, cleared the ports. Of the former, 195 vessels were American. The +islands own 64 vessels, of 15,588 tons. The islands of Hawaii and Maui are +provided with telegraphs, and have about 32 miles of railway. Almost every +house in Honolulu has its telephone. + +There are numerous schools in the islands; the annual sum devoted to public +instruction is $95,850. The King is a member of the Church of England; but +all forms of religion are permitted and protected. {62} + +AUSTRALASIA. Aws-tral-[=a]'she-a. + +Under this bead are grouped all the Australian colonies belonging to Great +Britain. They are seven in number, and geographically are comprised in the +continent of Australia and the islands of Tasmania and New Zealand and part +of New Guinea. Total area, 3,075,135 square miles. Population, 1883, +3,091,897. + +Each colony has a Governor, appointed by the Crown, in whom is vested the +executive power. The legislative power of each is vested in a Parliament of +two houses. + +Minerals abound in all the colonies. The most extensive coal mines are +those of New South Wales, the product of which in 1884 was 2,521,457 tons; +value, $6,009,705. Gold product of the colony, 1883, 122,256 ounces; value, +$1,705,620. Coal product of New Zealand, 1883, 421,764 tons. Gold +discovered 1857. Value of total exports to March, 1884, $203,535,370. In +Queensland, tin, copper, lead and coal are mined. Value of tin raised, +1883, $2,940,060. Gold discovered 1858. Product, 1882, 230,090 oz.; value, +$4,148,275. The chief mineral of South Australia is copper, but valuable +iron ores also exist. Value of copper and copper ore, 1883, $1,876,625. +Tasmania is rich in iron, tin and coal. Value of tin exported, 1883, +$1,882,230. Amount of gold produced, 46,577 oz.; value, $882,210. In 1851 +gold was discovered in Victoria. Total product to 1883, 52,214,150 oz.; +value, $1,044,283,000. Principal minerals of Western Australia are copper, +lead and coal. + +Principal agricultural products of the colonies: Wheat product of New South +Wales, 1884, 4,345,437 bushels; corn, 4,538,604 bushels; sugar, 35,220,640 +lbs.; wine, 589,604 gallons. New Zealand--Wheat, 9,827,136 bushels; oats, +9,231,339 bushels. Leading grain crop of Queensland, corn. Yield of sugar, +1883, 73,534,000 lbs.; cotton, 70,020 lbs. South Australia--Wheat, +14,649,230 bushels; wine, 430,520 gallons. Principal products of Tasmania, +grain, hops and fruit; value of green and preserved fruits exported 1883, +$881,120. Wheat product of Victoria, 1884, 15,570,245 bushels; oats, +4,717,624 bushels; barley, 1,069,803 bushels; potatoes, 161,088 tons; hay, +433,143 tons. + +The following table shows the number of farm animals in the colonies in +1884: + + ------------------+------------+-----------+----------+--------------- + Colonies. | Sheep. | Cattle. | Horses. | Pigs. + ------------------+------------+-----------+----------+--------------- + New South Wales | 34,000,000 | 1,646,753 | 326,964 | 189,050 + New Zealand | 14,056,266 | 698,637 | 161,736 | 200,083 + Queensland | 9,308,911 | 4,266,172 | 253,116 | 51,796 + South Australia | 6,677,067 | 319,620 | 184,360 | + Tasmania | 1,831,069 | 130,525 | 26,840 | 55,774 + Victoria | 10,739,021 | 1,297,546 | 286,779 | 233,525 + Western Australia | 1,547,061 | 71,102 | 37,111 | + ------------------+------------+-----------+----------+--------------- + +Value of total exports and imports of the colonies, 1883: New South +Wales--Exports, $99,430,090; imports, $104,800,785. New Zealand--Exports, +$35,479,995; imports, $39,870,190. Queensland--Exports, $26,383,040; +imports, $31,166,755. South Australia--Exports, $24,417,305; imports, +$31,550,275. Tasmania--Exports, $8,657,995; imports, $9,163,185. +Victoria--Exports, $81,994,315; imports, $88,719,230. Western +Australia--Exports, $2,235,050; imports, $2,584,230. + +In 1883, New South Wales had 1,320 miles of railway, and 597 under +construction; New Zealand, 1,486 miles; Queensland, 1,038 miles, and 454 +under construction; South Australia, 990.75 miles, and 225 under +construction; Tasmania, 167 miles, and 207 under construction; Victoria, +1,562 miles, and 130 under construction; Western Australia, 55 miles, and +68 under construction. {63} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{64} + +NORTH AMERICA. + +Northern and largest division of Western Continent, separated from South +America by Gulf of Mexico, and connected with it by Isthmus of Panama. + +Area, 8,918,346 square miles; extends from Arctic Ocean to about 8deg north +latitude; extreme width, over 3,000 miles. Eastern coast line to southern +extremity of Mexico, about 13,000 miles; western, about 11,000 miles. Has +remarkable lake and river systems: the latter includes the Mississippi and +its tributaries, whose combined navigable length is about 40,000 miles, and +it is estimated that the great lakes contain a third of all fresh waters on +the globe. The political divisions are Greenland, Iceland, Dominion of +Canada, Newfoundland, United States, Central America and Mexico. + +Extent in latitude results in great variety of climate, while the Gulf of +Mexico and surrounding oceans furnish to most localities abundant moisture. + +Ottawa, capital of Dominion of Canada, and great lumber depot; pop., +27,412; St. Johns, capital of Newfoundland, and easternmost seaport of +North America; pop., 22,583. Number lighthouses in United States, Canada +and Spanish America, 1,127. + +Record of great fires: New York, 1835; loss $29,199,000. San Francisco, +1851; loss, 2,500 blocks. Chicago, 1871; loss, $160,594,500. Boston, 1872; +loss, $72,997,500. + +Rich soil and excellent tillage combine to produce abundant food supply for +home consumption and foreign export. Tobacco, cotton, woods, dye-stuffs, +grain, flour, meat, eggs and butter are among the supplies exported. Value +of grain crops, United States and Canada, $1,114,428,500. Annual import of +fruit in United States since 1871, 6 lbs. per inhabitant. + +Canada has 900,000,000 acres forest; income, $58,398,000. United States, +560,000,000 acres; income, $374,720,500. Mexico and Central America are +rich in mahogany and dye-stuffs. Number acres forest felled daily by United +States wood-cutters, 10,000; annual consumption of firewood, United States +and Canada, 1,550,000,000 cubic feet; number saw-mills, 1882, 15,740. + +Nearly every variety of minerals abundant; iron widely diffused. Copper +especially plentiful in region of great lakes; gold and silver in mountain +regions of both sides of continent; lead abundant in central United States; +quicksilver, in California and Mexico, coal fields numerous, and supply +almost inexhaustible; salt also widely distributed. Annual consumption of +coal in United States and Canada, 72,000,000 tons; gold production, +1830-1880, United States and Spanish America, 4,262 tons. + +Lakes and rivers well stocked with fish; coast fisheries productive and +profitable, especially on banks of Newfoundland, and along coasts of +Washington and Oregon. Newfoundland has a world-wide reputation for cod +fisheries, and seal fisheries rank next in importance. Average annual catch +of cod, about 1,500,000 quintals; number seals taken yearly, about 600,000; +of herring, about 175,000 bbls. Value fisheries of United States and +Canada, $16,546,100,000. + +Population, over 60,000,000, Mexico numbering 10,046,872, and Canada, +4,324,810. + +Greenland and Iceland are Danish colonies. Canada and Newfoundland belong +to Great Britain. Executive power of Canada vested in the Governor General, +a representative of the Queen; legislative power exercised by a Senate and +House of Commons, each Province having its own Lieutenant Governor and +legislature. Public affairs of Newfoundland managed by governor, executive +council, and legislative assembly. {65} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{66} + +ONTARIO. On-t[=a]'re-o. + +The most populous Province of the Dominion of Canada; established in 1867. +Previous to 1791 formed part of the Province of Quebec; from 1791 to 1840 +known as Upper Canada; in 1840 reunited with Quebec, under the name of +Canada. + +Area, census of 1881, 101,733 square miles. Total land occupied, 19,259,909 +acres; improved, 11,294,109 acres, of which 8,370,266 acres were under +crops; 2,619,038 acres in pasture, and 304,805 acres in gardens and +orchards. + +Temperature at Toronto: winter, 4.8deg to 62.5deg; summer, 38.7deg to +92.7deg; mean temperature, 44.16deg. Rainfall at Toronto, 28.43 inches. + +The surface of the country is diversified by numerous lakes and rivers. The +agricultural resources are very great, and the mineral wealth varied and +rich. + +Public affairs are administered by a Lieutenant Governor, assisted by an +Executive Council of 6, and a House of Assembly of 89 members. Capital, +Toronto; pop. 86,415. Ottawa, the capital of the Dominion; pop., 27,412. +Ontario sends 24 members to the Dominion Senate. + +Agricultural products, 1881: wheat, 27,406,091 bushels; barley, 14,279,841 +bushels; oats, 40,209,929 bushels; rye, 1,598,871 bushels; peas and beans, +9,434,872 bushels; buckwheat, 841,649 bushels; corn, 8,096,782 bushels; +potatoes, 18,994,559 bushels; turnips, 33,856,721 bushels; other root +crops, 6,479,222 bushels; hay, 2,038,659 tons; grass and clover seed, +173,219 bushels; flaxseed, 38,208 bushels; tobacco, 160,251 pounds; hops, +615,967 pounds. + +Latest reported orchard products: apples, 11,400,517 bushels; grapes, +3,697,555 pounds; other fruits, 644,707 bushels. + +Amount of butter produced on farms, 54,862,365 pounds; cheese, 1,701,721 +pounds; wool, 6,013,216 pounds; cloth, flannel and linen, 1,440,199 yards. +Maple sugar produced 1881, 4,169,706 pounds; honey, 1,197,628 pounds; flax +and hemp, 1,073,197 pounds. Value of fur product, $129,578. + +Number of farm animals in the Province, 1881: horses, 590,298; oxen, +23,263; milch cows and other cattle, 1,678,904; sheep, 1,359,178; swine, +700,922. + +Latest reported timber product: white pine, 12,262,570 cu. ft.; red pine, +1,848,927 cu. ft.; oak, 5,448,263 cu. ft.; tamarack 1,515,360 cu. ft.; +walnut, 741,431 cu. ft.; birch and maple, 612,760 cu. ft.; elm, 2,925,382 +cu. ft.; all other timber, 26,577,869 cu. ft.; number of pine logs, +14,945,670; other logs, 7,621,610. + +The Province has 259 steam vessels, with a tonnage of 44,550; and 289 +sailing vessels, with a tonnage of 55,058. There are 5 vessels with 14 men, +and 1,129 boats with 2,101 men and 928,008 fathoms of nets engaged in the +681 fisheries. Product for 1881: herring, 15,605 barrels; whitefish, 38,301 +barrels; trout, 55,497 barrels; other fish, 18,817 barrels; fish oil, 1,629 +gallons. + +Population of the Province, 1881, 1,923,228; male, 976,461; female, 946767 + +Number of churches, 5,075: of which 2,375 are Methodist, 852 Presbyterian, +680 Church of England, 389 Baptist, and 367 Roman Catholic. There are 21 +hospitals, and 22 orphanages. Number of colleges and universities, 17; +boarding schools, 44. + +There is an excellent system of free schools under the control of a +Minister of Education and a Chief Superintendent. School pop., 405,857. +Number of high schools, public and private, 410; public elementary schools, +5,313. Number miles of railway in the Province, 5223 {67} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{68} + +QUEBEC. Kwe-bek'. + +One of the most important of the Canadian Provinces. Earliest settlement +made by Europeans, in 1541; first permanent settlement made by the French +on the present site of the city of Quebec, 1608. Country occupied by the +French until 1759, when, through the victory of Gen. Wolfe, it fell into +the hands of the English. + +Area, census of 1881, 188,688 square miles. Total amount of land occupied, +12,625,877 acres; improved, 6,410,264 acres, of which 4,147,984 were under +crop, 2,207,422 in pasture, and 54,858 in gardens and orchards. Population, +1,359,027: male, 678,175; female, 680,852. + +While the climate is similar to that of Ontario, it is colder in winter, +and warmer in summer. At Montreal the winters are very severe, the +temperature often ranging from zero to 10deg and even 30deg below it, and +in summer it is frequently 90deg in the shade. + +Public affairs are administered by a Lieutenant Governor, assisted by an +Executive Council, a Legislative Council of 24 members, and a Legislative +Assembly of 65 members. The Province sends 24 members to the Dominion +Senate. Quebec is the capital; population, 62,446. Montreal the commercial +metropolis of the Province, and also of the Dominion; population, 140,747. + +The surface of the country is varied, consisting of extensive forests, +large rivers, lakes and prairies, and bold, rocky heights. The Province +abounds in numerous minerals. + +Agricultural products for 1881: wheat, 2,019,004 bushels; barley, 1,751,539 +bushels; oats, 19,990,205 bushels; rye, 430,242 bushels; peas and beans, +4,170,456 bushels; buckwheat, 2,041,670 bushels; corn, 888,169 bushels; +potatoes, 14,873,287 bushels; turnips, 1,572,476 bushels; hay, 1,612,104 +tons; grass and clover seed, 119,306 bushels; tobacco, 2,356,581 pounds; +hops, 218,542 pounds. + +This Province produces three times as much maple sugar as all the others +combined; total amount produced 1881, 15,687,835 pounds; amount of honey +produced, 559,024 pounds; apples, 777,557 bushels; grapes, 158,031 pounds. +Value of fur product, $163,310. Butter produced on farms, 1881, 30,630,397 +pounds; cheese, 559,278 pounds; wool, 2,730,544 pounds; cloth and flannel, +2,958,180 yards; flax and hemp, 865,310 pounds; linen, 1,120,301 yards. + +Farm animals in the Province, 1881: horses, 273,852; oxen, 49,237; milch +cows and other cattle, 900,096; sheep, 889,833; swine, 329,199. + +Public instruction is under a Superintendent of Education. School pop., +209,623. Number of elementary public schools, 4,404; pupils, 170,858; +colleges, 44; academies, 246; special schools, 18; normal, 3; model, 333. + +The forests are extensive, and the lumbering and shipbuilding interests are +large. Timber product, 1881: pine, 5,495,183 cu. ft.; oak, 59,587 cu. ft.; +tamarack, 2,707,745 cu. ft.; birch and maple, 2,784,395 cu. ft.; all other +timber, 14,612,669 cu. ft. Number of logs produced, 13,582,407; masts and +spars, 104,248. + +There are in the Province 293 steam vessels; tonnage, 132,097: 757 sailing +vessels; tonnage, 110,356. The fisheries furnish employment to 14,744 men; +there are 146 vessels and 6,761 boats engaged in this industry. Products of +the fisheries, 1881: cod, 462,388 quintals; herring, 130,354 barrels; +mackerel, 10,725 barrels; sardines, 4,360 barrels; canned lobsters, 517,734 +pounds; all other fish, 101,861 barrels; fish oil, 263,374 barrels. + +The prevailing religion is Roman Catholic. The number adhering to that +faith is 1,170,718, or about seven-eighths of the entire population. Number +of churches in the Province, 1,280, of which 712 are Roman Catholic. Number +of hospitals, 29; orphanages, 11. There are 1,911 miles of railway. {69} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{70} + +NOVA SCOTIA. No'va Sko'she-a. + +A Province of the Dominion of Canada, created in 1784; became part of the +Dominion, 1867. Area, 20,907 square miles. Population, 1881, 440,572. +Executive authority vested in Lieutenant Governor and Executive Council; +legislative, in Legislative Council and House of Assembly. + +Capital, Halifax; pop., 36,100. Capital of Cape Breton Island, Sydney. Soil +generally fertile. Principal products are wheat, rye, oats, barley, +potatoes and Indian corn. Grain product, 1880, 5,570,444 bushels; potatoes, +6,961,016 bushels; hay, 414,046 tons. Timber product, 1881, 3,144,323 cubic +feet. Fisheries employ 755 vessels, 13,214 boats and 26,900 men; latest +reports give 715,781 quintals of cod, haddock and hake; other fish, 301,756 +barrels; lobsters, 3,841,467 lbs.; fish oil, 275,352 gallons. + +There is a good system of common schools, organized In 1864. Annual +expenditure for educational purposes, about $700,000. Miles of railway, +500; many short canals. + +NEW BRUNSWICK. + +Settled by French, 1639, and formed with Nova Scotia part of Arcadia. First +British settlers came from Scotland, 1764. Province created 1784; became +part of the Dominion, 1867. + +Government vested in a Lieutenant Governor, an Executive, a Legislative +Council and a House of Assembly. Area, 27,174 square miles. Population, +321,233. Capital, Fredericton; pop., 6,218. + +Climate subject to extremes; temperature in winter, 30deg; in summer, +95deg. Soil exceedingly fertile. In 1881, acres in crops, 849,678; in +pasture, 392,169. Products: grain, 5,490,896 bushels; potatoes, 6,961,016; +hay, 414,046 tons. In 1881, wool product, 760,531 pounds. The number of +horses in 1881 was 52,975; oxen, 8,812; horned cattle, 203,748; sheep, +221,163; swine, 53,087. + +There is a good system of non-sectarian free schools in the Province. +Telegraphic and railway communication throughout the Province. Number miles +of railway, 1,148. + +PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. + +A Province of the Dominion of Canada, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. First +settled by the French, who ceded it to Great Britain in 1758. Province +created 1768; admitted into the Dominion, 1873. Area, 27,174 square miles. +Total land occupied, 1,126,653 acres; improved, 596,731 acres; under crops, +467,211 acres. + +Climate milder than that of the adjoining continent. All ordinary cereals +may be cultivated. Grain product, 1881: 4,301,110 bu.; potatoes, 6,042,191 +bu.; turnips, 1,198,407 bu.; butter, 1,688,690 pounds; cheese, 196,273 +pounds. Farm animals, 328,734. + +Population, 108,891: male, 54,729; female, 54,162. Capital, Charlottetown; +population, 11,485. + +The government is vested in a Lieutenant Governor, an Executive and a +Legislative Council and a House of Assembly. + +The fisheries are very valuable. Products, 1881: cod, 18,736 quintals; +herring, 21,501 bbls; mackerel, 91,792 bbls; canned lobsters, 3,275,316 +lbs; oysters, 175,408 bbls; fish oil, 8,139 gals. + +The Province owns 11 steam vessels, and 224 sailing vessels, with a tonnage +of 45,237. Timber product, 1881, 910,200 cu. ft. + +Number of churches, 231. Free school system introduced 1853. School +population, 22,711. Number of district schools, 355; grammar, 15; high, 46; +colleges, 3. Number of miles of railway, 200. {71} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{72} + +MANITOBA. Man-i-to'ba. + +A Province of the Dominion of Canada, formerly known as the Red River +Settlement, and also Assiniboia; admitted into the Confederation in 1870. +Area, 123,200 square miles. Population, 65,954. The climate is healthful +and cold; average summer temperature, 65deg; winter, 3deg below zero. + +Government is in the hands of a Lieutenant Governor, appointed by the +Governor General of the Dominion, with an Executive Council of 6 members +and a Legislative Assembly. Manitoba sends 3 Senators to the Dominion +Senate. Capital, Winnipeg; pop., 7,985. + +Surface level. Land occupied, 2,384,337 acres; improved, 250,416 acres; +under crops, 230,264 acres. Principal crop, wheat; latest reported product, +1,033,673 bu.; oats, 1,270,268 bu.; barley, 253,604 bu. Farm animals, 1881: +horses, 16,739; oxen, 12,269; milch cows and other cattle, 48,012. Butter +made on farms, 957,152 lbs.; cheese, 19,613 lbs. Timber produced, 895,445 +cu. ft. + +The Canadian Pacific Railway has 670 miles in the Province. There are 4 +colleges and 5 boarding schools. No. of churches, 88. + +NORTHWEST TERRITORIES. + +This large possession was purchased by the Dominion from the Hudson's Bay +Company in 1870. In 1882 a portion of it was subdivided into four +districts: Assiniboia, 95,000 square miles; Saskatchewan, 114,000 square +miles; Alberta, 100,000 square miles; Athabasca, 122,000 square miles. + +Area of the Territories, 2,665,252 square miles. Total land occupied, +314,107 acres, of which 28,833 acres are improved. Furs from this country +are found in every market of the world; value of the product for 1881, +$428,177. Timber product, 109,873 cu. ft. + +The country is well watered by numerous large lakes and rivers. There are +at least 600,000 square miles fitted for agriculture. One of the most +fertile belts is the Saskatchewan, through a portion of which the Canadian +Pacific Railway passes. + +Public affairs in the hands of a Lieutenant Governor and Council. Capital, +Regina. Number of churches, 44. School population, 578. + +Population, census of 1881, 56,446: male, 28,113; female, 28,333. + +BRITISH COLUMBIA. Ko-l[)u]m'be-a'. + +Colony established 1858; admitted into the Dominion, 1871. Area, including +Vancouver's Island, 341,305 square miles. Population, 49,459. Climate +milder than that of same latitude on the Atlantic coast. Country traversed +by Rocky and Cascade Mountains. Loftiest peak, Mount Browne, 16,000 feet +high. Government consists of a Lieutenant Governor, an Executive Council, +and a Legislative Assembly, elected by the people. Capital, Victoria; pop., +5,925. + +Amount of land occupied, 441,255 acres; improved, 184,885 acres. Grain +product, 1881, 559,220 bu.; potatoes, 556,193 bu.; hops, 24,899 lbs. Farm +animals, 151,202. Butter made on farms, 343,387 lbs.; cheese, 33,252. Value +of fur product, $153,442. Timber product, 2,427,882 cu. ft. There are 406 +fisheries. Salmon product, 50,105 bbls.; other fish, 12,767 bbls. Fish oil +237,492 gals. + +The mineral wealth of the Province is very great, the chief source being +coal. On the mainland and Vancouver's Island large deposits of bituminous +coal are found, and on Queen Charlotte's Island a fine grade of anthracite. +Gold is found in various localities. In ten years the yield in the Province +exceeded $22,000,000. {73} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{74} + +ALASKA. A-las'-ka. + +At the time of its discovery by the Russians, it was called by the natives +Alayeska, which has changed through Alaksa and Alashka to its present form. +Largest possession of United States; discovered by Vitus Behring, 1741; +purchased from Russia, 1867. + +Area, 531,409 square miles: Arctic division, 125,245; Yukon, 176,515; +Kuskokvim, 114,975; Aleutian, 14,610; Kadiak, 70,884; Southeastern, 28,980. +Extreme length, north and south, 1,100 miles; extreme breadth, 800 miles. +Yukon, the great highway through the country, navigable in summer about 700 +miles; coast line, exclusive of smaller indentations, over 4,000 miles. + +Climate of Pacific coast much modified by the Pacific gulf stream and the +long days of summer: mean annual temperature of Yukon country, about 25deg; +at Sitka, about 44deg; winter temperature at latter place about that of +Washington, D.C. Rainfall copious, and foggy weather common on coasts and +islands; Sitka one of rainiest places in the world outside the tropics, the +annual precipitation being 65 to 90 inches, and number rainy days 200 to +285. + +Sitka is seat of Bishop of Greek church, and headquarters of the Governor, +who assumed official control, December, 1884. Pop., 995: white, 163; +creole, 219; Thlinket, 613. Other settlements next in importance are Fort +St. Nicholas, Cook's Inlet and Fort St. Michael, Norton's Sound. Harbors at +Port Clarence, Michaelooski and Captain's Harbor. + + Salaries Territor'l Officers. + + Governor $3,000 + District Judge 3,000 + Clerk of Dist. Court + & ex-officio Sec. & Treas. 2,500 + Dist. Attorney 2,500 + Marshal and Surveyor General 2,600 + Col. of Customs 2,500 & fees + 3 Deputy Colls. 1,500 + 1 Deputy Col. 1,200 + 2 Inspectors, per day 3 + +[Illustration] + +Number persons employed in fisheries, 6,130; capital invested, $447,000; +value of products, $2,661,640; value of seal fisheries, $2,096,500; value +general fisheries, $564,640. + +Total pop., 33,426; white, 430; creole, 1,756; Innuit, 17,617; Aleut, +2,145; Tinneh, 3,927; Thlinket, 6,763; Hyda, 788. + +Aleutian and Sitka districts are the agricultural regions. Most fertile +land near Cook's Inlet; good oats, barley and root crops are raised here +without much difficulty. Rich grass land in the valley of Yukon, but +extreme dampness and want of summer heat prevent the ripening of grain. +Timber abundant on mainland; yellow cedar the best, being of great value +for boat-building. Edible berries are plentiful. + +A fine quality of white marble is found on Lynn Channel; coal, amber and +lignite on Aleutian Islands, the best coal being on Cook's Inlet. Gold, +silver, copper, cinnabar and iron are found; sulphur is abundant in +volcanic districts. + +Noted for its fur-bearing animals, the chief of which are beaver, ermine, +fox, marten, otter, squirrel and wolf. The main source of revenue is the +fur seal, the taking of which is regulated by law. The United States +receives a revenue from the company to which the monopoly of the trade is +granted. The walrus is of value in furnishing ivory and oil. Whales, cod, +herring and halibut abound, and various species of salmon are found. {75} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{76} + +MEXICO. + +A large republic, forming southwestern boundary of the United States. Area, +743,948 square miles; northern frontier, 1,400 miles; southern frontier, +345 miles; seacoast, 6,086 miles. Number of States, 27; Federal District, +1; Territories, 2. + +POLITICAL DIVISIONS. + + ----------------+--------+-------------+-------------------+---------- + Name. | Area, | Population. | Capitals. | Pop. + |Sq. Mls.| | | + ----------------+--------+-------------+-------------------+---------- + Aguascalientes | 2,895 | 139,800 | Aguascalientes | 39,000 + Campeche | 25,832 | 90,413 | Campeche | 12,600 + Chiapas | 16,048 | 200,000 | San Cristobal | 15,000 + Chihuahua | 83,746 | 245,657 | Chihuahua | 20,000 + Coahuila | 50,890 | 144,594 | Saltillo | 24,000 + Colima | 3,743 | 65,827 | Colima | 31,744 + Durango | 42,510 | 200,000 | Durango | 28,000 + Guanajuato | 11,411 | 898,072 | Guanajuato | 73,500 + Guerrero | 24,550 | 325,000 | Chilpancingo | 3,300 + Hidalgo | 8,163 | 500,000 | Pachuca | 25,000 + Jalisco | 39,168 | 934,850 | Guadalajara | 93,875 + Mexico | 7,838 | 710,579 | Toluca | 13,500 + Michoacan | 25,689 | 784,108 | Morelia | 25,000 + Morelos | 1,776 | 160,300 | Cuernavaca | 16,000 + Nuevo Leon | 23,635 | 210,000 | Monterey | 50,000 + Oaxaca | 33,591 | 754,468 | Oaxaca | 26,708 + Puebla | 12,021 | 784,466 | Puebla | 78,000 + Queretaro | 3,207 | 203,290 | Queretaro | 36,000 + San Luis Potosi | 27,500 | 650,000 | San Luis Potosi | 56,800 + Sinaloa | 36,198 | 201,918 | Culiacan | 9,000 + Sonora | 79,021 | 141,000 | Ures | 5,000 + Tabasco | 11,851 | 104,759 | San Juan Bautista | 12,000 + Tamaulipas | 30,225 | 141,000 | Victoria | 8,000 + Tlaxcala | 1,620 | 138,988 | Tlaxcala | 18,000 + Vera Cruz | 26,232 | 595,780 | Jalapa | 12,000 + Yucatan | 29,567 | 450,000 | Merida | 61,000 + Zacatecas | 22,998 | 470,000 | Zacatecas | 16,500 + ----------------+--------+-------------+-------------------+---------- + +TERRITORIES. + + ----------------+--------+-------------+-------------------+---------- + Federal District| 461 | 439,769 | Mexico |350,000 + Lower California| 61,562 | 30,000 | La Paz | 4,000 + Tepic | | | Tepic | 9,000 + ----------------+--------+-------------+-------------------+---------- + +LATEST REPORTED EXPORTS. + + Coffee $ 1,193 | Brazil Wood $ 54,450 + Eagle Dollars 176,123 | Silver Coin and Bullion 69,541 + Gold Bullion 79,640 | Silver Ore 55,446 + Fruit 60,681 | Cattle Hides 127,847 + + * * * * * + +Number cattle ranches, 20,574; value, $501,249,500. Number cattle in +Northern Mexico,--area, 300,000 square miles,--1,500,000; goats, 2,500,000; +horses, 1,000,000; sheep, 1,000,000. + +AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. + + Cotton $6,429,454 | Wheat $ 16,970,789 + Pulque 8,769,700 | Corn 109,169,429 + Sugar 8,527,290 | ------------ + | Total Ag. Prod. $172,721,803 + +{77} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{78} + +UNITED STATES. + +A republic occupying the central portion of North America, together with +Alaska, in extreme northwest. + +Area land surface, 3,547,000 square miles; greatest length, east and west, +about 2,800 miles; average breadth, about 1,200 miles; British American +boundary, 3,540 miles; Mexican, 1,550 miles; coast line, exclusive of land +indentations, 5,715 miles; lake shore line, 3,450 miles. Number States, 38; +Territories, 10. + +New York ranks first in population; Pennsylvania, second; Ohio, third; +Illinois, fourth. New York City, metropolis of republic; Philadelphia ranks +second; Brooklyn, third; Chicago, fourth. Washington, capital; population, +147,293. + +Railway mileage, 1830, 23, having increased to 126,718, January, 1886. +Increase, 1885, 3,214 + + Salt Industry. Breweries. + Capital $8,225,740 | Number 2,741 + Bushels 29,800,298 | Quantity Brewed 513,192,120 gals. + Value $4,817,636 | Consumption per head 10-1/4 gals. + + Imported Merchandise. Immigrants. + Gums $ 4,400,166 | Professional occupations 2,284 + Tea 13,636,053 | Skilled 55,061 + Breadstuffs 6,704,543 | Miscellaneous 184,195 + Laces, etc. 10,012,894 | Occupations not stated 31,665 + Manuf. of Silk 36,673,646 | Without occupation 245,387 + Wines 5,660,833 | ------- + | Total 518,592 + +STATISTICS FOR YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1884. + + Whale Fisheries $1,517,353 | Breadstuffs exported $162,544,715 + Other Fisheries 4,731,043 | Cotton and manuf. of, + ---------- | exported 208,900,415 + Total $6,248,396 | Coal, exported 5,031,959 + + Total value of dutiable merchandise imported $457,813,509 + Total value merchandise imported free from duty 209,884,184 + + IMPORTS. EXPORTS. + Merchandise $667,697,693 $740,513,609 + Coin and Bullion 37,426,262 67,133,383 + + DOMESTIC EXPORTS. FOREIGN EXPORTS. + Merchandise $724,964,852 $15,548,757 + Coin and Bullion 50,225,635 16,907,748 + +COMMERCE OF PACIFIC COAST. + + IMPORTS. EXPORTS. + Europe $5,156,311 $31,225,433 + Asia, Australasia and Oceanica 18,766,855 4,166,516 + Hawaiian Islands 7,925,925 3,109,697 + Mexico, Central and South America 2,738,444 3,321,938 + British Columbia 1,283,931 2,502,954 + All other 1,308,064 2,059,746 + ----------- ----------- + Totals $37,179,530 $46,386,284 + + Total value of products of industry $10,000,000,000 + Average annual coal production 77,908,874 tons. + Average annual value exports domestic merchandise $794,060,103 + Average annual value imports domestic merchandise 635,227,511 + Average annual value exports of cotton 12,322,428 + Average annual value imports cotton manufactures 32,285,660 + +{79} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{80} + +MAINE. M[=a]n. +"PINE TREE STATE." + +Settled by the English at Bristol, 1624; admitted 1820. + +Area, 33,040 square miles; extreme length, 300 miles; extreme breadth, 210 +miles; shore line over 2,400 miles, including islands; the Penobscot, +Androscoggin, Saco, St. Croix, Aroostook and St. John are the most +important streams. Number counties, 16. + +Temperature of Portland: winter, 23deg to 38deg; summer, 63deg to 69deg. +Rainfall at Brunswick, 45 inches. + +Portland, the metropolis and principal seaport; pop., 31,413. Augusta, the +capital; pop., 8,665. Bangor, a port of entry and lumber centre; pop., +16,856. Biddeford, an important manufacturing town; pop, 12,651. Lewiston, +principal seat cotton manufactures; pop., 19,083. + +Number farms, 64,309; average value per acre, cleared land, $12.87; +woodland, $12.66. Hay the most valuable crop, yielding l,214,033 tons in +1883; corn crop, 1884, 1,062,000 bu.: wheat, 629,400 bu.; oats, 2,428,000 +bu.; latest reported dairy products, 3,720,783 gallons milk, 14,109,966 +lbs. butter and 1,945,095 lbs. cheese. + +Lumbering one of chief industries, forests covering over 10,000,000 acres; +number saw-mills, 848; total products, $7,933,868. + +Fisheries give employment to 11,071 persons, and produce an income of +$3,614,178, including oyster fisheries, valued at $37,500. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $2,000 + Sec'y of State 1,200 + Treasurer 1,600 + Attorney Gen. 1,000 + Adjutant Gen. 900 + Sup. Com. Schls 1,000 + Sec. Bd. of Agr. 600 + State Librarian 600 + Chief Justice 3,000 + 7 Asso. Justices 3,000 + Senators, } $150; + Representatives } mileage, 20 cents. + District Judge 3,500 + Col. Int. Rev. 2,500 + Col. Customs 6,000 + Surveyor Cus. 4,500 + Pension Agt. 4,000 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Auburn $2,200 + Augusta 3,100 + Bangor 2,700 + Bath 2,200 + Belfast 1,800 + Biddeford 2,200 + Brunswick 1,700 + Calais 1,600 + Eastport 1,500 + Ellsworth 1,500 + Gardiner 1,800 + Hallowell 1,600 + Lewiston 2,500 + Portland 3,300 + Rockland 2,100 + Saco 1,700 + Skowhegan 1,700 + Waterville 2,000 + 19 P.O. 1,500 to 1,000 + +Valuable slate quarries from the Kennebec to the Penobscot; granite is +obtained in blocks of immense size; latest reported product, 2,203,670 +cubic feet; value, $1,175,286. Ranks fifth in buckwheat and copper; eighth +in hops and potatoes. + +The State has 379 shipbuilding establishments; number new vessels built, +88; boats, 970; total value, $2,909,846. + +Pop., 648,936: male, 324,058; female, 324,878; native, 590,053; foreign, +58,883; white, 646,852; colored, 1,451; Chinese, 8; Indians, 625. + +State elections, second Monday in September; congressional and +presidential, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 31; +Representatives, 151; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting +first Wednesday in January; limit of session, none; terms of Senators and +Representatives, 2 years each. + +Number electoral votes, 6; number voters, 187,323; paupers and Indians not +taxed excluded from voting. + +Number colleges, 3; system of common, high and normal schools excellent; of +519,669 persons 10 years old and upward, 3.5 per cent. are unable to read; +school age, 4-21. + +Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, any rate. {81} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{82} + +NEW HAMPSHIRE. N[=u] Hamp'shir. +"GRANITE STATE." + +One of the thirteen original States; settled by English Puritans at Dover +and Portsmouth, 1623. + +Area, 9,335 square miles; length, 180 miles; average breadth, 45 miles; +seacoast, 18 miles; best harbor at Portsmouth. Number counties, 10. + +Average temperature at Concord, 46deg; Hanover,43deg; Manchester, 49deg; +Portsmouth, 46deg. Rainfall at Hanover, 40 inches. + +Manchester, chief city and manufacturing town, pop., 32,630. Pop. Nashua, +13,397; Concord, 13,843; Dover, 11,687; Portsmouth, 9690 + +Number farms, 32,181; average value per acre, cleared land, $15; woodland, +$32. Hay the most valuable crop, yielding nearly 600,000 tons by last +report; corn crop, 1884, 1,286,000 bu., 33 bu. to the acre; wheat, 170,700 +bu., 14.6 bu. to the acre; oats, 993,000 bu., 32.4 bu. to the acre. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $1,000 + Sec. State $800 & fees + Treasurer 1,800 + Attorney Gen. 2,200 + Supt. Pub. Ins. 2,000 + 3 R. R. Commission'rs 2,000 to 2,500 + Adjutant Gen. 1,000 + Sec. Bd. Agr. 1,000 + Librarian 800 + Chief Justice 2,900 + 6 Asso. Justices 2,700 + Senators, } $3 a day + Representatives } and mileage. + District Judge 3,500 + Pension Agent 4,000 + Col. Int. Rev. 1,125 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Claremont $1,800 + Concord 2,700 + Dover 2,300 + Exeter 1,600 + Franklin Falls 1,400 + Great Falls 1,700 + Hanover 1,500 + Keene 2,300 + Laconia 1,700 + Lancaster 1,500 + Lebanon 1,700 + Littleton 1,600 + Manchester 2,300 + Milford 1,400 + Nashua 2,500 + Plymouth 1,500 + Portsmouth 2,400 + Rochester 1,600 + 14 P.O. $1,300 to 1,000 + +Ranks third in manufacture of cotton goods, value, $18,228,573; value +woolen goods, $8,113,839; worsted goods, $2,694,232; sawed lumber, +$3,842,012; leather, $4,477,350; paper, $1,731,170; boots and shoes, +$7,230,804; flouring and grist mill products, $2,542,784; hosiery and knit +goods, $2,362,779. + +Mica is quarried at Grafton, and is very valuable; soapstone is found at +Haverhill, Keene and Francestown; granite of fine quality is quarried at +Plymouth, Troy, Roxbury, Concord and elsewhere. + +Population, 346,991: male, 170,526; female, 176,465; native, 300,697; +foreign, 46,294; white, 346,229; colored, 685; Chinese, 14; Indians, 63. + +State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday +in November; number Senators, 24; Representatives, 321; sessions of +legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday in +June; limit of session, none; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 +years each. + +Number electoral votes, 4; number voters, 105,138. Paupers are excluded +from voting. + +Dartmouth College, at Hanover, founded 1769; compulsory education law; +common schools excellent; school age, 5-15. + +Mount Washington, highest point east of the Mississippi excepting two or +three peaks in North Carolina; a three-mile railroad extends to the summit. + +No asylum for deaf, dumb or blind. + +Legal interest, 6; usury forfeits thrice the excess. {83} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{84} + +VERMONT. Ver-mont'. +"GREEN MOUNTAIN STATE." + +First settled by Massachusetts emigrants near Brattleboro, 1724; admitted +1791,--the first State to join the original thirteen. + +Area, 9,565 square miles, a little larger than New Hampshire; length, 150 +miles; breadth, 35 to 50 miles. Lake Champlain frontage, over 100 miles; +Burlington the chief harbor. Number counties, 14. + +Temperature at Burlington: winter, 18deg to 33deg; summer, 66deg to 71deg; +rainfall, 34 inches. Death rate, only 1.07 per cent. per annum. + +Burlington, seat of Vermont lumber trade; pop., 11,365. Montpelier, +capital. Rutland, famous for its marble works; pop., 12,149. Pop. of +Bennington, 6,333; of Saint Albans, 7,193. + +First railroad, 1849, from Bellows Falls to Burlington by way of Rutland; +present mileage, 937. + +Number farms, 35,522. Average value per acre, cleared land, $15.28; +woodland, $17.73. Corn crop, 1884, 1,998,700 bushels; wheat, 364,500 +bushels; oats, 3,625,000 bushels. Latest report for hay, 1,148,100 tons; +potatoes, 4,708,550 bushels; cheese, 6,121,130 lbs.; butter, 25,245,826 +lbs. + + Salaries State Officers. + + Governor $1,000 + Lieut. Gov. $6 a day. + Sec'y of State 1,700 + Treasurer 1,700 + Auditor 2,000 + Insp. Finances 500 + R. R. Com'r 500 + Adjutant Gen. 750 + Supt. Pub. Inst'n 1,400 + Chief Justice 2,500 + 6 Asso. Justices 2,500 + Senators, Representatives $3 a day. + Dist. Judge 3,500 + Col. Int. Rev. 2,650 + Col. of Customs 1,000 & fees + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Barre $1,400 + Bellows Falls 1,800 + Bennington 1,700 + Bradford 1,600 + Brandon 1,500 + Brattleboro 2,400 + Burlington 2,600 + Fair Haven 1,400 + Middlebury 1,700 + Montpelier 2,300 + Poultney 1,400 + Rutland 2,500 + St. Albans 2,100 + St. Johnsbury 2,200 + Springfield 1,500 + Vergennes 1,600 + West Randolph 1,500 + Woodstock 1,500 + 11 P. O. $1,400 to 1,000 + +Mineral wealth of great value; manganese, copper pyrites, iron ore, and +gold deposits have been found. Black, white, red and variegated marbles are +abundant; annual value marble, over $3,000,000, and of slate, about +$1,000,000. + +Number different industries, 2,874, giving employment to 17,540 persons. +Number butter and cheese establishments, 85; flour and grist, 227; +furniture, 56; leather tanning, 53; lumber sawing, 688; marble and stone +work, 69; wares of tin, sheet-iron and copper, 95. + +Ranks fourth in copper, and seventh in hops and buckwheat. + +Population: 332,286; male, 166,887; female, 165,399; native, 291,327; +foreign, 40,959; white, 331,218; colored, 1,057: Indians, 11. + +State elections biennial, first Tuesday in September; congressional and +presidential, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 30; +Representatives, 240; sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered +years, meeting first Wednesday in October; limit of session, none; terms or +Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. + +Number electoral votes, 4; number voters, 95,621. Bribers excluded from +voting. + +Number colleges, 2; school population, 99,463: school age, 5-20. + +Legal interest rate, 6; usury forfeits excess of interest. {85} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{86} + +MASSACHUSETTS. M[)a]s-sa-ch[=u]'sets. +"OLD BAY STATE." + +One of the thirteen original States; first permanent settlement made by +English Puritans, at Plymouth, 1620. + +Area, 8,315 square miles; length, northeast and southwest, 160 miles; +breadth, 47 to 100 miles. Number counties, 14. + +Temperature at Boston: winter, 27deg to 38deg; summer, 66deg to 71deg; +rainfall, 45 inches. + +Boston, capital and metropolis; pop., 390,406. Lowell, Lawrence and Fall +River famous for cotton manufactures; pops., 64,051, 38,845 and 56,863. +Worcester, great railroad and manufacturing centre; pop., 68,383. +Cambridge, seat of Harvard College, the oldest in America, pop., 59,660. +Lynn, famous for manufacture of boots and shoes; pop., 45,861. New Bedford, +greatest whaling port in the world; pop., 33,393. Springfield contains +greatest arsenal in the United States; pop., 37,577. + +Number of farms, 38,406; average value per acre, cleared land, $85; +woodland, $43.25. Hay, the most valuable crop; wheat, 1884, 19,000 bushels; +oats, 717,000; corn, 1,941,300 bu. Ranks first in cotton, woolen and +worsted goods, and in cod and mackerel fisheries, owning over half of the +fishing vessels of the United States; second in wealth and commerce; third +in manufactures and in printing and publishing; fourth in silk goods; fifth +in soap; sixth in iron and steel; ninth in agricultural implements. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $5,000 + Lt. Governor 2,000 + Sec'y of State 3,000 + Treasurer 4,000 + Auditor 2,500 + Attorney Gen. 4,000 + Chief Justice 6,500 + 6 Asso. Justices 6,000 + District Judge 4,000 + Senators, } + Representatives } $650 per year. + Pension Ag't 4,000 + 3 Collectors Int. Rev. 3,000 to 4,500 + Coll. of Customs, Boston 8,000 + Naval Officer 5,000 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Boston $6,000 + Brockton 2,500 + Fall River 2,800 + Fitchburg 2,600 + Gloucester 2,500 + Haverhill 2,600 + Holyoke 2,700 + Lawrence 2,700 + Lowell 3,200 + Lynn 3,100 + New Bedford 3,000 + Northampton 2,500 + Pittsfield 2,700 + Salem 2,700 + Springfield 3,200 + Taunton 2,600 + Worcester 3,300 + 101 Offices 2,400 to 1,000 + +Population 1,941,465; male, 932,429; female, 1,009,036; native, 1,459,982; +foreign, 481,483; white, 1,920,498; colored, 20,361; Chinese, 229; +Japanese, 8; Indians, 369. + +State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday +in November. Number Senators, 40; Representatives, 240; sessions annual, +meeting first Wednesday in January; limit of session, none; terms of +Senators and Representatives, one year each. Number electoral votes, 14; +number voters, 544,192; native white, 353,347; foreign white, 184,439; +colored, 6,406; Paupers, persons under guardians, non-taxpayers, and men +unable to read and write excluded from voting. + +Number quarries, 113; ports of entry, 9; customs districts, 11. First +American newspaper, Boston, 1690; first freight railroad in United States, +Quincy; first American library at Harvard College. + +Number colleges, 7; education compulsory; schools excellent; school age, +5-15. + +Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, any rate. {87} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{88} + +RHODE ISLAND. R[=o]d I'land. +"LITTLE RHODY." + +One of the thirteen original States and smallest in the Union; supposed +temporary settlement by Icelanders as early as 1000; settled by Roger +Williams at Providence, 1636; last of the thirteen colonies to ratify the +Constitution, which it did in 1790. + +Area, 1,250 square miles; extreme length, north and south, 47 miles; +extreme width, 40 miles. Good harbors at Providence, Bristol, Warren and +Newport, the latter one of the finest in the world. Number counties, 5. + +Temperature at Newport: Winter, 29deg to 43deg; summer, 64deg to 71deg: +rainfall, 43 inches. + +United States customs districts at Newport, Providence, Bristol and Warren; +two capitals, Providence and Newport; populations, 117,628 and 19,552. +Population of Lincoln, 17,269; of Pawtucket, 22,894; of Warwick, 13,284; of +Woonsocket, 16,145. + +Number farms, 6,216. Hay the most valuable crop; yield of 1883, 81,708 +tons; potato crop, 845,185 bushels; corn crop, 1884, 890,000 bushels; oats, +161,000 bushels. Latest reported dairy products: milk, 3,831,706 gallons; +butter, 1,007,103 lbs.; cheese, 67,171 lbs. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $1,000 + Lieut. Gov 500 + Sec'y of State 2,500 + Gen. Treasurer 2,500 + State Auditor } + Ins. Com'r } 2,500 + Railroad Com'r 500 + Attorney Gen 2,500 + Adjutant Gen 600 + Com. Pub. Schls 2,500 + Chief Justice 4,500 + 4 Asso. Justices 4,000 + Senators, } $1 per day + Representatives } mileage 8 cents. + District Judge $3,500 + Apr. of Cust'ms 3,000 + Clerk 1,200 + 3 Collectors Fees. + 4 Dep. Colls. $1,000 to 2,000 + Col. Int. Rev 2,750 + 5 Dep. Colls. 1,200 to 1,400 + Supt. Life Saving Ser. 1,800 + Asst. Supt. 1,000 + 36 Keepers 700 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Bristol $1,700 + Central Falls 1,700 + E. Greenwich 1,600 + Lonsdale 1,300 + Newport 2,700 + Olneyville 1,700 + Pawtucket 2,600 + Providence 3,500 + Warren 1,300 + Westerly 2,100 + Woonsocket 2,300 + +Outranks, in proportion to its size, all other States in value of +manufactures. Number looms, 30,274; spindles, 1,649,295, using 161,694 +bales of cotton, and giving employment to 22,228 persons. Ranks second in +cotton, flax and linen goods. + +Value of cotton goods manufactured, $24,609,461; woolen goods, $15,410,450; +worsted goods, $6,177,754; boots and shoes, rubber, $1,455,420; dyeing and +finishing textiles, $6,874,254; foundry and machine-shop products, +$6,281,707; jewelry, $5,650,133. + +Population. 303,816; male, 146,135; female, 157,681; native, 222,697; +foreign, 81,119; white, 296,585; colored, 7,127; Chinese, 27; Indians, 77. + +State elections, first Wednesday in April; congressional, and presidential, +Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 36; +Representatives, 72; sessions annual; meeting last Tuesday in May, at +Newport, and an adjourned session annually at Providence; limit of session, +none; terms of Senators and Representatives, 1 year each. + +Number electoral votes, 4; number voters, 84,460; persons without property +to the value of $134 excluded from voting. + +Number colleges. 1; Brown's University, at Providence, founded 1764; common +school system excellent; school age, 5-15. + +Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, any rate. {89} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{90} + +CONNECTICUT Kon-net'e-kut. +"NUTMEG STATE." + +Name of Indian origin, signifying Long River. + +One of the thirteen original States; first permanent settlement made by +English at Hartford, 1635. + +Area, 4,990 square miles; average length, 86 miles; average breadth, 55 +miles; seacoast, over 100 miles. Principal river valleys: Thames, +Connecticut and Housatonic. Most important harbors: Bridgeport, New Haven, +New London, Saybrook and Stonington. Number counties, 8. + +Temperature at New Haven: winter, 27deg to 40deg; summer, 68deg to 74deg: +rainfall, 44 inches. + +Hartford the capital, and noted for banking and insurance business; +population, 42,015. New Haven, "City of Elms," the metropolis, and noted +for educational institutions; population, 62,882. Bridgeport, noted for +manufacture of fire-arms and sewing machines; population, 27,343. +Waterbury, an important manufacturing city; population, 17,806. Fairfield, +Middletown, New Haven, New London and Stonington are ports of entry. + +Number farms, 30,598. Average value per acre, cleared land, $29; woodland, +$24.50. Corn crop of 1884, 1,767,790 bu.; wheat, 86,200 bu.; oats, +1,112,000 bu. Latest reported dairy products: milk, 12,289,893 gals.; +butter, 8,292,360 lbs.; cheese, 1,028,015 lbs. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $4,000 + Lieut. Gov. 500 + Sec'y of State 1,500 + Treasurer 1,500 + Comptroller 1,500 + Sec. State Bd. Ed. 3,000 + Adjutant Gen. 1,200 + Ins. Com'r. 3,500 + 3 R. R. Com'rs. 3,000 + Chief Justice 4,500 + 4 Asso. Justices 4,000 + Senators, } $300 and + Representatives } mileage + District Judge 3,500 + 2 Colls. In. Rev. 3,000 + 13 Deputy Collectors 800 to 1,775 + Stmpd. En. Agt. 2,500 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Ansonia $2,100 + Birmingham 2,200 + Bridgeport 3,100 + Bristol 1,900 + Danbury 2,400 + Hartford 3,400 + Meriden 2,700 + Middletown 2,600 + New Britain 2,500 + New Haven 3,400 + New London 2,600 + Norwalk 2,000 + Norwich 2,700 + South Norwich 2,000 + Stamford 2,400 + Waterbury 2,700 + Willimantic 2,100 + 38 Offices 1,800 to 1,000 + +Number different industries, 4,488. Capital invested in manufacture: rubber +goods, $1,681,600; carpets, other than rag, $3,085,000; clocks, $1,816,400; +cotton goods, $21,104,200; woolen goods, $7,907,452; sewing machines and +attachments, $6,490,650. + +Ranks first in clocks, third in silk goods, fourth in cotton goods, eighth +in tobacco. + +Population, 622,700: male, 305,782; female, 316,918; native, 492,708; +foreign, 129,992; white, 610,769; colored, 11,547; Chinese, 123; Japanese, +6; Indians, 255. + +State elections, annual, at same date as congressional and presidential; +number Senators, 21; Representatives, 249; meeting of legislature, +Wednesday after first Monday in January; limit, none; term of Senators, 2 +years; of Representatives, 1 year. + +Number electoral votes, 6; number voters, 177,291. Convicts and those +unable to read are excluded from voting. + +Number colleges, 3, having about 160,000 volumes in libraries; Yale +College, at New Haven, founded, 1701. School age, 4-16. + +Legal interest rate, 6; no penalty for usury, but more than 6 per cent. can +not be collected by law. {91} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{92} + +NEW YORK. "EMPIRE OR EXCELSIOR STATE." + +One of the thirteen original States; named in honor of the Duke of York to +whom the patent was granted; first settled by Dutch, on Manhattan Island, +1614. + +Area, 49,170 square miles; extreme length, east and west, 412 miles; +extreme breadth, 311 miles; two-thirds of boundaries formed by navigable +rivers; total water frontage, 880 miles. Number counties, 60. Temperature +at Albany: winter, 22deg to 36deg; summer, 67deg to 73deg. Rainfall at +Buffalo, 34 inches, and at Penn Yan, 28 inches. + +New York City, chief commercial point of United States, ranking 1st in +exports and imports; pop., 1,206,299,--greater by nearly three-fifths than +that of the Territories. Brooklyn is 2d in size; pop. 566,663. Buffalo, +"Queen City of the Lakes," is, next to Chicago, most important shipping +point for grain on the lakes; pop., 155,134. Rochester, noted for +manufactures and extensive nurseries; pop., 89,366. Syracuse has extensive +salt works; pop., 51,792. Albany, the capital; pop., 90,758; customs +districts, 10. + +First railroad, from Albany to Schenectady, 1831; present railroad mileage, +7,349; artificial waterways, 907 miles. + +Number farms, 241,058; average value per acre, cleared land, $58.48; +woodland, $40.88 + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Gov'r $10,000 and house + Lieut. Gov. 5,000 + Sec'y of State 5,000 + Treasurer 5,000 + Comptroller 6,000 + Attorney Gen. 5,000 + Chief Justice 7,500 + Senators & } 1,500 + Representatives } m'l'ge 10 cts. + 3 Dist. Judges 4,000 + Pension Agt. 4,000 + Pos. Stamp Agt. 2,500 + D. Supt. R'y Ser. 2,500 + 12 Colls. Int. Revenue 2,750 to 4,500 + Col. Customs New York 12,000 + Supt. Assay O. 4,500 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Albany $3,500 + Auburn 2,900 + Binghamton 3,000 + Brooklyn 3,800 + Buffalo 3,800 + Elmira 3,000 + Lockport 2,700 + Newburgh 2,700 + New York 8,000 + Oswego 2,700 + Poughkeepsie 2,900 + Rochester 3,600 + Saratoga Spr. 2,700 + Syracuse 3,400 + Troy 3,300 + Utica 3,200 + Watertown 2,700 + 204 Post Offices 2,600 to 1,000 + +Corn crop, 1884, 22,674,300 bu.; wheat, 12,729,000 bu. Latest reported +dairy products: milk, 231,965,533 gallons; butter, 116,119,847 lbs.; +cheese, 117,085,442 lbs. Ranks first in value of manufactures, soap, +printing and publishing, hops, hay, potatoes, buckwheat and milch cows; +second in salt, silk goods, malt and distilled liquors, miles railway and +barley; third in agricultural implements, iron ore, iron and steel, oats +and rye. + +Population, 5,082,871: male, 2,505,322; female, 2,577,549; native, +3,871,492; foreign, 1,211,379; white, 5,016,022; colored, 65,104; Chinese, +909; Indians, 819. Governor and State officers elected quadrennially, and +legislature every two years; State, congressional and presidential +elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 32; +Representatives, 128; sessions of legislature annual, meeting first Tuesday +in January; limit of session, none; term of Senators, 2 years; of +Representatives, 1 year. + +Number electoral votes, 36; number voters, 1,408,751; native white, +852,094; foreign white, 536,598. Election betters or bribers, and convicts, +excluded from voting. + +Number of colleges, 28; school pop., 1,681,101; school age, 5-21. + +Legal interest rate, 6; usury forfeits principal and interest. {93} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{94} + +NEW JERSEY. Jer'zee. +"JERSEY BLUE." + +Named in honor of a grantee, Sir George Carteret, at one time Governor of +the Island of Jersey. One of the thirteen original States, settled by +Dutch, at Bergen, 1620. Area, 7,815 square miles; extreme length, 157 mls.; +breadth, 37 to 70 mls.; frontage on Atlantic and Delaware Bay, about 120 +miles each. Number counties, 21. + +Temperature at Atlantic City: winter, 32deg to 42deg; summer, 66deg to +73deg. Rainfall at Newark, 45 inches. + +Newark, Perth Amboy, Great Egg Harbor, Tuckerton, Bridgeton and Lumberton +are ports of entry. Newark, metropolis; population, 152,988. Jersey City, a +suburb of New York; population, 153,513. Trenton, capital; pop. 34,386. +Paterson, manufacturing city; pop., 63,273. Extensive zinc works at Newark +and Jersey City. Pop. Elizabeth, 32,119; Hoboken, 37,721; Camden, 52,884. + +Number farms, 34,307. Average value per acre, cleared land, $82.52; +woodland, $56.82. Number engaged in agriculture, 59,214. + +Hay the most valuable crop; potato yield, 1883, 4,275,857 bu.; wheat, 1884, +2,022,000 bu.; corn 10,992,032 bu.; cranberry growing a specialty, +Burlington, Ocean and Atlantic counties being especially adapted to this +industry. Central region a vast market garden. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $5,000 + Sec'y of State 6,000 + Treasurer 4,000 + Comptroller 4,000 + Attorney Gen. 7,000 + Supt. Pub. Inst. 3,000 + Adjutant Gen. 1,200 + Librarian 1,500 + Chief Justice 7,500 + 8 Asso. Justic's 7,000 + Chancellor 10,000 + Senators, Representatives 500 a year + District Judge 3,500 + Supt. Life Saving Service 1,800 + 39 Keepers 700 + 3 Collectors Int. Rev. $2,375 to 4,500 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Asbury Park $2,300 + Atlantic City 2,400 + Bridgeton 2,100 + Camden 2,800 + Elizabeth 2,700 + Hoboken 2,400 + Jersey City 3,200 + Morristown 2,400 + Newark 3,400 + New Brunswick 2,500 + Orange 2,300 + Paterson 2,800 + Plainfield 2,500 + Rahway 2,200 + Trenton 3,100 + Washington 3,100 + 46 P.O., 2,000 to 1,100 + +Latest reports give, for cotton used, 20,569 bales; 108 factories for silk +and silk goods, and number hands employed, 12,549; 2,234 hands employed in +jewelry factories; number of flour and grist mills, 481; brick and tile +factories, 107. + +Latest figures received for iron ore, 757,372; value sea fisheries, +$1,115,154; oysters sold, $2,080,625; marl dug in 1882, 1,080,000 tons. + +Ranks first in fertilizing marl, zinc and silk goods; fourth in iron ore; +fifth in iron and steel; sixth in buckwheat and soap; seventh in rye. + +Population, 1,131,116: male, 559,922; female, 571,194; native, 909,416; +foreign, 221,700: white, 1,092,017; colored, 38,853; Chinese, 172; Indians, +74. + +State elections annual; same date as congressional and presidential; number +of Senators 21, of Representatives, 60; meeting of legislature, 2d Tuesday +in January; limit of session, none; term of Senators, 3 years; of +Representatives, 1 year. Number electoral votes, 9; number voters, 300,635. +Paupers, idiots, insane and convicts excluded from voting. + +Number colleges, 4; number enrolled in public schools, 209,526; school age, +5-18. + +Legal interest rate, 6; usury forfeits entire interest. {95} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{96} + +PENNSYLVANIA. Pen-sil-va'ne-ah. +"KEYSTONE STATE." + +Named in honor of William Penn, the grantee. One of the thirteen original +States. First permanent settlement made by Swedes at Chester, 1638. + +Area, 45,215 square miles; extreme length, 303 miles; greatest breadth, 176 +miles. Largest rivers, Delaware, Susquehanna, Alleghany Monongahela, Ohio. +Number counties, 67. Temp. at Philadelphia: winter, 31deg to 42deg; summer, +70deg to 75deg: rainfall, 44 in. + +Philadelphia founded 1682; chief city of State, and second in U. S.; +contains U. S. mint and navy yard; pop., 846,984. Pittsburg, extensive +manufacturing city; pop., 156,389. Harrisburg is capital; pop., 30,762. +Philadelphia, Pittsburg and Erie are ports of entry. + +Number farms, 156,357, averaging about 100 acres each. Average value per +acre, cleared land, $45.75; woodland, $29.75. Corn crop, 1884, 43,466,000 +bushels; wheat, 20,820,000 bushels; annual value butter, milk and cheese, +over $35,000,000. + +Manufacture of pig iron the great industry; total production in U. S., +1880, 4,295,414 tons, of which Penn. produced 2,083,121 tons. Number +manufacturing establishments, 10,381; flour and grist, 2,873; iron and +steel, 321; sawed lumber, 2,826; paper, 78; woolen goods, 324. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $10,000 + Lieut. Gov. 3,000 + Sec'y of State 4,000 + Treasurer 5,000 + Auditor Gen. 3,000 + Attorney Gen. 3,500 + Chief Justice 8,500 + 6 Asso. Justices 8,000 + Senators, } $1,000 for 100 days. + Representatives. } $10 per d. + Mileage 5 cents. + 2 Dist. Judges 4,000 + 2 Pension Agts. 4,000 + 10 Colls. Int. Revenue 4,500 to 2,375 + Col. Customs, Philadelp'ia 8,000 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Alleghany $2,900 + Allentown 2,600 + Altoona 2,500 + Bradford 2,700 + Easton 2,600 + Erie 3,000 + Harrisburg 3,100 + Lancaster 2,900 + Meadville 2,500 + Philadelphia 6,000 + Pittsburg 3,800 + Reading 3,000 + Scranton 2,900 + Titusville 2,500 + Wilkesbarre 2,700 + Williamsport 2,800 + York 2,700 + 149 Offices. 2,400 to 1,000 + +Anthracite coal field central division; bituminous in west and southwest. +Produces all the anthracite and more than half the bituminous coal of the +United States. + +Ranks first in rye, iron and steel, petroleum and coal; second in +buckwheat, potatoes and printing and publishing; third in milch cows, hay, +soap and miles railway; fourth in oats and tobacco; fifth in silk goods, +malt and distilled liquors; sixth in salt, copper, and agricultural +implements; eighth in horses and sheep. + +Population, 4,282,891: male, 2,136,655; female, 2,146,236; native, +3,695,062; foreign, 587,829; white, 4,197,016; colored, 85,535; Chinese, +148; Japanese, 8; Indians, 184. + +State elections annual, same date as congressional and presidential; number +Senators, 50; of Representatives, 201; sessions biennial, meeting first +Tuesday in January; limit of session, 150 days; term of Senators, 4 years; +of Representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 30; number voters, +1,094,284. Non-taxpayers and political bribers excluded from voting. + +Number colleges, 26; enrolled in public schools, 945,345; school age, 6-21. + +Legal interest rate, 6; usury forfeits excess of interest. {97} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{98} + +DELAWARE. Del'a-war. +"THE DIAMOND STATE." + +One of the thirteen original States; named in honor of Lord Delaware, +Governor of Virginia, who entered the bay, 1610. First permanent settlement +made by Swedes, near present city of Wilmington, 1638. First to ratify +Federal constitution, 1787. + +Area, 2,050 square miles; extreme length, 96 miles; breadth, about 36 miles +on south, and 10 miles on north. Number counties, 8. Temperature at +Delaware breakwater: winter, 30deg to 38deg; summer, 69deg to 74deg: +rainfall, about 50 inches. + +Wilmington, metropolis, and has important coasting trade; population, +42,478. Dover is capital. Breakwater protecting Delaware Bay at Cape +Henlopen greatest work of its kind in America, cost the United States +$2,127,400, and was over 40 years in course of construction. + +Number farms, 6,658, of which 5,041 are occupied by owners. Average value +per acre, cleared land, $19; woodland, $15. + +Corn crop of 1884, 3,975,000 bushels; wheat, 1,007,000 bushels; peaches, +berries and garden products find ready market. Value peach crop, over +$1,500,000 annually. The growing of sweet potatoes a valuable industry. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $2,000 + Secy' of State 1,000 + Treasurer 1,450 + Auditor 700 + Adjutant Gen. 200 + Attorney Gen. 2,000 + Supt. Pub. Ins. 1,500 + State Librarian 450 + Chief Justice 2,500 + Chancellor 2,500 + 3 Asso. Justices 2,200 + Senators, } $3 pr. day + Representatives } and mileage. + District Judge 3,500 + Dist. Att. $200 & fees + Col. Inter. Rev. 2,875 + 6 Deputy Collectors $900 to 1,600 + Clerk 1,000 + Collector of Customs 500 & fees + 2 Deputy Collectors 500 to 1600 + 5 Boatmen 300 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Dover $1,700 + Middletown 1,300 + Milford 1,400 + Newark 1,200 + Newcastle 1,100 + Smyrna 1,400 + Wilmington 3,100 + +Number different industries, 746; flour and grist mills, 81; canning and +preserving, 33; shipbuilding, 18; lumber sawing, 86. + +Canning and preserving fruits and vegetables an important industry; capital +invested, $396,379; value of products, $634,940. + +Capital invested in fisheries, $268,231; persons employed, 1,979. Value +products general fisheries, $309,029: menhaden, $941; oysters, $687,725: +total, $997,695. + +Value manufactured cotton goods, $1,057,257; iron and steel, $2,347,177; +iron pipe, wrought, $2,000,000; leather, dressed skins, $1,886,597; +shipbuilding, $2,162,503. Products of all manufacturing and mechanical +industries, $20,514,438. + +Pop., 146,608: male, 74,108; female, 72,500; native, 137,140; foreign, +9,468; white, 120,166; colored, 26,442; slaves, 1860, 1,798. + +State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday +in November; number Senators, 9; Representatives, 21; sessions of +legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Tuesday in +January; limit of session, 21 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of +Representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 3; number voters, 38,298. +Idiots, insane, paupers and criminals excluded from voting. + +Colleges at Newark and Wilmington; school age: 6-21. + +Legal interest rate, 6; usury forfeits the principal. {99} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{100} + +MARYLAND. M[=a]'re-land. + +One of the thirteen original States; named in honor of Maria, wife of +Charles II., King of England; first permanent settlement made by English +Roman Catholics at St. Mary's, 1634. + +Area, 12,210 square miles; greatest length, east and west, 196 miles; +seacoast, 83 miles, or, including the tidewater region of Chesapeake Bay, +411 miles, and, with shores of islands, 509 miles. Number counties, 23. +Temperature at Baltimore: winter, 33deg to 41deg; summer, 73deg to 79deg; +rainfall, 41 inches. + +Baltimore, the metropolis; laid out 1730; port of entry and commercial +centre; has regular lines European steamers; pop., 332,313. Annapolis, +capital; contains United States Naval Academy; pop. 5,744. Cumberland, +depot of western mining region; pop., 10,693. + +Number farms, 1860, 25,494; 1880, 40,517. Average value per acre cleared +land, $24.65; woodland, $35.50. + +Value principal orchard products,--peaches, pears, plums and +apples,--nearly $2,000,000; canned and preserved fruits and vegetables, +over $2,000,000; oyster fisheries, nearly $5,000,000. + +Wheat crop, 1884, 8,260,000 bu.; corn, 15,237,000 bu.; oats, 1,980,000 bu.; +buckwheat, 1883, 117,800 bu.; tobacco, 31,570,793 lbs. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $4,500 + Sec'y of State 2,000 + Treasurer 2,500 + Comptroller 2,500 + Attorney Gen. 3,000 + Chief Justice 3,500 + 7 Asso. Justices 3,500 + District Judge 4,000 + Senators, } $5 pr. day + Repres'ntatives } and mileage. + 2 Colls. Int. Revenue 2,625 to 4,500 + Col. of Customs 7,000 + 2 Colls. 250 and 1,200 fees. + Auditor 2,500 + Naval Officer 5,000 + Surveyor 4,500 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Annapolis $2,400 + Baltimore 5,000 + Bel Air 1,200 + Cambridge 1,400 + Centreville 1,300 + Chestertown 1,300 + Cumberland 2,300 + Easton 1,700 + Elkton 1,500 + Ellicott City 1,300 + Emmittsburgh 1,300 + Frederick 2,200 + Frostburgh 1,300 + Hagerstown 2,300 + Havre de Grace 1,300 + Port Deposit 1,100 + Salisbury 1,400 + Towson 1,100 + Westminster 1,500 + +Number manufacturing establishments, 6,787; capital invested $58,742,384; +hands employed, 74,945; bales cotton used, 46,947; pig iron produced, +61,437 tons; flour and grist mills, 546; tons coal mined, 2,227,844. + +Ranks fourth in coal, seventh in tobacco, eighth in copper, ninth in iron +ore. Copper is found in Frederick and Carroll counties; iron ore, in +Alleghany, Anne Arundel, Carroll, Baltimore, Frederick and Prince George's +counties. + +Population, 934,943: male, 462,187; female, 472,756; native, 852,137; +foreign, 82,806 white, 724,693; colored, 210,230; Chinese, 5; Indians, 15. +Slaves, 1860, 87,189. + +State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday +in November; number Senators, 26; Representatives, 91; sessions biennial, +in even-numbered years; meeting of legislature, first Wednesday in January; +limit of session, 90 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 +years. + +Number electoral votes, 8; number voters, 232,106; native white, 144,586; +foreign white, 38,936; colored, 48,584. Insane, convicts and bribers +excluded from voting. + +Number colleges, 11; school population, 319,201; school age, 5-20. + +Legal interest rate, 6; usury forfeits excess of interest. {101} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{102} + +VIRGINIA. Ver-jin'e-ah. +"OLD DOMINION." + +Named in honor of Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen. One of the thirteen original +States. Settled by English at Jamestown, 1607. Slavery introduced 1619. +Seceded May, 1861; re-admitted Jan., 1870. + +Area, 42,450 square miles; greatest length, east and west, 440 miles; +greatest breadth, 190 miles. Coast line, about 120 miles, or tidal +frontage, 1,500 miles. Number counties, 100. Temperature at Norfolk: +winter, 40deg to 48deg; summer, 75deg to 80deg. Rainfall at White Sulphur +Spring, 38 inches. + +Richmond, capital and metropolis; pop., 63,600. Pop. of Norfolk 21,966; of +Petersburg, 21,656. Hampton Roads is one of the best harbors on Atlantic +coast. Seven ports of entry. + +Number farms, 118,517; 51 per cent. of laborers are engaged in agriculture. +Average value per acre, cleared lands, $9.42; woodland, $7.48. + +Marble quarried on Potomac. Number sandstone quarries, 10; shipbuilding +establishments, 65; saw-mills, 907; sawed lumber, $3,434,163; flour and +grist mills, 1,385; value products, $12,210,272; foundry and machine-shop, +$1,361,231; iron and steel, $2,585,999; cotton goods, $1,040,962; leather +tanned, $1,011,830; slaughtering and meat packing, $1,054,500. Total number +industries, 5,710; capital invested, $26,968,990; value products, +$51,780,992. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $5,000 + Lieut. Gov. 900 + Sec'y of State 2,000 + Treasurer 2,000 + Auditor 3,000 + Sec. Auditor 2,000 + Attorney Gen. 2,500 + Supt. Pub. Ins. 2,500 + Adjutant. Gen. 600 + Com'r of Agr. 1,500 + Supt. of Land O. 1,300 + Pres. Sup. Ct. 3,250 + 4 J'dg's Sup. Ct. 3,000 + 2 Dist. Judges 3,500 + Senators, Representatives $540 per year. + 5 Colls. Int. Revenue 3,000 to 4,500 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Abingdon $1,500 + Alexandria 2,400 + Charlottesville 1,900 + Danville 2,400 + Freder'cksb'gh 1,800 + Hampton 1,600 + Harrisonbu'gh 1,600 + Lexington 1,600 + Liberty 1,600 + Lynchburgh 2,800 + Norfolk 3,100 + Petersburgh 2,600 + Portsmouth 1,900 + Richmond 3,400 + Roanoke 2,100 + Staunton 2,400 + Winchester 1,900 + 5 Post Offices 1,500 + 10 P.O. $1,400 to 1,000 + +Gold produced, 1882, $15,000; latest reported iron ore product, 182,326 +tons; zinc, 10,448 tons; lead, 11,200 tons. + +Ranks first in peanuts, second in tobacco, eighth in salt and iron ore. + +Population, 1,512,565; male, 745,589; female, 766,976; native, 1,497,869; +foreign, 14,696; white, 880,858; colored, 631,616; Chinese, 6; Indians, 85; +slaves, 1860, 490,865. + +State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday +in November; number Senators, 40; Representatives, 100; sessions of +legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday in +December; limit of session, 90 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of +Representatives, 2 years. + +Number electoral votes, 12; number voters, 334,505; colored, 128,257; +native white, 198,277; foreign white, 7,971. Lunatics, idiots, convicts, +duelists, United States army, and non-taxpayers of capitation tax excluded +from voting. + +Number colleges, 7; school population, 555,807; school age, 5-21. + +Legal interest, 6; by contract, 8: usury forfeits excess over 6 per cent. +{103} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{104} + +WEST VIRGINIA. Ver-jin'e-ah. +"PAN-HANDLE STATE." + +Composed of northern and western counties of the original State of +Virginia; denounced passage of secession ordinance. April 22d, 1861; became +a State, 1863. + +Area, 24,780 square miles; greatest length north and south, about 240 +miles; greatest breadth, 160 miles. Big Sandy, Great and Little Kanawha, +Guyandotte and Monongahela are navigable rivers. Number counties, 54. +Temperature at Morgantown: winter, 34deg to 42deg; summer, 70deg to 75deg. +Rainfall at Romney, 45 inches. + +Charleston, capital; pop. 4,192. Wheeling metropolis, principal seat of +manufactures, and port of delivery; pop. 30,737. Parkersburg, port of +delivery; pop. 6,582. Pop. of Martinsburg, 6,335. + +Number farms, 1870, 39,778; 1880, 62,674. Average value per acre cleared +land, $21.05; woodland, $9.39. A rich agricultural tract, 61 per cent. of +laborers engaged in agriculture; staples are tobacco, wheat and corn, the +last being the most valuable crop; number bu. grown 1884, being 11,900,000; +wheat, 3,318,000; oats, 2,212,000; tobacco, 1883, 1,952,872 lbs. + +On farms, Jan., 1884: Sheep, 671,226; swine, 424,626: annual wool clip, +2,000,000 lbs. The yield of butter, 1880, was 9,315,895 lbs; of fruit, over +$1,000,000. Wine made 1880, 71,026 gallons; total value lumber products, +$2,431,857. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $2,700 + Secretary of State 1,000 and fees. + Treasurer 1,400 + Auditor 2,000 and fees. + Supt. of Free Schools 1,500 + Attorney Gen. 1,000 + Presiding Jdg. Supm. Court 2,250 + Asso. Judges 2,250 + Senators, } $4 per d. + Representatives } mileage 10 cents. + District Judge 3,500 + 2 Colls. Int. R. 2,875 + 30 Deputy Colls. $700 to 1,600 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Charleston $2,100 + Charlestown 1,500 + Clarksburg 1,600 + Fairmont 1,200 + Grafton 1,400 + Huntington 1,700 + Lewisburgh 1,000 + Martinsburgh 1,800 + Morgantown 1,000 + Moundsville 1,200 + Parkersburg 2,300 + Piedmont 1,300 + Pt. Pleasant 1,000 + Wellsburgh 1,300 + Weston 1,200 + Wheeling 3,000 + +Iron ore yields 50 to 80 per cent. pure metal, latest amount reported, +61,216 tons; coal, 1,792,570 tons; salt, 2,679,438 bu.; petroleum is +extensively produced in Ritchie, Pleasants, Wood and Wirt counties. Ranks +fifth in salt and coal; eighth in buckwheat, iron and steel. + +Population, 618,457; male, 314,495; female, 303,962; native, 600,192; +foreign, 18,265; white, 592,537; colored, 25,886; Indians, 29; 40 per cent. +increase in pop. 1870 to 1880; number slaves, 1860, 18,371. Governor and +State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature every two years; +State elections, second Tuesday in October; congressional and presidential, +Tuesday after the first Monday in November; number Senators, 26; +Representatives, 65; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years; limit of +session, 45 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. +Number electoral votes, 6; number voters, 139,161; native white, 123,569; +foreign white, 9,208; colored, 6,384. Insane, paupers and convicts excluded +from voting. + +Flourishing free school system; school population, 216,605; school age, +6-21. + +Legal interest, 6; by contract, 6; usury forfeits excess of interest. {105} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{106} + +NORTH CAROLINA. "OLD NORTH STATE," "TAR STATE." + +One of the thirteen original States; discovered by Lord Raleigh, 1584; +settled by English at Albemarle, 1650; seceded May, 1861, re-admitted June, +1868. + +Area, 52,250 square miles; length, 450 miles; breadth, 185 miles; coast +line, over 400 miles; area dismal swamp, 150,000 acres; number counties, +96. + +Temperature at Wilmington: winter, 46deg to 51deg; summer, 76deg to 80deg. +Frost seldom occurs before November. Rainfall at Gaston, 43 inches. Deaths +by consumption, 1.5 per 1,000 of population. + +Wilmington, principal seaport and chief city; pop., 13,446; Raleigh, +capital, and contains the State institutions; pop., 7,790 Charlotte +contains assay office; pop., 4,473; pop. New Bern, 5,849. + +Farms in 1860, 75,203, increased to 157,609 in 1880; average value per +acre, cleared land, $9.77; woodland, $5.53. + +Agriculture the leading industry; corn the most valuable crop; tobacco the +leading product; value orchard products over $900,000. Latest reports give +4,576,148 bu. sweet potatoes; 5,609,191 lbs. rice; value tar and turpentine +products, $1,758,488; tobacco crop, 1883, 29,048,213 lbs.; wheat crop, +1884, 4,650,000 bu.; oats, 4,632,000 bu.; corn, 31,499,000 bu. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $3,000 + Sec'y of State 2,000 + Treasurer 3,000 + Auditor 1,500 + Attorney Gen. 2,000 + Supt. Pub. Inst. 1,500 + Adjutant Gen. 600 + Com'r of Agr. 1,200 + State Librarian 750 + Chief Justice 2,500 + 2 Asso. Justices 2,500 + Senators, } $4 a day, + Representatives } mileage 10 c. + 4 Collectors Int. Rev. 2,500 to 3,750 + 64 Deputy Collectors 300 to 1,700 + 2 Dist. Judges 3,500 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Asheville $1,900 + Charlotte 2,400 + Durham 1,600 + Elizabeth City 1,200 + Fayetteville 1,600 + Goldsborough 1,800 + Greensborough 1,800 + New Berne 1,900 + Oxford 1,200 + Raleigh 2,600 + Reidsville 1,200 + Salisbury 1,500 + Statesville 1,400 + Tarborough 1,500 + Wilmington 2,600 + Wilson 1,400 + Winston 1,800 + 10 P.O. 1,200 to 1,000 + +Ranks first in tar and turpentine, second in copper, third in peanuts and +tobacco, fourth in rice, ninth in cotton. + +Number of different industries, 3,802; flour and grist mills, 1,313; saw +mills, 776; latest reported value oyster fisheries, $60,000; number boats +engaged in general fisheries, about 3,000; copper mined, 1,640,000 lbs. + +State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday +in November; number Senators, 50; Representatives, 120; sessions biennial, +in odd-numbered years, meeting Wednesday after first Monday in January; +limit of session, 60 days; terms of Senator and Representatives, two years +each. Number electoral votes, 11; number voters, 294,750; native white, +187,637; foreign white, 2,095; colored, 105,018. Convicts are excluded from +voting. + +Population, 1,399,750: male, 687,908; female, 711,842; natives, 1,396,008; +foreign, 3,742; white, 867,242: colored, 531,278; Indians, 1,230. Slaves, +1860, 331,059. + +Public school system adopted 1840; at present over 2,000 public schools in +operation; school age, 6-21. + +Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, 8; usury forfeits interest. {107} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{108} + +SOUTH CAROLINA. South Kar-o-l[=i]'na. +"PALMETTO STATE." + +Named in honor of Charles II. of England, by whom the province was created +in 1663. One of the thirteen original States. First permanent settlement +made by English at Port Royal, 1670. Famous nullification troubles occurred +1832-33; led by J. C. Calhoun, and opposed vigorously by Pres. Jackson, +during which his famous expression "by the Eternal" was first used. Seceded +November, 1860; re-admitted June, 1868. + +Area, 30,170 square miles; extreme length, 275 miles; greatest breadth, 210 +miles; coast line, 200 miles. Largest rivers, Savannah, Great Pee Dee, +Santee and Edisto. Number counties, 84. + +Temperature at Charleston: summer, 79deg to 83deg; winter, 50deg to 54deg; +rainfall, 43 inches; frosts seldom occur. Aiken, noted winter resort for +consumptives. Deaths, consumption, 1.5 per 1,000 population. + +Charleston, largest city; laid out 1680; population, 49,984; port of entry; +seat of a Catholic bishop. United States customs districts at Beaufort, +Charleston and Georgetown. + +First railroad to use American locomotives, the South Carolina, built +1830-33; number miles railroad January 1, 1886, 1,693. + +Number farms, 1860, 33,171; 1870, 51,889; 1880, 93,864. Average value per +acre, cleared land, $6.24; woodland, $8.64. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $3,500 + Lieut. Gov. 1,000 + Sec'y of State. 2,100 + Treasurer 2,100 + Compt'ller Gen. 2,100 + Attorney Gen. 2,100 + Supt. Pub. Inst. 2,100 + Com'r Agricult. 2,100 + Adj & Insp. Gen. 1,500 + Chief Justice 4,000 + Asso. Justices 3,500 + Clerk of Supreme Court 1,000 + Senators, } $5 pr. day + Representatives } mileage 10 cents. + District Judge 3,500 + Col. Int. Rev. 3,250 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Aiken $1,600 + Anderson C.H. 1,400 + Beaufort 1,400 + Camden 1,300 + Charleston 3,200 + Chester C.H. 1,400 + Columbia 2,500 + Florence 1,200 + Georgetown 1,100 + Greenville C.H. 2,000 + Marion 1,100 + Newberry C.H. 1,500 + Orangeb'h C.H. 1,300 + Rock Hill 1,000 + Spart'nb'h C.H. 1,800 + Sumter C.H. 1,600 + Union 1,000 + Winnsborough 1,200 + Yorkville 1,000 + +Number of flour and grist mills, 720; value of lumber products, $2,031,507; +tar and turpentine, $1,893,206; oyster fishery, $20,000; sea, river and +lake fisheries, $192,482. Ranks first in phosphates; production, 332,077 +tons; value, $1,992,462. + +Gold mines in Abbeville, Edgefield and Union counties; first mint deposits, +$3,500 in 1827; aggregate to June 30, 1883, $1,468,854. White and +variegated marbles found in Spartanburgh and Laurens counties. + +Population 995,577: male, 490,408; female, 505,169; native, 987,891; +foreign, 7,686; white, 391,105; colored, 604,332; Chinese, 9; Indians, 131. +Number persons per square mile, 33. Slaves, 1860, 402,406. + +State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday +in November; State Senators, 35; Representatives, 124; sessions annual, +meeting fourth Tuesday in November; limit of session, none; term of +Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. + +Number electoral votes, 9; number voters, 205,789; colored, 118,889; native +white, 82,910; foreign white, 3,990. Insane, inmates of asylums, +alms-houses and prisons, U. S. army and duelists excluded from voting. + +Number colleges, 9; school population, 262,279; school age, 6-16. + +Legal interest rate, 7; by contract, any rate. {109} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{110} + +GEORGIA. Jor'je-a. +"EMPIRE STATE OF THE SOUTH." + +Farthest south and latest settled of the thirteen original States; named in +honor of George II., King of England; settled by English at Savannah, 1753; +seceded Jan., 1861; re-admitted Dec. 1870. + +Area 59,475 square miles; extreme length, 320 miles; extreme breadth, 254 +miles; coast line, 480 miles; number harbors, 3. Savannah, Ogeechee, +Altamaha, Satilla, St. Mary's, Flint, Chattahoochee and Upper Coosa are +navigable rivers. Number counties, 137. + +Temperature at Augusta: winter, 46deg to 52deg; summer, 79deg to 83deg. +Rainfall at Savannah, 48 inches. + +Savannah, Brunswick and St. Mary's are ports of entry. Savannah, chief +seaport; pop., 27,891. Columbus contains largest cotton mill in the South; +pop., 10,123. Atlanta is capital; pop., 37,409. Andersonville, seat of +largest rebel prison during the Rebellion. + +Number farms, 1860, 62,003; 1880, 138,626. Average value per acre, cleared +land, $6.93; woodland, $5.45. 72 per cent. of laborers engaged in +agriculture; rural income, $155 per individual. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $3,000 + Sec'y of State 2,000 + Treasurer 2,000 + Compt'ller Gen. 2,000 + Attorney Gen. 2,000 + Com'r Agricult. 2,500 + Chief Justice 2,500 + Asso. Justices 2,500 + Senators, } $4 pr. day + Representatives } and mileage. + 3 Dist. Judges 3,500 + D. Supt. R'y Ser. 2,500 + Collectors Inter. Rev. 2,500 to 3,125 + 24 Deputy Collectors 300 to 1,700 + Customs Surveyor 1,000 & fees. + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Albany $1,600 + Americus 1,600 + Athens 1,900 + Atlanta 3,300 + Augusta 2,800 + Brunswick 1,700 + Columbus 2,500 + Cuthbert 1,500 + Dalton 1,400 + Gainesville 1,500 + Griffin 1,600 + Macon 2,700 + Madison 1,500 + Marietta 1,500 + Rome 2,300 + Savannah 3,200 + Thomasville 1,600 + 13 Offices 1,400 to 1,000 + +Sheep on farms, Jan., 1884, 543,415. Corn crop, 1884, 30,925,000 bu.; +wheat, 3,130,000; oats, 6,270.000 bu.; cotton, 760,000 bales. Latest +reported rice crop, 25,369,687 lbs.; sweet potatoes, 4,397,778 bu.; +tobacco, 228,590 lbs; wool, 1,289,560 pounds. Ranks second in rice and +sweet potatoes, third in cotton and molasses, fourth in sugar, seventh in +mules, tenth in hogs. + +Gold production, 1793-1883, $8,043,250. Latest mining reports give 100,000 +tons coal and 91,416 tons iron ore. + +Population, 1,542,180: male, 762,981; female, 779,199; native, 1,531,616; +foreign, 10,564; white, 816,906; colored, 725,133; Chinese, 17; Indians, +124. State elections, first Wednesday in October; congressional and +presidential, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 44; +Representatives, 175; sessions biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting +first Wednesday in November; limit of session, 40 days, unless extended by +special vote; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. + +Number electoral votes, 12; number voters, 321,438; colored, 143,471; +native white, 172,044; foreign white, 5,923. Idiots, insane, criminals and +non-taxpayers excluded from voting. + +Number colleges, 7; State University at Athens, organized 1801; public +schools excellent; school age, 6-18. + +No State license law governing commercial travelers; but Atlanta, Athens, +Augusta and Savannah exact a tax. + +Legal interest, 7; by contract, 8; usury forfeits excess of interest. {111} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{112} + +FLORIDA. Flor'e-dah +"PENINSULA STATE." + +Discoverer landed on Easter Sunday, or "Flowery Easter;" hence the name. + +Settled by Spaniards at St. Augustine, 1565; organized as a Territory, +1822; admitted as a State, 1845; seceded 1861; re-admitted 1868 + +Area, 58,680 square miles; coastline, 1,146 miles, 472 being on the +Atlantic; length, north and south, 350 miles; length, east and west, 340 +miles; mean width of peninsula, 100 miles; greatest elevation, 250 feet. +Number counties, 39. + +Temperature at Jacksonville: winter, 55deg to 61deg; summer, 80deg to +83deg. Rainfall at Fort Myers, 57 inches. + +Key West, the metropolis, and has good harbor and naval station pop., +9,890. Jacksonville, an important commercial point; pop., 7,650. St. +Augustine, oldest town in United States. Tallahassee, the capital. Pop. +Pensacola, 6,845. + +Number farms, 23,438; owned by State, 15,000,000 acres; value per acre, +cleared land, $9.48; woodland, $3.03; swamp, $1; school lands, $1.25. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $3,500 + Lieut. Gov. 500 + Sec'y of State 2,000 + Treasurer 2,000 + Comptroller 2,000 + Attorney Gen. 2,000 + Supt. Pub. Ins. 2,000 + Adjutant Gen. 2,000 + Land Com'r. 1,200 + Chief Justice 3,500 + 2 Asso. Justices 3,000 + Senators, } $6 a day + Representatives } and 10c a mile. + 2 Dist. Judges 3,500 + Col. Int. Rev. 3,000 + Surveyor Gen. 1,800 + Chief Clerk 1,600 + Draftsman 1,200 + 38 Lighthouse Keepers 370 to 820 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Cedar Keys $1,300 + De Land 1,300 + Eustis 1,000 + Fernandina 1,600 + Gainesville 1,600 + Jacksonville 2,800 + Key West 1,600 + Ocala 1,500 + Orlando 1,500 + Palatka 1,800 + Pensacola 2,200 + St. Augustine 1,700 + Sanford 1,600 + Tallahassee 1,700 + Tampa 1,400 + +Corn most valuable crop, returns of 1884, 3,837,200 bushels; oats, 494,000 +bu.; cotton, 60,000 bales; latest reported tobacco, 24,239 pounds; rice, +1,294,677 pounds; peaches, 89,028 bushels; sugar, 1,273 hogsheads; honey, +210,357 pounds; molasses, 1,029,868 gallons. Over 3,000,000 orange trees +planted since 1870, and millions of oranges exported yearly. + +Latest reported fisheries, $78,408; lumber products, $3,060,291; oysters, +20,000 bushels. + +Ranks third in sugar and molasses, sixth in rice, tenth in cotton. + +Population, 269,493: male, 136,444; female, 133,049; native, 259,584; +foreign, 9,909; white, 142,605; colored, 126,690; Indians, 180; slaves, +1860, 61,745. + +State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday +in November; number Senators, 32; Representatives, 76; sessions of +legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting Tuesday after first +Monday in January; limit of session, 60 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of +Representatives, 2 years. + +Number electoral votes, 4; number voters, 61,699; colored, 27,489; native +white, 30,351; foreign white, 3,859. Idiots, insane, criminals, betters on +elections and duelists excluded from voting. + +School population, 88,677; enrolled in public schools, 39,315 school age, +4-21.--Legal interest rate, 8; by contract, any rate. {113} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{114} + +ALABAMA. Al-a-bah'mah. + +Name derived from an Indian word signifying, "Here we rest." + +Settled near Mobile Bay by French, 1702; admitted as a State, 1819; seceded +1861; re-admitted 1868. + +Area, 52,250 square miles, same as North Carolina; length, 330 miles; +average breadth, 154 miles; seacoast, about 60 miles. Inland steam +navigation about 1,500 miles; Mobile the only seaport. Number counties, 66. + +Temperature at Augusta: winter, 46deg to 52deg; summer, 79deg to 83deg. +Rainfall at Huntsville, 55 inches. July the hottest month. Fruit trees +blossom February 1st to March 1st. + +Montgomery, capital; pop., 16,713. Huntsville, the northern trade centre; +pop., 4,977. Selma, an important railroad centre; pop., 7,529. Mobile, +metropolis; pop., 29,132. + +Number farms, 135,864. Average value per acre, cleared land, $6.53; +woodland, $4.08. Sugar product, 94 hogsheads; molasses, 795,199 gallons; +tobacco crop, 1882, 475,456 lbs.; hay, 10,882 acres, or 12,513 tons; oats, +1884, 405,830 acres, or 5,015,000 bu.; corn, 30,197,000 bu.; cotton, +661,000 bales. + +Number industries, 2,070; flour and grist mills, 807; saw mills, 354. Total +capital invested, $9,668,008; value products, $13,565,504. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $3,000 + Sec'y of State 1,800 + Treasurer 2,150 + Auditor 1,800 + Attorney Gen. 1,500 + Supt. Pub. Inst. 2,250 + Librarian 1,500 + 3 R. R. Commissioners 2,000 to 3,500 + Chief Justice 3,000 + 2 Asso. Justices 3,000 + Senators, } $4 pr. day + Representatives } and 20c mileage. + 3 Dist. Judges 3,500 + 2 Colls. Int. Rev. 2,500 + 16 Colls. Int. Revenue 1,000 to 1,400 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Anniston $1,400 + Birmingham 2,500 + Eufaula 1,800 + Florence 1,200 + Gadsden 1,300 + Greenville 1,400 + Huntsville 1,800 + Marion 1,500 + Mobile 3,100 + Montgomery 2,700 + Opelika 1,500 + Selma 2,500 + Talladega 1,500 + Troy 1,300 + Tuscaloosa 1,700 + Union Springs 1,400 + Uniontown 1,100 + 6 Postoffices 1,000 + +Mineral region in northeast corner, extending southwest, about 160 miles, +with average width of about 80 miles; contains three distinct coal fields, +area over 5,000 square miles, and beds, 1 to 8 feet thick; limestone, +sandstone, and iron ore near the coal. + +Ranks fourth in cotton, fifth in mules and molasses, sixth in sugar, +seventh in rice and iron ore. + +Population, 1,262,505: male, 622,629; female, 639,876; native, 1,252,771; +foreign, 9,734; white, 662,185; colored, 600,107; Indians, 218; slaves, +1860, 435,080. + +State elections biennial, first Monday in August; congressional and +presidential, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 33; +Representatives, 100; sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered +years, meeting Tuesday after second Monday in November; limit of session, +50 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. + +Number of electoral votes, 10; number of voters, 262,737; colored, 118,423; +native white, 136,058; foreign white, 8,256. Indians, idiots and persons +convicted of crime excluded from voting. + +Number colleges, 4; school population, 401,002; school age, 7-21. + +Legal interest rate, 8; usury forfeits entire interest. {115} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{116} + +MISSISSIPPI. Mis'sis-sip'pi. +"THE BAYOU STATE." + +Name of Indian origin, signifying "Father of Waters." + +First permanent settlement at Natchez, 1716; admitted 1817; seceded 1861; +re-admitted 1870. + +Area, 46,810 square miles; extreme length, 332 miles; extreme breadth, 189 +miles; mean breadth, 142 miles; gulf frontage, including irregularities and +islands, 287 miles; harbors at Pascagonia, Biloxi, Mississippi City and +Shieldsborough. Number counties, 74. + +Temperature at Vicksburg: winter, 47deg to 56deg; summer, 80deg to 83deg. +Rainfall, Natchez, 54 inches. + +Jackson, the capital; pop., 5,204. Natchez, an important shipping point; +pop., 7,058. Vicksburg, an extensive cotton market; pop., 11,814. + +Railroad mileage, 1844, 26; Jan. 1, 1886, 1,947. + +Number farms, 101,772. Average value per acre: cleared land, $7.88; +woodland, $3.78. + +Latest reports give 3,501 acres in rice; sugar cane, 4,555 acres; tobacco, +1,595 acres; corn, 1,889,600 acres; cotton, 847,000 bales; sweet potatoes, +3,610,660 bu.; wine, 209,845 gals.; molasses, 536,625 gals.; bales cotton +used, 6,411; looms, 704; spindles, 26,172. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $4,000 + Lieut. Gov. 800 + Sec'y of State 2,500 + Treasurer 2,500 + Auditor 2,500 + Atty. General 2,500 + Supt. Pub. Edu. 2,000 + Com'r Agricult. 1,000 + Land Com'r. 1,000 + Adjutant Gen. 500 + Librarian 800 + Chief Justice 3,500 + 2 Asso. Justices 3,500 + Senators, Representatives $400 a year + 3 Dist. Judges 3,500 + Col. Int. Rev. 2,750 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Aberdeen $1,500 + Brookhaven 1,300 + Canton 1,500 + Columbus 1,800 + Corinth 1,500 + Greenville 1,600 + Grenada 1,400 + Holly Springs 1,500 + Jackson 2,300 + Kosciusko 1,200 + Meridian 2,100 + Natchez 2,100 + Okolona 1,300 + Oxford 1,600 + Vicksburgh 2,500 + West Point 1,300 + Winona 1,200 + Yazoo City 1,400 + 5 P.O. $1,100 and 1,000 + +Forest area very large; pine, oak, chestnut, walnut and magnolia trees grow +on uplands and bluffs, and long-leafed pine on islands and in sandy regions +of the south; cotton lands mostly in Yazoo and Mississippi bottoms. + +Ranks second in cotton, fifth in rice, sixth in mules and molasses, seventh +in sugar. + +Population, 1,131,597: male, 567,177; female, 564,420; native, 1,122,388; +foreign, 9,209; white, 479,398; colored, 650,291; Chinese, 51; Indians, +1,857; slaves, 1860, 436,631. + +Governor and State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature every +two years; State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after +first Monday in Nov.; sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered +years, meeting Tuesday after first Monday in January; limit of session, +none; number Senators, 37; Representatives, 120; term of Senators, 4 years; +of Representatives, 2 years. + +Number electoral votes, 9; number voters, 238,532; colored, 130,278; native +white, 102,580; foreign white, 5,674. Idiots, insane and criminals excluded +from voting. + +Number colleges, 8; school population, 444,131; school age, 5-21. + +Legal interest, 6; by contract, 10; usury forfeits excess of int. {117} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{118} + +LOUISIANA. Loo-ee-ze-ah'na. +"CREOLE STATE." + +Named in honor of Louis XIV., King of France, when Louisiana was first +colonized; first permanent settlement made by French at New Orleans, 1718: +admitted 1812; seceded January, 1861; re-admitted June, 1868. + +Area, 48,720 square miles; greatest length, east and west, 300 miles; +breadth, 240 miles; coast line, 1,256 miles; internal water communication, +2,500 miles; number counties, 58. + +Temperature at New Orleans: winter, 53deg to 61deg; summer, 81deg to 83deg; +rainfall, 51 inches. + +New Orleans, metropolis, port of entry and largest cotton market in the +world; pop., 216,090; capital until 1847, and again from 1868 to 1881. +Baton Rouge, capital; pop., 7,197. Pop. Shreveport, 8,009. Morgan City, +port of entry. State institution for insane at Jackson; for deaf mutes and +blind, Baton Rouge. + +Number farms, 1860, 17,328; 1870, 28,481; 1880, 48,292. Average value per +acre, cleared land, $14.36; woodland, $3.53; 57 per cent. of laborers are +engaged in agriculture; rural income, per capita, $209. Latest statistics +give 312,000 bu. salt; 1,318,110 bu. sweet potatoes; 175,000 acres sugar +cane; 122,982 hhds. sugar; 11,696,248 gals. molasses; 23,188,311 lbs. rice; +corn crop, 1884, 11,007,000 bu.; acreage of oats, 35,119, producing 404,000 +bu.; cotton, 995,000 bales. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $4,000 + Lieut. Gov. $8 pr day + Treasurer 2,000 + Sec'y of State 1,800 + Auditor 2,500 + Attorney Gen. 3,000 + Adjutant Gen. 2,000 + Supt. Pub. Inst. 2,000 + Com'r of Agr. and Immig. 2,000 + Chief Justice 5,000 + 4 Asso. Justices 5,000 + Senators, } $4 pr day + Representatives } and mileage + 2 District Judges 3,500 to 4,500 + Col. of Customs, N. O. 7,000 + Col. Inter. Rev. 3,875 + Surveyor Gen. 1,800 + Chf. Draftsman 1,500 + Supt. of Mint 3,500 + Chief Clerk 2,000 + Cashier 2,000 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Alexandria $1,300 + Baton Rouge 1,700 + Donaldsonville 1,400 + Franklin 1,100 + Lake Charles 1,300 + Monroe 1,400 + New Iberia 1,500 + New Orleans 3,700 + Opelousas 1,100 + Plaquemine 1,200 + Shreveport 2,200 + Thibodeaux 1,300 + +Ranks first in sugar and molasses, third in rice, seventh in cotton, ninth +in salt. Total number industries, 1,553; capital invested, $11,462,468; +value products, $24,205,183. + +Population, 939,946: male, 468,754; female, 471,192; native, 885,800; +foreign, 54,146; white, 454,954; colored, 483,655; Chinese, 489; Indians, +848; slaves, 1860, 331,726. Legislature and State officers elected +quadrennially; members Congress, biennially. State elections, Tuesday after +third Monday in April; number Senators, 36; Representatives, 98; sessions +biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting second Monday in May; limit of +session, 60 days; terms of Senators and Representatives, 4 years each. + +Number electoral votes, 8; number voters, 216,787; colored, 107,977; native +white, 81,777; foreign white, 27,033. Idiots, insane and criminals excluded +from voting. + +Sugar cane first cultivated in the United States, near New Orleans, 1751, +and first sugar mill used 1758. + +Exports, 1882, $90,238,503; imports, $10,611,353; duties collected, +$2,046,804; railroad mileage, Jan. 1, 1886, 1,397. + +Legal interest, 5; by contract, 8; usury forfeits entire interest. {119} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{120} + +TEXAS. Tex'as. +"LONE STAR STATE." + +Origin of name not definitely known; supposed by some have been name of +Indian tribe. + +First settlement by French on the Lavaca, 1685; admitted 1845; seceded +February, 1861; re-admitted 1868. + +Area, 265,780 square miles; extreme length, 825 miles; extreme breadth, 740 +miles; coastline, 400 miles; number counties 230. Temperature at Galveston: +winter, 53deg to 63deg; summer, 82deg to 84deg. Rainfall at Fort Brown, 33 +inches. + +Brownsville, El Paso, Indianola and Galveston are ports of entry. Houston, +important railroad centre; pop., 16,513. Galveston, metropolis, has best +harbor, and is chief shipping point; pop., 22,248. Austin, the capital; +pop., 11,013. San Antonio, oldest town; pop., 20,550. Pop. Dallas, 10,358. + +Number farms, 174,184; average value per acre, cleared land, $8.98; +woodland, $4. + +Cotton most valuable crop; acreage, 1883, 3,034,922; crop, 1,118,000 bales. +Latest reported products, 4,951 hhds. sugar, 13,000 bbls. molasses, +1,460,079 bu. sweet potatoes, 5,560,600 bu. wheat, 60,290,000 bu. corn, +35,528 gals. wine, 13,899,320 lbs. butter, 50,600 bu. salt, 3,600 tons iron +ore; coal area, 6,000 square miles. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $4,000 + Lieut. Gov. $5 a day + Sec'y of State 2,000 + Treasurer 2,500 + Attorney Gen. 2,000 + Adjutant Gen. 2,000 + Land Com. 2,500 + Railroad Com. 3,000 + Chief Justice 3,500 + 2 Asso. Justices 3,500 + Senators, } $5 a day + Representatives } and mileage. + 3 Dist. Judges 3,500 + Colls. Inter. Revenue 2,500 to 2,750 + 17 Deputy Collectors 300 to 1,850 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Austin $3,000 + Brenham 1,900 + Corsicana 1,900 + Dallas 3,000 + Denison City 2,200 + El Paso 2,100 + Fort Worth 2,700 + Gainesville 1,900 + Galveston 3,200 + Houston 3,000 + Laredo 2,000 + Marshall 2,000 + Palestine 2,400 + San Antonio 2,800 + Sherman 2,300 + Waco 2,500 + 54 Offices 1,900 to 1,100 + 7 Offices 1,000 + +Cotton picking, July to December; corn planting, middle of February; grain +harvest, May; corn harvest, July. + +Ranks first in cattle and cotton; second in sugar, sheep, mules and horses; +sixth in miles railway; seventh in milch cows; eighth in rice and hogs. + +Value flouring and grist mill products, $7,617,177; sawed lumber, +$3,673,449; total number industries, 2,996; capital invested, $9,245,561; +value products, $20,719,928. + +Pop., 1,591,749: male, 837,840; female, 753,909; native, 1,477,133; +foreign, 114,616; white, 1,197,237; colored, 393,384; Chinese, 136; +Indians, 992. + +State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday +in November; number Senators, 31; Representatives, 106; sessions of +legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting second Tuesday in +January; limit of session, 60 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of +Representatives, 2 years. + +Number electoral votes, 13; number voters, 380,376. U. S. army, lunatics, +idiots, paupers and convicts excluded from voting. + +Number colleges, 10; school pop., 295,344; school age, 8-14. + +Legal interest, 8; by contract, 12; usury forfeits entire interest. {121} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{122} + +ARKANSAS. Ar'kan-saw. +"BEAR STATE." + +Name of Indian origin, signifying "Smoky Water," with prefix from French +meaning "Bow." + +Settled at Arkansas Post by French, 1685; became a Territory, 1819; +admitted as a State, 1836; seceded March 4, 1861; re-admitted 1868 + +Area, 53,850 square miles; length, north and south, 240 miles; breadth, +from 170 to 250 miles; Mississippi river frontage, about 400 miles. Number +counties, 75. + +Temperature at Little Bock: winter, 42deg to 51deg; summer, 79deg to 82deg. +Rainfall, at Fort Smith, 40 in.; and at Washington, 55 in. + +Hot Springs, in Garland county, famous for valuable medicinal springs; +temperature of water, over 140deg. Little Rock, the capital and metropolis; +population, 13,138. + +Number farms, 94,433. Average value per acre, cleared land, $11.78; +woodland, $3.48. + +Corn crop, 1884, 32,465,000 bushels; wheat, 1,885,000 bushels; cotton, +513,000 bales. Latest reported tobacco crop, 1,952,872 pounds; oats, +3,542,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 881,260 bushels. Ranks sixth in cotton, +and ninth in mules. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $3,500 + Sec'y of State 1,800 + Treasurer 2,250 + Auditor 2,250 + Attorney Gen. 1,500 + Supt. Pub. Inst'n 1,600 + Land Com'r. 1,800 + Chief Justice 3,000 + 2 Asso. Justices 3,000 + Senators, Representatives $6 a day. + 2 Dist. Judges 3,500 + Dist. Atty. $200 & fees + 2 Asst. Dist. Attys. $1,200, 1,000 + Col. Int. Rev. 2,750 + 10 Deputy Collectors 1,200 to 1,500 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Arkadelphia $1,200 + Batesville 2,200 + Camden 1,200 + Dardanelle 1,000 + Eureka Springs 1,700 + Fayetteville 1,500 + Forest City 1,000 + Fort Smith 2,000 + Helena 1,800 + Hope 1,400 + Hot Springs 2,400 + Jonesborough 1,100 + Little Rock 2,800 + Newport 1,400 + Pine Bluff 1,800 + Prescott 1,100 + Texarkana 2,000 + Van Buren 1,300 + +Number different industries, 2,070; for tar and turpentine, 26; sawing +lumber, 354; flour and grist, 807. + +Coal along Arkansas river; iron ores in Ozark Mountains; salt springs near +Ouachita; oilstone near Hot Springs; kaolin in Pulaski county. + +Population, 802,525; male, 416,279; female, 386,246; native, 792,175; +foreign, 10,350; white, 591,531; colored, 210,666; Chinese, 133; Indians, +195; slaves, 1860, 111,115. + +State elections biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting first Monday in +September; congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first +Monday in November; number Senators, 31; Representatives, 94; sessions of +legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting second Monday in +January; limit of session, 60 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of +Representatives, 2 years. + +Number electoral votes, 7; number voters, 182,977; native white, 129,675; +foreign white, 6,475; colored, 46,827. Idiots, Indians, and persons +convicted of crime excluded from voting. + +Number colleges, 5; school population, 289,617; school age, 6-21. + +Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, 10; usury forfeits principal and +interest. {123} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{124} + +MISSOURI. Mis-soo'ree. +"THE PENNSYLVANIA OF THE WEST." + +Name signifies "Mud River," and was taken from that of the river of same +name. First settled at Ste. Genevieve by the French in 1755; organized as a +Territory, 1812; admitted 1821. + +Area, 69,415 square miles, nearly that of combined ares of New England +States; length, north and south, 275 miles; average breadth, 245 miles; +Mississippi river frontage, nearly 500 miles; number counties, 115. + +Temperature at St. Louis: winter, 30deg to 43deg; summer, 75deg to 80deg; +rainfall, 42 inches. + +St. Louis, largest city west of the Mississippi, port of entry and great +commercial and manufacturing point; pop., 350,518. Capital, Jefferson City; +pop., 5,271. Pop. St. Joseph, 32,431; of Kansas City,--Chicago of the +West,--55,787. + +Number farms, 215,575; average value per acre, cleared land, $14.52; +woodland, $8.25. + +Corn crop, 1884, 197,850,000 bu.; wheat, 27,500,000 bu.; oats, 30,774,000 +bu.; potatoes, 1883, 6,535,570 bu.; tobacco, 10,540,000 lbs. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $5,000 + Sec'y of State 3,000 + Treasurer 3,000 + Auditor 3,000 + Attorney Gen. 3,000 + Adjutant Gen. 2,000 + Supt. Pub. Sch'ls 3,000 + Register Lands 3,000 + 3 Railr'd Com'rs 3,000 + Supt. Ins. Dep't. 4,000 + Chief Justice 4,500 + Senators, } $5 a day & + Representatives. } mileage and $30 + 2 Dist. Judges 3,500 + 5 Collectors Int. Rev. 2,250 to 4,500 + Surveyor of Cust. St. L. 5,000 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Carthage $2,300 + Chillicothe 1,800 + Clinton 1,800 + Columbia 1,900 + Hannibal 2,500 + Jefferson City 2,100 + Joplin 1,800 + Kansas City 3,600 + Louisiana 1,800 + Maryville 1,800 + Mexico 1,900 + Moberly 1,900 + Nevada 1,300 + Saint Joseph 3,200 + Saint Louis 6,000 + Sedalia 2,600 + Springfield 2,400 + Warrensburgh 1,800 + 60 P.O. 1,700 to 1,000 + +Latest reports give 548,990 tons coal; iron ore, 388,197 tons, value at +$1,674,875; marble and limestone, 4,419,300 cubic feet. Lead is found in +southwest, centre and southeast, having area of over 5,000 square miles. + +Latest reported stock on farms; horses, 701,702; milch cow, 674,565; cattle +other than cows and oxen, 1,410,507; sheep, 1,439,880; swine, 4,087,566. +Hogs packed winter 1881-82, 804,239. + +Ranks first in mules; third in oxen, hogs, corn and copper; sixth in iron +ore, milch cows and horses; seventh in oats; eighth in wheat and tobacco; +ninth in railroad mileage, sheep and potatoes. + +Population, 2,168,380; male, 1,127,187; females 1,041,193; native, +1,966,802; foreign, 211,578; white, 2,022,826; colored, 145,350; Chinese, +91; Indians, 113. + +Governor and State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature every +two years. State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after +1st Monday in November; number Senators, 34; Representatives, 141; sessions +of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting Wednesday after +January 1st; limit of session 70 days; term of Senators, 4 years; +Representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 16; number voters, +541,207. U. S. army and inmates of asylums, poorhouses and prisons, +excluded from voting. + +Number colleges, 17; school population, 741,632; school age, 6-20. + +Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, 10; usury forfeits entire interest. +{125} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{126} + +TENNESSEE. T[)e]n-ne-see'. +"BIG BEND STATE." + +Name derived from "Tannassee," Indian name for Little Tennessee river. +First permanent settlement, 1756, on Tennessee river about 30 miles from +present site of Knoxville; first Anglo-American settlement west of the +Alleghanies and south of Pennsylvania; admitted 1845; seceded February, +1861; re-admitted 1868. + +Area, 42,050 square miles, nearly that of Virginia; greatest length east +and west, 432 miles; greatest breadth, 109 miles. Number of counties, 96. + +Temperature at Nashville: winter, 37deg to 48deg; summer, 75deg to 81deg. +Rainfall at Memphis, 45 inches. + +Nashville, capital and metropolis, also most wealthy and prosperous city; +population, 43,350. Memphis, principal grain and cotton market between St. +Louis and New Orleans; pop., 33,592. Population Chattanooga, 12,898; of +Jackson, 8,377; of Knoxville. 9,693. + +First railroad; a portion of the Nashville & Chattanooga, between Nashville +and Bridgeport, 1853; mileage, Jan. 1, 1886, 2,178. + +Number farms, 165,650. Value per acre, cleared land, $13; woodland, $7.28. +Corn crop of 1884, 65,723,000 bu.; wheat, 9,320,000 bu.; cotton, 314,000 +bales; potatoes, 1883, 2,404,647 bu. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $4,000 + Secretary of State 1,800 & fees + Treasurer 2,750 + Comptroller 2,750 + Attorney Gen. 3,000 + Supt. Pub. Inst'n. 1,800 + Adjutant Gen. 1,200 + Com'r Agr. 3,000 + 3 RR. Comm'rs 2,000 + Librarian 1,000 + Chief Justice 4,000 + Senators, } $4 a day + Representatives } & 16c. a mile. + 3 Dist. Judges 3,500 + Pension Agent 4,000 + 3 Colls. Int. Rev. 4,375 to 2,250 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Bristol $1,700 + Brownsville 1,300 + Chattanooga 2,800 + Clarksville 2,000 + Columbia 1,800 + Dyersburgh 1,000 + Gallatin 1,400 + Jackson 1,900 + Jonesborough 1,000 + Knoxville 2,900 + Lebanon 1,500 + Memphis 3,300 + Murfr'sborough 1,600 + Nashville 3,300 + Pulaski 1,500 + Shelbyville 1,400 + Union City 1,500 + 6 Post Offices 1,200 + 4 Post Offices 1,100 + +Most valuable minerals are iron, copper and coal; area coal fields, over +5,000 square miles; product of pig iron, 70,873 tons; copper region in +southwest, producing, from 1870 to 1880, nearly 13,000,000 lbs. ingot +copper; excellent marbles and limestones, $131,700 being invested in +quarries. + +Ranks second in peanuts, average yield being 40 bu. per acre; third in +mules; sixth in tobacco, yield being 707 lbs. per acre; seventh in copper; +seventh in hogs; ninth in corn and cotton. Hemp, broom corn and flax are +also valuable products. + +Population, 1,542,359: male, 769,277; female, 773,082; native, 1,525,657; +foreign, 16,702; white, 1,138,831; colored, 403,151; Chinese, 25; Indians, +352. Slaves, 1860, 275,719. + +State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday +in November; number Senators, 33; Representatives, 99; sessions biennial, +in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in January; limit of session, +75 days; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. Number +electoral votes, 12; number voters, 571,244; native white, 240,939; foreign +white, 250,055; colored, 80,250. Non-payers of poll-tax excluded from +voting. + +Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, any rate; usury forfeits excess of +interest and $100 fine. {127} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{128} + +KENTUCKY. "CORN CRACKER STATE." + +Name signifies "Dark and Bloody Ground," the country being the ancient +hunting grounds of the Indians. + +Earliest explorations made by John Finley and others, 1767; Daniel Boone +established himself there, 1769, admitted as a State, 1792. Area, 40,400 +square miles; greatest length, 350 miles; greatest breadth, 178 miles; +river frontage, 812 miles; navigable waters, about 4,000 miles. Number +counties, 118. + +Temperature at Louisville: winter, 34deg to 44deg; summer, 75deg to 80deg. +Rainfall at Springdale, 49 inches. + +Louisville, the commercial emporium of the State, has large tobacco +warehouses and pork-packing establishments; population, 123,758. Frankfort, +the capital: population, 6,958. Population of Covington, 29,720. Lexington, +former capital, founded 1776; population, 16,666. Newport connected with +Covington by suspension bridge; population, 20,433. Louisville and Paducah, +ports of entry. + +Number farms, 166,453. Average value per acre, cleared land, $18.86; +woodland, $12.82. + +Ranks high as an agricultural State. Corn crop, 1884, 71,880,800 bu.; +wheat, 13,425,000 bu.; oats, 7,865,000 bu.; tobacco, 1882, 198,905,994 lbs. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $5,000 + Sec'y of State 1,600 + Treasurer 2,400 + Auditor 2,600 + Atty. Gen. $500 & fees + Reg. Ld. Office 2,400 + Com'r of Agr. 2,000 + Ins. Com'r. 4,000 + 3 R. R. Com'rs 2,000 + Chief Justice 5,000 + 3 Asso. Justices 5,000 + Senators, } $5 pr. day + Representatives } mileage 15 cents. + District Judge 3,500 + Pension Agent 4,000 + 6 Cols. Int. Rev. 4,600 + 60 Deputy Collectors 300 to 2,000 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Bowling Green $1,800 + Covington 2,600 + Danville 1,800 + Frankfort 2,300 + Georgetown 1,600 + Henderson 1,800 + Hopkinsville 1,800 + Lexington 2,700 + Louisville 3,700 + Maysville 2,000 + Mt. Sterling 1,700 + Newport 2,100 + Owensborough 2,000 + Paducah 2,300 + Paris 1,800 + Richmond 1,600 + Shelbyville 1,600 + 22 Offices 1,500 to 1,000 + +Has a world-wide reputation for thoroughbred horses and cattle. Latest +reports give for stock on farms, horses, 370,028; milch cows, 304,720; +cattle other than cows and oxen, 505,746; sheep, 980,166; swine, 1,954,919. +Ranks first in tobacco; fourth in malt and distilled liquors; sixth in +hogs; seventh in corn; eighth in rye, coal and mules. + +Population, 1,648,690; male, 832,590; female, 816,100; native, 1,589,173; +foreign, 59,517; white, 1,377,179; colored, 271,451; Chinese, 10; Indians, +50; slaves, 1860, 225,483. + +State elections biennial, first Monday in August, in odd-numbered years; +congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in +November; number Senators, 38; Representatives, 100; sessions of +legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting last day of December; +limit of session, 60 days, unless extended by vote; term of Senators, 4 +years; of Representatives, 2 years. + +Number electoral votes, 13; number voters, 376,221. Bribers, robbers and +forgers excluded from voting. + +Number colleges, 15; public school system framed, 1838; school age, 6-20. + +Legal int., 6; by contract, 10; usury forfeits excess over 10 per cent. +{129} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{130} + +OHIO. O-hi'o. +"BUCKEYE STATE." + +Name of Indian origin, signifying "Beautiful River." + +First permanent settlement at Marietta, 1788; admitted as a State, 1802. + +Area, 41,060 square miles; greatest length east and west, 225 miles: +extreme breadth, 200 miles; Ohio river frontage, 430 miles; lake frontage, +230 miles; number counties, 88. + +Temperature at Cleveland: winter, 27deg to 38deg; summer, 68deg to 72deg At +Cincinnati: winter, 34deg to 45deg; summer, 74deg to 79deg. Rainfall at +Cleveland, 38 inches. + +Cincinnati, "Queen City of the West," founded 1789, the metropolis; pop., +255,139. Cleveland has one of the best harbors on the lake; pop., 160,146. +Columbus, capital and great railroad center; pop., 51,647. Chillicothe, +capital, 1800 to 1810; Zanesville, 1810 to 1812; Chillicothe, 1812 to 1816; +Columbus, 1816. Toledo, Sandusky, Cleveland and Cincinnati ports of entry. + +Number farms, 247,189, of which 199,562 are occupied by owners; average +value per acre, cleared land, $47.53; woodland, $41.37 wheat crop, 1884, +41,186,000 bu.; corn, 85,393,000 bu.; Oats, 23,419,000 bu.; potatoes, 1883, +16,452,315 bu.; tobacco, 29,947,536 lbs. Average value corn, 1881, 41 +cents; wheat, 75 cents; oats, 29 cents. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $4,000 + Sec'y of State 3,000 + Treasurer 3,000 + Auditor 3,000 + Attorney Gen. 2,000 + School Comm'r. 2,000 + Supt. Ins. Dep't 1,800 + Railroad Com'r 2,000 + Sec'y Board Ag. 1,800 + Com. Lab. Stati. 2,000 + Chief Justice 3,500 + Senators, } $600 a y'r + Representatives } and 12c. mileage. + 2 District Judges 3,500, 4,000 + Pension Agt. 4,000 + 8 Collectors Int. Rev. 2,500 to 4,500 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Akron $2,800 + Canton 2,700 + Chillicothe 2,400 + Cincinnati 6,000 + Cleveland 3,700 + Columbus 3,400 + Dayton 3,200 + Delaware 2,400 + Hamilton 2,400 + Lima 2,400 + Mansfield 2,700 + Newark 2,400 + Portsmouth 2,400 + Sandusky 2,500 + Springfield 3,100 + Steubenville 2,400 + Toledo 3,400 + Youngstown 2,600 + Zanesville 2,700 + 118 P.O. 2,300 to 1,000 + +Latest reported dairy products give: milk, 46,801,537 gallons; butter, +67,869,604 lbs.; cheese, 19,978,436 lbs. Pork packing extensively carried +on; hogs packed winter 1881-82, 618,348. + +Ranks first in agricultural implements and wool; second in petroleum, iron +and steel; third in wheat, sheep, coal, malt and distilled liquors; fourth +in printing and publishing, salt, miles railway and soap; fifth in milch +cows, hogs, horses, hay, tobacco and iron ore. + +Population, 3,198,062; male, 1,613,931; female, 1,584,126; natives +2,803,119; foreign, 394,943; white, 3,117,920; colored, 79,900; Chinese, +109; Indians, 130. + +State and congressional elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; +number Senators, 33; Representatives, 105; sessions biennial, but +"adjourned sessions" practically amount to annual meetings; time, first +Monday in January; limit of session, none; terms of Senators and +Representatives, 2 years each. + +Number electoral votes, 23; number voters, 826,577; insane and idiots +excluded from voting. + +Number colleges, 35; school population, 1,081,321; school age, 6-21. + +Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, 8; usury forfeits excess above 6 per +cent. {131} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{132} + +INDIANA. In-de-ah'nah. +"HOOSIER STATE." + +First settled by Canadian voyagers at Vincennes, 1702; organized as a +Territory, 1800; admitted 1816. + +Area, 36,350 square miles; extreme length, 276 miles; average breadth, 140 +miles; shore line on Lake Michigan, 40 miles. Michigan City the lake port. +Number counties, 92. + +Temperature at Indianapolis: winter, 29deg to 41deg; summer, 73deg to +78deg. Rainfall at Richmond, 43 inches. + +Indianapolis is the capital and most flourishing city, and contains deaf +and dumb, blind, and insane asylums; pop., 75,056. Terre Haute, extensive +iron, whisky and pork market; pop., 26,042 Evansville, commercial centre of +the southwest; pop., 29,280. Fort Wayne, emporium of the northeast; pop., +26,880. + +Number farms, 194,013; average value, per acre, cleared land, $30.46; +woodland, $26.90. Corn the most valuable crop; yield of 1884, 104,757,000 +bu.; wheat, 31,270,000 bu.; oats, 78,650,000 bu. Dairy interest large and +increasing; also the business of pork packing. Latest reports give +37,659,029 lbs. butter, and 1,521,275 lbs. cheese. Number hogs packed, +winter 1881-82, 349,261. + +Coal fields, about 6,500 square miles, extending from Warren county south +to the Ohio; varieties are coking coal, Indiana block and cannel. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $5,000 + Lieut. Gov. $8 a day + Sec'y of State 2,000 + Treasurer 3,000 + Auditor 1,500 + Attorney Gen. 2,500 + Supt. Pub. Inst. 2,500 + Sec. Bd. of Agr. 1,200 + Librarian 1,200 + 5 Judges. 4,000 + Senators, } $6 a day + Representatives } and 20c. per mile. + District Judge 3,500 + Pension Agent 4,000 + 6 Colls. Int. Rev. 2,375 to 4,500 + Surveyor Customs $1,000 & fees + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Crawfordsville $2,100 + Elkhart 2,400 + Evansville 2,900 + Fort Wayne 2,900 + Goshen 2,200 + Indianapolis 3,500 + La Fayette 2,700 + La Porte 2,200 + Logansport 2,400 + Madison 2,000 + New Albany 2,300 + Peru 2,000 + Richmond 2,700 + South Bend 2,600 + Terre Haute 2,800 + Valparaiso 2,200 + Vincennes 2,200 + 36 Offices 1,900 to 1,500 + 40 Offices 1,400 to 1,000 + +Ranks second in wheat; fourth in corn, hogs and agricultural implements; +sixth in coal; seventh in horses, oxen and other cattle, malt and distilled +liquors, and miles of railway; ninth in hay and milch cows. + +Pop., 1,978,301: male, 1,010,361; female, 967,940; native, 1,834,123; +foreign, 144,178; white, 1,938,798; colored, 39,228; Chinese, 29; Indians, +246. + +State, congressional and presidential elections. Tuesday after first Monday +in November; number Senators, 50; Representatives, 100; sessions of +legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting Thursday after first +Monday in January; limit of session, 60 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of +Representatives, 2 years. + +Number electoral votes, 15; number voters, 498,437. Fraudulent voters and +bribers excluded from voting. + +Number colleges, 15; State University at Bloomington; medical school at +Indianapolis; university at Notre Dame; flourishing common-school system; +school population, 708,596; school age, 6-21. + +Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, 8; usury forfeits excess of interest. +{133} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{134} + +ILLINOIS Il-lin-oi +"PRAIRIE OR SUCKER STATE." + +From a tribe of Indians, signifying "a superior class of men." + +First permanent settlement by French at Kaskaskia, 1682; organized as a +Territory, 1809; admitted as a State, 1818. + +Area, 56,650 square miles; greatest length, 385 miles; greatest breadth, +218 miles; highest land, 1,150 feet. Number of counties, 102. Has 4,000 +miles navigable streams. Temperature at Chicago: winter, 25deg to 37deg; +Summer, 68deg to 73deg. At Cairo: winter, 35deg to 54deg; summer, 76deg to +80deg. Rainfall at Peoria, 35 inches. + +Kaskaskia, first capital, which was removed to Vandalia, 1818; and to +Springfield, 1836. Chicago, "Garden City of the West;" pop., 503,185. +Peoria ranks second; pop., 29,259. Quincy, third; pop., 27,268. +Springfield, capital; pop., 19,743. + +Number of farms, 255,741, of which 175,497 are occupied by owners. Value +per acre, cleared land, $33.03; woodland, $23.68; 8,151,463 acres in corn, +1884, producing 244,544,000 bu.; wheat, 2,790,900 acres, producing +32,374,000 bu.; oats, 2,990,983 acres, producing 98,153,000 bu. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $6,000 + Sec'y of State 3,500 + Treasurer 3,500 + Auditor 3,500 + Attorney Gen. 3,500 + Chief Justice 5,000 + Senators, } $5 pr. day, + Representatives } mileage 10c. & $50 + 2 Dist. Judges 4,000, 3,500 + Pension Agent 4,000 + 8 Colls. Int. Rev. 2,125 to 4,500 + Col. of Customs 7,000 + Auditor 2,200 + Appraiser 3,000 + Examiner 2,000 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Aurora $2,500 + Bloomington 2,900 + Cairo 2,400 + Chicago 6,000 + Decatur 2,700 + Elgin 3,200 + Freeport 2,600 + Galesburgh 2,600 + Jacksonville 2,500 + Joliet 2,600 + Moline 2,500 + Ottawa 2,400 + Peoria 3,200 + Quincy 3,000 + Rockford 3,000 + Rock Island 2,500 + Springfield 2,800 + 173 Offices 2,400 to 1,000 + +First recorded coal mine in America located near Ottawa, 1669. Coal area, +over three-fourths of entire State; estimated to contain one-seventh of all +known coal in North America; product, 1882, 9,000,000 tons. + +Superior quality limestone on Fox and Desplaines rivers; lead most +important mineral; Galena in centre of richest diggings of the Northwest. +Rich salt wells in Saline and Gallatin counties, 75 gallons brine making 50 +pounds salt. + +Ranks first in corn, wheat, oats, meat packing, lumber traffic, malt and +distilled liquors and miles railway; second in rye, coal, agricultural +implements, soap and hogs; fourth in hay, potatoes, iron and steel, mules, +milch cows and other cattle. + +Population, 3,077,871: male, 1,586,523; female, 1,491,348; native, +2,494,295; foreign, 583,576; white, 3,031,151; colored, 46,368; Chinese, +209; Japanese, 3; Indians, 140. + +State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday +in November; number Senators, 51; Representatives, 153; sessions biennial, +in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in January; limit of session, +none; term of Senators, 4 years; Representatives, 2 years. Number electoral +votes, 22; number voters, 796,847; convicts are excluded from voting. + +School system excellent; number colleges, 28: school age, 6-21. + +Legal interest, 6; by contract, 8; usury forfeits entire interest. {135} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{136} + +MICHIGAN. Mish'e-gan +"WOLVERINE OR LAKE STATE." + +Name of Indian origin, signifying Lake country. + +First white settlement within limits of State, Sault Ste. Marie, 1668; +organized as Territory, 1805; admitted 1837. + +Area, 58,915 square miles; length of lower peninsula, from north to south, +277 miles; greatest breadth, 259 miles. Length of upper peninsula, east to +west, 318 miles; width, 30 to 164 miles. Length lake shoreline, 1,620 +miles. Number counties, 82. + +Temperature at Detroit, winter, 24deg to 36deg; summer, 67deg to 72deg: +rainfall, 30 inches. + +Detroit the metropolis; pop., 133,269. Grand Rapids, manufacturing city; +pop., 41,934. Lansing, the capital; pop., 9,776. Pop. Bay City, 29,413; +East Saginaw, 29,100; Jackson, 19,136; Muskegon, 17,845; Saginaw, 13,767. +Detroit, Marquette, Port Huron and Grand Haven are ports of entry. + +Number farms, 154,008. Value per acre, cleared land, $34.39; woodland, +$20.27. Corn crop, 1884, 26,022,000 bu.; wheat, 29,772,000 bu.; oats, +19,990,000 bu. Fruit raising an important industry. + +Copper mines in Houghton, Ontonagon, and Keweenaw counties; valuable iron +ores in Marquette and Delta counties; coal in Shiawassee, Eaton, Ingham and +Jackson counties. Salt manufactured in year ending November 30, 1884, +3,252,175 barrels. + + Salaries State Officers. + + Governor $1,000 + Lieut. Gov. $3 a day + Sec'y of State 800 + Treasurer 1,000 + Auditor Gen. 2,000 + Supt. Pub. Inst'n 1,000 + Adjutant Gen. 1,000 + Secy Bd. Agr. 1,500 + Insur. Com'r. 2,000 + R. R. Com'r. 2,500 + Immig. Com'r. 2,000 + Chief Justice 4,000 + Senators } $3 a day + Representatives } and 10c per mile + 2 Dist. Judges 3,500 + Pension Agt. 4,000 + 4 Colls. Int. Revenue 3,875 to 2,625 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Adrian $2,400 + Ann Arbor 2,600 + Battle Creek 2,600 + Bay City 2,700 + Big Rapids 2,300 + Detroit 3,700 + East Saginaw 2,700 + Flint 2,400 + Grand Rapids 3,200 + Jackson 2,700 + Kalamazoo 2,700 + Lansing 2,700 + Marshall 2,300 + Muskegon 2,500 + Port Huron 2,400 + Saginaw 2,300 + 52 P.O. $2,200 to 1,500 + 38 P.O. 1,400 to 1,100 + 9 P.O. 1,000 + +Ranks first in copper, lumber and salt; second in iron ore; third in +buckwheat; fifth in sheep, hops and potatoes; sixth in wheat and barley; +seventh in agricultural implements; eighth in miles railway; ninth in oats. + +Grand Haven, Au Sable and Detroit are centres of valuable fishing +interests; principal catch is trout and whitefish. + +Population, 1,843,369: male, 958,551; female, 884,818; native, 1,419,395; +foreign, 423,974; white, 1,817,562; colored, 17,548; Indians, 8,259. + +State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday +in November; number Senators, 32; Representatives, 100; sessions of +legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday in +January; limit of session, none; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 +years each. + +Number electoral votes, 13; number voters, 467,687. Duelists are excluded +from voting. + +Number colleges, 9; efficient public schools; school age, 5-20. + +Legal interest, 7; by contract, 10; usury forfeits excess of interest. +{137} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{138} + +WISCONSIN. W[)i]s-k[)o]n's[)i]n. +"BADGER STATE." + +From river of same name; an Indian word signifying "Wild-rushing River." +First settled by French, at Green Bay, 1669; organized as a Territory, +1836; first Territorial legislature at Belmont, Sept. 1, 1836; admitted as +a State, 1847. + +Area, 56,040 square miles; greatest length, 300 miles; greatest breadth, +260 miles; Mississippi river navigable throughout southwest boundary; +excellent harbors in Lake Superior on north, and Lake Michigan on east. +Port Washington, one of the finest natural harbors in tie world. Number +counties, 67. Temperature at Milwaukee; winter, 19degto 31deg; summer, +63deg to 70deg; rainfall, 30 inches. + +Milwaukee, port of entry, great pork packing and beer brewing centre; also +grain and wheat market: pop., 158,509. Madison, capital; pop., 12,064. +Population Eau Claire, 21,668; Fond du Lac, 12,726. + +Number farms, 102,904; average value per acre, cleared land, $26.27; +woodland, $19.55. Wheat most valuable crop; cultivation of flax increasing; +many acres devoted to culture of cranberries; buckwheat crop, 1883, 177,792 +bu.; hay, 2,354,835 tons; corn, 1884, 26,200,000 bu.; oats, 45,940,000 bu.; +wheat, 20,083,000 bu. Latest reported dairy products: milk, 25,156,977 +gals.; butter, 33,739,055 lbs.; cheese, 19,088,405 lbs. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $5,000 + Sec'y of State 5,000 + Treasurer 5,000 + Attorney Gen. 3,000 + Railr'd Com'r. 3,000 + Chief Justice 5,000 + 4 Asso. Justices 5,000 + 2 Dist. Judges 3,500 + Senators, } $500 per y'r, + Representatives } mileage 10c. + Pension Agent 4,000 + Indian Agent 1,500 + 4 Colls. Int. Revenue 4,500 to 2,750 + 23 Deputy Collect'rs 1,800 to 300 + Collect'r of Customs 1,000 & fees. + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Appleton $2,400 + Beloit 2,300 + Chippewa Falls 2,100 + Eau Claire 2,600 + Fond du Lac 2,500 + Green Bay 2,200 + Janesville 2,500 + La Crosse 2,600 + Madison 2,700 + Milwaukee 3,600 + Oshkosh 2,600 + Racine 2,700 + Sheboygan 2,100 + Watertown 2,000 + Waukesha 2,000 + Wausau 2,000 + Whitewater 1,900 + 66 Offices 1,800 to 1,000 + +Extensive lead mines in Grant, Lafayette and Iowa counties; native copper +in the north, in Crawford and Iowa counties. Milwaukee clay famous for +making cream-colored brick. Iron ores in Dodge, Sauk, Jackson and Ashland +counties. + +Ranks second in hops, third in barley and potatoes, fourth in rye and +buckwheat, fifth in oats and agricultural implements, seventh, in iron and +steel, eighth in hay and milch cows, and ninth in copper. + +Population, 1,563,423: male, 811,051; female, 752,372: native, 1,069,433; +foreign, 493,990: white, 1,555,152; colored, 5,576; Indians, 2695 + +State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday +in November; number Senators, 33; Representatives, 100; sessions biennial, +in odd-numbered years, meeting second Wednesday in January; limit of +session, none; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. +Number electoral votes, 11; number voters, 340,482; insane, idiots, +convicts, bribers, betters and dualists excluded from voting. + +Number colleges, 7; number public schools, 6,588; school population, +495,233; school age, 4-20. + +Legal interest, 7; by contract, 10; usury forfeits entire interest. {139} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{140} + +IOWA [=I]'o-wah. +"HAWKEYE STATE." + +Name is of Indian origin, and means "The Beautiful land." + +Part of the Louisiana purchase; merged into Missouri Territory, 1812; into +Michigan, 1834; into Wisconsin, 1836. First white settlement at Dubuque, +1788. Admitted as a State, 1846. + +Area, 56,025 square miles, about that of Illinois; extent north and south, +208 miles; east and west, about 300 miles. Principal rivers within State: +Des Moines, Iowa and Little Sioux. Number counties, 99. Temperature at +Davenport: winter, 21deg to 37deg; summer, 70deg to 76deg. Rainfall at +Mascutine, 43 inches. + +Des Moines, metropolis and capital: pop., 32,469. Pop. of Dubuque, 26,330; +of Davenport, 23,830; of Burlington, 23,459; of Council Bluffs, 21,557. +Keokuk, Burlington and Dubuque are United States ports of delivery. + +Number farms, 185,351; average value per acre, cleared land, $27.36; +woodland, $39.36. Corn crop, 1884, 252,600,000 bu.; wheat, 31,270,000 bu.; +oats, 78,650,000 bu.; potatoes, 1883, 13,216,868 bu.; barley, 4,638,348 +bu.; sorgham syrup, 2,640,000 gals. + +Dairy interest growing in importance, creamery and factory products +bringing high prices. There were 60,940,553 lbs. of butter and 3,378,924 +lbs. cheese made in 1880. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $3,000 + Lieut. Gov. 1,100 + Sec'y of State 2,200 + Treasurer 2,200 + Auditor 2,200 + Attorney Gen. $1,500 and $5 a day + Supt. Pub. Inst. 2,200 + 3 R. R. Comm'rs 3,000 + Librarian 1,500 + Chief Justice 4,000 + 4 Asso. Justices 4,000 + Senators, Representatives $550 per year + 2 Dist. Judges 3,500 + Pension Agent 4,000 + 4 Colls. Int. Rev. 2,500 to 4,500 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Burlington $3,000 + Cedar Rapids 2,900 + Clinton 2,400 + Council Bluffs 2,800 + Creston 2,300 + Davenport 2,900 + Des Moines 3,300 + Dubuque 3,000 + Iowa City 2,400 + Keokuk 2,600 + Le Mars 2,100 + Marshalltown 2,500 + Muscatine 2,400 + Oakalsosa 2,400 + Ottumwa 2,500 + Sioux City 2,700 + Waterloo 2,400 + 63 Offices, 2,000 to 1,500 + 52 Offices, 1,400 to 1,000 + +Manufacturing establishments are numerous, including canning factories, +stove and other foundries, engine-building, paper and woolen mills, lumber +and saw mills, etc. + +Ranks first in hogs; second in milch cows, oxen and other cattle, corn, hay +and oats; third in horses; fifth in barley and miles of railway: sixth in +potatoes and rye; seventh in wheat and coal. + +Pop., 1,753,980: male, 911,759; female, 842,221: native, 1,443,576; +foreign, 310,404: white, 1,753,980; colored, 9,310; Chinese, 33; Indians, +466 + +State elections annual, Tuesday after second Monday In October, excepting +years of presidential elections, when State congressional and presidential +elections occur together; number Senators, 50; Representatives, 100; +sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting second +Monday in January; limit of session, none; term of Senators, 4 yrs.; of +Representatives, 2 yrs. + +Number electoral votes, 13; number voters, 416,658. Idiots, insane and +criminals excluded from voting. + +Number colleges, 19: school pop., 604,739; school age, 5-21. + +Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, 10; usury forfeits 10 per cent. per +year on amount. State has adopted prohibition. {141} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{142} + +MINNESOTA. Min'ne-s[=o]ta. +"GOPHER STATE." + +Named from the river; term of Indian origin, signifying "whitish or +sky-colored water." + +Explored by Hennepin and La Salle, 1680; Fort Snelling built 1819; +organized as a Territory, 1849; admitted 1858. + +Area, 83,365 square miles, extreme length, 380 miles; breadth near north +line, 337 miles; near middle, 183 miles; and on the south line, 262 miles. +Number counties, 80. + +Temperature at St. Paul: winter, 11deg to 30deg; summer, 67deg to 74deg. +Rainfall at Fort Snelling, 25 inches. + +Pembina, port of entry on Red river. St. Paul, port of delivery and +capital; population, 148,074. Minneapolis, metropolis and great commercial +centre for lumber, wheat and flour; population, 147,810. Land offices at +Taylor's Falls, Fergus Falls, Worthington, Redwood Falls, Benson and +Duluth. + +Number farms, 140,000; value per acre, cleared land, $20; woodland, $15. +Total acreage of the State, 53,353,600; in farms, 16,000,000; in forests, +1,800,000. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $3,800 + Lieut. Gov. 600 + Sec'y of State 1,800 + Treasurer 3,500 + Auditor 3,000 + Attorney Gen. 2,500 + Supt. Pub. Ins. 2,500 + Adjutant Gen. 1,500 + Pub. Examiner 3,000 + Ins. Comm'r 2,000 + Com. Statistics 2,000 + R. R. Commis'nr 3,000 + State Librarian 2,000 + Chief Justice 4,500 + Senators, } $5 a day + Representatives } and 15c. mileage. + Dist. Judge 3,500 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Brainerd $2,000 + Crookston 1,800 + Duluth 2,500 + Faribault 2,100 + Fergus Falls 2,000 + Mankato 2,200 + Minneapolis 3,500 + Morehead 1,800 + Northfield 1,800 + Red Wing 2,300 + Rochester 2,200 + Saint Cloud 1,900 + Saint Paul 3,500 + Stillwater 2,400 + Winona 2,500 + 9 P.O. 1,700 to 1,500 + 14 " 1,400 to 1,200 + 10 " 1,100 + 4 " 1,000 + +Wheat the staple, and milling the great industry, giving employment to +nearly 4,000 people. Capital invested in flour and grist mills, +$21,000,000; value of products, $45,000,000. Corn crop, 1884, 28,630,000 +bu., valued at $7,797,900; wheat, 50,117,481 bu., valued at $25,000,000; +oats, 36,100,000 bu., valued at $7,220,000. Average value of corn, 1884, 33 +cents; of wheat, 50 cents; of oats, 20 cents. + +Ranks fourth in wheat and barley, sixth in hay, eighth in oats. + +Dairy interest increasing in value; production of butter and cheese +becoming one of great industries; latest reports give 19,223,835 lbs. +butter; cheese, 975,329 lbs. + +Population, 1,118,486: male, 605,551; female, 512,935: native, 733,320; +foreign, 381,340: white, 1,115,358; colored, 1,814; Chinese, 99: Indians, +1,215. + +State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday +in November; number Senators, 47; Representatives, 103; sessions of +legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting Tuesday after first +Monday in January; limit of session, 60 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of +Representatives, 2 years. + +Number electoral votes, 7; number voters, 306,435; idiots, insane and +convicts excluded from voting. + +Number colleges, 5; school population, 400,000; school age, 5-21. + +Legal interest rate, 7; by contract, 10; usury forfeits excess over 10 per +cent. {143} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{144} + +DAKOTA. Da-k[=o]'ta. + +So called from a tribe of Indians of the same name. + +First permanent white settlements made by Lord Selkirk at Pembina, 1812; +organized as a Territory, 1861; first legislature at Yankton, March, 1862. + +Area, 149,100 square miles; average length, 450 miles; breadth, 350 miles; +ranks in size next to Texas and California. General elevation, 1,000 to +2,500 feet; Red river frontage, about 250 miles; the Missouri navigable +throughout the Territory. Number counties, 136. + +Temperature at Bismarck: winter, 4deg to 27deg; summer, 63deg to 71deg. +Climate dry, and cold not so penetrating as in moister regions further +east. Rainfall at Fort Randall, 17 inches; 73 per cent. of year's rain +falls in spring and summer. + +Fargo, the metropolis of Northern Dakota, an enterprising city, does a +large business; has gas, electric lights, and street railway. Bismarck, +capital, rapidly developing into an important business centre. Yankton, +chief town of the south. Land offices at Fargo, Bismarck, Huron, Deadwood, +Yankton, Mitchell, Aberdeen, Watertown and Grand Forks. Railway mileage, +1870, 65; 1884, 2,494. The Northern Pacific has a mileage of 375, crossing +the northern central portion from Fargo through Bismarck in an almost +direct westerly line through the Territory. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $2,600 + Secr'y of Terri'y 1,800 + Treasurer 2,000 + Auditor 1,000 + Supt. Pub. Inst. 1,500 + Chief Justice 3,000 + 5 Asso. Justices 3,000 + Senators, } $4 a day; + Representatives } mileage, 20c. + 10 Indian Agents 1,000 to 2,200 + Surveyor Gen. 2,500 + Chief Clerk. 1,800 + Chf. Draftsman 1,500 + Assistant " 1,200 + Col. Int. Rev. 2,750 + 4 Dep. Colls. 1,600 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Aberdeen $1,900 + Bismarck 2,200 + Deadwood 1,800 + Fargo 2,700 + Grafton 1,600 + Grand Forks 2,300 + Huron 2,300 + Jamestown 2,000 + Mitchell 1,700 + Pierre 1,800 + Sioux Falls 2,200 + Wahpeton 1,600 + Watertown 1,700 + Yankton 1,900 + 5 Post Offices 1,500 + 5 " " 1,400 + 3 " " 1,300 + 16 " " 1,200 to 1,000 + +Finest wheat-growing country on the continent; corn crop, 1884, 13,950,000 +bu.; oats, 11,812,000; wheat, 22,330,000 bu.; 2,800,000 bu. reported as +freighted over Northern Pacific in four months of 1883, 76 per cent. being +of best grade. Oats yield 50 to 75 bu. per acre; potatoes yield well and +are of great size. Nutritious grasses at all seasons and abundant water +offer remarkable advantages for stock raising; wool growing an important +industry; climate especially favorable for sheep. Ranks fourth in gold, and +ninth in silver; latest reported gold product, $4,123,081; mineral wealth +centred in Black Hills; coal found in workable quantities west of the +Missouri. + +Population, 135,177 in 1880, with sufficient increase since then to entitle +her to admission as a State: male, 82,296; female, 52,881; native, 83,382; +foreign, 51,795; white, 133,147; colored, 401; Chinese, 238; Indians, +1,391. + +Territorial, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first +Monday in November; number Senators, 12; Representatives, 24; sessions +biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting 2d Tuesday in January; limit +session, 60 days; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. +Number voters, census 1880, 51,003. + +Legal interest rate, 7; by contract, 12; usury forfeits excess. {145} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{146} + +NEBRASKA. Ne-bras'ka. + +Name first applied to the river, and is of Indian origin, signifying +Shallow Water. Organized as a Territory, 1854; admitted 1867. + +Area, 76,855 square miles; width, north and south, about 210 miles; +greatest length in centre, about 420 miles. Platte, the principal river, +extending through the State east and west. Number counties, 80. + +Temperature at Omaha: winter, 20deg to 34deg; summer, 72deg to 78deg. +Rainfall, Fort Kearney, 25 inches. + +Omaha, U. S. port of delivery, principal city and commercial centre; +population, 61,835. Lincoln, a thriving city, containing State University; +population, 1870, 2,441, and 1885, 20,004. Population Plattsmouth, 5,796; +of Nebraska City, 5,597. + +Number farms, 63,387. Average value per acre, cleared land, $8.93; +woodland, $25.85. + +Corn crop, 1884, 122,100,000 bushels; wheat, 28,325,000 bushels; oats, +21,630,000 bushels. Rye, buckwheat, barley, flax and hemp yield abundant +crops. Apples, pears, plums, grapes and berries are plentiful. Ranks eighth +in corn and barley, and ninth in rye. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $2,500 + Lieut. Gov. $6 a day + Sec'y of State 2,000 + Aud'r Pub. Ac'ts 2,500 + Attorney Gen. 2,000 + Supt. Pub. Ins. 2,000 + Sec'y Bd. Agr. 1,000 + Com'r Pub. L'ds 2,000 + Chief Justice 2,500 + Senators, } $3 a day; + Representatives } mileage, 10 cents. + District Judge 3,500 + Col. Int. Rev. 4,500 + Surveyor Gen. 2,000 + 3 Indian Agents 1,200 to 1,600 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Beatrice $2,100 + Columbus 1,700 + Crete 1,700 + Falls City 1,600 + Fremont 2,200 + Grand Island 1,900 + Hastings 2,100 + Kearney 2,000 + Lincoln 2,900 + Nebraska City 2,100 + Norfolk 1,300 + Omaha 3,300 + Plattsmouth 1,800 + Seward 1,700 + Tecumseh 1,600 + Wahoo 1,600 + York 1,700 + 10 P.O. $1,500 & 1,400 + 24 P.O. 1,200 to 1,000 + +Herd law excellent, and grazing land good. Cattle raising the great +industry of the State, next to agriculture. + +Manufacturing establishments show a wonderful increase of from 670 in 1870 +to 1,403 in 1880. Capital invested, $4,881,150; number hands employed, +4,773. + +Homesteads obtained under timber claims or by pre-emptions; cash expense of +first, $18 to $36; of second, $14. U.S. land offices at Dakota City, +Norfolk, Grand Island, Lincoln, Beatrice, Bloomington and North Platte. + +Population, 452,402: male, 249,241; female, 203,161; native, 354,988; +foreign, 97,414; white, 449,764; colored, 2,385; Chinese, 18; Indians, 235. + +State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday +in November; number Senators, 33; Representatives, 100; sessions biennial, +in odd-numbered years, meeting first Tuesday in January; limit of session, +40 days; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. Number +electoral votes, 5; number voters, 129,042. U.S. army, idiots and convicts +excluded from voting. + +Number colleges, 9; school population, 135,511; school age, 5-21. + +Legal interest, 7; by contract, 10; usury forfeits interest and cost. + +Railroad mileage, 1865, 122; 1885, 2,891. {147} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{148} + +KANSAS. K[)a]n'zas. +"GARDEN OF THE WEST." + +From Kansas river. Indian name, signifying "Smoky Water". Visited by +Spaniards, 1541, and by French, 1719. Part of Louisiana purchase, and +afterward of Indian Territory. Organized as a Territory, 1854. Admitted as +a State, January, 1861. + +Area, 82,080 square miles. Length, 400 miles; breadth, 200 miles. +Geographical centre of United States, exclusive of Alaska. Missouri river +frontage, 150 miles; largest rivers, Solomon, Neosho, Saline, Arkansas, +Republican and Kansas. Number counties, 100. + +Temperature at Leavenworth: summer, 74deg to 79deg; winter, 25deg to 35deg: +rainfall, 81 inches. + +Metropolis, Leavenworth; population, 29,268. Capital, Topeka; population, +23,499. State University at Lawrence; State asylums for insane and +feeble-minded at Topeka and Osawatomie; institution for education of the +blind, Wyandotte; for deaf-mutes, Olathe. + +First railroad built, 1865; length, 40 miles. Railroad mileage, 1875, +2,150; Jan. 1, 1886, 4,888. + +Number farms, 1860, 10,400; 1880, 138,561. Average value per acre, +cultivated land, $11.82; woodland, $19.12. Peculiarly adapted for stock +raising. Gain, per cent., in horses, for ten years, 138; cows, 149; mules, +1,040; other cattle, 203; sheep, 210; hogs, 132. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $3,000 + Secretary of State 2,000 + Treasurer 2,500 + Auditor 2,000 + Attorney Gen. 1,500 + Supt. Pub. Inst. 2,000 + Sec. Bd. of Agr. 2,000 + Insurance Com. 2,500 + 3 R. R. Coms. 3,000 + State Librarian 1,500 + Chief Justice 3,000 + 2 Asso. Justices 3,000 + Senator, } $3 pr. day + Representatives } mileage 15 cents. + District Judge 3,500 + Pension Agent 4,000 + Col. Int. Rev. 2,750 + 9 Deputy Collectors $1,650 to 400 + Indian Agent 1,000 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Atchison $2,700 + Emporia 2,500 + Fort Scott 2,400 + Lawrence 2,600 + Leavenworth 2,800 + Newton 2,000 + Ottawa 2,100 + Parsons 2,100 + Salina 2,000 + Topeka 3,100 + Wellington 2,000 + Wichita 2,400 + Winfield 2,100 + Wyandotte 2,400 + 78 Offices 1,900 to 1,000 + +Latest reported crop: castor beans, 765,143 bu.; cotton, 33,589 lbs.; flax, +622,256 bu.; hemp, 557,879 bu.; corn, 1884, 168,500,000 bu.; wheat, +34,990,000 bu.; oats, 27,419,000 bu. + +Number hands employed in manufactories, 1860, 1,735; in 1870, 6,844; in +1880, 12,064. Net value of manufactured products increased 67 per cent. in +first period, 95 per cent. in second. + +Ranks fifth in cattle, corn and rye; seventh in hay, and ninth in hogs, +horses, wheat and coal. Coal area, 17,500 square miles. + +Population, 996,096: male, 536,667; female, 459,429; native, 886,010; +foreign, 110,086; white, 952,155; colored, 43,107; Chinese, 19; Indians, +815. State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first +Monday in Nov.; Senators, 40; Representatives, 125; sessions biennial, +meeting second Tuesday in January in odd-numbered years; limit of session, +50 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. + +Number electoral votes, 9; number voters, 265,714. Idiots, insane, convicts +and rebels excluded from voting. + +Number colleges, 8; number schoolhouses, over 5,000; school attendance, 69 +per cent. of school population; school age, 5-21. + +Legal interest, 7; by contract, 12; usury forfeits excess of interest. +{149} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{150} + +INDIAN TERRITORY. + +Portion of great Louisiana purchase set apart for home of peaceable Indian +tribes; organized 1834. + +Cut down to form States and Territories, leaving but 64,690 square miles, +or 41,401,600 acres; nearly 26,000,000 acres being Indian reservations. + +Length east and west on the north, 470 miles; breadth west of 100th +meridian, 35 miles, and east of that line, about 210 miles. Reservations of +Cherokees, 5,000,000 acres in north and northeast; Seminoles, 200,000 in +east central; Creeks, 3,215,495 in east; Chickasaws, 4,377,600 in south; +the Oklahoma country near centre. Principal rivers, Arkansas and Red. +Number nations, agencies and reservations, 22. + +Temperature at Fort Gibson: winter, 35deg to 48deg: summer, 77deg to 82deg. +Rainfall in extreme northwest, 20 inches, and at Fort Gibson, 36 inches. + +Most important town, and capital of Cherokees, Tahlequah. Railroad mileage, +372. Capital of Chickasaws, Tishomingo; of Choctaws, Tushkahoma; of Creeks, +Muscogee; of Osages, Pawhuska; of Seminoles, Seminole Agency; of Pawnees, +Pawnee Agency; of Kiowas and Comanches, Kiowa and Comanche Agency. + + Indian Agencies. + + ARAPAHOE. + Agent $900 + + CHEYENNE. + Agent $2,200 + Physician 1,200 + + KAW. + Superintend't $1,600 + Physician 1,200 + + KIOWA AND COMANCHE. + Agent $1,000 + Physician 1,000 + + OAKLAND. + Superintend't. $1,000 + 8 Teachers 600 + + OSAGE. + Agent $1,600 + Physician 1,200 + + OTOE. + Agent $1,500 + Physician 1,000 + + PAWNEE. + Clerk $1,200 + Physician 1,000 + + PONCA. + Superinden't $1,200 + Clerk 720 + + QUAPAW. + Agent $1,500 + Physician 1,200 + + SAC AND FOX. + Agent $1,200 + 2 Physicians 1,000 + +[Illustration] + +Corn, wheat, tobacco, cotton and potatoes yield luxuriantly. Number horses, +January, 1883, 125 per cent. of previous year; mules, 110 per cent.; hogs, +80 per cent.; milch cows, 85 per cent.; number sheep, 55,000, at average +value of $2; oxen and other cattle, January, 1884, 520,000, valued at +$8,840,000. + +Stringent laws to protect from encroachments by whites. They can hold land +only by marrying into one of the tribes. Recent official reports give +Indian population about 80,000: Cherokees, 20,000; Choctaws, 16,500; +Creeks, 14,500; Chickasaws, 7,000; Seminoles, 2,500; Osages, 2,390; +Cheyennes, 3,298; Arapahoes, 2,676; Kiowas, 1,120; Pawnees, 1,438; +Comanches, 1,475. + +No Territorial government has as yet been organized, owing to differences +in the views of Congress and the tribes. For each agency, a deputy is +appointed by the President to represent the United States, but each tribe +manages its own internal affairs. Most of the tribes governed by chiefs. + +Of first five tribes, 33,650 can read, and have 16,200 houses, 195 schools, +and 6,250 pupils. Expended from tribal funds for educational purposes, +$156,856; from government appropriations for freedmen, $3,500. {151} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{152} + +COLORADO. Kol-o-rah'do. +"CENTENNIAL STATE." + +Part of Louisiana purchase of 1803. First explored by Vasquez Coronado +under the Spanish, 1540. First expedition sent out by United States +Government, under Major Pike, 1806; a second under command of Col. S.H. +Long, 1820, and in 1842-44, Gen. John C. Fremont made his celebrated trip +across the Rocky Mountains. First settlements made by miners, 1858-9; +formed from parts of Kansas, Nebraska, Utah and New Mexico; organized as a +Territory, February, 1851; admitted August 1, 1876. + +Area, 103,925 square miles; length, 380 miles; breadth, 280 miles; +principal rivers, North and South Platte, Arkansas, Snake, White and Green. +Number counties, 40. Temperature at Denver: winter, 25deg to 37deg; summer, +72deg to 74deg. Rainfall of the State from 15 to 20 inches, falling mostly +between May and July. + +Five United States land districts, with offices at Denver, Pueblo, +Fairplay, Lake City and Central City. Denver, capital and metropolis, and +contains assay office; pop., 54,308; Leadville, 10,925; Silver Cliffs, 900; +Colorado Springs, 4,563. State University at Boulder; Agricultural College +at Fort Collins; School of Mines at Golden City. + +Richest State in the Union in mineral productions, ranking first in silver, +and fourth in gold. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $5,000 + Lieut. Gov. 1,000 + Sec'y of State 3,000 + Treasurer 3,000 + Auditor 2,500 + Attorney Gen. 2,000 + Chief Justice 5,000 + 2 Asso. Justices 5,000 + Senators, } $4 pr. day, + Representatives } mileage 15 cents. + District Judge 3,500 + Col. Int. Rev. 2,875 + Surveyor Gen. 2,500 + Ute Indian Agt. 1,400 + + DENVER MINT. + + Assay'r in Chg. $2,500 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Boulder $1,900 + Canon City 1,600 + Central City 1,700 + Colorado Spgs. 2,400 + Denver 3,400 + Durango 1,700 + Fort Collins 1,700 + Georgetown 1,700 + Golden 1,600 + Greeley 1,800 + Gunnison 1,900 + Leadville 2,800 + Pueblo 2,400 + Salida 1,600 + Silverton 1,800 + South Pueblo 2,200 + Trinidad 1,800 + 17 Offices 1,600 to 1,000 + +Corn crop, 1884, 710,000 bushels; wheat, 2,348,000 bushels; oats, 1,516,000 +bushels; 1,209,000 bushels produced 1883, the yield being 29.3 bushels per +acre; hay, 114,505 tons, valued at $1,545,818. Cattle raising a safe and +profitable business; sheep husbandry still more profitable; latest reported +estimate gives 815,674 cattle, 1,248,360 sheep and 12,342 swine. + +Population, 243,910: male, 144,781; female, 99,129: native, 192,568; +foreign, 51,342: white, 239,585; colored, 3,262; Chinese, 861; Indians, +202. + +State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday +in November; number Senators, 26: Representatives, 49; sessions biennial, +in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in January; limit of session, +40 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. + +Number electoral votes, 3; number voters, 93,608; native white, 65,215; +foreign white, 26,873; colored, 1,520. Persons in prison excluded from +voting. + +Not a mile of railroad in use in 1870; mileage, January 1, 1886, 2,857. +Number colleges, 3; school population, 40,208; school age, 6-21. + +Legal Interest rate, 10; by contract, any rate. {153} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{154} + +NEW MEXICO. + +Named in honor of one of the gods of the Aztecs, the ancient inhabitants of +Mexico. + +Colonized by Spaniards, 1582; Santa Fe being oldest town in United States, +next to St. Augustine; organized 1850. + +Area, 122,580 square miles; length eastern boundary, 345 miles; western, +390 miles; average breadth north of 32deg, 335 miles; altitude, 3,000 to +4,000 feet. Number counties, 13. + +Temperature at Santa Fe, winter, 27deg to 37deg; summer, 66deg to 70deg. +Rainfall, Fort Marcy, 17 inches. + +Santa Fe is capital and principal city; pop., 6,635. Las Vegas, Silver City +and Albuquerque are growing in importance. + +But 8 miles railroad in operation in 1878, having increased to 1,140, +January 1, 1884. + +Crops abundant wherever water can be obtained, and corn will ripen almost +anywhere; 6,060 square miles irrigable land; number farms, 5,053; corn +crop, 1884, 950,000 bu.; wheat, 930,000 bu.; oats, 252,000 bu. Total +acreage of the Territory, 78,451,200; in farms, 631,131; in forests, +219,224; unoccupied, 77,820,069; proportion woodland area in the farm +lands, 35 per cent. Average value corn, 1884, 68 cents; wheat, 90 cents; +oats, 40 cents. + + Salaries Territor'l Officers. + + Governor $2,600 + Secretary 1,800 + Treasurer 1,000 + Auditor 1,000 + Com'r Immig'n 900 + Librarian 600 + Chief Justice 3,000 + 2 Asso. Justices 3,000 + Senators, } $4 a day + Representatives } & 20c. mileage. + Col. Int. Rev. 2,500 + 2 Dep Colls. Int. Rev. 1,200 to 1,700 + Surveyor Gen. 2,500 + Translator and Chief Clerk 2,000 + 2 Spec'l Draftsmen 1,500 + Clerk 1,500 + Messenger 500 + +[Illustration] + + Indian Agents + + Jicarilla $1,200 + Mescalero 1,500 + Navajo 1,500 + Pueblo 2,000 + + Presidential P. O. + + Albuquerque $2,300 + Deming 1,500 + Las Vegas 2,100 + Raton 1,200 + Santa Fe 2,000 + Silver City 1,800 + Socorro 1,600 + +Grazing interest extensive and valuable. Recent reports give mules, 10,183; +sheep, 4,435,200, valued at $7,539,840; hogs, 23,353, valued at $187,758. + +Mineral wealth is rapidly developing. Gold is found in Grant, Lincoln, +Colfax and Bernalillo counties; rich copper mines on the San Pedro Grant, +in Bernalillo county, and in the Pinos Altos region. Zinc, quicksilver, +lead, manganese, and large deposits of coal have been found. Gold +production, 1882, was $150,000; silver, $1,800,000. + +Population, 119,565: male, 64,496; female, 55,069; native, 111,514; +foreign, 8,051; white, 108,721; colored, 1,015; Chinese, 57; Indians, 9772 + +Territorial and congressional elections, Tuesday after first Monday in +November; number Senators, 12; Representatives, 24; sessions of legislature +biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting first Monday in January; limit of +session, 60 days; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. +Voting population, 34,076; native white, 26,423; foreign white, 4,558; +colored, 3,095. + +School population, 20,255; school age, 7-18. + +Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, 12. {155} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{156} + +ARIZONA. Ar-[)i]-z[=o]'na. + +First visited by Spanish explorers as early as 1526; set off from New +Mexico and became a Territory, 1863. + +Area, 113,020 square miles; greatest length, 375 miles; greatest breadth, +340 miles. Country drained by Colorado and Gila, with their tributaries; +number counties, 11. + +Temperature at Prescott: winter, 34deg to 42deg; summer, 71deg to 73deg. +Rainfall at Fort Defiance, 14 inches. + +Tucson, the largest town: population, 7,007. Prescott, the capital. +Railroad mileage, 865; Southern Pacific crosses from east to west near +southern boundary, and Atlantic & Pacific north of the central portion, +making ready communication with East and West. + +Crop reports, 1883: wheat, 222,200 bu.; barley, 330,775 bu.; potatoes, +52,936 bu.: hay, 10,710 tons; corn acreage, 1884, 2,850, producing 60,300 +bu. Soil fertile in river bottoms and among valleys of Middle and Eastern +Arizona, corn planting following wheat or barley harvest, giving two crops +yearly; oranges and other fruits and potatoes produce well wherever there +is water; principal portion of irrigable land lies in valley of Gila and +its northern branches; rich and abundant grasses, together with mild +climate, make much of the Territory well adapted to stock raising; valuable +timber on the mountains and along the streams. + + Salaries Territorial Officers. + + Governor $2,600 + Secretary 1,800 + Treasurer 1,000 + Auditor 1,000 + Supt. Pub. Inst. 2,000 + Librarian 600 + Chief Justice 3,000 + 2 Asso. Justices 3,000 + Senators, } $4 a day + Representatives } and 20c. mileage. + 3 Dist. Judges. 3,000 + Col. Int. Rev. 2,250 + 2 Deputy Collectors 1,600 to 1,700 + Clerk 1,100 + Surveyor Gen. 2,500 + Chief Clerk 2,400 + Land Clerk 1,600 + Land Copyist 1,200 + Spanish Trans'r 2,500 + +[Illustration] + + Indian Agents. + + Colorado River $1,500 + Pima & Maricopa 1,800 + San Carlos 2,000 + + Presidential P. O. + + Clifton $1,000 + Globe 1,100 + Phoenix 1,500 + Prescott 1,800 + Tombstone 1,900 + Tucson 2,300 + +Abundant mineral wealth, which can now be developed with profit, owing to +completion of railways; nearly all mountain ranges contain gold, silver, +copper and lead; gold production, 1882, $1,065,000; silver, $7,500,000. + +Ranks second in silver, and ninth in gold. + +Superior quality of lime found near Prescott and Tucson; beds of gypsum in +San Pedro valley; remarkable deposits of pure, transparent salt near +Callville. + +Population, 40,440: male, 28,202; female, 12,238; native, 24,391; foreign, +16,049; white, 35,160; colored, 155; Chinese, 1,630; Indians, 3493 + +Territorial and congressional elections, Tuesday after first Monday in +November; number Senators, 12; Representatives, 24; sessions of legislature +biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting first Monday in January; limit of +session, 60 days; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. +Voting population, 20,398; native white, 9,790; foreign white, 8,256; +colored, 2,352. + +School population, 10,283; school age, 6-21. + +Legal interest rate, 10; by contract, any rate; no penalty for usury. {157} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{158} + +UTAH. Yoo'tah. + +Settled by Mormons under the leadership of Brigham Young, Salt Lake, 1847. +Territorial government formed 1850. + +Area, 84,900 square miles, very nearly same as Idaho; average length, 350 +miles; breadth, 260 miles. Largest rivers, Grand and Green, together with +the Colorado, which they unite to form. Number counties, 24. + +Temperature at Salt Lake City: winter, 29deg to 40deg; summer, 69deg to +77deg: rainfall, 24 inches. + +Salt Lake City, capital and metropolis; pop., 20,768. Ogden, at junction of +Union and Central Pacific, pop., 6,069. Railroad mileage, 1,134; Union and +Central Pacific through the north. + +Number farms, 9,452; land under cultivation, over 400,000 acres; value farm +products, $10,000,000. Valleys of the Cache, Salt Lake, Jordan, Sevier and +Rio Virgin, are irrigable, and produce fine crops of cereals and +vegetables. Wheat crop of 1884, 1,675,000 bushels. + +Annual income from stock raising, about $2,000,000, though grazing interest +perhaps not so important as in neighboring States and Territories. + + Salaries of Territorial Officers. + + Governor $2,600 + Secretary 1,800 + Treasurer 600 + Auditor 1,500 + Supt. Pub. Ins. 1,500 + Librarian 250 + Chief Justice 3,000 + 2 Asso. Justices 3,000 + Senators, } $4 a day, + Representatives } mileage 20 cents. + Dist. Attorney 250 & fees. + 11. U.S. Commissioners Fees. + Col. Int. Rev. 2,500 + 2 Dep'y Collectors 1,600 to 1,800 + Surveyor Gen. 2,500 + Chief Clerk 1,800 + Chief Draftsman 1,500 + +[Illustration] + + Indian Agents + + Ouray $1,500 + Clerk 1,000 + Uintah Valley 1,500 + Clerk 1,000 + + Presidential P. O. + + Logan $1,200 + Ogden City 2,400 + Park City 1,500 + Provo City 1,100 + Salt Lake City 2,900 + +Gold, copper and silver found in Wahsatch Mountains, the metal found being +mostly silver. Gold production, 1882, $190,000; silver, $6,800,000. + +Production coal, 1882, 250,000 tons; principal source of supply in valley +of Weber river. + +Ranks third in silver, and seventh in salt, an inexhaustible supply of the +latter being furnished by the lake. + +Population, 143,963: male, 74,509; female, 69,454; native, 99,969; foreign, +43,994; white, 142,423; colored, 232; Chinese, 501; Indians, 807 + +Territorial elections annual, first Monday in August; congressional +elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 12; +Representatives, 24; sessions of legislature, biennial, in odd-numbered +years, meeting second Monday in January; limit of session, 60 days; terms +of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. + +Voting population, 32,773: native white, 13,795; foreign white, 18,283; +colored, 695. + +School population, 43,303; school age, 6-18; number colleges, 1. + +Legal Interest rate, 10; by contract, any rate. {159} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{160} + +WYOMING. W[=i]-[=o]'ming. + +First settlements, trading posts of Forts Laramie and Bridger; organized +1869. + +Area, 97,890 square miles; very nearly a rectangle, and about the same area +as Oregon; length, 350 miles; breadth, 275 miles. Largest rivers, Green, +Snake, Big Horn, Powder, Big Cheyenne and North Platte. Number counties, 9. +Temperature at Cheyenne: winter, 23deg to 33deg; summer, 63deg to 69deg. +Rainfall at Fort Laramie, 15 inches. + +Cheyenne is the capital and principal distributing point. Railroad mileage, +625; Union Pacific runs through extreme south from east to west, and +connects Cheyenne with Denver. + +Wheat, rye, oats and barley flourish, but frosts too frequent for corn. Big +Horn country, in northwest, has area 15,000 square miles; fine agricultural +country; water plentiful; game and fur-bearing animals numerous, rendering +it one of most desirable hunting grounds of America. Grazing interest +important, and increasing rapidly, more than half the area being rich +grazing land. Mountains covered with forests of coniferae, which will prove +very useful for lumber. + + Salaries of Territorial Officers. + + Governor $2,600 + Secretary 1,800 + Treas., $800 and com. + Auditor 1,000 + Supt. Pub. Inst. 400 + Librarian 400 + Chief Justice 3,000 + 2 Asso. Justices 3,000 + Senators, } $4 a day + Representatives } and 20c. mileage. + Col. Int. Rev. 2,000 + 2 Dept. Colls. Inter. Rev. 1,400 to 1,500 + Surveyor Gen. 2,500 + Chief Clerk 2,000 + Chief Draftsman 1,800 + 8 Asst. Draftsmen 1,400 + 6 Asst. Draftsmen 1,200 + 2 Transcribing Clerks 1,400 + 6 Transcribing Clerks 1,200 + Messenger 600 + Supt. Yellowstone Nat. Pk. 2,000 + 10 Assistants 900 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Cheyenne City $2,400 + Evanston 1,500 + Laramie City 1,800 + Rawlins 1,400 + +Mineral resources extensive; iron ore abundant; copper, lead, plumbago and +petroleum found; gold, in the Sweetwater country and near Laramie City; +valuable deposits of soda in valley of the Sweetwater. Coal abundant and of +good quality at Evanston, Carbon, Rock Springs and other points; these +deposits extensively worked, and furnish nearly all the coal used by the +railroads and by settlements hundreds of miles east and west. + +But little attention has as yet been given to mechanical and manufacturing +industries. Capital, as last reported, $364,673, of which $212,603 is +invested in manufacture of iron and steel. Value of products of the latter +is $491,345; total value of products, $898,494. Number hands employed, 391. + +Population, 20,789: male, 14,152; female, 6,637; native, 14,939; foreign, +5,850; white, 19,437; colored, 298; Chinese, 914; Indians, 140. + +Territorial and congressional elections, Tuesday after first Monday in +November; number Senators, 12; Representatives, 24; sessions of legislature +biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting second Tuesday in January; limit +of session, 60 days; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. +Voting population, 10,180; native white, 6,042; foreign white, 3,199; +colored, 939. + +Good school system started; school pop., 4,112; school age, 7-21. + +Legal interest rate, 12; by contract, any rate. {161} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{162} + +MONTANA. M[)o]n-ta'nah. + +Formerly a part of Idaho; became a Territory, 1864; received about 2,000 +square miles from Dakota, 1873. + +Area, 146,080 square miles; length, east and west, 460 to 540 miles; +average breadth, 275 miles. Drained by the Missouri and its tributaries and +the tributaries of the Colorado. Number of counties, 14 + +Temperature at Virginia City, winter, 17deg to 30deg; summer, 55deg to +65deg: rainfall seldom exceeds 12 inches per annum. + +Three U.S. districts; court held twice a year at Helena, twice at Virginia +City, and three times at Deer Lodge. Helena, the capital and most important +town. Railroad mileage, 1,032; Northern Pacific extends through the +Territory from east to west. + +Immense areas cultivable land; cereal productions, 1882, were 1,857,540 +bu., of which 1,100,000 were oats; potatoes yielded 300,000 bu., and hay +93,000 tons. Wheat crop in 1884, 1,372,000 bu.; oats, 1,740,000 bu. Some +varieties of corn grown in portions of Territory, but generally too cold. + +Grazing interest of value; estimated area valuable grazing land, 100,000 +square miles; great extent of plains and mountain valleys yet untouched by +herdsmen. Latest returns give 686,839 cattle, 465,750 sheep, and 17,544 +swine. + + Salaries Territorial Officers. + + Governor $2,600 + Secretary 1,800 + Treasurer 1,500 + Auditor 1,500 + Supt. Public Instruction 1,200 + Chief Justice 3,000 + 2 Asso. Justices 3,000 + Senators, } $4 pr. day + Repres'ntatives } and 20 c. mileage. + Surveyor Gen. 2,500 + Chief Clerk 1,800 + Chf. Draftsman 1,600 + Col. Int. Rev 2,500 + 5 Deputy Colls. Internal Rev. 1,600 + Assayer 2,500 + Melter 2,250 + +[Illustration] + + Indian Agents. + + Blackfeet $1,800 + Crow 2,000 + Flathead 1,500 + + Presidential P. O. + + Billings $1,500 + Bozeman 1,800 + Butte City 2,500 + Deer Lodge City 1,500 + Dillon 1,400 + Fort Benton 1,600 + Glendive 1,100 + Helena 2,500 + Livingston 1,600 + Miles City 1,600 + Missoula 1,700 + Virginia City 1,000 + +One of richest mining countries in the world; mineral wealth almost +inexhaustible. Product for 1879 was $3,629,000, of which 2/3 was gold and +1/3 silver; product, 1880, was $3,822,379, of which 2/3 was silver and 1/3 +gold; production, 1882, $6,920,000, of which 2/3 was silver and 1/3 gold. + +Manufacturing interests mainly smelting works, and flour and lumber mills. +Ranks fifth in silver and in gold. + +Population, 39,139; male, 28,177; female, 10,982; native, 27,638; foreign, +11,521; white, 35,385; colored, 346; Chinese, 1,765; Indians, 1663 + +Territorial and congressional elections, Tuesday after first Monday in +November; number Senators, 12; Representatives, 24; sessions of +legislature, biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting second Monday in +January; limit of session, 60 days; terms of Senators and Representatives, +2 years each. Voting population, 21,544; native white, 12,162; foreign +white, 7,474; colored, 1,908. + +School population, 10,482; school age, 4-21; graded schools in Deer Lodge +City, Virginia City and Helena. + +Legal interest rate, 10; by contract, any rate. {163} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{164} + +IDAHO. [=I]'dah-ho + +White population previous to 1850, mainly trappers, prospectors and +missionaries; permanent settlement began with discovery of gold, 1860; +organized as Territory, 1863. + +Area, 84,800 square miles; length in west, 485 miles, and on Wyoming +boundary, 140 miles; width, 45 miles in north, and nearly 300 miles in +south. Drainage mainly by Salmon and Snake rivers and their tributaries. +Number counties, 15. + +Temperature at Boise City: winter, 30deg to 40deg; summer, 68deg to 75deg. + +Boise City, the capital, and contains national bank and penitentiary. +Florence and Silver City are flourishing mining towns. Railroad mileage, +777; Northern Pacific crosses northern part. + +Extreme north well timbered and much fertile land; extreme southeast +populated almost entirely by Mormons, chiefly farmers; 4,480,000 acres +suitable for agriculture, and 5,000,000 for grazing, most of the ranges +being as yet unoccupied. Latest reports give, cattle, 220,612; sheep, +187,500; swine, 24,780. + +Cash value per acre of corn in 1883, $18; wheat, $13.77; rye, $11.79; oats, +$21.31; barley, $21.30; potatoes, $73.44; hay, $10.40. + + Salaries Territorial Officers. + + Governor $2,600 + Secretary 1,800 + Treasurer 1,000 + Auditor 1,800 + Librarian 250 + Chief Justice 3,000 + 2 Asso. Justices 3,000 + Senators, } $4 a day + Representatives } and 20c. mileage. + 2 Dist. Attorneys 250 & fees + Col. Int. Rev. 2,250 + 3 Dep. Collectors 1,400 to 1,600 + Assayer 2,000 + Asst. Assayer 1,440 + Clerk 1,000 + Asst. Melter 1,200 + Surveyor Gen'l 2,500 + Chief Clerk 1,800 + Draftsman 1,500 + Messenger 600 + +[Illustration] + + Indian Agents. + + Fort Hall $1,500 + Lemhi 1,100 + Nez Perces 1,600 + + Presidential P. O. + + Bellevue $1,200 + Boise City 1,800 + Hailey 1,200 + Ketchum 1,000 + Lewiston 1,200 + +Most of the gold is found in Idaho, Boise and Alturas counties; silver, in +Owyhee county; some of the mines being very rich. Gold production, 1883, +$1,500,000; silver, $2,000,000. Wood River District on southern slope of +Salmon River Mountains, at headwaters of Wood or Malade river, gives +promise of valuable mining operations. Coal in vicinity of Boise City. +Ranks sixth in gold and silver. + +Manufactures, chiefly production of flour and lumber, and smelting of ores. + +Population, 32,610: males, 21,818; female, 10,792; native, 22,636; foreign, +9,974; white, 29,013; colored, 53; Chinese, 3,379; Indians, 165 + +Territorial and congressional elections, Tuesday after first Monday in +November; number Senators, 12; Representatives, 24; sessions of legislature +biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting second Monday in December; limit +of session, 60 days; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. + +Voting population, 14,795; native white, 7,331; foreign white, 4,385; +colored, 3,126. + +School population, 9,650; school age, 521. + +Legal interest rate, 10; by contract, 18; usury forfeits three times excess +of interest. {165} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{166} + +NEVADA. Ne-vah'dah. +"SAGE HEN STATE." + +Name of Spanish derivation, signifying "Snow-covered." + +First white settlements in Washoe and Carson valleys, 1848; organized as a +Territory from Utah, 1861; admitted, 1864. + +Area, 110,700 square miles; extreme length, 485 miles; length western +boundary, 210 miles; extreme breadth, 310 miles. Humboldt the longest +river; its valley, extending east and west, determined course of Central +Pacific. Number counties, 15. + +Temperature at Winnemucca: winter, 30deg to 38deg; summer, 66deg to 73deg. + +Virginia City, metropolis and chief commercial centre; population, 10,917. +Carson City, capital, and contains a branch mint; population, 4,229. +Railroad mileage, 948; Central Pacific extends through the State, east and +west. Waters of rivers usually fresh, and abound in fish. + +Number farms, 1,404; many valleys easily cultivated, and crop yield good. +Corn, 1884, 830 acres; wheat, 5,515 acres; oats, 7,858 acres. Area grazing +land, 7,508,060 acres. Reported January 1, 1884, 40,732 horses and mules; +385,350 sheep, valued at $793,821; 13,200 hogs, valued at $110,880. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $5,000 + Lieut. Gov. 3,000 + Sec'y of State 3,000 + Treasurer 3,000 + Comptroller 3,000 + Attorney Gen. 3,000 + Supt. Pub. Inst. 2,400 + Chief Justice 6,000 + 2 Asso. Justices 6,000 + Senators, } $8 a day + Representatives } and 40c. a mile + District Judge 3,500 + Surveyor Gen. 3,000 + Chief Clerk 2,000 + Draftsman 1,500 + Col. Int. Rev. 2,375 + 4 Deputy Collectors 1,850 to 1,950 + Supt. of Mint 3,000 + Melt. & Refiner 2,500 + Coiner 2,500 + Assayer 2,500 + Cashier 2,000 + Weigh. Clerk 2,000 + Reg. Deposits 1,800 + 2 Indian Agts. 1,800 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Austin $1,400 + Carson City 1,800 + Elko 1,200 + Eureka 1,700 + Gold Hill 1,000 + Reno 1,800 + Tuscarora 1,200 + Virginia City 2,000 + Winnemucca 1,200 + +Mineral resources of enormous value; Comstock lode supposed to be richest +silver mine in the world; Eureka one of the most productive. Amount of gold +produced, 1882, $2,000,000; silver, $6,750,000. Rich lead and copper ores; +also zinc, platinum, tin and nickel have been found. Extensive deposits of +borax in Churchill and Esmeralda counties. + +Ranks second in gold, and fourth in silver. + +Population, 62,266; male, 42,019; female, 20,247; native, 36,613; foreign, +25,653; white, 53,556; colored, 488; Chinese, 5,416; Indians, 2803 + +Governor and State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature every 2 +years; State, presidential and congressional elections Tuesday after first +Monday in November; number Senators, 20; Representatives, 40; sessions of +legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in +January; limit of session, 60 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of +Representatives, 2 years. Voting population, 31,255; native white, 11,442; +foreign white, 14,191; colored, 5,622. Idiots, insane and convicts excluded +from voting. + +Number colleges, 1; school population, 10,483; school age, 6-18. + +Legal Interest rate, 10; by contract, any rate. {167} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{168} + +CALIFORNIA. Kal-e-for'ne-ah. +"THE GOLDEN STATE." + +Name of Spanish origin, signifying "Hot Furnace." + +First settlement by Spaniards at San Diego, 1768; admitted 1850. + +Area, 158,360 square miles, the second largest State; extreme length, 770 +miles; extreme breadth, 330 miles; least breadth, 150 miles; coastline, +over 700 miles; San Francisco Bay, best harbor on western coast. Number +counties, 52. + +Temperature at San Francisco: winter, 50deg to 55deg; summer, 58deg to +69deg. Rainfall, Sacramento, 20 inches. + +San Francisco, metropolis and only port of entry. Regular line of steamers +to Australia, Panama, Mexico, China and Japan; pop., 233,959. Sacramento, +capital; pop., 21,420. Population Oakland, 34,555; San Jose, 12,567; +Stockton, 10,282; Los Angeles, 11,183; U.S. navy yard at San Pablo Bay. + +Number farms, 35,934. Average value per acre, cleared land, $27.16; +woodland, $8.55. + +One of the richest agricultural tracts in the Union; rich soil and +favorable climate, often insuring two crops per year on same field; wheat +the most valuable crop; crop of 1884, 44,320,000 bu.; corn, 8,800,000 bu.; +oats, 2,149,000 bu. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $6,000 + Sec'y of State 3,000 + Treasurer 3,000 + Comptroller 3,000 + Supt. Pub. Inst. 3,000 + Attorney Gen. 3,000 + Surveyor Gen. 3,000 + State Librarian 3,000 + District Judge 5,000 + Senators, } $8 a day, + Representatives } mileage 10c. & $25 + 2 Colls. Int. Revenue 3,125 to 4,500 + Col. Customs San Fransisco 7,000 + Pension Agent 4,000 + Supt. Mint 4,500 + Assayer 3,000 + M'lt'r & Refinr. 3,000 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Chico $1,800 + Fresno City 1,900 + Los Angeles 3,000 + Marysville 1,900 + Napa City 2,000 + Oakland 3,100 + Petaluma 1,900 + Red Bluff 1,800 + Sacramento 3,000 + San Bernardino 1,800 + San Diego 1,800 + San Francisco 5,000 + San Jose 2,700 + Santa Barbara 1,900 + Santa Cruz 1,900 + Santa Rosa 1,900 + Stockton 2,500 + 40 P. O. 1,700 to 1000 + +Ranks very high as a fruit-growing state; fruits of temperate climates, +about 4,000,000 trees; sub-tropical fruits and nuts, 250,000 trees; grape +region north to 41deg, with an average breadth of 100 miles, and contains +over 21,000,000 vines. + +Fine sheep-raising country. Cashmere goats have been introduced and are +doing well. + +Ranks first in barley, grape culture, sheep, gold and quicksilver; third in +hops; fifth in wheat and salt; seventh in silk goods; eighth in soap and +silver. + +Population, 864,694: male, 518,176; female, 346,518; native, 571,820; +foreign, 292,874; white, 767,181; colored, 6,018; Chinese, 75,132; +Japanese, 86; Indians, 16,277. + +Governor and State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature every +two years; number Senators, 40; Representatives, 80; sessions of +legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday after +January 1st; limit of session, 60 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of +Representatives, 2 years. + +Number electoral votes, 8; number white voters, 262,583. Idiots, Indians, +convicts and Chinese excluded from voting. + +School population, 216,330; school age, 5-17. + +Legal interest rate, 7; by contract, any rate. {169} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{170} + +OREGON. Or'e-gon. + +Name derived from Spanish word signifying "Wild Thyme," so called on +account of the abundance of the herb found by early explorers. Credit of +discovery generally given to Captain Gray, of Boston, 1792; Fur Company's +trading post at Astoria, 1811; organized as a Territory, 1848; admitted +1859. + +Area, 96,030 square miles; average length, 360 miles; breadth, 260 miles; +coast line, 300 miles; Columbia river frontage, 300 miles. Number counties, +27. Temperature at Portland: winter, 38deg to 46deg summer, 62deg to 68deg: +rainfall at Dalles, 22 inches, and at Fort Hoskins, 67 inches. + +Portland, Astoria and Coos Bay are ports of entry; Oregon City, Roseburgh +and La Grande are land offices. Portland, the metropolis; population, +33,400. Salem is capital. + +Number farms, 16,217; about 25,000,000 acres arable land, and same of +grazing land; forest, 10,000,000 acres. Average value per acre, cleared +land, $21.71; woodland, $4.50. + +Wheat the staple; noted for superiority of its flour and for weight, often +reaching 65 pounds per bu. Wheat crop, 1884, 15,462,000 bu.; oats, +5,470,000 bu. + + Salaries of State Officers. + + Governor $1,500 + Sec. of State, } 1,500 + Aud. & Comp. } + Treasurer 800 + Supt. of Pub. In. 1,500 + State Librarian 500 + Chief Justice 2,000 + 2 Asso. Justices 2,000 + Senators, } $3 a day + Representatives } and 15c. per mile. + District Judge 3,500 + District Attorney 200 & fees. + Col. Int. Rev. 2,500 + Col. Customs, Astoria 3,000 + Appraiser 3,000 + Surveyor Gen. 2,500 + Chief Clerk 1,800 + Draftsman 1,500 + 5 Indian Agents 1,000 to 1,800 + +[Illustration] + + Presidential P. O. + + Albany $1,500 + Ashland 1,000 + Astoria 1,900 + Baker City 1,400 + Corvallis 1,300 + East Portland 1,500 + Eugene City 1,400 + Jacksonville 1,200 + Oregon City 1,200 + Pendleton 1,600 + Portland 3,200 + Roseburgh 1,100 + Salem 2,100 + The Dalles 1,700 + +Cattle raising ranks 2d only to agriculture; wool is of fine quality. + +Extremely rich in minerals; gold found in Jackson, Josephine, Baker and +Grant counties; copper, in Josephine, Douglas and Jackson counties; iron +ore, throughout the State; coal, along Coast Range. + +Principal exports are wheat, flour, lumber and canned salmon. Over +10,000,000 feet lumber out annually, and over 600,000 cases salmon packed. + +Population, 174,768: male, 103,381; female, 71,387; native, 144,265; +foreign, 30,503; white, 163,075; colored, 487; Chinese, 9,510; Indians, +1694 + +Governor and State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature every +two years; number of Senators, 30; Representatives, 60; sessions of +legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in +January; limit of session, 40 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of +Representatives, 2 years. + +Number of electoral votes, 3; voting population, 59,629. U.S. army, idiots, +insane, convicts, and Chinese excluded from voting. + +Number of colleges, 7; school population, 65,216; school age, 4-20. + +Legal interest rate, 8; by contract, 10; usury forfeits principal and +interest. {171} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{172} + +WASHINGTON. W[)o]sh-ing-ton. + +First settlement of white Americans at Tumwater, 1845, though trading posts +had before been established by fur traders; organized 1853 + +Area, 69,180 square miles, nearly same as Missouri; greatest length, 340 +miles; greatest breadth, 240 miles; Pacific coast line, about 180 miles. +Number counties, 33. + +Temperature at Olympia: winter, 37deg to 44deg; summer, 59deg to 62deg. +Rainfall, Ft. Colville, 10 inches; at Ft. Vancouver, 39 inches, and at Neah +Bay, 123 inches. + +Olympia is the capital, and Walla Walla and Seattle the largest towns. +Harbors of Puget Sound numerous and excellent. Railroad mileage, 716; +Northern Pacific from Wallula Junction to Idaho line, and from Kalama to +New Tacoma, which is connected by railway with Seattle. + +About 25 per cent. of area well fitted for agriculture; cereals all thrive, +but generally too cold for corn; wheat crop, 1884, 4,118,000 bushels; oats, +2,623,000. Fruits of temperate zone, excepting peaches, attain perfection. +Considerable attention paid to hop culture, latest reports giving 703,277 +pounds; also 1,003,530 bushels potatoes. + + Salaries Territorial Officers. + + Governor $2,600 + Secretary 1,800 + Treasurer 1,200 + Auditor 1,200 + Supt. Pub. Ins'n. 1,000 + Librarian 400 + Chief Justice 3,000 + 3 Assoc. Justices 3,000 + Senators, } $4 a day + Representatives, } and 20c mileage + Surveyor Gen. 2,500 + Chief Clerk 1,800 + Chief Drftsm'n 1,700 + Col. of Customs $1,000 & fees + Col. Int. Rev. 2,250 + 3 Dep. Colls. Int. Rev. 1,200 to 1,600 + +[Illustration] + + Indian Agents. + + Colville $1,500 + Neah Bay 1,000 + Nisqually 1,200 + Quiniaielt 1,000 + Skokomish 1,200 + Tulalip 1,000 + Yakama 2,000 + + Presidential P. O. + + Cheney $1,100 + Colfax 1,500 + Dayton 1,500 + Olympia 1,600 + Port Townsend 1,200 + Seattle 2,500 + Spokane Falls 1,700 + Sprague 1,200 + Tacoma 1,600 + Vancouver 1,200 + Walla Walla 2,300 + +Grazing interest valuable and rapidly increasing; grazing region east of +Cascade Range, the bunch grass furnishing an inexhaustible food supply. + +Coal mined at Bellingham Bay and Seattle; area coal-bearing strata, 20,000 +square miles. Gold-bearing quartz and silver lodes exist in Cascade and +Coast ranges; copper, cinnabar, lead and other minerals are found. + +Lumber resources almost inexhaustible; amount lumber cut annually, +250,000,000 to 300,000,000 feet, 150,000,000 being exported. + +Population, 75,116: male, 45,973; female, 29,143; native, 59,313; foreign, +15,803; white, 67,199; colored, 325; Chinese, 3,186; Indians, 4,405. + +Territorial and congressional elections, Tuesday after first Monday day in +November; number Senators, 12; Representatives, 24; sessions of legislature +biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in October; terms of +Senators and Representatives, 2 years each; limit of session, 60 days. +Voting population, 27,670; native white, 15,858; foreign white, 8,393; +colored, 3,419. + +Number colleges, 2; school population, 23,890; school age, 4-21. + +Legal interest rate, 10; by contract, any rate. {173} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{174} + +CENTRAL AMERICA AND WEST INDIES. + +Central America is an irregular mass of land in southern part of North +America, and lies about midway between the two great continental masses of +the New World. It includes the republics of Guatemala, Honduras, San +Salvador, Nicaragua and Costa Rica, together with British Honduras. + +The West Indies, an extensive system of islands lying southeast of North +America, contain the large islands of Cuba, Hayti, Jamaica and Porto Rico, +and are arranged mostly in three groups; viz., Greater Antilles, Lesser +Antilles and the Bahamas. + + --------------------+-----------+-----------+---------------+---------- + | Area, | Pop. | Capital. | Pop. + |Sq. Miles | | | + --------------------+-----------+-----------+---------------+---------- + British Honduras | 7,562 | 27,452 | Belize | 5,767 + Costa Rica | 26,040 | 190,000 | San Jose | 20,000 + Guatemala | 41,830 | 1,278,311 | New Guatemala | 55,728 + Honduras | 39,600 | 458,000 | Tegucigalpa | 12,000 + Nicaragua | 49,500 | 400,000 | Managua | 12,000 + San Salvador | 7,225 | 554,785 | San Salvador | 18,500 + Cuba | 43,220 | 1,521,684 | Havana | 25,000 + Hayti { Hayti | 10,204 | 572,000 | Port-au-Prince| 35,000 + { San Domingo | 18,045 | 400,000 | San Domingo | 10,000 + Jamaica | 4,362 | 585,536 | Kingston | 38,566 + Porto Rico | 3,550 | 754,313 | San Juan | 27,000 + --------------------+-----------+-----------+---------------+---------- + + Statement of Exports and Imports at Belize for the year ending Dec. 31, + 1882. + + EXPORTS. IMPORTS. + Bananas $10,980 | Boots and Shoes $13,918 + Cocoanuts 25,132 | Butter 14,783 + Sarsaparilla 14,278 | Cotton Goods 190,436 + Logwood 306,072 | Beef and Pork 59,405 + Mahogany 215,807 | Hardware and Cutlery 38,234 + Rubber 18,064 | Flour 71,200 + Raw Sugar 218,913 | Fancy Goods 24,844 + + Exports of Cuba, 1882-83. + BARACOA--1883. + + Cocoanuts, hundreds 9,083,305 + Bananas, bunches, hundred 628,916 + Value $671,925 + Cocoanut Oil 98,930 + + SANTA CRUZ--1882. SAGUA AND CARDENAS--1882. + + Mah'any and cedar logs $166,577 | Sugar $17,484,884 + Palm Leaf 8,453 | Molasses 3,941,522 + Mahogany Crutches 1,490 | Melada 262,233 + + Exports of Porto Rico, 1882-83 + MAYAGUEZ--1883. AQUADILLA AND ARECIBO--1882. + + Sugar $1,141,784 | Sugar $1,409,972 + Coffee 1,566,327 | Coffee 567,073 + Molasses 326,690 | Tobacco 104,173 + + Exports of Hayti, 1883. + + Coffee $57,341,162 | Orange Peels $459,917 + Logwood 264,135,490 | Crude Sugar 561,479 + Cocoa 2,735,555 | Mahogany 245,999 + Cotton 1,619,891 | Lignum-vitae 1,062,000 + + Exports of Jamaica, 1881-82. + + Sugar 38,392 hhds. | Oranges $163,928 + Rum 22,742 puncheons | Coffee 649,848 + Bananas $481,838 | Dye-woods 501,415 + +{175} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{176} + +COSTA RICA. Kos'ta Ree'ka. + +The most southern republic of Central America. Area, 26,040 square miles. +Population, 190,000. There are many volcanic peaks: Turrialba, 12,500 feet +high; Chiriqui, 11,265 feet high; Los Votos, 9,840 feet high. + +The chief executive, the President, elected for a term of 4 years, is +assisted by 5 ministers. Legislative power is vested in a Congress of +Deputies, chosen for 4 years. Capital, San Jose; pop., 20,000. + +The principal products of the soil are coffee, sugar, maize, cocoa, +sarsaparilla and fruits. The principal export is coffee. Value of exports, +1883, $2,431,625; of which coffee amounted to $2,000,590. Imports chiefly +manufactures from England, $2,081,805. Revenue for fiscal year of 1885, +$2,867,170, mainly derived from customs duties and the monopoly on spirits; +expenditure, $2,961,110. In 1884, $841,440 were expended for public works. +There are about 104 miles of railway: telegraph, 451 miles. + +The state religion is the Roman Catholic; constitution guarantees religious +liberty. There are 341 national schools and 584 private schools; total +number of pupils, 13,924. + +NICARAGUA. Nik-ar-a'gwa. + +Largest of the Central American states. Area, 49,500 square miles. +Population, 400,000. Fifty-five per cent, of inhabitants are Indians. +Climate is healthy; mean annual temperature about 80deg; rainfall about 100 +inches. Constitution adopted 1858. Presidential term, 4 years. Legislative +power rests with a Senate and a House of Representatives. Capital, Managua; +population, 12,000. + +Through want of peace and industry the great natural resources are +undeveloped. Lead, iron, zinc, antimony, tin, quicksilver and gold are +found. The vegetable products are cotton, coffee, indigo, rice, tobacco and +corn. There are about 400,000 cattle in the country. Leading exports in +1882: coffee, $659,550; India rubber, $638,010; gold, $150,000. Imports for +the same year, $1,477,340; exports, $1,895,760. + +Army, 703 regulars and 9,600 militiamen. Number of schools, 178; pupils, +8,330. Vessels entered, 1882, 213; tonnage, 256,000. Telegraph, 1882, 800 +miles; railway, 83 miles. + +SAN SALVADOR. S[)a]l-v[)a]-d[=o]r'. + +In area the smallest, in population the second, of the Central American +republics. It extends along the Pacific coast 170 miles. Average breadth, +43 miles; area, 7,225 square miles. Population, 554785 + +Constitution adopted 1864; amended 1883. Government administered by a +President, elected for 4 years, and a ministry of 4 members. The +legislative power is vested in a Senate and House of Representatives. +Capital, San Salvador; population, 18,500. + +The temperature varies greatly; but the climate is generally considered +healthful. This is the most advanced and best cultivated of the republics. +Principal agricultural products, indigo, coffee, sugar and balsam. Minerals +are not abundant, though there are some rich veins of silver. Value of +silver ores, 1882, $700,000. + +Latest reports give value of imports as $2,327,765; exports, $5,638,080. +Value of coffee exported, $3,416,100; indigo, $1,812,590; sugar, $93,230. +In the same year 265 vessels entered the ports. + +The army consists of 1,200 men and 2,500 militia. {177} + +GUATEMALA. Gaw-te-mah'la. + +The most populous of the five Central American republics. Area, 41,830 +square miles. Population, 1884, 1,278,311. Climate healthful; snow never +falls; frequent violent earthquakes occur. Watered by numerous rivers. + +Constitution adopted 1859; amended 1879. President is chief executive; +legislative power in the hands of National Assembly; President and members +of Assembly elected for 6 years; suffrage universal. Capital, New +Guatemala; pop., 55,728. + +The soil is fertile; cotton, sugar cane, coffee and tobacco are grown. +Roads are poor. Coffee crop, 1884, over 42,000,000 lbs. Sugar, wool and +fruit trade recently developed. In 1882, number of land-owners 5,334. + +Imports, 1884, valued at $2,630,100; exports, $3,716,340. Miles of railway, +105. Miles of telegraph, 2,880; 1,100 miles controlled by the state. + +Army consists of 2,180 men, rank and file; 33,000 militiamen. There is no +navy. + +In 1882, sum spent on education, $434,753; state contributed $323,860; in +1883 there were 844 primary government schools; number night schools, 48; +pupils attending all schools, 42,021. + +HONDURAS. Hon-doo'ras. + +Republic established November 5, 1838. Area, 39,600 square miles. +Population, 458,000. Capital, Tegucigalpa; pop., 12,000. Numerous +mountains; between them fertile valleys. Coast line on the Pacific, 40 +miles: Atlantic, 400 miles. Many excellent harbors; many rivers, some of +them navigable. + +Government consists of President, 6 ministers, and an Assembly of 37 +Representatives. Finances badly disordered; foreign debt, $26,125,106; +interest unpaid, $24,308,846. Standing army, 830 men; militia, 31,500. +Navy, 2 steam corvettes, with 8 guns. + +The products are mahogany, fruit, cotton, cattle, coffee, tobacco, indigo, +India rubber and rosewood. Exports from Truxillo, 1883, $804,550; 26,000 +head of cattle; mahogany valued at $88,000; hides and deer skins, $40,000. +Total exports, 1883, $2,193,149; imports, $1,749,146. + +Railway, 29 miles. Telegraph, 1,800 miles; offices, 23; messages, 107,730. +Universities, 2; several colleges; 573 schools, with attendance of 20,518. + +BRITISH HONDURAS. Hon-doo'ras. + +A British Colony in Central America. Area, 7,562 square miles. Population, +27,452. Coast low and swampy; land gradually rises; on the inland boundary +are hills of from 800 to 1,000 feet high; mountains 4,000 feet high. +Sixteen rivers descend from elevated lands. Climate hot and damp; +temperature, 1878-79, 75deg; rainfall 105.49 inches, unusually heavy. + +Government in the hands of Lieutenant Governor, an executive and a +Legislative Council. Capital, Belize; pop., 5,767. Soil fertile. Sugar cane +is grown; fruits flourish; the staple products, however, are the natural +woods of the colony. Annual export of mahogany, 3,000,000 feet; logwood, +15,000 tons; estimated value of fruit exports, $100,000. Total imports, +1883, $1,344,865; exports, $1,514,345. Large trade with neighboring +republics. {178} + +JAMAICA. Ja-m[=a]'ka. + +An island of the West Indies; formally ceded to Great Britain, in 1670, by +the treaty of Madrid; most valuable possession of the British Crown in the +West Indies. Area, including the Turks and Caicos Islands, annexed in 1873, +4,362 square miles. Population, 585,536. Surface mountainous. There is a +great variety of climate. Temperature in lowlands, 95deg at night, 85deg in +the day; in highlands, 40deg to 50deg. Produces most of the tropical +staples; the rosewood, mahogany and ebony of the island are well known. + +Latest reports give 121,457 acres under crops; 120,264 in guinea grass, and +318,549 in pasture. Principal exports: coffee, 9,572,714 lbs.; ginger, +908,603 lbs.; pimento, 6,195,109 lbs.; 29,000 hhds. of sugar; 18,115 +puncheons of rum, and 35,157 tons of logwood. Value of fruit exported in +same year, $197,255. Total value of imports, 1889, $6,609,810; exports, +$7,745,290. + +Governor is assisted by a Privy Council and Legislative Council. Kingston, +the chief city and port, is the capital; pop., 38,566. + +Miles of railway, 25; 60 miles in process of construction. Telegraph +stations and post offices in every town and village. + +SAN DOMINGO. San Do-meeng'go. + +A republic occupying the eastern and larger portion of the island of Hayti. +Area, 18,045 square miles. Country first settled by Spaniards under +Columbus in 1492. Republic founded 1844. President elected for a term of 4 +years; legislative power in the hands of a National Congress. Capital, San +Domingo, founded 1494; population, 10000 + +The country is very fertile. Principal products, sugar, molasses, tobacco, +cotton, coffee, cacao, fruits, mahogany and live stock. The production of +sugar and molasses is largely on the increase. Latest reports give +$5,000,000 capital invested in sugar factories; amount of product, 10,000 +tons. + +Value of imports, 1883, $3,142,100; exports, $2,129,265. At the two most +important ports, San Domingo and Puerto Plata, there entered, in 1883, 297 +vessels, of 192,042 tons. + +HAYTI. H[=a]'tee. + +A republic, occupying the west part of the Island of Hayti. Area, 10,204 +square miles. Population, 572,000. Capital, Port au Prince; pop., 35,000. +Nine-tenths of total population are negroes. Essentially mountainous. In +plains, temperature rises to 96deg and 100deg; on high lands, ranges +between 60deg and 76deg. Constitution was adopted 1867. President is +elected for 4 years; National Assembly consists of Senate and House of +Commons. Mountains cultivable almost to their summits; covered with +valuable timber. Agriculture is backward, though the soil is probably the +most fertile in the West Indies. Business of the country transacted by +foreigners. + +Finances badly deranged; foreign debt, $6,409,970; no interest paid on debt +for years. Revenue, $4,500,000; expenditures, $7,000,000. Three-fourths of +revenue derived from duties on imports and exports. Imports, 1881, +$7,283,620; exports, $6,240,460. In same year, 792 vessels entered, and 768 +vessels cleared, the ports of Hayti. + +By a law of 1878, army consists of 6,828 men; the Guard of the Government, +650 men. + +Language of the country, French; religion, Roman Catholic. {179} + +CUBA. K[=u]'ba. + +A Spanish colony in the West Indies. Area, 43,220 square miles. Population, +1,521,684; 50 per cent. of the inhabitants are blacks and enfranchised +slaves. The greatest length of the island is 760 miles; width varies from +20 to 135 miles; coast line about 2,000 miles. Surface is broken by a +mountain chain running through its centre from east to west; average +altitude of summit is between 5,000 and 6,000 feet. Pico de Turquino, 7,670 +feet, is the highest peak. There are over 260 rivers, all valueless for +navigation purposes, except the Canto. Mineral springs abound. + +But little attention has been paid to the development of the mineral +wealth. Gold was obtained by the early colonists, but for two centuries +comparatively none has been found. There are extensive copper mines, and +coal is abundant. Copperas and alum have also been obtained. + +Rainfall at Havana: in the wet season, 27.8 inches; dry season, 12.7 +inches. Average temperature: at Havana, 77deg; at Santiago de Cuba, 80deg. +Yellow fever and earthquakes are frequent. + +Thirteen million acres of Cuban territory are uncleared forests; 7,000,000 +wild and uncultivated. Principal woods grown and exported are mahogany, +rosewood, Cuban ebony, and cedar. + +Tobacco and sugar raising principal occupation of the people. Many sugar +plantations comprise 10,000 acres each. + +Two crops of Indian corn grown per year; rice, cotton, cacao and indigo +also produced; most tropical fruits are abundant. Sugar product averages +520,000 tons per year; molasses, 79,365 hogsheads. Total value of +agricultural products over $90,000,000. United States receives 80 per cent. +of Cuban sugar. No manufactures deserving mention. + +Latest reports give exports of cigars 225,000,000 per annum; leaf tobacco, +13,500,000 pounds. There are about 900 miles of railway. Marine cable +connects Cuba with Florida. + +Roman Catholicism is the only religion tolerated. Education compulsory; +school attendance, 34,813. + +Havana is the capital; Pop., 25,000. Government administered by a Captain +General, appointed by the Spanish Crown. The island is now represented in +the Spanish Cortes, Madrid. + +PORTO RICO. P[=o]r'to Ree'ko. + +The smallest of the Greater Antilles. Area, including dependencies, 3,550 +square miles. Population, 754,313. Rectangular in shape; length, 100 miles; +breadth, 40 miles. A range of mountains extends across the island from east +to west; highest peak, 3,678 feet. + +The island is very fertile; its principal products are sugar cane, coffee, +tobacco, cotton, rice and Indian corn. In proportion to its area, it +produces more sugar than any other West India island. + +Government is administered under a constitution granted by the Spanish +Cortes, 1869. Slavery was abolished in 1873. Capital, San Juan; pop. about +27,000. Climate warm; more healthful than that of the other Antilles. +Destructive hurricanes are frequent. The natural productions are very +numerous; medicinal plants and many valuable woods, as mahogany, ebony, +logwood, and cedar, abound in the forests. Business in the hands of +foreigners. Imports, 1871, $17,500,000; exports $15,500,000. Export of +sugar, 111,084 tons; molasses, 7,590,915 gallons. + +Telegraphic cable connects Porto Rico with other West Indies; telegraph +lines connect the principal towns; there are no railroads. {180} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{181} + +SOUTH AMERICA. + +A vast, compact, triangular peninsula, forming southern portion of Western +Continent. Area, 6,827,230 square miles; extreme length, 4,550 miles; +extreme breadth, about 3,300 miles. Number political divisions, 11. + + -------------------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------- + Divisions. | Area, |Population.| Capitals. | Pop. + | Sq. Miles.| | | + -------------------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------- + Argentine Republic | 1,125,086 | 3,026,000 | Buenos Ayres | 295,000 + Bolivia | 842,729 | 2,300,000 | La Paz | 76,372 + Brazil | 3,288,963 | 9,883,622 | Rio de Janeiro| 274,972 + Chili | 256,399 | 2,271,949 | Santiago | 200,000 + Colombia | 504,773 | 4,000,000 | Bogota | 100,000 + Ecuador | 248,370 | 946,033 | Quito | 80,000 + Guiana, British | 76,000 | 248,110 | Georgetown | 36,562 + Guiana, French | 48,000 | 36,760 | Cayenne | 10,000 + Guiana, Dutch | 46,060 | 68,255 | Paramaribo | 27,416 + Paraguay | 91,970 | 346,048 | Asuncion | 16,000 + Peru | 503,718 | 2,699,945 | Lima | 101,488 + Uruguay | 73,538 | 438,245 | Montevideo | 115,500 + Venezuela | 632,695 | 2,121,988 | Caracas | 55,638 + -------------------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------- + +PRINCIPAL LAKES. + + Maracaybo, area 4,900 sq. miles. | Titicaca, area 4,000 sq. miles. + +LENGTHS OF RIVERS. + + Miles. | Miles. + Amazon 3,750 | Parana 2,000 + Caroni 400 | Pilcomayo 1,000 + Canca 600 | Purus 2,000 + Guaviare 450 | San Francisco 1,550 + Madeira 2,000 | Tocantins 1,000 + Magdalena 900 | Uruguay 800 + Meta 500 | Xingu 1,300 + +LATEST REPORTED VALUE EXPORTS. + + Cotton: | Diamonds: + Brazil $4,063,650 | Brazil $ 370,316 + Colombia 32,560 | + Venezuela 36,449 | Tobacco: + | Brazil 5,344,500 + | Paraguay 658,650 + Sugar: | Venezuela 58,778 + Brazil 16,250,000 | + Peru 2,354,095 | Rubber: + | Brazil 5,965,000 + | Ecuador 428,800 + Coffee: | + Brazil 52,720,000 | Hides: + Columbia 2,396,337 | Brazil 4,040,750 + Venezuela 9,930,430 | Colombia 1,000,608 + British Guiana 3,019 | Venezuela 395,915 + | British Guiana 11,703 + | + Cocoa: | Indigo: + Colombia 15,575 | Columbia 8,360 + Venezuela 1,602,443 | Venezuela 23,290 + Ecuador 2,768,670 | + +{182} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{183} + +UNITED STATES OF COLOMBIA. + +A federal republic in the northwestern part of South America, composed of 9 +States. Area, 504,773 square miles. The country is traversed by three +ranges of the Andes Mountains. There are numerous large, navigable rivers, +tributaries of the Orinoco and Amazon. + +The constitution was adopted in 1863. Government in the hands of a +President, elected for 2 years, a ministry of 7 members, and a Congress +composed of a Senate and House of Representatives. Capital, Bogota; +population, 100,000. Strength of the Federal Army determined by Congress. +Peace footing for 1882-83, 4,000 men. + +The climate varies according to the elevation: the coast lands are usually +hot and sickly: but the high table lands, as a rule, possess a genial +climate; that of Bogota is unusually fine. + +The mineral wealth of Colombia is very great; one-sixth of the exports +consist of precious metals. Agriculture and stock raising are the leading +pursuits. Value of imports, 1883, $11,504,028; exports, $14,857,170. +Two-thirds of the exports consist of cinchona and coffee. The transit trade +through the ports of Panama and Aspinwall is of far greater importance than +the direct commerce; its value is estimated as not less than $85,000,000 +per annum. + +There are many native products, among which are fine woods, cacao, India +rubber, ipecac, calisaya bark, cochineal, sarsaparilla and logwood. These, +and tobacco, cinchona, coffee, sugar, indigo, rice, cotton, hides, ores and +Panama hats, form the chief exports. + +In 1883, 1,513 vessels, of 709,175 tons, entered the ports of Colombia. +Number of miles of railway in the republic, 140. It is expected that the +ship canal across the Isthmus of Panama will be opened in 1888. The company +have a subscribed capital of $125,000,000. + +VENEZUELA. V[)e]n'ez-wee'la. + +A republic of South America, formed in 1830. The republic was, in 1881, +subdivided into 8 States, 1 Federal District, 8 Territories and 2 national +settlements. Area, according to an official statement of 1884, 632,695 +square miles; population, 2,121,988. The Andes Mountains cross the northern +part from west to east; the Orinoco and other important rivers pass through +the southern part. + +Executive power is in the hands of a President, who exercises his authority +through a ministry of 6 and a Federal Council of 16 members; legislative, +in a Congress of two Houses, the Senate and House of Representatives. +Vice-President chosen by the Council. Capital, Caracas; population, 55,638. +Chief towns, Valencia (population, 36,145) and Barquisimeto (population, +28,918). Army: peace footing, 2,545 officers and men; war footing, 350,000. + +Mineral resources very great. Venezuela gold fields among the richest in +the world; iron and copper abundant. Value of mineral products, 1884, +s.4,452,050; gold, $3,243,380. Latest reports give value of imports as +$17,253,130; exports, $19,720,225. + +Agriculture the most important industry. Number engaged in it, 1884, +375,820; number of acres cultivated, 852,500. Coffee the most important +product; total value of product, 1884, $11,255,000; value, of sugar +product, $7,686,000; corn, $6,000,000; cocoa, $2,998,000. Latest reports +give number of cattle as 2,926,733; goats and sheep, 3,490,563; horses, +291,603; mules, 906,467; swine, 976,600. + +State religion, Roman Catholic; all others tolerated. In 1883 the +government spent $500,000 in public instruction. Number universities, 2; +colleges, 33; normal schools, 5; other schools, 1,794. Number of miles of +railway, 1884, 102; telegraphs, 1,145 miles. {184} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{185} + +BRITISH GUIANA. Ghe-a'na. + +A territory in northeast part of South America. First settled by the Dutch, +1580. Acquired by the British in 1803; formally ceded in 1814. Estimated +area, 76,000 square miles. Population, 248,110. Crossed by two great +mountain systems. Contains many rivers; largest, Essequibo, 600 miles long, +noted for magnificent cataracts. Thermometer rises to 90deg in warm +weather; falls to 75deg in winter season; mean annual average at +Georgetown, 81deg. Rainfall per year, about 72 inches. + +Vegetation is luxuriant. Large sections are covered with valuable forests, +which furnish exhaustless supplies of timber, largely used for +shipbuilding. Number sugar plantations, 120; coffee estates, 12. Sugar +forms 92 per cent. of exports; latest reports give 111,156 hhds. Rum +exported, 32,531 puncheons; rum issued for home consumption, 330,392 gals. +Export of molasses, 17,084 casks; timber export, 464,436 cubic feet. Total +imports, 1882, $10,498,160; exports, $16,043,155. + +Government administered by a Governor appointed by British Crown, and a +Court of Policy. + +Georgetown the capital; pop., 36,562. Number of schools sanctioned by Board +of Education, 177; Church of England, 81. + +DUTCH GUIANA. Ghe-a'na. + +Lies east of British Guiana, often called Surinam from the river of that +name. Coast line, 220 miles. Dutch first visited the country about 1580; +but the first settlement in Surinam was made by an Englishman, in 1630. +Area, 46,060 square miles. Population, 68,255; 54,602 negroes. + +Local government consists of a Governor and Colonial Assembly. Capital, +Paramaribo; population, 27,416. + +Mean annual temperature, 80.4deg; coldest month mercury falls to 78deg; +warmest, mercury rises to 99deg. Rainfall, 99 inches; at Paramaribo the +average of eight years was 101 inches. + +Large tracts of territory covered with primeval forests. Great staple of +Guiana is sugar; average yearly export, about 10,645 tons. First cocoa sent +to Amsterdam, 1733; the average yearly production is now more than 13,000 +tons. Cotton and coffee rank next. Gold-mining is a growing industry. +Latest reported value of exports, $1,151,070; imports, $1,316,355. + +FRENCH GUIANA. Ghe-a'na. + +East of Dutch Guiana. Area, 48,000 square miles. Population, 36,760. Coast +line low and swampy. Large portion of the territory is covered with dense +forests. Rainy season from November to June. Rainfall at Cayenne, 10 feet +per year; heavier in the interior. Temperature: in summer, 86deg; winter, +mean, 79deg, and seldom sinks so low as 70deg. In this century there have +been three earthquakes. + +Administration in the hands of Governor and Military Commandant. + +Capital, Cayenne; pop., 10,000. + +Coffee, introduced in 1716, is extensively grown. Guiana cocoa, +bread-fruit, arrow-root, bananas, yams, oil, and date palm are among the +products; but the principal source of food is manioc. Contains valuable +gold deposits. French criminal penitentiaries located in this country. +{186} + +BRAZIL. Bra-zil'. + +This is the largest of the South American countries, and the only empire in +the New World. Contains many rivers. Amazon, the longest, drains 800,000 +square miles of Brazilian territory. Temperature in the valley of the +Amazon ranges from 68deg to 85deg, while at Rio Janeiro the average is +75deg. Area, 3,288,963. Population, 9,883,622. Capital, Rio de Janeiro; +pop., 274,972. + +Executive power is vested in the Emperor, ministers and Secretaries of +State; legislative authority rests with the Senate and and Chamber of +Deputies. The empire is divided into 20 Provinces. + +Country rich in minerals and precious stones. Total value of diamond +washings for the first 100 years was about $20,000,000. Diamond mines are +now owned by private individuals. Manufactures in late years improved by +the introduction of American machinery. + +During the last 16 years the increase in exports has been 20 per cent.; in +imports, 22 per cent. The value of coffee exported in 1882-83 was +$52,720,000; sugar, $16,250,000; raw cotton, $4,063,650; tobacco, +$5,344,500; India rubber, $5,965,000. Total imports, 1882-83, $111,434,300; +exports, $134,945,100. In 1883, 2,989 vessels, of 2,367,296 tons, entered, +and 2,522, of 2,095,237 tons, cleared, Brazilian ports. + +Number miles railway, January, 1884, 3,500; 1,500 in process of +construction. Telegraph system under the control of the government; miles +of wire in 1883, 4,900. Army, on peace footing, 13,500 strong; in time of +war, 32,000. Naval force consists of 35 steam vessels, with 123 guns and +5,704 seamen. + +Established religion, Roman Catholic. Clergy are supported by the state. +Compulsory education exists in several Provinces; 84 per cent. of +population is illiterate. Total number of schools, 5,685. + +BOLIVIA. Bo-liv'e-a. + +A republic of South America, named in honor of Simon Bolivar; formed, in +1825, from provinces of Upper Peru; ceded all coast territory to Chili in +1880. Area, 842,729 square miles. Population, 2,300,000. Surface broken by +two mountain ranges. Highest peak, Sahama, 22,350 feet; many volcanoes. +Lake Titicaca is the largest inland body of water in South America; area, +4,000 square miles; Madeira river, with tributaries, navigable for 3,000 +miles in Bolivia; La Paz chief city; pop., 76,372. Capital, Sucre or +Chuquisaca. + +President elected for 4 years. Legislative power rests with a Congress of 2 +chambers,--Senate and House of Representatives. Universal suffrage +prevails; Vice-President is appointed by President. + +The climate embraces all degrees of heat and cold. The products of two +zones are found in Bolivia. Ebony, rosewood, mahogany, cinchona, and other +valuable trees abound. Manufactures limited to coarse cotton cloth, hats, +cordage, leather and alpaca. Tin, copper, gold, and vast quantities of +India rubber of the finest quality abound. Silver mines almost +inexhaustible; annual yield of the Cerro de Potosi mines, $2,250,000. +Two-thirds of exports are silver. Imports average $6,150,000; exports, +$9,000,000. + +Standing army, 2,421 men; generals and other officers, 1,021; two-thirds of +revenue goes to support the army. + +Roman Catholic the prevailing religion; other creeds tolerated; 4 +universities. In 1884 but 12,000 pupils and students at schools and +colleges. Three railroads open for traffic. {187} + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + +{188} + +ECUADOR. Ek-wa-d[=o]r'. + +A republic of South America, constituted 1830; situated on the equator, +from which it takes its name. Extremely mountainous; traversed from north +to south by three ranges of the Andes. Most lofty peaks: Cotopaxi, 18,880 +feet; Chimborazo, 21,424; Cayambe, 19,831. Climate, on the coast, hot; on +the high table lands, cold and bleak; valleys are free from extremes of +temperature. Area, 248,370 square miles. Population, 946,033. Quito, the +capital, has 80,000 inhabitants; Guayaquil, the principal seaport, 26,000. +Quito is the highest inhabited city, being 9,500 feet above sea-level. + +Ecuador was formed from the American Free State, founded by Simon Bolivar. +Executive power rests with a President, elected for 4 years; legislative, +with a Congress of two houses. President and Vice-President are nominated +by 900 chosen electors. Vice-president is President of the Council of +State. Hereditary rights or privileges prohibited by law. Belief in the +Roman Catholic church, qualification for suffrage. + +The soil of Ecuador will grow the products of every zone. There is a +copious growth of the cinchona tree, sarsaparilla, vanilla, copaiba, balsam +of Tolu, etc. Many fibrous plants, suitable for the manufacture of paper +and cordage, are found in profusion. The immense mineral wealth is +untouched; agriculture is neglected; manufactures are insignificant. The +roads afford no facilities for commerce, being mostly mule tracks. Miles of +railway number but 75. + +Export of cocoa, 1883 valued at $3,372,200; India rubber, $428,800. Total +value of exports, $4,923,300; imports, about $6,000,000. In 1883, 151 +vessels, of 155,283 tons, entered, and 160 vessels, of 158,970 tons, +cleared the port of Guayaquil. + +Only 7.5 per cent. of population can read or write. In 1884, standing army +fixed at 1,600 men. + +PERU. Pe-roo'. + +A republic of South America. Area, previous to the war with Chili, 503,718 +square miles. Population, 2,699,945. Since the war about 70,000 square +miles of Peruvian territory are occupied by Chili. Traversed by two systems +of the Andes Mountains; highest point is the volcano of Misti, 20,300 feet +above sea-level. Temperature at Callao about 60deg; Lima about 70deg. + +Independence declared in 1821. The government is administered by the +President, Senate and House of Representatives. The Peruvian constitution +is planned after that of the United States. Lima, the capital, has a +population of about 100,000. + +The chief occupations are sheep raising, agriculture and mining; +manufactures unimportant. Mountain valleys are very fertile; mountains are +rich in minerals. Between 1853 and 1872, 8,000,000 tons of guano were taken +from the Chincha Islands. Latest reliable reports give: imports, +$24,000,000; exports (exclusive of guano and nitre), $31,000,000. Principal +exports are guano, nitrate of soda, wool, sugar, silver and cinchona. + +State finances deranged by the late war with Chili; foreign debt +$164,765,000; arrears in interest, $65,954,970. Railway system projected in +1852; miles of line, 1878, 2,030. Telegraph lines, 1878, 1,382 miles. The +merchant marine, 1877, consisted of 147 vessels, with a combined capacity +of 49,860 tons. Army and navy almost annihilated in the war with Chili; +army now consists of 13,200 men; navy, of 18 steam vessels, with 66 guns. +{189} + +ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. Ar'jen-tine. + +A republic of South America. Total area, 1,125,086 square miles. Total +population, 1882, 3,026,000. Foreigners: Italians, 123,641; French, 55,432; +Spaniards, 59,022; Germans, 8,616; English, 17,950. Population of Buenos +Ayres, the capital, was, in 1882, 295,000; Rosario has a population of +32,204; Cordova, 39,651; ten towns have over 10,000 inhabitants. Population +rapidly increasing from immigration. In 1877 immigrants numbered 28,708; +1880. 41,615: 1882, 59,843; during first nine months of 1883, 73,210. The +country is divided into 14 Provinces. Executive power is vested in a +President, elected for a term of 6 years; legislative power is vested in a +Congress, composed of a Senate and House of Deputies. President and +Vice-President must be Roman Catholics. Constitution almost identical with +that of the United States. + +Public revenue derived from heavy customs duties. Income for 1884, +$32,400,000; Import does, $21,115,000; export dues, $3,010,000; total +expenditure, $32,460,000. Annual exports: wool, $28,250,000; hides, +$14,000,000; sheep skins, $4,250,000; tallow, $6,000,000; live animals, +$1,750,000; maize, $2,100,000. + +The area devoted to agriculture is yearly increasing. In 1882 the +confederation possessed 14,206,499 horned cattle, 72,683,045 sheep, +4,856,808 horses. Total value of live stock, $210,000,000. In 1882 the +wheat product of the province of Santa Fe was 2,250,000 bushels. + +Miles of railway, 2,500, and 651 miles are being constructed. In 1884 there +were 9,800 miles of telegraph line, 8,060 miles owned by the state. + +Many navigable rivers afford excellent facilities for transportation. The +Uruguay river is navigable for 200 miles; the Rio Negro, for 500; and the +Colorado, for 150. + +There are universities at Buenos Ayres and Cordova; professors, 66; +students, 923: there are also 28 middle class and normal schools, and 1,985 +primary. + +The army in 1884 consisted of 7,812 officers and men; militia and National +Guard, 350,000. Service in National Guard compulsory; regular army supplied +by recruitment. + +URUGUAY. Oo-roo-gw[=i]'. + +This South American republic formed a Brazilian Province until 1825. +Independence recognized by treaty of Montevideo, 1828; constitution +proclaimed 1831. Area estimated at 73,538 square miles. Population, +438,245. Government in the hands of a President, elected for four years, +assisted by 5 ministers, and a Parliament composed of two houses. Capital, +Montevideo; population, 115,500. + +The country forms a vast rolling plain, abounding in natural pastures. The +chief industry is the rearing of cattle and sheep. It is estimated that +35,000,000 acres are used for pastoral purposes, on which are 6,711,778 +cattle and 20,000,000 sheep. Chief agricultural products, wheat and Indian +corn. Climate is generally humid, but temperate and healthful. + +Revenue derived from customs duties. Commerce active. Value of imports, +1833, $21,634,475; exports, $26,831,555. Principal articles of export, +cattle, hides, tallow, and dried and preserved meats. + +Permanent army numbers 3,494 men, besides an armed police force of 3,200, +and a national guard of 20,000 men. State religion, Roman Catholic. Number +of children in all schools, 40,000. Miles of railway, 1884, 271; of +telegraph, 1,405. {190} + +CHILI. Chil'lee. + +A republic of South America. Area, 256,399 square miles. Population, +2,271,949. This country is long and narrow, embracing extremes of +temperature. Mean annual temperature at Santiago, 55deg; at Valparaiso, +58deg. Spring begins in September; winter, in June. Lakes and rivers are +few; both are fed by the snow melting in the Andes; they are worthless for +navigation, but valuable for irrigation purposes. Surface is mountainous; +mean elevation of Andes, 11,830 feet; Aconcagua, the highest peak, 22,420 +feet. + +Chili is divided into 18 Provinces and 4 Territories. The constitution of +1833 vests the legislative power in a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies. +Executive power rests with a President, a Council of State, and a Cabinet +of 5 ministers. Capital, Santiago; pop., 200,000. The potato is indigenous. +Olive trees, mulberries and vines flourish. Cedar is the most important +tree in Chili. Fruit is plentiful. This republic is rich in gold and +silver, and especially in copper. Wheat the most important cereal product; +value of wheat exported in 1882, $6,649,345. Value of chief exports in +1883: iodine, $2,987,490; bar copper, $14,339,460; silver, $4,624,110. +Revenue for 1884, $49,900,000, one-half of which was derived from customs +duties and monopolies; expenditure, $46,536,550. Total exports in 1883 were +valued at $79,732,550; imports, $54,447,060. + +The Chilian commercial marine consisted, 1883, of 131 vessels, of 53,071 +tons. In 1882, 1,482, of 1,367,849 tons, entered, and 1,428, of 1,431,028 +tons, cleared, the various ports of Chili. + +One of the first states in South America to construct railways; length of +line in 1883, 1,378 miles, of which 600 miles belonged to the state; cost +of state lines, $42,141,686. In 1883 there were 6,840 miles of telegraph +line, property of the state. By a law of 1884 the strength of the army can +not exceed 12,410; at the same date the National Guard numbered 51,826, of +whom 17,408 were on duty. Navy consists of over 20 war vessels. + +State religion is the Roman Catholic; all creeds are protected; clergy is +subsidized by the state; civil marriage is acknowledged by law. Besides the +National Institute at Santiago, there are many colleges of different kinds; +many agricultural and other special schools. There were, in 1883, 5,042 +students attending universities and colleges. The attendance at the 724 +public primary schools was 60541 + +PARAGUAY. Pa-ra-gw[=a]'. + +A republic of South America, entirely inland. Area 91,970 square miles. +Population, 346,048. Became independent in 1811; was ruled by Dr. Francis +for 25 years. The government is entrusted to a President and Congress. +Capital, Asuncion; pop., 16,000. + +Soil and forests are very great sources of wealth. Manufactures are few and +crude. The country is well watered by numerous streams and lakes. Three +crops of tobacco per year are grown; home consumption, 15,000,000 lbs.; +export, about 7,500,000 lbs. Sugar cane yields well; in 1882 there were +37,500,000 pounds of sugar produced. Maize returns one hundred and forty +fold; rice, two hundred and fifty fold. Mate, or Paraguayan tea, the most +important product. Imports, 1881, $1,278,000; exports, $1,928,500. The +state owes Brazil and allies $236,000,000; Foreign debt, $17,315,000. + +Army numbers 607 men, lately reduced in order to diminish expenses. +Railway, 45 miles; telegraph, 45 miles. {191} + +[Illustration] + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Alden's Handy Atlas of the World, by John B. 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