diff options
Diffstat (limited to '38404-h')
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/38404-h.htm | 21139 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i003-t.jpg | bin | 0 -> 3071 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i003.jpg | bin | 0 -> 41057 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i021-t.jpg | bin | 0 -> 5088 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i021.jpg | bin | 0 -> 77615 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i037-t.jpg | bin | 0 -> 8052 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i037.jpg | bin | 0 -> 131197 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i039-t.png | bin | 0 -> 11895 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i039.png | bin | 0 -> 362846 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i044-t.png | bin | 0 -> 1729 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i044.png | bin | 0 -> 21160 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i048-t.jpg | bin | 0 -> 5458 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i048.jpg | bin | 0 -> 143217 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i086-t.jpg | bin | 0 -> 3774 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i086.jpg | bin | 0 -> 133011 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i113-t.png | bin | 0 -> 9282 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i113.png | bin | 0 -> 224443 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i119-t.png | bin | 0 -> 15138 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i119.png | bin | 0 -> 295322 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i127a-t.jpg | bin | 0 -> 4447 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i127a.jpg | bin | 0 -> 105810 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i127b-t.jpg | bin | 0 -> 3911 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i127b.jpg | bin | 0 -> 92955 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i139-t.jpg | bin | 0 -> 3428 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i139.jpg | bin | 0 -> 126911 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i155a-t.jpg | bin | 0 -> 5272 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i155a.jpg | bin | 0 -> 120174 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i155b-t.jpg | bin | 0 -> 5773 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i155b.jpg | bin | 0 -> 125654 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i171-t.jpg | bin | 0 -> 4837 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i171.jpg | bin | 0 -> 139084 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i177a-t.jpg | bin | 0 -> 4445 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i177a.jpg | bin | 0 -> 107457 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i177b-t.jpg | bin | 0 -> 4386 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i177b.jpg | bin | 0 -> 88396 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i219a-t.jpg | bin | 0 -> 3309 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i219a.jpg | bin | 0 -> 104001 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i219b-t.jpg | bin | 0 -> 3043 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i219b.jpg | bin | 0 -> 53344 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i271a.jpg | bin | 0 -> 1195 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i271b.jpg | bin | 0 -> 1658 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i275-t.jpg | bin | 0 -> 3280 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i275.jpg | bin | 0 -> 99266 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i279a-t.jpg | bin | 0 -> 4085 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i279a.jpg | bin | 0 -> 85080 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i279b-t.jpg | bin | 0 -> 4968 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i279b.jpg | bin | 0 -> 114146 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i335a-t.jpg | bin | 0 -> 3537 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i335a.jpg | bin | 0 -> 68698 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i335b-t.jpg | bin | 0 -> 4994 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i335b.jpg | bin | 0 -> 111148 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i345a-t.jpg | bin | 0 -> 4504 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i345a.jpg | bin | 0 -> 90831 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i345b-t.jpg | bin | 0 -> 4260 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i345b.jpg | bin | 0 -> 88823 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i361-t.jpg | bin | 0 -> 2962 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i361.jpg | bin | 0 -> 82535 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i381a-t.jpg | bin | 0 -> 4343 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i381a.jpg | bin | 0 -> 98413 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i381b-t.jpg | bin | 0 -> 4268 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i381b.jpg | bin | 0 -> 105056 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i501-t.png | bin | 0 -> 11114 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i501.png | bin | 0 -> 208526 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i503-t.png | bin | 0 -> 5507 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i503.png | bin | 0 -> 109598 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i505-t.png | bin | 0 -> 11131 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i505.png | bin | 0 -> 210674 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i507-t.png | bin | 0 -> 10567 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i507.png | bin | 0 -> 235406 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i509-t.png | bin | 0 -> 72786 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i509.png | bin | 0 -> 260117 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i511-t.png | bin | 0 -> 9771 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i511.png | bin | 0 -> 158981 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i513-t.png | bin | 0 -> 9027 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 38404-h/images/i513.png | bin | 0 -> 199780 bytes |
75 files changed, 21139 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/38404-h/38404-h.htm b/38404-h/38404-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2974e5c --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/38404-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,21139 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<!-- $Id: header.txt 236 2009-12-07 18:57:00Z vlsimpson $ --> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Journey from Prince of Wales's Fort + in Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean, by Samuel Hearne. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; +} + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; +} /* page numbers */ + +.linenum { + position: absolute; + top: auto; + left: 4%; +} /* poetry number */ + +.blockquot { + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +.blockquot1 { + margin-left: 40%; +} + +.sidenote { + width: 20%; + padding-bottom: .5em; + padding-top: .5em; + padding-left: .5em; + padding-right: .5em; + margin-left: 1em; + float: right; + clear: right; + margin-top: 1em; + font-size: smaller; + color: black; + background: #eeeeee; + border: dashed 1px; +} + +.center {text-align: center;} + +.right {text-align: right;} + +.left {text-align: left;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +.caption {font-weight: bold;} + +/* Images */ +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + +/* Footnotes */ +.footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + +.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + +.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + +.fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: + none; +} + +/* Poetry */ +.poem { + margin-left:10%; + margin-right:10%; + text-align: left; +} + +.tnote { + border: dashed 1px; + margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; + padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; + padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em; +} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Journey from Prince of Wales's Fort in +Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean in the Years 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, by Samuel Hearne + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Journey from Prince of Wales's Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean in the Years 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772 + New Edition with Introduction, Notes, and Illustrations + +Author: Samuel Hearne + +Annotator: J. B. Tyrrell + +Release Date: December 24, 2011 [EBook #38404] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A JOURNEY FROM PRINCE OF *** + + + + +Produced by Moti Ben-Ari and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net. (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[i]</a></span></p> + + +<h2> +THE PUBLICATIONS OF<br /> +THE CHAMPLAIN<br /> +SOCIETY<br /> +VI +</h2> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[ii]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[iii]</a></span></p> + +<h1> +THE PUBLICATIONS OF<br /> +THE CHAMPLAIN<br /> +SOCIETY<br /><br /> +</h1> + +<h2> +HEARNE:<br /> +<br /> +A JOURNEY FROM PRINCE OF<br /> +WALES'S FORT IN HUDSON'S BAY<br /> +TO THE NORTHERN OCEAN<br /> +</h2> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;"> +<a href="images/i003.jpg"><img src="images/i003-t.jpg" width="100" height="96" alt="" title="" /></a> +</div> + +<div class="center"> +TORONTO<br /> +THE CHAMPLAIN SOCIETY<br /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[iv]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot1"> +<i>Five Hundred and Twenty Copies of<br /> +this Volume have been printed. Twenty<br /> +are reserved for Editorial purposes.<br /> +The remaining Five Hundred are<br /> +supplied only to Members of the<br /> +Society and to Subscribing Libraries.<br /> +</i><br /> +</div> + +<div class="center"><i>This copy is No. 229</i></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span></p> + +<h1> +A JOURNEY<br /> +FROM PRINCE OF WALES'S<br /> +FORT IN HUDSON'S BAY TO<br /> +THE NORTHERN OCEAN<br /> +</h1> + +<h3>In the Years 1769, 1770, 1771, and 1772<br /></h3> + +<h4>BY</h4> +<h2>SAMUEL HEARNE<br /><br /></h2> + +<div class="center"> +NEW EDITION<br /> +WITH INTRODUCTION, NOTES, AND ILLUSTRATIONS, BY<br /> +J. B. TYRRELL, M.A.<br /> +<br /><br /><br /> +TORONTO<br /> +THE CHAMPLAIN SOCIETY<br /> +1911 +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"><i>All rights reserved.</i></div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span></p> +<h2>PREFACE</h2> + +<div class="center"> +<span class="smcap">By SIR EDMUND WALKER</span><br /> +<br /> +<i>President of the Champlain Society</i><br /> +</div> + +<p>When the Champlain Society was first organised +in 1905 one of the works on its list of proposed +publications was the <i>Journal</i> of Samuel Hearne. +This book, written with great literary charm, is the first +account preserved to us of an attempt to explore the interior +of far-northern Canada from a base on Hudson Bay. The +natives had brought to Fort Prince of Wales glowing reports +of a vast store of copper at the mouth of a river which flowed +into the Arctic Ocean. An attempt to find it was inevitable. +Twice Hearne failed, but his third effort succeeded and, after +a laborious journey, he reached the mouth of the Coppermine +River. Soon after he was promoted to command at Fort +Prince of Wales, now Churchill, on Hudson Bay. France +had joined Britain's revolted colonies in their war on the +mother land, and one day, in 1782, a French squadron, under +the well-known seaman, La Pérouse, dropped anchor before +Fort Prince of Wales. Hearne, mightier with the pen than +with the sword, surrendered meekly enough in spite of his +massive walls from thirty to forty feet thick. Thus ingloriously +he dies out of history.</p> + +<p>Hearne's <i>Journal</i>, published after his early death, has +become a rather rare book. Besides the narrative of what +he did, it contains copious notes on the natural history of +the region which he was the first white man to make known.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span> +A new edition has long been needed. Yet to secure competent +editing was a difficult task, since few knew the remote +country which Hearne explored. It may be regarded as +fortunate that the new edition has been delayed, for only +now are we able to present Hearne's story with the annotations +necessary to give it the last possible elucidation. The +needed knowledge is supplied by Mr. J. B. Tyrrell and +Mr. E. A. Preble, two writers pre-eminently suited for their +task by journeys in the regions described by Hearne, on parts +of which so few white men have set eyes.</p> + +<p>Mr. J. B. Tyrrell began his work of exploring in North +Western Canada in 1883, and during the ensuing fifteen +years he made many important additions to our knowledge +of the geology and geography of what is still the least +known part of Canada. In 1893, accompanied by his brother, +Mr. J. W. Tyrrell, as his assistant, he traversed the so-called +Barren Grounds from Lake Athabasca eastward to Chesterfield +Inlet, and from there his party paddled in canoes down +the west shore of Hudson Bay to Fort Churchill. Of the +3200 miles thus traversed, 1650 were previously unsurveyed +and unmapped. From Fort Churchill Mr. Tyrrell walked +eight or nine hundred miles on snowshoes to the southern +end of Lake Winnipeg. In 1894 he again crossed the Barren +Grounds, this time travelling from the north end of Reindeer +Lake to a point on Hudson Bay, about 200 miles south-west of +Chesterfield Inlet. Thence he went to Churchill as before in +canoes along the open coast. From Churchill Mr. Tyrrell +again, but by another route, walked on showshoes to the +southern end of Lake Winnipeg. On this journey he travelled +about 2900 miles, of which 1750 were by canoe and 750 on +snowshoes. Almost the whole journey was through previously +unexplored country. For the geographical work done +in these two years he was awarded the Back Premium by the +Royal Geographical Society of London.</p> + +<p>In response to an enquiry whether any other white man<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span> +has visited the regions described by Hearne, Mr. Tyrrell +writes:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"I happen to be the only one since Hearne who has conducted +explorations in the country lying between Fort Churchill and the +eastern end of Great Slave Lake and south of latitude 63° N. Except +Hearne, I and those who accompanied and assisted me are the only +white men who have crossed that great stretch of country, north of +a line between the mouth of the Churchill River and Lake Athabasca +and a line between the east end of Great Slave Lake and Chesterfield +Inlet. Absolutely the only information that I had about the region +when I visited it, other than what I had secured in conversation with +Indians, was contained in Hearne's book. My last journey was made +sixteen years ago, and no white man has since travelled across that +country. With the building of the railroad to Fort Churchill, it will +doubtless soon be visited. Since I made a survey of Chesterfield Inlet +and its vicinity, my brother, Mr. J. W. Tyrrell, has crossed from the +east end of Great Slave Lake by the Hanbury River to Chesterfield +Inlet, making a survey as he went, and the Royal North West Mounted +Police have sent parties from the Mackenzie River to Hudson Bay +along this route, using my brother's maps as their guide. It is hardly +necessary to say that a magnificent field for exploration is still left in +that far northern country."</p></div> + +<p>So much as to Mr. Tyrrell's work. For the notes explaining +Hearne's many observations on natural history we +are indebted to Mr. E. A. Preble of Washington. Mr. Preble +spent a summer on the west shore of Hudson Bay north of Fort +Churchill. He also spent the summers of 1901 and 1903, +the winter of 1903-4, and the summers of 1904 and 1907 +on the Athabasca and Mackenzie Rivers and on the Barren +Grounds north of Great Slave Lake. This most important +study of the fauna of Northern Canada was undertaken +by Mr. Preble on behalf of the Biological Survey of the +United States Department of Agriculture. The various +reports and other publications arising from the journeys of +Mr. Tyrrell and the investigations of Mr. Preble are mentioned +in a bibliographical note at the end of this volume.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[x]</a></span></p> + +<p>This is the first work relating to the West to be published +by the Champlain Society. It has already begun an extensive +list of the works of early writers on Eastern Canada. The year +1911 will, it is hoped, see the completion of the three volumes of +Lescarbot's <i>History of New France</i>, now for the first time entirely +translated into English. In this as in all other publications +of the Society the original text is given with the translation. +Nicolas Denys was the first writer to describe in detail the +coasts of eastern Canada, and the Society has republished his +great book, adequately translated and with copious notes. +It has done the same with Le Clercq's account of Gaspé and +its interesting natives. The writings of Champlain, entirely +translated into English for the first time, will soon appear in +six volumes. The regions lying west of Lake Superior have +a history as interesting, but the material is scattered. Hearne's +<i>Journal</i> makes a good beginning. In preparation are the +<i>Journals</i> of La Vérendrye, the first white man to come in +sight of the Rocky Mountains by an overland route. His +writings will now for the first time be translated into English. +The Society is sparing no pains to provide volumes bearing +on the Hudson's Bay Company. Much further work on +examining and classifying the papers of the Company will, +however, be necessary before anything final can be done. +Meanwhile members will enjoy the pleasant narrative of +Hearne edited by the competent observers whose services the +Society has had the good fortune to secure.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Toronto</span>, <i>January 1911</i>.</p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[xi]</a></span></p> +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right">PAGE</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">PREFACE</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_vii">vii</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_xiii">xiii</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">AUTHOR'S PREFACE</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">AUTHOR'S CONTENTS</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">A JOURNEY TO THE NORTHERN OCEAN</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">BIBLIOGRAPHY</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_419">419</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">INDEX</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_427">427</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[xii]</a></span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[xiii]</a></span></p> +<h2>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">IN ORIGINAL VOLUME</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">A NORTH-WEST VIEW OF PRINCE OF WALES'S</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">FORT IN HUDSON'S BAY, NORTH AMERICA</span></td><td align="right"><i>To face p.</i> <a href="#Page_61">61</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">INDIAN IMPLEMENTS</td><td align="right">" <a href="#Page_134">134</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">A WINTER VIEW IN ATHAPUSCOW LAKE</td><td align="right">" <a href="#Page_232">232</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">INDIAN IMPLEMENTS</td><td align="right">" <a href="#Page_310">310</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">A MAP EXHIBITING <span class="smcap">Mr.</span> HEARNE'S TRACKS</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">IN HIS TWO JOURNIES FOR THE DISCOVERY</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">OF THE COPPER MINE RIVER</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">IN THE YEARS 1770, 1771, AND 1772, UNDER</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">THE DIRECTION OF THE HUDSON'S BAY</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">COMPANY</span></td><td align="right"><i>At end</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">PLAN OF THE COPPER MINE RIVER</td><td align="right">" </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">PLAN OF ALBANY RIVER IN HUDSON'S BAY</td><td align="right">" </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">PLAN OF MOOS RIVER IN HUDSON'S BAY</td><td align="right">" </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">PLAN OF SLUDE RIVER</td><td align="right">" </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">ADDITIONS IN PRESENT VOLUME</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">MAP OF PART OF NORTHERN CANADA AS</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">AT PRESENT KNOWN</span></td><td align="right"><i>At end</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Drawn on the same projection and scale as Hearne's</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 3em;">general Map</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[xiv]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">MAP OF COPPERMINE RIVER</td><td align="right"><i>At end</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">As surveyed by Sir John Franklin in 1821. From</span></td><td align="right"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 3em;">"Franklin's First Journey," London, 1823.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">MAP OF PART OF NORTH AMERICA</td><td align="right"><i>To face p.</i> <a href="#Page_18">18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Showing Hearne's course as first published. From</span></td><td align="right"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 3em;">"Cook's Third Voyage," 1784.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">MAP OF PART OF NORTH AMERICA, 1787</td><td align="right">" <a href="#Page_18">18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">From Supplement to "Pennant's Arctic Zoology."</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">PLAN OF FORT PRINCE OF WALES AS IT</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">APPEARED IN 1894.</span> By <span class="smcap">J. B. Tyrrell</span></td><td align="right"><i>page</i> <a href="#Page_22">22</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">MAP OF YATH-KYED LAKE AND PART OF</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">KAZAN (CATHAWHACHAGA) RIVER. By</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;"> </span><span class="smcap">J. B. Tyrrell</span></td><td align="right"><i>To face p.</i> <a href="#Page_86">86</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">MAP OF DUBAWNT LAKE AND PART OF</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">DUBAWNT RIVER.</span> By <span class="smcap">J. B. and J. W.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Tyrrell</span></td><td align="right">" <a href="#Page_90">90</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">HEARNE'S NAME ON ROCK AT CHURCHILL</td><td align="right">" <a href="#Page_4">4</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">SAMUEL HEARNE</span></td><td align="right">" <a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">DUBAWNT LAKE</td><td align="right">" <a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">DUBAWNT RIVER WHERE HEARNE CROSSED</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">IT</span></td><td align="right">" <a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">A SOUTH-WEST VIEW OF PRINCE OF WALES'S</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">FORT</span></td><td align="right">" <a href="#Page_106">106</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">WHOLDIAH LAKE</td><td align="right">" <a href="#Page_120">120</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">GROVE OF SPRUCE WITHIN BARREN LANDS</td><td align="right">" <a href="#Page_120">120</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">ARTILLERY LAKE, LAST WOODS</td><td align="right">" <a href="#Page_138">138</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">ARTILLERY LAKE</td><td align="right">" <a href="#Page_138">138</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">BLOODY FALLS, COPPERMINE RIVER</td><td align="right">" <a href="#Page_178">178</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">From "Franklin's First Journey," p. 360.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">COPPER IMPLEMENTS FROM COPPERMINE</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">RIVER</span></td><td align="right">" <a href="#Page_178">178</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[xv]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">HERD OF CARIBOU ON BARREN LANDS NEAR</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">DUBAWNT RIVER</td><td align="right"><i>To face p.</i> <a href="#Page_234">234</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">DRYING CARIBOU MEAT</td><td align="right">" <a href="#Page_234">234</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">WOODS OF SPRUCE AND LARCH, SOUTH-WEST</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">OF CHURCHILL, IN WINTER</td><td align="right">" <a href="#Page_288">288</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">STONY BARREN LANDS IN SUMMER</td><td align="right">" <a href="#Page_288">288</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CHIPEWYAN INDIANS FROM KAZAN RIVER</td><td align="right">" <a href="#Page_296">296</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">VALLEY OF THLEWIAZA RIVER</td><td align="right">" <a href="#Page_296">296</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">FORT PRINCE OF WALES, GATE</td><td align="right">" <a href="#Page_328">328</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">FORT PRINCE OF WALES, INTERIOR</td><td align="right">" <a href="#Page_328">328</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[xvi]</a></span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> +<h2>EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION</h2> + + +<p>Samuel Hearne, the author of the book here +republished, is one of the most interesting characters +to be met with in the annals of exploration in +North America. When a young man, only twenty-four years +old, he was sent on foot to explore the interior of a great +continent. Though he knew nothing of mines or minerals, +he, like many a man similarly equipped since his day, was to +report on a great mining property. Naturally his report on +the "mine" of copper is of little value, but his account of +Northern Canada and of the life of the natives who inhabited +it is the first published detailed description of any portion of +the interior of Western Canada. Very few men of his age +accomplished so much, and fewer still have published such +admirable narratives of their enterprises.</p> + +<p>All that we know of Hearne's early life is contained in an +obituary notice which appeared in the <i>European Magazine and +London Review</i> for June 1797, entitled "Some Account of the +late Mr. Samuel Hearne, Author of 'A Journey from Prince +of Wales Fort, in Hudson's Bay, to the Northern Ocean, +undertaken by order of the Hudson's Bay Company for the +discovery of Copper Mines, a North-West Passage, &c., in the +years 1769, 1770, 1771, and 1772.'"</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Mr. Samuel Hearne was born in the year 1745. He was the son +of Mr. Hearne, Secretary to the Waterworks, London Bridge, a very +sensible man, and of a respectable family in Somersetshire; he died of +fever in his 40th year, and left Mrs. Hearne with this son, then but +three years of age, and a daughter two years older. Mrs. Hearne, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span>finding her income too small to admit her living in town as she had +been accustomed to, retired to Bimmester, in Dorsetshire (her native +place), where she lived as a gentlewoman, and was much respected. It +was her wish to give her children as good an education as the place +afforded, and accordingly [she] sent her son to school at a very early +period, but his dislike to reading and writing was so great that he made +very little progress in either. His masters, indeed, spared neither threats +nor persuasion to induce him to learn, but their arguments were thrown +away on one who seemed predetermined never to become a learned +man; he had, however, a very quick apprehension, and, in his childish +sports, showed unusual activity and ingenuity; he was particularly fond +of drawing, and though he never had the least instruction in the art, +copied with great delicacy and correctness even from nature. Mrs. +Hearne's friends, finding her son had no taste for study, advised her +fixing on some business, and proposed such as they judged most suitable +for him; but he declared himself utterly averse to trade, and begged he +might be sent to sea. His mother very reluctantly complied with his +request, took him to Portsmouth, and remained with him till he sailed. +His captain (now Lord Hood) promised to take care of him, and he +kept his word; for he gave him every indulgence his youth required. +He was then but eleven years of age. They had a warm engagement +soon after he entered, and took several prizes. The captain told him +he should have his share, but he begged, in a very affectionate manner, +it should be given to his mother, and she should know best what to do +with it. He was a midshipman several years under the same commander; +but, either on the conclusion of the war, or having no hopes +of preferment, he left the navy, and entered into the service of the +Hudson's Bay Company as mate of one of their sloops. He was, however, +soon distinguished from his associates by his ingenuity, industry, +and a wish to undertake some hazardous enterprise by which mankind +might be benefited. This was represented to the Company, and they +immediately applied to him as a proper person to be sent on an expedition +they had long had in view, viz. to find out the North-West Passage. +He gladly accepted the proposal, and how far he succeeded is shown to +the public in his Journal. On his return he was advanced to a more +lucrative post at Prince of Wales Fort, on Hudson Bay, and in a few +years was made Commander-in-Chief, in which position he remained +till 1782, when the French unexpectedly landed at Prince of Wales +Fort, took possession of it, and after having given the governor leave to +secure his own property, seized the stock of furs, &c. &c., and blew up +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span>the fort. At the Company's request Mr. H. went out the year following, +saw it rebuilt,<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> and the new Governor settled in his habitation +(which they took care to fortify a little better than formerly), and +returned to England in 1787. He had saved a few thousands, the +fruits of many years' industry, and might, had he been blessed with +prudence, have enjoyed many years of ease and plenty; but he had +lived so long where money was of no use that he seemed insensible of +its value here, and lent it with little or no security to those he was +scarcely acquainted with by name. Sincere and undesigning himself, +he was by no means a match for the duplicity of others. His disposition, +as may be judged by his writing, was naturally humane; what he +wanted in learning and polite accomplishments he made up in native +simplicity and innate goodness; and he was so strictly scrupulous with +regard to the property of others that he was heard to say a few days +before his death, 'He could lay his hand on his heart and say he had +never wronged any man of sixpence.'</p> + +<p>"Such are the outlines of Mr. Hearne's character, who, if he had +some failings, had many virtues to counterbalance them, of which +charity was not the least. He died of the dropsy, November 1792, +aged 47."</p></div> + +<p>He seems to have entered the service of the Hudson's Bay +Company and to have been sent to Fort Prince of Wales, the +great stone fortification on the low bare rocky point at the +mouth of the Churchill River on Hudson Bay, when he was +about twenty years old. For several years he was engaged in +the fur trade with the Eskimos, up and down the coast of +Hudson Bay, north of Churchill River. One little glimpse +is caught of him, on July 1, 1767, for on that day he chiselled +his name on the smooth hard rock of Sloops Cove, on the west +side of Churchill harbour. When I visited the place, in 1894, +the name was as fresh and plain as if his hammer and chisel +had just been laid aside.</p> + +<p>Being possessed of much more than the average amount of +ability and enthusiasm, he was chosen by Moses Norton, the +energetic Governor of Fort Prince of Wales, to go out with the +Indians into the vast, and as far as that was then known, limitless, +territory west of Hudson Bay, in order to find and +prospect the place where the native copper had been found +which the Indians often brought with them to the fort.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span></p> +<p>During the year preceding his departure on his first expedition, +he had had an excellent opportunity to perfect himself +in a knowledge of astronomical and geodetic work, for in the +summer of 1768 the annual ship had brought William Wales, +F.R.S., and Joseph Dymond from London, commissioned by +the Royal Society to remain at Fort Prince of Wales throughout +the ensuing year in order to observe the transit of Venus over +the sun on the 3rd of June 1769.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> They remained at the fort +until the ship left again for London in August of the following +year (1769). Mr. Wales was one of the foremost astronomers, +mathematicians, and litterateurs of his age. Shortly after his +return to England he was appointed to accompany Captain +Cook on his voyage around the world in the <i>Resolution</i> in +1772-74, and again on his last voyage in 1776-79. His +presence for more than a year among the little band of white +men assembled at this remote fur-trading post on Hudson +Bay must have had a helpful influence in preparing Hearne for +his great explorations overland to the Arctic Ocean. This book +is an account of three journeys which he undertook in rapid +succession into the country west of Hudson Bay and north-west +of Fort Prince of Wales in search of the fabled bed +of copper ore, from which pure copper could be loaded +directly into ships at trifling expense. In the first and second +journeys he was obliged to turn back before reaching his +destination, but in the third journey all difficulties were +finally overcome, and he was taken to and shown the "mine" +of copper.</p> + +<p>It has been my good fortune to travel over parts of the +same country through which Hearne had journeyed one +hundred and twenty-three years before me, and into which +no white man had ventured during the intervening time. +The conditions which I found were just such as he describes, +except that the inhabitants had changed. The Chipewyan +Indians, whom he found occupying advantageous positions +everywhere as far as the north end of Dubawnt Lake, had +disappeared, and in their places the country had been occupied +by scattered bands and families of Eskimos, who had almost +forgotten the ocean shores of the north, from which they had +come. They were depending entirely, for food and clothing, +on the caribou, which they killed on the banks of the inland +streams and lakes. Traces of old Indian encampments were +seen in a few of the scattered groves that are growing along +the banks of Dubawnt and Kazan Rivers, but these camps +had evidently not been occupied for many years.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<a href="images/i021.jpg"><img src="images/i021-t.jpg" width="250" height="164" alt="Photo. J. B. Tyrrell, Oakley, 1894. +S. HEARNE'S NAME ON THE SMOOTH GLACIATED ROCK AT SLOOP'S COVE, +NEAR CHURCHILL" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />Photo. J. B. Tyrrell, Oakley, 1894.<br /> +S. HEARNE'S NAME ON THE SMOOTH GLACIATED ROCK AT SLOOP'S COVE, +NEAR CHURCHILL</span> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p> +<p>Whether Hearne remained at Fort Prince of Wales after +his return is not certain, but it is possible that he may have +gone to some of the other factories near the southern shore +of Hudson Bay, and the plans of Albany, Moos, and Slude +(East Main) Rivers, at the end of this book, the first two of +which are dated 1774, may have been made by him at this +time. In the latter year, however, he was at York Factory, +and from there, in May or June, he was sent inland to the +Saskatchewan River, where he established Cumberland House +on Pine Island Lake, close to a trading-post which had been +previously built by Joseph Frobisher, an enterprising merchant +from Montreal. The following year he was recalled to Hudson +Bay to take charge of his old home, Fort Prince of Wales, in +the place of Governor Norton, who had died, and there he +remained quietly trading with the Indians till August 1782, +when the fort was taken and burnt by the French under +Admiral La Pérouse.</p> + +<p>As soon as the French with three vessels of war appeared<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> +before the fort and demanded its capitulation, Hearne surrendered +at discretion, without firing a shot. He was at once +taken on board the French ships, and allowed to retain all his +private papers and effects, while the furs and other property of +the Hudson's Bay Company were either confiscated or burnt. +After pillaging and destroying the fort, La Pérouse sailed +southward to York Factory, which also surrendered to him as +soon as he appeared before it, and then, with all his prisoners +on board, including the Governors of Fort Prince of Wales, +York, and Severn, he sailed for France.</p> + +<p>Hearne does not appear to have been treated by La +Pérouse as an enemy who had been taken prisoner at the +capture of a hostile fort, but rather as a literary man whom he +was anxious to encourage and patronise. While a prisoner on +board the French ships he was treated with every consideration, +and his generous captor, who was one of the foremost geographers +of his time, read his manuscript journal with evident +interest, and returned it to him on the express condition that +he would print and publish it immediately on his arrival in +England.</p> + +<p>On the signing of peace with the French in the following +year, Hearne was sent back by the Hudson's Bay Company to +Churchill. He made no attempt to live again in the fort, +which was very unfavourably situated for obtaining both wood +and water, but took up his residence on the site of the original +trading-post of the Hudson's Bay Company, five miles south of +Fort Prince of Wales, where the buildings of the Company +stand at the present day.</p> + +<p>In 1784, while Hearne was at Churchill, there arrived from +England a boy, fourteen years old, named David Thompson, +who afterwards became the great geographer of North-Western +America. Thompson remained at Churchill for only +one year, during which time he copied some of Hearne's +Journal, and though he did not carry away any very friendly +feelings towards his superior officer, the knowledge which he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> +gained of the interior country, and of the possibilities of travel +through it, must have had a stimulating effect on him in after +life. His note-books, which are now in possession of the +Government of the Province of Ontario, are filled with detailed +information about North-Western America, so much of which +he subsequently explored. In 1787 Hearne left Churchill +and returned to England, and from that date until his death, +in 1792, he probably spent most of his time in revising and +preparing his Journal for publication.</p> + +<p>Before discussing Hearne's character and the extent and +value of his work, it will be interesting to recount briefly the +circumstances which led up to the expedition to the Coppermine +River. In the seventeenth century the search for gold +and silver monopolised the thoughts of many of the adventurers +in the Southern Seas, but those adventurers who turned +their attention to the more northern countries recognised that +there were other sources of wealth beside the precious metals. +They saw that the furs of many of the wild animals which +roamed through the forests might easily be obtained from the +natives in exchange for articles of European manufacture of +but trifling value, and that these furs might be sold in the +markets of Europe and Asia at an enormous profit. In this +way what is known as the fur trade had its beginning on the +American continent.</p> + +<p>The Dutch, French, and English strove for shares in this +lucrative trade, and many of the wars and massacres of that +time had their origin in the strenuous endeavours of one or +other of these nations to outwit its rivals. The Dutch had +headquarters on the Hudson River, in what is now the State +of New York, the French on the St. Lawrence River, in the +present Provinces of Quebec and Ontario, while the English +established themselves on the shores of Hudson Bay, founding +a fur-trading company, which was destined to survive till the +present time, and to be one of the greatest commercial corporations +that the world has ever known.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span></p> + +<p>This Company was called "The Governor and Company +of Adventurers of England, trading into Hudson's Bay," +or in brief, "The Hudson's Bay Company." At first it +occupied a few small buildings, called factories or forts, +situated at advantageous places near the mouths of rivers +on the shore of Hudson Bay, where the Indians, who were +accustomed to roam through the great unknown inland +country, could come down in canoes to trade their furs for +guns, knives, and other commodities brought from England +by the white people.</p> + +<p>About the beginning of the eighteenth century, some of +the Indians who came to the more northern factories or trading-posts, +and especially to those situated at the mouths of the +Churchill and Nelson Rivers, brought with them rough pieces +of native copper, and ornaments and weapons fashioned from +this metal. On being asked where the copper came from, +they said that they found it on the banks of a river, far away +to the north, and that it could be collected from the surface +in great abundance, but that the distance through which it was +necessary for them to carry it prevented them from bringing +much of it to the factories. These stories, along with the +specimens which the Indians had in their possession, gradually +aroused more and more interest in the minds of the fur-traders. +At last they determined that there were far greater +riches within their reach than could be obtained by trading +with the Indians for furs, and decided to go in search of the +copper mines whatever the cost of such a search might be. +Among the first to take up this quest was Captain James +Knight, a man of about eighty years of age, who had spent +most of his life in trading for furs with the Indians, and who +for several years had been in charge of York Factory for the +Hudson's Bay Company. With him were Captain Barlow, +another fur-trader from Fort Albany, and Captain Vaughan.</p> + +<p>When the Committee, appointed in 1748 by the British +House of Commons to inquire into the state and conditions<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> +of the countries adjoining Hudson Bay, was taking evidence, +one of the chief witnesses was a Captain Carruthers, who +in his evidence stated "that he had heard a good deal of a +Copper Mine to the northward of the Churchill River—that +the Governor (Knight) was mighty fond of the Discovery, and +made great inquiries about it,—that the witness had seen +copper which was said to be brought from thence,—that the +Governor (Knight) was very earnest in this Discovery, which +was always his topic."</p> + +<p>Joseph Robson states that "Governor Knight and Captain +Barlow being well assured that there were rich mines to the +northward, from the accounts of the Indians of those parts +who had brought some of the ore to the factory, they were +bent upon making the discovery; and the Governor said he +knew the way to the place as well as to his bedside."<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> In the +year 1719, Captain Knight and his associates sailed from England +in two ships, the <i>Albany</i> and the <i>Discovery</i>, well provided +with stores and provisions, and even with strong iron-bound +boxes in which to bring back the copper and other precious +metals. Unfortunately the expedition was wrecked on Marble +Island, and all the officers and crew were lost, although their +fate was not definitely known until nearly half a century later.</p> + +<p>Three years later, when the two ships had not returned, +and no word had been received from them, Captain Scroggs +was sent by the Hudson's Bay Company from Churchill to +look for them, and at the same time to continue the search +for copper. The story of his journey, as given by Dobbs in +his "Account of the Countries adjoining to Hudson's Bay" +(London, 1744), says nothing about the explorers who had been +lost, but comments on the copper deposits as follows:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"He [Scroggs] had two Northern [Chipewyan] Indians with him, +who had wintered at Churchill, and told him of a copper mine somewhere +in that country upon the shore near the surface of the earth, +and they could direct the sloop so near it, as to lay her side to it, +and be soon laden with it; and they brought some pieces of copper +from it to Churchill that made it evident there was a mine thereabouts. +They had sketched out the country with charcoal upon +a skin of parchment before they left Churchill, and so far as they +went it agreed very well. One of the Indians desired to leave him, +saying he was within three or four days' journey of his own country, +but he would not let him go. Captain Norton, late Governor of +Churchill, was then with him."</p></div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></p> +<p>The Captain Norton here mentioned was the father of +Governor Moses Norton who afterwards despatched Hearne +to look for the Coppermine River. Captain Carruthers, who +is mentioned above, and who, according to his own statement, +had "quitted" the service of the Hudson's Bay Company +thirty-five years before 1748, said that he "himself carried +Mr. Norton, who was afterwards Governor, and two Northern +Indians to Churchill where he put them in a canoe, and the +purpose of their voyage was to make discoveries and encourage +the Indians to come down to trade and bring copper ore."<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> + +<p>The journey of Mr. Norton referred to by Captain +Carruthers was probably undertaken about 1714, in which +year York Factory was restored to the English, after having +been occupied by the French for seventeen years. Probably +it was on account of this and similar journeys that, in 1719, +a gratuity of £15 was voted to Mr. Norton by the Hudson's +Bay Company, on account of having endured "great hardships +in travelling among the Indians." In 1733 the same +Mr. Norton wrote to the directors of the Hudson's Bay +Company in London that he had "served your Honors many +years and gone through many difficulties and hardships in +taking long journeys with the natives to promote your trade +with them, even many times to the hazard of my own life."<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span></p><p>In the same Parliamentary Report Alexander Browne, +a surgeon who had been for six years in the Company's +service, testified "that the Indians brought down the ore +at the request of Governor Norton," and also "that he had +heard the late Mr. Norton say that he had been at this mine +and that a considerable quantity of copper might be brought +down."<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> It is not probable that Browne's statement with +reference to Norton having visited the Coppermine River is +correct, but it would be rash to deny that such a journey had +been accomplished until the letters and records of the Hudson's +Bay Company are finally made public.</p> + +<p>After the unsuccessful voyages of Captains Knight and +Scroggs, several other expeditions were sent from Churchill +northward along the shore of Hudson Bay. Most of these +doubtless more than paid their way by trading for furs with +the Eskimos, but to the outside public they were ostensibly +to find the North-West Passage to China and the "mine" of +copper ore. The most important of these expeditions were +those of the <i>Furnace</i> and <i>Discovery</i> under Captains Middleton +and Moor, in 1741-2, and of the <i>Dobbs</i> and <i>California</i> +under Captains Moor and Smith in 1746-7. After these +expeditions, interest in the copper may have languished for +a while, but the numerous references to it in the Hudson's +Bay Report of 1749 show that it was not by any means +forgotten.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile, Richard Norton of Churchill had died, and +his half-breed son Moses Norton had been appointed Governor +in his stead. In the year 1767 the remains of Knight's ill-fated +expedition were found on Marble Island, and the +thoughts of the people on Hudson Bay were undoubtedly +again turned to the object for which his voyage had been +undertaken. To add to the interest in the copper, the +Northern Indians, who came to Churchill in the year 1768, +brought with them some fine specimens of ore which they said +came from Coppermine River. By this time Governor Moses +Norton's interest was thoroughly aroused in the possible value +of the copper "mines," and as they were said to be only four +hundred miles from Churchill, he determined that, if possible, +something definite should be learned about them. Accordingly, +that very summer, when the ship came from England, +he took passage back in it to London, and laid a plan for +the discovery of this supposed great body of copper ore before +the directors of the Company and received their approval +for its execution. The plan was not to entail any very great +expense to the Company. A man was to be sent out with +the Indians, who should be supported by them and live as +they lived.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></p> +<p>Before that time other men had been sent into the wilderness, +in the same way, from factories, especially from York, +where, in 1690, Henry Kelsey had travelled southward until +he met the so-called "Naywatamee poets" or Mandan Indians, +somewhere near the banks of the Assiniboine or South Saskatchewan +Rivers,<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> and in 1754 Anthony Hendry had made a +notable journey up the North Saskatchewan River to the great +plains, where he had endeavoured to establish friendly relations +with the Blackfeet Indians and their allies, and to prevent +them from selling their furs to Luc la Corne and the French +merchants from Montreal, who had penetrated into the same +country several years before. Both these men had been treated +with the greatest kindness by the natives and had brought back +intelligent accounts of the countries visited by them, though +neither of them had the ability of Samuel Hearne to enable +them to prepare a report such as the one here published.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></p> +<p>Governor Norton was a man of much more than the ordinary +intelligence and strength of character, and he saw that +if the expedition was to be a success it must be conducted +by some one who would be able to make full and accurate +surveys of the route followed, and who could intelligently +describe the character and value of the "mine" and determine +its latitude and longitude by astronomical observations. +For this purpose he chose Samuel Hearne, now a young man +twenty-four years of age, who, after his service as a midshipman +in the British Navy, was at the time employed as a mate +on the <i>Charlotte</i>, one of the Company's sloops trading from +Churchill with the Eskimos. The story of his journey, the +hardships which he endured, and the success which he achieved, +form the subject of this book and need not be discussed here.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p> + +<p>Hearne's character, which had been moulded to a large +extent by his surroundings, can be fairly well understood from +a careful reading of his book. He was diligent and reasonably +accurate but not strong or forceful. In this latter particular +he differed from his great successor, Sir Alexander +Mackenzie, who descended the Mackenzie River eighteen years +after Hearne had reached its waters at Great Slave Lake. +Alexander Mackenzie was a man of masterful temperament, +and those who accompanied him, whether white men or +natives, were merely so many instruments to be used in the +accomplishment of any purpose which he had in hand. Their +likes and dislikes, and their habits of life, were merely interesting +to him in so far as they affected the results that he wished +to attain. His book is a detailed description of the directions +and distances which he travelled each day, and of the incidents +of travel as they occurred. To Samuel Hearne the natives +with whom he travelled were beings whose thoughts and +habits of life he found supremely interesting. Their intentions +and desires largely controlled the expeditions on which +he had embarked. With the exception of the accomplishment +of the main object in view, of reaching the Coppermine +River, their wishes were everything, his nothing.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span></p> +<p>His first expedition was a complete failure, as the Indians +simply took him off with them for a couple of hundred miles +into the wilderness until they became tired of his company +and then robbed him of everything he had and left him to +find his own way back to Churchill as best he could. His +second expedition was more successful, as the Indians tolerated +his company for eight months and supported him as +long as food was plentiful, but their enthusiasm, or duty to +the Master at Churchill, did not last long enough to carry +them to the Coppermine River.</p> + +<p>Of his third and successful expedition Hearne was the +historian and surveyor, while Matonabbee, a bold and forceful +Chipewyan Indian about ten years his senior, was its leader. +If at any time Hearne tried to interfere with the arrangements +made by the leader he was promptly told to follow instructions +if he wished to reach the copper mine. While Matonabbee +probably reciprocated, to some extent at least, Hearne's affection +for him, he was evidently thinking of and working for +Moses Norton, the rough but powerful governor of Fort +Prince of Wales, rather than for the quiet and observant +young man who was accompanying him. Hearne's sketch of +the life of Matonabbee is one of the most appreciative and +sympathetic accounts of a North American Indian that has +come to my notice.</p> + +<p>Hearne was evidently gifted with a very retentive memory, +and had the artist's faculty of seeing the interesting features<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> +of his surroundings in their true perspective. Though, like +Robert Louis Stevenson and many others, he had not been +a brilliant student at school, he possessed the literary ability +to present what he saw or knew in an interesting and attractive +form. In the ordinary quietude of his tent or office, when +thinking of nothing but the subject which he was describing, +he undoubtedly recorded his observations with accuracy. But +in the warmth of dispute, when endeavouring to overcome the +criticisms or objections of others, he was liable to be carried +beyond the points of strict accuracy and, in order to strengthen +his argument, to fill in blanks in his record from his imagination. +He says, for example, that the sun was above the +horizon at midnight at the mouth of the Coppermine River. +But it is certain either that, on the night which he spent there, +the weather was too cloudy to permit of seeing the sun, if it +had been above the horizon, or that, even if the weather was +clear, the sun must necessarily have been below the horizon at +the time. His sketch of Moses Norton also has the appearance +of being highly coloured by his evident personal dislike +of the man. No one can justly accuse Hearne of lack of +personal courage, for the annoyances, hardships, and sufferings, +which he endured without complaining, put the thought of +personal cowardice entirely out of the question. He had +acquired the stoicism of the Indian and he suffered quietly, +just as an Indian is prepared to suffer. During the years +which Hearne spent among the Indians, living on what they +were able to obtain from day to day, as well as in his general +intercourse with them as a trader bartering for the furs which +they were able to collect and bring to him, he had learned to +endure privations, to compromise rather than to fight, and to +accomplish his purpose by politic and peaceful, rather than by +warlike, methods. Naturally of a complaisant disposition, he +had learned to give whatever was demanded of him, no matter +who made the demand. Nothing could be more typical of the +habits which he had thus acquired than the little experiences<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> +in trading, recounted on page <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, where, after an Indian had +received full payment for the furs which he had brought in, +he was given in addition the long list of articles there enumerated. +Apparently, the Indian was not refused anything if he +persisted in asking.</p> + +<p>This habit of acceding to requests to avoid dispute and +difficulty, rather than any real fear of personal danger, accounts +for Hearne's surrender of Fort Prince of Wales to the French +without a struggle. In this case it is quite possible that, in +spite of the great strength of the fort which he occupied, he +was really not able to make effective resistance against his +powerful and determined enemy, who outnumbered him more +than ten to one. Although the fort mounted forty heavy +guns, and was provided with plenty of ammunition and small +arms, it had only thirty-nine men within its walls at the time. +But even if Hearne had had a stronger garrison, it is doubtful +whether he would have attempted resistance, for his training +in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company had taught him +to preserve the peace at any price, and it was impossible for +him to set aside at a moment's notice what had become second +nature to him.</p> + +<p>We have seen that Hearne had not the forceful character +possessed by Alexander Mackenzie; yet, as a man must be +judged by the results which he achieves, it is perhaps all the +more creditable to him to have done what he did with his +more complaisant and observant disposition. Though he +could not control the Indians with whom he travelled, he +nevertheless accomplished his purpose of making the journey, +and has left a splendid record of it to enrich posterity. He +was hardly a great geographer, though he added largely to the +geographical knowledge of Northern Canada west of Hudson +Bay. It was he who finally set at rest the question of a +north-west passage by sea to China and the Orient, south of +the mouth of the Coppermine River. He knew nothing of +mines or ores, and the information he brought back about the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> +"mine" of copper which he was sent to explore was exceedingly +meagre. He verified the report of the existence of +native copper on the surface in uncertain quantity. Incidentally +he showed that the place where it occurred was too remote +and difficult of access to permit of a copper mine being worked +at a profit, even if the copper should be found in great +abundance. But that was all. In fact, even to the present +time, we have very little accurate knowledge of the character +and extent of this copper deposit near the Coppermine River, +as may be seen by referring to the notes on pages <a href="#Page_194">194</a> <i>et seq.</i></p> + +<p>On Hearne's first and second journeys he had quite +adequate scientific apparatus, and so could take astronomical +observations to determine his true position. So we find that +he occasionally made use of his quadrant and took such +observations; consequently the positions given on the map +for the principal points in these two journeys are approximately +correct. But he started on his third journey with very +faulty instruments, and he would appear to have made very +little use even of them. The map of the course followed by +him on this journey strongly suggests a rough sketch made +by his Indian guide, rather than a careful plan worked out by +himself, from day to day, or week to week. For example, +between Island and Kasba Lakes, near the beginning of his +journey, and shortly after he had diverged from his course +of the previous year, he began to go wrong. If he was using +his compass at all, it is possible that some source of local +magnetic attraction was influencing it, for the position of the +last-named lake (on his map) is some sixty or seventy miles +too far north. It is inconceivable that he could have made +any serious effort to correct this faulty course by astronomical +observations with his quadrant. His book is chiefly valuable +therefore not so much because of its geographical information, +but because it is an accurate, sympathetic, and patently +truthful record of life among the Chipewyan Indians at that +time. Their habits, customs, and general mode of life, however<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> +disagreeable or repulsive, are recorded in detail, and +the book will consequently always remain a classic in American +ethnology.</p> + +<p>The manuscript report on Hearne's exploration was submitted +to the directors of the Hudson's Bay Company +immediately after his return, and they highly commended +him for the work he had done, and gave him a handsome +bonus.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> The first account of his journey which seems to +have been published was given to the world in 1784 in the +"Introduction to Cook's Third Voyage," pp. xlvi-l, written +by Dr. John Douglas, Bishop of Salisbury, who later also +edited Hearne's own book. The route followed by Hearne +on his successful third journey is incorporated in the general +map of the world accompanying this book. A Mr. Roberts, +who prepared this map, makes the following note with regard +to it:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"The whole of Hudson's Bay I took from a chart compiled by Mr. +Marley, from all the most authentic maps he could procure of those +parts, with which I was favoured by Samuel Wegg, Esq., F.R.S., and +Governor of that Company, who also politely furnished me with Mr. +Hearne's Journals and the map of his route to the Coppermine River, +which is faithfully inserted in the chart.</p> + +<div class="right"> +"(Sgd.) <span class="smcap">Henry Roberts</span>.<br /> +</div> +<p> +"<span class="smcap">Shoreham, Sussex</span>, <i>May 18, 1784</i>."<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> +</p> +</div> + +<p>Another brief account of Hearne's trip is given in +"Pennant's Arctic Zoology," also published in 1784, while +his map is incorporated in one of the maps published in +"Pennant's Supplement to Arctic Zoology," 1787. Some of +the names used on these two maps were continued on the map +accompanying Alexander Mackenzie's "Voyages," and also on +Arrowsmith's maps up to comparatively recent dates.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<a href="images/i037.jpg"><img src="images/i037-t.jpg" width="300" height="212" alt="MAP OF PART OF NORTH AMERICA +Being a portion of the Map of the World in "Cook's Third Voyage," published in 1784 +Hearne's route was first published on this map" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />MAP OF PART OF NORTH AMERICA<br /> +Being a portion of the Map of the World in "Cook's Third Voyage," published in 1784 +Hearne's route was first published on this map</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/i039.png"><img src="images/i039-t.png" width="250" height="173" alt="MAP OF PART OF NORTH AMERICA +Showing General Course of Hearne's Third Journey +From the Second Map of Mr. Pennant's "Arctic Zoology," 1787" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />MAP OF PART OF NORTH AMERICA<br /> +Showing General Course of Hearne's Third Journey<br /> +From the Second Map of Mr. Pennant's "Arctic Zoology," 1787</span> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span></p> +<p>The book here republished appeared first in 1795, three +years after Hearne's death, as a large quarto volume of xliv + 458 +pages, with five maps, and four full-page illustrations. It +was edited by the above-named Dr. John Douglas, who is +said to have drawn up the narrative, and to have finished the +Introduction, though just how much Hearne's diction was +altered by the editor is not known. It is probable, however, +that the MS. was published almost exactly as Hearne +had written it. An octavo edition, similar in letterpress +to the original quarto one, but with some slight omissions or +differences in the text and in the general map, was published +in Dublin in 1796.</p> + +<p>A French translation of the 1795 edition, by Lallemant, +one of the secretaries in the French Department of the Marine, +was published at Paris in 1799. Dr. Arthur G. Doughty, +the Archivist of the Dominion of Canada, has very kindly +compared this edition with the English one of 1795, and +makes the following remarks with regard to it:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"The dedication of the English version is omitted in the French. +In the Introduction, page 27, there is a note in the English edition +which is not translated. Pages 441 to 445 of the English edition are +omitted in the French. At the beginning of the French version there +is a note on Hearne from the 'Voyage of La Pérouse,' and some +remarks by Lallemant. The translation of the whole volume appears +to be good."</p></div> + +<p>The note from the "Voyage of La Pérouse" and the +remarks of Lallemant are as follows:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">"A La Pérouse.</span>—C'est à vous que l'Europe est redevable de la +publication de cet ouvrage, dont le manuscrit fut trouvé parmi les +papiers du Gouverneur du fort du Prince de Galles, lorsque vous vous<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> +rendîtes maître des établissements anglais dans la Baie de Hudson. En le +remettant à son auteur, à la condition expresse de le faire imprimer et +publier, jamais vainqueur n'exerça plus utilement son droit de conquête +et n'imposa au vaincu une condition plus honorable.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> Elle était digne +du marin aussi généreux qu'éclairé qui devait, quelques années après, +entreprendre un voyage non moins important, et dont aujourd'hui nous +déplorons la perte.</p> + +<p>"Pourquoi faut-il, brave et excellent <i>Dupetit-Thouars</i>, que vous +nous ayez été aussi ravi! vous qui m'excitâtes avec tant d'ardeur à +traduire la relation de <i>Samuel Hearne</i>, et qui, après avoir tout sacrifié +pour aller redemander <i>la Pérouse</i> aux îles de la mer du Sud, soupiriez +après la paix pour reprendre vos projets de découvertes. Accablé par +le nombre au combat d'<i>Aboukir</i>, une mort glorieuse vous a enlevé à +votre patrie, à deux sœurs chéries, à l'amitié, aux sciences, et il ne +nous est revenu de vous que cette réponse héroïque à l'ennemi: +'<i>Voyez mon pavillon; on ne le déplacera qu'en m'ôtant la vie.</i>'</p> + +<p>"<i>La Pérouse</i>, vous l'eussiez pleuré comme nous! il était si attaché +à son pays, à son métier, et si passionné pour leur gloire. Il avait une +âme si forte et un cœur si sensible; un esprit si cultivé et des dehors +si modestes. Il était ami si vrai et frère si tendre. <i>Perpetue, Félicité</i>, +j'en appèle à votre douleur profonde!</p> + +<p>"En associant son nom au vôtre, <i>la Pérouse</i>, permettez qu'il partage +avec vous l'hommage d'une traduction à laquelle je me suis empressé +de consacrer mes veilles pour concourir à vos vues respectives d'utilité. +Puisse ce monument être digne de vous deux!</p> + +<div class="right"> +"<span class="smcap">Lallemant</span>,<br /> +"l'un des Secrétaires de la Marine."<br /> +</div></div> + +<p>Hearne<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> +intimates on page <a href="#Page_32">32</a> that the map here reproduced +differs slightly from those which he had previously published, +a reference doubtless to the one in Cook's "Voyage," but he +claims that this one is the most accurate, since he had revised +it with great care. Both maps are here given; further explorations +in the northern country alone can determine which +is the more correct.</p> + +<p>Fort Prince of Wales, from which place Hearne started +on his expedition, was built by the Hudson's Bay Company +in the years 1733 to 1771. It is said to have been designed +by English military engineers, and, according to +Joseph Robson, was built under the direction of the resident +Governor, though Robson himself had much to do with its +construction.</p> + +<p>The fort, which is one of the most interesting military +ruins on the continent, stands on Eskimo Point, just west of +the mouth of Churchill River, and though some parts of the +walls have fallen, it was, when I visited it, in much the same +condition as when built, except that the houses within it had +been gutted by fire. It is 310 feet long on the north and +south sides, and 317 feet long on the east and west sides, +measured from corner to corner of the bastions. The walls +are from 37 to 42 feet thick, and 16 feet 9 inches high to the +top of the parapet, which is 5 feet high and 6 feet 3 inches +wide. On the outside the wall was faced with dressed stone, +except towards the river, while on the inside undressed stone +was used. The interior of the wall is a rubble of boulders, +held together by a poor mortar. In the parapet are forty +embrasures and forty guns, from six to twenty-four pounders, +are lying on the wall near them, now partly hidden by low<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> +willows, currant and gooseberry bushes. The three store-houses +and the magazine, which once occupied the centres of +the bastions, have disappeared. Within the square enclosure +are the stone walls of a house 103 feet long, 33 feet wide, and +17 feet high, which is said to have had a flat roof covered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> +with lead. The small observatory used by Mr. Wales in +1769 was situated on the south-east bastion.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<a href="images/i044.png"><img src="images/i044-t.png" width="200" height="200" alt="PLAN OF FORT PRINCE OF WALES. +By J. B. Tyrrell. 1894. +Walls, 37 to 42 feet thick, 16 feet 9 inches high. +Scale: 80 feet = 1 inch." title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />PLAN OF FORT PRINCE OF WALES.<br /> +By J. B. Tyrrell. 1894.<br /> +Walls, 37 to 42 feet thick, 16 feet 9 inches high.<br /> +Scale: 80 feet = 1 inch.</span> +</div> + +<p>This new edition is a reprint of the quarto edition of +1795. The pagination of the original has been inserted, +enclosed within square brackets, at the proper places in the +text, and the notes are given as in the original volume. The +notes of the present editor are indicated by Arabic numerals.</p> + +<p>Most of the photographs here reproduced were taken by +the editor in 1893 and 1894, but those of Artillery Lake +were taken by Mr. J. W. Tyrrell in 1900, and the Eskimo +implements of native copper were obtained by him at that +time.</p> + +<p>Several additional maps have been added. Among these +are the portions of Cook's and Pennant's maps of parts of +North America showing the first published records of +Hearne's courses; a map of the Coppermine River as surveyed +by Sir John Franklin in 1821; and a general map of +Northern Canada drawn on the same scale and projection +as Hearne's large map, and with his routes laid down as +correctly as it has been possible for me to determine them. +The latter map is much more easily compared with Hearne's +original map than one drawn on the polyconic projection in +common use at the present time.</p> + +<p>I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. Edward A. +Preble of the Biological Survey, Washington, D.C., U.S.A., +author of "A Biological Investigation of the Hudson Bay +Region" and "A Biological Investigation of the Athabaska-Mackenzie +Region," who has so kindly annotated Chapter X. +on the fauna and flora of Hudson Bay, and has also added the +notes to which his initials are attached in other parts of the +volume.</p> + +<div class="right"> +J. B. TYRRELL. +</div> +<p> +<span class="smcap">Toronto</span>, <i>February 1, 1910</i>.<br /> +<br /> +</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> This is an error, as the fort was neither rebuilt nor refortified.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The results of their observations were published in the <i>Philosophical +Transactions</i>, vol. lix. (1769), pp. 467 and 480, and vol. lx. (1770), pp. 100 +and 137.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> "Report on the Dubawnt, Kazan, and Ferguson Rivers," by J. B. Tyrrell. +"Geological Survey of Canada," Part F, vol. ix. 1896. Ottawa, 1897.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> "Six Years' Residence in Hudson's Bay," by J. Robson, 1752, p. 15. +Robson strongly urged an overland expedition to discover the copper, p. 60.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Hudson's Bay Report, 1749, p. 230.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Ibid., p. 271.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Hudson's Bay Report, 1749, p. 226.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Henry Kelsey's account of this journey has given rise to a good deal of +dispute and scepticism. It gives me the impression that it is a story written +from memory years after the journey was performed, but his general description +of the country on the Red Deer River just north of the Province of +Manitoba, and of the plains of Saskatchewan to the south-west of it, is too +clear to be mistaken. I am indebted to Professor W. H. Holmes, Director +of the United States Bureau of Ethnology, for assistance in identifying the +"Naywatamee poets" with the Mandan Indians.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> As farther evidence that this expedition was undertaken solely for the +purpose of obtaining a knowledge of the whereabouts of the copper deposits, +Edward Umfreville, who was employed as a writer at York Factory in Hearne's +time, makes the following interesting statement: "Some years since, the +Company being informed that the Indians frequently brought fine pieces of +copper to their Settlements on Churchill River, they took into consideration, +and appointed a person (S. Hearne) with proper assistants, to survey and +examine the river where the valuable acquisition was supposed to be concealed."—<i>The +Present State of Hudson's Bay</i>, by Edward Umfreville, p. 45. +London, 1790.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Mr. Beckles Willson, in his book "The Great Company," says, on I know +not what authority, that it was £200.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> "Cook's Third Voyage," vol. i. Introduction, p. lxxxi. London, 1784. For +purposes of comparison, the portion of this map which refers to Hearne is +republished at the end of the present volume. It is stated by Beckles Willson +in "The Great Company" that short accounts of his journey had been published +in 1773 and again in 1778-80, but though diligent search has been made for +these accounts in the British Museum and elsewhere, no trace of them can be +found.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> "Le Gouverneur <i>Hearne</i> avait fait, en 1772, un voyage par terre vers le +Nord, en partant du fort Churchill dans la Baie de Hudson, '<i>Samuel Hearne +partit du fort du Prince de Galles le 7 Décembre 1770</i>,' voyage dont on attend +les détails avec impatience; le journal manuscrit en fut trouvé par <i>la Pérouse</i> +dans les papiers de ce Gouverneur, qui insista pour qu'il lui fût laissé comme +sa propriété particulière. Ce voyage ayant été fait néanmoins par ordre de la +Compagnie de Hudson, dans la vue d'acquérir des connaissances sur la partie +du Nord de l'Amérique, le journal pouvait bien être censé appartenir à cette +Compagnie, et par conséquent être dévolu au vainqueur; cependant <i>la Pérouse</i> +céda, par bonté, aux instances du Gouverneur <i>Hearne</i>, et lui rendit le manuscrit; +mais à la condition expresse de la faire imprimer et publier dès qu'il +serait de retour en Angleterre. Cette condition ne paraît pas avoir été remplie +jusqu'à present.<a name="FNanchor_A_13" id="FNanchor_A_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_13" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> Espérons que la remarque qui en est faite, rendue publique, +produira l'effet attendu ou qu'elle engagera le Gouverneur à faire connaître si +la Compagnie de Hudson, qui redoute qu'on ne s'immisce dans ses affaires et +son commerce, s'est opposée à sa publication."—Discours préliminaire du +Voyage de <i>la Pérouse</i> autour du monde, pp. xlvi et xlvii de l'in-4^º.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_13" id="Footnote_A_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_13"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Le Voyage de Samuel Hearne a été publié à Londres en l'an 3, et celui +de <i>la Pérouse</i> à Paris, en l'an 6. (<i>Note du Traducteur du Voyage de</i> Samuel +Hearne.)</p></div> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a href="images/i048.jpg"><img src="images/i048-t.jpg" width="200" height="248" alt="M^r. Samuel Hearne +Late Chief at Prince of Wales's Fort. +Hudson's Bay. +Published as the Act directs by J. Sewell, Cornhill Aug^t. 1st. 1796 +From the "European Magazine," June, 1797" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />M^r. Samuel Hearne<br /> +<i>Late Chief at Prince of Wales's Fort.<br /> +Hudson's Bay.<br /> +Published as the Act directs by J. Sewell, Cornhill Aug^t. 1st. 1796<br /> +From the "European Magazine," June, 1797</i></span> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span></p> + +<h1> +A<br /> +JOURNEY<br /> +FROM<br /> +Prince of Wales's Fort, in Hudson's Bay,<br /> +TO<br /> +THE NORTHERN OCEAN.<br /> +</h1> + +<h3> +UNDERTAKEN<br /> +<i>BY ORDER OF THE HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY.</i><br /> +FOR THE DISCOVERY OF<br /> +COPPER MINES, A NORTH WEST PASSAGE, &c.<br /> +In the Years 1769, 1770, 1771, & 1772.<br /> +</h3> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> +<h2>By SAMUEL HEARNE.<br /></h2> +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<div class="center"> +LONDON:<br /> +<br /> +Printed for <span class="smcap">A. Strahan</span> and <span class="smcap">T. Cadell</span>:<br /> +And Sold by <span class="smcap">T. Cadell</span> Jun. and <span class="smcap">W. Davies</span>, (Successors to<br /> +Mr. <span class="smcap">Cadell</span>,) in the Strand.<br /> +<br /> +1795<br /> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> +TO<br /> +SAMUEL WEGG, <span class="smcap">Esq., Governor</span>,<br /> +<span class="smcap">Sir</span> JAMES WINTER LAKE, <span class="smcap">Deputy Governor</span>,<br /> +AND<br /> +THE REST OF THE COMMITTEE<br /> +OF THE HONOURABLE<br /> +<i>HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY.</i><br /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>HONOURABLE SIRS,</p> + +<p>As the following Journey was undertaken at your Request +and Expence, I feel it no less my Duty than my +Inclination to address it to you; hoping that my +humble Endeavours to relate, in a plain and unadorned Style, +the various Circumstances and Remarks which {iv} occurred +during that Journey, will meet with your Approbation.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">I am, with much Esteem and Gratitude,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">HONOURABLE SIRS,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">Your most obedient, and</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 8em;">most obliged humble Servant,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 12em;">SAMUEL HEARNE.</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> +</p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span></p> + +<h2>PREFACE.</h2> + + +<p>Mr. Dalrymple, in one of his Pamphlets relating +to Hudson's Bay, has been so very particular +in his observations on my Journey, as to remark, +that I have not explained the construction of the Quadrant +which I had the misfortune to break in my second Journey +to the North. It was a Hadley's Quadrant, with a bubble +attached to it for a horizon, and made by Daniel Scatlif of +Wapping. But as no instrument of the same principle could +be procured when I was setting out on my last Journey, an +old Elton's Quadrant, which had been upwards of thirty years +at the Fort, was the only instrument I could then be provided +with, in any respect proper for making observations with +on the land.</p> + +<p>Mr. Dalrymple also observes, that I only inserted in my +last Journal to the Company, one observation for the latitude, +which may be true; but I had, nevertheless, several others +during that Journey, particularly at Snow-bird Lake, Thelwey-aza-yeth, +and Clowey, exclusive of that mentioned in the +Journal taken at Conge-cathawhachaga. But when I was on +that Journey, and for several {vi} years after, I little thought +that any remarks made in it would ever have attracted the notice +of the Public; if I had, greater pains might and would have +been taken to render it more worthy of their attention than it +now is. At that time my ideas and ambition extended no +farther than to give my employers such an account of my +proceedings as might be satisfactory to them, and answer the +purpose which they had in view; little thinking it would ever<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> +come under the inspection of so ingenious and indefatigable +a geographer as Mr. Dalrymple must be allowed to be. But +as the case has turned out otherwise, I have at my leisure +hours recopied all my Journals into one book, and in some +instances added to the remarks I had before made; not so +much for the information of those who are critics in geography, +as for the amusement of candid and indulgent readers, who +may perhaps feel themselves in some measure gratified, by +having the face of a country brought to their view, which +has hitherto been entirely unknown to every European except +myself. Nor will, I flatter myself, a description of the modes +of living, manners, and customs of the natives (which, though +long known, have never been described), be less acceptable to +the curious.</p> + +<p>I cannot help observing, that I feel myself rather hurt at +Mr. Dalrymple's rejecting my latitude in so peremptory a +manner, and in so great a proportion, as he has done; because, +before I arrived at Conge-cathawhachaga, the {vii} Sun did not set +during the whole night: a proof that I was then to the Northward +of the Arctic Circle. I may be allowed to add, that when +I was at the Copper River, on the eighteenth of July, the Sun's +declination was but 21°, and yet it was certainly some height +above the horizon at midnight; how much, as I did not <i>then</i> +remark, I will not <i>now</i> take upon me to say; but it proves that +the latitude was considerably more than Mr. Dalrymple will +admit of. His assertion, that no grass is to be found on the +(rocky) coast of Greenland farther North than the latitude of +65°, is no proof there should not be any in a much higher +latitude in the interior parts of North America. For, in the +first place, I think it is more than probable, that the Copper +River empties itself into a sort of inland Sea, or extensive Bay, +somewhat like that of Hudson's: and it is well known that +no part of the coast of Hudson's Straits, nor those of +Labradore, at least for some degrees South of them, any +more than the East coast of Hudson's Bay, till we arrive<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> +near Whale River, have any trees on them; while the West +coast of the Bay in the same latitudes, is well clothed with +timber. Where then is the ground for such an assertion? +Had Mr. Dalrymple considered this circumstance only, I +flatter myself he would not so hastily have objected to woods +and grass being seen in similar situations, though in a much +higher latitude. Neither can the reasoning which Mr. Dalrymple +derives from the error I committed in estimating the +distance to Cumberland House, any way affect the question +under {viii} consideration; because that distance being chiefly +in longitude, I had no means of correcting it by an observation, +which was not the case here.</p> + +<p>I do not by any means wish to enter into a dispute with, +or incur the displeasure of Mr. Dalrymple; but thinking, as +I do, that I have not been treated in so liberal a manner as I +ought to have been, he will excuse me for endeavouring to +convince the Public that his objections are in a great measure +without foundation. And having done so, I shall quit the +disagreeable subject with declaring, that if any part of the +following sheets should afford amusement to Mr. Dalrymple, +or any other of my readers, it will be the highest gratification +I can receive, and the only recompence I desire to obtain for +the hardships and fatigue which I underwent in procuring the +information contained in them.</p> + +<p>Being well assured that several learned and curious gentlemen +are in possession of manuscript copies of, or extracts from, +my Journals, as well as copies of the Charts, I have been +induced to make this copy as correct as possible, and to +publish it; especially as I observe that scarcely any two of +the publications that contain extracts from my Journals, agree +in the dates when I arrived at, or departed from, particular +places. To rectify those disagreements I applied to the Governor +and Committee of the Hudson's Bay Company, for leave +to peruse my original Journals. This was granted with the +greatest affability {ix} and politeness; as well as a sight of all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> +my Charts relative to this Journey. With this assistance I have +been enabled to rectify some inaccuracies that had, by trusting +too much to memory, crept into this copy; and I now offer it +to the Public under authentic dates and the best authorities, +however widely some publications may differ from it.</p> + +<p>I have taken the liberty to expunge some passages which +were inserted in the original copy, as being no ways interesting +to the Public, and several others have undergone great alterations; +so that, in fact, the whole may be said to be new-modelled, +by being blended with a variety of Remarks and +Notes that were not inserted in the original copy, but which +my long residence in the country has enabled me to add.</p> + +<p>The account of the principal quadrupeds and birds that +frequent those Northern regions in Summer, as well as those +which never migrate, though not described in a scientific +manner, may not be entirely unacceptable to the most scientific +zoologists; and to those who are unacquainted with the +technical terms used in zoology, it may perhaps be more useful +and entertaining, than if I had described them in the most +classical manner. But I must not conclude this Preface, without +acknowledging, in the most ample manner, the assistance +I have received from the perusal of Mr Pennant's Arctic +Zoology, which has enabled me to give several of the birds +their proper {x} names; for those by which they are known in +Hudson's Bay are purely Indian, and of course quite unknown +to every European who has not resided in that country.</p> + +<p>To conclude, I cannot sufficiently regret the loss of a considerable +Vocabulary of the Northern Indian Language, containing +sixteen folio pages, which was lent to the late Mr. Hutchins, +then Corresponding Secretary to the Company, to copy for +Captain Duncan, when he went on discoveries to Hudson's +Bay in the year one thousand seven hundred and ninety. But +Mr. Hutchins dying soon after, the Vocabulary was taken away +with the rest of his effects, and cannot now be recovered; and +memory, at this time, will by no means serve to replace it.</p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CONTENTS.</h2> + +<p><span class="smcap">Introduction</span></p> +<div class="right"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></div> + +<h3>CHAP. I.</h3> + +<p>Transactions from my leaving Prince of Wales's Fort on my +first Expedition, till our Arrival there again.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>Set off from the Fort; arrive at Po-co-ree-kis-co River—One +of the Northern Indians deserts—Cross Seal River, and walk on +the barren grounds—Receive wrong information concerning the +distance of the woods—Weather begins to be very cold, provisions +all expended, and nothing to be got—Strike to the Westward, +arrive at the woods, and kill three deer—Set forward in the North +West quarter, see the tracks of musk-oxen and deer, but killed +none—Very short of provisions—Chawchinahaw wants us to return—Neither +he nor his crew contribute to our maintenance—He influences +several of the Indians to desert—Chawchinahaw and all +his crew leave us—Begin our return to the Factory; kill a few +partridges, the first meal we had had for several days—Villany of +one of the home Indians and his wife, who was a Northern Indian +woman—Arrive at the Seal River, kill two deer; partridges plenty—Meet +a strange Northern Indian, accompany him to his tent, +usage received there; my Indians assist in killing some beaver—Proceed +toward home, and arrive at the Fort</p> +</div><div class="right"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></div> + +<h3>CHAP. II.</h3> + +<p>Transactions from our Arrival at the Factory, to my leaving it +again, and during the First Part of my Second Journey, +till I had the misfortune to break the Quadrant.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>Transactions at the Factory—Proceed on my second journey—Arrive +at Seal River—Deer plentiful for some time—Method of +angling fish under the ice—Set our fishing-nets—Method of setting +nets under the ice—My guide [xii] proposes to stay till the geese +should begin to fly; his reasons accepted—Pitch our tent in the best +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>manner—Method of pitching a tent in Winter—Fish plentiful for +some time; grow very scarce; in great want of provisions—Manner +of employing my time—My guide killed two deer—Move +to the place they were lying at; there kill several more deer, and +three beavers—Soon in want of provisions again—Many Indians +join us from the Westward—We begin to move towards the barren +ground—Arrive at She-than-nee, there suffer great distress for want +of provisions—Indians kill two swans and three geese—Geese and +other birds of passage plentiful—Leave She-than-nee, and arrive at +Beralzone—One of my companions guns bursts, and shatters his +left hand—Leave Beralzone, and get on the barren ground, clear +of all woods—Throw away our sledges and snow shoes—Each person +takes a load on his back; my part of the luggage—Exposed +to many hardships—Several days without victuals—Indians kill +three musk-oxen, but for want of fire are obliged to eat the meat +raw—Fine weather returns; make a fire; effects of long fasting; +stay a day or two to dry some meat in the Sun—Proceed to the +Northward, and arrive at Cathawhachaga; there find some tents +of Indians—A Northern Leader called Keelshies meets us; send a +letter by him to the Governor—Transactions at Cathawhachaga; +leave it and proceed to the Northward—Meet several Indians—My +guide not willing to proceed; his reasons for it—Many more +Indians join us—Arrive at Doobaunt Whoie River—Manner of +ferrying over rivers in the Northern Indian canoes—No rivers in +those parts in a useful direction for the natives—Had nearly lost the +quadrant and all the powder—Some reflections on our situation, +and conduct of the Indians—Find the quadrant and part of the +powder—Observe for the latitude—Quadrant broke—Resolve to +return again to the Factory</p> +</div><div class="right"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></div> + +<h3>CHAP. III.</h3> + +<p>Transactions from the time the Quadrant was broken, till I +arrived at the Factory.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>Several strange Indians join us from the Northward—They +plunder me of all I had; but did not plunder the Southern Indians—My +guide plundered—We begin our return to the Factory—Meet +with other Indians, who join our company—Collect deer-skins for +clothing, but could not get them {xiii} dressed—Suffer much hardship +from the want of tents and warm clothing—Most of the Indians +leave us—Meet with Matonabbee—Some account of him, and his +behaviour to me and the Southern Indians—We remain in his +company some time—His observations on my two unsuccessful +attempts—We leave him, and proceed to a place to which he +directed us, in order to make snow-shoes and sledges—Join Matonabbee +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>again, and proceed towards the Factory in his company—Ammunition +runs short—Myself and four Indians set off post for +the Factory—Much bewildered in a snow storm; my dog is frozen +to death; we lie in a bush of willows—Proceed on our journey—Great +difficulty in crossing a jumble of rocks—Arrive at the Fort</p> +</div><div class="right"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></div> + +<h3>CHAP. IV.</h3> + +<p>Transactions during our Stay at Prince of Wales's Fort, and +the former Part of our third Expedition, till our Arrival +at Clowey, where we built Canoes, in May 1771.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>Preparations for our departure—Refuse to take any of the +home-guard Indians with me—By so doing, I offend the Governor—Leave +the Fort a third time—My instructions on this expedition—Provisions +of all kinds very scarce—Arrive at the woods, where +we kill some deer—Arrive at Island Lake—Matonabbee taken ill—Some +remarks thereon—Join the remainder of the Indians' families—Leave +Island Lake—Description thereof—Deer plentiful—Meet +a strange Indian—Alter our course from West North West to +West by South—Cross Cathawhachaga River, Cossed Lake, Snow-Bird +Lake, and Pike Lake—Arrive at a tent of strangers, who are +employed in snaring deer in a pound—Description of a pound—Method +of proceeding—Remarks thereon—Proceed on our journey—Meet +with several parties of Indians; by one of whom I sent a +letter to the Governor at Prince of Wales's Fort—Arrive at Thleweyazayeth—Employment +there—Proceed to the North North West +and North—Arrive at Clowey—One of the Indian's wives taken in +labour—Remarks thereon—Customs observed by the Northern +Indians on those occasions</p> +</div><div class="right"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></div> + +<h3>{xiv} CHAP. V.</h3> + +<p>Transactions at Clowey, and on our Journey, till our Arrival +at the Copper-mine River.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>Several strange Indians join us—Indians employed in building +canoes; description and use of them—More Indians join us, to the +amount of some hundreds—Leave Clowey—Receive intelligence +that Keelshies was near us—Two young men dispatched for my +letters and goods—Arrive at Peshew Lake; cross part of it, and +make a large smoke—One of Matonabbee's wives elopes—Some +remarks on the natives—Keelshies joins us, and delivers my letters, +but the goods were all expended—A Northern Indian wishes to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>take one of Matonabbee's wives from him; matters compromised, +but had like to have proved fatal to my progress—Cross Peshew +Lake, when I make proper arrangements for the remainder of my +journey—Many Indians join our party, in order to make war on the +Esquimaux at the Copper River—Preparations made for that purpose +while at Clowey—Proceed on our journey to the North—Some +remarks on the way—Cross Cogead Lake on the ice—The +sun did not set—Arrive at Congecathawhachaga—Find several +Copper Indians there—Remarks and transactions during our stay +at Congecathawhachaga—Proceed on our journey—Weather very +bad—Arrive at the Stoney Mountains—Some account of them—Cross +part of Buffalo Lake on the ice—Saw many musk-oxen—Description +of them—Went with some Indians to view Grizzlebear +Hill—Join a strange Northern Indian Leader, called O'lye, in +company with some Copper Indians—Their behaviour to me—Arrive +at the Copper-mine River</p> +</div><div class="right"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></div> + +<h3>CHAP. VI.</h3> + +<p>Transactions at the Copper-mine River, and till we joined all +the Women to the South of Cogead Lake.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>Some Copper Indians join us—Indians send three spies down +the river—Begin my survey—Spies return, and give an account of +five tents of Esquimaux—Indians consult the best method to steal on +them in the night, and {xv} kill them while asleep—Cross the river—Proceedings +of the Indians as they advance towards the Esquimaux +tents—The Indians begin the massacre while the poor Esquimaux +are asleep, and slay them all—Much affected at the sight of one +young woman killed close to my feet—The behaviour of the Indians +on this occasion—Their brutish treatment of the dead bodies—Seven +more tents seen on the opposite side of the river—The +Indians harass them, till they fly to a shoal in the river for safety—Behaviour +of the Indians after killing those Esquimaux—Cross the +river, and proceed to the tents on that side—Plunder their tents, +and destroy their utensils—Continue my survey to the river's mouth—Remarks +there—Set out on my return—Arrive at one of the +Copper-mines—Remarks on it—Many attempts made to induce the +Copper Indians to carry their own goods to market—Obstacles to +it—Villany and cruelty of Keelshies to some of those poor Indians—Leave +the Copper-mine, and walk at an amazing rate till we join +the women, by the side of Cogead Whoie—Much foot-foundered—The +appearance very alarming, but soon changes for the better—Proceed +to the southward, and join the remainder of the women +and children—Many other Indians arrive with them</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span></p> +</div><div class="right"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></div> + +<h3>CHAP. VII.</h3> + +<p>Remarks from the Time the Women joined us till our Arrival +at the Athapuscow Lake.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>Several of the Indians sick—Methods used by the conjurors to +relieve one man, who recovers—Matonabbee and his crew proceed +to the South West—Most of the other Indians separate, and go their +respective ways—Pass by White Stone Lake—Many deer killed +merely for their skins—Remarks thereon, and on the deer, respecting +seasons and places—Arrive at Point Lake—One of the Indian's +wives being sick, is left behind to perish above-ground—Weather +very bad, but deer plenty—Stay some time at Point Lake to dry +meat, &c.—Winter set in—Superstitious customs observed by my +companions, after they had killed the Esquimaux at Copper River—A +violent gale of wind oversets my tent and breaks my quadrant—Some +Copper and Dog-ribbed Indians join us—Indians propose +to go to the Athapuscow Country to kill moose—Leave Point Lake, +and arrive at the wood's edge—Arrive at Anawd Lake—Transactions +there—Remarkable instance of a man being cured of the +palsey by the conjurors—Leave Anawd Lake—Arrive at the great +Athapuscow Lake</p> +</div><div class="right"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></div> + +<h3>{xvi} CHAP. VIII.</h3> + +<p>Transactions and Remarks from our Arrival on the South Side +of the Athapuscow Lake, till our Arrival at Prince of +Wales's Fort on Churchill River.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>Cross the Athapuscow Lake—Description of it and its productions, +as far as could be discovered in Winter, when the snow was +on the ground—Fish found in the lake—Description of the buffalo; +of the moose or elk, and the method of dressing their skins—Find +a woman alone that had not seen a human face for more than seven +months—Her account how she came to be in that situation; and +her curious method of procuring a livelihood—Many of my Indians +wrestled for her—Arrive at the Great Athapuscow River—Walk +along the side of the River for several days, and then strike off to the +Eastward—Difficulty in getting through the woods in many places—Meet +with some strange Northern Indians on their return from +the Fort—Meet more strangers, whom my companions plundered, +and from whom they took one of their young women—Curious +manner of life which those strangers lead, and the reason they +gave for roving so far from their usual residence—Leave the fine +level country of the Athapuscows, and arrive at the Stony Hills of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>Northern Indian Country—Meet some strange Northern Indians, +one of whom carried a letter for me to Prince of Wales's Fort, in +March one thousand seven hundred and seventy-one, and now gave +me an answer to it, dated twentieth of June following—Indians +begin preparing wood-work and birch-rind for canoes—The equinoctial +gale very severe—Indian method of running the moose +deer down by speed of foot—Arrival at Theeleyaza River—See +some strangers—The brutality of my companions—A tremendous +gale and snow-drift—Meet with more strangers; remarks on it—Leave +all the elderly people and children, and proceed directly to +the Fort—Stop to build canoes, and then advance—Several of the +Indians die through hunger, and many others are obliged to decline +the journey for want of ammunition—A violent storm and inundation, +that forced us to the top of a high hill, where we suffered great +distress for more than two days—Kill several deer—The Indians' +method of preserving the flesh without the assistance of salt—See +several Indians that were going to Knapp's Bay—Game of all +kinds remarkably plentiful—Arrive at the Factory</p> +</div><div class="right"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></div> + +<h3>{xvii} CHAP. IX.</h3> + +<p>A short Description of the Northern Indians, also a farther +Account of their Country, Manufactures, Customs, &c.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>An account of the persons and tempers of the Northern Indians—They +possess a great deal of art and cunning—Are very guilty of +fraud when in their power, and generally exact more for their furs +than any other tribe of Indians—Always dissatisfied, yet have their +good qualities—The men in general jealous of their wives—Their +marriages—Girls always betrothed when children, and their reasons +for it—Great care and confinement of young girls from the age of +eight or nine years—Divorces common among those people—The +women are less prolific than in warmer countries—Remarkable +piece of superstition observed by the women at particular periods—Their +art in making it an excuse for a temporary separation from +their husbands on any little quarrel—Reckoned very unclean on +those occasions—The Northern Indians frequently, for the want of +firing, are obliged to eat their meat raw—Some through necessity +obliged to boil it in vessels made of the rind of the birch-tree—A +remarkable dish among those people—The young animals always +cut out of their dams, eaten, and accounted a great delicacy—The +parts of generation of all animals eat by the men and boys—Manner +of passing their time, and method of killing deer in +Summer with bows and arrows—Their tents, dogs, sledges, &c.—Snow-shoes—Their +partiality to domestic vermin—Utmost extent +of the Northern Indian country—Face of the country—Species of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>fish—A peculiar kind of moss useful for the support of man—Northern +Indian method of catching fish, either with hooks or nets—Ceremony +observed when two parties of those people meet—Diversions +in common use—A singular disorder which attacks some of +those people—Their superstition with respect to the death of their +friends—Ceremony observed on those occasions—Their ideas of +the first inhabitants of the world—No form of religion among +them—Remarks on that circumstance—The extreme misery to +which old age is exposed—Their opinion of the <i>Aurora Borealis</i>, +&c.—Some account of Matonabbee, and his services to his country, +as well as to the Hudson's Bay Company</p> +</div><div class="right"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></div> + +<h3>{xviii} CHAP. X.</h3> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>An Account of the principal Quadrupeds found in the Northern +Parts of Hudson's Bay: The Buffalo, Moose, Musk-ox, Deer, +and Beaver—A capital Mistake cleared up respecting the We-was-kish.</p> + +<p>Animals with Canine Teeth: The Wolf—Foxes of various +colours—Lynx, or Wild Cat—Polar, or White Bear—Black Bear—Brown +Bear—Wolverene—Otter—Jackash—Wejack—Skunk—Pine +Martin—Ermine, or Stote.</p> + +<p>Animals with cutting Teeth: The Musk Beaver—Porcupine—Varying +Hare—American Hare—Common Squirrel—Ground +Squirrel—Mice of various kinds—and the Castor Beaver.</p> + +<p>The Pinnated Quadrupeds with finlike Feet, found in Hudson's +Bay, are but three in number, viz.: The Walrus, or Sea-Horse—Seal—and +Sea-Unicorn.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>The Species of Fish found in the Salt Water of Hudson's Bay +are also few in number: being the Black Whale—White Whale—Salmon—and +Kepling.</p> + +<p>Shell-fish, and empty Shells of several kinds, found on the Sea +Coast near Churchill River.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Frogs of various sizes and colours; also a great variety of +Grubbs, and other Insects, always found in a frozen state during +Winter, but when exposed to the heat of a slow fire, are soon +re-animated.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>An account of some of the principal Birds found in the Northern +Parts of Hudson's Bay; as well those that only migrate there in +Summer, as those that are known to brave the coldest Winters: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>Eagles of various kinds—Hawks of various sizes and plumage—White +or Snowy Owl—Grey or mottled Owl—Cob-a-dee-cooch—Raven—Cinerious +Crow—Wood Pecker—Ruffed Grouse—Pheasant—Wood +Partridge—Willow Partridge—Rock Partridge—Pigeon—Red-breasted +Thrush—Grosbeak—Snow Bunting—White-crowned +Bunting—Lapland Finch, two sorts—Lark—Titmouse—Swallow—Martin—Hopping +Crane—Brown Crane—Bitron—Carlow, +two sorts—Jack Snipe—Red Godwart—Plover—Black +Gullemet—Northern Diver—Black-throated Diver—Red-throated +Diver—White Gull—Grey Gull—Black-head—Pelican—Goosander—Swans +of two species—Common {xix} Grey Goose—Canada +Goose—White or Snow Goose—Blue Goose—Horned Wavy—Laughing +Goose—Barren Goose—Brent Goose—Dunter Goose—Bean +Goose.</p> + +<p>The species of Water-Fowl usually called Duck, that resort to +those Parts annually, are in great variety; but those that are most +esteemed are, the Mallard Duck—Long-tailed Duck—Wigeon, +and Teal.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Of the Vegetable Productions as far North as Churchill River, +particularly the most useful; such as the Berry-bearing Bushes, +&c.: Gooseberry—Cranberry—Heathberry—Dewater-berry—Black +Currans—Juniper-berry—Partridge-berry—Strawberry—Eye-berry—Blue-berry—and +a small species of Hips.</p> + +<p>Burridge—Coltsfoot—Sorrel—Dandelion.</p> + +<p>Wish-a-capucca—Jackashey-puck—Moss of various sorts—Grass +of several kinds—and Vetches.</p> + +<p>The Trees found so far North near the Sea, consist only of +Pines—Juniper—Small Poplar—Bush-willows—and Creeping +Birch</p> +</div><div class="right"><a href="#Page_335">335</a></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span></p> +<h2>INTRODUCTION.</h2> + + +<p>For many years it was the opinion of all ranks of people, +that the Hudson's Bay Company were averse to making +discoveries of every kind; and being content with +the profits of their small capital, as it was then called, did +not want to increase their trade. What might have been the +ideas of former members of the Company respecting the first +part of these charges I cannot say, but I am well assured that +they, as well as the present members, have always been ready +to embrace every plausible plan for extending the trade. As +a proof of this assertion, I need only mention the vast sums of +money which they have expended at different times in endeavouring +to establish fisheries, though without success: and the +following Journey, together with the various attempts made by +Bean, Christopher, Johnston, and Duncan,<a name="FNanchor_13_14" id="FNanchor_13_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_14" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> to find a North West +passage, are recent proofs that the present members are as +desirous of making discoveries, as they are of extending their +trade.</p> + +<p>That<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> +air of mystery, and affectation of secrecy, perhaps, which +formerly attended some of the Company's proceedings in the +Bay, might give rise to those conjectures; and the unfounded +assertions and unjust aspersions of Dobbs, {xxii} Ellis, Robson, +Dragge, and the American Traveller,<a name="FNanchor_14_15" id="FNanchor_14_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_15" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> the only Authors that +have written on Hudson's Bay, and who have all, from motives +of interest or revenge, taken a particular pleasure in arraigning +the conduct of the Company, without having any real +knowledge of their proceedings, or any experience in their +service, on which to found their charges, must have contributed +to confirm the public in that opinion. Most of those Writers, +however, advance such notorious absurdities, that none except +those who are already prejudiced against the Company can give +them credit.<a name="FNanchor_B_16" id="FNanchor_B_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_16" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></p> + +<p>Robson, from his six years' residence in Hudson's Bay and +in the Company's service, might naturally have been supposed +to know something of the climate and soil immediately round +the Factories at which he resided; but the whole of his book is +evidently written with prejudice, and dictated by a spirit of +revenge, because his romantic and inconsistent schemes were +rejected by the Company. Besides, it is well known that +Robson was no more than a tool in the hand of Mr. Dobbs.</p> + +<p>The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> +American Traveller, though a more elegant writer, +has still less claim to our indulgence, as his assertions are +{xxiii} a greater tax on our credulity. His saying that he +discovered several large lumps of the finest virgin copper<a name="FNanchor_C_18" id="FNanchor_C_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_18" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> +is such a palpable falsehood that it needs no refutation. No +man, either English or Indian, ever found a bit of copper in +that country to the South of the seventy-first degree of latitude,<a name="FNanchor_16_19" id="FNanchor_16_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_19" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> +unless it had been accidentally dropped by some of the +far Northern Indians in their way to the Company's Factory.</p> + +<p>The natives who range over, rather than inhabit, the large +tract of land which lies to the North of Churchill River, having +repeatedly brought samples of copper to the Company's Factory, +many of our people conjectured that it was found not far from +our settlements; and as the Indians informed them that +the mines were not very distant from a large river, it was +generally supposed that this river must empty itself into Hudson's +Bay; as they could by no means think that any set of +people, however wandering their manner of life might be, could +ever traverse so large a tract of country as to pass the Northern +boundary of that Bay, and particularly without the assistance +of water-carriage. The following Journal, however, will show +how much those people have been mistaken, and prove also the +improbability of putting their favourite scheme of mining into +practice.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span></p><p>{xxiv} The accounts of this grand River, which some have +turned into a Strait, together with the samples of copper, were +brought to the Company's Factory at Churchill River immediately +after its first establishment, in the year one thousand seven +hundred and fifteen; and it does not appear that any attempts +were made to discover either the river or mines till the year +one thousand seven hundred and nineteen, when the Company +fitted out a ship, called the <i>Albany Frigate</i>, Captain George +Barlow,<a name="FNanchor_D_21" id="FNanchor_D_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_21" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> and a sloop {xxv} called the <i>Discovery</i>, Captain +David Vaughan. The sole command of this expedition, however, +was given to Mr. James Knight, a man of great experience +in the Company's service, who had been many years +Governor at the different Factories in the Bay, and who had +made the first settlement at Churchill River. Notwithstanding +the experience Mr. Knight might have had of the Company's +business, and his knowledge of those parts of the Bay where +he had resided, it cannot be supposed he was well acquainted +with the nature of the business in which he then engaged, +having nothing to direct him but the slender and imperfect +accounts which he had received from the Indians, who at that +time were little known, and less understood.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span></p> +<p>{xxvi} Those disadvantages, added to his advanced age, he +being then near eighty, by no means discouraged this bold adventurer; +who was so prepossessed of his success, and of the great +advantage that would arise from his discoveries, that he procured, +and took with him, some large iron-bound chests, to hold gold +dust and other valuables, which he fondly flattered himself +were to be found in those parts.</p> + +<p>The first paragraph of the Company's Orders to Mr. Knight +on this occasion appears to be as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<div class="center">"<i>To</i> <span class="smcap">Captain James Knight</span>.</div> + +<div class="right">"<i>4th June, 1719.</i></div> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,<br /></p> + +<p>"From the experience we have had of your abilities in the +management of our affairs, we have, upon your application +to us, fitted out the <i>Albany</i> frigate, Captain George Barlow, +and the <i>Discovery</i>, Captain David Vaughan, Commander, +upon a discovery to the Northward; and to that end have +given you power and authority to act and do all things +relating to the said voyage, the navigation of the said ship and +sloop only excepted; and have given orders and instructions +to our said Commanders for that purpose.</p> + +<p>"You are, with the first opportunity of wind and weather, +to depart from Gravesend on your intended {xxvii} voyage, +and by God's permission, to find out the Straits of Anian, in +order to discover gold and other valuable commodities to the +Northward, &c. &c."</p> +</div> + +<p>Mr. Knight soon left Gravesend, and proceeded on his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>voyage; but the ship not returning to England that year, +as was expected, it was judged that she had wintered in +Hudson's Bay; and having on board a good stock of provisions, +a house in frame, together with all necessary mechanics, +and a great assortment of trading goods, little or no +thoughts were entertained of their not being in safety; but +as neither ship nor sloop returned to England in the following +year, (one thousand seven hundred and twenty), the Company +were much alarmed for their welfare; and, by their ship which +went to Churchill in the year one thousand seven hundred and +twenty-one, they sent orders for a sloop called the <i>Whale-Bone</i>, +John Scroggs Master, to go in search of them; but the ship +not arriving in Churchill till late in the year, those orders +could not be put in execution till the Summer following (one +thousand seven hundred and twenty-two).</p> + +<p>The North West coast of Hudson's Bay being little +known in those days, and Mr. Scroggs finding himself greatly +embarrassed with shoals and rocks, returned to Prince of +Wales's Fort without making any certain discovery respecting +the above ship or sloop; for all the marks he saw among the +Esquimaux at Whale Cove scarcely {xxviii} amounted to the +spoils which might have been made from a trifling accident, +and consequently could not be considered as signs of a total +shipwreck.</p> + +<p>The strong opinion which then prevailed in Europe +respecting the probability of a North West passage by the +way of Hudson's Bay, made many conjecture that Messrs. +Knight and Barlow had found that passage, and had gone +through it into the South Sea, by the way of California. +Many years elapsed without any other convincing proof +occurring to the contrary, except that Middleton, Ellis, Bean, +Christopher, and Johnston, had not been able to find any such +passage. And notwithstanding a sloop was annually sent to +the Northward on discovery, and to trade with the Esquimaux, +it was the Summer of one thousand seven hundred and sixty-seven,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> +before we had positive proofs that poor Mr. Knight +and Captain Barlow had been lost in Hudson's Bay.</p> + +<p>The Company were now carrying on a black whale fishery, +and Marble Island was made the place of rendezvous, not only +on account of the commodiousness of the harbour, but because +it had been observed that the whales were more plentiful about +that island than on any other part of the coast. This being +the case, the boats, when on the look-out for fish, had frequent +occasion to row close to the island, by which means they +discovered a new harbour near the East end of it, at the head +{xxix} of which they found guns, anchors, cables, bricks, a +smith's anvil, and many other articles, which the hand of time +had not defaced, and which being of no use to the natives, or +too heavy to be removed by them, had not been taken from the +place in which they were originally laid. The remains of the +house, though pulled to pieces by the Esquimaux for the wood +and iron, are yet very plain to be seen, as also the hulls, or +more properly speaking, the bottoms of the ship and sloop, +which lie sunk in about five fathoms water, toward the head +of the harbour. The figure-head of the ship, and also the +guns, &c. were sent home to the Company, and are certain +proofs that Messrs. Knight and Barlow had been lost on that +inhospitable island, where neither stick nor stump was to be +seen, and which lies near sixteen miles from the main land. +Indeed the main is little better, being a jumble of barren hills +and rocks, destitute of every kind of herbage except moss and +grass; and at that part, the woods are several hundreds of +miles from the sea-side.</p> + +<p>In the Summer of one thousand seven hundred and sixty-nine, +while we were prosecuting the fishery, we saw several +Esquimaux at this new harbour; and perceiving that one or +two of them were greatly advanced in years, our curiosity was +excited to ask them some questions concerning the above ship +and sloop, which we were the better enabled to do by the +assistance of an Esquimaux, who was then in the Company's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> +service as a linguist, and annually sailed in one of their vessels +in that character. The {xxx} account which we received from +them was full, clear, and unreserved, and the sum of it was to +the following purport:</p> + +<p>When the vessels arrived at this place (Marble Island) +it was very late in the Fall, and in getting them into the +harbour, the largest received much damage; but on being +fairly in, the English began to build the house, their number +at that time seeming to be about fifty. As soon as the ice +permitted, in the following Summer, (one thousand seven +hundred and twenty), the Esquimaux paid them another visit, +by which time the number of the English was greatly reduced, +and those that were living seemed very unhealthy. According +to the account given by the Esquimaux they were then very +busily employed, but about what they could not easily describe, +probably in lengthening the long-boat; for at a little distance +from the house there is now lying a great quantity of oak +chips, which have been most assuredly made by carpenters.</p> + +<p>Sickness and famine occasioned such havock among the +English, that by the setting in of the second Winter their +number was reduced to twenty. That Winter (one thousand +seven hundred and twenty) some of the Esquimaux took up +their abode on the opposite side of the harbour to that on +which the English had built their houses,<a name="FNanchor_E_22" id="FNanchor_E_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_22" class="fnanchor">[E]</a> and {xxxi} frequently +supplied them with such provisions as they had, which +chiefly consisted of whale's blubber and seal's flesh and train +oil. When the Spring advanced, the Esquimaux went to the +continent, and on their visiting Marble Island again, in the +Summer of one thousand seven hundred and twenty-one, they +only found five of the English alive, and those were in such +distress for provisions that they eagerly eat the seal's flesh +and whale's blubber quite raw, as they purchased it from the +natives. This disordered them so much, that three of them +died in a few days, and the other two, though very weak, +made a shift to bury them. Those two survived many days +after the rest, and frequently went to the top of an adjacent +rock, and earnestly looked to the South and East, as if in +expectation of some vessels coming to their relief. After +continuing there a considerable time together, and nothing +appearing in sight, they sat down close together, and wept +bitterly. At length one of the two died, and the other's +strength was so far exhausted, that he fell down and died also, +in attempting to dig a grave for his companion. The {xxxii} +sculls and other large bones of those two men are now lying +above-ground close to the house. The longest liver was, +according to the Esquimaux account, always employed in +working of iron into implements for them; probably he was +the armourer, or smith.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span></p> +<p>Some Northern Indians who came to trade at Prince of +Wales's Fort in the Spring of the year one thousand seven +hundred and sixty-eight, brought farther accounts of the +grand river, as it was called, and also several pieces of copper, +as samples of the produce of the mine near it; which determined +Mr. Norton, who was then Governor at Churchill, +to represent it to the Company as an affair worthy of their +attention; and as he went that year to England, he had an +opportunity of laying all the information he had received +before the Board, with his opinion thereon, and the plan which +he thought most likely to succeed in the discovery of those +mines. In consequence of Mr. Norton's representations, the +Committee resolved to send an intelligent person by land to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span> +observe the longitude and latitude of the river's mouth, to +make a chart of the country he might walk through, with +such remarks as occurred to him during the Journey; when +I was pitched on as a proper person to conduct the expedition. +By the ship that went to Churchill in the Summer of one +thousand seven hundred and sixty-nine, the Company sent +out some astronomical instruments, very portable, and fit for +such observations as they required me {xxxiii} to make, and +at the same time requested me to undertake the Journey, promising +to allow me at my return, a gratuity proportionable to +the trouble and fatigue I might undergo in the expedition.<a name="FNanchor_F_23" id="FNanchor_F_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_23" class="fnanchor">[F]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span></p><p>{xxxiv} I did not hesitate to comply with the request of the +Company, and in the November following, when some Northern +Indians came to trade, Mr. Norton, who was then returned +to the command of Prince of Wales's Fort, engaged such of +them for my guides as he thought were most likely to answer +the purpose; but none of them had been at this grand river. +I was fitted out with everything thought necessary, and with +ammunition to serve two years. I was to be accompanied +by two of the Company's servants, two of the Home-guard<a name="FNanchor_G_26" id="FNanchor_G_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_G_26" class="fnanchor">[G]</a> +(Southern) Indians, {xxxv} and a sufficient number of Northern +Indians to carry and haul my baggage, provide for me, &c. +But for the better stating this arrangement, it will not be +improper to insert my Instructions, which, with some occasional +remarks thereon, will throw much light on the following +Journal, and be the best method of proving how far those +orders have been complied with, as well as shew my reasons +for neglecting some parts as unnecessary, and the impossibility +of putting other parts of them in execution.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>"ORDERS <i>and</i> INSTRUCTIONS <i>for</i> Mr. <span class="smcap">Samuel Hearne</span>, +<i>going on an Expedition by Land towards the Latitude 70° +North, in order to gain a Knowledge of the Northern Indians +Country, &c. on Behalf of the Honourable Hudson's Bay +Company, in the Year 1769</i>.</p> +</div> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>"Mr. <span class="smcap">Samuel Hearne</span>,</p> +<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p> + +<p>"Whereas the Honourable Hudson's Bay Company have +been informed by the report from Indians, that there is a +great probability of considerable advantages to be expected +from a better knowledge of their country by us, than what +hitherto has been obtained; and as it is the Company's earnest +desire to embrace every circumstance that may tend to the +benefit of the said Company, or the Nation at large, they have +requested you to conduct this Expedition; and as you {xxxvi} +have readily consented to undertake the present Journey, you +are hereby desired to proceed as soon as possible, with William +Isbester sailor, and Thomas Merriman landsman, as companions, +they both being willing to accompany you; also two +of the Home-guard Southern Indians, who are to attend and +assist you during the Journey; and Captain Chawchinahaw, +his Lieutenant Nabyah, and six or eight of the best Northern +Indians we can procure, with a small part of their families, are +to conduct you, provide for you, and assist you and your +companions in every thing that lays in their power, having +particular orders so to do.</p> + +<p>"2dly, Whereas you and your companions are well fitted-out +with every thing we think necessary, as also a sample of +light trading goods; these you are to dispose of by way of +presents (and not by way of trade) to such far-off Indians as +you may meet with, and to smoke your Calimut<a name="FNanchor_H_28" id="FNanchor_H_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_H_28" class="fnanchor">[H]</a> of Peace +with their leaders, in order to establish a friendship with them. +You are also to persuade them as much as possible from going +to war with each other, to encourage them to exert themselves +in procuring furrs and other articles for trade, and to assure +them of good payment for them at the Company's Factory.</p></div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span></p> +<div class="blockquot"><p>"It is sincerely recommended to you and your companions +to treat the natives with civility, so as not to give {xxxvii} them +any room for complaint or disgust, as they have strict orders +not to give you the least offence, but are to aid and assist you +in any matter you may request of them for the benefit of +the undertaking.</p> + +<p>"If any Indians you may meet, that are coming to the +Fort, should be willing to trust you with either food or clothing, +make your agreement for those commodities, and by them +send me a letter, specifying the quantity of each article, and +they shall be paid according to your agreement. And, according +to the Company's orders, you are to correspond with me, +or the Chief at Prince of Wales's Fort for the time being, at all +opportunities: And as you have mathematical instruments +with you, you are to send me, or the Chief for the time being, +an account of what latitude and longitude you may be in at +such and such periods, together with the heads of your proceedings; +which accounts are to be remitted to the Company +by the return of their ships.<a name="FNanchor_I_29" id="FNanchor_I_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_I_29" class="fnanchor">[I]</a></p> + +<p>"3dly, The Indians who are now appointed your guides, +are to conduct you to the borders of the Athapuscow<a name="FNanchor_J_30" id="FNanchor_J_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_J_30" class="fnanchor">[J]</a> Indians +country, where Captain Matonabbee {xxxviii} is to meet you<a name="FNanchor_K_31" id="FNanchor_K_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_K_31" class="fnanchor">[K]</a> in +the Spring of one thousand seven hundred and seventy, in order +to conduct you to a river represented by the Indians to abound +with copper ore, animals of the furr kind, &c., and which is +said to be so far to the Northward, that in the middle of the +Summer the Sun does not set, and is supposed by the Indians +to empty itself into some ocean. This river, which is called +by the Northern Indians Neetha-san-san-dazey, or the Far Off +Metal River, you are, if possible, to trace to the mouth, and +there determine the latitude and longitude as near as you can; +but more particularly so if you find it navigable, and that a +settlement can be made there with any degree of safety, or +benefit to the Company.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> +"Be careful to observe what mines are near the river, what +water there is at the river's mouth, how far the woods are from +the sea-side, the course of the river, the nature of the soil, and +the productions of it; and make any other remarks that you +may think will be either necessary or satisfactory. And if the +said river be likely to be of any utility, take possession of it +on behalf of the Hudson's Bay Company, by cutting your +{xxxix} name on some of the rocks, as also the date of the +year, month, &c.<a name="FNanchor_L_32" id="FNanchor_L_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_L_32" class="fnanchor">[L]</a></p></div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span></p> +<div class="blockquot"><p>"When you attempt to trace this or any other river, +be careful that the Indians are furnished with a sufficient +number of canoes for trying the depth of water, the strength +of the current, &c. If by any unforeseen accident or disaster +you should not be able to reach the before-mentioned river, it +is earnestly recommended to you, if possible, to know the event +of Wager Strait;<a name="FNanchor_M_33" id="FNanchor_M_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_M_33" class="fnanchor">[M]</a> for it is represented by the last discoverers +to terminate in small rivers and lakes. See how far the woods +are from the navigable parts of it; and whether a settlement +could with any propriety be made there. If this should prove +unworthy of notice, you are to take the same method with +Baker's Lake, which is the head of {xl} Bowden's or Chesterfield's +Inlet;<a name="FNanchor_N_34" id="FNanchor_N_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_N_34" class="fnanchor">[N]</a> as also with any other rivers you may meet with; +and if likely to be of any utility, you are to take possession of +them, as before mentioned, on the behalf of the Honourable +Hudson's Bay Company. The draft of Bowden's Inlet and +Wager Strait I send with you, that you may have a better idea +of those places, in case of your visiting them.</p> + +<p>"4thly, Another material point which is recommended +to you, is to find out, if you can, either by your own travels, +or by information from the Indians, whether there is a passage +through this continent.<a name="FNanchor_O_35" id="FNanchor_O_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_O_35" class="fnanchor">[O]</a> It will be {xli} very useful to clear up +this point, if possible, in order to prevent farther doubts from +arising hereafter respecting a passage out of Hudson's Bay<a name="FNanchor_P_36" id="FNanchor_P_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_P_36" class="fnanchor">[P]</a> +into the Western Ocean, as hath lately been represented by the +American Traveller. The particulars of those remarks you are +to insert in your Journal, to be remitted home to the Company.</p></div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span></p> +<div class="blockquot"><p>"If you should want any supplies of ammunition, or other +necessaries, dispatch some trusty Indians to the Fort with a +letter, specifying the quantity of each article, and appoint a +place for the said Indians to meet you again.</p> + +<p>"When on your return, if at a proper time of the year, +and you should be near any of the harbours that are frequented +by the brigantine <i>Charlotte</i>, or the sloop <i>Churchill</i>, during their +voyage to the Northward, and you should chuse to return in +one of them, you are desired to make frequent smokes as you +approach those harbours, and they will endeavour to receive +you by making smokes in answer to yours; and as one +thousand seven hundred and seventy-one will probably be +the year in which you will return, the Masters of those vessels +at that period shall have particular orders on that head.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> +{xlii} "It will be pleasing to hear by the first opportunity, in +what latitude and longitude you meet the Leader Matonabbee, +and how far he thinks it is to the Coppermine River, as also +the probable time it may take before you can return. But in +case any thing should prevent the said Leader from joining you, +according to expectation, you are then to procure the best +Indians you can for your guides, and either add to, or diminish, +your number, as you may from time to time think most +necessary for the good of the expedition.</p> + +<p>"So I conclude, wishing you and your companions a continuance +of health, together with a prosperous Journey, and a +happy return in safety. Amen.</p> + +<div class="right">"<span class="smcap">Moses Norton</span>, Governor.</div> + +<p>"Dated at Prince of Wales's Fort, Churchill River, Hudson's<br /> +"Bay, North America, November 6th, 1769."<br /> +</p> +</div> + +<p>Isbester and Merriman, mentioned in my Instructions, actually +accompanied me during my first short attempt; but the +Indians knowing them to be but common men, used them so +indifferently, particularly in scarce times, that I was under +some apprehensions of their being starved to death, and I +thought myself exceedingly happy when I got them safe back +to the Factory. This extraordinary behaviour of the Indians +made me determine not to take any Europeans with me on my +two last expeditions.</p> + +<p>{xliii} With regard to that part of my Instructions which +directs me to observe the nature of the soil, the productions +thereof, &c., it must be observed, that during the whole time +of my absence from the Fort, I was invariably confined to stony +hills and barren plains all the Summer, and before we approached +the woods in the Fall of the year, the ground was always +covered with snow to a considerable depth; so that I never +had an opportunity of seeing any of the small plants and +shrubs to the Westward. But from appearances, and the slow +and dwarfy growth of the woods, &c. (except in the Athapuscow<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> +country), there is undoubtedly a greater scarcity of +vegetable productions than at the Company's most Northern +Settlement; and to the Eastward of the woods, on the barren +grounds, whether hills or vallies, there is a total want of +herbage except moss, on which the deer feed; a few dwarf +willows creep among the moss; some wish-a-capucca and a +little grass may be seen here and there, but the latter is +scarcely sufficient to serve the geese and other birds of passage +during their short stay in those parts, though they are always +in a state of migration, except when they are breeding and in a +moulting state.</p> + +<p>In consequence of my complying with the Company's request, +and undertaking this Journey, it is natural to suppose that +every necessary arrangement was made for the easier keeping of +my reckoning, &c., under the many inconveniences I must be +unavoidably obliged to labour in such an expedition. I drew +a Map on a large skin of parchment, that contained twelve +degrees of latitude {xliv} North, and thirty degrees of longitude +West, of Churchill Factory, and sketched all the West +coast of the Bay on it, but left the interior parts blank, to be +filled up during my Journey. I also prepared detached pieces +on a much larger scale for every degree of latitude and +longitude contained in the large Map. On those detached pieces +I pricked off my daily courses and distance, and entered all +lakes and rivers, &c., that I met with; endeavouring, by +a strict enquiry of the natives, to find out the communication +of one river with another, as also their connections with the +many lakes with which that country abounds: and when +opportunity offered, having corrected them by observations, +I entered them in the general Map. These and several other +necessary preparations, for the easier, readier, and more correctly +keeping my Journal and Chart, were also adopted; but +as to myself, little was required to be done, as the nature of +travelling long journies in those countries will never admit +of carrying even the most common article of clothing; so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> +that the traveller is obliged to depend on the country he +passes through, for that article, as well as for provisions. +Ammunition, useful iron-work, some tobacco, a few knives, +and other indispensable articles, make a sufficient load for any +one to carry that is going a journey likely to last twenty +months, or two years. As that was the case, I only took the +shirt and clothes I then had on, one spare coat, a pair of +drawers, and as much cloth as would make me two or three +pair of Indian stockings, which, together with a blanket for +bedding, composed the whole of my stock of clothing.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_14" id="Footnote_13_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_14"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> John Bean was master of the Company's sloop trading to Knapp's Bay +and Whale Cove in 1756 and subsequent years, but no more is known of him. +Captain Christopher was sent from Churchill in 1761 to examine Chesterfield +Inlet, and during that and the following years he explored it to the head of +Baker Lake. Magnus Johnson explored Rankin Inlet in 1764. Captain +Duncan in 1791 explored Corbett's Inlet, and in the following year made a +re-examination of Chesterfield Inlet, and ascended a short distance up Dubawnt +River.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_15" id="Footnote_14_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_15"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> "An Account of the Countries adjoining to Hudson's Bay." By Arthur +Dobbs. London, 1774. +</p><p> +"A Voyage to Hudson's Bay by the <i>Dobbs Galley</i> and <i>California</i> in the +Years 1746 and 1747." By Henry Ellis. London, 1748. +</p><p> +"An Account of Six Years' Residence in Hudson's Bay." By Joseph +Robson. London, 1752. +</p><p> +"An Account of a Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage +Performed in the Years 1746 and 1747," 2 vols. By the Clerk of the <i>California</i> +[T. S. Dragge]. London, 1748. +</p><p> +"The American Traveller." By an Old and Experienced Trader [Alexander +Cluny], London, 1769.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_16" id="Footnote_B_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_16"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Since the above was written, a Mr. Umfreville has published an account +of Hudson's Bay, with the same ill-nature as the former Authors; and for no +other reason than that of being disappointed in succeeding to a command in +the Bay, though there was no vacancy for him.<a name="FNanchor_15_17" id="FNanchor_15_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_17" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_17" id="Footnote_15_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_17"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Umfreville states (p. 3) that he entered the service of the Hudson's Bay +Company in the capacity of writer at the salary of £15 a year, and continued +in that employ eleven years. But some disagreement arising in point of salary +he quitted the service. ("The Present State of Hudson's Bay." By Edward +Umfreville. London, 1790.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_18" id="Footnote_C_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_18"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> American Traveller, p. 23.<a name="FNanchor_17_20" id="FNanchor_17_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_20" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_19" id="Footnote_16_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_19"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> As Hearne's latitudes of the Coppermine River are much too far north, +this should be changed to read "the sixty-seventh degree of latitude."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_20" id="Footnote_17_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_20"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> The American Traveller is speaking of the possibility of opening up a +trade in copper, and he says that in 1744 he discovered several large lumps of +copper, but he doubtless meant that he was shown it by the natives, or found +it with them.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_D_21" id="Footnote_D_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_21"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> Captain Barlow was Governor at Albany Fort when the French went over +land from Canada to besiege it in 1704. The Canadians and their Indian +guides lurked in the neighbourhood of Albany for several days before they +made the attack, and killed many of the cattle that were grazing in the marshes. +A faithful Home-Indian, who was on a hunting excursion, discovering those +strangers, and supposing them to be enemies, immediately returned to the Fort, +and informed the Governor of the circumstance, who gave little credit to it. +However, every measure was taken for the defence of the Fort, and orders were +given to the Master of a sloop that lay at some distance, to come to the Fort +with all possible expedition on hearing a gun fired. +</p><p> +Accordingly, in the middle of the night, or rather in the morning, the +French came before the Fort, marched up to the gate, and demanded entrance. +Mr. Barlow, who was then on the watch, told them that the Governor was +asleep, but he would get the keys immediately. The French, hearing this, +expected no opposition, and flocked up to the gate as close as they could stand. +Barlow took the advantage of this opportunity, and instead of opening the gate, +only opened two port holes, where two six-pounders stood loaded with grape +shot, which were instantly fired. This discharge killed great numbers of the +French, and among them the Commander, who was an Irishman. +</p><p> +Such an unexpected reception made the remainder retire with great precipitation; +and the Master of the sloop hearing the guns, made the best of his way +up to the Fort; but some of the French who lay concealed under the banks of +the river killed him, and all the boat's crew. +</p><p> +The French retired from this place with reluctance; for some of them +were heard shooting in the neighbourhood of the Fort ten days after they were +repulsed; and one man in particular walked up and down the platform leading +from the gate of the Fort to the Launch for a whole day. Mr. Fullarton, who +was then Governor at Albany, spoke to him in French, and offered him kind +quarters if he chose to accept them; but to those proposals he made no reply, +and only shook his head. Mr. Fullarton then told him, that unless he would +resign himself up as a prisoner, he would most assuredly shoot him; on which +the man advanced nearer the Fort, and Mr. Fullarton shot him out of his +chamber window. Perhaps the hardships this poor man expected to encounter +in his return to Canada, made him prefer death; but his refusing to receive +quarter from so humane and generous an enemy as the English, is astonishing.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_E_22" id="Footnote_E_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_22"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> I have seen the remains of those houses several times; they are on the +West side of the harbour, and in all probability will be discernible for many +years to come. +</p><p> +It is rather surprising, that neither Middleton, Ellis, Christopher, Johnston, +nor Garbet, who have all of them been at Marble Island, and some of them +often, ever discovered this harbour; particularly the last-mentioned gentleman, +who actually sailed quite round the island in a very fine pleasant day in the +Summer of 1766. But this discovery was reserved for a Mr. Joseph Stephens! +a man of the least merit I ever knew, though he then had the command of +a vessel called the <i>Success</i>, employed in the whale-fishery; and in the year 1769, +had the command of the <i>Charlotte</i> given to him, a fine brig of one hundred +tons; when I was his mate.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_F_23" id="Footnote_F_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_23"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> The conditions offered me on this occasion cannot be better expressed +than in the Company's own words, which I have transcribed from their private +letter to me, dated 25th May 1769: +</p> + +<p> +"From the good opinion we entertain of you, and Mr. Norton's recommendation, +we have agreed to raise your wages to £——<a name="FNanchor_18_24" id="FNanchor_18_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_24" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> <i>per annum</i> for two +years, and have placed you in our Council at Prince of Wales's Fort; and we +should have been ready to advance you to the command of the <i>Charlotte</i>, +according to your request, if a matter of more immediate consequence had not +intervened. +</p><p> +"Mr. Norton has proposed an inland Journey, far to the North of Churchill, +to promote an extension of our trade, as well as for the discovery of a North +West Passage, Copper Mines, &c.; and as an undertaking of this nature requires +the attention of a person capable of taking an observation for determining the +longitude and latitude, and also distances, and the course of rivers and their +depths, we have fixed upon you (especially as it is represented to us to be your +own inclination) to conduct this Journey, with proper assistants. +</p><p> +"We therefore hope you will second our expectations in readily performing +this service, and upon your return we shall willingly make you any acknowledgment +suitable to your trouble therein. +</p><p> +"We highly approve of your going in the <i>Speedwell</i>, to assist on the whale-fishery +last year, and heartily wish you health and success in the present +expedition. +</p><p> +"We remain your loving Friends, +</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">"<span class="smcap">Bibye Lake</span>, Dep. Gov. </td><td align="left">"<span class="smcap">James Winter Lake.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">"<span class="smcap">John Anthony Merle.</span></td><td align="left">"<span class="smcap">Herman Berens.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">"<span class="smcap">Robert Merry.</span></td><td align="left">"<span class="smcap">Joseph Spurrel.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">"<span class="smcap">Samuel Wegg.</span></td><td align="left">"<span class="smcap">James Fitz Gerald.</span>"</td></tr> +</table> +</div> + +<p> +The Company had no sooner perused my Journals and Charts, than they +ordered a handsome sum to be placed to the credit of my account; and in the +two first paragraphs of their letter to me, dated 12th May 1773, they express +themselves in the following words: +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Mr. <span class="smcap">Samuel Hearne</span>,</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,—Your letter of the 28th August last gave us the agreeable pleasure +to hear of your safe return to our Factory. Your Journal, and the two charts +you sent, sufficiently convince us of your very judicious remarks. +</p> + +<p>"We have maturely considered your great assiduity in the various accidents +which occurred in your several Journies. We hereby return you our grateful +thanks; and to manifest our obligation we have consented to allow you a +gratuity of £——<a name="FNanchor_19_25" id="FNanchor_19_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_25" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> for those services." +</p> +</div> + +<p>As a farther proof of the Company's being perfectly satisfied with my conduct +while on that Journey, the Committee unanimously appointed me Chief of +Prince of Wales's Fort in the Summer of 1775; and Mr. Bibye Lake, who +was then Governor, and several others of the Committee, honoured me with a +regular correspondence as long as they lived. +</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_24" id="Footnote_18_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_24"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Stated by Beckles Willson to be £130.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_25" id="Footnote_19_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_25"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Stated by Beckles Willson to be £200.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_G_26" id="Footnote_G_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_G_26"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> By the Home-guard Indians we are to understand certain of the natives +who are immediately employed under the protection of the Company's servants, +reside on the plantation, and are employed in hunting for the Factory.<a name="FNanchor_20_27" id="FNanchor_20_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_27" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_27" id="Footnote_20_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_27"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> The Southern or Homeguard Indians here referred to were Crees, one of +the most numerous tribes of the Algonquian family. The Northern Indians +were Chipewyans, a tribe of the Tinné family.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_H_28" id="Footnote_H_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_H_28"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> The Calimut is a long ornamented stem of a pipe, much in use among all +the tribes of Indians who know the use of tobacco. It is particularly used in +all cases of ceremony, either in making war or peace; at all public entertainments, +orations, &c.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_I_29" id="Footnote_I_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_I_29"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> No convenient opportunity offered during my last Journey, except one, on +the 22d March 1771; and as nothing material had happened during that part +of my Journey, I thought there was not any necessity for sending an extract of +my Journal; I therefore only sent a Letter to the Governor, informing him of +my situation with respect to latitude and longitude, and some account of the +usage which I received from the natives, &c.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_J_30" id="Footnote_J_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_J_30"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> By mistake in my former Journal and Draft called Arathapefcow.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_K_31" id="Footnote_K_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_K_31"><span class="label">[K]</span></a> This was barely probable, as Matonabbee at that time had not any information +of this Journey being set on foot, much less had he received orders to +join me at the place and time here appointed; and had we accidentally met, +he would by no means have undertaken the Journey without first going to the +Factory, and there making his agreement with the Governor; for no Indian is +fond of performing any particular service for the English, without first knowing +what is to be his reward. At the same time, had I taken that rout on my +out-set, it would have carried me some hundreds of miles out of my road. See +my Track on the Map in the Winter 1770, and the Spring 1771.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_L_32" id="Footnote_L_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_L_32"><span class="label">[L]</span></a> I was not provided with instruments for cutting on stone; but for form-sake, +I cut my name, date of the year, &c., on a piece of board that had been +one of the Indian's targets, and placed it in a heap of stones on a small +eminence near the entrance of the river, on the South side.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_M_33" id="Footnote_M_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_M_33"><span class="label">[M]</span></a> There is certainly no harm in making out all Instructions in the fullest +manner, yet it must be allowed that those two parts might have been omitted +with great propriety; for as neither Middleton, Ellis, nor Christopher were +able to penetrate far enough up those inlets to discover any kind of herbage +except moss and grass, much less woods, it was not likely those parts were so +materially altered for the better since their times, as to make it worth my while +to attempt a farther discovery of them; and especially as I had an opportunity, +during my second Journey, of proving that the woods do not reach the sea-coast +by some hundreds of miles in the parallel of Chesterfield's Inlet. And as +the edge of the woods to the Northward always tends to the Westward, the +distance must be greatly increased in the latitude of Wager Strait. Those +parts have long since been visited by the Company's servants, and are within +the known limits of their Charter; consequently require no other form of +possession.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_N_34" id="Footnote_N_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_N_34"><span class="label">[N]</span></a> See the preceding Note.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_O_35" id="Footnote_O_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_O_35"><span class="label">[O]</span></a> The Continent of America is much wider than many people imagine, +particularly Robson, who thought that the Pacific Ocean was but a few days +journey from the West coast of Hudson's Bay. This, however, is so far from +being the case, that when I was at my greatest Western distance, upward of +five hundred miles from Prince of Wales's Fort, the natives, my guides, well +knew that many tribes of Indians lay to the West of us, and they knew no end +to the land in that direction; nor have I met with any Indians, either Northern +or Southern, that ever had seen the sea to the Westward. It is, indeed, well +known to the intelligent and well-informed part of the Company's servants, +that an extensive and numerous tribe of Indians, called E-arch-e-thinnews, +whose country lies far West of any of the Company's or Canadian settlements, +must have traffic with the Spaniards on the West side of the Continent; +because some of the Indians who formerly traded to York Fort, when at war +with those people, frequently found saddles, bridles, muskets, and many other +articles, in their possession, which were undoubtedly of Spanish manufactory. +</p> + +<p> +I have seen several Indians who have been so far West as to cross the top +of that immense chain of mountains which run from North to South of the +continent of America. Beyond those mountains all rivers run to the Westward. +I must here observe, that all the Indians I ever heard relate their +excursions in that country, had invariably got so far to the South, that they did +not experience any Winter, nor the least appearance of either frost or snow, +though sometimes they have been absent eighteen months, or two years.<a name="FNanchor_21_37" id="FNanchor_21_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_37" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_37" id="Footnote_21_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_37"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> In the year 1745 Anthony Hendry, under instructions from the Hudson's +Bay Company, had travelled inland from York Factory to the upper waters of +the Saskatchewan River, where he met the E-arch-e-thinnews or Blackfeet +Indians.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_P_36" id="Footnote_P_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_P_36"><span class="label">[P]</span></a> As to a passage through the continent of America by the way of Hudson's +Bay, it has so long been explored, notwithstanding what Mr. Ellis has urged +in its favour, and the place it has found in the visionary Map of the American +Traveller, that any comment on it would be quite unnecessary. My latitude +only will be a sufficient proof that no such passage is in existence.</p></div> + +</div> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/i086.jpg"><img src="images/i086-t.jpg" width="200" height="129" alt="A NORTH-WEST VIEW OF PRINCE OF WALES'S FORT IN HUDSON'S BAY, NORTH AMERICA +By Samuel Hearne, 1777" title="" /></a><br /> +<span class="caption"><br />A NORTH-WEST VIEW OF PRINCE OF WALES'S FORT IN HUDSON'S BAY, NORTH AMERICA<br /> +By Samuel Hearne, 1777</span> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span></p> + +<h1>A<br /> +JOURNEY<br /> +TO THE<br /> +NORTHERN OCEAN. +</h1> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h2>CHAP. I.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Transactions from my leaving Prince of Wales's Fort on my +first expedition, till our arrival there again.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Set off from the Fort—Arrive at Po-co-ree-kis-co River—One of the +Northern Indians desert—Cross Seal River, and walk on the barren +grounds—Receive wrong information concerning the distance of the +woods—Weather begins to be very cold, provisions all expended and +nothing to be got—Strike to the Westward, arrive at the woods, and +kill three deer—Set forward in the North West quarter, see the tracks +of musk-oxen and deer, but killed none—Very short of provisions—Chawchinahaw +wants us to return—Neither he nor his crew contribute +to our maintenance—He influences several of the Indians to +desert—Chawchinahaw and all his crew leave us—Begin our return +to the factory; kill a few partridges, the first meal we had had for +several days—Villany of one of the home Indians and his wife, who was +a Northern Indian woman—Arrive at Seal River, kill two deer; +partridges plenty—Meet a strange Northern Indian, accompany him to +his tent, usage received there; my Indians assist in killing some beaver—Proceed +toward home, and arrive at the Fort.</i></p></div> + + +<div class="sidenote">1769. +November +6th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1769. +November.</div> + +<p>Having made every necessary arrangement for my departure +on the sixth of November, I took leave of the +Governor, and my other friends, at Prince of Wales's +Fort, and began my journey, under the salute of seven cannon.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">8th.</div> + +<p>{2} The weather at that time being very mild, made it +but indifferent hauling,<a name="FNanchor_Q_38" id="FNanchor_Q_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_Q_38" class="fnanchor">[Q]</a> and all my crew being heavy laden, +occasioned us to make but short journeys; however, on the +eighth, we crossed the North branch of Po-co-ree-kis-co River,<a name="FNanchor_22_39" id="FNanchor_22_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_39" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> +and that night put up in a small tuft of woods, which is +between it and Seal River. In the night, one of the Northern +Indians deserted; and as all the rest of my crew were heavy +laden, I was under the necessity of hauling the sledge he had +left, which however was not very heavy, as it scarcely exceeded +sixty pounds.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">9th.</div> + +<p>The weather still continued very fine and pleasant; we +directed our course to the West North West, and early in the +day crossed Seal River. In the course of this day's journey +we met several Northern Indians, who were going to the +factory with furs and venison; and as we had not killed any +deer from our leaving the Fort, I got several joints of venison +from those strangers, and gave them a note on the Governor +for payment, which seemed perfectly agreeable to all parties.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1769. +November.</div> + +<p>When on the North West side of Seal River, I asked +Captain Chawchinahaw the distance, and probable time it +would take, before we could reach the main woods; which +he assured me would not exceed four or five days journey. +This put both me and my companions in good {3} spirits, and +we continued our course between the West by North and North +West, in daily expectation of arriving at those woods, which +we were told would furnish us with every thing the country +affords. These accounts were so far from being true, that +after we had walked double the time here mentioned, no signs +of woods were to be seen in the direction we were then steering; +but we had frequently seen the looming of woods to the +South West.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">19th.</div> + +<p>The cold being now very intense, our small stock of +English provisions all expended, and not the least thing to be +got on the bleak hills we had for some time been walking on, +it became necessary to strike more to the Westward, which we +accordingly did, and the next evening arrived at some small +patches of low scrubby woods, where we saw the tracks of +several deer,<a name="FNanchor_23_40" id="FNanchor_23_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_40" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> and killed a few partridges. The road we had +traversed for many days before, was in general so rough and +stony, that our sledges were daily breaking; and to add to the +inconveniency, the land was so barren, as not to afford us +materials for repairing them: but the few woods we now fell +in with, amply supplied us with necessaries for those repairs; +and as we were then enabled each night to pitch proper tents, +our lodging was much more comfortable than it had been for +many nights before, while we were on the barren grounds, +where, in general, we thought ourselves well off if we could +scrape together as many shrubs as would make a fire; but it +{4} was scarcely ever in our power to make any other defence +against the weather, than by digging a hole in the snow down +to the moss, wrapping ourselves up in our clothing, and lying +down in it, with our sledges set up edgeways to windward.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">21st.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1769. +November.</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span></p> +<p>On the twenty-first, we did not move; so the Indian men +went a hunting, and the women cut holes in the ice and caught +a few fish in a small lake, by the side of which we had pitched +our tents. At night the men returned with some venison, +having killed three deer, which was without doubt very acceptable; +but our number being great, and the Indians having such +enormous stomachs, very little was left but fragments after the +two or three first good meals. Having devoured the three +deer, and given some necessary repairs to our sledges and snow +shoes, which only took one day, we again proceeded on toward +the North West by West and West North West, through low +scrubby pines,<a name="FNanchor_24_41" id="FNanchor_24_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_41" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> intermixed with some dwarf larch,<a name="FNanchor_25_42" id="FNanchor_25_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_42" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> which is +commonly called juniper in Hudson's Bay. In our road we +frequently saw the tracks of deer, and many musk-oxen,<a name="FNanchor_26_43" id="FNanchor_26_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_43" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> as +they are called there; but none of my companions were so +fortunate as to kill any of them: so that a few partridges were +all we could get to live on, and those were so scarce, that we +seldom could kill as many as would amount to half a bird a +day for each man; which, considering we had nothing else for +the twenty-four hours, was in reality next to nothing.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">26th.</div> + +<p>{5} By this time I found that Captain Chawchinahaw had +not the prosperity of the undertaking at heart; he often painted +the difficulties in the worst colours, took every method to +dishearten me and my European companions, and several times +hinted his desire of our returning back to the factory: but +finding I was determined to proceed, he took such methods as +he thought would be most likely to answer his end; one +of which was, that of not administering toward our support; +so that we were a considerable time without any other subsistence, +but what our two home-guard (Southern) Indians procured, +and the little that I and the two European men could +kill; which was very disproportionate to our wants, as we had +to provide for several women and children who were with us.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">29th.</div> + +<p>Chawchinahaw finding that this kind of treatment was not +likely to complete his design, and that we were not to be +starved into compliance, at length influenced several of the +best Northern Indians to desert in the night, who took with +them several bags of my ammunition, some pieces of iron +work, such as hatchets, ice chissels, files, &c., as well as several +other useful articles.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">30th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1769. +November.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span></p><p>When I became acquainted with this piece of villany, I +asked Chawchinahaw the reason of such behaviour. To which +he answered, that he knew nothing of the affair: but as that +was the case, it would not be {6} prudent, he said, for us to +proceed any farther; adding, that he and all the rest of his +countrymen were going to strike off another way, in order +to join the remainder of their wives and families: and after +giving us a short account which way to steer our course for +the nearest part of Seal River, which he said would be our +best way homeward, he and his crew delivered me most of the +things which they had in charge, packed up their awls, and set +out toward the South West, making the woods ring with their +laughter, and left us to consider of our unhappy situation, near +two hundred miles from Prince of Wales's Fort, all heavily +laden, and our strength and spirits greatly reduced by hunger +and fatigue.</p> + +<p>Our situation at that time, though very alarming, would +not permit us to spend much time in reflection; so we loaded +our sledges to the best advantage (but were obliged to throw +away some bags of shot and ball), and immediately set out on +our return. In the course of the day's walk we were fortunate +enough to kill several partridges, for which we were all very +thankful, as it was the first meal we had had for several days: +indeed, for the five preceding days we had not killed as much +as amounted to half a partridge for each man; and some days +had not a single mouthful. While we were in this distress, +the Northern Indians were by no means in want; for as they +always walked foremost, they {7} had ten times the chance to +kill partridges, rabbits, or any other thing which was to be met +with, than we had. Beside this advantage, they had great +stocks of flour, oatmeal, and other English provisions, which +they had embezzled out of my stock during the early part of the +journey; and as one of my home Indians, called Mackachy, +and his wife, who is a Northern Indian woman, always resorted +to the Northern Indians tents, where they got amply supplied +with provisions when neither I nor my men had a single +mouthful, I have great reason to suspect they had a principal +hand in the embezzlement: indeed, both the man and his wife +were capable of committing any crime, however diabolical.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">1769. +December. +1st.</div> + +<p>This day we had fine pleasant weather for the season of +the year: we set out early in the morning, and arrived the +same day at Seal River, along which we continued our course +for several days. In our way we killed plenty of partridges, +and saw many deer; but the weather was so remarkably serene +that the Indians only killed two of the latter. By this time +game was become so plentiful, that all apprehensions of starving +were laid aside; and though we were heavily laden, and +travelled pretty good days' journeys, yet as our spirits were +good, our strength gradually returned.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">5th.</div> + +<p>In our course down Seal River we met a stranger, a +Northern Indian, on a hunting excursion; and though {8} he +had not met with any success that day, yet he kindly invited us +to his tent, saying he had plenty of venison at my service; and +told the Southern Indians, that as there were two or three +beaver houses near his tent, he should be glad of their assistance +in taking them, for there was only one man and three women +at the tent.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1769. +December.</div> + +<p>Though we were at that time far from being in want of +provisions, yet we accepted his offer, and set off with our new +guide for his tent, which, by a comparative distance, he told +us, was not above five miles from the place where we met him, +but we found it to be nearer fifteen; so that it was the middle +of the night before we arrived at it. When we drew near the +tent, the usual signal for the approach of strangers was given, +by firing a gun or two, which was immediately answered by +the man at the tent. On our arrival at the door, the good +man of the house came out, shook me by the hand, and +welcomed us to his tent; but as it was too small to contain +us all, he ordered his women to assist us in pitching our tent; +and in the mean time invited me and as many of my crew as +his little habitation could contain, and regaled us with the best +in the house. The pipe went round pretty briskly, and the +conversation naturally turned on the treatment we had received +from Chawchinahaw and his gang; which was always answered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> +by our host with, "Ah! if I had been there, it should not have +been so!" when, notwithstanding his hospitality on the present +occasion, he {9} would most assuredly have acted the same +part as the others had done, if he had been of the party.</p> + +<p>Having refreshed ourselves with a plentiful supper, we +took leave of our host for a while, and retired to our tent; +but not without being made thoroughly sensible that many +things would be expected from me before I finally left +them.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">6th.</div> + +<p>Early in the morning, my Indians assisted us in taking the +beaver houses already mentioned<a name="FNanchor_27_44" id="FNanchor_27_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_44" class="fnanchor">[27]</a>; but the houses being small, +and some of the beavers escaping, they only killed six, all of +which were cooked the same night, and voraciously devoured +under the denomination of a feast. I also received from the +Indians several joints of venison, to the amount of at least two +deer; but notwithstanding I was to pay for the whole, I found +that Mackachy and his wife got all the prime parts of the +meat; and on my mentioning it to them, there was so +much clanship among them, that they preferred making a +present of it to Mackachy, to selling it to me at double +the price for which venison sells in those parts: a sufficient +proof of the singular advantage which a native of this +country has over an Englishman, when at such a distance +from the Company's Factories as to depend entirely on them +for subsistence.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">7th.</div> + +<p>{10} Thinking I had made my stay here long enough, I +gave orders to prepare for our departure; and as I had purchased +plenty of meat for present use while we were at this +tent, so I likewise procured such a supply to carry with us, as +was likely to last us to the Fort.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">8th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1769. +December. +11th.</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span></p> +<p>Early in the morning we took a final leave of our host, and +proceeded on our journey homewards. One of the strangers +accompanied us, for which at first I could not see his motive; +but soon after our arrival at the Factory, I found that the +purport of his visit was to be paid for the meat, said to be +given <i>gratis</i> to Mackachy while we were at his tent. The +weather continued very fine, but extremely cold; and during +this part of my journey nothing material happened, till we +arrived safe at Prince of Wales's Fort on the eleventh of +December, to my own great mortification, and to the no small +surprise of the Governor, who had placed great confidence in +the abilities and conduct of Chawchinahaw.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_Q_38" id="Footnote_Q_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_Q_38"><span class="label">[Q]</span></a> The colder the weather is, the easier the sledges slide over the +snow.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_39" id="Footnote_22_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_39"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> On modern maps this stream is known as Pauk-athakuskow River. The +Chipewyan Indians of Fort Churchill and vicinity know it by the name of +Beskai dézé or Knife River, while the white people at Churchill know it as +North River. Churchill River is called by the Chipewyans 'Tsan dézé, +meaning Iron or Metal River.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_40" id="Footnote_23_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_40"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> <i>Rangifer arcticus</i> (Rich.).—E. A. P.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_41" id="Footnote_24_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_41"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> <i>Picea alba</i> (Ait.).—E. A. P.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_42" id="Footnote_25_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_42"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> <i>Larix laricina</i> (Du Roi).—E. A. P.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_43" id="Footnote_26_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_43"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> <i>Ovibos moschatus</i> (Zimm.).—E. A. P.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_44" id="Footnote_27_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_44"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> <i>Castor canadensis</i> Kuhl. This is the most northerly record near the +coast.—E. A. P.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span></p> +<h2>{11} CHAP. II.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Transactions from our arrival at the Factory, to my leaving +it again, and during the first part of my second journey, +till I had the misfortune to break the quadrant.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Transactions at the Factory—Proceed on my second journey—Arrive at Seal +River—Deer plentiful for some time—Method of angling fish under +the ice—Set our fishing nets—Methods of setting nets under the ice—My +guide proposes to stay till the geese began to fly; his reasons accepted—Pitch +our tent in the best manner—Method of pitching a tent in +winter—Fish plentiful for some time; grow very scarce; in great +want of provisions—Manner of employing my time—My guide killed +two deer—Move to the place they were lying at; there kill several +more deer, and three beavers—Soon in want of provisions again—Many +Indians join us from the Westward—We begin to move towards the +barren ground—Arrive at She-than-nee, and there suffer great distress +for want of provisions—Indians kill two swans and three geese—Geese +and other birds of passage plentiful—Leave She-than-nee, and arrive +at Beralzone—One of my companions guns bursts, and shatters his left +hand—Leave Beralzone, and get on the barren ground, clear of all woods—Throw +away our sledges and snow shoes—Each person takes a load on +his back; my part of the luggage—Exposed to many hardships—Several +days without victuals—Indians kill three musk oxen, but for want of +fire are obliged to eat the meat raw—Fine weather returns; make a +fire; effects of long fasting; stay a day or two to dry some meat in the +sun—Proceed to the Northward, and arrive at Cathawhachaga; +there find some tents of Indians—A Northern leader called Keelshies +meets us; send a letter by him to the Governor—Transactions at +Cathawhachaga; leave it, and proceed to the Northward—Meet +several Indians—My guide not willing to proceed; his {12} reasons for +it—Many more Indians join us—Arrive at Doobaunt Whoie River—Manner +of ferrying over rivers in the Northern Indian canoes—No +rivers in those parts in a useful direction for the natives—Had nearly +lost the quadrant and all the powder—Some reflections on our situation, +and the conduct of the Indians—Find the quadrant and part of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span>powder—Observe for the latitude—Quadrant broke—Resolve to return +again to the Factory.</i></p></div> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +February.</div> + +<p>During my absence from Prince of Wales's Fort on +my former journey, several Northern Indians arrived +in great distress at the Factory, and were employed in +shooting partridges for the use of our people at the Fort. One +of those Indians called Conne-e-quese, said he had been very near +to the famous river I was engaged to go in quest of. Accordingly +Mr. Norton engaged him and two other Northern Indians +to accompany me on this second attempt; but to avoid all +incumbrances as much as possible, it was thought advisable not +to take any women,<a name="FNanchor_R_45" id="FNanchor_R_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_R_45" class="fnanchor">[R]</a> that the Indians might have fewer to provide +for. I would not permit any European to go with me, +but two of the home-guard (Southern) Indian men were to +accompany me as before. Indeed the Indians, both Northern and +Southern, paid so little attention to Isbester and Merriman on +my former journey, particularly in times of scarcity, that I was +determined not to take them with me in future; though the +former was very desirous to accompany me again, and was well +calculated to encounter the hardships of {13} such an undertaking. +Merriman was quite sick of such excursions, and so +far from offering his service a second time, seemed to be very +thankful that he was once more arrived in safety among his +friends; for before he got to the Factory he had contracted a +most violent cold.</p> + +<p>Having come to the above resolutions, and finally determined +on the number of Indians that were to accompany us, +we were again fitted out with a large supply of ammunition, +and as many other useful articles as we could conveniently take +with us, together with a small sample of light trading goods, +for presents to the Indians, as before.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">1770. +February.</div> + +<p>My instructions on this occasion amounted to no more than +an order to proceed as fast as possible; and for my conduct +during the journey, I was referred to my former instructions of +November 6th, 1769.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">23rd.</div> + +<p>Every thing being in readiness for our departure, on the +twenty-third of February I began my second journey, accompanied +by three Northern Indians and two of the home-guard +(Southern) Indians. I took particular care, however, that +Mackachy, though an excellent hunter, should not be of our +party; as he had proved himself, during my former journey, +to be a sly artful villain.</p> + +<p>The snow at this time was so deep on the top of the ramparts, +that few of the cannon were to be seen, {14} otherwise the +Governor would have saluted me at my departure, as before; +but as those honours could not possibly be of any service to +my expedition, I readily relinquished everything of the kind; +and in lieu of it, the Governor, officers, and people, insisted on +giving me three cheers.</p> + +<p>After leaving the Factory, we continued our course in much +the same direction as in my former journey, till we arrived at +Seal River; when, instead of crossing it, and walking on the +barren grounds as before, we followed the course of the river, +except in two particular places, where the bends tended so +much to the South, that by crossing two necks of land not +more than five or six miles wide, we saved the walking of near +twenty miles each time, and still came to the main river again.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +March. +8th.</div> + +<p>The weather had been so remarkably boisterous and +changeable, that we were frequently obliged to continue two +or three nights in the same place. To make up for this +inconveniency, deer were so plentiful for the first eight or ten +days, that the Indians killed as many as was necessary; but +we were all so heavy laden that we could not possibly take +much of the meat with us. This I soon perceived to be a +great evil, which exposed us to such frequent inconveniences, +that in case of not killing any thing for three or four days<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> +together, we were in great want of provisions; we seldom, +however, went to bed entirely supperless {15} till the eighth of +March; when though we had only walked about eight miles +that morning, and expended all the remainder of the day in +hunting, we could not produce a single thing at night, not +even a partridge! nor had we discerned the track of any thing +that day, which was likely to afford us hopes of better success +in the morning. This being the case, we prepared some hooks +and lines ready to angle for fish, as our tent was then by the +side of a lake belonging to Seal River, which seemed by its +situation to afford some prospect of success.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">9th.</div> + +<p>Early in the morning we took down our tent, and moved +about five miles to the West by South, to a part of the lake +that seemed more commodious for fishing than that where +we had been the night before. As soon as we arrived at this +place, some were immediately employed cutting holes in the +ice, while others pitched the tent, got fire-wood, &c.; after +which, for it was early in the morning, those who pitched +the tent went a hunting, and at night one of them returned +with a porcupine,<a name="FNanchor_28_46" id="FNanchor_28_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_46" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> while those who were angling caught several +fine trout, which afforded us a plentiful supper, and we had +some trifle left for breakfast.</p> + +<p>Angling for fish under the ice in winter requires no other +process, than cutting round holes in the ice from one to two +feet diameter, and letting down a baited hook, which is always +kept in motion, not only to {16} prevent the water from freezing +so soon as it would do if suffered to remain quite still, but +because it is found at the same time to be a great means +of alluring the fish to the hole; for it is always observed that +the fish in those parts will take a bait which is in motion, +much sooner than one that is at rest.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">19th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +March.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">20th.</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span></p> +<p>Early in the morning we again pursued our angling, and +all the forenoon being expended without any success, we took +down our tent and pitched it again about eight miles farther +to the Westward, on the same lake, where we cut more holes +in the ice for angling, and that night caught several fine pike.<a name="FNanchor_29_47" id="FNanchor_29_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_47" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> +The next day we moved about five miles to the South West, +down a small river, where we pitched our tent; and having +set four fishing nets, in the course of the day we caught many +fine fish, particularly pike, trout,<a name="FNanchor_30_48" id="FNanchor_30_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_48" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> tittymeg, and a coarse kind +of fish known in Hudson's Bay by the name of Methy.<a name="FNanchor_31_49" id="FNanchor_31_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_49" class="fnanchor">[31]</a><a name="FNanchor_S_50" id="FNanchor_S_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_S_50" class="fnanchor">[S]</a></p> + +<p>To set a net under the ice, it is first necessary to ascertain +its exact length, by stretching it out upon the ice near the part +proposed for setting it. This being done, a number of round +holes are cut in the ice, at ten or twelve feet distance from +each other, and as many in number as will be sufficient to +stretch the net at its full length. A line is then passed under +the ice, by means {17} of a long light pole, which is first introduced +at one of the end holes, and, by means of two forked +sticks, this pole is easily conducted, or passed from one hole to +another, under the ice, till it arrives at the last. The pole +is then taken out, and both ends of the line being properly +secured, is always ready for use. The net is made fast +to one end of the line by one person, and hauled under the +ice by a second; a large stone is tied to each of the lower +corners, which serves to keep the net expanded, and prevents +it rising from the bottom with every waft of the current. +The Europeans settled in Hudson's Bay proceed much in the +same manner, though they in general take much more pains; +but the above method is found quite sufficient by the Indians.</p> + +<p>In order to search a net thus set, the two end holes only +are opened; the line is veered away by one person, and the +net hauled from under the ice by another; after all the fish +are taken out, the net is easily hauled back to its former +station, and there secured as before.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">1770. +March. +21st.</div> + +<p>As this place seemed likely to afford us a constant supply +of fish, my guide proposed to stay here till the geese began +to fly, which in those Northern parts is seldom before the +middle of May. His reasons for so doing seemed well +founded: "The weather," he said, "is at this time too cold +to walk on the barren grounds, and the woods from this part +lead so much {18} to the Westward, that were we to continue +travelling in any tolerable shelter, our course would not be +better than West South West, which would only be going out +of our way; whereas, if we should remain here till the weather +permit us to walk due North, over the barren grounds, we +shall then in one month get farther advanced on our journey, +than if we were to continue travelling all the remainder of the +winter in the sweep of the woods."</p> + +<p>These reasons appeared to me very judicious, and as the +plan seemed likely to be attended with little trouble, it met +with my entire approbation. That being the case, we took +additional pains in building our tent, and made it as commodious +as the materials and situation would admit.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +March.</div> + +<p>To pitch an Indian's tent in winter, it is first necessary +to search for a level piece of dry ground; which cannot +be ascertained but by thrusting a stick through the snow +down to the ground, all over the proposed part. When a +convenient spot is found, the snow is then cleared away in +a circular form to the very moss; and when it is proposed +to remain more than a night or two in one place, the moss +is also cut up and removed, as it is very liable when dry +to take fire, and occasion much trouble to the inhabitants. +A quantity of poles are then procured, which are generally +proportioned both in number and length to the {19} size of +the tent cloth, and the number of persons it is intended to +contain. If one of the poles should not happen to be forked, +two of them are tied together near the top, then raised erect, +and their buts or lower ends extended as wide as the proposed +diameter of the tent; the other poles are then set round at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> +equal distances from each other, and in such order, that their +lower ends form a complete circle, which gives boundaries to +the tent on all sides: the tent cloth is then fastened to a +light pole, which is always raised up and put round the poles +from the weather side, so that the two edges that lap over +and form the door are always to the leeward. It must be +understood that this method is only in use when the Indians +are moving from place to place every day; for when they +intend to continue any time in one place, they always make +the door of their tent to face the south.</p> + +<p>The tent cloth is usually of thin Moose leather, dressed and +made by the Indians, and in shape it nearly resembles a fan-mount +inverted; so that when the largest curve incloses the +bottom of the poles, the smaller one is always sufficient to +cover the top; except a hole, which is designedly left open +to serve the double purpose of chimney and window.</p> + +<p>The fire is always made on the ground in the center, and +the remainder of the floor, or bottom of the tent, is covered all +over with small branches of the pine tree, {20} which serve +both for seats and beds. A quantity of pine tops and branches +are laid round the bottom of the poles on the outside, over +which the eaves of the tent is staked down; a quantity of snow +is then packed over all, which excludes great part of the +external air, and contributes greatly to the warmth within. +The tent here described is such as is made use of by the +Southern Indians, and the same with which I was furnished +at the Factory; for that made use of by the Northern Indians +is made of different materials, and is of a quite different shape, +as shall be described hereafter.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +March.</div> + +<p>The situation of our tent at this time was truly pleasant,<a name="FNanchor_32_51" id="FNanchor_32_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_51" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> +particularly for a spring residence; being on a small elevated +point, which commanded an extensive prospect over a large +lake, the shores of which abounded with wood of different +kinds, such as pine, larch, birch, and poplar; and in many +places was beautifully contrasted with a variety of high hills, +that shewed their snowy summits above the tallest woods. +About two hundred yards from the tent was a fall, or rapid, +which the swiftness of the current prevents from freezing +in the coldest winters. At the bottom of this fall, which +empties itself into the above lake, was a fine sheet of open +water near a mile in length, and at least half a mile in +breadth; by the margin of which we had our fishing nets set, +all in open view from the tent.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span></p> +<p>{21} The remaining part of this month passed on without +any interruption, or material occurrence, to disturb our repose, +worth relating: our fishing nets provided us with daily food, +and the Indians had too much philosophy about them to give +themselves much additional trouble; for during the whole +time not one of them offered to look for a partridge, or anything +else which could yield a change of diet.</p> + +<p>As the time may now be supposed to have lain heavy on +my hands, it may not be improper to inform the reader how +I employed it. In the first place, I embraced every favourable +opportunity of observing the latitude of the place, the mean +of which was 58° 46' 30" North; and the longitude by account +was 5° 57' West, from Prince of Wales's Fort. I then corrected +my reckoning from my last observation; brought up +my journal, and filled up my chart, to the place of our +residence. I built also some traps, and caught a few martins; +and by way of saving my ammunition, set some snares for +partridges. The former is performed by means of a few logs, +so arranged that when the martin attempts to take away the +bait laid for him, he with very little struggle pulls down a +small post that supports the whole weight of the trap; when, +if the animal be not killed by the weight of the logs, he is +confined till he be frozen to death, or killed by the hunter +going his rounds.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +April.</div> + +<p>{22} To snare partridges requires no other process than +making a few little hedges across a creek, or a few short hedges +projecting at right angles from the side of an island of willows, +which those birds are found to frequent. Several openings +must be left in each hedge, to admit the birds to pass +through, and in each of them a snare must be set; so that +when the partridges are hopping along the edge of the willows +to feed, which is their usual custom, some of them soon get +into the snares, where they are confined till they are taken +out. I have caught from three to ten partridges in a day by +this simple contrivance; which requires no further attendance +than going round them night and morning.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1st.</div> + +<p>I have already observed that nothing material happened +to disturb our repose till the first of April, when to our +great surprise the fishing nets did not afford us a single fish. +Though some of the preceding days had been pretty successful, +yet my companions, like true Indians, seldom went to +sleep till they had cleared the tent of every article of provision. +As nothing was to be caught in the nets, we all went +out to angle; but in this we were equally unsuccessful, as we +could not procure one fish the whole day. This sudden +change of circumstances alarmed one of my companions so +much, that he began to think of resuming the use of his gun, +after having laid it by for near a month.</p> + +<p>{23} Early in the morning we arose; when my guide +Conne-e-quese went a hunting, and the rest attended the nets +and hooks near home; but all with such bad success, that we +could not procure enough in one day to serve two men for a +supper. This, instead of awakening the rest of my companions, +sent them to sleep; and scarcely any of them had the +prudence to look at the fishing nets, though they were not +more than two or three hundred yards from the tent door.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +April.</div> + +<p>My guide, who was a steady man, and an excellent hunter, +having for many years been accustomed to provide for a large +family, seemed by far the most industrious of all my crew;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span> +he closely pursued his hunting for several days, and seldom +returned to the tent till after dark, while those at the tent +passed most of their time in smoking and sleeping.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">10th.</div> + +<p>Several days passed without any signs of relief, till the +10th, when my guide continued out longer than ordinary, +which made us conjecture that he had met with strangers, or +seen some deer, or other game, which occasioned his delay. +We all therefore lay down to sleep, having had but little +refreshment for the three preceding days, except a pipe of +tobacco and a draught of water; even partridges had become +so scarce that not one was to be got; the heavy thaws had +driven them all out towards the barren grounds. About midnight, +to our {24} great joy, our hunter arrived, and brought +with him the blood and fragments of two deer that he had +killed. This unexpected success soon roused the sleepers, +who, in an instant, were busily employed in cooking a large +kettle of broth, made with the blood, and some fat and scraps +of meat shred small, boiled in it. This might be reckoned +a dainty dish at any time, but was more particularly so in our +present almost famished condition.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">11th.</div> + +<p>After partaking of this refreshment, we resumed our rest, +and early in the morning set out in a body for the place where +the deer were lying. As we intended to make our stay but +short, we left our tent standing, containing all our baggage. +On our arrival at the place of destination, some were immediately +employed in making a hut or barrocado with young +pine trees; while one man skinned the deer, the remainder +went a hunting, and in the afternoon returned to the hut, +after having killed two deer.</p> + +<p>Several days were now spent in feasting and gluttony; +during which the Indians killed five more deer and three fine +beavers; finding at last, however, that there was little prospect +of procuring either more deer or beavers, we determined +to return to our tent, with the remains of what we had already +obtained.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +April. +22d.</div> + +<p>The flesh of these deer, though none of the largest, might +with frugality have served our small number, (being {25} only +six) for some time; but my companions, like other Indians, +feasted day and night while it lasted; and were so indolent +and unthinking, as not to attend properly to the fishing nets; +so that many fine fish, which had been entangled in the nets, +were entirely spoiled, and in about twelve or fourteen days we +were nearly in as great distress for provisions as ever.</p> + +<p>During the course of our long inactivity, Saw-sop-o-kishac, +commonly called Sossop, my principal Southern Indian, as he +was cutting some birch for spoons, dishes, and other necessary +household furniture, had the misfortune to cut his leg in +such a manner as to be incapable of walking; and the other +Southern Indian, though a much younger man, was so indolent +as not to be of any service to me, except hauling part +of our luggage, and eating up part of the provisions which +had been provided by the more industrious part of my companions.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">24th.</div> + +<p>On the twenty-fourth, early in the day, a great body of +Indians was seen in the South West, on the large lake by the side +of which our tent stood. On their arrival at our tent we discovered +them to be the wives and families of the Northern +Indian goose-hunters, who were gone to Prince of Wales's +Fort to attend the season. They were bound toward the +barren ground, there to wait the return of their husbands and +relations from the Fort, after the termination of the goose-season.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">27th.</div> + +<p>{26} My guide having for some days past determined to +move toward the barren ground, this morning we took down +our tent, packed up our luggage, and proceeded to the Eastward +in the same track we came; but Sossop being so lame +as to be obliged to be hauled on a sledge, I easily prevailed +on two of the Indians who had joined us on the 24th, and +who were pursuing the same road, to perform this service +for him.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +April. +29th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">May. +13th.</div> + +<p>After two days good walking in our old track, we arrived +at a part of Seal River called She-than-nee,<a name="FNanchor_33_52" id="FNanchor_33_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_52" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> where we pitched +our tent and set both our fishing-nets, intending to stay there +till the geese began to fly. Though we had seen several swans +and some geese flying to the Northward, it was the thirteenth +of May before we could procure any. On that day the +Indians killed two swans and three geese. This in some +measure alleviated our distress, which at that time was very +great; having had no other subsistence for five or six days, +than a few cranberries, that we gathered from the dry ridges +where the snow was thawed away in spots; for though we set +our fishing-nets in the best judged places, and angled at every +part that was likely to afford success, we only caught three +small fish during the whole time. Many of the Northern +Indians, who had joined us on the 24th of April, remained +in our company for some time; and though I well knew they +had had a plentiful winter, and had then good stocks of dried +meat by them, and {27} were also acquainted with our distress, +they never gave me or my Southern companions the +least supply, although they had in secret amply provided for +our Northern guides.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">19th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">23d.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +May.</div> + +<p>By the nineteenth, the geese, swans, ducks, gulls, and +other birds of passage, were so plentiful, that we killed every +day as many as were sufficient for our support; and having +stopped a few days to recruit our spirits after so long a fast, +on the twenty-third we began once more to proceed toward +the barren ground. Sossop having now perfectly recovered +from his late misfortune, everything seemed to have a favourable +appearance; especially as my crew had been augmented +to twelve persons, by the addition of one of my guide's +wives, and five others, whom I had engaged to assist in carrying +our luggage; and I well knew, from the season of the +year, that hauling would soon be at an end for the summer.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span></p> +<p>The thaws having been by this time so great as to render +travelling in the woods almost impracticable, we continued our +course to the East on Seal River, about sixteen miles farther, +when we came to a small river, and a string of lakes connected +with it, that tended to the North.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">June. +1st.</div> + +<p>The weather for some time was remarkably fine and +pleasant. Game of all kinds was exceedingly plentiful, {28} +and we continued our course to the Northward on the above +river and lakes till the first of June, when we arrived at a place +called Beralzone.<a name="FNanchor_34_53" id="FNanchor_34_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_53" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> In our way thither, beside killing more +geese than was necessary, we shot two deer. One of my +companions had now the misfortune to shatter his hand very +much by the bursting of a gun; but as no bones were broken, +I bound up the wound, and with the assistance of some of +Turlington's drops, yellow basilicon, &c., which I had with +me, soon restored the use of his hand; so that in a very short +time he seemed to be out of all danger.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">4th.</div> + +<p>After stopping a few days at Beralzone, to dry a little +venison and a few geese, we again proceeded to the Northward +on the barren ground; for on our leaving this place we soon +got clear of all the woods.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">5th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">6th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">10th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +June.</div> + +<p>The snow was by this time so soft as to render walking in +snow-shoes very laborious; and though the ground was bare +in many places, yet at times, and in particular places, the snow-drifts +were so deep, that we could not possibly do without +them. By the sixth, however, the thaws were so general, and +the snows so much melted, that as our snow-shoes were +attended with more trouble than service, we all consented +to throw them away. Till the tenth, our sledges proved +serviceable, particularly in crossing lakes and ponds on the +ice; but that mode of travelling now growing dangerous on +account of the great thaws, we {29} determined to throw +away our sledges, and every one to take a load on his +back.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span></p> +<p>This I found to be much harder work than the winter +carriage, as my part of the luggage consisted of the following +articles, viz. the quadrant and its stand, a trunk containing +books, papers, &c., a land-compass, and a large bag containing +all my wearing apparel; also a hatchet, knives, files, &c., beside +several small articles, intended for presents to the natives. +The awkwardness of my load, added to its great weight, which +was upward of sixty pounds, and the excessive heat of the +weather, rendered walking the most laborious task I had ever +encountered; and what considerably increased the hardship, +was the badness of the road, and the coarseness of our lodging, +being, on account of the want of proper tents, exposed to the +utmost severity of the weather. The tent we had with us was +not only too large, and unfit for barren ground service, where +no poles were to be got, but we had been obliged to cut it +up for shoes, and each person carried his own share. Indeed +my guide behaved both negligently and ungenerously on this +occasion; as he never made me, or my Southern Indians, +acquainted with the nature of pitching tents on the barren +ground; which had he done, we could easily have procured +a set of poles before we left the woods. He took care, however, +to procure a set for himself and his wife; and when +the tent was divided, though he made shift to get a piece +large enough to serve him for {30} a complete little tent, he +never asked me or my Southern Indians to put our heads +into it.</p> + +<p>Beside the inconvenience of being exposed to the open air, +night and day, in all weathers, we experienced real distress +from the want of victuals. When provisions were procured, +it often happened that we could not make a fire, so that we +were obliged to eat the meat quite raw; which at first, in the +article of fish particularly, was as little relished by my Southern +companions as myself.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +June.</div> + +<p>Notwithstanding these accumulated and complicated hardships, +we continued in perfect health and good spirits; and +my guide, though a perfect niggard of his provisions, especially +in times of scarcity, gave us the strongest assurance of +soon arriving at a plentiful country, which would not only +afford us a certain supply of provisions, but where we should +meet with other Indians, who probably would be willing to +carry part of our luggage. This news naturally gave us great +consolation; for at that time the weight of our constant loads +was so great, that when Providence threw any thing in our +way, we could not carry above two days provisions with us, +which indeed was the chief reason of our being so frequently +in want.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">23d.</div> + +<p>From the twentieth to the twenty-third we walked every +day near twenty miles, without any other subsistence {31} than +a pipe of tobacco, and a drink of water when we pleased: +even partridges and gulls, which some time before were in +great plenty, and easily procured, were now so scarce and shy, +that we could rarely get one; and as to geese, ducks, &c., they +had all flown to the Northward to breed and molt.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +June.</div> + +<p>Early in the morning of the twenty-third, we set out as +usual, but had not walked above seven or eight miles before +we saw three musk-oxen grazing by the side of a small lake. +The Indians immediately went in pursuit of them; and as +some of them were expert hunters, they soon killed the whole +of them. This was no doubt very fortunate; but, to our +great mortification, before we could get one of them skinned, +such a fall of rain came on, as to put it quite out of our +power to make a fire; which, even in the finest weather, could +only be made of moss, as we were near an hundred miles from +any woods. This was poor comfort for people who had not +broke their fast for four or five days. Necessity, however, +has no law; and having been before initiated into the method +of eating raw meat, we were the better prepared for this +repast: but this was by no means so well relished, either by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> +me or the Southern Indians, as either raw venison or raw +fish had been: for the flesh of the musk-ox is not only coarse +and tough, but smells and tastes so strong of musk as to +make it very disagreeable when raw, though it is tolerable +eating when properly cooked. The weather continued so {32} +remarkably bad, accompanied with constant heavy rain, snow, +and sleet, and our necessities were so great by the time the +weather permitted us to make a fire, that we had nearly eat to +the amount of one buffalo quite raw.</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding I mustered up all my philosophy on this +occasion, yet I must confess that my spirits began to fail me. +Indeed our other misfortunes were greatly aggravated by the +inclemency of the weather, which was not only cold, but so +very wet that for near three days and nights, I had not one +dry thread about me. When the fine weather returned, we +made a fire, though it was only of moss, as I have already +observed; and having got my cloaths dry, all things seemed +likely to go on in the old channel, though that was indifferent +enough; but I endeavoured, like a sailor after a storm, to +forget past misfortunes.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +June.</div> + +<p>None of our natural wants, if we except thirst, are so +distressing, or hard to endure, as hunger; and in wandering +situations, like that which I now experienced, the hardship is +greatly aggravated by the uncertainty with respect to its duration, +and the means most proper to be used to remove it, as +well as by the labour and fatigue we must necessarily undergo +for that purpose, and the disappointments which too frequently +frustrate our best concerted plans and most strenuous exertions: +it not only enfeebles the body, but depresses the spirits, +in spite of {33} every effort to prevent it. Besides, for want +of action, the stomach so far loses its digestive powers, that +after long fasting it resumes its office with pain and reluctance. +During this journey I have too frequently experienced the +dreadful effects of this calamity, and more than once been +reduced to so low a state by hunger and fatigue, that when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span> +Providence threw any thing in my way, my stomach has +scarcely been able to retain more than two or three ounces, +without producing the most oppressive pain. Another disagreeable +circumstance of long fasting is, the extreme difficulty +and pain attending the natural evacuations for the first time; +and which is so dreadful, that of it none but those who have +experienced can have an adequate idea.</p> + +<p>To record in detail each day's fare since the commencement +of this journey, would be little more than a dull repetition +of the same occurrences. A sufficient idea of it may be given +in a few words, by observing that it may justly be said to have +been either all feasting, or all famine; sometimes we had too +much, seldom just enough, frequently too little, and often +none at all. It will be only necessary to say that we have +fasted many times two whole days and nights; twice upwards +of three days; and once, while at She-than-nee, near seven +days, during which we tasted not a mouthful of anything, +except a few cranberries, water, scraps of old leather, and +burnt bones. On those pressing occasions I have frequently +seen the Indians examine their wardrobe, {34} which consisted +chiefly of skin-clothing, and consider what part could best be +spared; sometimes a piece of an old, half-rotten deer skin, +and at others a pair of old shoes, were sacrificed to alleviate +extreme hunger. The relation of such uncommon hardships +may perhaps gain little credit in Europe; while those who are +conversant with the history of Hudson's Bay, and who are +thoroughly acquainted with the distress which the natives of +the country about it frequently endure, may consider them as +no more than the common occurrences of an Indian life, in +which they are frequently driven to the necessity of eating one +another.<a name="FNanchor_T_54" id="FNanchor_T_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_T_54" class="fnanchor">[T]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">1770. +June.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">26th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">30th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +July.</div> + +<p>{35} Knowing that our constant loads would not permit +us to carry much provisions with us, we agreed to continue a +day or two to refresh ourselves, and to dry a little meat in +the sun, as it thereby not only becomes more portable, but is +always ready for use. On the twenty-sixth, all that remained +of the musk-ox flesh being properly dried and fit for carriage, +we began to proceed on our journey Northward, and on the +thirtieth of June arrived at a small river, called Cathawhachaga,<a name="FNanchor_35_55" id="FNanchor_35_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_55" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> +which empties<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span> +itself into a large lake called Yath-kyed-whoie,<a name="FNanchor_36_56" id="FNanchor_36_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_56" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> +or White Snow Lake. Here we found several tents of +Northern Indians, who had been some time employed spearing +deer in their canoes, as they crossed the above mentioned +little river. Here also we met a Northern Indian Leader, or +Captain, called Keelshies, and a small party of his crew, who +were bound to Prince of Wales's Fort, with furs {36} and other +commodities for trade. When Keelshies was made acquainted +with the intent of my journey, he readily offered his service +to bring me anything from the Factory that we were likely +to stand in need of; and though we were then in latitude +63° 4' North, and longitude 7° 12' West from Churchill, yet +he promised to join us again, at a place appointed by my +guide, by the setting in of the Winter. In consequence of +this offer, I looked over our ammunition and other articles; +and finding that a little powder, shot, tobacco, and a few +knives were likely to be of service before the journey could +be completed, I determined to send a letter to the governor +of Prince of Wales's Fort, to advise him of my situation, and +to desire him to send by the bearer a certain quantity of the +above articles; on which Keelshies and his crew proceeded on +their journey for the Factory the same day.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a href="images/i113.png"><img src="images/i113-t.png" width="250" height="170" alt="MAP OF YATH-KYED LAKE AND PART OF KAZAN RIVER +By J. B. Tyrrell, 1894" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />MAP OF YATH-KYED LAKE AND PART OF KAZAN RIVER<br /> +By J. B. Tyrrell, 1894</span> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +July.</div> + +<p>Cathawhachaga was the only river we had seen since the +breaking up of the ice that we could not ford; and as we had +not any canoes with us, we were obliged to get ferried across +by the strange Indians. When we arrived on the North side<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span> +of this river, where the Indians resided, my guide proposed to +stop some time, to dry and pound some meat to take with us; +to which I readily consented. We also set our fishing-nets, +and caught a considerable quantity of very fine fish; such as +tittemeg, barble,<a name="FNanchor_37_57" id="FNanchor_37_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_57" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> &c.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">6th.</div> + +<p>{37} The number of deer which crossed Cathawhachaga, +during our stay there, was by no means equal to our expectations, +and no more than just sufficient to supply our present +wants; so that after waiting several days in fruitless expectation, +we began to prepare for moving; and accordingly, on +the sixth of July, we set out, though we had not at that time +as much victuals belonging to our company as would furnish +us a supper. During our stay here, we had each day got as +much fish or flesh as was sufficient for present expenditure; +but, being in hopes of better times, saved none.</p> + +<p>Before we left Cathawhachaga, I made several observations +for the latitude, and found it to be 63° 4' North.<a name="FNanchor_38_58" id="FNanchor_38_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_58" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> I also +brought up my journal, and filled up my chart to that time. +Everything being now ready for our departure, my guide +informed me that in a few days a canoe would be absolutely +necessary, to enable us to cross some unfordable rivers which +we should meet, and could not avoid. This induced me to +purchase one at the easy rate of a single knife, the full value +of which did not exceed one penny. It must be observed, +that the man who sold the canoe had no farther occasion for +it, and was glad to take what he could get; but had he been +thoroughly acquainted with our necessities, he most assuredly +would have had the conscience to have asked goods to the +amount of ten beaver skins at least.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +July.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">9th.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span></p><p>{38} This additional piece of luggage obliged me to engage +another Indian; and we were lucky enough at that time to +meet with a poor forlorn fellow, who was fond of the office, +having never been in a much better state than that of a beast +of burthen. Thus, provided with a canoe, and a man to +carry it, we left Cathawhachaga, as has been observed, on +the sixth of July, and continued our course to the North +by West, and North North West; and that night put up by +the side of a small bay of White Snow Lake,<a name="FNanchor_39_59" id="FNanchor_39_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_59" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> where we angled, +and caught several fine trout, some of which weighed not less +than fourteen or sixteen pounds. In the night heavy rain +came on, which continued three days; but the ninth proving +fine weather, and the sun displaying his beams very powerfully, +we dried our clothes, and proceeded to the Northward. Toward +the evening, however, it began again to rain so excessively, +that it was with much difficulty we kept our powder and +books dry.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">17th.</div> + +<p>On the seventeenth, we saw many musk-oxen, several of +which the Indians killed; when we agreed to stay here a day +or two, to dry and pound<a name="FNanchor_U_60" id="FNanchor_U_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_U_60" class="fnanchor">[U]</a> some of the carcases to take with +us. The flesh of any animal, when it is thus prepared, is +not only hearty food, but is always ready for {39} use, and at +the same time very portable. In most parts of Hudson's Bay +it is known by the name of Thew-hagon,<a name="FNanchor_40_61" id="FNanchor_40_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_61" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> but amongst the +Northern Indians it is called Achees.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +July. +22d.</div> + +<p>Having prepared as much dried flesh as we could transport, +we proceeded to the Northward; and at our departure +left a great quantity of meat behind us, which we could neither +eat nor carry away. This was not the first time we had so +done; and however wasteful it may appear, it is a practice +so common among all the Indian tribes, as to be thought +nothing of. On the twenty-second, we met several strangers, +whom we joined in pursuit of the deer, &c. which were at +this time so plentiful, that we got every day a sufficient +number for our support, and indeed too frequently killed +several merely for the tongues, marrow, and fat.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">30th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +August.</div> + +<p>After we had been some time in company with those +Indians, I found that my guide seemed to hesitate about +proceeding any farther; and that he kept pitching his tent +backward and forward, from place to place, after the deer, +and the rest of the Indians. On my asking him his reason +for so doing; he answered, that as the year was too far +advanced to admit of our arrival at the Coppermine River +that Summer, he thought it more advisable to pass the Winter +with some of the Indians then in company, and alleged that +there could be no fear of our arriving at that river early in the +Summer of one thousand seven hundred and seventy-one. +As I could not {40} pretend to contradict him, I was entirely +reconciled to his proposal; and accordingly we kept moving +to the Westward with the other Indians. In a few days, +many others joined us from different quarters; so that by +the thirtieth of July we had in all above seventy tents, which +did not contain less than six hundred persons. Indeed our +encampment at night had the appearance of a small town; +and in the morning, when we began to move, the whole +ground (at least for a large space all round) seemed to be +alive, with men, women, children, and dogs. Though the +land was entirely barren, and destitute of every kind of +herbage, except wish-a-capucca<a name="FNanchor_V_62" id="FNanchor_V_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_V_62" class="fnanchor">[V]</a> and moss, yet the deer were +so numerous that the Indians not only killed as many as +were sufficient for our large number, but often several merely +for the skins, marrow, &c. and left the carcases to rot, +or to be devoured by the wolves, foxes, and other beasts of +prey.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;"> +<a href="images/i119.png"><img src="images/i119-t.png" width="229" height="250" alt="MAP OF DUBAWNT LAKE AND PART OF DUBAWNT RIVER +By J. B. and J. W. Tyrrell, 1893" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />MAP OF DUBAWNT LAKE AND PART OF DUBAWNT RIVER<br /> +By J. B. and J. W. Tyrrell, 1893</span> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span></p> +<p>In our way to the Westward we came to several rivers, +which, though small and of no note, were so deep as not to +be fordable, particularly Doobaunt River.<a name="FNanchor_W_64" id="FNanchor_W_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_W_64" class="fnanchor">[W]</a> On those occasions +only, we had recourse to our canoe, which, though of the +common size, was too small to carry more {41} than two +persons; one of whom always lies down at full length for +fear of making the canoe top-heavy, and the other sits on his +heels and paddles. This method of ferrying over rivers, +though tedious, is the most expeditious way these poor people +can contrive; for they are sometimes obliged to carry their +canoes one hundred and fifty, or two hundred miles, without +having occasion to make use of them; yet at times they cannot +do without them; and were they not very small and portable, +it would be impossible for one man to carry them, which they +are often obliged to do, not only the distance above mentioned, +but even the whole Summer.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">1770. +August. +6th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">8th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +August.</div> + +<p>The person I engaged at Cathawhachaga to carry my +canoe proving too weak for the task, another of my crew was +obliged to exchange loads with him, which seemed perfectly +agreeable to all parties; and as we walked but short days' +journies, and deer were very plentiful, all things went on +very smoothly. Nothing material happened till the eighth, +when we were near losing the quadrant and all our powder +from the following circumstance: the fellow who had been +released from carrying the canoe proving too weak, as hath +been already observed, had, after the exchange, nothing to +carry but my powder and his own trifles; the latter were +indeed very inconsiderable, not equal in size and weight to +a soldier's knapsack. As I intended to have a little sport with +the deer, and knowing his load to be much lighter than mine, I +gave him the quadrant {42} and stand to carry, which he took +without the least hesitation, or seeming ill-will. Having thus +eased myself for the present of a heavy and cumbersome part +of my load, I set out early in the morning with some of the +Indian men; and after walking about eight or nine miles, +saw, from the top of a high hill, a great number of deer +feeding in a neighbouring valley; on which we laid down our +loads and erected a flag, as a signal for the others to pitch +their tents there for the night. We then pursued our hunting, +which proved very successful. At night, however, when we +came to the hill where we had left our baggage, I found that +only part of the Indians had arrived, and that the man who +had been entrusted with my powder and quadrant, had set off +another way, with a small party of Indians that had been in +our company that morning. The evening being far advanced, +we were obliged to defer going in search of him till the +morning, and as his track could not be easily discovered in the +Summer, the Southern Indians, as well as myself, were very +uneasy, fearing we had lost the powder, which was to provide +us with food and raiment the remainder of our journey. The +very uncourteous behaviour of the Northern Indians then in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span> +company, gave me little hopes of receiving assistance from +them, any longer than I had wherewithal to reward them for +their trouble and expense; for during the whole time I had +been with them, not one of them had offered to give me the +least morsel of victuals, without asking something in exchange, +which, in general, was three times the value of {43} what they +could have got for the same articles, had they carried them to +the Factory, though several hundred miles distant.</p> + +<p>So inconsiderate were those people, that wherever they +met me, they always expected that I had a great assortment of +goods to relieve their necessities; as if I had brought the +Company's warehouse with me. Some of them wanted guns; +all wanted ammunition, iron-work, and tobacco; many were +solicitous for medicine; and others pressed me for different +articles of clothing; but when they found I had nothing to +spare, except a few nick-nacks and gewgaws, they made no +scruple of pronouncing me a "poor servant, noways like the +Governor at the Factory, who, they said, they never saw, but +he gave them something useful." It is scarcely possible to +conceive any people so void of common understanding, as to +think that the sole intent of my undertaking this fatiguing +journey, was to carry a large assortment of useful and heavy +implements, to give to all that stood in need of them; but +many of them would ask me for what they wanted with the +same freedom, and apparently with the same hopes of success, +as if they had been at one of the Company's Factories. Others, +with an air of more generosity, offered me furs to trade with +at the same standard as at the Factory; without considering +how unlikely it was that I should increase the enormous +weight of my load with articles which could be of no more +use to me in my present situation than they were to themselves.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +August.</div> + +<p>{44} This unaccountable behaviour of the Indians occasioned +much serious reflection on my part; as it showed +plainly how little I had to expect if I should, by any accident,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span> +be reduced to the necessity of depending upon them for +support; so that, though I laid me down to rest, sleep was +a stranger to me that night. The following beautiful lines of +Dr. Young I repeated above an hundred times:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +"Tired Nature's sweet restorer, balmy Sleep;<br /> +He, like the world, his ready visit pays<br /> +Where fortune smiles; the wretched he forsakes:<br /> +Swift on his downy pinions flies from woe,<br /> +And lights on lids unsully'd with a tear."<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 15em;">—</span><span class="smcap">Night Thoughts.</span> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">9th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +August.</div> + +<p>After passing the night in this melancholy manner, I got +up at daybreak, and, with the two Southern Indians, set out +in quest of our deserter. Many hours elapsed in fruitless +search after him, as we could not discover a single track in +the direction which we were informed he had taken. The +day being almost spent without the least appearance of +success, I proposed repairing to the place where I had delivered +the quadrant to him, in hopes of seeing some track in +the moss that might lead to the way the Indians were gone +whom our deserter had accompanied. On our arrival at that +place, we found they had struck down toward a little river +which they had crossed the morning before; and there, to +our great joy, we found the quadrant and the bag of powder +lying on the top of a high stone, but not a human being was +to be seen. On {45} examining the powder, we found that +the bag had been opened, and part of it taken out; but, notwithstanding +our loss was very considerable, we returned with +light hearts to the place at which we had been the night +before, where we found our baggage safe, but all the Indians +gone; they had, however, been so considerate as to set up +marks to direct us what course to steer. By the time we had +adjusted our bundles, the day was quite spent; seeing, however, +a smoke, or rather a fire, in the direction we were ordered +to steer, we bent our way towards it; and a little after ten +o'clock at night came up with the main body of the Indians;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> +when, after refreshing ourselves with a plentiful supper, the +first morsel we had tasted that day, we retired to rest, which +I at least enjoyed with better success than the preceding +night.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">11th.</div> + +<p>In the morning of the eleventh we proceeded on to the +West, and West by South; but on the twelfth did not move. +This gave us an opportunity of endeavouring to ascertain the +latitude by a meridian altitude, when we found the place to be +in 63° 10' North nearly. It proving rather cloudy about noon, +though exceeding fine weather, I let the quadrant stand, in +order to obtain the latitude more exactly by two altitudes; but, +to my great mortification, while I was eating my dinner, a +sudden gust of wind blew it down; and as the ground where +it stood was {46} very stoney, the bubble, the sight-vane, and +vernier, were entirely broke to pieces, which rendered the +instrument useless. In consequence of this misfortune I +resolved to return again to the Fort, though we were then in +the latitude of 63° 10' North, and about 10° 40' West longitude +from Churchill River.<a name="FNanchor_43_66" id="FNanchor_43_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_66" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_R_45" id="Footnote_R_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_R_45"><span class="label">[R]</span></a> This was a proposal of the Governor's, though he well knew we could not +do without their assistance, both for hauling our baggage, as well as dressing +skins for clothing, pitching our tent, getting firing, &c.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_46" id="Footnote_28_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_46"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> <i>Erethizon dorsatum</i> (Linn.). Near the extreme northern limit in this +quarter.—E. A. P.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_47" id="Footnote_29_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_47"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> <i>Esox lucius</i> Linn.—E. A. P.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_48" id="Footnote_30_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_48"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> <i>Cristivomer namaycush</i> +Walbaum.—E. A. P.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_49" id="Footnote_31_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_49"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> <i>Lota maculosa</i> (Le Sueur).—E. A. P.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_S_50" id="Footnote_S_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_S_50"><span class="label">[S]</span></a> The Methy are generally caught with a hook; and the best time for that +sport is in the night; and if the night be dark, the better.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_51" id="Footnote_32_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_51"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> He appears to have been camped at the rapid at the head or western end +of Shethnanei Lake, which, according to the best information at present available, +is about latitude 58° 37' and longitude 4° west from Prince of Wales +Fort.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_52" id="Footnote_33_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_52"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> She-than-nee is clearly the same word as <i>Shethnanei</i>, a Chipewyan word +meaning "high hill," and applied to a point on the north shore of Shethnanei +Lake. In February 1891, the Rev. J. (Bishop) Lofthouse visited some Indians +living at this place, accomplishing the journey out from Churchill in seven +days, and the return journey in six days.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_53" id="Footnote_34_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_53"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> <i>Beralzoa</i> means Shoal Lake.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_T_54" id="Footnote_T_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_T_54"><span class="label">[T]</span></a> It is the general opinion of the Southern Indians, that when any of their +tribe has been driven to the necessity of eating human flesh, they become so +fond of it, that no person is safe in their company. And though it is well +known they are never guilty of making this horrid repast but when driven to it +by necessity, yet those who have made it are not only shunned, but so universally +detested by all who know them, that no Indians will tent with them, and +they are frequently murdered slyly. I have seen several of those poor wretches +who, unfortunately for them, have come under the above description, and +though they were persons much esteemed before hunger had driven them to +this act, were afterward so universally despised and neglected, that a smile +never graced their countenances: deep melancholy has been seated on their +brows, while the eye most expressively spoke the dictates of the heart, and +seemed to say, "Why do you despise me for my misfortunes? the period is +probably not far distant, when you may be driven to the like necessity!" +</p> + +<p>In the Spring of the year 1775, when I was building Cumberland House, an +Indian, whose name was Wapoos, came to the settlement, at a time when fifteen +tents of Indians were on the plantations: they examined him very minutely, +and found he had come a considerable way by himself, without a gun, or +ammunition. This made many of them conjecture he had met with, and +killed, some person by the way; and this was the more easily credited, from +the care he took to conceal a bag of provisions, which he had brought with him, +in a lofty pine-tree near the house. +</p> + +<p>Being a stranger, I invited him in, though I saw he had nothing for trade; +and during that interview, some of the Indian women examined his bag, and +gave it as their opinion that the meat it contained was human flesh: in consequence, +it was not without the interference of some principal Indians, whose +liberality of sentiment was more extensive than that in the others, the poor +creature saved his life. Many of the men cleaned and loaded their guns; +others had their bows and arrows ready; and even the women took possession +of the hatchets, to kill this poor inoffensive wretch, for no crime but that of +travelling about two hundred miles by himself, unassisted by fire-arms for +support in his journey.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_55" id="Footnote_35_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_55"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> +After leaving Lake Beralzoa, and before reaching Cathawhachaga River, +he had crossed Thlewiaza or Little Fish River, Magnus Lake, and several other +lakes and streams which are probably tributaries of the Tha-anne or Rocky-Bank +River. Cathawhachaga is evidently the Kazan River which I descended +in 1894, and it is interesting to note that while, in Hearne's time, it was within +the hunting grounds of the Chipewyan Indians, at the time of my visit, one +hundred and twenty-four years later, these Indians had left it, and its banks +were inhabited entirely by Eskimos. Hearne doubtless crossed the river four +miles above its discharge into Yath-kyed Lake, at a place called by the Eskimos +Paleluah, where the stream is deep and narrow, and has but a moderate +current. This is a well-known crossing place for the caribou on their annual +migrations from the forest to the Arctic Coast and back again, and the Eskimos +wait to spear them while they are swimming across the stream, just as the +Indians doubtless waited when they occupied this country. Its position is in +latitude 62° 36' north, 28' south of the position assigned to it by Hearne in +the text, and the longitude 4° 6' west of Fort Prince of Wales. His map does +not here agree with his description, but places this crossing of the Kazan River +in latitude 62° 40' north, very nearly in its true position. Cathawhachaga is a +Chipewyan word meaning "where fish are plentiful in the river."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_56" id="Footnote_36_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_56"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> Yath-kyed or White Snow Lake, at present known to the Eskimos as +Haecoliguah.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_57" id="Footnote_37_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_57"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Whitefish, suckers, &c.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_58" id="Footnote_38_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_58"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> See note on p. 87.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_59" id="Footnote_39_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_59"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> The bay of Yath-kyed Lake, at which they seem to have stopped, is about +eight miles north of Paleluah, where the river was crossed.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_U_60" id="Footnote_U_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_U_60"><span class="label">[U]</span></a> To prepare meat in this manner, it requires no farther operation than +cutting the lean parts of the animal into thin slices, and drying it in the sun, or +by a slow fire, till, after beating it between two stones, it is reduced to a coarse +powder.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_61" id="Footnote_40_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_61"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Théwhagon or Yéwuhikun is the Cree name for meat dried and beaten as +above, and it is generally known throughout the fur countries as "pounded +meat." When fat is plentiful this shredded dry meat is often packed into a +sack made of hide, and boiling fat is poured over and into it. This mixture of +dried meat and grease is called pemican.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_V_62" id="Footnote_V_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_V_62"><span class="label">[V]</span></a> Wish-a-capucca is the name given by the natives to a plant which is +found all over the country bordering on Hudson's Bay; and an infusion of it +is used as tea by all the Europeans settled in that country.<a name="FNanchor_41_63" id="FNanchor_41_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_63" class="fnanchor">[41]</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_63" id="Footnote_41_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_63"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> This plant, <i>Ledum palustre</i>, commonly known as Labrador Tea, is common +everywhere in the swamps throughout the forests of the north.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_W_64" id="Footnote_W_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_W_64"><span class="label">[W]</span></a> This river, as well as all others deserving that appellation which I crossed +during this part of my journey, ran to the East and North-East; and both +them and the lakes were perfectly fresh, and inhabited by fish that are well +known never to frequent salt water.<a name="FNanchor_42_65" id="FNanchor_42_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_65" class="fnanchor">[42]</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_65" id="Footnote_42_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_65"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> The brief description of this portion of his journey here given leaves his +course quite indefinite, but his map shows that he travelled northward to the +west of Yath-kyed Lake, across Nutarawit River, and thence around the north +side of Napashish (Nutarawit) Lake, and westward to within a short distance +of the south shore of Aberdeen Lake. Thence he turned south-westward until +he reached Dubawnt River, where it flows from Dubawnt Lake. It is there a +beautiful stream of clear water flowing between gently sloping grassy banks. +The latitude of this place is 63° 33' north, while on his map it is shown as +63° 38' north. As the latitudes of the crossing places of Kazan and Dubawnt +Rivers, shown on his map, though differing greatly from his text, are very +nearly correct, we may fairly assume that his intermediate positions are also +reasonably accurate, and that his northern point of this journey, which he +places in latitude 64° 20', is not far from correct. +</p><p> +Dubawnt (properly To' bon') is a Chipewyan word meaning "water-along-the-shore." +It is so called because the main body of the lake is at all seasons +of the year covered with ice, though for a few days, or possibly weeks, in summer +this ice is loosened from the shore, and there is a lane of water between the ice +and the land.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_66" id="Footnote_43_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_66"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> The position of the place where he broke his quadrant on the 12th of +August is difficult to determine either from the text or from his map. A point +in latitude 63° 10' north and longitude 10° 40' west from Churchill, which is the +position given in the text, is shown on his map almost in the centre of Dubawnt +Lake, and the map shows that after crossing the outlet of the lake his course +was at a considerable distance to the north-west and west from it. It is +probable therefore that his quadrant was broken on the great plain which lies +to the west of the lake, and north-west of the Dubawnt River above the lake.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span></p> + +<h2>{47} CHAP. III.</h2> + +<p>Transactions from the Time the Quadrant was broken, +till I arrived at the Factory</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Several strange Indians join us from the Northward—They plundered me +of all I had; but did not plunder the Southern Indians—My guide +plundered—We begin our return to the Factory—Meet with other +Indians, who join our company—Collect deer-skins for clothing, but +could not get them dressed—Suffer much hardship from the want of +tents and warm clothing—Most of the Indians leave us—Meet with +Matonabbee—Some account of him, and his behaviour to me and the +Southern Indians—We remain in his company some time—His observations +on my two unsuccessful attempts—We leave him, and proceed to +a place to which he directed us, in order to make snow-shoes and sledges—Join +Matonabbee again, and proceed towards the Factory in his +company—Ammunition runs short—Myself and four Indians set off post +for the Factory—Much bewildered in a snow storm; my dog is frozen +to death; we lie in a bush of willows—Proceed on our journey—Great +difficulty in crossing a jumble of rocks—Arrive at the Fort.</i></p></div> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +August. +13th.</div> + +<p>The day after I had the misfortune to break the +quadrant, several Indians joined me from the Northward, +some of whom plundered me and my companions +of almost every useful article we had, among which +was my gun; and notwithstanding we were then on the point +of returning to the Factory, yet, as one of my companions' guns +was a little out of order, the loss was likely to be {48} severely +felt; but it not being in my power to recover it again, we were +obliged to rest contented.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +August.</div> + +<p>Nothing can exceed the cool deliberation of those villains; +a committee<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span> +of them entered my tent.<a name="FNanchor_X_67" id="FNanchor_X_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_X_67" class="fnanchor">[X]</a> The ringleader seated +himself on my left-hand. They first begged me to lend them +my skipertogan<a name="FNanchor_Y_68" id="FNanchor_Y_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_Y_68" class="fnanchor">[Y]</a> to fill a pipe of tobacco. After smoking two +or three pipes, they asked me for several articles which I had +not, and among others for a pack of cards; but on my answering +that I had not any of the articles they mentioned, one of +them put his hand on my baggage, and asked if it was mine. +Before I could answer in the affirmative, he and the rest of his +companions (six in number) had all my treasure spread on the +ground. One took one thing, and another another, till at last +nothing was left but the empty bag, which they permitted me +to keep. At length, considering that, though I was going to +the Factory, I should want a knife to cut my victuals, an awl to +mend my shoes, and a needle to mend my other clothing, they +readily gave me these articles, though not without making me +understand that I ought to look upon {49} it as a great favour. +Finding them possessed of so much generosity, I ventured to +solicit them for my razors; but thinking that one would be +sufficient to shave me during my passage home, they made no +scruple to keep the other; luckily they chose the worst. To +complete their generosity, they permitted me to take as much +soap as I thought would be sufficient to wash and shave me +during the remainder of my journey to the Factory.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<a href="images/i127a.jpg"><img src="images/i127a-t.jpg" width="200" height="162" alt="Photo: J. B. Tyrrell, August 12, 1893. +CAMP ON THE SHORE OF DUBAWNT LAKE" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />Photo: J. B. Tyrrell, August 12, 1893.<br /> +CAMP ON THE SHORE OF DUBAWNT LAKE</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><br /> +<a href="images/i127b.jpg"><img src="images/i127b-t.jpg" width="200" height="160" alt="Photo: J. B. Tyrrell, August 18, 1893. +DUBAWNT RIVER BELOW DUBAWNT LAKE +WHERE HEARNE CROSSED THE RIVER IN JULY 1770" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />Photo: J. B. Tyrrell, August 18, 1893.<br /> +DUBAWNT RIVER BELOW DUBAWNT LAKE<br /> +WHERE HEARNE CROSSED THE RIVER IN JULY 1770</span> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +August.</div> + +<p>They were more cautious in plundering the Southern +Indians, as the relation of such outrages being committed on +them might occasion a war between the two nations; but they +had nothing of that kind to dread from the English. However, +the Northern Indians had address enough to talk my +home-guard Indians out of all they had: so that before we +left them, they were as clean swept as myself, excepting their +guns, some ammunition, an old hatchet, an ice-chissel, and a +file to sharpen them.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span></p><p>It may probably be thought strange that my guide, who +was a Northern Indian, should permit his countrymen to commit +such outrages on those under his charge; but being a man +of little note, he was so far from being able to protect us, that +he was obliged to submit to nearly the same outrage himself. +On this occasion he assumed a great air of generosity; but the +fact was, he gave freely what it was not in his power to protect.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">19th.</div> + +<p>{50} Early in the morning of the nineteenth, I set out on +my return, in company with several Northern Indians, who were +bound to the Factory with furrs and other commodities in trade. +This morning the Indian who took my gun, returned it to me, +it being of no use to him, having no ammunition. The weather +for some time proved fine, and deer were very plentiful; but +as the above ravagers had materially lightened my load, by +taking everything from me, except the quadrant, books, &c., +this part of my journey was the easiest and most pleasant of +any I had experienced since my leaving the Fort. In our way +we frequently met with other Indians, so that scarcely a day +passed without our seeing several smokes made by other +strangers. Many of those we met joined our party, having +furrs and other commodities for trade.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">31st.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +September.</div> + +<p>The deer's hair being now of a proper length for clothing, +it was necessary, according to the custom, to procure as many +of their skins, while in season, as would make a suit of warm +clothing for the Winter: and as each grown person requires +the prime parts of from eight to eleven of those skins (in proportion +to their size) to make a complete suit, it must naturally +be supposed that this addition to my burden was very considerable. +My load, however cumbersome and heavy, was yet very +bearable; but, after I had carried it several weeks, it proved +of no service; for we had not any women properly belonging +to our company, consequently had not any {51} person to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span> +dress them; and so uncivil were the other Indians, that they +would neither exchange them for others of an inferior quality +already dressed, nor permit their women to dress them for us, +under pretence that they were always employed in the like duty +for themselves and families, which was by no means the case; +for many of them had sufficient time to have done every little +service of that kind that we could have required of them. The +truth was, they were too well informed of my poverty to do +any acts of generosity, as they well knew I had it not then in +my power to reward them for their trouble. I never saw a set +of people that possessed so little humanity, or that could view +the distresses of their fellow-creatures with so little feeling and +unconcern; for though they seem to have a great affection for +their wives and children, yet they will laugh at and ridicule +the distress of every other person who is not immediately related +to them.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">15th.</div> + +<p>This behaviour of the Indians made our situation very +disagreeable; for as the fall advanced, we began to feel the +cold very severely for want of proper clothing. We suffered +also greatly from the inclemency of the weather, as we had +no tent to shelter us. My guide was entirely exempted from +all those inconveniences, having procured a good warm suit +of clothing; and as one of his wives had long before +joined our party, he was provided with a tent, and every +other necessary consistent {52} with their manner of living: +but the old fellow was so far from interesting himself in our +behalf, that he had, for some time before, entirely withdrawn +from our company; and though he then continued to carry +the greatest part of our little remains of ammunition, yet +he did not contribute in the smallest degree towards our +support. As deer, however, were in great plenty, I felt little +or no inconvenience from his neglect in this respect.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">17th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +September.</div> + +<p>Provisions still continued very plentiful; which was a +singular piece of good fortune, and the only circumstance +which at this time could contribute to our happiness or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span> +safety; for notwithstanding the early season of the year, +the weather was remarkably bad and severely cold, at least +it appeared so to us, probably from having no kind of skin-clothing. +In this forlorn state we continued our course to +the South East; and, to add to the gloominess of our +situation, most of the Northern Indians who had been in +our company all the first part of the fall, were by this time +gone a-head, as we could not keep up with them for want +of snow-shoes.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">20th.</div> + +<p>In the evening of the twentieth, we were joined from the +Westward by a famous Leader, called Matonabbee, mentioned +in my instructions; who, with his followers, or gang, was +also going to Prince of Wales's Fort, with furrs, and other +articles for trade. This Leader, when a youth, resided several +years at the above Fort, and was {53} not only a perfect master +of the Southern Indian language, but by being frequently +with the Company's servants, had acquired several words of +English, and was one of the men who brought the latest +accounts of the Coppermine River; and it was on his information, +added to that of one I-dot-le-ezey, (who is since +dead), that this expedition was set on foot.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +October.</div> + +<p>The courteous behaviour of this stranger struck me very +sensibly. As soon as he was acquainted with our distress, +he got such skins as we had with us dressed for the Southern +Indians, and furnished me with a good warm suit of otter +and other skins: but, as it was not in his power to provide +us with snow-shoes, (being then on the barren ground), he +directed us to a little river which he knew, and where there +was a small range of woods, which, though none of the best, +would, he said, furnish us with temporary snow-shoes and +sledges, that might materially assist us during the remaining +part of our journey. We spent several nights in company +with this Leader, though we advanced towards the Fort at +the rate of ten or twelve miles a day; and as provisions +abounded, he made a grand feast for me in the Southern<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span> +Indian style, where there was plenty of good eating, and the +whole concluded with singing and dancing, after the Southern +Indian style and manner. In this amusement my home-guard +Indians bore no inconsiderable part, as they were both men +of some {54} consequence when at home, and well known +to Matonabbee: but among the other Northern Indians, to +whom they were not known, they were held in no estimation; +which indeed is not to be wondered at, when we consider +that the value of a man among those people, is always +proportioned to his abilities in hunting; and as my two +Indians had not exhibited any great talents that way, the +Northern Indians shewed them as much respect as they do +in common to those of very moderate talents among themselves.</p> + +<p>During my conversation with this Leader, he asked me +very seriously, If I would attempt another journey for the +discovery of the Copper-mines? And on my answering in +the affirmative, provided I could get better guides than +I had hitherto been furnished with, he said he would readily +engage in that service, provided the Governor at the Fort +would employ him. In answer to this, I assured him his +offer would be gladly accepted; and as I had already experienced +every hardship that was likely to accompany any +future trial, I was determined to complete the discovery, even +at the risque of life itself. Matonabbee assured me, that +by the accounts received from his own countrymen, the +Southern Indians, and myself, it was very probable I might +not experience so much hardship during the whole journey, +as I had already felt, though scarcely advanced one third part +of the journey.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +October.</div> + +<p>{55} He attributed all our misfortunes to the misconduct +of my guides, and the very plan we pursued, by the desire +of the Governor, in not taking any women with us on this +journey, was, he said, the principal thing that occasioned +all our wants: "for, said he, when all the men are heavy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span> +laden, they can neither hunt nor travel to any considerable +distance; and in case they meet with success in hunting, who +is to carry the produce of their labour? Women," added he, +"were made for labour; one of them can carry, or haul, as +much as two men can do. They also pitch our tents, make +and mend our clothing, keep us warm at night; and, in fact, +there is no such thing as travelling any considerable distance, +or for any length of time, in this country, without their +assistance. Women," said he again, "though they do every +thing, are maintained at a trifling expence; for as they always +stand cook, the very licking of their fingers in scarce times, +is sufficient for their subsistence." This, however odd it may +appear, is but too true a description of the situation of women +in this country; it is at least so in appearance; for the women +always carry the provisions, and it is more than probable they +help themselves when the men are not present.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">23d.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">25th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">November. +1st.</div> + +<p>Early in the morning of the twenty-third, I struck out +of the road to the Eastward, with my two companions and +two or three Northern Indians, while Matonabbee and his +crew continued their course to the Factory, promising {56} to +walk so slow that we might come up with them again; and +in two days we arrived at the place to which we were directed. +We went to work immediately in making snow-shoe frames +and sledges; but notwithstanding our utmost endeavours, we +could not complete them in less than four days. On the first +of November we again proceeded on our journey toward the +Factory; and on the sixth, came up with Matonabbee and his +gang: after which we proceeded on together several days; +when I found my new acquaintance, on all occasions, the most +sociable, kind, and sensible Indian I had ever met with. He +was a man well known, and, as an Indian, of universal knowledge, +and generally respected.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +November.</div> + +<p>Deer proved pretty plentiful for some time, but to +my great surprise, when I wanted to give Matonabbee a +little ammunition for his own use, I found that my guide,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span> +Conreaquefè, who had it all under his care, had so embezzled +or otherways expended it, that only ten balls and about three +pounds of powder remained; so that long before we arrived +at the Fort we were obliged to cut up an ice-chissel into +square lumps, as a substitute for ball. It is, however, rather +dangerous firing lumps of iron out of such slight barrels +as are brought to this part of the world for trade. These, +though light and handy, and of course well adapted for the +use of both English and Indians in long journies, and of +sufficient strength for leaden shot or ball, are not strong +enough for {57} this kind of shot; and strong fowling-pieces +would not only be too heavy for the laborious ways of hunting +in this country, but their bores being so much larger, would +require more than double the quantity of ammunition that +small ones do; which, to Indians at least, must be an object +of no inconsiderable importance.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">20th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">21st.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +November.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">23rd.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +November.</div> + +<p>I kept company with Matonabbee till the twentieth, at +which time the deer began to be so scarce that hardly a fresh +track could be seen; and as we were then but a few days walk +from the Fort, he advised me to proceed on with all speed, while +he and his companions followed at leisure. Accordingly, on +the twenty-first, I set out post-haste, accompanied by one of +the home-guard (Southern) Tribe, and three Northern Indians. +That night we lay on the South side of Egg River; but, long +before daybreak the next morning, the weather became so bad, +with a violent gale of wind from the North West, and such +a drift of snow, that we could not have a bit of fire: and +as no good woods were near to afford us shelter, we agreed +to proceed on our way: especially as the wind was on our +backs, and though the weather was bad near the surface, +we could frequently see the moon, and sometimes the stars, +to direct us in our course. In this situation we continued +walking the whole day, and it was not till after ten at +night that we could find the smallest tuft of woods to put up +in; for though we well knew we must have passed by several<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span> +hummocks of shrubby woods {58} that might have afforded us +some shelter, yet the wind blew so hard, and the snow drifted +so excessively thick, that we could not see ten yards before us +the whole day. Between seven and eight in the evening my +dog, a valuable brute, was frozen to death; so that his sledge, +which was a very heavy one, I was obliged to haul. Between +nine and ten at night we arrived at a small creek, on which +we walked about three quarters of a mile, when we came to a +large tuft of tall willows, and two or three sets of old tent-poles. +Being much jaded, we determined not to proceed any +farther that night; so we went to work, and made the best +defence against the weather that the situation of the place and +our materials would admit. Our labour consisted only in +digging a hole in the snow, and fixing a few deer skins up to +windward of us; but the most difficult task was that of +making a fire. When this was once accomplished, the old +tent-poles amply supplied us with fuel. By the time we had +finished this business, the weather began to moderate, and the +drift greatly to abate; so that the moon and the <i>Aurora +Borealis</i> shone out with great splendour, and there appeared +every symptom of the return of fine weather. After eating +a plentiful supper of venison, therefore, of which we had a +sufficient stock to last us to the Fort, we laid down and got +a little sleep. The next day proving fine and clear, though +excessively sharp, we proceeded on our journey early in the +morning, and at night lay on the South East side of Seal +River. We should have made a much longer day's {59} journey, +had we not been greatly embarrassed at setting out, by +a jumble of rocks, which we could not avoid without going +greatly out of our way. Here I must observe, that we were +more than fortunate in not attempting to leave the little +creek where we had fixed our habitation the preceding night, +as the spot where we lay was not more than two or three +miles distant from this dangerous place; in which, had we +fallen in with it in the night, we must unavoidably have been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span> +bewildered, if we had not all perished; as notwithstanding +the advantage of a clear day, and having used every possible +precaution, it was with the utmost difficulty that we crossed +it without broken limbs. Indeed it would have been next to +an impossibility to have done it in the night.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">24th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">25th.</div> + +<p>The twenty-fourth and twenty-fifth proved fine, clear +weather, though excessively cold; and in the afternoon of the +latter, we arrived at Prince of Wales's Fort, after having been +absent eight months and twenty-two days, on a fruitless, or at +least an unsuccessful journey.<a name="FNanchor_44_69" id="FNanchor_44_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_69" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> +<br /><br /><br /></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_X_67" id="Footnote_X_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_X_67"><span class="label">[X]</span></a> This only consisted of three walking-sticks stuck into the ground, and a +blanket thrown over them.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_Y_68" id="Footnote_Y_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_Y_68"><span class="label">[Y]</span></a> Skipertogan is a small bag that contains a flint and steel, also a pipe and +tobacco, as well as touchwood, &c. for making a fire. Some of these bags may +be called truly elegant; being richly ornamented with beads, porcupine-quills, +moose-hair, &c. a work always performed by the women; and they are, with +much propriety, greatly esteemed by most Europeans for the neatness of their +workmanship.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_69" id="Footnote_44_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_69"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> The text gives very little information from which to follow Hearne's course +from the point where he broke his quadrant on August 12th, till he arrived at +Churchill on November 25th, so that we must follow him as well as possible +from the route laid down on his map. +</p><p> +His route is marked crossing the Dubawnt River in latitude 63° north, near +where it flows into an arm or bay of Dubawnt Lake. The river actually flows +into the lake from the south-west in latitude 62° 55', and it is probable that he +crossed it three miles above this in latitude 62° 53' 30", where, in 1893, we +found the most northerly grove of stunted spruce growing on the bank of the +river, and where very old remains of Indian camps were plainly to be seen. +</p><p> +From here he turned south-eastward, and travelling around the south end +of Dubawnt Lake reached Kazan River just above Angikuni Lake (called +on Alexander Mackenzie's map Titmeg Lake), probably just at its western end, +where the caribou cross the river in large numbers in their migration southward. +This point is in latitude 62° 20' north, while Hearne places his crossing-place +in latitude 62° 12'. Thence, keeping south of Angikuni Lake, he +turned more to the east, and passing several lakes which cannot be definitely +identified, but two of which are probably Magnus and Thaolintoa Lakes, he +reached Thlewiaza River east of Island Lake, where he was joined by +Matonabbee and a band of Indians, who had left their wives at Island Lake, +and were on their way to Fort Prince of Wales to trade. +</p><p> +At the Thlewiaza River he turned eastward down the stream to a grove of +timber to obtain wood for snow-shoes. After making snow-shoes he turned +southward and rejoined Matonabbee and his band of Indians for a short time, +and then pushed on across Egg and Seal Rivers and around the south end of +Button's Bay to Fort Prince of Wales.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span></p> + +<h2>{60} CHAP. IV.</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Transactions during our Stay at Prince of Wales's Fort, and +the former part of our third Expedition, till our Arrival +at Clowey, where we built Canoes, in May 1771.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Preparations for our departure—Refuse to take any of the home-guard +Indians with me—By so doing, I offend the Governor—Leave the Fort +a third time—My instructions on this expedition—Provisions of all +kinds very scarce—Arrive at the woods, where we kill some deer—Arrive +at Island Lake—Matonabbee taken ill—Some remarks thereon—Join +the remainder of the Indians' families—Leave Island Lake—Description +thereof—Deer plentiful—Meet a strange Indian—Alter +our course from West North West to West by South—Cross Cathawhachaga +River, Cossed Lake, Snow-Bird Lake, and Pike Lake—Arrive +at a tent of strangers, who are employed in snaring deer in a +pound—Description of the pound—Method of proceeding—Remarks +thereon—Proceed on our journey—Meet with several parties of +Indians; by one of whom I sent a letter to the Governor at Prince of +Wales's Fort—Arrive at Thleweyazayeth—Employment there—Proceed +to the North North West and North—Arrive at Clowey—One +of the Indians' wives taken in labour—Remarks thereon—Customs +observed by the Northern Indians on those occasions.</i></p></div> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +November. +28th.</div> + +<p>On my arrival at the Fort, I informed the Governor, +of Matonabbee's being so near. On the twenty-eighth +of November he arrived. Notwithstanding +the many difficulties and hardships which I had undergone +during my two unsuccessful attempts, I was so far from being +{61} solicited on this occasion to undertake a third excursion, +that I willingly offered my service; which was readily accepted, +as my abilities and approved courage, in persevering under +difficulties, were thought noways inferior to the task.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a href="images/i139.jpg"><img src="images/i139-t.jpg" width="200" height="140" alt="A SOUTH-WEST VIEW OF PRINCE OF WALES'S FORT, HUDSON'S BAY +Published by J. Sewell, Cornhill, March 1st, 1797 +From the "European Magazine", June, 1797" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />A SOUTH-WEST VIEW OF PRINCE OF WALES'S FORT, HUDSON'S BAY<br /> +Published by J. Sewell, Cornhill, March 1st, 1797<br /> +From the "European Magazine", June, 1797</span> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">1770. +December.</div> + +<p>I then determined to engage Matonabbee to be my guide; +to which he readily consented, and with a freedom of speech and +correctness of language not commonly met with among Indians, +not only pointed out the reasons which had occasioned all our +misfortunes in my two former attempts, but described the +plan he intended to pursue; which at the same time that it +was highly satisfactory to me, did honour to his penetration +and judgment; as it proved him to be a man of extensive +observation with respect to times, seasons, and places; and +well qualified to explain everything that could contribute +either to facilitate or retard the ease or progress of travelling +in those dreary parts of the world.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">7th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +December.</div> + +<p>Having engaged Matonabbee, therefore, as my guide, I +began to make preparations for our departure; but Mr. +Norton, the Governor, having been very fully occupied in +trading with a large body of Indians, it was the seventh of +December before I could obtain from him my dispatches. +It may not be improper to observe, that he again wanted to +force some of the home-guard Indians (who were {62} his own +relations<a name="FNanchor_Z_70" id="FNanchor_Z_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_Z_70" class="fnanchor">[Z]</a>) into our company, merely with a view that they +might engross all the credit of taking care of{63} me during +the journey; but I had round them of so little use in my two +former attempts, that I absolutely refused them; and by so +doing, offended Mr. Norton to such a degree, that neither +time nor absence could ever afterwards eradicate his dislike +of me; so that at my return he used every means in his +power to treat me ill, and to render my life unhappy. However, +to deal with candour on this occasion, it must be +acknowledged to his honour, that whatever our private animosities +might have been, he did not suffer them to interfere +with public business; and I was fitted out with ammunition, +and every other article which Matonabbee thought could be +wanted. I was also furnished, as before, with a small assortment +of light trading goods, as presents to the far distant +Indians.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span></p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">1770. +December.</div> + +<p>At last I succeeded in obtaining my instructions which +were as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>{64} "ORDERS <i>and</i> INSTRUCTIONS <i>for</i> Mr. <span class="smcap">Samuel +Hearne</span>, <i>going on his third Expedition to the North of +Churchill River, in quest of a North West Passage, Copper +Mines, or any other thing that may be serviceable to the +British Nation in general, or the Hudson's Bay Company +in particular; in the year 1770.</i></p> + +<p> +"Mr. <span class="smcap">Samuel Hearne</span>.<br /> +<br /> +"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>, +</p> + +<p>"As you have offered your service a third time to +go in search of the Copper Mine River, &c., and as Matonabbee, +a leading Indian, who has been at those parts, is willing to be +your guide, we have accordingly engaged him for that service; +but having no other instrument on the same construction with +the quadrant you had the misfortune to break, we have furnished +you with an Elton's quadrant, being the most proper +instrument we can now procure for making observations on +the land.</p> + +<p>"The above Leader, Matonabbee, and a few of his best +men, which he has selected for that purpose, are to provide for +you, assist you in all things, and conduct you to the Copper +Mine River; where you must {65} be careful to observe the +latitude and longitude, also the course of the river, the depth +of the water, the situation of the Copper Mines, &c., but +your first instructions, of November sixth, one thousand seven +hundred and sixty-nine, being sufficiently full, we refer you +to every part thereof for the better regulation of your conduct +during this journey.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +December.</div> + +<p>"As you and your Indian companions are fitted out with +everything that we think is necessary, (or at least as many +useful articles as the nature of travelling in those parts will +admit of), you are hereby desired to proceed on your journey<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span> +as soon as possible; and your present guide has promised to +take great care of you, and conduct you out and home with +all convenient speed.</p> + +<p>"I conclude with my best wishes for your health and +happiness, together with a successful journey, and a quick +return in safety. Amen.</p> + +<div class="right"> +"(Signed) <span class="smcap">Moses Norton</span>, Governor. +</div> + +<p>"Dated at Prince of Wales's Fort,<br /> +7th December 1770."<br /> +</p> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">7th.</div> + +<p>On the seventh of December I set out on my third journey; +and the weather, considering the season of the year, was for +some days pretty mild. One of Matonabbee's wives being ill, +occasioned us to walk so slow, that {66} it was the thirteenth +before we arrived at Seal River; at which time two men and +their wives left us, whose loads, when added to those of the +remainder of my crew, made a very material difference, especially +as Matonabbee's wife was so ill as to be obliged to be +hauled on a sledge.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">16th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +December.</div> + +<p>Finding deer and all other game very scarce, and not +knowing how long it might be before we could reach any +place where they were in greater plenty, the Indians walked as +far each day as their loads and other circumstances would +conveniently permit. On the sixteenth, we arrived at Egg +River, where Matonabbee and the rest of my crew had laid +up some provisions and other necessaries, when on their +journey to the Fort. On going to the place where they +thought the provisions had been carefully secured from all +kinds of wild beasts, they had the mortification to find that +some of their countrymen, with whom the Governor had first +traded and dispatched from the Fort, had robbed the store of +every article, as well as of some of their most useful implements. +This loss was more severely felt, as there was a total +want of every kind of game; and the Indians, not expecting +to meet with so great a disappointment, had not used that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span> +economy in the expenditure of the oatmeal and other provisions +which they had received at the Fort, as they probably +would have done, had they not relied firmly on finding a +supply at this place. This disappointment and loss was borne +by the Indians with the greatest fortitude; and I did not hear +{67} one of them breathe the least hint of revenge in case they +should ever discover the offenders; the only effect it had on +them was, that of making them put the best foot foremost. +This was thought so necessary, that for some time we walked +every day from morning till night. The days, however, +being short, our sledges heavy, and some of the road very +bad, our progress seldom exceeded sixteen or eighteen miles a +day, and some days we did not travel so much.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">18th.</div> + +<p>On the eighteenth, as we were continuing our course to +the North West, up a small creek that empties itself into +Egg River, we saw the tracks of many deer which had crossed +that part a few days before; at that time there was not a +fresh track to be seen: some of the Indians, however, who +had lately passed that way, had killed more than they had +occasion for, so that several joints of good meat were found +in their old tent-places; which, though only sufficient for one +good meal, were very acceptable, as we had been in exceeding +straitened circumstances for many days.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">19th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">27th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +December.</div> + +<p>On the nineteenth, we pursued our course in the North +West quarter; and, after leaving the above-mentioned creek, +traversed nothing but entire barren ground, with empty +bellies, till the twenty-seventh; for though we arrived at some +woods on the twenty-sixth, and saw a few deer, four of which +the Indians killed, they were {68} at so great a distance from +the place on which we lay, that it was the twenty-seventh +before the meat was brought to the tents. Here the Indians +proposed to continue one day, under pretence of repairing their +sledges and snow shoes; but from the little attention they +paid to those repairs, I was led to think that the want of food +was the chief thing that detained them, as they never ceased<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span> +eating the whole day. Indeed for many days before we had +in great want, and for the last three days had not tasted +a morsel of any thing, except a pipe of tobacco and a drink of +snow water; and as we walked daily from morning till night, +and were all heavy laden, our strength began to fail. I must +confess that I never spent so dull a Christmas; and when I +recollected the merry season which was then passing, and +reflected on the immense quantities, and great variety of delicacies +which were then expending in every part of Christendom, +and that with a profusion bordering on waste, I could not +refrain from wishing myself again in Europe, if it had been +only to have had an opportunity of alleviating the extreme +hunger which I suffered with the refuse of the table of any +one of my acquaintance. My Indians, however, still kept in +good spirits; and as we were then across all the barren ground, +and saw a few fresh tracks of deer, they began to think that +the worst of the road was over for that winter, and flattered +me with the expectation of soon meeting with deer and other +game in greater plenty than we had done since our departure +from the Fort.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">28th.</div> + +<p>{69} Early in the morning of the twenty-eighth, we again +set out, and directed our course to the Westward, through +thick shrubby woods, consisting chiefly of ill-shaped stunted +pines, with small dwarf junipers, intermixed here and there, +particularly round the margins of ponds and swamps, with +dwarf willow bushes; and among the rocks and sides of the +hills were also some small poplars.<a name="FNanchor_46_72" id="FNanchor_46_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_72" class="fnanchor">[46]</a></p> + +<div class="sidenote">30th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1770. +December.</div> + +<p>On the thirtieth, we arrived at the East side of Island +Lake,<a name="FNanchor_47_73" id="FNanchor_47_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_73" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> where the Indians killed two large buck deer; but the +rutting season was so lately over, that their flesh was only +eatable by those who could not procure better food. In the +evening, Matonabbee was taken very ill; and from the nature +of his complaint, I judged his illness to have proceeded from +the enormous quantity of meat that he had eat on the twenty-seventh, +as he had been indisposed ever since that time. +Nothing is more common with those Indians, after they have +eat as much at a sitting as would serve six moderate men, +than to find themselves out of order; but not one of them +can bear to hear that it is the effect of eating too much: in +defence of which they say, that the meanest of the animal +creation knows when hunger is satisfied, and will leave off +accordingly. This, however, is a false assertion, advanced +knowingly in support of an absurd argument; for it is well +known by them, as well as all the Southern Indians, that the +black bear, who, for size and the delicacy of its flesh, may justly +be called a respectable animal, is so far from knowing {70} +when its hunger is satisfied, that, in the Summer, when the +berries are ripe, it will gorge to such a degree, that it frequently, +and even daily, vomits up great quantities of new-swallowed +fruit, before it has undergone any change in the +stomach, and immediately renews its repast with as much +eagerness as before.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">1770. +December.</div> + +<p>Notwithstanding the Northern Indians are at times so +voracious, yet they bear hunger with a degree of fortitude +which, as Mr. Ellis justly observes of the Southern Indians, +"is much easier to admire than to imitate." I have more +than once seen the Northern Indians, at the end of three or +four days fasting, as merry and jocose on the subject, as if +they had voluntarily imposed it on themselves; and would +ask each other in the plainest terms, and in the merriest mood, +if they had any inclination for an intrigue with a strange<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span> +woman? I must acknowledge that examples of this kind +were of infinite service to me, as they tended to keep up my +spirits on those occasions with a degree of fortitude that would +have been impossible for me to have done had the Indians +behaved in a contrary manner, and expressed any apprehension +of starving.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">31st.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +January. +1st.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +January.</div> + +<p>Early in the morning of the thirty-first, we continued our +journey, and walked about fourteen miles to the Westward +on Island Lake, where we fixed our residence; but Matonabbee +was at this time so ill as to be obliged to be hauled on a +sledge the whole day. The {71} next morning, however, he so +far recovered as to be capable of walking; when we proceeded +on to the West and West by North, about sixteen miles farther +on the same Lake, till we arrived at two tents, which contained +the remainder of the wives and families of my guides, +who had been waiting there for the return of their husbands +from the Fort. Here we found only two men, though there +were upward of twenty women and children; and as those +two men had no gun or ammunition, they had no other +method of supporting themselves and the women, but by +catching fish, and snaring a few rabbits:<a name="FNanchor_48_74" id="FNanchor_48_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_74" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> the latter were scarce, +but the former were easily caught in considerable numbers +either with nets or hooks. The species of fish generally +caught in the nets are tittemeg, pike, and barble; and the +only sorts caught with hooks are trout, pike, burbut, and +a small fish, erroneously called by the English tench: the +Southern Indians call it the toothed tittemeg, and the +Northern Indians call it <i>saint eah</i>. They are delicate eating; +being nearly as firm as a perch, and generally very fat. They +seldom exceed a foot in length, and in shape much resemble a +gurnard, except that of having a very long broad fin on the +back, like a perch, but this fin is not armed with similar +spikes. The scales are large, and of a sooty brown. They +are generally most esteemed when broiled or roasted with the +scales on, of course the skin is not eaten.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">3d.</div> + +<p>{72} As the Captain [Matonabbee] and one man were +indisposed, we did not move on the second of January; but +early in the morning of the third set out, and walked about +seven miles to the North Westward, five of which were on +the above mentioned Lake; when the Indians having killed +two deer, we put up for the night.</p> + +<p>Island Lake (near the center) is in latitude 60° 45' North, +and 102° 25' West longitude, from London; and is, at the +part we crossed, about thirty-five miles wide: but from the +North East to the South West it is much larger, and entirely +full of islands, so near to each other as to make the whole +Lake resemble a jumble of serpentine rivers and creeks; and +it is celebrated by the natives as abounding with great plenty +of fine fish during the beginning of the Winter. At different +parts of this Lake most part of the wives and families of those +Northern Indians who visit Prince of Wales's Fort in October +and November generally reside, and wait for their return; as +there is little fear of their being in want of provisions, even +without the assistance of a gun and ammunition, which is +a point of real consequence to them. The Lake is plentifully +supplied with water from several small rivulets and creeks +which run into it at the South West end; and it empties +itself by means of other small rivers which run to the North +East, the principal of which is Nemace-a-seepee-a-fish, or Little +Fish River. Many of the islands, {73} as well as the main +land round this Lake, abound with dwarf woods, chiefly pines; +but in some parts intermixed with larch and small birch trees. +The land, like all the rest which lies to the North of Seal +River, is hilly, and full of rocks; and though none of the +hills are high, yet as few of the woods grow on their summits, +they in general show their snowy heads far above the woods +which grow in the vallies, or those which are scattered about +their sides.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +January.</div> + +<p>After leaving Island Lake, we continued our old course +between the West and North West, and travelled at the easy +rate of eight or nine miles a day. Provisions of all kinds +were scarce till the sixteenth, when the Indians killed twelve +deer. This induced us to put up, though early in the day; +and finding great plenty of deer in the neighbourhood of our +little encampment, it was agreed by all parties to remain +a few days, in order to dry and pound some meat to make +it lighter for carriage.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">22d.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +January.</div> + +<p>Having, by the twenty-second, provided a sufficient stock +of provision, properly prepared, to carry with us, and repaired +our sledges and snow-shoes, we again pursued our course +in the North West quarter; and in the afternoon spoke with +a stranger, an Indian, who had one of Matonabbee's wives +under his care. He did not remain in our company above +an hour, as he only smoked part of a few pipes with his +friends, and returned to his tent, which could not {74} be far +distant from the place where we lay that night, as the woman +and her two children joined us next morning, before we had +taken down our tent and made ready for moving. Those +people were the first strangers whom we had met since we +left the Fort, though we had travelled several hundred miles; +which is a proof that this part of the country is but thinly +inhabited. It is a truth well known to the natives, and +doubtless founded on experience, that there are many very +extensive tracts of land in those parts, which are incapable +of affording support to any number of the human race even +during the short time they are passing through them, in the +capacity of migrants, from one place to another; much less +are they capable of affording a constant support to those +who might wish to make them their fixed residence at any +season of the year. It is true, that few rivers or lakes in +those parts are entirely destitute of fish; but the uncertainty +of meeting with a sufficient supply for any considerable time +together, makes the natives very cautious how they put their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span> +whole dependance on that article, as it has too frequently +been the means of many hundreds being starved to +death.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">23d.</div> + +<p>By the twenty-third, deer were so plentiful that the +Indians seemed to think that, unless the season, contrary to +expectation and general experience, should prove unfavourable, +there would be no fear of our being in want of {75} provisions +during the rest of the Winter, as deer had always +been known to be in great plenty in the direction which +they intended to walk.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">February. +3d.</div> + +<p>On the third of February, we continued our course to the +West by North and West North West,<a name="FNanchor_49_75" id="FNanchor_49_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_75" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> and were so near +the edge of the woods, that the barren ground was in sight +to the Northward. As the woods trended away to the West, +we were obliged to alter our course to West by South, for +the sake of keeping among them, as well as the deer. In the +course of this day's walk we saw several strangers, some of +whom remained in our company, while others went on their +respective ways.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">6th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +February.</div> + +<p>On the sixth, we crossed the main branch of Cathawhachaga +River;<a name="FNanchor_50_76" id="FNanchor_50_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_76" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> which, at that part, is about three quarters of a mile +broad; and after walking three miles farther, came to the +side of Cossed Whoie,<a name="FNanchor_51_77" id="FNanchor_51_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_77" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> or Partridge Lake; but the day being +far spent, and the weather excessively cold, we put up for the +night.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">7th.</div> + +<p>Early in the morning of the seventh, the weather being +serene and clear, we set out, and crossed the above mentioned +Lake; which at that part is about fourteen miles wide; but +from the South South West to North North East is much +larger. It is impossible to describe the intenseness of the cold +which we experienced this day; and the dispatch we made in +crossing the lake is almost incredible, as it was {76} performed +by the greatest part of my crew in less than two hours; +though some of the women, who were heavy laden, took +a much longer time. Several of the Indians were much +frozen, but none of them more disagreeably so than one of +Matonabbee's wives, whose thighs and buttocks were in a +manner incrusted with frost; and when thawed, several +blisters arose, nearly as large as sheeps' bladders. The pain +the poor woman suffered on this occasion was greatly aggravated +by the laughter and jeering of her companions, who said +that she was rightly served for belting her clothes so high. +I must acknowledge that I was not in the number of those +who pitied her, as I thought she took too much pains to shew +a clean heel and good leg; her garters being always in sight, +which, though by no means considered here as bordering +on indecency, is by far too airy to withstand the rigorous cold +of a severe winter in a high Northern latitude. I doubt not +that the laughter of her companions was excited by similar +ideas.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +February.</div> + +<p>When we got on the West side of Partridge Lake we<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span> +continued our course for many days toward the West by +South and West South West; when deer were so plentiful, +and the Indians killed such vast numbers, that notwithstanding +we frequently remained three, four, or five days in +a place, to eat up the spoils of our hunting, yet at our +departure we frequently left great quantities of good meat +behind us, which we could neither eat nor carry with us. +{77} This conduct is the more excusable among people +whose wandering manner of life and contracted ideas make +every thing appear to them as the effect of mere chance. +The great uncertainty of their ever visiting this or that +part a second time, induces them to think there is nothing +either wrong or improvident in living on the best the +country will afford, as they are passing through it from +place to place; and they seem willing that those who +come after them should take their chance, as they have +done.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">21st.</div> + +<p>On the twenty-first, we crossed The-whole-kyed Whoie, +or Snowbird Lake,<a name="FNanchor_52_78" id="FNanchor_52_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_78" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> which at that part was about twelve or +thirteen miles wide, though from North to South it is much +larger. As deer were as plentiful as before, we expended +much time in killing and eating them. This Matonabbee +assured me was the best way we could employ ourselves, +as the season would by no means permit us to proceed in +a direct line for the Copper-mine River; but when the Spring +advanced, and the deer began to draw out to the barren +ground, he would then, he said, proceed in such a manner +as to leave no room to doubt of our arrival at the Copper-mine +River in proper time.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">March. +2d.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +March. +3d.</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span></p> +<p>On the second of March, we lay by the side of +Whooldyah'd Whoie or Pike Lake,<a name="FNanchor_53_79" id="FNanchor_53_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_79" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> and not far from +Doo-baunt Whoie River. On the next day we began to cross +the above mentioned Lake, but after walking seven miles +on it to the West South West, we arrived at a large tent of +Northern {78} Indians, who had been living there from the +beginning of the Winter, and had found a plentiful subsistence +by catching deer in a pound. This kind of employment +is performed in the following manner:</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +March.</div> + +<p>When the Indians design to impound deer, they look out +for one of the paths in which a number of them have trod, +and which is observed to be still frequented by them. When +these paths cross a lake, a wide river, or a barren plain, they +are found to be much the best for the purpose; and if the +path run through a cluster of woods, capable of affording +materials for building the pound, it adds considerably to the +commodiousness of the situation. The pound is built by +making a strong fence with brushy trees, without observing +any degree of regularity, and the work is continued to any +extent, according to the pleasure of the builders. I have seen +some that were not less than a mile round, and am informed +that there are others still more extensive. The door, or +entrance of the pound, is not larger than a common gate, +and the inside is so crowded with small counter-hedges as +very much to resemble a maze; in every opening of which +they set a snare, made with thongs of parchment deer-skins +well twisted together, which are amazingly strong. One end +of the snare is usually made fast to a growing pole; but +if no one of a sufficient size can be found near the place where +the snare is set, a loose pole is substituted in its room, which +is always of such size and length that a deer cannot drag +it {79} far before it gets entangled among the other woods, +which are all left standing except what is found necessary for +making the fence, hedges, &c.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;"> +<a href="images/i155a.jpg"><img src="images/i155a-t.jpg" width="200" height="158" alt="Photo: J. B. Tyrrell, July 19, 1893. +WHOLDIAH LAKE AS SEEN FROM THE HILLS TO THE SOUTH" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />Photo: J. B. Tyrrell, July 19, 1893.<br /> +WHOLDIAH LAKE AS SEEN FROM THE HILLS TO THE SOUTH</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><br /> +<a href="images/i155b.jpg"><img src="images/i155b-t.jpg" width="200" height="160" alt="Photo: J. B. Tyrrell, August 2, 1893. +GROVE OF SPRUCE BESIDE DUBAWNT RIVER, +WITHIN THE BARREN LANDS" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />Photo: J. B. Tyrrell, August 2, 1893.<br /> +GROVE OF SPRUCE BESIDE DUBAWNT RIVER,<br /> +WITHIN THE BARREN LANDS</span> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span></p> +<p>The pound being thus prepared, a row of small brush-wood +is stuck up in the snow on each side of the door or +entrance; and these hedge-rows are continued along the open +part of the lake, river, or plain, where neither stick nor stump +besides is to be seen, which makes them the more distinctly +observed. These poles, or brush-wood, are generally placed +at the distance of fifteen or twenty yards from each other, +and ranged in such a manner as to form two sides of a long +acute angle, growing gradually wider in proportion to the +distance they extend from the entrance of the pound, which +sometimes is not less than two or three miles; while the +deer's path is exactly along the middle, between the two rows +of brush-wood.</p> + +<p>Indians employed on this service always pitch their tent +on or near to an eminence that affords a commanding prospect +of the path leading to the pound; and when they see any deer +going that way, men, women, and children walk along the +lake or river-side under cover of the woods, till they get +behind them, then step forth to open view, and proceed +towards the pound in the form of a crescent. The poor +timorous deer finding themselves pursued, and at the same +time taking the two rows of brushy poles to be two ranks +of people stationed {80} to prevent their passing on either +side, run straight forward in the path till they get into the +pound. The Indians then close in, and block up the entrance +with some brushy trees, that have been cut down +and lie at hand for that purpose. The deer being thus +enclosed, the women and children walk round the pound, +to prevent them from breaking or jumping over the fence, +while the men are employed spearing such as are entangled +in the snares, and shooting with bows and arrows those +which remain loose in the pound.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +March.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +March.</div> + +<p>This method of hunting, if it deserves the name, is sometimes +so successful, that many families subsist by it without +having occasion to move their tents above once or twice during +the course of a whole winter; and when the Spring advances, +both the deer and Indians draw out to the Eastward, on the +ground which is entirely barren, or at least what is so called +in those parts, as it neither produces trees or shrubs of any +kind, so that moss and some little grass is all the herbage +which is to be found on it. Such an easy way of procuring a +comfortable maintenance in the Winter months, (which is by +far the worst time of the year), is wonderfully well adapted +to the support of the aged and infirm, but is too apt to +occasion a habitual indolence in the young and active, who +frequently spend a whole Winter in this indolent manner: +and as those parts of the country are almost destitute of every +animal of the furr kind, it cannot be {81} supposed that those +who indulge themselves in this indolent method of procuring +food can be masters of any thing for trade; whereas those +who do not get their livelihood at so easy a rate, generally +procure furrs enough during the Winter to purchase a sufficient +supply of ammunition, and other European goods, to last +them another year. This is nearly the language of the more +industrious among them, who, of course, are of most importance +and value to the Hudson's Bay Company, as it is from +them the furrs are procured which compose the greatest part +of Churchill trade. But in my opinion, there cannot exist +a stronger proof that mankind was not created to enjoy +happiness in this world, than the conduct of the miserable +beings who inhabit this wretched part of it; as none but the +aged and infirm, the women and children, a few of the more +indolent and unambitious part of them, will submit to remain +in the parts where food and clothing are procured in this easy +manner, because no animals are produced there whose furrs +are valuable. And what do the more industrious gain by +giving themselves all this additional trouble? The real wants<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span> +of these people are few, and easily supplied; a hatchet, an +ice-chissel, a file, and a knife, are all that is required to enable +them, with a little industry, to procure a comfortable livelihood; +and those who endeavour to possess more, are always +the most unhappy, and may, in fact, be said to be only slaves +and carriers to the rest, whose ambition never leads them to any +thing beyond the means of procuring food {82} and clothing. +It is true, the carriers pride themselves much on the respect +which is shewn to them at the Factory; to obtain which they +frequently run great risques of being starved to death in their +way thither and back; and all that they can possibly get there +for the furrs they procure after a year's toil, seldom amounts +to more than is sufficient to yield a bare subsistence, and a few +furrs for the ensuing year's market; while those whom they +call indolent and mean-spirited live generally in a state of +plenty, without trouble or risque; and consequently must be +the most happy, and, in truth, the most independent also. +It must be allowed that they are by far the greatest philosophers, +as they never give themselves the trouble to acquire +what they can do well enough without. The deer they kill, +furnishes them with food, and a variety of warm and comfortable +clothing, either with or without the hair, according +as the seasons require; and it must be very hard indeed, +if they cannot get furrs enough in the course of two or three +years, to purchase a hatchet, and such other edge-tools as are +necessary for their purpose. Indeed, those who take no concern +at all about procuring furrs, have generally an opportunity of +providing themselves with all their real wants from their more +industrious countrymen, in exchange for provisions, and ready-dressed +skins for clothing.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +March.</div> + +<p>It is undoubtedly the duty of every one of the Company's +servants to encourage a spirit of industry among {83} the +natives, and to use every means in their power to induce them +to procure furrs and other commodities for trade, by assuring +them of a ready purchase and good payment for every thing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span> +they bring to the Factory: and I can truly say, that this has +ever been the grand object of my attention. But I must at +the same time confess, that such conduct is by no means for +the real benefit of the poor Indians; it being well known that +those who have the least intercourse with the Factories, are by +far the happiest. As their whole aim is to procure a comfortable +subsistence, they take the most prudent methods to +accomplish it; and by always following the lead of the deer, +are seldom exposed to the griping hand of famine, so frequently +felt by those who are called the annual traders. It is true, +that there are few of the Indians, whose manner of life I have +just described, but have once in their lives at least visited +Prince of Wales's Fort; and the hardships and dangers which +most of them experienced on those occasions, have left such +a lasting impression on their minds that nothing can induce +them to repeat their visits: nor is it, in fact, the interest +of the Company that people of this easy turn, and who require +only as much iron-work at a time as can be purchased with +three or four beaver skins, and that only once in two or three +years, should be invited to the Factories; because what they +beg and steal while there, is worth, in the way of trade, three +times the quantity of furrs which they bring. For this reason, +it is much more for the interest of the Company that the +{84} annual traders should buy up all those small quantities +of furrs, and bring them in their own name, than that a parcel +of beggars should be encouraged to come to the Factory with +scarcely as many furrs as will pay for the victuals they eat +while they are on the plantation.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +March.</div> + +<p>I have often heard it observed, that the Indians who attend +the deer-pounds might, in the course of a Winter, collect a +vast number of pelts, which would well deserve the attention +of those who are called carriers or traders; but it is a truth, +though unknown to those speculators, that the deer skins +at that season are not only as thin as a bladder, but are also +full of warbles, which render them of little or no value.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span> +Indeed, were they a more marketable commodity than they +really are, the remote situation of those pounds from the +Company's Factories, must for ever be an unsurmountable +barrier to the Indians bringing any of those skins to trade. +The same observation may be made of all the other +Northern Indians, whose chief support, the whole year round, +is venison; but the want of heavy draught in Winter, and +water-carriage in Summer, will not permit them to bring +many deer skins to market, not even those that are in season, +and for which there has always been great encouragement +given.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">4th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">7th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">8th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">9th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +March.</div> + +<p>We stopped only one night in company with the Indians +whom we met on Pike Lake, and in the morning of the fourth, +proceeded to cross the remainder of that {85} Lake; but, +though the weather was fine, and though the Lake was not more +than twenty-seven miles broad at the place where we crossed +it, yet the Indians lost so much time at play, that it was the +seventh before we arrived on the West side of it. During the +whole time we were crossing it, each night we found either +points of land, or islands, to put up in. On the eighth, +we lay a little to the East North East of Black Bear Hill,<a name="FNanchor_54_80" id="FNanchor_54_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_80" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> +where the Indians killed two deer, which were the first we +had seen for ten days; but having plenty of dried meat and +fat with us, we were by no means in want during any part +of that time. On the ninth, we proceeded on our course +to the Westward, and soon met with as great plenty of deer +as we had seen during any part of our journey; which, no +doubt, made things go on smooth and easy: and as the +Spring advanced, the rigour of the Winter naturally abated, +so that at times we had fine pleasant weather over-head, +though it was never so warm as to occasion any thaw, unless +in such places as lay exposed to the mid-day sun, and were +sheltered from all the cold winds.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">19th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">20th.</div> + +<p>On the nineteenth, as we were continuing our course +to the West and West by South, we saw the tracks of several +strangers; and on following the main path, we arrived that +night at five tents of Northern Indians, who had resided there +great part of the Winter, snaring deer in the same manner as +those before mentioned. Indeed, it should {86} seem that this, +as well as some other places, had been frequented more than +once on this occasion; for the wood that had been cut down +for fewel, and other uses, was almost incredible. Before +morning, the weather became so bad, and the storm continued +to rage with such violence, that we did not move for several +days; and as some of the Indians we met with at this place +were going to Prince of Wales's Fort in the Summer, I +embraced the opportunity of sending by them a Letter to +the Chief at that Fort, agreeably to the tenor of my instructions. +By summing up my courses and distances from my +last observation, for the weather at that time would not +permit me to observe, I judged myself to be in latitude +61° 30' North, and about 19° 60' of longitude to the +West of Churchill River. This, and some accounts of +the usage I received from the natives, with my opinion +of the future success of the journey, formed the contents +of my Letter.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">23d.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">26th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +March.</div> + +<p>On the twenty-third, the weather became fine and +moderate, so we once more pursued our way, and the next +day, as well as on the twenty-sixth, saw several more tents +of Northern Indians, who were employed in the same +manner as those we had formerly met; but some of them +having had bad success, and being relations or acquaintances +of part of my crew, joined our company, and +proceeded with us to the Westward. Though the deer +did not then keep regular paths, so as to enable the +Indians to catch them in pounds, yet they were to be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span> +met {87} with in great abundance in scattered herds; so +that my companions killed as many as they pleased with +their guns.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">April. +8th.</div> + +<p>We still continued our course to the West and West by +South, and on the eighth of April, arrived at a small Lake, +called Thelewey-aza-yeth;<a name="FNanchor_55_81" id="FNanchor_55_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_81" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> but with what propriety it is so +called I cannot discover, for the meaning of Thelewey-aza-yeth +is Little Fish Hill: probably so called from a high hill +which stands on a long point near the West end of the Lake. +On an island in this Lake we pitched our tents, and the +Indians finding deer very numerous, determined to stay here +some time, in order to dry and pound meat to take with us; +for they well knew, by the season of the year, that the deer +were then drawing out to the barren ground, and as the +Indians proposed to walk due North on our leaving the Lake, +it was uncertain when we should again meet with any more. +As several Indians had during the Winter joined our party, +our number had now increased to seven tents, which in the +whole contained not less than seventy persons.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +April.</div> + +<p>Agreeably to the Indians' proposals we remained at +Thelewey-aza-yeth ten days; during which time my companions +were busily employed (at their intervals from hunting) +in preparing small staves of birch-wood, about one and a +quarter inch square, and seven or eight feet long. These +serve as tent-poles all the Summer, {88} while on the barren +ground; and as the fall advances, are converted into snowshoe +frames for Winter use. Birchrind, together with timbers +and other wood-work for building canoes, were also another +object of the Indian's attention while at this place; but as the +canoes were not to be set up till our arrival at Clowey, (which +was many miles distant,) all the wood-work was reduced to its +proper size, for the sake of making it light for carriage.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span></p> +<p>As to myself, I had little to do, except to make a few +observations for determining the latitude, bringing up my +journal, and filling up my chart to the present time. I found +the latitude of this place 61° 30' North, and its longitude, by +my account, 19° West of Prince of Wales's Fort.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">18th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +April.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +April.</div> + +<p>Having a good stock of dried provisions, and most of the +necessary work for canoes all ready, on the eighteenth we +moved about nine or ten miles to the North North West, and +then came to a tent of Northern Indians who were tenting on +the North side of Thelewey-aza River. From these Indians +Matonabbee purchased another wife; so that he had now no +less than seven, most of whom would for size have made good +grenadiers. He prided himself much in the height and +strength of his wives, and would frequently say, few women +would carry or haul heavier loads; and though they had, in +general, a very masculine appearance, yet he preferred them to +those of a {89} more delicate form and moderate stature. In +a country like this, where a partner in excessive hard labour is +the chief motive for the union, and the softer endearments of +a conjugal life are only considered as a secondary object, there +seems to be great propriety in such a choice; but if all the +men were of this way of thinking, what would become of the +greater part of the women, who in general are but of low +stature, and many of them of a most delicate make, though +not of the exactest proportion, or most beautiful mould? +Take them in a body, the women are as destitute of real +beauty as any nation I ever saw, though there are some few +of them, when young, who are tolerable; but the care of a +family, added to their constant hard labour, soon make the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span> +most beautiful among them look old and wrinkled, even +before they are thirty; and several of the more ordinary ones +at that age are perfect antidotes to love and gallantry. This, +however, does not render them less dear and valuable to their +owners, which is a lucky circumstance for those women, and +a certain proof that there is no such thing as any rule or +standard for beauty. Ask a Northern Indian, what is beauty? +he will answer, a broad flat face, small eyes, high cheek-bones, +three or four broad black lines across each cheek, a low forehead, +a large broad chin, a clumsy hook-nose, a tawny hide, +and breasts hanging down to the belt. Those beauties are +greatly heightened, or at least rendered more valuable, when +the possessor is capable of dressing all kinds of skins, converting +them into the different parts {90} of their clothing, and +able to carry eight or ten<a name="FNanchor_AA_82" id="FNanchor_AA_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_AA_82" class="fnanchor">[AA]</a> stone in Summer, or haul a much +greater weight in Winter. These, and other similar accomplishments, +are all that are sought after, or expected, of a +Northern Indian woman. As to their temper, it is of little +consequence; for the men have a wonderful facility in making +the most stubborn comply with as much alacrity as could +possibly be expected from those of the mildest and most obliging +turn of mind; so that the only real difference is, the one +obeys through fear, and the other complies cheerfully from a +willing mind; both knowing that what is commanded must +be done. They are, in fact, all kept at a great distance, and +the rank they hold in the opinion of the men cannot be better +expressed or explained, than by observing the method of +treating or serving them at meals, which would appear very +humiliating, to an European woman, though custom makes it +sit light on those whose lot it is to bear it. It is necessary to +observe, that when the men kill any large beast, the women +are always sent to bring it to the tent: when it is brought +there, every operation it undergoes, such as splitting, drying, +pounding, &c. is performed by the women. When any thing +is to be prepared for eating, it is the women who cook it; +and when it is done, the wives and daughters of the greatest +Captains in the country are never served, till all the males, +even those who are in the capacity of servants, have eaten +what they think proper; {91} and in times of scarcity it is +frequently their lot to be left without a single morsel. It +is, however, natural to think they take the liberty of helping +themselves in secret; but this must be done with great +prudence, as capital embezzlements of provisions in such times +are looked on as affairs of real consequence, and frequently +subject them to a very severe beating. If they are practised +by a woman whose youth and inattention to domestic concerns +cannot plead in her favour, they will for ever be a blot in her +character, and few men will chuse to have her for a wife.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">20th.</div> + +<p>Finding plenty of good birch growing by the side of +Theley-aza River, we remained there for a few days, in order +to complete all the wood-work for the canoes, as well as for +every other use for which we could possibly want it on the +barren ground, during our Summer's cruise. On the twentieth, +Matonabbee sent one of his brothers, and some others, a-head, +with birch-rind and wood-work for a canoe, and gave them +orders to proceed to a small Lake near the barren ground +called Clowey, where they were desired to make all possible +haste in building the canoe, that it might be ready on our +arrival.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +April.</div> + +<p>Having finished such wood-work as the Indians thought +would be necessary, and having augmented our stock of dried +meat and fat, the twenty-first was appointed for moving; but +one of the women having been taken in labour, and it being +rather an extraordinary case, we {92} were detained more than +two days. The instant, however, the poor woman was delivered, +which was not until she had suffered all the pains +usually felt on those occasions for near fifty-two hours, the +signal was made for moving when the poor creature took her +infant on her back and set out with the rest of the company;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span> +and though another person had the humanity to haul her +sledge for her, (for one day only,) she was obliged to carry a +considerable load beside her little charge, and was frequently +obliged to wade knee-deep in water and wet snow. Her very +looks, exclusive of her moans, were a sufficient proof of the +great pain she endured, insomuch that although she was a +person I greatly disliked, her distress at this time so overcame +my prejudice, that I never felt more for any of her sex in my +life; indeed her sighs pierced me to the soul, and rendered +me very miserable, as it was not in my power to relieve her.</p> + +<p>When a Northern Indian woman is taken in labour, a +small tent is erected for her, at such a distance from the other +tents that her cries cannot easily be heard, and the other +women and young girls are her constant visitants: no male, +except children in arms, ever offers to approach her. It is a +circumstance perhaps to be lamented, that these people never +attempt to assist each other on those occasions, even in the +most critical cases. This is in some measure owing to delicacy, +but more probably to an opinion they entertain that nature is +{93} abundantly sufficient to perform every thing required, +without any external help whatever. When I informed them +of the assistance which European women derive from the skill +and attention of our midwives, they treated it with the utmost +contempt; ironically observing, "that the many hump-backs, +bandy-legs, and other deformities, so frequent among the +English, were undoubtedly owing to the great skill of the +persons who assisted in bringing them into the world, and to +the extraordinary care of their nurses afterward."</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +April.</div> + +<p>A Northern Indian woman after child-birth is reckoned +unclean for a month or five weeks; during which time she +always remains in a small tent placed at a little distance from +the others, with only a female acquaintance or two; and +during the whole time the father never sees the child. Their +reason for this practice is, that children when first born are +sometimes not very sightly, having in general large heads, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span> +but little hair, and are, moreover, often discoloured by the +force of the labour; so that were the father to see them to +such great disadvantage, he might probably take a dislike to +them, which never afterward could be removed.</p> + +<p>The names of the children are always given to them by +the parents, or some person near of kin. Those of the boys +are various, and generally derived from some place, season, or +animal; the names of the girls are chiefly {94} taken from some +part or property of a Martin; such as, the White Martin, the +Black Martin, the Summer Martin, the Martin's Head, the +Martin's Foot, the Martin's Heart, the Martin's Tail, &c.<a name="FNanchor_AB_83" id="FNanchor_AB_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_AB_83" class="fnanchor">[AB]</a></p> + +<div class="sidenote">23d.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">May. +3d.</div> + +<p>On the twenty-third, as I hinted above, we began to move +forward, and to shape our course nearly North; but the weather +was in general so hot, and so much snow had, in consequence, +been melted, as made it bad walking in snow-shoes, and such +exceeding heavy hauling, that it was the third of May before +we could arrive at Clowey,<a name="FNanchor_56_84" id="FNanchor_56_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_84" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> though the distance was not above +eighty-five miles from Thelewey-aza-yeth. In our way we +crossed part of two small Lakes, called Tittameg Lake and +Scartack Lake; neither of which are of any note, though both +abound with fine fish. +<br /></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_Z_70" id="Footnote_Z_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_Z_70"><span class="label">[Z]</span></a> Mr. Norton was an Indian;<a name="FNanchor_45_71" id="FNanchor_45_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_71" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> he was born at Prince of Wales's Fort, but +had been in England nine years, and considering the small sum which was +expended in his education, had made some progress in literature. At his +return to Hudson's Bay he entered into all the abominable vices of his countrymen. +He kept for his own use five or six of the finest Indian girls which he +could select; and notwithstanding his own uncommon propensity to the fair +sex, took every means in his power to prevent any European from having intercourse +with the women of the country; for which purpose he proceeded to the +most ridiculous length. To his own friends and country he was so partial, that +he set more value on, and shewed more respect to one of their favourite dogs, +than he ever did to his first officer. Among his miserable and ignorant +countrymen he passed for a proficient in physic, and always kept a box of +poison, to administer to those who refused him their wives or daughters. +</p><p> +With all these bad qualities, no man took more pains to inculcate virtue, +morality, and continence on others; always painting, in the most odious +colours, the jealous and revengeful disposition of the Indians, when any attempt +was made to violate the chastity of their wives or daughters. Lectures of this +kind from a man of established virtue might have had some effect; but when +they came from one who was known to live in open defiance of every law, +human and divine, they were always heard with indignation, and considered as +the hypocritical cant of a selfish debauchee, who wished to engross every woman +in the country to himself. +</p><p> +His apartments were not only convenient but elegant, and always crowded +with favourite Indians: at night he locked the doors, and put the keys under +his pillow; so that in the morning his dining-room was generally, for the +want of necessary conveniences, worse than a hog-stye. As he advanced in +years his jealousy increased, and he actually poisoned two of his women because +he thought them partial to other objects more suitable to their ages. He was a +most notorious smuggler; but though he put many thousands into the pockets +of the Captains, he seldom put a shilling into his own. +</p><p> +An inflammation in his bowels occasioned his death on the 29th of December +1773; and though he died in the most excruciating pain, he retained his +jealousy to the last; for a few minutes before he expired, happening to see an +officer laying hold of the hand of one of his women who was standing by the +fire, he bellowed out, in as loud a voice as his situation would admit, "God +d——n you for a b——h, if I live I'll knock out your brains." A few minutes +after making this elegant apostrophe, he expired in the greatest agonies that +can possibly be conceived. +</p><p> +This I declare to be the real character and manner of life of the late +Mr. Moses Norton.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_71" id="Footnote_45_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_71"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> He was a son of Richard Norton, an Englishman, and a former +Governor of Fort Prince of Wales, by an Indian woman. He was undoubtedly +a man of forceful character, and was able to retain the confidence of the +directors of the Company in London, but whether he was the moral degenerate +described by Hearne is uncertain.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_72" id="Footnote_46_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_72"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> <i>Populus tremuloides</i> (Michx.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_73" id="Footnote_47_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_73"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> The name by which the Chipewyan Indians of Fort Churchill know this +lake is Nueltin (meaning Frozen-Island) Lake, which name seems to have +been corrupted on Mackenzie's map into "North Lined Lake." On the Cook +map it is marked Menishtick Lake, which is simply the Cree name for Island +Lake. There is no record of any one having visited Island Lake since Hearne's +time, but in 1894, while on the way to the Kazan River, I explored two of the +upper branches of the Thlewiaza River, which flows into the lake, and was told +by the Indians that the distance north-eastward down the river to this lake +was not very great. This information, if correct, would place the lake rather +farther south than it is placed by Hearne.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_74" id="Footnote_48_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_74"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> <i>Lepus americanus</i> (Erxleben).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_75" id="Footnote_49_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_75"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> Between Island Lake and the Cathawhachaga River, the map indicates +that he crossed Fatt Lake, which is probably the lake now known to the +Indians of Reindeer Lake as Twal-kai-tua or Fat-fish Lake, and said by them +to lie east of Kasba Lake, though its exact position has not been determined. +On the Pennant and Mackenzie maps it is called Wiethen Lake.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_76" id="Footnote_50_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_76"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> The Cathawhachaga or Kazan River would appear to have been crossed +about five miles below where it leaves Kasba Lake, as it is here about a quarter +of a mile wide, while between this place and the lake it is for the most part +a swift stream varying from one to three hundred yards in width. His +crossing-place would therefore be in latitude 60° 37' N., while his own latitude +for the crossing-place, as given on his map, is 61° 32' N., which would be far +out on the barren lands, beyond the northern limit of the woods. Thus, almost +as soon as he left the track followed by him on his former journey, his surveys +become very inaccurate. This is so much at variance with the approximate +accuracy of his surveys on his second journey, that either the Elton quadrant +carried by him was quite useless, or else he did not make use of it at all.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_77" id="Footnote_51_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_77"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Cossed Whoie, spelt Cassad on the Cook map, and Cassed on the Pennant +map. This lake lies at the source of the Kazan River, and is now known as +Kasba Lake. He crossed it north of the point where the Kazan River flows +from its eastern side. My survey of the lake, made in 1894, did not extend +north of its outlet, but, judging from what I could see of it, and from the +information obtainable from the Chipewyan Indians of the vicinity, the width +here given for the lake is much too great.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_78" id="Footnote_52_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_78"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> The-whole-kyed (Whoie) or Snowbird Lake, known to the Indians of +Lake Athabasca as Thel-wel-ky Lake. The course from Kasba Lake is given +in the text as W. by S. and W.S.W., and the time occupied in travelling it as +thirteen days, while on Hearne's map the course is shown as westward and the +distance twenty miles.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_79" id="Footnote_53_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_79"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> The name Whooldyah'd Lake had been applied to the lake at the source +of Dubawnt River, which I explored in the summer of 1893. The lake was +known to the Indians of the vicinity as Pelican Lake, and they assured me that +there was no lake on the river of the name of Whooldyah'd or Pike Lake. +The identification of this lake with the one crossed by Hearne is reasonably, +but not perfectly, certain.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_80" id="Footnote_54_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_80"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> It had taken him thirteen days to travel from Wholdiah Lake to this +camp, and, assuming a rate of four miles a day, he was fifty-two miles west +of that lake. As his course was about westerly, his position would be in latitude +60° 20' north and longitude 11° 30' west of Churchill.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_81" id="Footnote_55_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_81"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> The exact position of this lake (Thelewey-aza-yeth) has not yet been +determined. In the text it is given in latitude 61° 30' north, longitude 19° +west of Prince of Wales Fort, while on the map it is placed in latitude 61° 15' +and 19° 30' west of Prince of Wales Fort, or one hundred and fifty miles west of +Wholdiah Lake. The direction travelled from the crossing of Wholdiah Lake +is shown as a little south of west, and as the south end of the latter lake is in +latitude 60° 20', it is reasonable to suppose that Thelewey-aza-yeth Lake is at least +a degree farther south than it is shown on the map, and, judging from the +known approximate position of Hill Island Lake, which he crossed on his way +back from the Coppermine, it is much farther east than the position assigned to +it on the map.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_AA_82" id="Footnote_AA_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_AA_82"><span class="label">[AA]</span></a> The stone here meant is fourteen pounds.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_AB_83" id="Footnote_AB_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_AB_83"><span class="label">[AB]</span></a> Matonabbee had eight wives, and they were all called Martins.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_84" id="Footnote_56_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_84"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Lake Clowey is marked on the map as discharging by a stream into +Great Slave Lake, but its exact position is not known. On the map it is placed +in latitude 62° 50', which is probably not very far from its correct position. +From the description here given, it would appear to be near the divide between +the watershed of Great Slave Lake and Thelon River. L'Abbé Petitot in +<i>Géographie de L'Athabaskaw-Mackenzie</i> identifies the Clowey River, which +flows from this lake into Great Slave Lake, with the T'ézus-dèssé or Poudrerie +(Snowdrift) River, which flows into Christie Bay of Great Slave Lake.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span></p> + +<h2>{95} CHAP. V.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>Transactions at Clowey, and on our Journey, till our +Arrival at the Copper-mine River.</p> +</div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Several strange Indians join us—Indians employed building canoes; description +and use of them—More Indians join us, to the amount of some hundreds—Leave +Clowey—Receive intelligence that Keelshies was near us—Two +young men dispatched for my letters and goods—Arrive at Peshew Lake; +cross part of it, and make a large smoke—One of Matonabbee's wives +elopes—Some remarks on the natives—Keelshies joins us, and delivers +my letters, but the goods were all expended—A Northern Indian wishes +to take one of Matonabbee's wives from him; matters compromised, but +had like to have proved fatal to my progress—Cross Peshew Lake, +when I make proper arrangements for the remainder of my journey—Many +Indians join our party, in order to make war on the Esquimaux +at the Copper River—Preparations made for that purpose while at +Clowey—Proceed on our journey to the North—Some remarks on the +way—Cross Cogead Lake on the ice—The Sun did not set—Arrive at +Congecathawhachaga—Find several Copper Indians there—Remarks +and transactions during our stay at Congecathawhachaga—Proceed on +our journey—Weather very bad—Arrive at the Stoney Mountains—Some +account of them—Cross part of Buffalo Lake on the ice—Saw +many musk-oxen—Description of them—Went with some Indians to +view Grizzlebear Hill—Join a strange Northern Indian Leader, called +O'lye, in company with some Copper Indians—Their behaviour to me—Arrive +at the Coppermine River.</i></p></div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +May.</div> + +<p>The Lake Clowey is not much more than twelve miles +broad in the widest part. A small river which runs +into it on the West side, is said by the Indians to +join the Athapuscow Lake.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +May.</div> + +<p>{96} On our arrival at Clowey on the third of May, we +found that the Captain's brother, and those who were +sent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span> +a-head with him from Theley-aza River, had only got there +two days before us; and, on account of the weather, had not +made the least progress in building the canoe, the plan of +which they had taken with them. The same day we got to +Clowey several other Indians joined us from different quarters, +with intent to build their canoes at the same place. Some of +those Indians had resided within four or five miles, to the +South-East of Clowey, all the Winter; and had procured a +plentiful livelihood by snaring deer, in the manner which has +been already described.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">18th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">19th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">20th.</div> + +<p>Immediately after our arrival at Clowey, the Indians +began to build their canoes, and embraced every convenient +opportunity for that purpose: but as warm and dry weather +only is fit for this business, which was by no means the case +at present, it was the eighteenth of May before the canoes +belonging to my party could be completed. On the nineteenth +we agreed to proceed on our journey; but Matonabbee's +canoe meeting with some damage, which took near a whole +day to repair, we were detained till the twentieth.</p> + +<p>Those vessels, though made of the same materials with the +canoes of the Southern Indians, differ from them both in shape +and construction; they are also much smaller and {97} lighter; +and though very slight and simple in their construction, are +nevertheless the best that could possibly be contrived for the +use of those poor people, who are frequently obliged to carry +them a hundred, and sometimes a hundred and fifty miles at +a time, without having occasion to put them into the water. +Indeed, the chief use of these canoes is to ferry over unfordable +rivers; though sometimes, and at a few places, it must +be acknowledged, that they are of great service in killing +deer, as they enable the Indians to cross rivers and the narrow +parts of lakes; they are also useful in killing swans, geese, +ducks, &c. in the moulting season.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +May.</div> + +<p>All the tools used by an Indian in building his canoe, as +well as in making his snow-shoes, and every other kind of +wood-work, consist of a hatchet, a knife, a file, and an awl; +in the use of which they are so dextrous, that every thing +they make is executed with a neatness not to be excelled by +the most expert mechanic, assisted with every tool he could +wish.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a href="images/i171.jpg"> +<img src="images/i171-t.jpg" width="226" height="250" alt="INDIAN IMPLEMENTS" title="" /></a> +<div class="left"> +<span class="caption"><br />INDIAN IMPLEMENTS<br /> +<br /> +Reference<br /> +<br /> +A The Bottom of the Canoe<br /> +B The Forepart<br /> +C The Frame compleat<br /> +D A set of Timbers bent and lashed in their proper shape for drying<br /> +E A Canoe compleat<br /> +F A Paddle<br /> +G A spear to kill Deer with in the Water<br /> +H The method of carrying the Canoe in Summer<br /> +<br /> +S. H. delin.<br /> +<br /> +Reference to the Skeleton<br /> +<br /> +1 The Stem<br /> +2 The Stern Post<br /> +3 Two forked Sticks supporting the Stem and Stern<br /> +4 The Gunwalls<br /> +5 Small Rods placed between the Timbers and the Birchrind<br /> +6 The Timbers<br /> +7 The Kelsin<br /> +8 Large Stones to keep the Bottom steady, till the sides are sewed to +</span> +</div> +</div> + +<p>In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span> shape the Northern Indian canoe bears some resemblance +to a weaver's shuttle; being flat-bottomed, with straight upright +sides, and sharp at each end; but the stern is by far the +widest part, as there the baggage is generally laid, and occasionally +a second person, who always lies down at full length +in the bottom of the canoe. In this manner they carry one +another across rivers and the narrow {98} parts of lakes in those +little vessels, which seldom exceed twelve or thirteen feet in +length, and are from twenty inches to two feet broad in the +widest part. The head, or fore part, is unnecessarily long, +and narrow; and is all covered over with birch-bark, which +adds considerably to the weight, without contributing to the +burthen of the vessel. In general, these Indians make use of +the single paddle, though a few have double ones, like the +Esquimaux: the latter, however, are seldom used, but by +those who lie in wait to kill deer as they cross rivers and +narrow lakes.<a name="FNanchor_AC_85" id="FNanchor_AC_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_AC_85" class="fnanchor">[AC]</a></p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +May.</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span></p> +<p>During our stay at Clowey we were joined by upward of +two hundred Indians from different quarters, most of whom +built canoes at this place; but as I was under the protection +of a principal man, no one offered to molest {99} me, nor can +I say they were very clamorous for any thing I had. This was +undoubtedly owing to Matonabbee's informing them of my +true situation; which was, that I had not, by any means, +sufficient necessaries for myself, much less to give away. The +few goods which I had with me were intended to be reserved +for the Copper and Dogribbed Indians, who never visit the +Company's Factories. Tobacco was, however, always given +away; for every one of any note, who joined us, expected to +be treated with a few pipes, and on some occasions it was +scarcely possible to get off without presenting a few inches<a name="FNanchor_AD_86" id="FNanchor_AD_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_AD_86" class="fnanchor">[AD]</a> to +them; which, with the constant supplies which I was obliged +to furnish my own crew, decreased that article of my stock +so fast, that notwithstanding I had yet advanced so small a +part of my journey, more than one half of my store was +expended. Gun-powder and shot also were articles commonly +asked for by most of the Indians we met; and in general +these were dealt round to them with a liberal hand by my +guide Matonabbee. I must, however, do him the justice to +acknowledge, that what he distributed was all his own, which +he had purchased at the Factory; to my certain knowledge he +bartered one hundred and fifty martins' skins for powder only; +besides a great number of beaver, and other furrs, for shot, +ball, iron-work, and tobacco, purposely to give away among +his countrymen; as he had certainly as many of these articles +given to him as were, in {100} his opinion, sufficient for our +support during our journey out and home.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">20th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +May.</div> + +<p>Matonabbee's canoe having been repaired, on the twentieth +we left Clowey, and proceeded Northward. That morning a +small gang of strangers joined us, who informed my guide, +that Captain Keelshies was within a day's walk to the Southward. +Keelshies was the man by whom I had sent a letter +to Prince of Wales's Fort, from Cathawhachaga, in the beginning +of July one thousand seven hundred and seventy; +but not long after that, having the misfortune to break my +quadrant, I was obliged to return to the Fort a second time; +and though we saw many smokes, and spoke with several +Indians on my return that year, yet he and I missed each other +on the barren ground, and I had not seen or heard of him +since that time.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">21st.</div> + +<p>As Matonabbee was desirous that I should receive my +letters, and also the goods I had written for, he dispatched +two of his young men to bring them. We continued our +journey to the Northward; and the next day saw several +large smokes at a great distance to the Eastward on the +barren ground, which were supposed to be made by some +parties of Indians bound to Prince of Wales's Fort with furrs +and other commodities for trade.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">22d.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +May.</div> + +<p>On the twenty-second and twenty-third, we proceeded to +the North, at the rate of fourteen or fifteen miles a day; and +in the evening of the latter, got clear of all {101} the woods, +and lay on the barren ground.<a name="FNanchor_57_87" id="FNanchor_57_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_87" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> The same evening the two +young men who were sent for my letters, &c. returned, and +told me that Keelshies had promised to join us in a few days, +and deliver the things to me with his own hand.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">24th.</div> + +<p>The twenty-fourth proved bad and rainy weather, so that +we only walked about seven miles, when finding a few blasted +stumps of trees, we pitched our tents. It was well we did so, +for toward night we had excessively bad weather, with loud +thunder, strong lightning, and heavy rain, attended with a +very hard gale of wind from the South West; toward the +next morning, however, the wind veered round to the North +West, and the weather became intensely cold and frosty. +We walked that day about eight miles to the Northward, +when we were obliged to put up, being almost benumbed with +cold. There we found a few dry stumps, as we had done the +day before, which served us for fewel.<a name="FNanchor_AE_88" id="FNanchor_AE_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_AE_88" class="fnanchor">[AE]</a></p> + +<div class="sidenote">26th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +May. +27th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">28th.</div> + +<p>{102} The weather on the twenty-sixth was so bad, with +snow<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span> and thick drifting sleet, that we did not move; but the +next morning proving fine and pleasant, we dried our things, +and walked about twelve miles to the Northward; most of the +way on the ice of a small river which runs into Peshew Lake.<a name="FNanchor_AF_89" id="FNanchor_AF_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_AF_89" class="fnanchor">[AF]</a><a name="FNanchor_58_90" id="FNanchor_58_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_90" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> +We then saw a smoke to the Southward, which we judged to +be made by Keelshies, so we put up for the night by the side +of the above-mentioned Lake, where I expected we should +have waited for his arrival; but, to my great surprise, on the +morrow we again set forward, and walked twenty-two miles to +the Northward on Peshew Lake, and in the afternoon pitched +our tents on an island, where, by my desire, the Indians made +a large smoke, and proposed to stay a day or two for Captain +Keelshies.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a href="images/i177a.jpg"><img src="images/i177a-t.jpg" width="200" height="145" alt="Photo: J. W. Tyrrell, 1900. +LAST WOODS ON EAST SHORE, ARTILLERY LAKE" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />Photo: J. W. Tyrrell, 1900.<br /> +LAST WOODS ON EAST SHORE, ARTILLERY LAKE</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><br /> +<a href="images/i177b.jpg"><img src="images/i177b-t.jpg" width="200" height="141" alt="Photo: J. W. Tyrrell, 1900. +WEST SHORE, ARTILLERY LAKE +IN LAT. 62° 56'" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />Photo: J. W. Tyrrell, 1900.<br /> +WEST SHORE, ARTILLERY LAKE<br /> +IN LAT. 62° 56'</span> +</div> + + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +May.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +May.</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span></p> +<p>In the night, one of Matonabbee's wives and another +woman eloped: it was supposed they went off to the Eastward, +in order to meet their former husbands, from {103} whom +they had been sometime before taken by force. This affair +made more noise and bustle than I could have supposed; and +Matonabbee seemed entirely disconcerted, and quite inconsolable +for the loss of his wife. She was certainly by far the +handsomest of all his flock, of a moderate size, and had a fair +complexion; she apparently possessed a mild temper, and +very engaging manners. In fact, she seemed to have every +good quality that could be expected in a Northern Indian +woman, and that could render her an agreeable companion to +an inhabitant of this part of the world. She had not, however, +appeared happy in her late situation; and chose rather +to be the sole wife of a sprightly young fellow of no note, +(though very capable of maintaining her,) than to have the +seventh or eighth share of the affection of the greatest man +in the country. I am sorry to mention an incident which +happened while we were building the canoes at Clowey, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span> +which by no means does honour to Matonabbee: it is no less +a crime than that of having actually stabbed the husband of +the above-mentioned girl in three places; and had it not been +for timely assistance, would certainly have murdered him, for +no other reason than because the poor man had spoken disrespectfully +of him for having taken his wife away by force. +The cool deliberation with which Matonabbee committed this +bloody action, convinced me it had been a long premeditated +design; for he no sooner heard of the man's arrival, than he +opened one of his wives' bundles, and, with the greatest {104} +composure, took out a new long box-handled knife, went into +the man's tent, and, without any preface whatever, took him by +the collar, and began to execute his horrid design. The poor +man anticipating his danger, fell on his face, and called for +assistance; but before any could be had he received three +wounds in the back. Fortunately for him, they all happened +on the shoulder-blade, so that his life was spared. When +Matonabbee returned to his tent, after committing this horrid +deed, he sat down as composedly as if nothing had happened, +called for water to wash his bloody hands and knife, smoked +his pipe as usual, seemed to be perfectly at ease, and asked if +I did not think he had done right?</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +May.</div> + +<p>It has ever been the custom among those people for the +men to wrestle for any woman to whom they are attached; +and, of course, the strongest party always carries off the prize. +A weak man, unless he be a good hunter and well-beloved, is +seldom permitted to keep a wife that a stronger man thinks +worth his notice: for at any time when the wives of those +strong wrestlers are heavy-laden either with furrs or provisions, +they make no scruple of tearing any other man's wife from +his bosom, and making her bear a part of his luggage. This +custom prevails throughout all their tribes, and causes a great +spirit of emulation among their youth, who are upon all occasions, +from their childhood, trying their strength and skill +in wrestling. This enables them to protect their property,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span> +and particularly their wives, {105} from the hands of those +powerful ravishers; some of whom make almost a livelihood +by taking what they please from the weaker parties, without +making them any return. Indeed, it is represented as an act +of great generosity, if they condescend to make an unequal +exchange; as, in general, abuse and insult are the only return +for the loss which is sustained.</p> + +<p>The way in which they tear the women and other property +from one another, though it has the appearance of the +greatest brutality, can scarcely be called fighting. I never +knew any of them receive the least hurt in these rencontres; +the whole business consists in hauling each other about by the +hair of the head: they are seldom known either to strike or +kick one another. It is not uncommon for one of them to cut +off his hair and to grease his ears, immediately before the contest +begins. This, however, is done privately; and it is sometimes +truly laughable, to see one of the parties strutting about +with an air of great importance, and calling out, "Where is +he? Why does he not come out?" when the other will bolt +out with a clean shorned head and greased ears, rush on his +antagonist, seize him by the hair, and though perhaps a much +weaker man, soon drag him to the ground, while the stronger +is not able to lay hold on him. It is very frequent on those +occasions for each party to have spies, to watch the other's +motions, which puts them more on a footing of equality. For +want of hair to pull, they {106} seize each other about the +waist, with legs wide extended, and try their strength, by +endeavouring to vie who can first throw the other down.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +May.</div> + +<p>On these wrestling occasions the standers-by never attempt +to interfere in the contest; even one brother offers not to +assist another, unless it be with advice, which, as it is always +delivered openly on the field during the contest, may, in fact, +be said to be equally favourable to both parties. It sometimes +happens that one of the wrestlers is superior in strength to +the other; and if a woman be the cause of the contest, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span> +weaker is frequently unwilling to yield, notwithstanding he is +greatly overpowered. When this happens to be the case, the +relations and friends, or other bye-standers, will sometimes +join to persuade the weaker combatant to give up the contest, +lest, by continuing it, he should get bruised and hurt, without +the least probability of being able to protect what he is contending +for. I observed that very few of those people were +dissatisfied with the wives which had fallen to their lot, for +whenever any considerable number of them were in company, +scarcely a day passed without some overtures being made for +contests of this kind; and it was often very unpleasant to me, to +see the object of the contest sitting in pensive silence watching +her fate, while her husband and his rival were contending +for the prize. I have indeed not only felt pity for those poor +wretched victims, but the utmost indignation, when I {107} have +seen them won, perhaps, by a man whom they mortally hated. +On those occasions their grief and reluctance to follow their +new lord has been so great, that the business has often ended +in the greatest brutality; for, in the struggle, I have seen the +poor girls stripped quite naked, and carried by main force to +their new lodgings. At other times it was pleasant enough +to see a fine girl led off the field from a husband she disliked, +with a tear in one eye and a finger on the other: for custom, +or delicacy if you please, has taught them to think it necessary +to whimper a little, let the change be ever so much to their +inclination. I have throughout this account given the women +the appellation of girls, which is pretty applicable, as the +objects of contest are generally young, and without any +family: few of the men chuse to be at the trouble of maintaining +other people's children, except on particular occasions, +which will be taken notice of hereafter.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +May.</div> + +<p>Some of the old men, who are famous on account of their +supposed skill in conjuration, have great influence in persuading +the rabble from committing those outrages; but the +humanity of these sages is seldom known to extend beyond<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span> +their own families. In defence of them they will exert their +utmost influence; but when their own relations are guilty of +the same crime, they seldom interfere. This partial conduct +creates some secret, and several open enemies; but the generality +of their neighbours are deterred, through fear or superstition, +from {108} executing their revenge, and even from +talking disrespectfully of them, unless it be behind their backs; +which is a vice of which almost every Indian in this country, +without exception, is guilty.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +May.</div> + +<p>Notwithstanding the Northern Indians are so covetous, and +pay so little regard to private property as to take every advantage +of bodily strength to rob their neighbours, not only of +their goods, but of their wives, yet they are, in other respects, +the mildest tribe, or nation, that is to be found on the borders +of Hudson's Bay: for let their affronts or losses be ever so +great, they never will seek any other revenge than that of +wrestling. As for murder, which is so common among all +the tribes of Southern Indians, it is seldom heard of among +them. A murderer is shunned and detested by all the tribe, +and is obliged to wander up and down, forlorn and forsaken +even by his own relations and former friends. In that respect +a murderer may truly be compared to Cain, after he had killed +his brother Abel. The cool reception he meets with by all +who know him, occasions him to grow melancholy, and he +never leaves any place but the whole company say "There +goes the murderer!" The women, it is true, sometimes +receive an unlucky blow from their husbands for misbehaviour, +which occasions their death; but this is thought nothing of: +and for one man or woman to kill another out of revenge, or +through jealousy, or on any other account, is so extraordinary, +that very few are now {109} existing who have been guilty of it. +At the present moment I know not one, beside Matonabbee, +who ever made an attempt of that nature; and he is, in every +other respect, a man of such universal good sense, and, as an +Indian, of such great humanity, that I am at a loss how to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span> +account for his having been guilty of such a crime, unless it be +by his having lived among the Southern Indians so long, as +to become tainted with their blood-thirsty, revengeful, and +vindictive disposition.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">29th.</div> + +<p>Early in the morning of the twenty-ninth, Captain Keelshies +joined us. He delivered to me a packet of letters, and +a two-quart keg of French brandy; but assured me, that the +powder, shot, tobacco, knives, &c. which he received at the +Fort for me, were all expended. He endeavoured to make +some apology for this, by saying, that some of his relations +died in the Winter, and that he had, according to their custom, +thrown all his own things away; after which he was obliged to +have recourse to my ammunition and other goods, to support +himself and a numerous family. The very affecting manner +in which he related this story, often crying like a child, was +a great proof of his extreme sorrow, which he wished to +persuade me arose from the recollection of his having embezzled +so much of my property; but I was of a different +opinion, and attributed his grief to arise from the remembrance +of his deceased relations. However, as a small recompence for +my loss, he presented me with four {110} ready-dressed moose-skins, +which was, he said, the only retribution he could then +make. The moose-skins, though not the twentieth part of the +value of the goods which he had embezzled, were in reality +more acceptable to me, than the ammunition and the other +articles would have been, on account of their great use as shoe-leather, +which at that time was a very scarce article with us, +whereas we had plenty of powder and shot.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +May.</div> + +<p>On the same day that Keelshies joined us, an Indian man, +who had been some time in our company, insisted on taking +one of Matonabbee's wives from him by force, unless he complied +with his demands, which were, that Matonabbee should +give him a certain quantity of ammunition, some pieces of +iron-work, a kettle, and several other articles; every one of +which, Matonabbee was obliged to deliver, or lose the woman;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span> +for the other man far excelled him in strength. Matonabbee +was more exasperated on this occasion, as the same man had +sold him the woman no longer ago than the nineteenth of the +preceding April. Having expended all the goods he then +possessed, however, he was determined to make another bargain +for her; and as she was what may be called a valuable +woman in their estimation; that is, one who was not only +tolerably personable, but reckoned very skilful in manufacturing +the different kinds of leather, skins, and furrs, and at the +same time very clever in the performance of every other +domestic duty required of the sex in this part of the {111} +world; Matonabbee was more unwilling to part with her, +especially as he had so lately suffered a loss of the same kind.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +May.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">29th.</div> + +<p>This dispute, which was after some hours decided by words +and presents, had like to have proved fatal to my expedition; +for Matonabbee, who at that time thought himself as great +a man as then lived, took this affront so much to heart, +especially as it was offered in my presence, that he almost +determined not to proceed any farther toward the Coppermine +River, and was on the point of striking off to the Westward, +with an intent to join the Athapuscow Indians, and +continue with them: he being perfectly well acquainted with +all their leaders, and most of the principal Indians of that +country, from whom, during a former residence among them +of several years, he said he had met with more civility than he +ever did from his own countrymen. As Matonabbee seemed +resolutely bent on his design, I had every reason to think that +my third expedition would prove equally unsuccessful with +the two former. I was not, however, under the least apprehension +for my own safety, as he promised to take me with him, +and procure me a passage to Prince of Wales's Fort, with some +of the Athapuscow Indians, who at that time annually visited +the Factory in the way of trade. After waiting till I thought +Matonabbee's passion had a little abated, I used every argument +of which I was master in favour of his proceeding on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span> +journey; assuring him {112} not only of the future esteem of +the present Governor of Prince of Wales's Fort, but also of +that of all his successors as long as he lived; and that even the +Hudson's Bay Company themselves would be ready to acknowledge +his assiduity and perseverance, in conducting a business +which had so much the appearance of proving advantageous +to them. After some conversation of this kind, and a good +deal of intreaty, he at length consented to proceed, and +promised to make all possible haste. Though it was then +late in the afternoon, he gave orders for moving, and accordingly +we walked about seven miles that night, and put up on +another island in Peshew Lake. The preceding afternoon the +Indians had killed a few deer; but our number was then so +great, that eight or ten deer would scarcely afford us all a +taste. These deer were the first we had seen since our leaving +the neighbourhood of Thelewey-aza-yeth; so that we had +lived all the time on the dried meat which had been prepared +before we left that place in April.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">30th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +May.</div> + +<p>The thirtieth proved bad, rainy weather; we walked, however, +about ten miles to the Northward, when we arrived on +the North side of Peshew Lake, and put up. Here Matonabbee +immediately began to make every necessary arrangement +for facilitating the executing of our design; and as he had +promised to make all possible haste, he thought it expedient +to leave most of his wives and all his children in the care of +some Indians, then in our company, who had his orders to +proceed to the {113} Northward at their leisure; and who, at +a particular place appointed by him, were to wait our return +from the Copper-mine River. Having formed this resolution, +Matonabbee selected two of his young wives who had no +children, to accompany us; and in order to make their loads +as light as possible, it was agreed that we should not take +more ammunition with us than was really necessary for our +support, till we might expect again to join those Indians and +the women and children. The same measures were also<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span> +adopted by all the other Indians of my party; particularly +those who had a plurality of wives, and a number of children.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">31st.</div> + +<p>As these matters took some time to adjust, it was near +nine o'clock in the evening of the thirty-first before we could +set out; and then it was with much difficulty that Matonabbee +could persuade his other wives from following him, with their +children and all their lumber; for such was their unwillingness +to be left behind, that he was obliged to use his authority +before they would consent, consequently they parted in anger; +and we no sooner began our march, than they set up a most +woeful cry, and continued to yell most piteously as long as +we were within hearing. This mournful scene had so little +effect on my party, that they walked away laughing, and as +merry as ever. The few who expressed any regret at their +departure from those whom they were to leave behind, {114} +confined their regard wholly to their children, particularly to +the youngest, scarcely ever mentioning their mother.</p> + +<p>Though it was so late when we left the women, we walked +about ten miles that night before we stopped. In our way we +saw many deer; several of which the Indians killed. To talk +of travelling and killing deer in the middle of the night, may +at first view have the appearance of romance; but our wonder +will speedily abate, when it is considered that we were then to +the Northward of 64° of North latitude, and that, in consequence +of it, though the Sun did not remain the whole night +above the horizon, yet the time it remained below it was so short, +and its depression even at midnight so small at this season of +the year, that the light, in clear weather, was quite sufficient for +the purpose both of walking, and hunting any kind of game.<a name="FNanchor_59_91" id="FNanchor_59_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_91" class="fnanchor">[59]</a></p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +May.</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span></p> +<p>It should have been observed, that during our stay at +Clowey a great number of Indians entered into a combination +with those of my party to accompany us to the Copper-mine +River; and with no other intent than to murder the Esquimaux, +who are understood by the Copper Indians to frequent +that river in considerable numbers. This scheme, notwithstanding +the trouble and fatigue, as well as danger, with which +it must be obviously attended, was nevertheless so universally +approved by those people, that for some time almost every man +who joined {115} us proposed to be of the party. Accordingly, +each volunteer, as well as those who were properly of my +party, prepared a target, or shield, before we left the woods of +Clowey. Those targets were composed of thin boards, about +three quarters of an inch thick, two feet broad, and three feet +long; and were intended to ward off the arrows of the Esquimaux. +Notwithstanding these preparations, when we came to +leave the women and children, as has been already mentioned, +only sixty volunteers would go with us; the rest, who were +nearly as many more, though they had all prepared targets, +reflecting that they had a great distance to walk, and that no +advantage could be expected from the expedition, very prudently +begged to be excused, saying, that they could not be +spared for so long a time from the maintenance of their wives +and families; and particularly, as they did not see any then in +our company, who seemed willing to encumber themselves +with such a charge. This seemed to be a mere evasion, for I +am clearly of opinion that poverty on one side, and avarice +on the other, were the only impediments to their joining our +party; had they possessed as many European goods to squander +away among their countrymen as Matonabbee and those +of my party did, in all probability many might have been +found who would have been glad to have accompanied us.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +May.</div> + +<p>When I was acquainted with the intentions of my companions, +and saw the warlike preparations that were carrying +on, I endeavoured as much as possible to persuade {116} them +from putting their inhuman design into execution; but so far +were my intreaties from having the wished-for effect, that it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span> +was concluded I was actuated by cowardice; and they told me, +with great marks of derision, that I was afraid of the Esquimaux. +As I knew my personal safety depended in a great +measure on the favourable opinion they entertained of me +in this respect, I was obliged to change my tone, and replied, +that I did not care if they rendered the name and race of the +Esquimaux extinct; adding at the same time, that though +I was no enemy to the Esquimaux, and did not see the +necessity of attacking them without cause, yet if I should find +it necessary to do it, for the protection of any one of my company, +my own safety out of the question, so far from being +afraid of a poor defenceless Esquimaux, whom I despised more +than feared, nothing should be wanting on my part to protect +all who were with me. This declaration was received with +great satisfaction; and I never afterwards ventured to interfere +with any of their war-plans. Indeed, when I came to consider +seriously, I saw evidently that it was the highest folly for an +individual like me, and in my situation, to attempt to turn the +current of a national prejudice which had subsisted between +those two nations from the earliest periods, or at least as long +as they had been acquainted with the existence of each other.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">June. +1st.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">16th.</div> + +<p>Having got rid of all the women, children, dogs, heavy +baggage, and other incumbrances, on the first of June we +{117} pursued our journey to the Northward with great speed; +but the weather was in general so precarious, and the snow, +sleet, and rain so frequent, that notwithstanding we embraced +every opportunity which offered, it was the sixteenth of June +before we arrived in the latitude of 67° 30', where Matonabbee +had proposed that the women and children should wait our +return from the Copper-mine River.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +June.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +June.</div> + +<p>In our way hither we crossed several lakes on the +ice; of which Thoy-noy-kyed Lake<a name="FNanchor_60_92" id="FNanchor_60_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_92" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> and Thoy-coy-lyned +Lake<a name="FNanchor_61_93" id="FNanchor_61_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_93" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> were the principal. We also crossed a few inconsiderable +creeks and rivers,<a name="FNanchor_62_94" id="FNanchor_62_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_94" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> which were only useful as they furnished a +small supply of fish to the natives. The weather, as I have before +observed, was in general disagreeable, with a great deal of rain +and snow. To make up for that inconvenience, however, the +deer were so plentiful, that the Indians killed not only a +sufficient quantity for our daily support, but frequently great +numbers merely for the fat, marrow and tongues. To induce +them to desist from this practice, I often interested myself, +and endeavoured, as much as possible, to convince them in the +clearest terms of which I was master, of the great impropriety +of such waste; particularly at a time of the year when their +skins could not be of any use for clothing, and when the +anxiety to proceed on our journey would not permit us to +stay long enough in one place to eat up half the spoils of +their hunting. As national customs, however, are not easily +{118} overcome, my remonstrances proved ineffectual; and I +was always answered, that it was certainly right to kill plenty, +and live on the best, when and where it was to be got, for that +it would be impossible to do it where every thing was scarce: +and they insisted on it, that killing plenty of deer and other +game in one part of the country, could never make them +scarcer in another. Indeed, they were so accustomed to kill +every thing that came within their reach, that few of them +could pass by a small bird's nest, without slaying the young +ones, or destroying the eggs.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span></p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">20th.</div> + +<p>From the seventeenth to the twentieth, we walked between +seventy and eighty miles to the North West and North North +West; the greater part of the way by Cogead Lake<a name="FNanchor_63_95" id="FNanchor_63_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_95" class="fnanchor">[63]</a>; but +the Lake being then frozen, we crossed all the creeks and bays +of it on the ice.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">21st.</div> + +<p>On the twenty-first we had bad rainy weather, with so +thick a fog that we could not see our way: about ten o'clock +at night, however, it became fine and clear, and the Sun shone +very bright; indeed it did not set all that night, which was +a convincing proof, without any observation, that we were then +considerably to the North of the Arctic Polar Circle.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">22d.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +June.</div> + +<p>As soon as the fine weather began, we set out and walked +about seven or eight miles to the Northward, when we {119} +came to a branch of Conge-ca-tha-wha-chaga River<a name="FNanchor_64_96" id="FNanchor_64_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_96" class="fnanchor">[64]</a>; on the +North side of which we found several Copper Indians, who +were assembled, according to annual custom, to kill deer as +they cross the river in their little canoes.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span></p><p>The ice being now broken up, we were, for the first time +this Summer, obliged to make use of our canoes to ferry +across the river: which would have proved very tedious, had +it not been for the kindness of the Copper Indians, who sent +all their canoes to our assistance. Though our number was +not much less than one hundred and fifty, we had only three +canoes, and those being of the common size, could only carry +two persons each, without baggage. It is true, when water +is smooth, and a raft of three or four of those canoes is well +secured by poles lashed across them, they will carry a much +greater weight in proportion, and be much safer, as there is +scarcely a possibility of their oversetting; and this is the +general mode adopted by the people of this country in crossing +rivers when they have more than one canoe with them.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +June.</div> + +<p>Having arrived on the North side of this river, we found +that Matonabbee, and several others in our company, were +personally acquainted with most of the Copper Indians whom +we found there. The latter seemed highly pleased at the +interview with our party, and endeavoured, by every means in +their power, to convince our company of their readiness to serve +us to the utmost; so that by the {120} time we had got our +tents pitched, the strangers had provided a large quantity of +dried meat and fat, by way of a feast, to which they invited<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span> +most of the principal Indians who accompanied me, as well as +Matonabbee and myself, who were presented with some of the +very best.</p> + +<p>It is natural to suppose, that immediately after our arrival +the Copper Indians would be made acquainted with the nature +and intention of our journey. This was no sooner done than +they expressed their entire approbation, and many of them +seemed willing and desirous of giving every assistance; particularly +by lending us several canoes, which they assured us +would be very useful in the remaining part of our journey, +and contribute both to our ease and dispatch. It must be +observed, that these canoes were not entirely entrusted to my +crew, but carried by the owners themselves who accompanied +us; as it would have been very uncertain where to have found +them at our return from the Copper River.</p> + +<p>Agreeably to my instructions, I smoked my calumet of +peace with the principal of the Copper Indians, who seemed +highly pleased on the occasion; and, from a conversation held +on the subject of my journey, I found they were delighted +with the hopes of having an European settlement in their +neighbourhood, and seemed to have no idea that any impediment +could prevent such a scheme from being carried into +execution. Climates and {121} seasons had no weight with +them; nor could they see where the difficulty lay in getting to +them; for though they acknowledged that they had never seen +the sea at the mouth of the Copper River clear of ice, yet they +could see nothing that should hinder a ship from approaching +it; and they innocently enough observed, that the water was +always so smooth between the ice and shore, that even small +boats might get there with great ease and safety. How a ship +was to get between the ice and the shore, never once occurred +to them.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +June.</div> + +<p>Whether it was from real motives of hospitality, or from +the great advantages which they expected to reap by my discoveries, +I know not; but I must confess that their civility<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span> +far exceeded what I could expect from so uncivilized a tribe, +and I was exceedingly sorry that I had nothing of value to +offer them. However, such articles as I had, I distributed +among them, and they were thankfully received by them. +Though they have some European commodities among them, +which they purchase from the Northern Indians, the same +articles from the hands of an Englishman were more prized. +As I was the first whom they had ever seen, and in all probability +might be the last, it was curious to see how they flocked +about me, and expressed as much desire to examine me from +top to toe, as an European Naturalist would a non-descript +animal. They, however, found and pronounced me to be a +perfect human being, except in the colour of my hair {122} +and eyes: the former, they said, was like the stained hair of a +buffaloe's tail, and the latter, being light, were like those of a +gull. The whiteness of my skin also was, in their opinion, no +ornament, as they said it resembled meat which had been +sodden in water till all the blood was extracted. On the +whole, I was viewed as so great a curiosity in this part of the +world, that during my stay there, whenever I combed my head, +some or other of them never failed to ask for the hairs that +came off, which they carefully wrapped up, saying, "When I +see you again, you shall again see your hair."</p> + +<div class="sidenote">23d.</div> + +<p>The day after our arrival at Congecathawhachaga, Matonabbee +dispatched his brother, and several Copper Indians, to +Copper-mine River, with orders to acquaint any Indians they +might meet, with the reason of my visiting those parts, and +also when they might probably expect us at that river. By +the bearers of this message I sent a present of tobacco and +some other things, to induce any strangers they met to be +ready to give us assistance, either by advice, or in any other +way which might be required.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +June.</div> + +<p>As Matonabbee and the other Indians thought it advisable +to leave all the women at this place, and proceed to the +Copper-mine River without them, it was thought necessary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span> +to continue here a few days, to kill as many deer as would be +sufficient for their support during {123} our absence. And notwithstanding +deer were so plentiful, yet our numbers were so +large, and our daily consumption was so great, that several +days elapsed before the men could provide the women with a +sufficient quantity; and then they had no other way of preserving +it, than by cutting it in thin slices and drying it in the +Sun. Meat, when thus prepared, is not only very portable, +but palatable; as all the blood and juices are still remaining +in the meat, it is very nourishing and wholesome food; and +may, with care, be kept a whole year without the least danger +of spoiling. It is necessary, however, to air it frequently +during the warm weather, otherwise it is liable to grow +mouldy: but as soon as the chill air of the fall begins, it +requires no farther trouble till next Summer.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +June.</div> + +<p>We had not been many days at Congecathawhachaga +before I had reason to be greatly concerned at the behaviour of +several of my crew to the Copper Indians. They not only +took many of their young women, furrs, and ready-dressed +skins for clothing, but also several of their bows and arrows, +which were the only implements they had to procure food and +raiment, for the future support of themselves, their wives, and +families. It may probably be thought, that as these weapons +are of so simple a form, and so easily constructed, they might +soon be replaced, without any other trouble or expense than a +little labour; but this supposition can only hold good in +places where proper materials are easily procured, which was +not the case here: {124} if it had, they would not have been +an object of plunder. In the midst of a forest of trees, the +wood that would make a Northern Indian a bow and a few +arrows, or indeed a bow and arrows ready made, are not of +much value; no more than the man's trouble that makes +them: but carry that bow and arrows several hundred miles +from any woods and place where those are the only weapons +in use, their intrinsic value will be found to increase, in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span> +the same proportion as the materials which are made are +less attainable.<a name="FNanchor_AG_97" id="FNanchor_AG_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_AG_97" class="fnanchor">[AG]</a></p> + +<p>To do Matonabbee justice on this occasion, I must say +that he endeavoured as much as possible to persuade his +countrymen from taking either furrs, clothing, or bows, from +the Copper Indians, without making them some satisfactory +return; but if he did not encourage, neither did he endeavour +to hinder them from taking as many women as they pleased. +Indeed, the Copper Indian women seem to be much esteemed +by our Northern traders; for what reason I know not, as they +are in reality the same people in every respect; and their +language differs not so much as the dialects of some of the +nearest counties in England do from each other.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +June.</div> + +<p>It is not surprising that a plurality of wives is customary +among these people, as it is so well adapted to {125} their situation +and manner of life. In my opinion no race of people under +the Sun have a greater occasion for such an indulgence. Their +annual hunt, in quest of furrs, is so remote from any +European settlement, as to render them the greatest travellers +in the known world; and as they have neither horse nor water +carriage, every good hunter is under the necessity of having +several persons to assist in carrying his furrs to the Company's +Fort, as well as carrying back the European goods which he +receives in exchange for them. No persons in this country +are so proper for this work as the women, because they are +inured to carry and haul heavy loads from their childhood, +and to do all manner of drudgery; so that those men who +are capable of providing for three, four, five, six, or more +women, generally find them humble and faithful servants, +affectionate wives, and fond and indulgent mothers to their +children. Though custom makes this way of life sit apparently +easy on the generality of the women, and though, in +general, the whole of their wants seem to be comprized in +food and clothing only, yet nature at times gets the better +of custom, and the spirit of jealousy makes its appearance +among them: however, as the husband is always arbitrator, +he soon settles the business, though perhaps not always to +the entire satisfaction of the parties.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span></p> +<p>Much does it redound to the honour of the Northern +Indian women when I affirm, that they are the mildest and +most virtuous females I have seen in any part of North +{126} America; though some think this is more owing to +habit, custom, and the fear of their husbands, than from real +inclination. It is undoubtedly well known that none can +manage a Northern Indian woman so well as a Northern +Indian man; and when any of them have been permitted to +remain at the Fort, they have, for the sake of gain, been easily +prevailed on to deviate from that character; and a few have, +by degrees, become as abandoned as the Southern Indians, who +are remarkable throughout all their tribes for being the most +debauched wretches under the Sun. So far from laying any +restraint on their sensual appetites, as long as youth and inclination +last, they give themselves up to all manner of even incestuous +debauchery; and that in so beastly a manner when they +are intoxicated, a state to which they are peculiarly addicted, +that the brute creation are not less regardless of decency. I +know that some few Europeans, who have had little opportunity +of seeing them, and of enquiring into their manners, have been +very lavish in their praise; but every one who has had much +intercourse with them, and penetration and industry enough +to study their dispositions, will agree, that no accomplishments +whatever in a man, is sufficient to conciliate the affections, or +preserve the chastity of a Southern Indian woman.<a name="FNanchor_AH_98" id="FNanchor_AH_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_AH_98" class="fnanchor">[AH]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">1771. +June.</div> + +<p>{127} The Northern Indian women are in general so far +from being like those I have above described, that it is very +{128} uncommon to hear of their ever being guilty of incontinency, +not even those who are confined to the sixth or even +eighth part of a man.</p> + +<p>It is true, that were I to form my opinion of those women +from the behaviour of such as I have been more particularly +acquainted with, I should have little reason to say much in +their favour; but impartiality will not {129} permit me to +make a few of the worst characters a standard for the general +conduct of all of them. Indeed it is but reasonable to think +that travellers and interlopers will be always served with the +worst commodities, though perhaps they pay the best price +for what they have.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +June.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +June.</div> + +<p>It may appear strange, that while I am extolling the +chastity of the Northern Indian women, I should acknowledge +that it is a very common custom among the men of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span> +this country to exchange a night's lodging with each other's +wives. But this is so far from being considered as an act +which is criminal, that it is esteemed by them as one of the +strongest ties of friendship between two families; and in case +of the death of either man, the other considers himself bound +to support the children of the deceased. Those people are so +far from viewing this engagement as a mere ceremony, like +most of our Christian god-fathers and god-mothers, who, +notwithstanding their vows are made in the most solemn +manner, and in the presence of both God and man, scarcely +ever afterward remember what they have promised, that there +is not an instance of a Northern Indian having once neglected +the duty which he is supposed to have taken upon himself to +perform. The Southern Indians, with all their bad qualities,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span> +are remarkably humane and charitable to the widows and +children of departed friends; and as their situation and +manner of life enable them to do more acts of charity with +less trouble {130} than falls to the lot of a Northern Indian, +few widows or orphans are ever unprovided for among them.</p> + +<p>Though the Northern Indian men make no scruple of having +two or three sisters for wives at one time, yet they are very +particular in observing a proper distance in the consanguinity +of those they admit to the above-mentioned intercourse with +their wives. The Southern Indians are less scrupulous on those +occasions; for among them it is not at all uncommon for one +brother to make free with another brother's wife or daughter;<a name="FNanchor_AI_99" id="FNanchor_AI_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_AI_99" class="fnanchor">[AI]</a> +but this is held in abhorrence by the Northern Indians.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1st.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>{131} By the time the Indians had killed as many deer as +they thought would be sufficient for the support of the women +during our absence, it was the first of July; and during this +time I had two good observations, both by meridional and +double altitudes; the mean of which determined the latitude +of Congecathawhachaga<a name="FNanchor_65_100" id="FNanchor_65_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_100" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> to be 68° 46' North; and its longitude, +by account, was 24° 2' West from Prince of Wales's +Fort, or 118° 15' West of the meridian of London.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">2d.</div> + +<p>On the second, the weather proved very bad, with much +snow and sleet; about nine o'clock at night, however, it grew +more moderate, and somewhat clearer, so that we set out, and +walked about ten miles to the North by West, when we lay +down to take a little sleep. At our departure from Congecathawhachaga, +several Indians who had entered the war list, +rather chose to stay behind with the women; but their loss +was amply supplied by Copper Indians, who accompanied us +in the double capacity of guides and warriors.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">3d.</div> + +<p>On the third the weather was equally bad with that of the +preceding day; we made shift, however, to walk ten or eleven +miles in the same direction we had done the day before, and +at last were obliged to put up, not being able to see our way +for snow and thick drift. By putting up, no more is to be +understood than that we got to leeward of a {132} great stone, +or into the crevices of the rocks, where we regaled ourselves +with such provisions as we had brought with us, smoked +our pipes, or went to sleep, till the weather permitted us to +proceed on our journey.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">4th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>On the fourth, we had rather better weather, though +constant light snow, which made it very disagreeable under +foot. We nevertheless walked twenty-seven miles to the +North West, fourteen of which were on what the Indians call +the Stony Mountains; and surely no part of the world better +deserves that name. On our first approaching these mountains, +they appeared to be a confused heap of stones, utterly +inaccessible to the foot of man: but having some Copper +Indians with us who knew the best road, we made a tolerable +shift to get on, though not without being obliged frequently +to crawl on our hands and knees. Notwithstanding the +intricacy of the road, there is a very visible path the whole +way across these mountains, even in the most difficult parts: +and also on the smooth rocks, and those parts which are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span> +capable of receiving an impression, the path is as plain and +well-beaten, as any bye foot-path in England. By the side of +this path there are, in different parts, several large, flat, or +table stones, which are covered with many thousands of small +pebbles. These the Copper Indians say have been gradually +increased by passengers going to and from the mines; and on +its being observed to us that it was the {133} universal custom +for every one to add a stone to the heap, each of us took up +a small stone in order to increase the number, for good luck.</p> + +<p>Just as we arrived at the foot of the Stony Mountains, +three of the Indians turned back; saying, that from every +appearance, the remainder of the journey seemed likely to be +attended with more trouble than would counterbalance the +pleasure they could promise themselves by going to war with +the Esquimaux.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">5th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">6th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>On the fifth, as the weather was so bad, with constant +snow, sleet, and rain, that we could not see our way, we did +not offer to move: but the sixth proving moderate, and quite +fair till toward noon, we set out in the morning, and walked +about eleven miles to the North West; when perceiving bad +weather at hand, we began to look out for shelter among the +rocks, as we had done the four preceding nights, having +neither tents nor tent-poles with us. The next morning +fifteen more of the Indians deserted us, being quite sick of the +road, and the uncommon badness of the weather. Indeed, +though these people are all enured to hardships, yet their +complaint on the present occasion was not without reason: +for, from our leaving Congecathawhachaga we had scarcely +a dry garment of any kind, or any thing to screen us from the +inclemency of the weather, except rocks and {134} caves; the +best of which were but damp and unwholesome lodging. In +some the water was constantly dropping from the rock that +formed the roof, which made our place of retreat little better +than the open air; and we had not been able to make one spark +of fire (except what was sufficient to light a pipe) from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span> +time of our leaving the women on the second instant; it is +true, in some places there was a little moss, but the constant +sleet and rain made it so wet, as to render it as impossible to +set fire to it as it would be to a wet sponge.</p> + +<p>We had no sooner entered our places of retreat, than we +regaled ourselves with some raw venison which the Indians +had killed that morning; the small stock of dried provisions +we took with us when we left the women being now all +expended.</p> + +<p>Agreeably to our expectations, a very sudden and heavy +gale of wind came on from the North West, attended with so +great a fall of snow, that the oldest Indian in company said, +he never saw it exceeded at any time of the year, much less +in the middle of Summer. The gale was soon over, and by +degrees it became a perfect calm: but the flakes of snow were +so large as to surpass all credibility, and fell in such vast +quantities, that though the shower only lasted nine hours, +we were in danger of being smothered in our caves.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">7th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>{135} On the seventh, we had a fresh breeze at North West, +with some flying showers of small rain, and at the same time +a constant warm sunshine, which soon dissolved the greatest +part of the new-fallen snow. Early in the morning we crawled +out of our holes, which were on the North side of the Stony +Mountains, and walked about eighteen or twenty miles to the +North West by West. In our way we crossed part of a large +lake on the ice, which was then far from being broken up. +This lake I distinguished by the name of Buffalo, or Musk-Ox +Lake,<a name="FNanchor_66_101" id="FNanchor_66_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_101" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> from the number of those animals<a name="FNanchor_67_102" id="FNanchor_67_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_102" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> that we found +grazing on the margin of it; many of which the Indians +killed, but finding them lean, only took some of the bulls' +hides for shoe-soals. At night the bad weather returned, +with a strong gale of wind at North East, and very cold rain +and sleet.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>This was the first time we had seen any of the musk-oxen +since we left the Factory. It has been observed that we saw +a great number of them in my first unsuccessful attempt, +before I had got an hundred miles from the Factory; and +indeed I once perceived the tracks of two of those animals +within nine miles of Prince of Wales's Fort. Great numbers +of them also were met with in my second journey to the +North: several of which my companions killed, particularly +on the seventeenth of July one thousand seven hundred and +seventy. They are also found at times in considerable numbers +near the sea-coast of Hudson's Bay, {136} all the way from +Knapp's Bay to Wager Water, but are most plentiful within +the Arctic Circle. In those high latitudes I have frequently +seen many herds of them in the course of a day's walk, and +some of those herds did not contain less than eighty or an +hundred head. The number of bulls is very few in proportion +to the cows; for it is rare to see more than two or +three full-grown bulls with the largest herd: and from the +number of the males that are found dead, the Indians are of +opinion that they kill each other in contending for the females. +In the rutting season they are so jealous of the cows, that they +run at either man or beast who offers to approach them; and +have been observed to run and bellow even at ravens, and +other large birds, which chanced to light near them. They +delight in the most stony and mountainous parts of the barren +ground, and are seldom found at any great distance from the +woods. Though they are a beast of great magnitude, and apparently +of a very unwieldy inactive structure, yet they climb +the rocks with great ease and agility, and are nearly as sure-footed +as a goat: like it too, they will feed on any thing; though they +seem fondest of grass, yet in Winter, when that article cannot +be had in sufficient quantity, they will eat moss, or any other +herbage they can find, as also the tops of willows and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span> +tender branches of the pine tree. They take the bull in +August, and bring forth their young the latter end of May, +or beginning of June; and they never have more than one at +a time.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>{137} The musk-ox, when full grown, is as large as the +generality, or at least as the middling size, of English black +cattle;<a name="FNanchor_AJ_103" id="FNanchor_AJ_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_AJ_103" class="fnanchor">[AJ]</a> but their legs, though large, are not so long; nor is +their tail longer than that of a bear; and, like the tail of that +animal, it always bends downward and inward, so that it is +entirely hid by the long hair of the rump and hind quarters: +the hunch on their shoulders is not large, being little more in +proportion than that of a deer: their hair is in some parts very +long, particularly on the belly, sides, and hind quarters; but the +longest hair about them, particularly the bulls, is under the +throat, extending from the chin to the lower part of the chest, +between the fore-legs; it there hangs down like a horse's +mane inverted, and is full as long, which makes the animal +have a most formidable appearance. It is of the hair from this +part that the Esquimaux make their musketto {138} wigs, and +not from the tail, as is asserted by Mr. Ellis;<a name="FNanchor_AK_104" id="FNanchor_AK_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_AK_104" class="fnanchor">[AK]</a> their tails, and +the hair which is on them, being too short for that purpose. +In Winter they are provided with a thick fine wool, or furr, +that grows at the root of the long hair, and shields them from +the intense cold to which they are exposed during that season; +but as the Summer advances, this furr loosens from the skin, +and, by frequently rolling themselves on the ground, it works +out to the end of the hair, and in time drops off, leaving little +for their Summer clothing except the long hair. The season +is so short in those high latitudes, that the new fleece begins +to appear, almost as soon as the old one drops off; so that by +the time the cold becomes severe, they are again provided +with a Winter-dress.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span></p><p>The flesh of the musk-ox noways resembles that of the +Western buffalo, but is more like that of the moose or elk; +and the fat is of a clear white, slightly tinged with a light +azure. The calves and young heifers are good eating; but +the flesh of the bulls both smells and tastes so strong of musk, +as to render it very disagreeable: even the knife that cuts the +flesh of an old bull will smell so strong of musk, that nothing +but scouring the blade quite bright can remove it, and the +handle will retain the scent for a long time. Though no +part of a bull is free from this smell, yet the parts of generation, +in particular the <i>urethra</i>, are by far the most strongly +impregnated. The {139} urine itself must contain the scent +in a very great degree; for the sheaths of the bull's <i>penis</i> are +corroded with a brown gummy substance, which is nearly as +high-scented with musk as that said to be produced by the +civet cat; and after having been kept for several years, seems +not to lose any of its quality.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">8th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>On the eighth, the weather was fine and moderate, though +not without some showers of rain. Early in the morning we +set out, and walked eighteen miles to the Northward. The +Indians killed some deer; so we put up by the side of a small +creek, that afforded a few willows, with which we made a +fire for the first time since our leaving Congecathawhachaga;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span> +consequently it was here that we cooked our first meal for a +whole week. This, as may naturally be supposed, was well +relished by all parties, the Indians as well as myself. And as +the Sun had, in the course of the day, dried our clothing, in +spite of the small showers of rain, we felt ourselves more +comfortable than we had done since we left the women. The +place where we lay that night, is not far from Grizzled Bear +Hill; which takes its name from the numbers of those animals +that are frequently known to resort thither for the purpose of +bringing forth their young in a cave that is found there. The +wonderful description which the Copper Indians gave of this +place exciting the curiosity of several of my companions as +well as myself, we went to view it; but on our arrival at it +{140} found little worth remarking about it, being no more +than a high lump of earth, of a loamy quality, of which kind +there are several others in the same neighbourhood, all standing +in the middle of a large marsh, which makes them resemble +so many islands in a lake. The sides of these hills are quite +perpendicular; and the height of Grizzled Bear Hill, which +is the largest, is about twenty feet above the level ground that +surrounds it. Their summits are covered with a thick sod of +moss and long grass, which in some places projects over the +edge; and as the sides are constantly mouldering away, and +washing down with every shower of rain during the short +Summer, they must in time be levelled with the marsh in +which they are situated. At present those islands, as I call +them, are excellent places of retreat for the birds which migrate +there to breed; as they can bring forth their young in perfect +safety from every beast except the Quiquehatch,<a name="FNanchor_68_105" id="FNanchor_68_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_105" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> which, from +the sharpness of its claws and the amazing strength of its legs, +is capable of ascending the most difficult precipices.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span></p> +<p>On the side of the hill that I went to survey, there is a +large cave which penetrates a considerable way into the rock, and +may probably have been the work of the bears, as we could +discover visible marks that some of those beasts had been there +that Spring. This, though deemed very curious by some of my +companions, did not appear so to me, as it neither engaged my +attention, nor raised my {141} surprise, half so much as the sight +of the many hills and dry ridges on the East side of the marsh, +which are turned over like ploughed land by those animals, in +searching for ground-squirrels,<a name="FNanchor_69_106" id="FNanchor_69_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_106" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> and perhaps mice, which constitute +a favourite part of their food. It is surprising to see +the extent of their researches in quest of those animals, and +still more to view the enormous stones rolled out of their +beds by the bears on those occasions. At first I thought these +long and deep furrows had been effected by lightning; but the +natives assured me they never knew anything of the kind +happen in those parts, and that it was entirely the work of the +bears seeking for their prey.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">9th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">10th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>On the ninth, the weather was moderate and cloudy, with +some flying showers of rain. We set out early in the morning, +and walked about forty miles to the North and North by East. +In our way we saw plenty of deer and musk-oxen: several of +the former the Indians killed, but a smart shower of rain coming +on just as we were going to put up, made the moss so wet +as to render it impracticable to light a fire. The next day +proving fine and clear, we set out in the morning, and walked +twenty miles to the North by West and North North West; +but about noon the weather became so hot and sultry as to +render walking very disagreeable; we therefore put up on the +top of a high hill, and as the moss was then dry, lighted a fire, +and should have made a comfortable meal, and been otherwise +tolerably happy, had it not been {142} for the muskettoes, which +were uncommonly numerous, and their stings almost insufferable. +The same day Matonabbee sent several Indians a-head, +with orders to proceed to the Copper-mine River as fast as +possible, and acquaint any Indians they might meet, of our +approach. By those Indians I also sent some small presents, +as the surest means to induce any strangers they found, to +come to our assistance.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">11th.</div> + +<p>The eleventh was hot and sultry, like the preceding day. +In the morning we walked ten or eleven miles to the North +West, and then met a Northern Indian Leader, called Oule-eye, +and his family, who were, in company with several Copper +Indians, killing deer with bows and arrows and spears, as they +crossed a little river, by the side of which we put up, as did +also the above-mentioned Indians.<a name="FNanchor_AL_107" id="FNanchor_AL_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_AL_107" class="fnanchor">[AL]</a> That afternoon I smoked +my calumet of peace with these strangers, and found them a +quite different set of people, at least in principle, from those I +had seen at Congecathawhachaga: for though they had great +plenty of provisions, they neither offered me nor my companions +a mouthful, and would, if they had been permitted, +have taken the last garment from off my back, and robbed me +of every article I possessed. Even my Northern companions +could not help taking notice of such unaccountable behaviour. +Nothing but their poverty {143} protected them from being +plundered by those of my crew; and had any of their women +been worth notice, they would most assuredly have been pressed +into our service.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">12th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">13th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>The twelfth was so exceedingly hot and sultry, that we +did not move; but early in the morning of the thirteenth, +after my companions had taken what dry provisions they +chose from our unsociable strangers, we set out, and walked +about fifteen or sixteen miles to the North and North by East, +in expectation of arriving at the Copper-mine River that day; +but when we had reached the top of a long chain of hills, +between which we were told the river ran, we found it to be +no more than a branch of it which empties itself into the main +river about forty miles from its influx into the sea. At that +time all the Copper Indians were dispatched different ways, so +that there was not one in company, who knew the shortest cut +to the main river. Seeing some woods to the Westward, and +judging that the current of the rivulet ran that way, we +concluded that the main river lay in that direction, and was +not very remote from our present situation. We therefore +directed our course by the side of it, when the Indians met +with several very fine buck deer, which they destroyed; and +as that part we now traversed afforded plenty of good fire-wood, +we put up, and cooked the most comfortable meal to +which we had sat down for some months. As such favourable +opportunities of indulging the appetite happen but seldom, it +is a general {144} rule with the Indians, which we did not +neglect, to exert every art in dressing our food which the most +refined skill in Indian cookery has been able to invent, and which +consists chiefly in boiling, broiling, and roasting: but of all +the dishes cooked by those people, a <i>beeatee</i>, as it is called in +their language, is certainly the most delicious, at least for a +change, that can be prepared from a deer only, without any +other ingredient. It is a kind of haggis, made with the blood, +a good quantity of fat shred small, some of the tenderest of +the flesh, together with the heart and lungs cut, or more +commonly torn into small shivers; all which is put into the +stomach, and roasted, by being suspended before the fire by a +string. Care must be taken that it does not get too much +heat at first, as the bag would thereby be liable to be burnt, +and the contents be let out. When it is sufficiently done, it +will emit steam, in the same manner as a fowl or a joint of +meat; which is as much as to say, Come, eat me now: and if +it be taken in time, before the blood and other contents are +too much done, it is certainly a most delicious morsel, even +without pepper, salt, or any other seasoning.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>After regaling ourselves in the most plentiful manner, and +taking a few hours rest, (for it was almost impossible to sleep +for the muskettoes,) we once more set forward, directing our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span> +course to the North West by West; and after walking about +nine or ten miles, arrived at that long wished-for spot, the +Copper-mine River.<a name="FNanchor_70_108" id="FNanchor_70_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_108" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> +<br /></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_AC_85" id="Footnote_AC_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_AC_85"><span class="label">[AC]</span></a> See the Plate, where Fig. A represents the bottom of the canoe, Fig. B +being the fore-part. Fig. C is the complete frame of one before it is covered +with the bark of the birch-tree; it is represented on an artificial bank, which +the natives raise to build it on. Fig. D is an end-view of a set of timbers, +bent and lashed in their proper shape, and left to dry. Fig. E is the representation +of a complete canoe. Fig. F represents one of their paddles. Fig. +G a spear with which they kill deer; and Fig. H, their mode of carrying the +canoe. +</p><p> +The following references are to the several parts of the canoe: Fig. C. +1. The stem. 2. The stern-post. 3. Two forked sticks supporting the stem +and stern-post. 4. The gunwales. 5. Small rods placed between the timbers +and birch-bark that covers them. 6. The timbers. 7. The keelson. 8. Large +stones placed there to keep the bottom steady till the sides are sewed on.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_AD_86" id="Footnote_AD_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_AD_86"><span class="label">[AD]</span></a> The tobacco used in Hudson's Bay is the Brasil tobacco; which is twisted +into the form of a rope, of near an inch diameter, and then wound into a large +roll; from which it is taken by measures of length, for the natives.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_87" id="Footnote_57_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_87"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Thus, four days after leaving Clowey, travelling in a northerly direction, +they passed out of the wooded region and reached the barren grounds, though +it is evident that there had been open barren grounds to the east of them for +most of the way. Their course probably lay along the height of land east +of Artillery Lake. The northern edge of the forest and southern line of the +barren grounds crosses this lake near the middle, the most northern woods on +its eastern shore being in latitude 63° 4' N., while on its western side the woods +extend north to latitude 63° 11' N. +</p><p> +Artillery Lake is thus described by J. W. Tyrrell, who visited it in May +1900:— +</p><p> +"Artillery Lake was reached by our outfit on the 26th of May, more than +two weeks after it had been first visited by Fairchild and Acres, when exploring +and 'brushing' the trail for our voyageurs. Then its ice had been as solid as +in winter, showing no signs of disruption or decay, whereas now it was rapidly +decomposing, forming what is known as candle-ice, and making much open +water along the shores. It lies in a north-easterly and south-westerly direction, +and is fifty-five miles in length, ... and the superficial area of the lake is about +one hundred and ninety square miles. Its shores are bold and high, in some +places about two hundred feet above the lake, and for the most part they present +a bare, desolate appearance, especially on the easterly shore where few +trees of any kind can be seen. +</p><p> +"Such small groves as were found are shown on the map, but on the westerly +side, about ten miles from the south end, the shore is quite well timbered with +small spruce, and they continue northerly, although thinly scattered, for a +distance of twenty miles, eight miles farther north than the last grove on the +east shore. There the woods cease entirely." (Report on an Exploratory +Survey between Great Slave Lake and Hudson Bay. By J. W. Tyrrell. Ann. +Report, Dept. of the Interior, Ottawa, 1901. App. 26, Part III., pp. 17-18.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_AE_88" id="Footnote_AE_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_AE_88"><span class="label">[AE]</span></a> I have observed, during my several journies in those parts, that all the +way to the North of Seal River the edge of the wood is faced with old withered +stumps, and trees which have been blown down by the wind. They are mostly +of the sort which is called here Juniper, but were seldom of any considerable +size. Those blasted trees are found in some parts to extend to the distance of +twenty miles from the living woods, and detached patches of them are much +farther off; which is a proof that the cold has been increasing in those parts +for some ages. Indeed, some of the older Northern Indians have assured me, +that they have heard their fathers and grandfathers say, they remembered the +greatest part of those places where the trees are now blasted and dead, in a +flourishing state; and that they were remarkable for abounding with deer. It +is a well-known fact, that many deer are fond of frequenting those plains where +the juniper trees abound near barren grounds, particularly in fine weather +during the Winter; but in heavy gales of wind they either take shelter in the +thick woods, or go out on the open plains. The Indians, who never want a +reason for any thing, say, that the deer quit the thin straggling woods during +the high winds, because the nodding of the trees, when at a considerable +distance from each other, frightens them; but in the midst of a thick forest, the +constant rustling of the branches lulls them into security, and renders them an +easy prey to a skilful hunter. +</p><p> +[This appears to have been the last wood seen before reaching the +Coppermine River. +</p><p> +The wood known as juniper on Hudson Bay is the American larch, +<i>Larix laricina</i> (Du Roi) which extends to the edge of the barren grounds.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_AF_89" id="Footnote_AF_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_AF_89"><span class="label">[AF]</span></a> Probably the same with Partridge Lake in the Map.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_90" id="Footnote_58_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_90"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Between Clowey and Peshew or Cat Lake, the map shows that their +course was across Partridge Lake. The exact position of this lake was made +known by Mr. Warburton Pike and afterwards by James W. Tyrrell, who crossed +from Great Slave Lake to Hudson Bay in 1900. It is a small lake on the +river between Artillery and Clinton-Colden Lakes, and lies just a little north of +the southern edge of the barren lands. The name given to it on the Cook map is +Cossadgath and on the Mackenzie map Cassandgath Lake, which are evidently +modifications of the Chipewyan word for Ptarmigan or "White Partridge." +With regard to the limits of Hearne's course in an east and west direction, it is +quite clear that he passed to the east of Great Slave Lake and to the west of +the belt of timber on Hanbury River, so that he must have passed in the +vicinity of this lake if he did not pass over it. +</p><p> +Peshew is the Cree word for Wild Cat or Lynx, and therefore Peshew +Lake should be the Cat Lake of the map, and not Partridge Lake as +stated in the note, which was evidently inserted by Dr. Douglas after the +author's death. Peshew or Cat Lake has been identified by Sir George Back, +and following him by Sir John Richardson, as Artillery Lake, but this identification +is almost certainly wrong. The shores of the southern half of Artillery +Lake are wooded, while the Cat Lake of Hearne was three days' journey at +least north of the southern edge of the barren lands. I think, therefore, that +the Peshew or Cat Lake of this map is the lake which was named by Sir +George Back, Clinton-Colden Lake, and which is known by this name on our +present maps. Besides, though this argument may have little weight, Hearne's +map shows Partridge and Cat Lakes in approximately the same positions in +latitude as Partridge Lake (Kasba) and Clinton-Colden Lake respectively. On +the Cook and Mackenzie maps, Cat Lake is shown as Cheesadawd Lake, which +is certainly the same word as Tchizè-ta, which Abbé Petitot says means Gîte-du-Lynx +or Home-of-the-Wild-Cat Lake. Petitot, however, states that this +is the name of the lake which is now known as Walmsley Lake. Rt. Rev. J. +Lofthouse, Bishop of Keewatin, also informs me that the Chipewyan name for +Wild Cat or Lynx Lake is Seeza-tua. Another complication is brought in by +the Pennant map, which leaves Hearne's Cat Lake unnamed, and applies the +name Peshew (Cat) Lake to the Lake known on Hearne's map as No-name +Lake. This is much more nearly in the position of Walmsley Lake of the +present maps. It is therefore difficult to avoid the conclusion that Hearne +trusted to his memory for the names of these lakes, and that his memory failed +him here. It is quite possible that after crossing Partridge Lake the Indians +changed their course, for some reason or other, and turned west or south of +west to Walmsley Lake, and that in the excitement of meeting Keelshies, just +from Churchill with a two-quart keg of brandy, Hearne neglected to make note +of the change in the course.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_91" id="Footnote_59_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_91"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Some of the women and children were thus left on the north side of +Peshew, probably Clinton-Colden Lake, and in that case he is correct in saying +that they were north of latitude 64°. At the town of Dawson, in the Yukon +territory, which is in about the same latitude, there is sufficient light to work +and travel at midnight between the 10th of May and the 1st of August.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_92" id="Footnote_60_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_92"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> The map shows that he changed his course a little more to the west from +the north shore of Clinton-Colden Lake, but actually he altered his course more +than is there shown, and, while his map is reasonably correct thus far, it here +becomes very inaccurate, and his distances are greatly exaggerated from this +point to the mouth of the Coppermine River, during the time when the party +was hurrying, with the lightest equipment possible, across the barren lands. +The first lake crossed is said to have been Thoy-noy-kyed Lake, which is +identified by Sir John Richardson as Tha-na-koi or Sand Hill Mount or Aylmer +Lake. This lake is placed by Hearne about seventy-five miles from Cat (Clinton-Colden) +Lake, while actually it is only a very few miles from it, forming, with +it, but one body of water with a rapid between them. On the Cook map it +is shown as having its discharge in a stream flowing south-westward into the +east end of Great Slave Lake. If his Cat Lake should prove to be Walmsley +Lake his distances would not be quite so inaccurate, for Walmsley and Aylmer +Lakes are about fifty miles apart.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_93" id="Footnote_61_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_93"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Thoy-coy-lyned Lake has not been definitely located, and as there are +very many lakes still unknown in that country, there is little use in making a +guess at its position. Between it and Cogead Lake, the women of the party +were all left behind at a point which he places in latitude 67° 30', but which +must have been much farther south, as we shall see.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_94" id="Footnote_62_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_94"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> One of these streams, just north of Thoy-coy-lyned Lake, is called on +the map Thlewey-chuck, which means Great-fish River. This can hardly be +the Great Fish River which rises in Sussex Lake and empties into the Arctic +Ocean south of King William Island, but it may be a river mentioned by +Petitot under the name <i>L'uétchôr des tchègè</i>, which is said by him to flow southward +into Great Slave Lake. Or it may be some other stream known by the +same name to the Chipewyan Indians.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_95" id="Footnote_63_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_95"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Cogead Lake.</span>—This lake has been identified by Sir J. Richardson with +Contwoy-to or Rum Lake of Franklin, the name which it bore in his day among +the Copper Indians. Sir J. Franklin says of it: "The lake is called by them +Contwoy-to or Rum Lake, in consequence of Mr. Hearne having here given +the Indians who accompanied him some of that liquor." It lies in N. latitude +65° 50', a long way south of the Arctic circle, and therefore Hearne is in error +in the next paragraph when he says that the sun "did not set all that night." +Mr. Frank Russell visited this district in 1894, and he speaks of a large lake +called by the Indians Ko-ă-kă-tcai-tĭ which he thinks must be the Rum Lake +of Franklin, and consequently the Cogead Lake of Hearne ("Explorations in +the Far North," by Frank Russell, 1898, p. 113).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_96" id="Footnote_64_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_96"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> This place has also been identified by Sir John Franklin, who says: +"We subsequently learned from the Copper Indians that the part at which we +had crossed the (Anatessy) river was the Congecathawhachaga of Hearne, of +which I had little idea at the time" ("First Journey," p. 405). Sir John +Richardson ("Polar Regions," p. 126) makes the following statement with +regard to the identification of this place: +</p><p> +"Travelling without incumbrance, the war-party, with Hearne in company, +reached a river of some size called Congecawthawhachaga, on the 21st of June, +and there they met a large body of the Copper Indians or Red Knives, one of +whom, then a boy named Cascathry, was well known in 1820-21 to Sir John +Franklin. This boy joined the war-party, and in his old age remembered the +circumstances well. Hearne says that he ascertained with his Elton's quadrant +the position of the ferry over the river to be 68° 46' north, and 118° 15' west of +London. According to Sir John Franklin's observations it lies in 66° 14' N., +long. 112° W."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_AG_97" id="Footnote_AG_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_AG_97"><span class="label">[AG]</span></a> See Postlethwayt on the article of Labour.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_AH_98" id="Footnote_AH_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_AH_98"><span class="label">[AH]</span></a> Notwithstanding this is the general character of the Southern Indian +women, as they are called on the coasts of Hudson's Bay, and who are the same +tribe with the Canadian Indians, I am happy to have it in my power to insert a +few lines to the memory of one of them, whom I knew from her infancy, and who, +I can truly affirm, was directly the reverse of the picture I have drawn. +</p><p> +<span class="smcap">Mary</span>, the daughter of <span class="smcap">Moses Norton</span>, many years Chief at Prince +of Wales's Fort, in Hudson's Bay, though born and brought up in a country +of all others the least favourable to virtue and virtuous principles, possessed +them, and every other good and amiable quality, in a most eminent degree. +</p><p> +Without the assistance of religion, and with no education but what she +received among the dissolute natives of her country, she would have shone +with superior lustre in any other country: for, if an engaging person, gentle +manners, an easy freedom, arising from a consciousness of innocence, an +amiable modesty, and an unrivalled delicacy of sentiment, are graces and +virtues which render a woman lovely, none ever had greater pretensions to +general esteem and regard: while her benevolence, humanity, and scrupulous +adherence to truth and honesty, would have done honour to the most enlightened +and devout Christian. +</p><p> +Dutiful, obedient, and affectionate to her parents; steady and faithful to +her friends; grateful and humble to her benefactors; easily forgiving and +forgetting injuries; careful not to offend any, and courteous and kind to all; +she was, nevertheless, suffered to perish by the rigours of cold and hunger, +amidst her own relations, at a time when the griping hand of famine was +by no means severely felt by any other member of their company; and it +may truly be said that she fell a martyr to the principles of virtue. This +happened in the Winter of the year 1782, after the French had destroyed +Prince of Wales's Fort; at which time she was in the twenty-second year +of her age. +</p><p> +Human nature shudders at the bare recital of such brutality, and reason +shrinks from the task of accounting for the decrees of Providence on such +occasions as this: but they are the strongest assurances of a future state, so +infinitely superior to the present, that the enjoyment of every pleasure in this +world by the most worthless and abandoned wretch, or the most innocent and +virtuous woman perishing by the most excruciating of all deaths, are matters +equally indifferent. But, +</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">"Peace to the ashes, and the virtuous mind,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Of her who lived in peace with all mankind;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Learn'd from the heart, unknowing of disguise,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Truth in her thoughts, and candour in her eyes;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Stranger alike to envy and to pride,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Good sense her light, and Nature all her guide;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">But now removed from all the ills of life,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Here rests the pleasing friend and faithful wife."—</span><span class="smcap">Waller.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p> +Her father was, undoubtedly, very blamable for bringing her up in the +tender manner which he did, rendering her by that means not only incapable +of bearing the fatigues and hardships which the rest of her countrywomen +think little of, but of providing for herself. This is, indeed, too frequent a +practice among Europeans in that country, who bring up their children in +so indulgent a manner, that when they retire, and leave their offspring behind, +they find themselves so helpless, as to be unable to provide for the few wants +to which they are subject. The late Mr. Ferdinand Jacobs, many years Chief +at York Fort, was the only person whom I ever knew that acted in a different +manner; though no man could possibly be fonder of his children in other +respects, yet as there were some that he could not bring to England, he had +them brought up entirely among the natives; so that when he left the country, +they scarcely ever felt the loss, though they regretted the absence of a fond and +indulgent parent.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_AI_99" id="Footnote_AI_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_AI_99"><span class="label">[AI]</span></a> Most of the Southern Indians, as well as the Athapuscow and Neheaway +tribes, are entirely without scruple in this respect. It is notoriously known, +that many of them cohabit occasionally with their own mothers, and frequently +espouse their sisters and daughters. I have known several of them who, after +having lived in that state for some time with their daughters, have given them +to their sons, and all parties been perfectly reconciled to it. +</p><p> +In fact, notwithstanding the severity of the climate, the licentiousness of +the inhabitants cannot be exceeded by any of the Eastern nations, whose +luxurious manner of life, and genial clime, seem more adapted to excite extraordinary +passions, than the severe cold of the frigid Zone. +</p><p> +It is true, that few of those who live under the immediate protection of the +English ever take either their sisters or daughters for wives, which is probably +owing to the fear of incurring their displeasure; but it is well known that acts +of incest too often take place among them, though perhaps not so frequently as +among the foreign Indians.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_100" id="Footnote_65_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_100"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> As seen on page 153, the latitude given for this place is 2° 32' too far north. +Almost any quadrant, however bad, would permit of taking an observation closer +than this; but as the error is approximately two and a half degrees, his mistake +in observing the double altitude would be five degrees, and if he took an +observation at all it is possible that this error was in making the calculations +or in transcribing, rather than in taking, the observation.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_101" id="Footnote_66_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_101"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> The position of this lake has not since been determined, and as the name +Musk-Ox Lake seems to be one given by Hearne himself, and as the Indian +name is not given, it will be difficult at any time to identify it.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_102" id="Footnote_67_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_102"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> <i>Ovibos moschatus</i> (Zimm.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_AJ_103" id="Footnote_AJ_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_AJ_103"><span class="label">[AJ]</span></a> Mr. Dragge says, in his Voyage ["An Account of a Voyage for the Discovery +of a North-West Passage," by the Clerk of the <i>California</i>, London, 1748], +vol. ii. p. 260, that the musk-ox is lower than a deer, but larger as to belly and +quarters; which is very far from the truth; they are of the size I have here +described them, and the Indians always estimate the flesh of a full-grown cow +to be equal in quantity to three deer. I am sorry also to be obliged to contradict +my friend Mr. Graham, who says that the flesh of this animal is carried +on sledges to Prince of Wales's Fort, to the amount of three or four thousand +pounds annually. To the amount of near one thousand pounds may have been +purchased from the natives in some particular years, but it more frequently +happens that not an ounce is brought one year out of five. In fact, it is by no +means esteemed by the Company's servants, and of course no great encouragement +is given to introduce it; but if it had been otherwise, their general situation +is so remote from the settlement, that it would not be worth the Indians +while to haul it to the Fort. So that, in fact, all that has ever been carried to +Prince of Wales's Fort, has most assuredly been killed out of a herd that has +been accidentally found within a moderate distance of the settlement; perhaps +an hundred miles, which is only thought a step by an Indian.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_AK_104" id="Footnote_AK_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_AK_104"><span class="label">[AK]</span></a> Voyage to Hudson's Bay, p. 232.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_105" id="Footnote_68_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_105"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> <i>Gulo luscus</i> Linn. See p. 346.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_106" id="Footnote_69_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_106"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> <i>Citellus parryi</i> Richardson.—E. A. P.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_AL_107" id="Footnote_AL_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_AL_107"><span class="label">[AL]</span></a> This river runs nearly North East, and in all probability empties itself into +the Northern Ocean, not far from the Copper River.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_108" id="Footnote_70_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_108"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> He reached the Coppermine River at Sandstone Rapids, having travelled +one hundred and forty-five miles north-westward from Congecathawhachaga in +thirteen days, making an average of eleven miles a day, or, omitting the two +days on which the party did not travel, an average of thirteen miles a day. The +distance stated in the text is one hundred and eighty-eight miles. Considering +the very rough nature of the country over which he was travelling, this is not a +very extravagant estimate nor a very unreasonable error. While his estimate +of distance is not very bad, his direction should have been N. 58° W. instead of +N. 23° W., as shown on his map. Mr. Frank Russell, who crossed the Coppermine +River in the spring of 1894 while on a hunt for musk oxen, says that its +present Chipewyan name is Tson Te ("Explorations in the Far North," +p. 112). +</p><p> +In 1821 Sir John Franklin explored and surveyed this river from Point Lake +to the Arctic Ocean, a distance of about two hundred and seventy-five miles. +Its length above Point Lake is not known, but it is probably about two hundred +miles. A short distance below Point Lake Franklin says that it "is about two +hundred yards wide and ten feet deep, and flows very rapidly over a rocky +bottom" ("First Journey," p. 327). +</p><p> +Sir John Richardson writes of the river farther north as follows: "The +river contracting to a width of a hundred and twenty yards at length forces +itself through the <i>Rocky Defile</i>, a narrow channel which it has cut during a +lapse of ages in the shelving foot of a hill" ("First Journey," p. 527).</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span></p> + +<h2>{145} CHAP. VI.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Transactions at the Copper-mine River, and till we joined all +the women to the South of Cogead Lake.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Some Copper Indians join us—Indians send three spies down the river—Begin +my survey—Spies return, and give an account of five tents of +Esquimaux—Indians consult the best method to steal on them in the +night, and kill them while asleep—Cross the river—Proceedings of the +Indians as they advance towards the Esquimaux tents—The Indians +begin the massacre while the poor Esquimaux are asleep, and slay them +all—Much affected at the sight of one young woman killed close to my +feet—The behaviour of the Indians on this occasion—Their brutish +treatment of the dead bodies—Seven more tents seen on the opposite side +of the river—The Indians harass them, till they fly to a shoal in the +river for safety—Behaviour of the Indians after killing those Esquimaux—Cross +the river, and proceed to the tents on that side—Plunder their +tents, and destroy their utensils—Continue my survey to the river's +mouth—Remarks there—Set out on my return—Arrive at one of the +Coppermines—Remarks on it—Many attempts made to induce the +Copper Indians to carry their own goods to market—Obstacles to it—Villany +and cruelty of Keelshies to some of those poor Indians—Leave the +Copper-mine, and walk at an amazing rate till we join the women, by +the side of Cogead Whoie—Much foot-foundered—The appearance very +alarming, but soon changes for the better—Proceed to the Southward, +and join the remainder of the women and children—Many other +Indians arrive with them.</i></p></div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July. +14th</div> + +<p>We had scarcely arrived at the Copper-mine River +when four Copper Indians joined us, and brought +with them two canoes. They had seen all the +Indians who were sent from us at various times, except +Matonabbee's {146} brother, and three others that were first +dispatched from Congecathawhachaga.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>On my arrival here I was not a little surprised to find the +river differ so much from the description which the Indians +had given of it at the Factory; for, instead of being so large +as to be navigable for shipping, as it had been represented by +them, it was at that part scarcely navigable for an Indian canoe, +being no more than one hundred and eighty yards wide, every +where full of shoals, and no less than three falls were in sight +at first view.</p> + +<p>Near the water's edge there is some wood; but not one +tree grows on or near the top of the hills between which the +river runs. There appears to have been formerly a much +greater quantity than there is at present; but the trees seem +to have been set on fire some years ago, and, in consequence, +there is at present ten sticks lying on the ground, for one +green one which is growing beside them. The whole timber +appears to have been, even in its greatest prosperity, of so +crooked and dwarfish a growth as to render it of little use for +any purpose but fire-wood.</p> + +<p>Soon after our arrival at the river-side, three Indians were +sent off as spies, in order to see if any Esquimaux were inhabiting +the river-side between us and the sea. After walking +about three-quarters of a mile by the side of the river, we put +up, when most of the Indians went a {147} hunting, and killed +several musk-oxen and some deer. They were employed all +the remainder of the day and night in splitting and drying the +meat by the fire. As we were not then in want of provisions, +and as deer and other animals were so plentiful, that each +day's journey might have provided for itself, I was at a loss to +account for this unusual œconomy of my companions; but +was soon informed, that those preparations were made with a +view to have victuals enough ready-cooked to serve us to the +river's mouth, without being obliged to kill any in our way, +as the report of the guns, and the smoke of the fires, would +be liable to alarm the natives, if any should be near at hand, +and give them an opportunity of escaping.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July. +15th.</div> + +<p>Early in the morning of the fifteenth, we set out, when I +immediately began my survey, which I continued about ten +miles down the river, till heavy rain coming on we were +obliged to put up; and the place where we lay that night was +the end, or edge of the woods, the whole space between it and +the sea being entirely barren hills and wide open marshes. In +the course of this day's survey, I found the river as full of +shoals as the part which I had seen before; and in many +places it was so greatly diminished in its width, that in our +way we passed by two more capital falls.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">16th.</div> + +<p>Early in the morning of the sixteenth, the weather being +fine and pleasant, I again proceeded with my survey, and continued +it for ten miles farther down the river; {148} but still +found it the same as before, being every where full of falls +and shoals. At this time (it being about noon) the three men +who had been sent as spies met us on their return, and informed +my companions that five tents of Esquimaux were on +the west side of the river. The situation, they said, was very +convenient for surprising them; and, according to their account, +I judged it to be about twelve miles from the place we +met the spies. When the Indians received this intelligence, +no farther attendance or attention was paid to my survey, but +their whole thoughts were immediately engaged in planning +the best method of attack, and how they might steal on the +poor Esquimaux the ensuing night, and kill them all while +asleep. To accomplish this bloody design more effectually, +the Indians thought it necessary to cross the river as soon as +possible; and, by the account of the spies, it appeared that no +part was more convenient for the purpose than that where we +had met them, it being there very smooth, and at a considerable +distance from any fall. Accordingly, after the Indians +had put all their guns, spears, targets, &c. in good order, we +crossed the river, which took up some time.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>When we arrived on the West side of the river, each painted +the front of his target or shield; some with the figure of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span> +Sun, others with that of the Moon, several with different +kinds of birds and beasts of prey, and many with the images +of imaginary beings, which, {149} according to their silly +notions, are the inhabitants of the different elements, Earth, +Sea, Air, &c.</p> + +<p>On enquiring the reason of their doing so, I learned that each +man painted his shield with the image of that being on which he +relied most for success in the intended engagement. Some were +contented with a single representation; while others, doubtful, +as I suppose, of the quality and power of any single being, +had their shields covered to the very margin with a group of +hieroglyphics, quite unintelligible to every one except the +painter. Indeed, from the hurry in which this business was +necessarily done, the want of every colour but red and black, +and the deficiency of skill in the artist, most of those paintings +had more the appearance of a number of accidental blotches, +than "of any thing that is on the earth, or in the water +under the earth"; and though some few of them conveyed +a tolerable idea of the thing intended, yet even these were +many degrees worse than our country sign-paintings in +England.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>When this piece of superstition was completed, we began +to advance toward the Esquimaux tents; but were very careful +to avoid crossing any hills, or talking loud, for fear of +being seen or overheard by the inhabitants; by which means +the distance was not only much greater than it otherwise would +have been, but, for the sake of keeping in the lowest grounds, +we were obliged to walk through {150} entire swamps of stiff +marly clay, sometimes up to the knees. Our course, however, +on this occasion, though very serpentine, was not altogether so +remote from the river as entirely to exclude me from a view +of it the whole way: on the contrary, several times (according +to the situation of the ground) we advanced so near it, as to +give me an opportunity of convincing myself that it was as +unnavigable as it was in those parts which I had surveyed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span> +before, and which entirely corresponded with the accounts +given of it by the spies.</p> + +<p>It is perhaps worth remarking, that my crew, though an +undisciplined rabble, and by no means accustomed to war or +command, seemingly acted on this horrid occasion with the +utmost uniformity of sentiment. There was not among them +the least altercation or separate opinion; all were united in +the general cause, and as ready to follow where Matonabbee +led, as he appeared to be ready to lead, according to the advice +of an old Copper Indian, who had joined us on our first arrival +at the river where this bloody business was first proposed.</p> + +<p>Never was reciprocity of interest more generally regarded +among a number of people, than it was on the present occasion +by my crew, for not one was a moment in want of any thing +that another could spare; and if ever the spirit of disinterested +friendship expanded the heart of a Northern Indian, it was +here exhibited in the most {151} extensive meaning of the +word. Property of every kind that could be of general use now +ceased to be private, and every one who had any thing which +came under that description, seemed proud of an opportunity +of giving it, or lending it to those who had none, or were +most in want of it.</p> + +<p>The number of my crew was so much greater than that +which five tents could contain, and the warlike manner in +which they were equipped so greatly superior to what could +be expected of the poor Esquimaux, that no less than a total +massacre of every one of them was likely to be the case, unless +Providence should work a miracle for their deliverance.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>The land was so situated that we walked under cover of +the rocks and hills till we were within two hundred yards of +the tents. There we lay in ambush for some time, watching +the motions of the Esquimaux; and here the Indians would +have advised me to stay till the fight was over, but to this +I could by no means consent; for I considered that when the +Esquimaux came to be surprised, they would try every way to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span> +escape, and if they found me alone, not knowing me from an +enemy, they would probably proceed to violence against me +when no person was near to assist. For this reason I determined +to accompany them, telling them at the same time, +that I would not have any hand in the murder they were +about to commit, {152} unless I found it necessary for my own +safety. The Indians were not displeased at this proposal; +one of them immediately fixed me a spear, and another lent +me a broad bayonet for my protection, but at that time I +could not be provided with a target; nor did I want to be +encumbered with such an unnecessary piece of lumber.</p> + +<p>While we lay in ambush, the Indians performed the last +ceremonies which were thought necessary before the engagement. +These chiefly consisted in painting their faces; some +all black, some all red, and others with a mixture of the two; +and to prevent their hair from blowing into their eyes, it was +either tied before and behind, and on both sides, or else cut +short all round. The next thing they considered was to make +themselves as light as possible for running; which they did, +by pulling off their stockings, and either cutting off the +sleeves of their jackets, or rolling them up close to their armpits; +and though the muskettoes at that time were so numerous +as to surpass all credibility, yet some of the Indians actually +pulled off their jackets and entered the lists quite naked, +except their breech-cloths and shoes. Fearing I might have +occasion to run with the rest, I thought it also advisable to +pull off my stockings and cap, and to tie my hair as close up +as possible.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">17th.</div> + +<p>By the time the Indians had made themselves thus completely +frightful, it was near one o'clock in the {153} morning +of the seventeenth; when finding all the Esquimaux quiet +in their tents, they rushed forth from their ambuscade, and fell +on the poor unsuspecting creatures, unperceived till close at +the very eves of their tents, when they soon began the bloody +massacre, while I stood neuter in the rear.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a href="images/i219a.jpg"><img src="images/i219a-t.jpg" width="200" height="142" alt="From "Franklin's First Journey." +BLOODY FALLS, COPPERMINE RIVER" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />From "Franklin's First Journey."<br /> +BLOODY FALLS, COPPERMINE RIVER</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><br /> +<a href="images/i219b.jpg"><img src="images/i219b-t.jpg" width="200" height="182" alt="COPPER IMPLEMENTS FROM COPPERMINE RIVER" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />COPPER IMPLEMENTS FROM COPPERMINE RIVER</span> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>In a few seconds the horrible scene commenced; it was +shocking beyond description; the poor unhappy victims were +surprised in the midst of their sleep, and had neither time nor +power to make any resistance; men, women, and children, in +all upward of twenty, ran out of their tents stark naked, and +endeavoured to make their escape; but the Indians having +possession of all the land-side, to no place could they fly for +shelter. One alternative only remained, that of jumping into +the river; but, as none of them attempted it, they all fell +a sacrifice to Indian barbarity!</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>The shrieks and groans of the poor expiring wretches +were truly dreadful; and my horror was much increased at +seeing a young girl, seemingly about eighteen years of age, +killed so near me, that when the first spear was stuck into +her side she fell down at my feet, and twisted round my legs, +so that it was with difficulty that I could disengage myself +from her dying grasps. As two Indian men pursued this +unfortunate victim, I solicited very hard for her life; but the +murderers made no reply till they had {154} stuck both their +spears through her body, and transfixed her to the ground. +They then looked me sternly in the face, and began to ridicule +me, by asking if I wanted an Esquimaux wife; and paid not the +smallest regard to the shrieks and agony of the poor wretch, +who was twining round their spears like an eel! Indeed, +after receiving much abusive language from them on the +occasion, I was at length obliged to desire that they would be +more expeditious in dispatching their victim out of her misery, +otherwise I should be obliged, out of pity, to assist in the +friendly office of putting an end to the existence of a fellow-creature +who was so cruelly wounded. On this request being +made, one of the Indians hastily drew his spear from the place +where it was first lodged, and pierced it through her breast +near the heart. The love of life, however, even in this most +miserable state, was so predominant, that though this might +justly be called the most merciful act that could be done for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span> +the poor creature, it seemed to be unwelcome, for though +much exhausted by pain and loss of blood, she made several +efforts to ward off the friendly blow. My situation and the +terror of my mind at beholding this butchery, cannot easily +be conceived, much less described; though I summed up all +the fortitude I was master of on the occasion, it was with +difficulty that I could refrain from tears; and I am confident +that my features must have feelingly expressed how sincerely I +was affected at the barbarous scene I then {155} witnessed; +even at this hour I cannot reflect on the transactions of that +horrid day without shedding tears.</p> + +<p>The brutish manner in which these savages used the bodies +they had so cruelly bereaved of life was so shocking, that it +would be indecent to describe it; particularly their curiosity +in examining, and the remarks they made, on the formation +of the women; which, they pretended to say, differed materially +from that of their own. For my own part I must +acknowledge, that however favourable the opportunity for +determining that point might have been, yet my thoughts at +the time were too much agitated to admit of any such remarks; +and I firmly believe, that had there actually been as +much difference between them as there is said to be between +the Hottentots and those of Europe, it would not have been +in my power to have marked the distinction. I have reason +to think, however, that there is no ground for the assertion; +and really believe that the declaration of the Indians on this +occasion, was utterly void of truth, and proceeded only from +the implacable hatred they bore to the whole tribe of people +of whom I am speaking.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>When the Indians had completed the murder of the poor +Esquimaux, seven other tents on the East side of the river immediately +engaged their attention: very luckily, however, our +canoes and baggage had been left at a little distance up the +river, so that they had no way of {156} crossing to get at them. +The river at this part being little more than eighty yards wide,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span> +they began firing at them from the West side. The poor +Esquimaux on the opposite shore, though all up in arms, did +not attempt to abandon their tents; and they were so unacquainted +with the nature of fire-arms, that when the bullets +struck the ground, they ran in crowds to see what was sent +them, and seemed anxious to examine all the pieces of lead +which they found flattened against the rocks. At length one +of the Esquimaux men was shot in the calf of his leg, which +put them in great confusion. They all immediately embarked +in their little canoes, and paddled to a shoal in the middle of +the river, which being somewhat more than a gun-shot from +any part of the shore, put them out of the reach of our +barbarians.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>When the savages discovered that the surviving Esquimaux +had gained the shore above mentioned, the Northern Indians +began to plunder the tents of the deceased of all the copper +utensils they could find; such as hatchets, bayonets, knives, +&c. after which they assembled on the top of an adjacent high +hill, and standing all in a cluster, so as to form a solid circle, +with their spears erect in the air, gave many shouts of victory, +constantly clashing their spears against each other, and frequently +calling out <i>tima! tima!</i><a name="FNanchor_AM_109" id="FNanchor_AM_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_AM_109" class="fnanchor">[AM]</a> by way of derision to the poor +surviving {157} Esquimaux, who were standing on the shoal +almost knee-deep in water. After parading the hill for some +time, it was agreed to return up the river to the place where +we had left our canoes and baggage, which was about half a +mile distant, and then to cross the river again and plunder +the seven tents on the East side. This resolution was immediately +put in force; and as ferrying across with only three +or four canoes<a name="FNanchor_AN_110" id="FNanchor_AN_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_AN_110" class="fnanchor">[AN]</a> took a considerable time, and as we were, from +the crookedness of the river and the form of the land, entirely +under cover, several of the poor surviving Esquimaux, thinking +probably that we were gone about our business, and meant +to trouble them no more, had returned from the shoal to their +habitations. When we approached their tents, which we did +under cover of the rocks, we found them busily employed +tying up bundles. These the Indians seized with their usual +ferocity; on which, the Esquimaux having their canoes lying +ready in the water, immediately embarked, and all of them +got safe to the former shoal, except an old man, who was so +intent on collecting his things, that the Indians coming upon +him before he could reach his canoe, he fell a sacrifice to their +fury: I verily believe not less than twenty had a hand in his +death, as his whole body was like a cullender. It is here +necessary to observe that the spies {158} when on the look-out, +could not see these seven tents, though close under them, as +the bank, on which they stood, stretched over them.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">17th.</div> + +<p>It ought to have been mentioned in its proper place, that +in making our retreat up the river, after killing the Esquimaux +on the West side, we saw an old woman sitting by the +side of the water, killing salmon,<a name="FNanchor_71_111" id="FNanchor_71_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_111" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> which lay at the foot of the +fall as thick as a shoal of herrings. Whether from the noise +of the fall, or a natural defect in the old woman's hearing, it +is hard to determine, but certain it is, she had no knowledge +of the tragical scene which had been so lately transacted at +the tents, though she was not more than two hundred yards +from the place. When we first perceived her, she seemed perfectly +at ease, and was entirely surrounded with the produce +of her labour. From her manner of behaviour, and the appearance +of her eyes, which were as red as blood, it is more +than probable that her sight was not very good; for she +scarcely discerned that the Indians were enemies, till they were +within twice the length of their spears of her. It was in vain +that she attempted to fly, for the wretches of my crew transfixed +her to the ground in a few seconds, and butchered her in +the most savage manner. There was scarcely a man among +them who had not a thrust at her with his spear; and many +in doing this, aimed at torture, rather than immediate death, +as they not only poked out her eyes, {159} but stabbed her in +many parts very remote from those which are vital.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>It may appear strange, that a person supposed to be almost +blind should be employed in the business of fishing, and particularly +with any degree of success; but when the multitude +of fish is taken into the account, the wonder will cease. Indeed +they were so numerous at the foot of the fall, that when +a light pole, armed with a few spikes, which was the instrument +the old woman used, was put under water, and hauled +up with a jerk, it was scarcely possible to miss them. Some +of my Indians tried the method, for curiosity, with the old +woman's staff, and seldom got less than two at a jerk, sometimes +three or four. Those fish, though very fine, and beautifully +red, are but small, seldom weighing more (as near as I +could judge) than six or seven pounds, and in general much +less. Their numbers at this place were almost incredible, +perhaps equal to any thing that is related of the salmon in +Kamschatka, or any other part of the world. It does not +appear that the Esquimaux have any other method of catching +the fish, unless it be by spears and darts; for no appearance of +nets was discovered either at their tents, or on any part of the +shore. This is the case with all the Esquimaux on the West +side of Hudson's Bay; spearing in Summer, and angling in +Winter, are the only methods they have yet devised to catch +fish, though at {160} times their whole dependence for support +is on that article.<a name="FNanchor_AO_112" id="FNanchor_AO_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_AO_112" class="fnanchor">[AO]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>{161} When the Indians had plundered the seven tents of +all the copper utensils, which seemed the only thing worth +{162} their notice, they threw all the tents and tent-poles into +the river, destroyed a vast quantity of dried salmon, musk-oxen +flesh, and other provisions; broke all the stone kettles; +and, in fact, did all the mischief they possibly could to distress +the poor creatures they could not murder, and who were +standing on the shoal before mentioned, obliged to be woeful +spectators of their great, or perhaps irreparable loss.</p> + +<p>After the Indians had completed this piece of wantonness +we sat down, and made a good meal of fresh salmon, which +were as numerous at the place where we now rested, as they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span> +were on the West side of the river. When we had finished +our meal, which was the first we had enjoyed for many hours, +the Indians told me that they were again ready to assist me in +making an end of my survey. It was then about five o'clock +in the morning of the seventeenth, the sea being in sight from +the North West by West to the North East, about eight miles +distant. I therefore set instantly about commencing my survey, +and pursued it to the mouth of the river, which I found +all the way so full of shoals and falls that it was not navigable +even for a boat, and that it emptied itself into the sea over a +ridge or bar. {163} The tide was then out; but I judged from +the marks which I saw on the edge of the ice, that it flowed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span> +about twelve or fourteen feet, which will only reach a little +way within the river's mouth. The tide being out, the water +in the river was perfectly fresh; but I am certain of its being +the sea, or some branch of it, by the quantity of whalebone +and seal-skins which the Esquimaux had at their tents, and +also by the number of seals<a name="FNanchor_72_113" id="FNanchor_72_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_113" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> which I saw on the ice. At the +mouth of the river, the sea is full of islands and shoals, as far +as I could see with the assistance of a good pocket telescope. +The ice was not then broke up, but was melted away for +about three quarters of a mile from the main shore, and to a +little distance round the islands and shoals.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">18th.</div> + +<p>By the time I had completed this survey, it was about one +in the morning of the eighteenth; but in those high latitudes, +and at this season of the year, the Sun is always at a good height +above the horizon, so that we had not only day light, but sunshine +the whole night: a thick fog and drizzling rain then +came on, and finding that neither the river nor sea were likely +to be of any use, I did not think it worth while to wait for +fair weather to determine the latitude exactly by an observation; +but by the extraordinary care I took in observing the +courses and distances when I walked from Congecathawhachaga, +where I had two good observations, the latitude may be depended +upon within twenty miles at the utmost. For the +sake of form, {164} however, after having had some consultation +with the Indians, I erected a mark, and took possession of +the coast, on behalf of the Hudson's Bay Company.<a name="FNanchor_73_114" id="FNanchor_73_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_114" class="fnanchor">[73]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>Having finished this business, we set out on our return, +and walked about twelve miles to the South by East, when we +stopped and took a little sleep, which was the first time that +any of us had closed our eyes from the fifteenth instant, and +it was now six o'clock in the morning of the eighteenth. +Here the Indians killed a musk-ox, but the moss being very +wet, we could not make a fire, so that we were obliged to eat +the meat raw, which was intolerable, as it happened to be an +old beast.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>Before I proceed farther on my return, it may not be +improper to give some account of the river, and the country +adjacent; its productions, and the animals which constantly +inhabit those dreary regions, as well as those that only +migrate thither in Summer, in order to breed and rear their +young, unmolested by man. That I may do this to better<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span> +purpose, it will be necessary to go back to the place where +I first came to the river, which was about forty miles from its +mouth.</p> + +<p>Beside the stunted pines already mentioned, there are some +tufts of dwarf willows; plenty of Wishacumpuckey,<a name="FNanchor_74_115" id="FNanchor_74_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_115" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> (as the +English call it, and which they use as tea); some {165} jackasheypuck, +which the natives use as tobacco; and a few cranberry +and heathberry bushes; but not the least appearance of +any fruit.</p> + +<p>The woods grow gradually thinner and smaller as you +approach the sea; and the last little tuft of pines that I saw +is about thirty miles from the mouth of the river, so that we +meet with nothing between that spot and the sea-side but +barren hills and marshes.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>The general course of the river is about North by East; +but in some places it is very crooked, and its breadth varies +from twenty yards to four or five hundred. The banks are +in general a solid rock, both sides of which correspond so +exactly with each other, as to leave no doubt that the channel +of the river has been caused by some terrible convulsion of +nature; and the stream is supplied by a variety of little +rivulets, that rush down the sides of the hills, occasioned +chiefly by the melting of the snow. Some of the Indians say, +that this river takes its rise from the North West side of +Large White Stone Lake, which is at the distance of near +three hundred miles on a straight line; but I can scarcely +think that is the case, unless there be many intervening lakes, +which are supplied by the vast quantity of water that is +collected in so great an extent of hilly and mountainous +country: for were it otherwise, I should imagine that the +multitude of small rivers, which must empty themselves into +the main stream in the course of so {166} great a distance, +would have formed a much deeper and stronger current than I +discovered, and occasioned an annual deluge at the breaking +up of the ice in the Spring, of which there was not the least +appearance, except at Bloody Fall, where the river was contracted +to the breadth of about twenty yards. It was at the +foot of this fall that my Indians killed the Esquimaux; which +was the reason why I distinguished it by that appellation. From +this fall, which is about eight miles from the sea-side, there +are very few hills, and those not high. The land between +them is a stiff loam and clay, which, in some parts, produces +patches of pretty good grass, and in others tallish dwarf +willows: at the foot of the hills also there is plenty of fine +scurvy-grass.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span></p> +<p>The Esquimaux at this river are but low in stature, none +exceeding the middle size, and though broad set, are neither +well-made nor strong bodied. Their complexion is of a dirty +copper colour; some of the women, however, are more fair +and ruddy. Their dress much resembles that of the Greenlanders +in Davis's Straits, except the women's boots, which are +not stiffened out with whalebone, and the tails of their jackets +are not more than a foot long.</p> + +<p>Their arms and fishing-tackle are bows and arrows, spears, +lances, darts, &c. which exactly resemble those made use of by +the Esquimaux in Hudson's Straits, and {167} which have been +well described by Crantz<a name="FNanchor_AP_116" id="FNanchor_AP_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_AP_116" class="fnanchor">[AP]</a>; but, for want of good edge-tools, +are far inferior to them in workmanship. Their arrows are +either shod with a triangular piece of black stone, like slate, +or a piece of copper; but most commonly the former.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>The body of their canoes is on the same construction +as that of the other Esquimaux, and there is no unnecessary +prow-projection beyond the body of the vessel; these, like +their arms and other utensils, are, for the want of better tools, +by no means so neat as those I have seen in Hudson's Bay and +Straits. The double-bladed paddle is in universal use among +all the tribes of this people.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span></p> +<p>Their tents are made of parchment deer-skins in the hair, +and are pitched in a circular form, the same as those of the +Esquimaux in Hudson's Bay. These tents are undoubtedly +no more than their Summer habitations, for I saw the remains +of two miserable hovels, which, from the situation, the structure, +and the vast quantity of bones, old shoes, scraps of skins, and +other rubbish lying near them, had certainly been some of their +Winter retreats. These houses were situated on the South +side of a hill; one half of them were under-ground, and the +upper parts closely set round with poles, meeting at the top +in a conical form, like their Summer-houses or tents. These +tents, {168} when inhabited, had undoubtedly been covered with +skins; and in Winter entirely overspread with the snow-drift, +which must have greatly contributed to their warmth. They +were so small, that they did not contain more than six or eight +persons each; and even that number of any other people +would have found them but miserable habitations.</p> + +<p>Their household furniture chiefly consists of stone kettles, +and wooden troughs of various sizes; also dishes, scoops, and +spoons, made of the buffalo or musk-ox horns. Their kettles +are formed of a pepper and salt coloured stone; and though +the texture appears to be very coarse, and as porous as a dripstone, +yet they are perfectly tight, and will sound as clear as +a china bowl. Some of those kettles are so large as to be +capable of containing five or six gallons; and though it is +impossible these poor people can perform this arduous work +with any other tools than harder stones, yet they are by far +superior to any that I had ever seen in Hudson's Bay; every +one of them being ornamented with neat mouldings round the +rim, and some of the large ones with a kind of flute-work at +each corner. In shape they were a long square, something +wider at the top than bottom, like a knife-tray, and strong +handles of the solid stone were left at each end to lift them up.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>Their hatchets are made of a thick lump of copper, about +five or six inches long, and from one and a half to two inches +square; they are bevelled away at one end like a {169} mortice-chissel. +This is lashed into the end of a piece of wood about +twelve or fourteen inches long, in such a manner as to act like +an adze: in general they are applied to the wood like a chissel, +and driven in with a heavy club, instead of a mallet. Neither +the weight of the tool nor the sharpness of the metal will +admit of their being handled either as adze or axe, with any +degree of success.</p> + +<p>The men's bayonets and women's knives are also made of +copper; the former are in shape like the ace of spades, with +the handle of deers horn a foot long, and the latter exactly +resemble those described by Crantz. Samples of both these +implements I formerly sent home to James Fitzgerald, Esq. +then one of the Hudson's Bay Committee.</p> + +<p>Among all the spoils of the twelve tents which my companions +plundered, only two small pieces of iron were found; +one of which was about an inch and a half long, and three +eighths of an inch broad, made into a woman's knife; the +other was barely an inch long, and a quarter of an inch wide. +This last was rivetted into a piece of ivory, so as to form a +man's knife, known in Hudson's Bay by the name of <i>Mokeatoggan</i>, +and is the only instrument used by them in shaping all +their wood-work.</p> + +<p>Those people had a fine and numerous breed of dogs, with +sharp erect ears, sharp noses, bushy tails, &c. {170} exactly like +those seen among the Esquimaux in Hudson's Bay and Straits. +They were all tethered to stones, to prevent them, as I suppose, +from eating the fish that were spread all over the rocks to dry. +I do not recollect that my companions killed or hurt one of +those animals; but after we had left the tents, they often +wished they had taken some of those fine dogs with them.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>Though the dress, canoes, utensils, and many other articles +belonging to these people, are very similar to those of Hudson's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span> +Bay, yet there is one custom that prevails among them—namely, +that of the men having all the hair of their heads +pulled out by the roots—which pronounces them to be of +a different tribe from any hitherto seen either on the coast +of Labradore, Hudson's Bay, or Davis's Straits. The women +wore their hair at full length, and exactly in the same stile as +all the other Esquimaux women do whom I have seen.</p> + +<p>When at the sea-side, (at the mouth of the Copper River,) +besides seeing many seals on the ice, I also observed several +flocks of sea-fowl flying about the shores; such as, gulls, +black-heads, loons, old wives, ha-ha-wie's, dunter geese, arctic +gulls, and willicks. In the adjacent ponds also were some +swans and geese in a moulting state, and in the marshes some +curlews and plover; plenty of hawks-eyes, (i.e. the green +plover,) and some yellow-legs;<a name="FNanchor_75_117" id="FNanchor_75_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_117" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> also several other small birds, +that visit those Northern parts in the {171} Spring to breed +and moult, and which doubtless return Southward as the fall +advances. My reason for this conjecture is founded on a +certain knowledge that all those birds migrate in Hudson's +Bay; and it is but reasonable to think that they are less +capable of withstanding the rigour of such a long and cold +Winter as they must necessarily experience in a country which +is so many degrees within the Arctic Circle, as that is where I +now saw them.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>That the musk-oxen, deer, bears, wolves, wolvarines, foxes, +Alpine hares,<a name="FNanchor_76_118" id="FNanchor_76_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_118" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> white owls, ravens, partridges, ground-squirrels, +common squirrels, ermins, mice, &c. are the constant inhabitants +of those parts, is not to be doubted. In many places, by +the sides of the hills, where the snow lay to a great depth, the +dung of the musk-oxen and deer was lying in such long and +continued heaps, as clearly to point out that those places had +been their much-frequented paths during the preceding Winter. +There were also many other similar appearances on the hills, +and other parts, where the snow was entirely thawed away, +without any print of a foot being visible in the moss; which +is a certain proof that these long ridges of dung must have +been dropped in the snow as the beasts were passing and +repassing over it in the Winter. There are likewise similar +proofs that the Alpine hare<a name="FNanchor_77_119" id="FNanchor_77_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_119" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> and the partridge<a name="FNanchor_78_120" id="FNanchor_78_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_120" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> do not migrate, +but remain there the whole year: the latter we found in considerable +flocks among the tufts of willows which grow near +the sea.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span></p><p>{172} It is perhaps not generally known, even to the curious, +therefore may not be unworthy of observation, that the dung +of the musk-ox, though so large an animal, is not larger, and +at the same time so near the shape and colour of that of the +Alpine hare, that the difference is not easily distinguished but +by the natives, though in general the quantity may lead to a +discovery of the animal to which it belongs.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>I did not see any birds peculiar to those parts, except what +the Copper Indians call the "Alarm Bird," or "Bird of Warning."<a name="FNanchor_79_121" id="FNanchor_79_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_121" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> +In size and colour it resembles a Cobadekoock, and is +of the owl genus. The name is said to be well adapted to its +qualities; for when it perceives any people, or beast, it directs +its way towards them immediately, and after hovering over +them some time, flies round them in circles, or goes a-head in +the same direction in which they walk. They repeat their +visits frequently; and if they see any other moving objects, +fly alternately from one party to the other, hover over them +for some time, and make a loud screaming noise, like the +crying of a child. In this manner they are said sometimes to +follow passengers a whole day. The Copper Indians put great +confidence in those birds, and say they are frequently apprized +by them of the approach of strangers, and conducted by them +to herds of deer and musk-oxen; which, without their assistance, +in all probability, they never could have found.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span></p> +<p>{173} The Esquimaux seem not to have imbibed the same +opinion of those birds; for if they had, they must have been +apprized of our approach toward their tents, because all the time +the Indians lay in ambush, (before they began the massacre,) a +large flock of those birds were continually flying about, and +hovering alternately over them and the tents, making a noise +sufficient to awaken any man out of the soundest sleep.</p> + +<p>After a sleep of five or six hours we once more set out, and +walked eighteen or nineteen miles to the South South East, +when we arrived at one of the copper mines, which lies, from +the river's mouth about South South East, distant about +twenty-nine or thirty miles.</p> + +<p>This mine, if it deserve that appellation, is no more than +an entire jumble of rocks and gravel, which has been rent +many ways by an earthquake. Through these ruins there +runs a small river; but no part of it, at the time I was there, +was more than knee-deep.<a name="FNanchor_80_122" id="FNanchor_80_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_122" class="fnanchor">[80]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>The Indians who were the occasion of my undertaking +this journey, represented this mine to be so rich and valuable, +that if a factory were built at the river, a ship might be ballasted +with the ore, instead of stone; and that with the same ease<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span> +and dispatch as is done with stones at Churchill River. By +their account the hills were entirely composed of that metal, +all in handy lumps, like {174} a heap of pebbles. But their +account differed so much from the truth, that I and almost all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span> +my companions expended near four hours in search of some +of this metal, with such poor success, that among us all, only +one piece of any size could be found. This, however, was +remarkably good, and weighed above four pounds.<a name="FNanchor_AQ_123" id="FNanchor_AQ_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_AQ_123" class="fnanchor">[AQ]</a> I believe +the copper has formerly been in much greater plenty; for in +many places, both on the surface and in the cavities and +crevices of the rocks, the stones are much tinged with +verdigrise.</p> + +<p>It may not be unworthy the notice of the curious, or +undeserving a place in my Journal, to remark, that the +Indians imagine that every bit of copper they find resembles +some object in nature; but by what I saw of the large piece, +and some smaller ones which were found by my companions, +it requires a great share of invention to make this out. I +found that different people had different ideas on the subject, +for the large piece of copper above mentioned had not been +found long before it had twenty different names. One saying +that it resembled this animal, and another that it represented +a particular part of another; at last it was generally allowed +to resemble an Alpine hare couchant: for my part, I must +confess that I could not see it had the least resemblance to +any thing to which they compared it. It would be endless to +{175} enumerate the different parts of a deer, and other animals, +which the Indians say the best pieces of copper resemble: it +may therefore be sufficient to say, that the largest pieces, with +the fewest branches and the least dross, are the best for their +use; as by the help of fire, and two stones, they can beat it +out to any shape they wish.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span></p> +<p>Before Churchill River was settled by the Hudson's Bay +Company, which was not more than fifty years previous to +this journey being undertaken, the Northern Indians had no +other metal but copper among them, except a small quantity +of iron-work, which a party of them who visited York Fort +about the year one thousand seven hundred and thirteen, or +one thousand seven hundred and fourteen, purchased; and a +few pieces of old iron found at Churchill River, which had +undoubtedly been left there by Captain Monk. This being +the case, numbers of them from all quarters used every +Summer to resort to these hills in search of copper; of which +they made hatchets, ice-chissels, bayonets, knives, awls, arrow-heads, +&c.<a name="FNanchor_AR_124" id="FNanchor_AR_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_AR_124" class="fnanchor">[AR]</a> The many {176} paths that had been beaten by the +Indians on these occasions, and which are yet, in many places, +very perfect, especially on the dry ridges and hills, is surprising; +in the vallies and marshy grounds, however, they are +mostly grown over with herbage, so as not to be discerned.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>The Copper Indians set a great value on their native metal +even to this day; and prefer it to iron, for almost every use +except that of a hatchet, a knife, and an awl: for these three +necessary implements, copper makes but a very poor substitute. +When they exchange copper for iron-work with our +trading Northern Indians, which is but seldom, the standard +is an ice-chissel of copper for an ice-chissel of iron, or an ice-chissel +and a few arrow-heads of copper, for a half-worn +hatchet; but when they barter furrs with our Indians, the +established rule is to give ten times the price for every thing +they purchase that is given for them at the Company's +Factory. Thus, a hatchet that is bought at the Factory for +one beaver-skin, or one cat-skin, or three ordinary martins' +skins, is sold to {177} those people at the advanced price of +one thousand <i>per cent.</i>; they also pay in proportion, for +knives, and every other smaller piece of iron-work. For a +small brass kettle of two pounds, or two pounds and a half +weight, they pay sixty martins, or twenty beaver in other kinds +of furrs.<a name="FNanchor_AS_125" id="FNanchor_AS_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_AS_125" class="fnanchor">[AS]</a> If the kettles are not bruised, or ill-used in any +other respect, the Northern traders have the conscience at +times to exact something more. It is at this extravagant +price that all the Copper and Dog-ribbed Indians, who +traffic with our yearly traders, supply themselves with iron-work, +&c.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>From those two tribes our Northern Indians used formerly +to purchase most of the furrs they brought to the Company's +Factory; for their own country produced very few of those +articles, and being, at that time, at war with the Southern +Indians, they were prevented from penetrating far enough +backwards to meet with many animals of the furr kind; so that +deer-skins, and {178} such furrs as they could extort from the +Copper and Dog-ribbed Indians, composed the whole of their +trade; which, on an average of many years, and indeed till<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span> +very lately, seldom or ever exceeded six thousand <i>Made +Beaver per annum</i>.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>At present happy it is for them, and greatly to the advantage +of the Company, that they are in perfect peace, and live +in friendship with their Southern neighbours. The good effect +of this harmony is already so visible, that within a few years +the trade from that quarter has increased many thousands of +Made Beaver annually; some years even to the amount of +eleven thousand skins.<a name="FNanchor_AT_127" id="FNanchor_AT_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_AT_127" class="fnanchor">[AT]</a> Besides {179} the advantage arising +to the Company from this increase, the poor Northern Indians +reap innumerable benefits from a fine and plentiful country, +with the produce of which they annually load themselves +for trade, without giving the least offence to the proper +inhabitants.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>Several attempts have been made to induce the Copper and +Dog-ribbed Indians to visit the Company's Fort at Churchill +River, and for that purpose many presents have been sent, +but they never were attended with any success. And though +several of the Copper Indians have visited Churchill, in the +capacity of servants to the Northern Indians, and were generally +sent back loaded with presents for their countrymen, yet the +Northern Indians always plundered them of the whole soon +after they left the Fort. This kind of treatment, added to the +many inconveniences that attend so long a journey, are great +obstacles in their way; otherwise it would be as possible for +them to bring their own goods to market, as for the Northern +Indians to go so far to purchase them on their own account, +{180} and have the same distance to bring them as the first +proprietors would have had. But it is a political scheme of +our Northern traders to prevent such an intercourse, as it would +greatly lessen their consequence and emolument. Superstition, +indeed, will, in all probability, be a lasting barrier against those +people ever having a settled communication with our Factory;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span> +as few of them chuse to travel in countries so remote from +their own, under a pretence that the change of air and provisions +(though exactly the same to which they are accustomed) +are highly prejudicial to their health; and that not one out of +three of those who have undertaken the journey, have ever +lived to return. The first of these reasons is evidently no +more than gross superstition; and though the latter is but too +true, it has always been owing to the treachery and cruelty of +the Northern Indians, who took them under their protection.</p> + +<p>It is but a few years since, that Captain Keelshies, who is +frequently mentioned in this Journal, took twelve of these +people under his charge, all heavy laden with the most valuable +furrs; and long before they arrived at the Fort, he and the +rest of his crew had got all the furrs from them, in payment +for provisions for their support, and obliged them to carry the +furrs on their account.</p> + +<p>On their arrival at Prince of Wales's Fort, Keelshies laid +claim to great merit for having brought those strangers, +{181} so richly laden, to the Factory, and assured the Governor +that he might, in future, expect a great increase in trade from +that quarter, through his interest and assiduity. One of the +strangers was dubbed with the name of Captain, and treated +accordingly, while at the Fort; that is, he was dressed out in +the best manner; and at his departure, both himself and all +his countrymen were loaded with presents, in hopes that they +would not only repeat the visit themselves, but by displaying +so much generosity, many of their countrymen would be +induced to accompany them.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>There seems to be great propriety in the conduct of the +Governor<a name="FNanchor_AU_129" id="FNanchor_AU_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_AU_129" class="fnanchor">[AU]</a> on this occasion; but however well-intended, it +had quite the contrary effect, for Keelshies and the rest of his +execrable gang, not content with sharing all the furrs those +poor people had carried to the Fort, determined to get also +all the European goods that had been given to them by the +Governor. As neither Keelshies nor any of his gang had the +courage to kill the Copper Indians, they concerted a deep-laid +scheme for their destruction; which was to leave them on an +island. With this view, when they got to the proposed spot, +the Northern Indians took care to have all the baggage belonging +to the Copper Indians ferried across to the main, and +having stripped them of such parts of their clothing as they +{182} thought worthy their notice, went off with all the canoes, +leaving them all behind on the island, where they perished for +want. When I was on my journey to the Fort in June one +thousand seven hundred and seventy two, I saw the bones of +those poor people, and had the foregoing account from my +guide Matonabbee; but it was not made known to the +Governor for some years afterward, for fear of prejudicing +him against Keelshies.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span></p> +<p>A similar circumstance had nearly happened to a Copper +Indian who accompanied me to the Fort in one thousand seven +hundred and seventy-two: after we were all ferried across +Seal River, and the poor man's bundle of furrs on the South-side, +he was left alone on the opposite shore; and no one +except Matonabbee would go over for him. The wind at +that time blew so hard, that Matonabbee stripped himself +quite naked, to be ready for swimming in case the canoe +should overset; but he soon brought the Copper Indian safe +over, to the no small mortification of the wretch who had the +charge of him, and who would gladly have possessed the bundle +of furrs at the expence of the poor man's life.</p> + +<p>When the Northern Indians returned from the Factory that +year, the above Copper Indian put himself under the protection +of Matonabbee, who accompanied him as far North, as the +latitude 64°, where they saw some Copper Indians, among +whom was the young man's father, into {183} whose hands +Matonabbee delivered him in good health, with all his goods +safe, and in good order.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>Soon after we had left the Coppermine, there came on a +thick fog with rain, and at intervals heavy showers of snow. +This kind of weather continued for some days; and at times +it was so thick, that we were obliged to stop for several hours +together, as we were unable to see our way, and the road was +remarkably rocky and intricate.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">22d.</div> + +<p>At three o'clock in the morning of the twenty-second, +Matonabbee's brother and one of the Copper Indians, who +had been first dispatched a-head from Congecathawhachaga, +overtook us. During their absence they had not discovered +any Indians who could have been serviceable to my expedition. +They had, however, been at the Copper River, and seeing +some marks set up there to direct them to return, they had +made the best of their way, and had not slept from the time +they left the river till they joined us, though the distance was +not less than a hundred miles. When they arrived we were +asleep, but we soon awakened, and began to proceed on our +journey. That day we walked forty-two miles; and in our +way passed Buffalo Lake: at night, we put up about the middle +of the Stony Mountains. The weather was excessively hot +and sultry.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">23d.</div> + +<p>{184} On the twenty-third, the weather continued much the +same as on the preceding day. Early in the morning we set +out, and walked forty-five miles the first day, during which +the Indians killed several fine fat buck deer.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">24th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>About one o'clock in the morning of the twenty-fourth, +we stopped and took a little refreshment, as we had also done +about noon the preceding day; but the Indians had been so +long from their wives and families, that they promised not to +sleep till they saw them, especially as we were then in sight of +the hills of Congecathawhachaga,<a name="FNanchor_83_130" id="FNanchor_83_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_130" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> where we had left the last of +them. After resting about an hour, we proceeded on our way, +and at six in the morning arrived at Congecathawhachaga; +when, to our great disappointment, we found that all our +women had got set across the river before the Copper Indians +left that part; so that when we arrived, not an Indian was to +be found, except an old man and his family, who had arrived in +our absence, and was waiting at the crossing-place with some +furrs for Matonabbee, who was so nearly related to the old +man as to be his son-in-law, having one of his daughters for +a wife. The old man had another with him, who was also +offered to the great man, but not accepted.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span></p> +<p>Our stay at this place may be said to have been of very +short duration; for on seeing a large smoke to the Southward, +we immediately crossed the river, and walked towards it, +{185} when we found that the women had indeed been there +some days before, but were gone; and at their departure had +set the moss on fire, which was then burning, and occasioned +the smoke we had seen. By this time the afternoon was far +advanced; we pursued, however, our course in the direction +which the women took, for their track we could easily discover +in the moss. We had not gone far, before we saw another +smoke at a great distance, for which we shaped our course; +and, notwithstanding we redoubled our pace, it was eleven +o'clock at night before we reached it; when, to our great +mortification, we found it to be the place where the women +had slept the night before; having in the morning, at their +departure, set fire to the moss which was then burning.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">25th.</div> + +<p>The Indians, finding that their wives were so near as to be +within one of their ordinary day's walk, which seldom exceeded +ten or twelve miles, determined not to rest till they had joined +them. Accordingly we pursued our course, and about two +o'clock in the morning of the twenty-fifth, came up with some +of the women, who had then pitched their tents by the side of +Cogead Lake.<a name="FNanchor_84_131" id="FNanchor_84_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_131" class="fnanchor">[84]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>From our leaving the Copper-mine River to this time we +had travelled so hard, and taken so little rest by the way, that +my feet and legs had swelled considerably, and I had become +quite stiff at the ankles. In this situation I had {186} so little +power to direct my feet when walking, that I frequently knocked +them against the stones with such force, as not only to jar and +disorder them, but my legs also; and the nails of my toes +were bruised to such a degree, that several of them festered +and dropped off. To add to this mishap, the skin was entirely +chafed off from the tops of both my feet, and between every +toe; so that the sand and gravel, which I could by no means +exclude, irritated the raw parts so much, that for a whole day +before we arrived at the women's tents, I left the print of my +feet in blood almost at every step I took. Several of the +Indians began to complain that their feet also were sore; but, +on examination, not one of them was the twentieth part in so +bad a state as mine.</p> + +<p>This being the first time I had been in such a situation, or +seen anybody foot-foundered, I was much alarmed, and under +great apprehensions for the consequences. Though I was but +little fatigued in body, yet the excruciating pain I suffered +when walking, had such an effect on my spirits, that if the +Indians had continued to travel two or three days longer at +that unmerciful rate, I must unavoidably have been left behind; +for my feet were in many places quite honey-combed, by the dirt +and gravel eating into the raw flesh.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>As soon as we arrived at the women's tents, the first thing +I did, was to wash and clean my feet in {187} warm water; then +I bathed the swelled parts with spirits of wine, and dressed those +that were raw with Turner's cerate; soon after which I betook +myself to rest. As we did not move on the following day, I +perceived that the swelling abated, and the raw parts of my +feet were not quite so much inflamed. This change for the +better gave me the strongest assurance that rest was the +principal thing wanted to effect a speedy and complete cure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span> +of my painful, though in reality very simple disorder, (foot-foundering,) +which I had before considered to be an affair of +the greatest consequence.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">27th.</div> + +<p>Rest, however, though essential to my speedy recovery, +could not at this time be procured; for as the Indians were +desirous of joining the remainder of their wives and families +as soon as possible, they would not stop even a single day; so +that on the twenty-seventh we again began to move; and +though they moved at the rate of eight or nine miles a day, +it was with the utmost difficulty that I could follow them. +Indeed the weather proved remarkably fine and pleasant, and +the ground was in general pretty dry, and free from stones; +which contributed greatly to my ease in walking, and enabled +me to keep up with the natives.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">31st.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">August. +1st.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">5th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +July.</div> + +<p>On the thirty-first of July, we arrived at the place<a name="FNanchor_85_132" id="FNanchor_85_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_132" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> where +the wives and families of my companions had been ordered to +wait our return from the Copper-mine River. Here we found +several tents of Indians; but those {188} belonging to Matonabbee, +and some others of my crew, had not arrived. We saw, +however, a large smoke to the Eastward, which we supposed +had been made by them, as no other Indians were expected +from that quarter. Accordingly, the next morning, Matonabbee +sent some of his young men in quest of them, and on the +fifth, they all joined us; when, contrary to expectation, a +great number of other Indians were with them; in all, to the +amount of more than forty tents. Among those Indians, was +the man who Matonabbee stabbed when we were at Clowey. +With the greatest submission he led his wife to Matonabbee's +tent, set her down by his side, and retired, without saying a +word. Matonabbee took no notice of her, though she was +bathed in tears; and by degrees, after reclining herself on her +elbow for some time, she lay down, and, sobbing, said, <i>see'd +dinne</i>, <i>see'd dinne!</i> which is, My husband, my husband! On +which Matonabbee told her, that if she had respected him as +such, she would not have run away from him; and that she +was at liberty to go where she pleased. On which she got +up, with seeming reluctance, though most assuredly with a +light heart, and returned to her former husband's tent.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_AM_109" id="Footnote_AM_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_AM_109"><span class="label">[AM]</span></a> <i>Tima</i> in the Esquimaux language is a friendly word similar to <i>what +cheer?</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_AN_110" id="Footnote_AN_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_AN_110"><span class="label">[AN]</span></a> When the fifteen Indians turned back at the Stony Mountains, they took +two or three canoes with them; some of our crew that were sent a-head as +messengers had not yet returned, which occasioned the number of our canoes +to be so small.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_111" id="Footnote_71_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_111"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> Probably some form of the wide-ranging <i>Salmo alpinus</i>.—E. A. P.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_AO_112" id="Footnote_AO_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_AO_112"><span class="label">[AO]</span></a> When the Esquimaux who reside near Churchill River travel in Winter, +it is always from lake to lake, or from river to river, where they have formed +magazines of provisions, and heaps of moss for firing. As some of those places +are at a considerable distance from each other, and some of the lakes of considerable +width, they frequently pitch their tents on the ice, and instead of +having a fire, which the severity of the climate so much requires, they cut holes +in the ice within their tents, and there sit and angle for fish; if they meet with +any success, the fish are eaten alive out of the water; and when they are thirsty, +water, their usual beverage, is at hand. +</p><p> +When I first entered into the employment of the Hudson's Bay Company, +it was as Mate of one of their sloops which was employed in trading with the +Esquimaux: I had therefore frequent opportunities of observing the miserable +manner in which those people live. In the course of our trade with them we +frequently purchased several seal-skin bags, which we supposed were full of +oil; but on opening them have sometimes found great quantities of venison, +seals, and sea-horse paws, as well as salmon: and as these were of no use to +us, we always returned them to the Indians, who eagerly devoured them, though +some of the articles had been perhaps a whole year in that state; and they +seemed to exult greatly in having so over-reached us in the way of trade, as to +have sometimes one third of their bargain returned. +</p><p> +This method of preserving their food, though it effectually guards it from +the external air, and from the flies, does not prevent putrefaction entirely, +though it renders its progress very slow. Pure train oil is of such a quality +that it never freezes solid in the coldest Winters; a happy circumstance for +those people, who are condemned to live in the most rigorous climate without +the assistance of fire. While these magazines last, they have nothing more to +do when hunger assails them, but to open one of the bags, take out a side of +venison, a few seals, sea-horse paws, or some half-rotten salmon, and without +any preparation, sit down and make a meal; and the lake or river by which +they pitch their tent, affords them water, which is their constant drink. Besides +the extraordinary food already mentioned, they have several other dishes equally +disgusting to an European palate; I will only mention one, as it was more +frequently part of their repast when I visited their tents, than any other, except +fish. The dish I allude to, is made of the raw liver of a deer, cut in small pieces of +about an inch square, and mixed up with the contents of the stomach of the same +animal; and the farther digestion has taken place, the better it is suited to +their taste. It is impossible to describe or conceive the pleasure they seem to +enjoy when eating such unaccountable food: nay, I have even seen them eat +whole handfuls of maggots that were produced in meat by fly-blows; and it +is their constant custom, when their noses bleed by any accident, to lick their +blood into their mouths, and swallow it. Indeed, if we consider the inhospitable +part of the globe they are destined to inhabit, and the great distresses to which +they are frequently driven by hunger in consequence of it, we shall no longer +be surprized at finding they can relish any thing in common with the meanest +of the animal creation, but rather admire the wisdom and kindness of Providence +in forming the palates and powers of all creatures in such a manner as is +best adapted to the food, climate, and every other circumstance which may be +incident to their respective situations. +</p><p> +It is no less true, that these people, when I first knew them, would not eat +any of our provisions, sugar, raisins, figs, or even bread; for though some of +them would put a bit of it into their mouths, they soon spit it out again with evident +marks of dislike; so that they had no greater relish for our food than we +had for theirs. At present, however, they will eat any part of our provisions, +either fresh or salted; and some of them will drink a draft of porter, or a little +brandy and water; and they are now so far civilized, and attached to the English, +that I am persuaded any of the Company's servants who could habituate +themselves to their diet and manner of life, might now live as secure under their +protection, as under that of any of the tribes of Indians who border on Hudson's +Bay. +</p><p> +They live in a state of perfect freedom; no one apparently claiming the superiority +over, or acknowledging the least subordination to another, except what is +due from children to their parents, or such of their kin as take care of them when +they are young and incapable of providing for themselves. There is, however, +reason to think that, when grown up to manhood, they pay some attention to +the advice of the old men, on account of their experience.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_113" id="Footnote_72_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_113"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> Several species inhabit the region; the commonest is the ringed or fetid +seal (<i>Phoca hispida</i>).—E. A. P.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_114" id="Footnote_73_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_114"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> In the summer of 1821, fifty years after Hearne's visit, Sir John Franklin, +accompanied by Sir John Richardson and Sir George Back, descended and surveyed +the Coppermine River from Point Lake to the sea. He was at the +Bloody Falls from the 15th to the 18th of July, exactly fifty years after Hearne, +and found the latitude to be 67° 42' 35" N. He speaks of it as follows: +</p><p> +"Several human skulls which bore the marks of violence, and many bones +were strewed about the ground near the encampment, and as the spot exactly +answers the description, given by Mr. Hearne, of the place where the Chipewyans +who accompanied him perpetrated the dreadful massacre on the +Esquimaux, we had no doubt of this being the place. This rapid is a sort of +shelving cascade, about three hundred yards in length, having a descent of +from ten to fifteen feet. It is bounded on each side by high walls of red sandstone, +upon which rests a series of lofty green hills. The surrounding scenery +was accurately delineated in a sketch taken by Mr. Hood" ("First Journey," +pp. 349-350). +</p><p> +In 1838 Thomas Simpson determined the latitude of Bloody Falls as +67° 42' 52" ("Narrative of Discoveries," Thomas Simpson, p. 261). +</p><p> +Sir John Richardson revisited the lower part of the Coppermine River in +1826, and again in 1848, and he knew it better than any other white man. +Speaking of Hearne, he says: "His description of the lower part of the +Coppermine River is evidently that of one who has been on the spot." +</p><p> +"He appears to have fallen on the Coppermine River first at the Sandstone +rapids of Franklin, and to have traced it to Bloody Falls; but as, contrary to +his usual practice, he under-rates the distance from thence to the coast, we are +led to conclude that he did not actually go down to the sea, but was content to +view it from the top of the hill which overhangs the falls; and, indeed, it is +not very probable that he could have induced the Indians, over whom he had +little influence, to accompany him on his survey, after they had completed the +massacre which was the object of their long and laborious journey; nor, had +he gone actually to the mouth of the river, would he have mentioned marks of +a tide fourteen feet high" (Back, pp. 147-151). +</p><p> +Hearne's description of the occurrence of the timber on the banks of the +river, is particularly accurate, and I am inclined to give him credit for having +been at or near the mouth of the river, even though his statement in regard to +the rise and fall of the tide is inaccurate.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_115" id="Footnote_74_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_115"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Wishacumpuckey is one of the species of <i>Ledum</i>; jackasheypuck = +<i>Arctostaphylos uvaursi</i> Spreng.; cranberry = <i>Vaccinium vitisidæa</i> Linn.; +heathberry probably = <i>Empetrum nigrum</i> Linn.—E. A. P.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_AP_116" id="Footnote_AP_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_AP_116"><span class="label">[AP]</span></a> See Hist. of Greenland, vol. i. pp. 132-156.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_117" id="Footnote_75_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_117"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> Gull = <i>Larus</i>; blackhead = <i>Sterna paradisæa</i> Brünn; loon = <i>Gavia</i>; old-wife += <i>Harelda hyemalis</i> Linn.; ha-ha-wie = <i>Harelda hyemalis</i> Linn.; hawks-eye += <i>Charadrius dominicus</i> Müll.; yellow-legs = <i>Totanus flavipes</i> Gmel.—E. A. P.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_118" id="Footnote_76_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_118"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> For descriptions of these mammals see Chapter X.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_119" id="Footnote_77_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_119"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> <i>Lepus arcticus canus</i> Preble.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_120" id="Footnote_78_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_120"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> <i>Lagopus lagopus</i> (Linn.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_121" id="Footnote_79_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_121"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> The Alarm bird is probably the Short-eared Owl, <i>Asio flammeus</i> (Pontoppidan), +a common summer inhabitant of the Barren Grounds. The Cobadekoock +is the Hawk Owl, which seldom goes north of the woods.—E. A. P.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_122" id="Footnote_80_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_122"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> The exact locality here described does not appear to have been visited +by any white man since 1771, but Sir John Richardson visited the Copper +Mountains in 1821, and the following description by him will give some idea +of their character: +</p><p> +"The Copper Mountains appear to form a range running S.E. and N.W. +The great mass of rock in the mountains seems to consist of felspar in various +conditions; sometimes in the form of felspar rock or claystone, sometimes +coloured by hornblende, and approaching to greenstone, but most generally in +the form of dark reddish-brown amygdaloid. The amygdaloidal masses, contained +in the amygdaloid, are either entirely pistacite, or pistacite enclosing +calc-spar. Scales of native copper are very generally disseminated through +this rock, through a species of trap tuff which nearly resembled it, and also +through a reddish sandstone on which it appears to rest. When the felspar +assumed the appearance of a slaty claystone, which it did towards the base of +the mountains on the banks of the river, we observed no copper in it. The +rough and in general rounded and more elevated parts of the mountain, are +composed of the amygdaloid; but between the eminences there occur many +narrow and deep valleys, which are bounded by perpendicular mural precipices +of greenstone. It is in these valleys, amongst the loose soil, that the Indians +search for copper. Amongst the specimens we picked up in these valleys, were +plates of native copper; masses of pistacite containing native copper; of trap +rock with associated native copper, green malachite, copper glance or variegated +copper ore and iron-shot copper green; and of greenish-grey prehnite in trap +(the trap is felspar, deeply coloured with hornblende), with disseminated native +copper; the copper, in some specimens, was crystallized in rhomboidal dodecahedrons. +We also found some large tabular fragments, evidently portions +of a vein consisting of prehnite, associated with calcareous spar, and native +copper. The Indians dig wherever they observe the prehnite lying on the soil, +experience having taught them that the largest pieces of copper are found +associated with it. We did not observe the vein in its original repository, nor +does it appear that the Indians have found it, but judging from the specimens +just mentioned, it most probably traverses felspathose trap. We also picked +up some fragments of a greenish-grey coloured rock, apparently sandstone, +with disseminated variegated copper ore and copper glance; likewise rhomboidal +fragments of white calcareous spar, and some rock crystals. The +Indians report that they have found copper in every part of this range, which +they have examined for thirty or forty miles to the N.W., and that the Esquimaux +come hither to search for that metal. We afterwards found some ice-chisels +in possession of the latter people twelve or fourteen inches long, and +half-an-inch in diameter, formed of pure copper. +</p><p> +"To the northward of the Copper Mountains, at the distance of ten miles, +in a direct line, a similar range of trap hills occurs, having, however, less altitude. +The intermediate country is uneven, but not hilly, and consists of a deep sandy +soil, which, when cut through by the rivulets, discloses extensive beds of light-brownish +red sandstone, which appears to belong to the new red sandstone +formation. The same rock having a thin slaty structure, and dipping to the +northward, forms perpendicular walls to the river, whose bed lies a hundred and +fifty feet below the level of the plain. The eminences in the plain are well +clothed with grass, and free from the large loose stones so common on the +Barren Grounds, but the ridges of trap are nearly destitute of vegetation. +</p><p> +"Beyond the last-mentioned trap range, which is about twenty miles from +the sea, the country becomes still more level, the same kind of sandstone continuing +as a subsoil. The plains nourish only a coarse short grass, and the trees +which had latterly dwindled to small clumps, growing only on low points on +the edge of the river under shelter of the high bank, entirely disappear. A few +ranges of trap hills intersect this plain also, but they have much less elevation +than those we passed higher up the stream. +</p><p> +"The river in its section of the plain, as far as Bloody Fall, presents alternately +cliffs of reddish sandstone, and red-coloured slaty indurated clay or +marl, and shelving white clay banks. At Bloody Fall, the stream cuts through a +thick bed of dark, purplish-red felspar rock, similar to that observed at the +Rocky Defile (page 527), and associated, as at that place, with a rock composed +principally of light red felspar and quartz, but which is probably a species of +red secondary granite. At the Bloody Fall, the felspar rock is covered to the +depth of six or seven hundred feet with a bed of greyish white, and rather +tenacious clay, which being deeply intersected with ravines, forms steep hills. +Nearer the sea, the river is bounded by very steep cliffs of yellowish-white +sand; and on the sea-coast, the above-mentioned red granite reappears on the +west bank of the river, forming a rugged ridge about two hundred and fifty feet +high" ("First Journey," pp. 528-530). +</p><p> +Sir John Franklin makes the following reference to the Copper Mountains, +which he visited in July 1821: +</p><p> +"We rejoined our hunters at the foot of the Copper Mountains, and found +they had killed three musk-oxen. This circumstance determined us on encamping +to dry the meat, as there was wood at the spot. We availed ourselves +of this delay to visit the Copper Mountains in search of specimens of the ore, +agreeably to my instructions; and a party of twenty-one persons, consisting of +the officers, some of the voyagers, and all the Indians, set off on that excursion. +We travelled for nine hours over a considerable space of ground, but found only +a few small pieces of native copper. The range we ascended was on the west +side of the river, extending W.N.W. and E.S.E. The mountains varied in +height from twelve to fifteen hundred feet. The uniformity of the mountains is +interrupted by narrow valleys, traversed by small streams. The best specimens +of metal we procured were among the stones in these valleys, and it was in such +situations that our guides desired us to search most carefully. It would appear, +that when the Indians see any sparry substance projecting above the surface, +they dig there; but they have no other rule to direct them, and have never +found the metal in its original repository. Our guides reported that they had +found copper in large pieces in every part of this range, for two days' walk to +the north-west, and that the Esquimaux come hither to search for it. The +annual visits which the Copper Indians were accustomed to make to these +mountains, when most of their weapons and utensils were made of copper, have +been discontinued since they have been enabled to obtain a supply of ice-chisels +and other instruments of iron by the establishment of trading posts near their +hunting grounds. That none of those who accompanied us had visited them +for many years was evident, from their ignorance of the spots most abundant +in metal. +</p><p> +"The impracticability of navigating the river upwards from the sea, and the +want of wood for forming an establishment, would prove insuperable objections +to rendering the collection of copper at this part worthy of mercantile speculation" +("First Journey," p. 340-1).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_AQ_123" id="Footnote_AQ_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_AQ_123"><span class="label">[AQ]</span></a> This piece of Copper is now in the possession of the Hudson's Bay +Company.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_AR_124" id="Footnote_AR_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_AR_124"><span class="label">[AR]</span></a> There is a strange tradition among those people, that the first person who +discovered those mines was a woman, and that she conducted them to the +place for several years; but as she was the only woman in company, some of +the men took such liberties with her as made her vow revenge on them; and +she is said to have been a great conjurer. Accordingly when the men had +loaded themselves with copper, and were going to return, she refused to accompany +them, and said she would sit on the mine till she sunk into the ground, +and that the copper should sink with her. The next year, when the men went +for more copper, they found her sunk up to the waist, though still alive, and the +quantity of copper much decreased; and on their repeating their visit the year +following, she had quite disappeared, and all the principal part of the mine with +her; so that after that period nothing remained on the surface but a few small +pieces, and those were scattered at a considerable distance from each other. +Before that period they say the copper lay on the surface in such large heaps, +that the Indians had nothing to do but turn it over, and pick such pieces as +would best suit the different uses for which they intended it.<a name="FNanchor_81_126" id="FNanchor_81_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_126" class="fnanchor">[81]</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_126" id="Footnote_81_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_126"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> A slightly different version of this tradition is given by Sir John Franklin, +who heard it at Fort Chipewyan in 1820 from an old Chipewyan Indian named +"Rabbit's Head," a stepson of Matonabbee. See Franklin's "First Journey," +pp. 145-7.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_AS_125" id="Footnote_AS_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_AS_125"><span class="label">[AS]</span></a> What is meant by Beaver in other kind of furrs, must be understood as +follows: For the easier trading with the Indians, as well as for the more +correctly keeping their accounts, the Hudson's Bay Company have made a +full-grown beaver-skin the standard by which they rate all other furrs, according +to their respective values. Thus in several species of furrs, one skin is +valued at the rate of four beaver-skins; some at three, and others at two; +whereas those of an inferior quality are rated at one; and those of still less +value considered so inferior to that of a beaver, that from six to twenty of their +skins are only valued as equal to one beaver skin in the way of trade, and do +not fetch one-fourth of the price at the London market. In this manner the +term "Made Beaver" is to be understood.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_AT_127" id="Footnote_AT_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_AT_127"><span class="label">[AT]</span></a> Since this Journal was written, the Northern Indians, by annually visiting +their Southern friends, the Athapuscow Indians, have contracted the small-pox, +which has carried off nine-tenths of them, and particularly those people who +composed the trade at Churchill Factory. The few survivors follow the example +of their Southern neighbours, and all trade with the Canadians, who are +settled in the heart of the Athapuscow country: so that a very few years has +proved my short-sightedness, and that it would have been much more to the +advantage of the Company, as well as have prevented the depopulation of the +Northern Indian country, if they had still remained at war with the Southern +tribes, and never attempted to better their situation. At the same time, it is +impossible to say what increase of trade might not, in time, have arisen from +a constant and regular traffic with the different tribes of Copper and Dog-ribbed +Indians. But having been totally neglected for several years, they have now +sunk into their original barbarism and extreme indigence; and a war has +ensued between the two tribes, for the sake of a few remnants of iron-work +which was left among them; and the Dog-ribbed Indians were so numerous, +and so successful, as to destroy almost the whole race of the Copper Indians. +</p><p> +While I was writing this Note, I was informed by some Northern Indians, +that the few which remain of the Copper tribe have found their way to one of +the Canadian houses in the Athapuscow Indians' country, where they get +supplied with every thing at less, or about half the price they were formerly +obliged to give; so that the few surviving Northern Indians, as well as the +Hudson's Bay Company, have now lost every shadow of any future trade from +that quarter, unless the Company will establish a settlement with the Athapuscow +country, and undersell the Canadians.<a name="FNanchor_82_128" id="FNanchor_82_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_128" class="fnanchor">[82]</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_128" id="Footnote_82_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_128"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> In 1778 Peter Pond, a fur trader from Montreal, had built a trading post +on the east bank of Athabasca River, about thirty miles up-stream from Athabasca +Lake, and in 1786, after the formation of the North-West Company, +Laurent Leroux and Cuthbert Grant, two of the employees of this Company, +had descended Slave River to Great Slave Lake and had established a trading +post on its southern shore. The Copper Indians traded at the latter post, while +the Northern or Chipewyan Indians resorted to the more southern and older +post on the Athabasca River. Among the members of this latter tribe, who had +been accustomed to make long pilgrimages to Churchill in order to procure +implements and utensils of various kinds in exchange for furs, but who afterwards +found that they could buy such goods as they needed more advantageously +from the traders on the Athabasca River, very much nearer home, +was a man known to those traders as "English Chief." This Indian accompanied +Sir Alexander Mackenzie, one of the partners of the North-West Company, +and one of those who would have been spoken of by Hearne as <i>Canadians</i>, +on his journey from Lake Athabasca to the Arctic Ocean in 1789. +</p><p> +This note also throws an interesting light on the date on which the journal +was written, for the first outbreak of small-pox, which swept off the Indians of +Western Canada, occurred in 1781, and therefore the journal itself was written +before that date, while Hearne was living as Governor at Fort Prince of Wales. +The note would appear to have been written about 1787, after the destruction of +Fort Prince of Wales, and while Hearne was living at Fort Churchill, five miles +south of the old fort, and before he finally returned to England.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_AU_129" id="Footnote_AU_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_AU_129"><span class="label">[AU]</span></a> Mr. Moses Norton.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_130" id="Footnote_83_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_130"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> The party had thus reached Congecathawhachaga on the morning of the +seventh day after leaving Bloody Falls or the mouth of the Coppermine River, +the distance in a direct line being about one hundred and sixty miles. If they +travelled in a direct line they averaged twenty-five miles a day, but the windings +of the journey would add something to this distance.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_131" id="Footnote_84_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_131"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> Contwoito Lake, described on page 152.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_132" id="Footnote_85_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_132"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> The exact position of this place, to which the women and children had +moved from the north shore of Cat or Clinton-Colden Lake, is not certain, but +it was evidently on some of the lakes or streams marked on his map as lying +between Cogead (Contwoito) and Point Lakes.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span></p> + +<h2>{189} CHAP. VII.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Remarks from the Time the Women joined us till our +Arrival at the Athapuscow Lake.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Several of the Indians sick—Method used by the conjurers to relieve one man, +who recovers—Matonabbee and his crew proceed to the South West—Most +of the other Indians separate, and go their respective ways—Pass +by White Stone Lake—Many deer killed merely for their skins—Remarks +thereon, and on the deer, respecting seasons and places—Arrive +at Point Lake—One of the Indian's wives being sick, is left behind to +perish above-ground—Weather very bad, but deer plenty—Stay some +time at Point Lake to dry meat, &c.—Winter set in—Superstitious +customs observed by my companions, after they had killed the Esquimaux +at Copper River—A violent gale of wind oversets my tent and breaks +my quadrant—Some Copper and Dog-ribbed Indians join us—Indians +propose to go to the Athapuscow Country to kill moose—Leave Point +Lake, and arrive at the wood's edge—Arrive at Anawd Lake—Transactions +there—Remarkable instance of a man being cured of the +palsey by the conjurers—Leave Anawd Lake—Arrive at the great +Athapuscow Lake.</i></p></div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +August.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +August.</div> + +<p>Several of the Indians being very ill, the conjurers, +who are always the doctors, and pretend to perform +great cures, began to try their skill to effect their +recovery. Here it is necessary to remark, that they use no +medicine either for internal or external complaints, but perform +all their cures by charms. In ordinary cases, sucking +the part affected, blowing, and singing to it; {190} haughing, +spitting, and at the same time uttering a heap of unintelligible +jargon, compose the whole process of the cure. For some inward +complaints; such as, griping in the intestines, difficulty +of making water, &c., it is very common to see those jugglers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[210]</a></span> +blowing into the <i>anus</i>, or into the parts adjacent, till their +eyes are almost starting out of their heads: and this operation +is performed indifferently on all, without regard either to age +or sex. The accumulation of so large a quantity of wind is +at times apt to occasion some extraordinary emotions, which +are not easily suppressed by a sick person; and as there is no +vent for it but by the channel through which it was conveyed +thither, it sometimes occasions an odd scene between the +doctor and his patient; which I once wantonly called an +engagement, but for which I was afterward exceedingly sorry, +as it highly offended several of the Indians; particularly the +juggler and the sick person, both of whom were men I much +esteemed, and, except in that moment of levity, it had ever +been no less my inclination than my interest to shew them +every respect that my situation would admit.</p> + +<p>I have often admired the great pains these jugglers take to +deceive their credulous countrymen, while at the same time +they are indefatigably industrious and persevering in their +efforts to relieve them. Being naturally not very delicate, +they frequently continue their windy process so long, that +I have more than once seen the doctor quit his patient with +his face and breast in a very disagreeable condition. However +{191} laughable this may appear to an European, custom +makes it very indecent, in their opinion, to turn any thing +of the kind to ridicule.</p> + +<p>When a friend for whom they have a particular regard is, +as they suppose, dangerously ill, beside the above methods, +they have recourse to another very extraordinary piece of +superstition; which is no less than that of pretending to +swallow hatchets, ice-chissels, broad bayonets, knives, and the +like; out of a superstitious notion that undertaking such +desperate feats will have some influence in appeasing death, +and procure a respite for their patient.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +August.</div> + +<p>On such extraordinary occasions a conjuring-house is +erected, by driving the ends of four long small sticks, or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span> +poles, into the ground at right angles, so as to form a square +of four, five, six, or seven feet, as may be required. The +tops of the poles are tied together, and all is close covered +with a tent-cloth or other skin, exactly in the shape of a small +square tent, except that there is no vacancy left at the top to +admit the light. In the middle of this house, or tent, the +patient is laid, and is soon followed by the conjurer, or +conjurers. Sometimes five or six of them give their joint-assistance; +but before they enter, they strip themselves quite +naked, and as soon as they get into the house, the door being +well closed, they kneel round the sick person or persons, and +begin to suck {192} and blow at the parts affected, and then in +a very short space of time sing and talk as if conversing with +familiar spirits, which they say appear to them in the shape +of different beasts and birds of prey. When they have had +sufficient conference with those necessary agents, or shadows, +as they term them, they ask for the hatchet, bayonet, or the +like, which is always prepared by another person, with a long +string fastened to it by the haft, for the convenience of hauling +it up again after they have swallowed it; for they very +wisely admit this to be a very necessary precaution, as hard +and compact bodies, such as iron and steel, would be very +difficult to digest, even by the men who are enabled to swallow +them. Besides, as those tools are in themselves very useful, +and not always to be procured, it would be very ungenerous +in the conjurers to digest them, when it is known that barely +swallowing them and hauling them up again is fully sufficient +to answer every purpose that is expected from them.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +August. +6th.</div> + +<p>At the time when the forty and odd tents of Indians +joined us, one man was so dangerously ill, that it was thought +necessary the conjurers should use some of those wonderful +experiments for his recovery; one of them therefore +immediately consented to swallow a broad bayonet. Accordingly, +a conjuring-house was erected in the manner above +described, into which the patient was conveyed, and he was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[212]</a></span> +soon followed by the conjurer, who, after a long preparatory +discourse, and the necessary {193} conference with his familiar +spirits, or shadows, as they call them, advanced to the door +and asked for the bayonet, which was then ready prepared, by +having a string fastened to it, and a short piece of wood tied +to the other end of the string, to prevent him from swallowing +it. I could not help observing that the length of the bit of +wood was not more than the breadth of the bayonet; however, +as it answered the intended purpose, it did equally well +as if it had been as long as a handspike.</p> + +<p>Though I am not so credulous as to believe that the conjurer +absolutely swallowed the bayonet, yet I must acknowledge +that in the twinkling of an eye he conveyed it to—God knows +where; and the small piece of wood, or one exactly like it, was +confined close to his teeth. He then paraded backward and +forward before the conjuring-house for a short time, when he +feigned to be greatly disordered in his stomach and bowels; +and, after making many wry faces, and groaning most hideously, +he put his body into several distorted attitudes, very suitable +to the occasion. He then returned to the door of the conjuring-house, +and after making many strong efforts to vomit, by +the help of the string he at length, and after tugging at it +some time, produced the bayonet, which apparently he hauled +out of his mouth, to the no small surprize of all present. He +then looked round with an air of exultation, and strutted into +the conjuring-house, where he renewed his incantations, and +continued them without intermission twenty-four hours. +{194} Though I was not close to his elbow when he performed +the above feat, yet I thought myself near enough +(and I can assure my readers I was all attention) to have +detected him. Indeed I must confess that it appeared to me +to be a very nice piece of deception, especially as it was +performed by a man quite naked.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +August.</div> + +<p>Not long after this slight-of-hand work was over, some of +the Indians asked me what I thought of it; to which I answered,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span> +that I was too far off to see it so plain as I could wish; which +indeed was no more than the strictest truth, because I was not +near enough to detect the deception. The sick man, however, +soon recovered; and in a few days afterwards we left that place +and proceeded to the South West.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">9th.</div> + +<p>On the ninth of August, we once more pursued our +journey, and continued our course in the South West quarter, +generally walking about seven or eight miles a day. All the +Indians, however, who had been in our company, except twelve +tents, struck off different ways. As to myself, having had +several days rest, my feet were completely healed, though the +skin remained very tender for some time.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">19th-25th.</div> + +<p>From the nineteenth to the twenty-fifth, we walked by the +side of Thaye-chuck-gyed Whoie,<a name="FNanchor_86_133" id="FNanchor_86_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_133" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> or Large Whitestone Lake, +which is about forty miles long from the North {195} East to +the South West, but of very unequal breadth. A river from +the North West side of this lake is said to run in a serpentine +manner a long way to the Westward; and then tending to the +Northward, composes the main branch of the Copper-mine +River, as has been already mentioned; which may or may not +be true. It is certain, however, that there are many rivulets +which empty themselves into this lake from the South East; +but as they are all small streams, they may probably be no +more than what is sufficient to supply the constant decrease +occasioned by the exhalations, which, during the short Summer, +so high a Northern latitude always affords.</p> + +<p>Deer were very plentiful the whole way; the Indians killed +great numbers of them daily, merely for the sake of their skins; +and at this time of the year their pelts are in good season, and +the hair of a proper length for clothing.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +August.</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[214]</a></span></p> +<p>The great destruction which is made of the deer in those +parts at this season of the year only, is almost incredible; and +as they are never known to have more than one young one at +a time, it is wonderful they do not become scarce; but so far +from being the case, that the oldest Northern Indian in +all their tribe will affirm that the deer are as plentiful now as +they ever have been; and though they are remarkably scarce +some years near Churchill River, yet it is said, and with great +probability of truth, that they are {196} more plentiful in other +parts of the country than they were formerly. The scarcity +or abundance of these animals in different places at the same +season is caused, in a great measure, by the winds which +prevail for some time before; for the deer are supposed by the +natives to walk always in the direction from which the wind +blows, except when they migrate from East to West, or from +West to East, in search of the opposite sex, for the purpose of +propagating their species.</p> + +<p>It requires the prime part of the skins of from eight to ten +deer to make a complete suit of warm clothing for a grown +person during the Winter; all of which should, if possible, be +killed in the month of August, or early in September; for +after that time the hair is too long, and at the same time so +loose in the pelt, that it will drop off with the slightest +injury.</p> + +<p>Beside these skins, which must be in the hair, each person +requires several others to be dressed into leather, for stockings +and shoes, and light Summer clothing; several more are also +wanted in a parchment state, to make <i>clewla</i> as they call it, or +thongs to make netting for their snow-shoes, snares for deer, +sewing for their sledges, and, in fact, for every other use where +strings or lines of any kind are required: so that each person, +on an average, expends, in the course of a year, upwards of +twenty deer skins in {197} clothing and other domestic uses, +exclusive of tent cloths, bags, and many other things which it +is impossible to remember, and unnecessary to enumerate.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +August.</div> + +<p>All skins for the above-mentioned purposes are, if possible, +procured between the beginning of August and the middle of +October; for when the rutting season is over, and the Winter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a></span> +sets in, the deer-skins are not only very thin, but in general +full of worms and warbles<a name="FNanchor_87_134" id="FNanchor_87_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_134" class="fnanchor">[87]</a>; which render them of little use, +unless it be to cut into fine thongs, of which they make fishing-nets, +and nets for the heels and toes of their snow-shoes. +Indeed the chief use that is made of them in Winter is for the +purpose of food; and really when the hair is properly taken +off, and all the warbles are squeezed out, if they are well-boiled, +they are far from being disagreeable. The Indians, however, +never could persuade me to eat the warbles, of which some of +them are remarkably fond, particularly the children. They +are always eaten raw and alive, out of the skin; and are said, +by those who like them, to be as fine as gooseberries. But the +very idea of eating such things, exclusive of their appearance, +(many of them being as large as the first joint of the little +finger,) was quite sufficient to give me an unalterable disgust +to such a repast; and when I acknowledge that the warbles +out of the deers backs, and the domestic lice, were the only +two things I ever saw my {198} companions eat, of which I +could not, or did not, partake, I trust I shall not be reckoned +over-delicate in my appetite.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +August.</div> + +<p>The month of October is the rutting season with the deer +in those parts, and after the time of their courtship is over, +the bucks separate from the does; the former proceed to the +Westward, to take shelter in the woods during the Winter, and +the latter keep out in the barren ground the whole year. This, +though a general rule, is not without some exceptions; for I +have frequently seen many does in the woods, though they +bore no proportion to the number of bucks. This rule, therefore, +only stands good respecting the deer to the North of +Churchill River; for the deer to the Southward live promiscuously +among the woods, as well as in the plains, and +along the banks of rivers, lakes, &c. the whole year.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span></p> +<p>The old buck's horns are very large, with many branches, +and always drop off in the month of November, which is about +the time they begin to approach the woods. This is undoubtedly +wisely ordered by Providence, the better to enable +them to escape from their enemies through the woods; otherwise +they would become an easy prey to wolves and other +beasts, and be liable to get entangled among the trees, even +in ranging about in search of food. The same opinion may +probably be admitted of the Southern deer, which always reside +among {199} the woods; but the Northern deer, though by +far the smallest in this country, have much the largest horns, +and the branches are so long, and at the same time spread so +wide, as to make them more liable to be entangled among the +under-woods, than any other species of deer that I have noticed. +The young bucks in those parts do not shed their horns so +soon as the old ones: I have frequently seen them killed at or +near Christmas, and could discover no appearance of their horns +being loose. The does do not shed their horns till the Summer; +so that when the buck's horns are ready to drop off, the +horns of the does are all hairy, and scarcely come to their full +growth.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +August.</div> + +<p>The deer in those parts are generally in motion from East +to West, or from West to East, according to the season, +or the prevailing winds; and that is the principal reason +why the Northern Indians are always shifting their station. +From November till May, the bucks continue to the Westward, +among the woods, when their horns begin to sprout; +after which they proceed on to the Eastward, to the barren +grounds; and the does that have been on the barren ground +all the Winter, are taught by instinct to advance to the Westward +to meet them, in order to propagate their species. Immediately +after the rutting season is over, they separate, as hath +been mentioned above. The old vulgar saying, so generally<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span> +received among the lower class of people in England, concerning +the bucks shedding their yards, or more properly the glands +of the {200} <i>penis</i>, yearly, whether it be true in England or +not, is certainly not true in any of the countries bordering +on Hudson's Bay. A long residence among the Indians has +enabled me to confirm this assertion with great confidence, as +I have seen deer killed every day throughout the year; and +when I have mentioned this circumstance to the Indians, either +Northern or Southern, they always assured me that they never +observed any such symptoms. With equal truth I can assert, +and that from ocular demonstration, that the animal which is +called the Alpine Hare in Hudson's Bay, actually undergoes +something similar to that which is vulgarly ascribed to the +English deer. I have seen and handled several of them, who +had been killed just after they had coupled in the Spring, +with the <i>penises</i> hanging out, dried up, and shrivelled, like the +navel-string of young animals; and on examination I always +found a passage through them for the urine to pass. I have +thought proper to give this remark a place in my Journal, +because, in all probability, it is not generally known, even to +those gentlemen who have made natural history their chief +study; and if their researches are of any real utility to mankind, +it is surely to be regretted that Providence should have +placed the greatest part of them too remote from want to be +obliged to travel for ocular proofs of what they assert in their +publications; they are therefore wisely content to stay at +home, and enjoy the blessings with which they are endowed, +resting satisfied to collect such information for their own amusement, +and the gratification of the public, as those {201} who +are necessitated to be travellers are able or willing to give +them. It is true, and I am sorry it is so, that I come under +the latter description; but hope I have not, or shall not, in +the course of this Journal, advance any thing that will not +stand the test of experiment, and the skill of the most +competent judges.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a></span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +September.</div> + +<p>After leaving White Stone Lake, we continued our course +in the South West quarter, seldom walking more than twelve +miles a day, and frequently not half that distance.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">3d.</div> + +<p>On the third of September, we arrived at a small river +belonging to Point Lake, but the weather at this time proved +so boisterous, and there was so much rain, snow, and frost, +alternately, that we were obliged to wait several days before +we could cross it in our canoes; and the water was too deep, +and the current too rapid, to attempt fording it. During this +interruption, however, our time was not entirely lost, as deer +were so plentiful that the Indians killed numbers of them, as +well for the sake of their skins, as for their flesh, which was at +present in excellent order, and the skins in proper season for +the sundry uses for which they are destined.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">7th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">8th.</div> + +<p>In the afternoon of the seventh, the weather became fine +and moderate, when we all were ferried across the river; and +the next morning shaped our course to the {202} South West, +by the side of Point Lake. After three days journey, which +only consisted of about eighteen miles, we came to a few +small scrubby woods,<a name="FNanchor_88_135" id="FNanchor_88_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_135" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> which were the first that we had seen +from the twenty-fifth of May, except those we had perceived +at the Copper-mine River.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +September.</div> + +<p>One of the Indian's wives, who for some time had been in +a consumption, had for a few days past become so weak as to +be incapable of travelling, which, among those people, is the +most deplorable state to which a human being can possibly be +brought. Whether she had been given over by the doctors, +or that it was for want of friends among them, I cannot tell, +but certain it is, that no expedients were taken for her +recovery; so that, without much ceremony, she was left +unassisted, to perish above-ground.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span></p> +<p>Though this was the first instance of the kind I had seen, +it is the common, and indeed the constant practice of those +Indians; for when a grown person is so ill, especially in the +Summer, as not to be able to walk, and too heavy to be +carried, they say it is better to leave one who is past recovery, +than for the whole family to sit down by them and starve +to death; well knowing that they cannot be of any service +to the afflicted. On those occasions, therefore, the friends or +relations of the sick generally leave them some victuals and +water; and, if the situation of the place will afford it, a little +firing. When {203} those articles are provided, the person +to be left is acquainted with the road which the others intend +to go; and then, after covering them well up with deer skins, +&c. they take their leave, and walk away crying.</p> + +<p>Sometimes persons thus left, recover; and come up with +their friends, or wander about till they meet with other +Indians, whom they accompany till they again join their +relations. Instances of this kind are seldom known. The +poor woman above mentioned, however, came up with us +three several times, after having been left in the manner +described. At length, poor creature! she dropt behind, +and no one attempted to go back in search of her.</p> + +<p>A custom apparently so unnatural is perhaps not to be +found among any other of the human race: if properly considered, +however, it may with justice be ascribed to necessity +and self-preservation, rather than to the want of humanity +and social feeling, which ought to be the characteristic of men, +as the noblest part of the creation. Necessity, added to +national custom, contributes principally to make scenes of this +kind less shocking to those people, than they must appear to +the more civilized part of mankind.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +September.</div> + +<p>During the early part of September, the weather was in +general cold with much sleet and snow; which seemed to +{204} promise that the Winter would set in early. Deer at +this time being very plentiful, and the few woods we met with +affording tent-poles and firing, the Indians proposed to remain +where we were some time, in order to dress skins, and provide +our Winter clothing; also to make snow-shoes and temporary +sledges, as well as to prepare a large quantity of dried meat +and fat to carry with us; for by the accounts of the Indians, +they have always experienced a great scarcity of deer, and +every other kind of game, in the direction they proposed we +should go when we left Point Lake.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">28th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">30th.</div> + +<p>Toward the middle of the month, the weather became +quite mild and open, and continued so till the end of it; but +there was so much constant and incessant rain, that it rotted +most of our tents. On the twenty-eighth, however, the wind +settled in the North West quarter, when the weather grew so +cold, that by the thirtieth all the ponds, lakes, and other +standing waters, were frozen over so hard that we were +enabled to cross them on the ice without danger.</p> + +<p>Among the various superstitious customs of those people, +it is worth remarking, and ought to have been mentioned in +its proper place, that immediately after my companions had +killed the Esquimaux at the Copper River, they considered +themselves in a state of uncleanness, which induced them to +practise some very curious and unusual ceremonies. {205} In +the first place, all who were absolutely concerned in the murder +were prohibited from cooking any kind of victuals, either for +themselves or others. As luckily there were two in company +who had not shed blood, they were employed always as cooks +till we joined the women. This circumstance was exceedingly +favourable on my side; for had there been no persons of the +above description in company, that task, I was told, would +have fallen on me; which would have been no less fatiguing +and troublesome, than humiliating and vexatious.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +September.</div> + +<p>When the victuals were cooked, all the murderers took a +kind of red earth, or oker, and painted all the space between +the nose and chin, as well as the greater part of their cheeks, +almost to the ears, before they would taste a bit, and would +not drink out of any other dish, or smoke out of any other +pipe, but their own; and none of the others seemed willing +to drink or smoke out of theirs.</p> + +<p>We had no sooner joined the women, at our return from +the expedition, than there seemed to be an universal spirit of +emulation among them, vying who should first make a suit +of ornaments for their husbands, which consisted of bracelets +for the wrists, and a band for the forehead, composed of porcupine +quills and moose-hair, curiously wrought on leather.</p> + +<p>The custom of painting the mouth and part of the cheeks +before each meal, and drinking and smoking out {206} of their +own utensils, was strictly and invariably observed, till the Winter +began to set in; and during the whole of that time they would +never kiss any of their wives or children. They refrained also +from eating many parts of the deer and other animals, particularly +the head, entrails, and blood; and during their uncleanness, +their victuals were never sodden in water, but dried in +the sun, eaten quite raw, or broiled, when a fire fit for the +purpose could be procured.</p> + +<p>When the time arrived that was to put an end to these +ceremonies, the men, without a female being present, made +a fire at some distance from the tents, into which they threw +all their ornaments, pipe-stems, and dishes, which were soon +consumed to ashes; after which a feast was prepared, consisting +of such articles as they had long been prohibited from eating; +and when all was over, each man was at liberty to eat, drink, +and smoke as he pleased; and also to kiss his wives and children +at discretion, which they seemed to do with more raptures than +I had ever known them do it either before or since.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">October. +6th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +October.</div> + +<p>October came in very roughly, attended with heavy falls +of snow, and much drift. On the sixth at night, a heavy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span> +gale of wind from the North West put us in great disorder; +for though the few woods we passed had furnished us with +tent-poles and fewel, yet they did not afford us the least shelter +whatever. The wind blew with such {207} violence, that in +spite of all our endeavours, it overset several of the tents, and +mine, among the rest, shared the disaster, which I cannot +sufficiently lament, as the but-ends of the weather tent-poles +fell on the quadrant,<a name="FNanchor_89_136" id="FNanchor_89_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_136" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> and though it was in a strong wainscot +case, two of the bubbles, the index, and several other parts +were broken, which rendered it entirely useless. This being +the case, I did not think it worth carriage, but broke it to +pieces, and gave the brass-work to the Indians, who cut it into +small lumps, and made use of it instead of ball.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">23d.</div> + +<p>On the twenty-third of October, several Copper and a few +Dog-ribbed Indians came to our tents laden with furrs, which +they sold to some of my crew for such iron-work as they had +to give in exchange. This visit, I afterwards found, was by +appointment of the Copper Indians whom we had seen at +Congecathawhachaga, and who, in their way to us, had met +the Dog-ribbed Indians, who were also glad of so favourable +an opportunity of purchasing some of those valuable articles, +though at a very extravagant price: for one of the Indians in +my company, though not properly of my party, got no less +than forty beaver skins, and sixty martins, for one piece of +iron which he had stole when he was last at the Fort.<a name="FNanchor_AV_137" id="FNanchor_AV_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_AV_137" class="fnanchor">[AV]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">1771. +October.</div> + +<p>{208} One of those strangers had about forty beaver skins, +with which he intended to pay Matonabbee an old debt; but +one of the other Indians seized the whole, notwithstanding he +knew it to be in fact Matonabbee's property. This treatment, +together with many other insults, which he had received +during my abode with him, made him renew his old resolution +of leaving his own country, and going to reside with the +Athapuscow Indians.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +October.</div> + +<p>As the most interesting part of my journey was now over, +I did not think it necessary to interfere in his private affairs; +and therefore did not endeavour to influence him either one +way or the other: out of complaisance, therefore, rather than +any thing else, I told him, that I thought such behaviour very +uncourteous, especially in a man of his rank and dignity. As +to the reason of his determination, I did not think it worth +while to enquire into it; but, by his discourse with the other +Indians, I soon understood that they all intended to make an +excursion into the country of the Athapuscow Indians, in +order to kill moose and beaver. The former of those animals +are never found in the Northern Indian territories; and the +latter are so scarce in those Northern parts, that during the +whole Winter of one thousand seven hundred and seventy, +{209} I did not see more than two beaver houses. Martins are +also scarce in those parts; for during the above period, I do not +think that more than six or eight were killed by all the Indians +in my company. This exceedingly small number, among so +many people, may with great truth be attributed to the +indolence of the Indians, and the wandering life which they +lead, rather than to the great scarcity of the martins. It is +true, that our moving so frequently from place to place, did +at times make it not an object worth while to build traps; but +had they taken the advantage of all favourable opportunities, +and been possessed of half the industry of the Company's +servants in the Bay, they might with great ease have caught +as many hundreds, if not some thousands; and when we<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span> +consider the extent of ground which we walked over in that +time, such a number would not have been any proof of the +martins being very plentiful.</p> + +<p>Except a few martins; wolves, quiquehatches, foxes, and +otters, are the chief furrs to be met with in those parts, and +few of the Northern Indians chuse to kill either the wolf +or the quiquehatch, under a notion that they are something +more than common animals. Indeed, I have known some of +them so bigotted to this opinion, that having by chance killed +a quiquehatch by a gun which had been set for a fox, they have +left it where it was killed, and would not take off its skin. +Notwithstanding this {210} silly notion, which is too frequently +to be observed among those people, it generally happens that +there are some in every gang who are less scrupulous, so that +none of those furrs are ever left to rot; and even those who +make a point of not killing the animals themselves, are ready +to receive their skins from other Indians, and carry them to +the Fort for trade.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">30th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">November. +1st.</div> + +<p>By the thirtieth of October, all our clothing, snowshoes, +and temporary sledges, being completed, we once more began +to prepare for moving, and on the following day set out, and +walked five or six miles to the Southward.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">5th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +November.</div> + +<p>From the first to the fifth of November we walked on the +ice of a large lake, which, though very considerable both in +length and breadth, is not distinguished by any general name; +on which account I gave it the name of No Name Lake.<a name="FNanchor_90_138" id="FNanchor_90_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_138" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> On +the South side of this lake we found some wood, which was +very acceptable, being the first that we had seen since we left +Point Lake.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></span></p> +<p>No Name Lake is about fifty miles long from North to +South, and, according to the account of the Indians, is thirty-five +miles wide from East to West. It is said to abound with +fine fish; but the weather at the time we crossed it was so cold, +as to render it impossible to sit on the ice any {211} length of +time to angle. A few exceedingly fine trout, and some very +large pike, however, were caught by my companions.</p> + +<p>When we arrived on the South side of the above lake, we +shaped our course to the South West; and though the weather +was in general very cold, yet as we every night found tufts of +wood, in which we could pitch our tents, we were enabled to +make a better defence against the weather, than we had had it +in our power to do for some time past.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">10th.</div> + +<p>On the tenth of November, we arrived at the edge of the +main woods; at which time the Indians began to make proper +sledges, some snow-shoes, &c. after which we proceeded again +to the South West. But deer and all other kinds of game +were so scarce the whole way, that, except a few partridges, +nothing was killed by any in company: we had, nevertheless, +plenty of the provision which had been prepared at Point +Lake.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">20th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +November.</div> + +<p>On the twentieth of the same month, we arrived at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span> +Anaw'd Whoie,<a name="FNanchor_91_139" id="FNanchor_91_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_139" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> or the Indian Lake. In our way we crossed +part of Methy Lake,<a name="FNanchor_92_140" id="FNanchor_92_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_140" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> and walked near eighty miles on a small +river belonging to it, which empties itself into the Great +Athapuscow<a name="FNanchor_93_141" id="FNanchor_93_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_141" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> Lake.<a name="FNanchor_AW_142" id="FNanchor_AW_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_AW_142" class="fnanchor">[AW]</a> While we were walking {212} on the +above little river, the Indians set fishing-nets under the ice every +night; but their labour was attended with so little success, that +all they caught served only as a delicacy, or to make a little +change in our diet; for the quantity was too trifling to occasion +any considerable saving of our other provisions.</p> + +<p>Anaw'd Lake, though so small as not to exceed twenty +miles wide in the broadest part, is celebrated by the natives +for abounding with plenty of fish during the Winter; accordingly +the Indians set all their nets, which were not a few, and +met with such success, that in about ten days the roes only +were as much as all the women could haul after them.</p> + +<p>Tittimeg and barble, with a few small pike, were the only +fish caught at this part; the roes of which, particularly those +of the tittimeg, are more esteemed by the Northern Indians, +to take with them on a journey, than the fish itself; for about +two pounds weight of these roes, when well bruised, will make +near four gallons of broth, as thick as common burgoe; and +if properly managed, will be as white as rice, which makes it +very pleasing to the eye, and no less agreeable to the palate.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +November.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></span></p><p>The land round this lake is very hilly, though not mountainous, +and chiefly consists of rocks and loose stones; there +must, however, be a small portion of soil {213} on the surface, +as it is in most parts well clothed with tall poplars, pines, fir, +and birch; particularly in the vallies, where the poplars, pine, +and birch seem to thrive best; but the firs were as large, and +in as flourishing a state, on the very summit of the hills, as in +any other part.</p> + +<p>Rabbits<a name="FNanchor_94_143" id="FNanchor_94_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_143" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> were here so plentiful, particularly on the South +and South East side of the lake, that several of the Indians +caught twenty or thirty in a night with snares; and the wood-partridges<a name="FNanchor_95_144" id="FNanchor_95_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_144" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> +were so numerous in the fir trees, and so tame, that +I have known an Indian kill near twenty of them in a day +with his bow and arrows. The Northern Indians call this +species of the partridge Day; and though their flesh is generally +very black and bitter, occasioned by their feeding on the +brush of the fir tree, yet they make a variety, or change of +diet, and are thought exceedingly good, particularly by the +natives, who, though capable of living so hard, and at times +eating very ungrateful food, are nevertheless as fond of variety +as any people whom I ever saw; and will go as great lengths, +according to their circumstances, to gratify their palates, as +the greatest epicure in England. As a proof of this assertion, +I have frequently known Matonabbee, and others who could +afford it, for the sake of variety only, send some of their young +men to kill a few partridges at the expence of more ammunition +than would have killed deer sufficient to have maintained +their families many days; whereas the partridges were always +eaten up at one meal: and to {214} heighten the luxury on these +occasions, the partridges are boiled in a kettle of sheer fat, which +it must be allowed renders them beyond all description finer +flavoured than when boiled in water or common broth. I have +also eat deer-skins boiled in fat, which were exceedingly good.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +November.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span></p><p>As during our stay at Anaw'd Lake several of the Indians +were sickly, the doctors undertook to administer relief; particularly +to one man, who had been hauled on a sledge by his +brother for two months. His disorder was the dead palsey, +which affected one side, from the crown of his head to the +sole of his foot. Besides this dreadful disorder, he had some +inward complaints, with a total loss of appetite; so that he +was reduced to a mere skeleton, and so weak as to be scarcely +capable of speaking. In this deplorable condition, he was laid +in the center of a large conjuring-house, made much after the +manner as that which has been already described. And that +nothing might be wanting toward his recovery, the same man +who deceived me in swallowing a bayonet in the Summer, now +offered to swallow a large piece of board, about the size of a +barrel-stave, in order to effect his recovery. The piece of +board was prepared by another man, and painted according to +the direction of the juggler, with a rude representation of +some beast of prey on one side, and on the reverse was painted, +according to their rude method, a resemblance of the sky.</p> + +<p>{215} Without entering into a long detail of the preparations +for this feat, I shall at once proceed to observe, that after +the conjurer had held the necessary conference with his invisible +spirits, or shadows, he asked if I was present; for he had +heard of my saying that I did not see him swallow the bayonet +fair; and on being answered in the affirmative, he desired me +to come nearer; on which the mob made a lane for me to +pass, and I advanced close to him, and found him standing +at the conjuring-house door as naked as he was born.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +November.</div> + +<p>When the piece of board was delivered to him, he proposed +at first only to shove one-third of it down his throat, and then +walk round the company afterward to shove down another +third; and so proceed till he had swallowed the whole, except +a small piece of the end, which was left behind to haul it up +again. When he put it to his mouth it apparently slipped +down his throat like lightning, and only left about three +inches sticking without his lips; after walking backwards and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span> +forwards three times, he hauled it up again, and ran into the +conjuring-house with great precipitation. This he did to all +appearance with great ease and composure; and notwithstanding +I was all attention on the occasion, I could not detect the +deceit; and as to the reality of its being a piece of wood that +he pretended to swallow, there is not the least reason to doubt +of it, for I had it in my hand, both before and immediately +after the ceremony.</p> + +<p>{216} To prevent a variety of opinions on this occasion, and +to lessen the apparent magnitude of the miracle, as well as to give +some colour to my scepticism, which might otherwise perhaps +appear ridiculous, it is necessary to observe, that this feat was +performed in a dark and excessively cold night; and although +there was a large fire at some distance, which reflected a good +light, yet there was great room for collusion: for though the +conjurer himself was quite naked, there were several of his +fraternity well-clothed, who attended him very close during +the time of his attempting to swallow the board, as well as at +the time of his hauling it up again.</p> + +<p>For these reasons it is necessary also to observe, that on +the day preceding the performance of this piece of deception, +in one of my hunting excursions, I accidentally came across +the conjurer as he was sitting under a bush, several miles from +the tents, where he was busily employed shaping a piece of +wood exactly like that part which stuck out of his mouth +after he had pretended to swallow the remainder of the piece. +The shape of the piece which I saw him making was this, +<img src="images/i271a.jpg" width="100" height="86" alt="" title="" />; +which exactly resembled the forked end of the main piece, the +shape of which was this, <img src="images/i271b.jpg" width="200" height="62" alt="" title="" />. +So that when his +attendants had concealed the main piece, it was easy for him +to stick the small point into his mouth, as it was reduced at +the small end to a proper size for the purpose.</p> + + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +November.</div> + +<p>{217} Similar proofs may easily be urged against his +swallowing the bayonet in the Summer, as no person less<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span> +ignorant than themselves can possibly place any belief in the +reality of those feats; yet on the whole, they must be allowed +a considerable share of dexterity in the performance of those +tricks, and a wonderful deal of perseverance in what they do +for the relief of those whom they undertake to cure.</p> + +<p>Not long after the above performance had taken place, +some of the Indians began to ask me what I thought of it. +As I could not have any plea for saying that I was far off, +and at the same time not caring to affront them by hinting +my suspicions of the deceit, I was some time at a loss for an +answer: I urged, however, the impossibility of a man's swallowing +a piece of wood, that was not only much longer than his +whole back, but nearly twice as broad as he could extend his +mouth. On which some of them laughed at my ignorance, +as they were pleased to call it; and said, that the spirits in +waiting swallowed, or otherwise concealed, the stick, and only +left the forked end apparently sticking out of the conjurer's +mouth. My guide, Matonabbee, with all his other good +sense, was so bigotted to the reality of those performances, that +he assured me in the strongest terms, he had seen a man, who +was then in company, swallow a child's cradle, with as much +ease as he could fold up a piece of paper, and put it into +his mouth; and that when he hauled it up again, not +the {218} mark of a tooth, or of any violence, was to be +discovered about it.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +November.</div> + +<p>This story so far exceeded the feats which I had seen with +the bayonet and board, that, for the sake of keeping up the +farce, I began to be very inquisitive about the spirits which +appear to them on those occasions, and their form; when I +was told that they appeared in various shapes, for almost every +conjurer had his peculiar attendant; but that the spirit which +attended the man who pretended to swallow the piece of wood, +they said, generally appeared to him in the shape of a cloud. +This I thought very apropos to the present occasion; and I +must confess that I never had so thick a cloud thrown before<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span> +my eyes before or since; and had it not been by accident, that +I saw him make a counterpart to the piece of wood said to be +swallowed, I should have been still at a loss how to account +for so extraordinary a piece of deception, performed by a man +who was entirely naked.</p> + +<p>As soon as our conjurer had executed the above feat, and +entered the conjuring-house, as already mentioned, five other +men and an old woman, all of whom were great professors of +that art, stripped themselves quite naked and followed him, +when they soon began to suck, blow, sing, and dance, round +the poor paralytic; and continued so to do for three days and +four nights, without taking the least rest or refreshment, not +even so much as a drop of water. {219} When these poor +deluding and deluded people came out of the conjuring-house, +their mouths were so parched with thirst as to be quite black, +and their throats so sore, that they were scarcely able to +articulate a single word, except those that stand for <i>yes</i> and +<i>no</i> in their language.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +November.</div> + +<p>After so long an abstinence they were very careful not to +eat or drink too much at one time, particularly for the first +day; and indeed some of them, to appearance, were almost as +bad as the poor man they had been endeavouring to relieve. +But great part of this was feigned; for they lay on their +backs with their eyes fixed, as if in the agonies of death, and +were treated like young children; one person sat constantly +by them, moistening their mouths with fat, and now and then +giving them a drop of water. At other times a small bit of +meat was put into their mouths, or a pipe held for them to +smoke. This farce only lasted for the first day; after which +they seemed to be perfectly well, except the hoarseness, which +continued for a considerable time afterwards. And it is truly +wonderful, though the strictest truth, that when the poor sick +man was taken from the conjuring-house, he had not only +recovered his appetite to an amazing degree, but was able to +move all the fingers and toes of the side that had been so long<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span> +dead. In three weeks he recovered so far as to be capable of +walking, and at the end of six weeks went a hunting for his +family. He was one of the persons<a name="FNanchor_AX_145" id="FNanchor_AX_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_AX_145" class="fnanchor">[AX]</a> {220} particularly engaged +to provide for me during my journey; and after his recovery +from this dreadful disorder, accompanied me back to Prince +of Wales's Fort in June one thousand seven hundred and +seventy-two; and since that time he has frequently visited the +Factory, though he never had a healthy look afterwards, and +at times seemed troubled with a nervous complaint. It may +be added, that he had been formerly of a remarkable lively +disposition; but after his last illness he always appeared +thoughtful, sometimes gloomy, and, in fact, the disorder +seemed to have changed his whole nature; for before that +dreadful paralytic stroke, he was distinguished for his good-nature +and benevolent disposition; was entirely free from every +appearance of avarice; and the whole of his wishes seemed +confined within the narrow limits of possessing as many goods +as were absolutely necessary, with his own industry, to enable +him to support his family from season to season; but after +this event, he was the most fractious, quarrelsome, discontented, +and covetous wretch alive.</p> + +<p>Though the ordinary trick of these conjurers may be easily +detected, and justly exploded, being no more than the tricks +of common jugglers, yet the apparent good effect of their +labours on the sick and diseased is not so easily accounted for. +Perhaps the implicit confidence placed in them by the sick +may, at times, leave the mind so perfectly at rest, as to cause +the disorder to take a favourable turn; and a few successful +cases are quite sufficient to establish the doctor's character and +reputation: {221} But how this consideration could operate +in the case I have just mentioned I am at a loss to say; such, +however, was the fact, and I leave it to be accounted for by +others.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a href="images/i275.jpg"><img src="images/i275-t.jpg" width="200" height="119" alt="A WINTER VIEW IN THE ATHAPUSCOW LAKE +By Samuel Hearne, 1771" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />A WINTER VIEW IN THE ATHAPUSCOW LAKE<br /> +By Samuel Hearne, 1771</span> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">1771. +November.</div> + +<p>When these jugglers take a dislike to, and threaten a +secret revenge on any person, it often proves fatal to that +person; as, from a firm belief that the conjurer has power +over his life, he permits the very thoughts of it to prey on +his spirits, till by degrees it brings on a disorder which puts +an end to his existence:<a name="FNanchor_AY_146" id="FNanchor_AY_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_AY_146" class="fnanchor">[AY]</a> and sometimes a threat of this +{222} kind causes the death of a whole family; and that +without any blood being shed, or the least apparent molestation +being offered to any of the parties.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">December. +1st.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +December.</div> + +<p>Having dried as many fish and fish-roes as we could conveniently +take with us, we once more packed up our stores, +and, on the first day of December, set out, and continued our +course to the South West, leaving Anaw'd Lake on the +South West. Several of the Indians being out of order, we +made but short days journies.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[234]</a></span></p> +<p>From the first to the thirteenth, we walked along a course +of small lakes, joined to each other by small rivers, or creeks, +that have communication with Anaw'd Lake.</p> + +<p>In our way we caught daily a few fish by angling, and saw +many beaver houses; but these were generally in so difficult a +situation, and had so many stones in the composition of them, +that the Indians killed but few, and that at a great expence of +labour and tools.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">13th.</div> + +<p>On the thirteenth, one of the Indians killed two deer, which +were the first that we had seen since the twentieth {223} of +October. So that during a period of near two months, we had +lived on the dried meat that we had prepared at Point Lake, +and a few fish; of which the latter was not very considerable in +quantity, except what was caught at Anaw'd Lake. It is true, +we also caught a few rabbits, and at times the wood-partridges +were so plentiful, that the Indians killed considerable numbers +of them with their bows and arrows; but the number of mouths +was so great, that all which was caught from our leaving Point +Lake, though if enumerated, they might appear very considerable, +would not have afforded us all a bare subsistence; for +though I and some others experienced no real want, yet there +were many in our company who could scarcely be said to live, +and would not have existed at all, had it not been for the dry +meat we had with us.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">24th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +December.</div> + +<p>When we left the above-mentioned lakes we shaped a +course more to the Southward, and on the twenty-fourth, +arrived at the North side of the great Athapuscow Lake.<a name="FNanchor_96_147" id="FNanchor_96_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_147" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> In +our way<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[235]</a></span> +we saw many Indian deer,<a name="FNanchor_97_148" id="FNanchor_97_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_148" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> and beaver were very plentiful, +many of which the Indians killed; but the days were so +short, that the Sun only took a circuit of a few points of the +compass above the horizon, and did not, at its greatest altitude, +rise half-way up the trees. The brilliancy of the <i>Aurora +Borealis</i>, however, and of the Stars, even without the assistance +of the Moon, made some amends for that deficiency; for it +was frequently so light all night, that I could see to read a very +small print. {224} The Indians make no difference between +night and day when they are hunting of beaver; but those +<i>nocturnal</i> lights are always found insufficient for the purpose +of hunting deer or moose.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a href="images/i279a.jpg"><img src="images/i279a-t.jpg" width="200" height="147" alt="Photo: J. P. Tyrrell, July 30, 1893. +HERD OF CARIBOU ON THE BANKS OF DUBAWNT RIVER" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />Photo: J. P. Tyrrell, July 30, 1893.<br /> +HERD OF CARIBOU ON THE BANKS OF DUBAWNT RIVER</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><br /> +<a href="images/i279b.jpg"><img src="images/i279b-t.jpg" width="200" height="158" alt="Photo: J. P. Tyrrell, July 31, 1893. +DRYING CARIBOU MEAT" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />Photo: J. P. Tyrrell, July 31, 1893.<br /> +DRYING CARIBOU MEAT</span> +</div> + + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +December.</div> + +<p>I do not remember to have met with any travellers into +high Northern latitudes, who remarked their having heard the +Northern Lights make any noise in the air as they vary their +colours or position; which may probably be owing to the want +of perfect silence at the time they made their observations on +those meteors. I can positively affirm, that in still nights I +have frequently heard them make a rustling and crackling +noise, like the waving of a large flag in a fresh gale of wind. +This is not peculiar to the place of which I am now writing, +as I have heard the same noise very plain at Churchill River; +and in all probability it is only for want of attention that it has +not been heard in every part of the Northern hemisphere where +they have been known to shine with any considerable degree of +lustre. It is, however, very probable that these lights are sometimes +much nearer the Earth than they are at others, +according to the state of the atmosphere, and this may +have a great effect on the sound: but the truth or falsehood +of this conjecture I leave to the determinations of +those who are better skilled in natural philosophy than I can +pretend to be.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[236]</a></span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +December.</div> + +<p>Indian deer (the only species found in those parts, except +the moose) are so much larger than those which {225} frequent +the barren grounds to the North of Churchill River, that a +small doe is equal in size to a Northern buck. The hair of the +former is of a sandy red during the Winter; and their horns, +though much stronger, are not so long and branchy as are +those of the latter kind. Neither is the flesh of those deer so +much esteemed by the Northern Indians, as that of the smaller +kind, which inhabit the more Eastern and Northern parts of +the country. Indeed, it must be allowed to be much coarser, +and of a different flavour; inasmuch as the large Lincolnshire +mutton differs from grass lamb. I must acknowledge, however, +that I always thought it very good. This is that species +of deer which are found so plentiful near York Fort and +Severn River. They are also at times found in considerable +numbers near Churchill River; and I have seen them killed +as far North, near the sea-side, as Seal River: But the small +Northern Indian deer are seldom known to cross Churchill +River, except in some very extraordinary cold seasons, and +when the Northern winds have prevailed much in the preceding +fall; for those visits are always made in the Winter. But +though I own that the flesh of the large Southern deer is very +good, I must at the same time confess that the flesh of the +small Northern deer, whether buck or doe, in their proper +season, is by far more delicious and the finest I have ever eaten, +either in this country or any other; and is of that peculiar +quality, that it never cloys. I can affirm this from my own +experience; {226} for after living on it entirely, as it may be +said, for twelve or eighteen months successively, I scarcely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[237]</a></span> +ever wished for a change of food; though when fish or fowl +came in my way, it was very agreeable.</p> + +<p>The beaver<a name="FNanchor_98_149" id="FNanchor_98_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_149" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> being so plentiful, the attention of my companions +was chiefly engaged on them, as they not only furnished +delicious food, but their skins proved a valuable acquisition, +being a principal article of trade, as well as a serviceable one +for clothing, &c.</p> + +<p>The situation of the beaver-houses is various. Where the +beavers are numerous they are found to inhabit lakes, ponds, +and rivers, as well as those narrow creeks which connect the +numerous lakes with which this country abounds; but the two +latter are generally chosen by them when the depth of water +and other circumstances are suitable, as they have then the +advantage of a current to convey wood and other necessaries +to their habitations, and because, in general, they are more +difficult to be taken, than those that are built in standing +water.</p> + +<p>There is no one particular part of a lake, pond, river, or +creek, of which the beavers make choice for building their +houses on, in preference to another; for they sometimes build +on points, sometimes in the hollow of a bay, and often on +small islands; they always chuse, however, {227} those parts +that have such a depth of water as will resist the frost in +Winter, and prevent it from freezing to the bottom.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +December.</div> + +<p>The beaver that build their houses in small rivers or +creeks, in which the water is liable to be drained off when the +back supplies are dried up by the frost, are wonderfully taught +by instinct to provide against that evil, by making a dam quite +across the river, at a convenient distance from their houses. +This I look upon as the most curious piece of workmanship +that is performed by the beaver; not so much for the neatness +of the work, as for its strength and real service; and at the +same time it discovers such a degree of sagacity and foresight +in the animal, of approaching evils, as is little inferior to +that of the human species, and is certainly peculiar to those +animals.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[238]</a></span></p> +<p>The beaver-dams differ in shape according to the nature of +the place in which they are built. If the water in the river or +creek have but little motion, the dam is almost straight; but +when the current is more rapid, it is always made with a considerable +curve, convex towards the stream. The materials +made use of in those dams are drift-wood, green willows, +birch, and poplars, if they can be got; also mud and stones, +intermixed in such a manner as must evidently contribute to +the strength of the dam; but in these dams there is no other +order or method observed, {228} except that of the work +being carried on with a regular sweep, and all the parts being +made of equal strength.</p> + +<p>In places which have been long frequented by beaver +undisturbed, their dams, by frequent repairing, become a solid +bank, capable of resisting a great force both of water and ice; +and as the willow, poplar, and birch generally take root and +shoot up, they by degrees form a kind of regular-planted hedge, +which I have seen in some places so tall, that birds have built +their nests among the branches.</p> + +<p>Though the beaver which build their houses in lakes and +other standing waters, may enjoy a sufficient quantity of their +favourite element without the assistance of a dam, the trouble +of getting wood and other necessaries to their habitations +without the help of a current, must in some measure counterbalance +the other advantages which are reaped from such a +situation; for it must be observed, that the beaver which +build in rivers and creeks, always cut their wood above their +houses, so that the current, with little trouble, conveys it to +the place required.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +December.</div> + +<p>The beaver-houses are built of the same materials as their +dams, and are always proportioned in size to the number of +inhabitants, which seldom exceed four old, and six or eight<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span> +young ones; though, by chance, I have seen above double that +number.</p> + +<p>{229} These houses, though not altogether unworthy of +admiration, fall very short of the general description given +of them; for instead of order or regulation being observed +in rearing them, they are of a much ruder structure than +their dams.</p> + +<p>Those who have undertaken to describe the inside of +beaver-houses, as having several apartments appropriated to +various uses; such as eating, sleeping, store-houses for provisions, +and one for their natural occasions, &c. must have been +very little acquainted with the subject; or, which is still +worse, guilty of attempting to impose on the credulous, by +representing the greatest falsehoods as real facts. Many years +constant residence among the Indians, during which I had an +opportunity of seeing several hundreds of those houses, has +enabled me to affirm that every thing of the kind is entirely +void of truth; for, notwithstanding the sagacity of those +animals, it has never been observed that they aim at any other +conveniencies in their houses, than to have a dry place to lie +on; and there they usually eat their victuals, which they +occasionally take out of the water.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +December.</div> + +<p>It frequently happens, that some of the large houses are +found to have one or more partitions, if they deserve that appellation; +but that is no more than a part of the main building, +left by the sagacity of the beaver to support the roof. +On such occasions it is common for those {230} different +apartments, as some are pleased to call them, to have no +communication with each other but by water; so that in fact +they may be called double or treble houses, rather than +different apartments of the same house. I have seen a large +beaver-house built in a small island, that had near a dozen +apartments under one roof: and, two or three of these only +excepted, none of them had any communication with each +other but by water. As there were beaver enough to inhabit<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[240]</a></span> +each apartment, it is more than probable that each family +knew its own, and always entered at their own door, without +having any farther connection with their neighbours than a +friendly intercourse; and to join their united labours in +erecting their separate habitations, and building their dams +where required. It is difficult to say whether their interest +on other occasions was anyways reciprocal. The Indians of +my party killed twelve old beaver, and twenty-five young and +half-grown ones out of the house above mentioned; and on +examination found that several had escaped their vigilance, +and could not be taken but at the expence of more trouble +than would be sufficient to take double the number in a less +difficult situation.<a name="FNanchor_AZ_150" id="FNanchor_AZ_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_AZ_150" class="fnanchor">[AZ]</a></p> + +<p>Travellers who assert that the beaver have two doors to +their houses, one on the land-side, and the other next the +{231} water, seem to be less acquainted with those animals +than others who assign them an elegant suite of apartments. +Such a proceeding would be quite contrary to their manner +of life, and at the same time would render their houses of no +use, either to protect them from their enemies, or guard them +against the extreme cold in Winter.</p> + +<p>The quiquehatches, or wolvereens, are great enemies to +the beaver; and if there were a passage into their houses on +the land-side, would not leave one of them alive wherever they +came.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +December.</div> + +<p>I cannot refrain from smiling, when I read the accounts of +different Authors who have written on the œconomy of those +animals, as there seems to be a contest between them, who +shall most exceed in fiction. But the Compiler of the +Wonders of Nature and Art seems, in my opinion, to have +succeeded best in this respect; as he has not only collected all +the fictions into which other writers on the subject have run, +but has so greatly improved on them, that little remains to +be added to his account of the beaver, beside a vocabulary of +their language, a code of their laws, and a sketch of their +religion, to make it the most complete natural history of that +animal which can possibly be offered to the public.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[241]</a></span></p> +<p>There cannot be a greater imposition, or indeed a grosser +insult, on common understanding, than the wish {232} to +make us believe the stories of some of the works ascribed to +the beaver; and though it is not to be supposed that the +compiler of a general work can be intimately acquainted with +every subject of which it may be necessary to treat, yet a very +moderate share of understanding is surely sufficient to guard +him against giving credit to such marvellous tales, however +smoothly they may be told, or however boldly they may be +asserted, by the romancing traveller.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +December.</div> + +<p>To deny that the beaver is possessed of a very considerable +degree of sagacity, would be as absurd in me, as it is in those +Authors who think they cannot allow them too much. I +shall willingly grant them their full share; but it is impossible +for any one to conceive how, or by what means, a beaver, +whose full height when standing erect does not exceed two +feet and a half, or three feet at most, and whose fore-paws are +not much larger than a half-crown piece, can "drive stakes as +thick as a man's leg into the ground three or four feet deep." +Their "wattling those stakes with twigs," is equally absurd; +and their "plaistering the inside of their houses with a +composition of mud and straw," and "swimming with mud +and stones on their tails," are still more incredible. The form +and size of the animal, notwithstanding all its sagacity, will not +admit of its performing such feats; and it would be as impossible +for a beaver to use its tail as a trowel, except on the surface +of the ground on which it walks, as it {233} would have +been for Sir James Thornhill to have painted the dome of St. +Paul's cathedral without the assistance of scaffolding. The +joints of their tail will not admit of their turning it over their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[242]</a></span> +backs on any occasion whatever, as it has a natural inclination +to bend downwards; and it is not without some considerable +exertion that they can keep it from trailing on the ground. +This being the case, they cannot sit erect like a squirrel, which +is their common posture: particularly when eating, or when +they are cleaning themselves, as a cat or squirrel does, without +having their tails bent forward between their legs; and which +may not improperly be called their trencher.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +December.</div> + +<p>So far are the beaver from driving stakes into the ground +when building their houses, that they lay most of the wood +crosswise, and nearly horizontal, and without any other order +than that of leaving a hollow or cavity in the middle; when +any unnecessary branches project inward, they cut them off +with their teeth, and throw them in among the rest, to +prevent the mud from falling through the roof. It is a +mistaken notion, that the wood-work is first completed and +then plaistered; for the whole of their houses, as well as their +dams, are from the foundation one mass of wood and mud, +mixed with stones, if they can be procured. The mud is +always taken from the edge of the bank, or the bottom of the +creek or pond, near the door of the house; and though their +fore-paws are so small, yet it is held close up between them, +under their throat, {234} that they carry both mud and stones; +while they always drag the wood with their teeth.</p> + +<p>All their work is executed in the night; and they are so +expeditious in completing it, that in the course of one night +I have known them to have collected as much mud at their +houses as to have amounted to some thousands of their little +handfuls; and when any mixture of grass or straw has +appeared in it, it has been, most assuredly, mere chance, owing +to the nature of the ground from which they had taken it. +As to their designedly making a composition for that purpose, +it is entirely void of truth.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +December.</div> + +<p>It is a great piece of policy in those animals, to cover, +or plaister, as it is usually called, the outside of their houses<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span> +every fall with fresh mud, and as late as possible in the +Autumn, even when the frost becomes pretty severe; as by +this means it soon freezes as hard as a stone, and prevents +their common enemy, the quiquehatch, from disturbing them +during the Winter. And as they are frequently seen to walk +over their work, and sometimes to give a flap with their tail, +particularly when plunging into the water, this has, without +doubt, given rise to the vulgar opinion that they use their +tails as a trowel, with which they plaister their houses; +whereas that flapping of the tail is no more than a custom, +which they always preserve, even when they become tame and +domestic, and more particularly so when they are startled.</p> + +<p>{235} Their food chiefly consists of a large root, something +resembling a cabbage-stalk, which grows at the bottom of the +lakes and rivers. They eat also the bark of trees, particularly +that of the poplar, birch, and willow; but the ice preventing +them from getting to the land in Winter, they have not any +barks to feed upon during that season, except that of such +sticks as they cut down in Summer, and throw into the water +opposite the doors of their houses; and as they generally eat +a great deal, the roots above mentioned constitute a chief part +of their food during the Winter. In Summer they vary their +diet, by eating various kinds of herbage, and such berries as +grow near their haunts during that season.</p> + +<p>When the ice breaks up in the Spring, the beaver always +leave their houses, and rove about the whole Summer, probably +in search of a more commodious situation; but in case of not +succeeding in their endeavours, they return again to their old +habitations a little before the fall of the leaf, and lay in their +Winter stock of woods. They seldom begin to repair the houses +till the frost commences, and never finish the outer-coat till +the cold is pretty severe, as hath been already mentioned.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +December.</div> + +<p>When they shift their habitations, or when the increase +of their number renders it necessary to make some addition +to their houses, or to erect new ones, they begin felling<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[244]</a></span> +{236} the wood for these purposes early in the Summer, but +seldom begin to build till the middle or latter end of August, +and never complete their houses till the cold weather be set in.</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding what has been so repeatedly reported of +those animals assembling in great bodies, and jointly erecting +large towns, cities, and commonwealths, as they have sometimes +been called, I am confident, from many circumstances, +that even where the greatest numbers of beaver are situated +in the neighbourhood of each other, their labours are not +carried on jointly in the erection of their different habitations, +nor have they any reciprocal interest, except it be such as live +immediately under the same roof; and then it extends no +farther than to build or keep a dam which is common to +several houses. In such cases it is natural to think that every +one who receives benefit from such dams, should assist in +erecting it, being sensible of its utility to all.</p> + +<p>Persons who attempt to take beaver in Winter should be +thoroughly acquainted with their manner of life, otherwise +they will have endless trouble to effect their purpose, and +probably without success in the end; because they have +always a number of holes in the banks, which serve them as +places of retreat when any injury is offered to their houses; +and in general it is in those holes that they are taken.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +December.</div> + +<p>{237} When the beaver which are situated in a small river +or creek are to be taken, the Indians sometimes find it necessary +to stake the river across, to prevent them from passing; after +which, they endeavour to find out all their holes or places of +retreat in the banks. This requires much practice and experience +to accomplish, and is performed in the following +manner: Every man being furnished with an ice-chisel, lashes +it to the end of a small staff about four or five feet long; he +then walks along the edge of the banks, and keeps knocking +his chisels against the ice. Those who are well acquainted +with that kind of work well know by the sound of the ice +when they are opposite to any of the beavers' holes or vaults.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[245]</a></span></p> + +<p>As soon as they suspect any, they cut a hole through the ice +big enough to admit an old beaver; and in this manner proceed +till they have found out all their places of retreat, or at +least as many of them as possible. While the principal men +are thus employed, some of the understrappers, and the women, +are busy in breaking open the house, which at times is no easy +task; for I have frequently known these houses to be five and +six feet thick; and one in particular, was more than eight feet +thick on the crown. When the beaver find that their habitations +are invaded, they fly to their holes in the banks for +shelter; and on being perceived by the Indians, which is easily +done, by attending to the motion of the water, they block up +the entrance with stakes of wood, and then haul the beaver +out of its hole, either by hand, if they can reach it, or with a +large hook {238} made for that purpose, which is fastened to +the end of a long stick.</p> + +<p>In this kind of hunting, every man has the sole right to +all the beaver caught by him in the holes or vaults; and as +this is a constant rule, each person takes care to mark such as +he discovers, by sticking up the branch of a tree, or some other +distinguishing post, by which he may know them. All that +are caught in the house also are the property of the person +who finds it.</p> + +<p>The same regulations are observed, and the same process +used in taking beaver that are found in lakes and other +standing waters, except it be that of staking the lake across, +which would be both unnecessary and impossible. Taking +beaver-houses in these situations is generally attended with +less trouble and more success than in the former.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +December.</div> + +<p>The beaver is an animal which cannot keep under water +long at a time; so that when their houses are broke open, and +all their places of retreat discovered, they have but one choice +left, as it may be called, either to be taken in their houses or +their vaults: in general they prefer the latter; for where there +is one beaver caught in the house, many thousands are taken<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[246]</a></span> +in their vaults in the banks. Sometimes they are caught in +nets, and in the Summer very frequently in traps. In Winter +they are very fat and {239} delicious; but the trouble of rearing +their young, the thinness of their hair, and their constantly +roving from place to place, with the trouble they have in providing +against the approach of Winter, generally keep them +very poor during the Summer season, at which time their flesh +is but indifferent eating, and their skins of so little value, that +the Indians generally singe them, even to the amount of many +thousands in one Summer. They have from two to five +young, at a time. Mr. Dobbs, in his Account of Hudson's +Bay, enumerates no less than eight different kinds of beaver<a name="FNanchor_99_151" id="FNanchor_99_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_151" class="fnanchor">[99]</a>; +but it must be understood that they are all of one kind and +species; his distinctions arise wholly from the different seasons +of the year in which they are killed, and the different uses to +which their skins are applied, which is the sole reason that they +vary so much in value.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[247]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">1771. +December.</div> + +<p>Joseph Lefranc, or Mr. Dobbs for him, says, that a good +hunter can kill six hundred beaver in one season, and can only +carry one hundred to market. If that was really the case in +Lefranc's time, the canoes must have been much smaller than +they are at present; for it is well known that the generality +of the canoes which have visited the Company's Factories for +the last forty or fifty years, are capable of carrying three +hundred beaver-skins with great ease, exclusive of the Indians +luggage, provisions, &c.<a name="FNanchor_100_152" id="FNanchor_100_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_152" class="fnanchor">[100]</a></p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +December.</div> + +<p>{240} If ever a particular Indian killed six hundred beaver +in one Winter, (which is rather to be doubted), it is more than +probable that many in his company did not kill twenty, and +perhaps some none at all, so that by distributing them among +those who had bad success, and others who had no abilities +for that kind of hunting, there would be no necessity of leaving +them to rot, or for singing them in the fire, as related by that +Author. During my residence among the Indians I have +known some individuals kill more beaver, and other heavy +furrs, in the course of a Winter, than their wives could manage; +but the overplus was never wantonly destroyed, but always +given to their relations, or to those who had been less successful; +so that the whole of the great hunters' labours were +always brought to the Factory. It is indeed too frequently +a custom among the Southern Indians to singe many otters, +as well as beaver; but this is seldom done, except in Summer, +when their skins are of so little value as to be scarcely worth +the duty; on which account it has been always thought impolitic +to encourage the natives to kill such valuable animals +at a time when their skins are not in season.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[248]</a></span></p> +<p>The white beaver, mentioned by Lefranc, are so rare, that +instead of being "blown upon by the Company's Factors," as +he asserts, I rather doubt whether one-tenth of them ever saw +one during the time of their residence in this country. In the +course of twenty years experience in the countries {241} about +Hudson's Bay, though I travelled six hundred miles to the +West of the sea-coast, I never saw but one white beaver-skin, +and it had many reddish and brown hairs along the ridge of +the back, and the sides and belly were of a glossy silvery white. +It was deemed by the Indians a great curiosity; and I offered +three times the usual price for a few of them, if they could +be got; but in the course of ten years that I remained there +afterward, I could not procure another; which is a convincing +proof there is no such thing as a breed of that kind, and that +a variation from the usual colour is very rare.</p> + +<p>Black beaver, and that of a beautiful gloss, are not uncommon: +perhaps they are more plentiful at Churchill than at +any other Factory in the Bay; but it is rare to get more than +twelve or fifteen of their skins in the course of one year's trade.</p> + +<p>Lefranc, as an Indian, must have known better than to +have informed Mr. Dobbs that the beaver have from ten to +fifteen young at a time; or if he did, he must have deceived +him wilfully; for the Indians, by killing them in all stages of +gestation, have abundant opportunities of ascertaining the +usual number of their offspring. I have seen some hundreds +of them killed at the seasons favourable for those observations, +and never could discover more than six young in one +female, and that only in two {242} instances; for the usual +number, as I have before observed, is from two to five.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[249]</a></span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +December.</div> + +<p>Besides this unerring method of ascertaining the real +number of young which any animal has at a time, there is +another rule to go by, with respect to the beaver, which +experience has proved to the Indians never to vary or deceive +them, that is by dissection; for on examining the womb of a +beaver, even at a time when not with young, there is always +found a hardish round knob for every young she had at the last +litter. This is a circumstance I have been particularly careful to +examine, and can affirm it to be true, from real experience.</p> + +<p>Most of the accounts, nay I may say all the accounts now +extant, respecting the beaver, are taken from the authority of +the French who have resided in Canada; but those accounts +differ so much from the real state and œconomy of all the +beaver to the North of that place, as to leave great room to +suspect the truth of them altogether. In the first place, the +assertion that they have two doors to their houses, one on the +land-side, and the other next the water, is, as I have before +observed, quite contrary to fact and common sense, as it would +render their houses of no use to them, either as places of +shelter from the inclemency of the extreme cold in Winter, or +as a retreat from their common enemy the quiquehatch. The +only thing {243} that could have made M. Du Pratz, and other +French writers, conjecture that such a thing did exist, must +have been from having seen some old beaver houses which had +been taken by the Indians; for they are always obliged to +make a hole in one side of the house before they can drive +them out; and it is more than probable that in so mild a +climate as Canada, the Indians do generally make those holes +on the land-side,<a name="FNanchor_BA_153" id="FNanchor_BA_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_BA_153" class="fnanchor">[BA]</a> which without doubt gave rise to the +suggestion.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[250]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">1771. +December.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1771. +December.</div> + +<p>In respect to the beaver dunging in their houses, as some +persons assert, it is quite wrong, as they always plunge into the +water to do it. I am the better enabled to make this assertion, +from having kept several of them till they became so +domesticated as to answer to their name, and follow those +to whom they were accustomed, in the same manner as a dog +would do; and they were as much pleased at being fondled, +as any animal I ever saw. I had a house built for them, and a +small piece of water before the door, into which they always +plunged when they wanted to ease nature; and their dung +being of a light substance, immediately rises and floats on the +surface, {244} then separates and subsides to the bottom. +When the Winter sets in so as to freeze the water solid, they +still continue their custom of coming out of their house, and +dunging and making water on the ice; and when the weather +was so cold that I was obliged to take them into my house, +they always went into a large tub of water which I set for that +purpose; so that they made not the least dirt, though they +were kept in my own sitting-room, where they were the +constant companions of the Indian women and children, and +were so fond of their company, that when the Indians were +absent for any considerable time, the beaver discovered great +signs of uneasiness, and on their return shewed equal marks +of pleasure, by fondling on them, crawling into their laps, +laying on their backs, sitting erect like a squirrel, and behaving +to them like children who see their parents but seldom. In +general, during the Winter they lived on the same food as the +women did, and were remarkably fond of rice and plum-pudding: +they would eat partridges and fresh venison very +freely, but I never tried them with fish, though I have heard +they will at times prey on them. In fact, there are few of +the granivorous animals that may not be brought to be carnivorous. +It is well known that our domestic poultry will +eat animal food: thousands of geese that come to London +market are fattened on tallow-craps; and our horses in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[251]</a></span> +Hudson's Bay would not only eat all kinds of animal food, +but also drink freely of the wash, or pot-liquor, intended for +the {245} hogs. And we are assured by the most authentic +Authors, that in Iceland, not only black cattle, but also the +sheep, are almost entirely fed on fish and fish-bones during the +Winter season. Even in the Isles of Orkney, and that in +Summer, the sheep attend the ebbing of the tide as regular as +the Esquimaux curlew, and go down to the shore which the +tide has left, to feed on the sea-weed. This, however, is +through necessity, for even the famous Island of Pomona<a name="FNanchor_BB_154" id="FNanchor_BB_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_BB_154" class="fnanchor">[BB]</a> +will not afford them an existence above high-water-mark.</p> + +<p>With respect to the inferior, or slave-beaver, of which +some Authors speak, it is, in my opinion, very difficult for +those who are best acquainted with the œconomy of this +animal to determine whether there are any that deserve that +appellation or not. It sometimes happens, that a beaver is +caught, which has but a very indifferent coat, and which has +broad patches on the back, and shoulders almost wholly without +hair. This is the only foundation for asserting that there +is an inferior, or slave-beaver, among them. And when one +of the above description is taken, it is perhaps too hastily +inferred that the hair is worn off from those parts by carrying +heavy loads: whereas it is most probable that it is caused by +a disorder that attacks them somewhat similar to the mange; +for {246} were that falling off of the hair occasioned by performing +extra labour, it is natural to think that instances of it +would be more frequent than there are; as it is rare to see +one of them in the course of seven or ten years. I have seen a +whole house of those animals that had nothing on the surface +of their bodies but the fine soft down; all the long hairs +having molted off. This and every other deviation from the +general run is undoubtedly owing to some particular disorder.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_133" id="Footnote_86_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_133"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> Sir John Richardson says of Thaye-chuck-gyed Lake that it lies a short +way to the northward of Point Lake.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_134" id="Footnote_87_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_134"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> These are larvæ of a fly (<i>Hypoderma liniata?</i>), the eggs of which are laid +in the skins of the deer in the early part of the summer. Here they develop +to the size of buckshot or larger, and those portions of the skin covering them +become very thin, so that when the hide is taken off and tanned it is so full +of holes, a quarter of an inch or more in diameter, as to be almost entirely +useless.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_135" id="Footnote_88_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_135"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Sir John Franklin crossed Point Lake in 1821, and the "small scrubby +woods" on its banks were noted by him, when he descended and surveyed the +Coppermine River from it to the sea. Hearne places the south side of this +lake on his map in North latitude 65° 45', only about thirty-five miles north of +its true position. Caspar Whitney crossed Point Lake in the spring of 1895, +and calls it Ecka tua (Fat-Water Lake). ("On Snowshoes to the Barren +Grounds." By Caspar Whitney, p. 209.) Russell, in speaking of the Coppermine +River which he crossed in April 1894, says, "It takes its rise in a large +lake, called Ek-a Tooh, which is two days' journey in length." ("Explorations +in the Far North." By Frank Russell, p. 112.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_136" id="Footnote_89_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_136"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> There is no evidence that any observations for latitude had been taken +since he left Congecathawhachaga. Possibly the quadrant had been left behind +with the women at that place, to be picked up again when he returned. But +now, with the destruction of the quadrant, all uncertainty as to the character +of the remainder of his survey is set at rest. His distances were estimated, +and the general directions were doubtless taken with a magnetic compass, while +observations for latitude were impossible.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_AV_137" id="Footnote_AV_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_AV_137"><span class="label">[AV]</span></a> The piece of iron above mentioned was the coulter of a new-fashioned +plough, invented by Captain John Fowler, late Governor of Churchill River, +with which he had a large piece of ground ploughed, and afterwards sowed +with oats: but the part being nothing but a hot burning sand, like the Spanish +lines at Gibraltar, the success may easily be guessed; which was, that it did +not produce a single grain.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_138" id="Footnote_90_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_138"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> This lake is identified by Sir John Richardson as the Providence Lake +of Franklin and of the present maps, but it is more likely to be Mackay Lake, +which is much more nearly the size of lake here described, and the description +of the woods on the south shore agrees closely with the description of Lake +Mackay given by Mr. Warburton Pike, who visited that region in 1890. This +determination agrees also with the statement of Hearne, that No Name Lake +lies but a short distance north of the edge of the "main woods," for the northern +edge of the forest crosses the country from east to west, a few miles south +of this lake. On Caspar Whitney's map of his trip through the barren grounds +this lake is called King or Grizzly Bear Lake. Mr. C. Harding, the officer in +charge of Fort Resolution, the Hudson Bay Company's post on Great Slave +Lake, has sent me the following Chipewyan Indian names of lakes, &c., in +this region:— +</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">English.</span></td> + <td align="left"><span class="smcap">Chipewyan.</span></td> + <td align="left"><span class="smcap">Meaning.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Mackay Lake.</td> + <td align="left">Clayki thua.</td> + <td align="left">White Sand Lake.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Le Gras Lake.</td> + <td align="left">A ka thua.</td> + <td align="left">Fat Lake.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center" colspan="3">(doubtless the same as Point Lake).</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Aylmer Lake.</td> + <td align="left">Chlueata thua.</td> + <td align="left">Caribou swimming among the ice Lake.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Artillery Lake.</td> + <td align="left">Atacho thua.</td> + <td align="left">Caribou crossing in the middle of the lake Lake.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Coppermine River.</td> + <td align="left">Sanka taza.</td> + <td align="left">Copper River.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Musk Ox Mountain. </td> + <td align="left">Edegadaniyatha. </td></tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_139" id="Footnote_91_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_139"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> Mr. Harding informs me this is a lake lying a short distance south of +Mackay Lake, and now known as "Lake of the Enemy." Anaw'd is doubtless +the same word as Enna, which is the Chipewyan name for a Cree Indian. +</p><p> +Away to the west of this another large lake is indicated on the map, +doubtless from the reports of the Indians, but no name is attached to it. On +the Cook map this western lake is called Edlande Lake.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_140" id="Footnote_92_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_140"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> L'abbé Petitot states (<i>op. cit.</i>, p. 143) that there are five rivers flowing into +the north side of McLeod Bay of Great Slave Lake, and the little stream +which flows from Methy Lake is doubtless one of these, and possibly Hoarfrost +River. In that case Methy Lake is almost certainly Cook Lake, which +agrees with Hearne's description inasmuch as it lies just within the edge of +the woods.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_141" id="Footnote_93_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_141"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Great Slave Lake.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_AW_142" id="Footnote_AW_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_AW_142"><span class="label">[AW]</span></a> The course of this river is nearly South West.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_143" id="Footnote_94_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_143"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> <i>Lepus americanus</i> (Erxl.).—E. A. P.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_144" id="Footnote_95_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_144"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> <i>Canachites canadensis</i> (Linn.).—E. A. P.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_AX_145" id="Footnote_AX_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_AX_145"><span class="label">[AX]</span></a> His name was Cos-abyagh, the Northern Indian name for the Rock +Partridge.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_AY_146" id="Footnote_AY_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_AY_146"><span class="label">[AY]</span></a> As a proof of this, Matonabbee, (who always thought me possessed of this +art,) on his arrival at Prince of Wales's Fort in the Winter of 1778, informed +me, that a man whom I had never seen but once, had treated him in such a +manner that he was afraid of his life; in consequence of which he pressed me +very much to kill him, though I was then several hundreds of miles distant: On +which, to please this great man to whom I owed so much, and not expecting that +any harm could possibly arise from it, I drew a rough sketch of two human +figures on a piece of paper, in the attitude of wrestling: in the hand of one of +them, I drew the figure of a bayonet pointing to the breast of the other. This +is me, said I to Matonabbee, pointing to the figure which was holding the +bayonet; and the other, is your enemy. Opposite to those figures I drew a +pine-tree, over which I placed a large human eye, and out of the tree projected +a human hand. This paper I gave to Matonabbee, with instructions to make it +as publicly known as possible. Sure enough, the following year, when he came +in to trade, he informed me that the man was dead, though at that time he was +not less than three hundred miles from Prince of Wales's Fort. He assured me +that the man was in perfect health when he heard of my design against him; +but almost immediately afterwards became quite gloomy, and refusing all kind +of sustenance, in a very few days died. After this I was frequently applied to +on the same account, both by Matonabbee and other leading Indians, but never +thought proper to comply with their requests; by which means I not only preserved +the credit I gained on the first attempt, but always kept them in awe, and +in some degree of respect and obedience to me. In fact, strange as it may +appear, it is almost absolutely necessary that the chiefs at this place should profess +something a little supernatural, to be able to deal with those people. The +circumstance here recorded is a fact well known to Mr. William Jefferson, who +succeeded me at Churchill Factory, as well as to all the officers and many of +the common men who were at Prince of Wales's Fort at the time.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_147" id="Footnote_96_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_147"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> The lake which he has now reached and which he calls Athapuscow Lake, +Arathapescow Lake of the Cook and Pennant maps, is Great Slave Lake of the +present maps, or the Slave Lake of Alexander Mackenzie, and not the lake +now known as Athabasca Lake; and the point at which he reached it was +somewhere east of the entrance to the North Arm. According to l'Abbé +Petitot, the name Athabasca is a Cree word, referring to a reedy, grassy mouth +of a river, and means "The Herbaceous Network." It does not appear to have +been the original name of any particular place or lake, but was doubtless applied +to this lake by Hearne on account of the great marsh which covers much of the +delta of Slave River, and later it was applied to the lake now known as Athabasca +Lake on account of the character of the delta at the mouth of Athabasca +River, near which Peter Pond, a trader from Montreal, established in 1778 the +first trading-post on the Mackenzie waters. His map of 1785 designates the +lake Arabasca Lake. Petitot states (Royal Geographical Society, vol. v. N.S. +1883, p. 728) that Great Slave Lake is called "'Thu-tué,' or 'Lake of the Breasts,' +by the Chipewyans, because its eastern part is terminated by two extensive +bays, in outline fancifully resembling the female bosom."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_148" id="Footnote_97_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_148"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> Indian Deer = Wood Caribou (<i>Rangifer caribou</i> (Gmel.)).—E. A. P.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_149" id="Footnote_98_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_149"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> <i>Castor canadensis</i> Kuhl.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_AZ_150" id="Footnote_AZ_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_AZ_150"><span class="label">[AZ]</span></a> The difficulty here alluded to, was the numberless vaults the beaver had +in the sides of the pond, and the immense thickness of the house in some +parts.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_151" id="Footnote_99_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_151"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> The eight different kinds of beavers referred to by Mr. Dobbs are rather +eight different grades of beaver-skins classified on a strictly commercial basis. +His statement is: +</p><p> +"There are eight kinds of Beavers received at the Farmer's Office. +</p><p> +"The first is the fat Winter Beaver, kill'd in Winter, which is worth 5s. 6d. +per Pound. +</p><p> +"The Second is the fat Summer Beaver, killed in Summer, and is worth 2s. 9d. +</p><p> +"The third the dry Winter Beaver, and fourth the Bordeau, is much the same, +and are worth 3s. 6d. +</p><p> +"The fifth the dry Summer Beaver is worth very little, about 1s. 9d. per Pound. +</p><p> +"The sixth is the Coat Beaver, which is worn till it is half greased, and is +worth 4s. 6d. per Pound. +</p><p> +"The 7th the Muscovite dry Beaver, of a fine Skin, covered over with a silky +Hair; they wear it in Russia, and comb away all the short Down, which they +make into Stuffs and other Works, leaving nothing but the silky Hair; this is +worth 4s. 6d. per Pound. +</p><p> +"The eighth is the Mittain Beaver, cut out for that Purpose to make Mittains, +to preserve them from the Cold, and are greased by being used, and are worth +1s. 9d. per Pound." ("An Account of the Countries adjoining to Hudson's +Bay." By Arthur Dobbs, London, 1744, pp. 25-26.) +</p> + +<p> +On a later page, quoting Joseph Lefranc: "The Beavers, he says, are of +three Colours; the brown reddish Colour, the black, and the white; the first is +the cheapest; the black is most valued by the Company, and in England; the +white, tho' most valued in Canada, giving 18 Shillings, when others gave 5 or 6 +Shillings, is blown upon by the Company's Factors at the Bay, they not allowing +so much for these as for the others; and therefore the Indians use them at +home, or burn off the Hair, when they roast the Beavers like Pigs, at an Entertainment +when they feast together; he says these Skins are extremely white, +and have a fine Lustre, no Snow being whiter, and have a fine long Fur or +Hair; he has seen 15 taken of that Colour out of one Lodge or Pond." (Ibid., +pp. 39-40.) +</p><p> +White Beavers are not often caught. One skin which I obtained from +the vicinity of the Winnipeg River, in Eastern Manitoba, had a decidedly +pinkish tint.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_152" id="Footnote_100_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_152"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> As dried Beaver skins weigh on an average from one and a half to two +pounds, 300 skins would weigh on an average from 450 to 600 lbs., which is a +heavier load than most of the birch-bark canoes made by the Chipewyans will +carry in addition to the Indians and their necessary baggage and provisions. +Dobbs's statement that 100 Beaver skins is a load for an Indian canoe is more +nearly correct.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_BA_153" id="Footnote_BA_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_BA_153"><span class="label">[BA]</span></a> The Northern Indians think that the sagacity of the beaver directs them +to make that part of their house which fronts the North much thicker than any +other part, with a view of defending themselves from the cold winds which +generally blow from that quarter during the Winter; and for this reason the +Northern Indians generally break open that side of the beaver-houses which +exactly front the South.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_BB_154" id="Footnote_BB_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_BB_154"><span class="label">[BB]</span></a> This being the largest of the Orkney Islands, is called by the inhabitants +the Main Land.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[252]</a></span></p> + +<h2>{247} CHAP. VIII.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Transactions and Remarks from our Arrival on the South Side +of the Athapuscow Lake, till our Arrival at Prince of +Wales's Fort on Churchill River.</p> + +<p><i>Cross the Athapuscow Lake—Description of it and its productions, as far as +could be discovered in Winter, when the snow was on the ground—Fish +found in the lake—Description of the buffalo;—of the moose or elk, and +the method of dressing their skins—Find a woman alone that had not +seen a human face for more than seven months—Her account how she +came to be in that situation; and her curious method of procuring a livelihood—Many +of my Indians wrestled for her—Arrive at the Great +Athapuscow River—Walk along the side of the River for several days, +and then strike off to the Eastward—Difficulty in getting through the +woods in many places—Meet with some strange Northern Indians on +their return from the Fort—Meet more strangers, whom my companions +plundered, and from whom they took one of their young women—Curious +manner of life which those strangers lead, and the reason they gave for +roving so far from their usual residence—Leave the fine level country +of the Athapuscows, and arrive at the Stony Hills of the Northern +Indian Country—Meet some strange Northern Indians, one of whom +carried a letter for me to Prince of Wales's Fort, in March one thousand +seven hundred and seventy-one, and now gave me an answer to it, dated +twentieth of June following—Indians begin preparing wood-work and +birch-rind for canoes—The equinoctial gale very severe—Indian method +of running the moose deer down by speed of foot—Arrival at Theeleyaza +River—See some strangers—The brutality of my companions—A tremendous +gale and snow-drift—Meet with more strangers;—Remarks +on it—Leave all the elderly people and children, {248} and proceed +directly to the Fort—Stop to build canoes, and then advance—Several +of the Indians die through hunger, and many others are obliged to decline +the journey for want of ammunition—A violent storm and inundation, +that forced us to the top of a high hill, where we suffered great distress</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[253]</a></span> +<i>for more than two days—Kill several deer—The Indians method of +preserving the flesh without the assistance of salt—See several Indians +that were going to Knapp's Bay—Game of all kinds remarkably plentiful—Arrive +at the Factory.</i></p></div> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +January.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">9th.</div> + +<p>After expending some days in hunting beaver, we +proceeded to cross the Athapuscow Lake; but as +we had lost much time in hunting deer and beaver, +which were very plentiful on some of the islands, it was the +ninth of January before we arrived on the South side.</p> + +<p>This lake, from the best information which I could get +from the natives, is about one hundred and twenty leagues +long from East to West, and twenty wide from North to +South. The point where we crossed it is said to be the +narrowest. It is full of islands; most of which are clothed +with fine tall poplars, birch, and pines, and are well stocked +with Indian deer. On some of the large islands we also found +several beaver; but this must be understood only of such +islands as had large ponds in them; for not one beaver-house +was to be seen on the margin of any of them.<a name="FNanchor_101_155" id="FNanchor_101_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_155" class="fnanchor">[101]</a></p> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +January.</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[254]</a></span></p> +<p>The lake is stored with great quantities of very fine fish; +particularly between the islands, which in some {249} parts are +so close to each other as to form very narrow channels, like +little rivers, in which I found (when angling for fish) a considerable +current setting to the Eastward.</p> + +<p>The fish that are common in this lake, as well as in most +of the other lakes in this country, are pike, trout, perch, barble, +tittameg, and methy<a name="FNanchor_102_156" id="FNanchor_102_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_156" class="fnanchor">[102]</a>; the two last are names given by the +natives to two species of fish which are found only in this +country. Besides these, we also caught another kind of fish, +which is said by the Northern Indians to be peculiar to this +lake; at least none of the same kind have been met with in +any other. The body of this fish much resembles a pike in +shape; but the scales, which are very large and stiff, are of a +beautifully bright silver colour; the mouth is large, and situated +like that of a pike; but when open, much resembles that of a +sturgeon; and though not provided with any teeth, takes a +bait as ravenously as a pike or a trout. The sizes we +caught were from two feet long to four feet. Their flesh, +though delicately white, is very soft, and has so rank a taste, +that many of the Indians, except they are in absolute want, +will not eat it. The Northern Indians call this fish Shees.<a name="FNanchor_103_157" id="FNanchor_103_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_157" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> The +trout in this lake are of the largest size I ever saw; some that +were caught by my companions could not, I think, be less than +thirty-five or forty pounds weight. Pike are also of an incredible +size in this extensive water; here they are seldom +{250} molested, and have multitudes of smaller fish to prey +upon. If I say that I have seen some of these fish that were +upwards of forty pounds weight, I am sure I do not exceed +the truth.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[255]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">1772. +January.</div> + +<p>Immediately on our arrival on the South side of the Athapuscow +Lake, the scene was agreeably altered, from an entire +jumble of rocks and hills, for such is all the land on the North +side, to a fine level country, in which there was not a hill to be +seen, or a stone to be found: so that such of my companions +as had not brass kettles, loaded their sledges with stones from +some of the last islands, to boil their victuals with in their +birch-rind kettles, which will not admit of being exposed to +the fire. They therefore heat stones and drop them into the +water in the kettle to make it boil.</p> + +<p>Buffalo,<a name="FNanchor_104_158" id="FNanchor_104_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_158" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> moose, and beaver were very plentiful; and we +could discover, in many parts through which we passed, the +tracks of martins, foxes, quiquehatches, and other animals of +the furr kind: so that they were by no means scarce: but my +companions never gave themselves the least trouble to catch +any of the three last mentioned animals; for the buffalo, +moose, and beaver engaged all their attention; perhaps principally +so on account of the excellency of their flesh; whereas the +flesh of the fox and quiquehatch are never eaten by those people, +except when they are in the greatest distress, and then merely +to save {251} life. Their reasons for this shall be given in a +subsequent part of my Journal.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +January.</div> + +<p>The buffalo in those parts, I think, are in general much +larger than the English black cattle; particularly the bulls, +which, though they may not in reality be taller than the largest +size of the English oxen, yet to me always appeared to be +much larger. In fact, they are so heavy, that when six or +eight Indians are in company at the skinning of a large bull, +they never attempt to turn it over while entire, but when the +upper side is skinned, they cut off the leg and shoulder, rip up +the belly, take out all the intestines, cut off the head, and +make it as light as possible, before they turn it to skin the +under side. The skin is in some places of an incredible thickness, +particularly about the neck, where it often exceeds an +inch. The horns are short, black, and almost straight, but +very thick at the roots or base.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[256]</a></span></p> +<p>The head of an old bull is of a great size and weight +indeed: some which I have seen were so large, that I could +not without difficulty lift them from the ground;<a name="FNanchor_BC_159" id="FNanchor_BC_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_BC_159" class="fnanchor">[BC]</a> {252} but +the heads of the cows are much smaller. Their tails are, in +general, about a foot long, though some appear to be, exclusive +of the long brush of hair at the end, longer. The hair on the +tails of the bulls is generally of a fine glossy black; but the +brush at the end of the cows' tails is always of a rusty brown, +probably owing to being stained with their urine.</p> + +<p>The hair of the body is soft and curled, somewhat approaching +to wool; it is generally of a sandy brown, and of an equal +length and thickness all over the body: but on the head and +neck it is much longer than it is on any other part.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +January.</div> + +<p>The Indians, after reducing all the parts of the skin to an +equal thickness by scraping, dress them in the hair for clothing; +when they are light, soft, warm, and durable. They also +dress some of those skins into leather without the hair, of +which they make tents and shoes; but the grain is remarkably +open and spungy, by no means equal in goodness to that of +the skin of the moose: nor am I certain that the curriers or +tanners in Europe could manufacture these skins in such a +manner as to render them of any considerable value; for, to +appearance, they are of the same quality with the skins of +the musk-ox, which are held in so little estimation in England, +that when a number of them was sent home from Churchill +Factory, the Company issued out orders the year following, +that unless they could be purchased from the Indians at the +rate of four {253} skins for one beaver, they would not answer +the expence of sending home; a great proof of their being of +very little value.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[257]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">1772. +January.</div> + +<p>The buffalos chiefly delight in wide open plains, which in +those parts produce very long coarse grass, or rather a kind of +small flags and rushes, upon which they feed; but when pursued +they always take to the woods. They are of such an amazing +strength, that when they fly through the woods from a pursuer, +they frequently brush down trees as thick as a man's arm; +and be the snow ever so deep, such is their strength and agility +that they are enabled to plunge through it faster than the +swiftest Indian can run in snow-shoes. To this I have been +an eye-witness many times, and once had the vanity to think +that I could have kept pace with them; but though I was at +that time celebrated for being particularly fleet of foot in snow-shoes, +I soon found that I was no match for the buffalos, +notwithstanding they were then plunging through such deep +snow, that their bellies made a trench in it as large as if many +heavy sacks had been hauled through it. Of all the large +beasts in those parts the buffalo is easiest to kill, and the moose +are the most difficult; neither are the deer very easy to come +at, except in windy weather: indeed it requires much practice, +and a great deal of patience, to slay any of them, as they will +by no means suffer a direct approach, unless the hunter be entirely +sheltered by woods or willows. The flesh of the buffalo +{254} is exceedingly good eating; and so entirely free from +any disagreeable smell or taste, that it resembles beef as nearly +as possible: the flesh of the cows, when some time gone with +calf, is esteemed the finest; and the young calves, cut out of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[258]</a></span> +their bellies, are reckoned a great delicacy indeed. The hunch +on their backs, or more properly on their shoulders, is not a +large fleshy lump, as some suppose, but is occasioned by the +bones that form the withers being continued to a greater +length than in most other animals. The flesh which surrounds +this part being so equally intermixed with fat and lean, +is reckoned among the nicest bits. The weight, however, is +by no means equal to what has been commonly reported. The +tongue is also very delicate; and what is most extraordinary, +when the beasts are in the poorest state, which happens regularly +at certain seasons, their tongues are then very fat and fine; +some say, fatter than when they are in the best order; the +truth of which, I will not confirm. They are so esteemed +here, however, that many of them are brought down to the +Company's Factory at York as presents, and are esteemed a +great luxury, probably for no other reason but that they are +far-fetched; for they are by no means so large, and I think +them not so fine, as a neat's tongue in England.</p> + +<p>The moose<a name="FNanchor_105_160" id="FNanchor_105_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_160" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> deer is also a large beast, often exceeding the +largest horse both in height and bulk; but the length of the legs, +the bulk of the body, the shortness of the neck, {255} and the +uncommon length of the head and ears, without any appearance +of a tail, make them have a very awkward appearance. +The males far exceed the females in size, and differ from them +in colour. The hair of the male, which is long, hollow, and +soft, like that of a deer, is at the points nearly black, but +a little way under the surface it is of an ash colour, and at the +roots perfectly white. The hair of the female is of a sandy +brown, and in some parts, particularly under the throat, the +belly, and the flank, is nearly white at the surface, and most +delicately so at the root.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +January.</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[259]</a></span></p> +<p>Their legs are so long, and their necks so short, that they +cannot graze on level ground like other animals, but are +obliged to brouze on the tops of large plants and the leaves +of trees during the Summer; and in Winter they always feed +on the tops of willows, and the small branches of the birch-tree; +on which account they are never found during that +season but in such places as can afford them a plentiful supply +of their favourite food: and though they have no fore-teeth +in the upper-jaw, yet I have often seen willows and small +birch-trees cropped by them, in the same manner as if they +had been cut by a gardener's sheers, though some of them +were not smaller than common pipe-stems; they seem particularly +partial to the red willow.</p> + +<p>In Summer they are generally found to frequent the banks +of rivers and lakes, probably with no other view {256} than to +have the benefit of getting into the water, to avoid the +innumerable multitudes of muskettos and other flies that +pester them exceedingly during that season. There is also a +variety of water-plants, of which the moose are very fond, and +which are adapted to their necessities in a peculiar manner +during the Summer season, as they can easily brouze on +them when nearly emerged in water, to avoid the torment +of the flies.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +January.</div> + +<p>The head of the moose is, as I have observed, remarkably +long and large, not very unlike that of a horse; but the nose +and nostrils are at least twice as large. The ears are about +a foot long, and large; and they always stand erect. Their +faculty of hearing is supposed to be more acute than either +their sight or scent; which makes it very difficult to kill them, +especially as the Indians in those parts have no other method +of doing it but by creeping after them, among the trees and +bushes, till they get within gun-shot; taking care always to +keep to leeward of the moose, for fear of being overheard. +In Summer, when they frequent the margins of rivers and +lakes, they are often killed by the Indians in the water, +while they are crossing rivers, or swimming from the main to +islands, &c. When pursued in this manner, they are the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[260]</a></span> +most inoffensive of all animals, never making any resistance; +and the young ones are so simple, that I remember to have +seen an Indian paddle his canoe up to one of them, and take it +by the poll without the least opposition: the poor {257} harmless +animal seeming at the same time as contented along-side the +canoe, as if swimming by the side of its dam, and looking up +in our faces with the same fearless innocence that a house-lamb +would, making use of its fore-foot almost every instant +to clear its eyes of muskettos, which at that time were remarkably +numerous.</p> + +<p>I have also seen women and boys kill the old moose in +this situation, by knocking them on the head with a hatchet; +and in the Summer of one thousand seven hundred and seventy-five, +when I was on my passage from Cumberland House to +York Fort, two boys killed a fine buck moose in the water, +by forcing a stick up its fundament; for they had neither +gun, bow, nor arrows with them. The common deer are far +more dangerous to approach in canoes, as they kick up their +hind legs with such violence as to endanger any birch-rind +canoe that comes within their reach; for which reason all the +Indians who kill deer upon the water are provided with a long +stick that will reach far beyond the head of the canoe.</p> + +<p>The moose are also the easiest to tame and domesticate +of any of the deer kind. I have repeatedly seen them at +Churchill as tame as sheep,<a name="FNanchor_BD_161" id="FNanchor_BD_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_BD_161" class="fnanchor">[BD]</a> and even more so; for they +{258} would follow their keeper any distance from home, and +at his call return with him, without the least trouble, or ever +offering to deviate from the path.<a name="FNanchor_BE_162" id="FNanchor_BE_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_BE_162" class="fnanchor">[BE]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[261]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">1772. +January.</div> + +<p>The flesh of the moose is very good, though the grain is +but coarse, and it is much tougher than any other kind of +venison. The nose is most excellent, as is also the tongue, +though by no means so fat and delicate as that of the common +deer. It is perhaps worth remarking, that the livers of the +moose are never found, not even at any time of the year; and, +like the other deer, they have no gall. The fat of the intestines +is hard, like suet; but all the external fat is soft, like +that of a breast of mutton, and when put into a bladder, +is as fine as marrow. In this they differ from all the other +species of deer, of which the external fat is as hard as that of +the kidnies.</p> + +<p>{259} The moose in all their actions and attitudes appear +very uncouth, and when disturbed, never run, only make a kind +of trot, which the length of their legs enables them to do with +great swiftness, and apparently with much ease; but were the +country they inhabit free from under-wood, and dry underfoot, +so that horsemen and dogs might follow them, they +would become an easy prey, as they are both tender-footed +and short-winded: But of this more hereafter.<a name="FNanchor_BF_163" id="FNanchor_BF_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_BF_163" class="fnanchor">[BF]</a></p> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +January.</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[262]</a></span></p> +<p>The skins of the moose, when dressed by the natives, +make excellent tent-covers and shoe-leather; and in fact +every other part of their clothing. These, like the skins of +the buffalo, are of very unequal thickness. Some of the +Indian women, who are acquainted with the manufacture of +them, will, by means of scraping, render them as even as a +piece of thick cloth, and when well dressed they are very soft; +but not being dressed in oil, they always grow hard after being +wet, unless great care be taken to keep rubbing them all the +time they are drying. The same may be said of all the Indian-dressed +leather, except that of the wewaskish,<a name="FNanchor_106_164" id="FNanchor_106_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_164" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> which will wash +as well as shammoy-leather, and always preserve its softness.</p> + +<p>{260} The female moose never have any horns, but the +males have them of a prodigious size and weight, and very +different in shape from those of the common deer. The +extremity of each horn is palmated to the size of a common +shovel, from which a few short branches shoot out; and the +shaft of the horn is frequently as large as a common man's +wrist. They shed them annually like the common deer. The +horns of the moose are frequently found to exceed sixty pounds +weight; and their texture, though of a large size and of such +rapid growth, is much harder than any other species of deer-horns +in those parts.</p> + +<p>Though the flesh of the moose is esteemed by most +Indians both for its flavour and substance, yet the Northern +Indians of my crew did not reckon either it or the flesh of the +buffalo substantial food. This I should think entirely proceeded +from prejudice, especially with respect to the moose; +but the flesh of the buffalo, though so fine to the eye, and +pleasing to the taste, is so light and easy of digestion, as not +to be deemed substantial food by any Indian in this country, +either Northern or Southern. The moose have from one to +three young at a time, and generally bring them forth in the +latter end of April, or beginning of May.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +January. +11th.</div> + +<p>Soon after our arrival on the South-side of Athapuscow +Lake, Matonabbee proposed continuing our course in the +{261} South West quarter, in hopes of meeting some of the +Athapuscow Indians; because I wished, if possible, to purchase +a tent, and other ready-dressed skins from them; as a supply +of those articles would at this time have been of material +service to us, being in great want both of tents and shoe-leather: +and though my companions were daily killing either +moose or buffalo, the weather was so excessively cold, as to +render dressing their skins not only very troublesome, but +almost impracticable, especially to the generality of the +Northern Indians, who are not well acquainted with the +manufacture of that kind of leather.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[263]</a></span></p> +<p>To dress those skins according to the Indian method, a +lather is made of the brains and some of the softest fat or +marrow of the animal, in which the skin is well soaked, when +it is taken out, and not only dried by the heat of a fire, but +hung up in the smoke for several days; it is then taken down, +and well soaked and washed in warm water, till the grain of +the skin is perfectly open, and has imbibed a sufficient quantity +of water, after which it is taken out and wrung as dry as +possible, and then dried by the heat of a slow fire; care being +taken to rub and stretch it as long as any moisture remains in +the skin. By this simple method, and by scraping them afterwards, +some of the moose skins are made very delicate both +to the eye and the touch.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +January.</div> + +<p>{262} On the eleventh of January, as some of my companions +were hunting, they saw the track of a strange snow-shoe, +which they followed; and at a considerable distance came to a +little hut, where they discovered a young woman sitting alone. +As they found that she understood their language, they +brought her with them to the tents. On examination, she +proved to be one of the Western Dog-ribbed Indians, who had +been taken prisoner by the Athapuscow Indians in the Summer +of one thousand seven hundred and seventy; and in the +following Summer, when the Indians that took her prisoner +were near this part, she had eloped from them, with an intent +to return to her own country; but the distance being so great,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[264]</a></span> +and having, after she was taken prisoner, been carried in a +canoe the whole way, the turnings and windings of the rivers +and lakes were so numerous, that she forgot the track; so she +built the hut in which we found her, to protect her from the +weather during the Winter, and here she had resided from the +first setting in of the fall.</p> + +<p>From her account of the moons passed since her elopement, +it appeared that she had been near seven months +without seeing a human face; during all which time she had +supported herself very well by snaring partridges, rabbits, and +squirrels; she had also killed two or three beaver, and some +porcupines. That she did not seem to have been in want is +evident, as she had a small stock of {263} provisions by her +when she was discovered; and was in good health and condition, +and I think one of the finest women, of a real Indian, +that I have seen in any part of North America.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +January.</div> + +<p>The methods practised by this poor creature to procure +a livelihood were truly admirable, and are great proofs that +necessity is the real mother of invention. When the few deer-sinews +that she had an opportunity of taking with her were +all expended in making snares, and sewing her clothing, she +had nothing to supply their place but the sinews of the rabbits +legs and feet; these she twisted together for that purpose +with great dexterity and success. The rabbits, &c. which she +caught in those snares, not only furnished her with a comfortable +subsistence, but of the skins she made a suit of neat +and warm clothing for the Winter. It is scarcely possible to +conceive that a person in her forlorn situation could be so +composed as to be capable of contriving or executing any +thing that was not absolutely necessary to her existence; but +there were sufficient proofs that she had extended her care +much farther, as all her clothing, beside being calculated for +real service, shewed great taste, and exhibited no little variety +of ornament. The materials, though rude, were very curiously +wrought, and so judiciously placed, as to make the whole<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[265]</a></span> +of her garb have a very pleasing, though rather romantic +appearance.</p> + +<p>{264} Her leisure hours from hunting had been employed +in twisting the inner rind or bark of willows into small lines, +like net-twine, of which she had some hundred fathoms by +her; with this she intended to make a fishing-net as soon as +the Spring advanced. It is of the inner bark of willows, +twisted in this manner, that the Dog-ribbed Indians make +their fishing-nets; and they are much preferable to those +made by the Northern Indians.<a name="FNanchor_BG_165" id="FNanchor_BG_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_BG_165" class="fnanchor">[BG]</a></p> + +<p>Five or six inches of an iron hoop, made into a knife, and +the shank of an arrow-head of iron, which served her as an +awl, were all the metals this poor woman had with her when +she eloped; and with these implements she had made herself +complete snow-shoes, and several other useful articles.</p> + +<p>Her method of making a fire was equally singular and +curious, having no other materials for that purpose than two +hard sulphurous stones. These, by long friction and hard +knocking, produced a few sparks, which at length communicated +to some touchwood; but as this method was attended +with great trouble, and not always with success, she did +{265} not suffer her fire to go out all the Winter. Hence +we may conclude that she had no idea of producing fire by +friction, in the manner practised by the Esquimaux, and many +other uncivilized nations; because if she had, the above-mentioned +precaution would have been unnecessary.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +January.</div> + +<p>The singularity of the circumstance, the comeliness of her +person, and her approved accomplishments, occasioned a strong +contest between several of the Indians of my party, who should +have her for a wife; and the poor girl was actually won and lost +at wrestling by near half a score different men the same evening. +My guide, Matonabbee, who at that time had no less than +seven wives, all women grown, besides a young girl of eleven +or twelve years old, would have put in for the prize also, had +not one of his wives made him ashamed of it, by telling him +that he had already more wives than he could properly attend. +This piece of satire, however true, proved fatal to the poor +girl who dared to make so open a declaration; for the great +man, Matonabbee, who would willingly have been thought +equal to eight or ten men in every respect, took it as such an +affront, that he fell on her with both hands and feet, and bruised +her to such a degree, that after lingering some time she died.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[266]</a></span></p> +<p>When the Athapuscow Indians took the above Dog-ribbed +Indian woman prisoner, they, according to the universal custom +of those savages, surprised her and her party in {266} the +night, and killed every soul in the tent, except herself and three +other young women. Among those whom they killed, were +her father, mother, and husband. Her young child, four or +five months old, she concealed in a bundle of clothing, and +took with her undiscovered in the night; but when she +arrived at the place where the Athapuscow Indians had left +their wives (which was not far distant), they began to examine +her bundle, and finding the child, one of the women took it +from her, and killed it on the spot.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +January.</div> + +<p>This last piece of barbarity gave her such a disgust to +those Indians, that notwithstanding the man who took care of +her treated her in every respect as his wife, and was, she said, +remarkably kind to, and even fond of her; so far was she +from being able to reconcile herself to any of the tribe, that +she rather chose to expose herself to misery and want, than +live in ease and affluence among persons who had so cruelly +murdered her infant.<a name="FNanchor_BH_166" id="FNanchor_BH_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_BH_166" class="fnanchor">[BH]</a> The {267} poor woman's relation of +this shocking story, which she delivered in a very affecting +manner, only excited laughter among the savages of my party.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[267]</a></span></p> +<p>In a conversation with this woman soon afterward, she +told us, that her country lies so far to the Westward, that +she had never seen iron, or any other kind of metal, till she +was taken prisoner. All of her tribe, she observed, made +their hatchets and ice-chisels of deer's horns, and their knives +of stones and bones; that their arrows were shod with a kind +of slate, bones, and deer's horns; and the instruments which +they employed to make their wood-work were nothing but +beavers' teeth. Though they had frequently heard of the +useful materials which the nations or tribes to the East of +them were supplied with from the English, so far were they +from drawing nearer, to be in the way of trading for iron-work, +&c. that they were obliged to retreat farther back, to +avoid the Athapuscow Indians, who made surprising slaughter +among them, both in Winter and Summer.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">16th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +January.</div> + +<p>On the sixteenth, as we were continuing our course in the +South West quarter, we arrived at the grand {268} Athapuscow +River,<a name="FNanchor_107_167" id="FNanchor_107_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_167" class="fnanchor">[107]</a> which at that part is about two miles wide, and +empties itself into the great lake of the same name we had so +lately crossed, and which has been already described.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[268]</a></span></p> +<p>The woods about this river, particularly the pines and +poplars, are the tallest and stoutest I have seen in any part +of North America. The birch also grows to a considerable +size, and some species of the willow are likewise tall: but +none of them have any trunk, like those in England.</p> + +<p>The bank of the river in most parts is very high, and in +some places not less than a hundred feet above the ordinary +surface of the water. As the soil is of a loamy quality, it is +very subject to moulder or wash away by heavy rains, even +during the short Summer allotted to this part of the globe. +The breaking up of the ice in the Spring is annually attended +with a great deluge, when, I am told, it is not uncommon to +see whole points of land washed away by the inundations; and +as the wood grows close to the edge of the banks, vast quantities +of it are hurried down the stream by the irresistible +force of the water and ice, and conveyed into the great lake +already mentioned; on the shores and islands of which, there +lies the greatest quantity of drift wood I ever saw. Some of +this wood is large enough to make masts for the largest ships +that are built. The banks of the river in general are so steep +as to be inaccessible to either man or beast, except in some +slacks, or gulleys, that have been wore down by heavy rains, +{269} backwaters, or deluges; and even those slacks are, for the +most part, very difficult to ascend, on account of the number +of large trees which lie in the way.</p> + +<p>There are several low islands in this river, which are much +frequented by the moose, for the sake of the fine willows they +produce, which furnish them with a plentiful supply of their +favourite food during the Winter. Some of those islands are +also frequented by a number of rabbits; but as larger game +could be procured in great plenty, those small animals were +not deemed worthy our notice at present.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +January.</div> + +<p>Beside the grand river already mentioned, there are several<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[269]</a></span> +others of less note, which empty themselves into the great +Athapuscow Lake: There are also several small rivers and +creeks on the North East side of the Lake that carry off +the superfluous waters, some of which, after a variety of +windings through the barren grounds to the North of +Churchill River, are lost in the marshes and low grounds, +while others, by means of many small channels and rivulets, +are discharged into other rivers and lakes, and at last, doubtless, +find their way into Hudson's Bay. These rivers, though +numberless, are all so full of shoals and stones, as not to be +navigable for an Indian canoe to any considerable distance; +and if they were, it would be of little or no use to the natives, +as none of them lead within several hundred miles of Churchill +River.</p> + +<p>{270} Agreeably to Matonabbee's proposal, we continued our +course up the Athapuscow River for many days, and though +we passed several parts which we well knew to have been the +former Winter-haunts of the Athapuscow Indians, yet we +could not see the least trace of any of them having been there +that season. In the preceding Summer, when they were in +those parts, they had set fire to the woods; and though many +months had elapsed from that time till our arrival there, and +notwithstanding the snow was then very deep, the moss was +still burning in many places, which at first deceived us very +much, as we took it for the smoke of strange tents; but after +going much out of our way, and searching very diligently, we +could not discover the least track of a stranger.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">27th.</div> + +<p>Thus disappointed in our expectations of meeting the +Southern Indians, it was resolved (in Council, as it may be +called) to expend as much time in hunting buffalo, moose, +and beaver as we could, so that we might be able to reach +Prince of Wales's Fort a little before the usual time of the +ships arrival from England. Accordingly, after having walked +upwards of forty miles by the side of Athapuscow River, on +the twenty-seventh of January we struck off to the Eastward,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[270]</a></span> +and left the River at that part where it begins to tend +due South.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +January.</div> + +<p>In consequence of this determination of the Indians, we continued +our course to the Eastward; but as game of all kinds +was very plentiful, we made but short days {271} journies, +and often remained two or three days in one place, to eat up +the spoils or produce of the chace. The woods through +which we were to pass were in many places so thick, that it +was necessary to cut a path before the women could pass with +their sledges; and in other places so much of the woods had +formerly been set on fire and burnt, that we were frequently +obliged to walk farther than we otherwise should have done, +before we could find green brush enough to floor our tents.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">February. +15th-24th.</div> + +<p>From the fifteenth to the twenty-fourth of February, we +walked along a small river that empties itself into the Lake +Clowey,<a name="FNanchor_108_168" id="FNanchor_108_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_168" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> near the part where we built canoes in May one +thousand seven hundred and seventy-one. This little river is +that which we mentioned in the former part of this Journal, +as having communication with the Athapuscow Lake: but, +from appearances, it is of no consequence whence it takes its +rise, or where it empties itself, as one half of it is nearly dry +three-fourths of the year. The intervening ponds, however, +having sufficient depth of water, are, we may suppose, favourable +situations for beaver, as many of their houses are to be +found in those parts.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">24th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +February.</div> + +<p>On the twenty-fourth, a strange Northern Indian leader, +called Thlew-sa-nell-ie, and several of his followers, joined us +from the Eastward. This leader presented Matonabbee and +myself with a foot of tobacco each, and a two-quart {272} keg +of brandy, which he intended as a present for the Southern +Indians; but being informed by my companions, that there +was not the least probability of meeting any, he did not think +it worth any farther carriage. The tobacco was indeed very +acceptable, as our stock of that article had been expended +some time. Having been so long without tasting spirituous +liquors, I would not partake of the brandy, but left it entirely +to the Indians, to whom, as they were numerous, it was +scarcely a taste for each. Few of the Northern Indians are +fond of spirits, especially those who keep at a distance from +the Fort: some who are near, and who usually shoot geese +for us in the Spring, will drink it at free cost as fast as the +Southern Indians, but few of them are ever so imprudent as +to buy it.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[271]</a></span></p> +<p>The little river lately mentioned, as well as the adjacent +lakes and ponds, being well-stocked with beaver, and the land +abounding with moose and buffalo, we were induced to make +but slow progress in our journey. Many days were spent in +hunting, feasting, and drying a large quantity of flesh to take +with us, particularly that of the buffalo; for my companions +knew by experience, that a few days walk to the Eastward of +our present situation would bring us to a part where we +should not see any of those animals.</p> + +<p>The strangers who had joined us on the twenty-fourth +informed us, that all were well at Prince of Wales's Fort +{273} when they left it last; which, according to their account +of the Moons past since, must have been about the fifth of +November one thousand seven hundred and seventy-one. +These strangers only remained in our company one night +before the Leader and part of his crew left us, and proceeded +on their journey to the North Westward; but a few of +them having procured some furrs in the early part of the +Winter, joined our party, with an intent to accompany us +to the Factory.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">28th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +February.</div> + +<p>Having a good stock of dried meat, fat, &c. prepared in +the best manner for carriage, on the twenty-eighth we shaped<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[272]</a></span> +our course in the South East quarter, and proceeded at a +much greater rate than we had lately done, as little or no +time was now lost in hunting. The next day we saw the +tracks of some strangers; and though I did not perceive any +of them myself, some of my companions were at the trouble +of searching for them, and finding them to be poor inoffensive +people, plundered them not only of the few furrs which they +had, but took also one of their young women from them.</p> + +<p>Every additional act of violence committed by my companions +on the poor and distressed, served to increase my +indignation and dislike; this last act, however, displeased me +more than all their former actions, because it was committed +on a set of harmless creatures, whose general manner of life +renders them the most secluded from society of any of the +human race.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +February.</div> + +<p>{274} Matonabbee assured me, that for more than a generation +past one family only, as it may be called, (and to which the +young men belonged who were plundered by my companions,) +have taken up their Winter abode in those woods,<a name="FNanchor_109_169" id="FNanchor_109_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_169" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> which are +situated so far on the barren ground as to be quite out of +the track of any other Indians. From the best accounts that I +could collect, the latitude of this place must be about 63½° +or 63° at least; the longitude is very uncertain. From my +own experience I can affirm, that it is some hundreds of miles +both from the sea-side and the main woods to the Westward. +Few of the trading Northern Indians have visited this place; +but those who have, give a pleasing description of it, all +agreeing that it is situated on the banks of a river which has +communication with several fine lakes. As the current sets +to the North Eastward, it empties itself, in all probability, +into some part of Hudson's Bay; and, from the latitude, no +part seems more likely for this communication, than Baker's +Lake, at the head of Chesterfield's inlet. This, however, is +mere conjecture; nor is it of any consequence, as navigation +on any of the rivers in those parts is not only impracticable, +but would be also unprofitable, as they do not lead into a +country that produces any thing for trade, or that contains +any inhabitants worth visiting.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[273]</a></span></p> +<p>The accounts given of this place, and the manner of life of +its inhabitants, would, if related at full length, fill a volume: +let it suffice to observe, that the situation {275} is said to +be remarkably favourable for every kind of game that the +barren ground produces at the different seasons of the year; +but the continuance of the game with them is in general uncertain, +except that of fish and partridges. That being the case, +the few who compose this little commonwealth, are, by long +custom and the constant example of their forefathers, possessed +of a provident turn of mind, with a degree of frugality +unknown to every other tribe of Indians in this country except +the Esquimaux.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +February.</div> + +<p>Deer is said to visit this part of the country in astonishing +numbers, both in Spring and Autumn, of which circumstances +the inhabitants avail themselves, by killing and drying +as much of their flesh as possible, particularly in the fall of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[274]</a></span> +the year; so that they seldom are in want of a good +Winter's stock.</p> + +<p>Geese, ducks, and swans visit here in great plenty during +their migrations both in the Spring and Fall, and by much art, +joined to an insurmountable patience, are caught in considerable +numbers in snares,<a name="FNanchor_BI_170" id="FNanchor_BI_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_BI_170" class="fnanchor">[BI]</a> and, {276} without doubt, make a +very pleasing change in the food. It is also reported, (though +I confess I doubt the truth of it,) {277} that a remarkable +species of partridges as large as English fowls, are found in +that part of the country only. Those, as well as the common +partridges, it is said, are killed in considerable numbers, with +snares, as well as with bows and arrows.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +February.</div> + +<p>The river and lakes near the little forest where the family +above mentioned had fixed their abode, abound with fine fish, +particularly trout and barble, which are easily caught; the +former with hooks, and the latter in nets. In fact, I have +not seen or heard of any part of this country which seems to +possess half the advantages requisite for a constant residence, +that are ascribed to this little spot. The descendents, however, +of the present inhabitants must in time evacuate it for +want of wood, which is of so slow a growth in those regions, +that what is used in one year, exclusive of what is cut down and +carried away by the Esquimaux, must cost many years to +replace.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[275]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">1772. +March.</div> + +<p>It may probably be thought strange that any part of a +community, apparently so commodiously situated, and happy +within themselves, should be found at so great a distance from +the rest of their tribe, and indeed nothing but necessity could +possibly have urged them to undertake a journey of so many +hundred miles as they have done; but no situation is without +its inconveniences, and as their woods contain no birch-trees of +sufficient size, or perhaps none of any size, this party had come +so far to the {278} Westward to procure birch-rind for making +two canoes, and some of the fungus that grows on the outside +of the birch-tree, which is used by all the Indians in those parts +for tinder. There are two sorts of these funguses which grow +on the birch-trees; one is hard, the useful part of which much +resembles rhubarb; the other is soft and smooth like velvet +on the outside, and when laid on hot ashes for some time, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[276]</a></span> +well beaten between two stones, is something like spunk. The +former is called by the Northern Indians Jolt-thee, and is +known all over the country bordering on Hudson's Bay by +the name of Pesogan,<a name="FNanchor_BJ_171" id="FNanchor_BJ_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_BJ_171" class="fnanchor">[BJ]</a> it being so called by the Southern +{279} Indians. The latter is only used by the Northern tribes, +and is called by them Clalte-ad-dee.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1st.</div> + +<p>By the first of March we began to leave the fine level +country of the Athapuscows, and again to approach the stony +mountains or hills which bound the Northern Indian country. +Moose and beaver still continued to be plentiful; but no +buffaloes could be seen after the twenty-ninth of February.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">14th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +March.</div> + +<p>As we were continuing our course to the East South East, +on the fourteenth we discovered the tracks of more strangers, +and the next day came up with them. Among those Indians +was the man who had carried a letter for me in March one +thousand seven hundred and seventy-one, to the Chief at +Prince of Wales's Fort, and to which he had brought an +answer, dated the twenty-first of June. When this Indian +received the letter from me, it was very uncertain what route +we should take in our return from the Copper River, and, in +all probability, he himself had not then determined on what +spot he would pass the present Winter; consequently our +meeting each other was merely accidental.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[277]</a></span></p><p>These Indians having obtained a few furrs in the course of +the Winter, joined our party, which now consisted of twenty +tents, containing in the whole about two {280} hundred persons; +and indeed our company had not been much less during the +whole Winter.</p> + +<p>From the strangers who last joined us we received some +ready-dressed moose-skins for tenting and shoe-leather; also +some other skins for clothing, for all of which the Chief at +the Factory was to pay on our arrival.</p> + +<p>I cannot sufficiently lament the loss of my quadrant, as the +want of it must render the course of my journey from Point +Lake, where it was broken, very uncertain; and my watch +stopping while I was at the Athapuscow Lake, has contributed +greatly to the misfortune, as I am now deprived of every +means of estimating the distances which we walked with any +degree of accuracy, particularly in thick weather, when the +Sun could not be seen.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">16th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +March.</div> + +<p>The Indians were employed at all convenient times in +procuring birch-rind and making wood-work ready for building +canoes; also in preparing small staffs of birch-wood, to +take with them on the barren ground, to serve as tent-poles +all the Summer; and which, as hath been already observed, +they convert into snow-shoe frames when the Winter sets in. +Here it may be proper to observe, that none of those incidental +avocations interfere with, or retard the Indians in their journey; +for they always take the advantage of every {281} opportunity +which offers, as they pass along, and when they see a tree fit +for their purpose, cut it down, and either strip off the bark, +if that be what they want, or split the trunk in pieces; and +after hewing it roughly with their hatchet, carry it to the tent,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[278]</a></span> +where in the evenings, or in the morning before they set out, +they reduce it with their knives to the shape and size which +is required.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">19th.</div> + +<p>Provisions being plentiful, and the weather fine, we advanced +a little each day; and on the nineteenth took up our +lodgings by the side of Wholdyeah-chuck'd Whoie, or Large +Pike Lake. In our way we crossed another small lake, where +we caught some trout by angling, and killed a few deer and +one moose.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">20th.</div> + +<p>On the twentieth we crossed Large Pike Lake, which at +that part was not more than seven miles wide; but from +North North West to the South South East is much longer. +The next day we arrived at Bedodid Lake,<a name="FNanchor_111_173" id="FNanchor_111_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_173" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> which in general +is not more than three miles wide, and in several places much +less; but it is upward of forty miles long, which gives it the +appearance of a river. It is said by the Indians to be shut up +on all sides, and entirely surrounded with high land, which +produces vast quantity of fir trees, but none of them grow to +a great height in those parts: their branches, however, spread +wider than those of firs of three times their height and thickness +do in Europe; so that they resemble an apple-tree in +shape, {282} more than any species of the pine. They seem +rich in tar, as the wood of them will burn like a candle, and +emit as strong a smell, and as much black smoke, as the staves +of an old tar-barrel; for which reason no Indians chuse to burn +it in their tents, or even out of doors, for the purpose of cooking +their victuals.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +March.</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[279]</a></span></p> +<p>The thaws began now to be very considerable, and the +under-woods were so thick in these parts as to render travelling +through them very difficult; we therefore took the +advantage of walking on the ice of the above-mentioned Lake, +which lay nearly in the direction of our course; but after proceeding +about twenty-two miles on it, the Lake turned more +toward the North, on which account we were obliged to leave +it, striking off to the Eastward; and after walking fourteen +miles farther, we arrived at Noo-shetht Whoie,<a name="FNanchor_112_174" id="FNanchor_112_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_174" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> or the Hill-Island +Lake, so called from a very high island which stands +in it.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">31st.</div> + +<p>From the twenty-eighth to the thirty-first of March, we +had so hard a gale of wind from the South, as to render walking +on lakes or open plains quite impossible, and the violence +with which the trees were blown down made walking in the +woods somewhat dangerous; but though several had narrow +escapes, no accident happened.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">April. +1st.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +April.</div> + +<p>From the middle to the latter end of March, and in the +beginning of April, though the thaw was not general, {283} yet +in the middle of the day it was very considerable: it commonly +froze hard in the nights; and the young men took the +advantage of the mornings, when the snow was hard crusted +over, and ran down many moose; for in those situations a +man with a good pair of snow-shoes will scarcely make any +impression on the snow, while the moose, and even the deer, +will break through it at every step up to the belly. Notwithstanding +this, however, it is very seldom that the Indians +attempt to run deer down. The moose are so tender-footed, +and so short-winded, that a good runner will generally tire +them in less than a day, and very frequently in six or eight +hours; though I have known some of the Indians continue +the chace for two days, before they could come up with, and +kill the game. On those occasions the Indians, in general, +only take with them a knife or bayonet, and a little bag containing +a set of fire-tackle, and are as lightly clothed as possible; +some of them will carry a bow and two or three arrows, +but I never knew any of them take a gun unless such as had +been blown or bursted, and the barrels cut quite short, which, +when reduced to the least possible size to be capable of doing +any service, must be too great a weight for a man to run with +in his hand for so many hours together.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[280]</a></span></p> +<p>When the poor moose are incapable of making farther speed, +they stand and keep their pursuers at bay with {284} their +head and fore-feet; in the use of which they are very dexterous, +especially the latter; so that the Indians who have +neither a bow nor arrows, nor a short gun, with them, are +generally obliged to lash their knives or bayonets to the end +of a long stick, and stab the moose at a distance. For want +of this necessary precaution, some of the boys and fool-hardy +young men, who have attempted to rush in upon them, have +frequently received such unlucky blows from their fore-feet, +as to render their recovery very doubtful.</p> + +<p>The flesh of the moose, thus killed, is far from being well-tasted, +and I should think must be very unwholesome, from +being over-heated; as by running so many hours together, the +animal must have been in a violent fever; the flesh being soft +and clammy, must have a very disagreeable taste, neither +resembling fish, flesh, nor fowl.<a name="FNanchor_BK_175" id="FNanchor_BK_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_BK_175" class="fnanchor">[BK]</a></p> + +<p>The Southern Indians use dogs for this kind of hunting, +which makes it easier and more expeditious; but the Northern +tribes having no dogs trained to that exercise, are under the +necessity of doing it themselves.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[281]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">1772. +April. +7th.</div> + +<p>{285} On the seventh we crossed a part of Thee-lee-aza +River: at which time the small Northern deer were remarkably +plentiful, but the moose began to be very scarce, as none were +killed after the third.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">12th.</div> + +<p>On the twelfth, we saw several swans flying to the Northward; +they were the first birds of passage we had seen that +Spring, except a few snow-birds, which always precede the +migrating birds, and consequently are with much propriety +called the harbingers of Spring. The swans also precede all +the other species of water-fowl, and migrate so early in the +season, that they find no open water but at the falls of rivers, +where they are readily met, and sometimes shot, in considerable +numbers.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">14th.</div> + +<p>On the fourteenth, we arrived at another part of Thee-lee-aza +River,<a name="FNanchor_113_176" id="FNanchor_113_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_176" class="fnanchor">[113]</a> and pitched our tents not far from some families +of strange Northern Indians, who had been there some time +snaring deer, and who were all so poor as not to have one gun +among them.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +April.</div> + +<p>The villains belonging to my crew were so far from administering +to their relief, that they robbed them of almost +every useful article in their possession; and to complete their +cruelty, the men joined themselves in parties of six, eight, or ten +in a gang, and dragged several of their young women to a little +distance from their tents, {286} where they not only ravished +them, but otherwise ill-treated them, and that in so barbarous +a manner, as to endanger the lives of one or two of them. +Humanity on this, as well as on several other similar occasions +during my residence among those wretches, prompted me to +upbraid them with their barbarity; but so far were my remonstrances +from having the desired effect, that they afterwards +made no scruple of telling me in the plainest terms, that if any +female relation of mine had been there, she should have been +served in the same manner.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[282]</a></span></p> +<p>Deer being plentiful, we remained at this place ten days, +in order to dry and prepare a quantity of the flesh and fat to +carry with us; as this was the last time the Indians expected +to see such plenty until they met them again on the barren +ground. During our stay here, the Indians completed the +wood-work for their canoes, and procured all their Summer +tent-poles, &c.; and while we were employed in this necessary +business, the thaw was so great that the bare ground began +to appear in many places, and the ice in the rivers, where the +water was shallow and the current rapid, began to break up; +so that we were in daily expectation of seeing geese, ducks, +and other birds of passage.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">25th.</div> + +<p>On the twenty-fifth, the weather being cool and favourable +for travelling, we once more set out, and that {287} day walked +twenty miles to the Eastward; as some of the women had not +joined us, we did not move on the two following days.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">28th.</div> + +<p>On the twenty-eighth, having once more mustered all our +forces, early in the morning we set out, and the next day +passed by Thleweyaza Yeth,<a name="FNanchor_114_177" id="FNanchor_114_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_177" class="fnanchor">[114]</a> the place at which we had prepared +wood-work for canoes in the Spring one thousand seven +hundred and seventy-one.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">May. +1st.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +May.</div> + +<p>As the morning of the first of May was exceedingly fine +and pleasant, with a light air from the South, and a great thaw, +we walked eight or nine miles to the East by North, when a +heavy fall of snow came on, which was followed, or indeed +more properly accompanied, by a hard gale of wind from the +North West. At the time the bad weather began, we were on +the top of a high barren hill, a considerable distance from any +woods; judging it to be no more than a squall, we sat down, +in expectation of its soon passing by. As the night, however, +advanced, the gale increased to such a degree, that it was +impossible for a man to stand upright; so that we were +obliged to lie down, without any other defence against the +weather, than putting our sledges and other lumber to windward +of us, which in reality was of no real service, as it only +harboured a great drift of snow, with which in some places we +were covered to the depth of two or three feet; and as the +night was not very cold, I found myself, {288} and many +others who were with me, long before morning in a puddle of +water, occasioned by the heat of our bodies melting the snow.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[283]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">2d.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">3d.</div> + +<p>The second proved fine pleasant weather, with warm sunshine. +In the morning, having dried all our clothing, we +proceeded on our journey. In the afternoon we arrived at +the part at which my guide intended we should build our +canoes; but having had some difference with his countrymen, +he altered his mind, and determined to proceed to the Eastward, +as long as the season would permit, before he attempted +to perform that duty. Accordingly, on the third, we pursued +our way, and as that and the following day were very cold, +which made us walk briskly, we were enabled to make good +days' journies; but the fifth was so hot and sultry, that we +only walked about thirteen miles in our old course to the +East by North, and then halted about three-quarters of a +mile to the South of Black Bear Hill;<a name="FNanchor_115_178" id="FNanchor_115_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_178" class="fnanchor">[115]</a> a place which I had +seen in the Spring of one thousand seven hundred and seventy-one.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">6th.</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[284]</a></span></p> +<p>On the sixth, the weather was equally hot with the preceding +day; in the morning, however, we moved on eleven +miles to the East, and then met several strange Indians, who +informed us that a few others, who had a tolerable cargo of +furrs, and were going to the Factory that Summer, were not +far distant.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +May.</div> + +<p>{289} On receiving this intelligence, my guide, Matonabbee, +sent a messenger to desire their company. This was soon +complied with, as it is an universal practice with the Indian +Leaders, both Northern and Southern, when going to the +Company's Factory, to use their influence and interest in +canvassing for companions; as they find by experience that a +large gang gains them much respect. Indeed, the generality +of Europeans who reside in those parts, being utterly unacquainted +with the manners and customs of the Indians, have +conceived so high an opinion of those Leaders, and their +authority, as to imagine that all who accompany them on +those occasions are entirely devoted to their service and command +all the year; but this is so far from being the case, that +the authority of those great men, when absent from the Company's +Factory, never extends beyond their own family; and +the trifling respect which is shown them by their countrymen +during their residence at the Factory, proceeds only from +motives of interest.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +May.</div> + +<p>The Leaders have a very disagreeable task to perform on +those occasions; for they are not only obliged to be the mouthpiece, +but the beggars for all their friends and relations for +whom they have a regard, as well as for those whom at other +times they have reason to fear. Those unwelcome commissions, +which are imposed on them by their followers, joined +to their own desire of being thought men of great consequence +and interest with the English, {290} make them very troublesome. +And if a Governor deny them any thing which they ask, +though it be only to give away to the most worthless of their +gang, they immediately turn sulky and impertinent to the +highest degree; and however rational they may be at other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[285]</a></span> +times, are immediately divested of every degree of reason, +and raise their demands to so exorbitant a pitch, that after +they have received to the amount of five times the value of +all the furrs they themselves have brought, they never cease +begging during their stay at the Factory; and, after all, few +of them go away thoroughly satisfied.<a name="FNanchor_BL_179" id="FNanchor_BL_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_BL_179" class="fnanchor">[BL]</a></p> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +May. +11th.</div> + +<p>{291} After stopping four days at this place, Matonabbee, +and all the Indians who were to accompany me to the Fort, +agreed to leave the elderly people and young children here, in +the care of some Indians who were capable of providing for +them, and who had orders to proceed to a place called Cathawhachaga, +on the barren grounds, and there wait the return of +their relations from the Factory. Matters of this kind being +settled, apparently to the entire satisfaction of all parties, we +resumed our journey on the eleventh of May, and that at a much +brisker pace than we could probably have done when all the +old people and young children were with us. In the afternoon +of the same day we met some other Northern Indians, who +were also going to the Fort with furrs; those joined our party, +and at night we all pitched our tents by the side of a river that +empties itself into Doo-baunt Lake. This day all of us threw +away our snow-shoes, as the ground was so bare in most places +as not to require any such assistance; but sledges were occasionally +serviceable for some time, particularly when we walked on +the ice of rivers or lakes.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[286]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">12th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">18th.</div> + +<p>{292} The weather on the twelfth was so exceedingly hot +and sultry, and the water so deep on the top of the ice of the +above-mentioned river, as to render walking on it not only very +troublesome, but dangerous; so after advancing about five +miles we pitched our tents, and the warm weather being likely +to continue, the Indians immediately began to build their +canoes, which were completed with such expedition, that in +the afternoon of the eighteenth we again set forward on our +journey, but the day being pretty far spent, we only walked +about four miles, and put up for the night.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">19th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +May.</div> + +<p>The morning of the nineteenth was fine pleasant weather; +and as all the water was drained off from the top of the ice, it +rendered walking on it both safe and easy; accordingly we set +out pretty early, and that day walked upwards of twenty miles +to the East North East on the above-mentioned river.<a name="FNanchor_116_180" id="FNanchor_116_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_180" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> The +next day proved so cold, that after walking about fifteen miles, +we were obliged to put up; for having left Doo-baunt River, +we were frequently obliged to wade above the knees through +swamps of mud, water, and wet snow; which froze to our +stockings and shoes in such a thick crust, as not only rendered +walking very laborious, but at the same time subjected us to +the danger of having our legs and feet frozen.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[287]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">21st.</div> + +<p>The weather on the twenty-first was more severe than on +the preceding day; but the swamps and ponds being {293} by +that time frozen over, it was tolerable walking: we proceeded +therefore on our journey, but the wind blew so fresh, that we +had not walked sixteen miles, before we found that those who +carried the canoes could not possibly keep up with us, so that +we put up for the night. In the course of this day's journey +we crossed the North West Bay of Wholdyah'd Lake; which, +at that part, is called by the Northern Indians A Naw-nee-tha'd +Whoie.<a name="FNanchor_117_181" id="FNanchor_117_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_181" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> This day several of the Indians turned back, +not being able to proceed for want of provisions. Game of +all kinds indeed were so scarce, that, except a few geese, +nothing had been killed by any of our party, from our leaving +the women and children on the eleventh instant, nor had we +seen one deer the whole way.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">22d.</div> + +<p>The twenty-second proved more moderate, when all our +party having joined, we again advanced to the North East, +and after walking about thirteen miles, the Indians killed four +deer. Our number, however, had now so increased, that four +small Northern deer would scarcely afford us all a single meal.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">23d.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">25th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +May.</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[288]</a></span></p> +<p>The next day we continued our journey, generally walking +in the North East quarter; and on the twenty-fifth, crossed +the North bay of They-hole-kye'd Whoie, or Snow-bird Lake; +and at night got clear of all woods, and lay on the barren +ground. The same day several of the Indians struck off +another way, not being able to {294} proceed to the Fort for +want of ammunition. As we had for some days past made +good journies, and at the same time were all heavy-laden, and +in great distress for provisions, some of my companions were +so weak as to be obliged to leave their bundles of furrs;<a name="FNanchor_BM_182" id="FNanchor_BM_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_BM_182" class="fnanchor">[BM]</a> and +many others were so reduced as to be no longer capable of +proceeding with us, having neither guns nor ammunition; so +that their whole dependence for support was on the fish they +might be able to catch; and though fish was pretty plentiful +in most of the rivers and lakes hereabout, yet they were not +always to be depended on for such an immediate supply of +food as those poor people required.</p> + +<p>Though I had at this time a sufficient stock of ammunition +to serve me and all my proper companions to the Fort, yet +self-preservation being the first law of Nature, it was thought +advisable to reserve the greatest part of it for our own use; +especially as geese and other smaller birds were the only game +now to be met with, and which, in times of scarcity, bears +hard on the articles of powder and shot. Indeed most of the +Indians who actually accompanied me the whole way to the +Factory had some little ammunition remaining, which enabled +them to travel in times of real scarcity better than those whom +we left behind; and though {295} we assisted many of them, +yet several of their women died for want. It is a melancholy +truth, and a disgrace to the little humanity of which those +people are possessed, to think, that in times of want the +poor women always come off short; and when real distress +approaches, many of them are permitted to starve, when the +males are amply provided for.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a href="images/i335a.jpg"><img src="images/i335a-t.jpg" width="200" height="128" alt="Photo: J. B. Tyrrell, December 5, 1894. +WOODS OF SPRUCE AND LARCH, SOUTH-WEST +OF CHURCHILL" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />Photo: J. B. Tyrrell, December 5, 1894.<br /> +WOODS OF SPRUCE AND LARCH, SOUTH-WEST<br /> +OF CHURCHILL</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><br /> +<a href="images/i335b.jpg"><img src="images/i335b-t.jpg" width="200" height="163" alt="Photo: J. B. Tyrrell, August 2, 1893. +STONY SURFACE OF BARREN LANDS BESIDE +DUBAWNT RIVER" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />Photo: J. B. Tyrrell, August 2, 1893.<br /> +STONY SURFACE OF BARREN LANDS BESIDE<br /> +DUBAWNT RIVER</span> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[289]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">1772. +May. +26th.</div> + +<p>The twenty-sixth was fine and pleasant. In the morning +we set out as usual, and after walking about five miles, +the Indians killed three deer; as our numbers were greatly +lessened, these served us for two or three meals, at a small +expence of ammunition.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">30th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">June. +3d.</div> + +<p>In continuing our course to the Eastward, we crossed +Cathawhachaga River, on the thirtieth of May,<a name="FNanchor_118_183" id="FNanchor_118_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_183" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> on the ice, +which broke up soon after the last person had crossed it. We +had not been long on the East side of the river before we perceived +bad weather near at hand, and began to make every +preparation for it which our situation would admit, and that +was but very indifferent, being on entire barren ground. It +is true, we had complete sets of Summer tent-poles, and such +tent-cloths as are generally used by the Northern Indians in +that season; these were arranged in the best manner, and in +such places as were most likely to afford us shelter from the +threatening storm. The rain soon began to descend in such +torrents as to make the river overflow to such a degree as soon +to convert our first {296} place of retreat into an open sea, and +oblige us in the middle of the night to assemble at the top of +an adjacent hill, where the violence of the wind would not +permit us to pitch a tent; so that the only shelter we could +obtain was to take the tent-cloth about our shoulders, and sit +with our backs to the wind; and in this situation we were +obliged to remain without the least refreshment, till the +morning of the third of June: in the course of which time +the wind shifted all round the compass, but the bad weather +still continued, so that we were constantly obliged to shift +our position as the wind changed.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[290]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">1772. +June.</div> + +<p>The weather now became more moderate, though there was +still a fresh gale from the North West, with hard frost and +frequent showers of snow. Early in the morning, however, +we proceeded on our journey, but the wet and cold I had +experienced the two preceding days so benumbed my lower extremities, +as to render walking for some time very troublesome. +In the course of this day's journey we saw great numbers of +geese flying to the Southward, a few of which we killed; but +these were very disproportionate to the number of mouths we +had to feed, and to make up for our long fasting.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">8th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +June.</div> + +<p>From that time to the eighth we killed every day as many +geese as were sufficient to preserve life; but on that day we +perceived plenty of deer, five of which the Indians killed, +which put us all into good spirits, and the {297} number of +deer we then saw afforded great hopes of more plentiful times +during the remainder of our journey. It is almost needless +to add, that people in our distressed situation expended a little +time in eating, and slicing some of the flesh ready for drying; +but the drying it occasioned no delay, as we fastened it on +the tops of the women's bundles, and dried it by the sun and +wind while we were walking; and, strange as it may appear, +meat thus prepared is not only very substantial food, but +pleasant to the taste, and generally much esteemed by the +natives. For my own part I must acknowledge, that it was +not only agreeable to my palate, but after eating a meal of +it, I have always found that I could travel longer without +victuals, than after any other kind of food. All the dried +meat prepared by the Southern Indians is performed by exposing +it to the heat of a large fire, which soon exhausts all the +fine juices from it, and when sufficiently dry to prevent putrefaction, +is no more to be compared with that cured by the +Northern Indians in the Sun, or by the heat of a very slow +fire, than meat that has been boiled down for the sake of the +soup, is to that which is only sufficiently boiled for eating: +the latter has all the juices remaining, which, being easily dissolved<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[291]</a></span> +by the heat and moisture of the stomach, proves a +strong and nourishing food; whereas the former being entirely +deprived of those qualities, can by no means have an equal +claim to that character. Most of the Europeans, however, +are fonder of it than they are of that cured by the +{298} Northern Indians. The same may be said to the lean +parts of the beast, which are first dried, and then reduced +into a kind of powder. That done by the Northern Indians +is entirely free from smoke, and quite soft and mellow in the +mouth: whereas that which is prepared by the Southern tribes +is generally as bitter as soot with smoke, and is as hard as the +scraps of horn, &c. which are burnt to make hardening for +the cutlers. I never knew, that any European was so fond +of this as they are of that made by the Northern Indians.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">9th.</div> + +<p>On the ninth, as we were continuing our course to the +Factory, which then lay in the South East quarter, we saw +several smokes to the North East, and the same day spoke +with many Northern Indians, who were going to Knapp's Bay +to meet the Churchill sloop. Several of those Indians had +furrs with them, but having some time before taken up goods +on trust at Prince of Wales's Fort, were taking that method +to delay the payment of them. Defrauds of this kind have +been practised by many of those people with great success, +ever since the furr-trade has been established with the +Northern Indians at Knapp's Bay; by which means debts +to a considerable amount are annually lost to the Company, +as well as their Governor in the Bay.</p> + +<p>Being desirous of improving every opportunity that the +fine weather afforded, we did not lose much time in conversation +with those Indians, but proceeded on our course {299} to +the South East, while they continued theirs to the North East.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +June.</div> + +<p>For many days after leaving those people, we had the +good fortune to meet with plenty of provisions; and as the +weather was for a long time remarkably fine and pleasant, +our circumstances were altered so much for the better, that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[292]</a></span> +every thing seemed to contribute to our happiness, as if +desirous to make some amends for the severe hunger, cold, +and excessive hardships that we had suffered long before, and +which had reduced us to the greatest misery and want.</p> + +<p>Deer was so plentiful a great part of the way, that the Indians +killed as many as were wanted, without going out of their road; +and every lake and river to which we came seemed willing to +give us a change of diet, by affording us plenty of the finest fish, +which we caught either with hooks or nets. Geese, partridges, +gulls, and many other fowls, which are excellent eating, were +also in such plenty, that it only required ammunition, in skilful +hands, to have procured as many of them as we could desire.</p> + +<p>The only inconvenience we now felt was from frequent +showers of heavy rain; but the intervals between these showers +being very warm, and the Sun shining bright, that difficulty +was easily overcome, especially as the belly was plentifully supplied +with excellent victuals. Indeed the {300} very thoughts +of being once more arrived so near home, made me capable of +encountering every difficulty, even if it had been hunger itself +in the most formidable shape.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">18th.</div> + +<p>On the eighteenth, we arrived at Egg River, from which +place, at the solicitation of my guide Matonabbee, I sent a +letter post-haste to the Chief at Prince of Wales's Fort, +advising him of my being so far advanced on my return. +The weather at this time was very bad and rainy, which caused +us to lose near a whole day; but upon the fine weather +returning, we again proceeded at our usual rate of eighteen or +twenty miles a day, sometimes more or less, according as the +road, the weather, and other circumstances, would admit.<a name="FNanchor_119_184" id="FNanchor_119_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_184" class="fnanchor">[119]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[293]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">1772. +June.</div> + +<p>Deer now began to be not quite so plentiful as they had +been, though we met with enough for present use, which +was all we wanted, each person having as much dried meat +as he could conveniently carry, besides his furrs and other +necessary baggage.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">26th.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1772. +June.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">29th.</div> + +<p>Early in the morning of the twenty-sixth we arrived at +Seal River;<a name="FNanchor_BN_185" id="FNanchor_BN_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_BN_185" class="fnanchor">[BN]</a> but the wind blowing right up it, made {301} so +great a sea, that we were obliged to wait near ten hours before +we could venture to cross it in our little canoes. {302} In the +afternoon the weather grew more moderate, so that we were +enabled to ferry over the river; after which we resumed our +journey, and at night pitched our tents in some tufts of +willows in sight of the woods of Po-co-thee-kis-co River, +at which we arrived early in the morning of the twenty-eighth; +but the wind again blowing very hard in the North +East quarter, it was the afternoon of the twenty-ninth before +we could attempt to cross it.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[294]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">1772. +June.</div> + +<p>Just at the time we were crossing the South branch of +Po-co-thee-kis-co River, the Indians that were sent from Egg +River with a letter to the Chief at Churchill, joined us on +their return, and brought a little tobacco and some other +articles which I had desired. Though it was late in the +afternoon before we had all crossed the river, yet we walked +that evening till after ten o'clock, and then put up on one +of the Goose-hunting Islands, as they are generally called, +about ten miles from the Factory. The next morning I +arrived in good health at Prince of Wales's Fort, after having +been absent eighteen months and twenty-three {303} days +on this last expedition; but from my first setting out with +Captain Chawchinaha, it was two years seven months and +twenty-four days.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[295]</a></span></p> +<p>Though my discoveries are not likely to prove of any +material advantage to the Nation at large, or indeed to the +Hudson's Bay Company, yet I have the pleasure to think +that I have fully complied with the orders of my Masters, +and that it has put a final end to all disputes concerning +a North West Passage through Hudson's Bay. It will also +wipe off, in some measure, the ill-grounded and unjust aspersions +of Dobbs, Ellis, Robson, and the American Traveller; +who have all taken much pains to condemn the conduct of +the Hudson's Bay Company, as being averse from discoveries, +and from enlarging their trade.<a name="FNanchor_121_187" id="FNanchor_121_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_187" class="fnanchor">[121]</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[296]</a></span> +<br /><br /></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a href="images/i345a.jpg"><img src="images/i345a-t.jpg" width="200" height="133" alt="Photo: J. B. Tyrrell, August 10, 1894. +TWO CHIPEWYAN INDIANS FROM KAZAN RIVER" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />Photo: J. B. Tyrrell, August 10, 1894.<br /> +TWO CHIPEWYAN INDIANS FROM KAZAN RIVER</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><br /> +<a href="images/i345b.jpg"><img src="images/i345b-t.jpg" width="200" height="137" alt="Photo: J. B. Tyrrell, August 1, 1894. +VALLEY OF THLEWIAZA RIVER" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />Photo: J. B. Tyrrell, August 1, 1894.<br /> +VALLEY OF THLEWIAZA RIVER</span> +<br /><br /> +</div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_155" id="Footnote_101_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_155"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> Great Slave Lake is 288 miles long from east to west, very irregular in +width, and its area is about 10,400 square miles, being the fifth in size among +the great lakes of America. However, no reasonably complete survey has yet +been made of it. The place where he crossed it from north to south is on the +regular Indian route through the Simpson Islands. A fish peculiar to this lake +is the inconnu (see p. <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, note 103), which does not ascend the McKenzie River +above the rapids at Fort Smith, and is not found in Athabasca Lake, so that if +any confirmation were needed of the identity of his lake with Great Slave Lake, +Hearne's reference to this fish would in itself be quite convincing. Hearne was +the first white man to visit this lake, for it was not till 1785, between thirteen +and fourteen years after his visit, that the traders of the North-West Company +from Montreal reached and built a trading-post on it, east of the mouth of the +Slave River. On Peter Pond's map of 1785, republished by L. J. Burpee, in his +"Search for the Western Sea," 1908, page 182, the following interesting note is +written across the space N.E. of Great Slave Lake: "Orchipoins Country et +Road to Churchill," showing clearly that Pond knew of the trade carried on by +the northern Indians with the Hudson's Bay Company at Churchill.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_156" id="Footnote_102_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_156"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> Pike=<i>Esox lucius</i> Linn.; trout=<i>Cristivomer namaycush</i> Walbaum; +perch=<i>Stizostedion vitreum</i> Mitchill; barble=<i>Catastomus</i>; tittameg=whitefish +(<i>Coregonus</i>); methy=<i>Lota macuiosa</i> (Le Sueur).—E. A. P.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_157" id="Footnote_103_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_157"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> Shees. This is probably the earliest notice of the inconnu, <i>Stenodus +Mackenzii</i> (Richardson). This anadromous species inhabits in summer the +principal rivers of Northern Alaska and Mackenzie, east to and including the +Anderson. It is present in Great Slave Lake throughout the year, this being, +as far as I know, the only inland lake thus distinguished.—E. A. P.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_158" id="Footnote_104_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_158"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> Buffalo. This is the earliest notice of the northern race of the bison, the +so-called Wood Bison, <i>Bison bison Athabasca</i> Rhoads. It was formerly very +numerous and inhabited an extensive region (see Preble's "North Am. Fauna," +No. 27, p. 144, 1908), but is now reduced to a few small herds, aggregating a +few hundred individuals, which roam over a limited area south of Great Slave +Lake.—E. A. P.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_BC_159" id="Footnote_BC_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_BC_159"><span class="label">[BC]</span></a> It is remarked by Mr. Catesby, in his description of this animal, that no +man can lift one of their heads. Those I saw in the Athapuscow country are +such as I have described; and I am assured by the Company's servants, as +well as the Indians who live near Hudson's House, that the buffalos there are +much smaller; so that the species Mr. Catesby saw, or wrote of, must have +been much larger, or have had very large heads; for it is well known that a +man of any tolerable strength can lift two and a half, or three hundred pounds +weight. I think that the heads of his buffalos are too heavy for the bodies, as +the bodies of those I saw in the Athapuscow country appear to have been of +equal weight with his.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_160" id="Footnote_105_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_160"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> <i>Alces Americanus</i> (Clinton), still common throughout the region.—E. A. P.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_BD_161" id="Footnote_BD_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_BD_161"><span class="label">[BD]</span></a> The moose formerly sent to his Majesty was from that place. A young +male was also put on board the ship, but it died on the passage, otherwise it is +probable they might have propagated in this country.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_BE_162" id="Footnote_BE_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_BE_162"><span class="label">[BE]</span></a> Since the above was written, the same Indian that brought all the above-mentioned +young moose to the Factory had, in the year 1777, two others, so +tame, that when on his passage to Prince of Wales's Fort in a canoe, the moose +always followed him along the bank of the river; and at night, or on any other +occasion when the Indians landed, the young moose generally came and fondled +on them, in the same manner as the most domestic animal would have done, +and never offered to stray from the tents. Unfortunately, in crossing a deep +bay in one of the lakes (on a fine day), all the Indians that were not interested +in the safe-landing of those engaging creatures, paddled from point to point; +and the man that owned them, not caring to go so far about by himself, accompanied +the others, in hopes they would follow him round as usual; but at night +the young moose did not arrive; and as the howling of some wolves was heard +in that quarter, it was supposed they had been devoured by them, as they were +never afterward seen.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_BF_163" id="Footnote_BF_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_BF_163"><span class="label">[BF]</span></a> Mr. Du Pratz, in his description of this animal, says, it is never found +farther North than Cape Breton and Nova Scotia; but I have seen them in +great numbers in the Athapuscow Country, which cannot be much short of +60° North latitude.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106_164" id="Footnote_106_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_164"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> The deer here meant is the Wapati or Canadian Elk, the Cree name of +which is Waskasū, or Wewaskasū.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_BG_165" id="Footnote_BG_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_BG_165"><span class="label">[BG]</span></a> The Northern Indians make their fishing-nets with small thongs cut from +raw deer-skins; which when dry appear very good, but after being soaked in +water some time, grow so soft and slippery, that when large fish strike the net, +the hitches are very apt to slip and let them escape. Beside this inconvenience, +they are very liable to rot, unless they be frequently taken out of the water and +dried.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_BH_166" id="Footnote_BH_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_BH_166"><span class="label">[BH]</span></a> It is too common a case with most of the tribes of Southern Indians for +the women to desire their husbands or friends, when going to war, to bring +them a slave, that they may have the pleasure of killing it; and some of these +inhuman women will accompany their husbands, and murder the women and +children as fast as their husbands do the men. +</p><p> +When I was at Cumberland House, (an inland settlement that I established +for the Hudson's Bay Company in the year 1774,) I was particularly acquainted +with a very young lady of this extraordinary turn; who, when I desired some +Indians that were going to war to bring me a young slave, which I intended to +have brought up as a domestic, Miss was equally desirous that one might be +brought to her, for the cruel purpose of murdering it. It is scarcely possible to +express my astonishment, on hearing such an extraordinary request made by a +young creature scarcely sixteen years old; however, as soon as I recovered from +my surprise, I ordered her to leave the settlement, which she did, with those who +were going to war; and it is therefore probable she might not be disappointed +in her request. The next year I was ordered to the command of Prince of +Wales's Fort, and therefore never saw her afterward.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_167" id="Footnote_107_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_167"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> The map is very indefinite in this part of his course, and little dependence +can be placed on his positions. The place where he came to the Slave (Athapuscow) +River must have been some distance south of Great Slave Lake, and +as he followed it upwards for forty miles to where it turned to the south, he +probably reached some place not far from the rapids at Fort Smith, in latitude +60° north, which is 15' south of the point indicated on his map as the place +where he left the river and struck into the country to the east.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108_168" id="Footnote_108_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_168"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> When the geography of the country between Athabasca and Great Slave +Lakes becomes known, it may be possible to follow him here, but his map +gives no indication of any stream in this vicinity flowing into Lake Clowey. +He appears to have thought so little of the small river that he did not take the +trouble to map it.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109_169" id="Footnote_109_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_169"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> The reference here and on the following pages is certainly to the belt of +forest which occurs on the banks of Thelon River and its tributary above its +junction with the Dubawnt River. J. W. Tyrrell, who explored and surveyed +this river in 1900, refers to it as follows:— +</p><p> +"The investigations of the present expedition have, however, established +both the existence and location of such an oasis; but, as predicted by Hearne, +the primitive settlers have long since departed, although for some other +reasons than lack of fuel. +</p><p> +"In support of Hearne's story, and my belief that his reference was to the +valley of the Thelon, it may be noted that some very old choppings were +observed, as well as the decayed, moss-grown remains of some very old camps, +whilst scarcely any recent signs of habitation exist. +</p><p> +"The wooded, or partially-wooded, banks of the Thelon extend for a +distance of about one hundred and seventy miles below the forks of the +Hanbury. This distance is not to be understood as a continuous stretch of +timber, but over that distance many fine spruce groves, as well as more or less +continuous thinly-scattered trees are found. The largest trees measured from +twelve to fifteen inches in diameter, but the average diameter would be about +six inches." (Append. 26, Pt. III. Annual Report, Department of the +Interior, Canada, 1901, pp. 7, 27.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_BI_170" id="Footnote_BI_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_BI_170"><span class="label">[BI]</span></a> To snare swans, geese, or ducks, in the water, it requires no other process +than to make a number of hedges, or fences, project into the water, at right +angles, from the banks of a river, lake, or pond; for it is observed that those +birds generally swim near the margin, for the benefit of feeding on the grass, +&c. Those fences are continued for some distance from the shore, and +separated two or three yards from each other, so that openings are left +sufficiently large to let the birds swim through. In each of those openings a +snare is hung and fastened to a stake, which the bird, when intangled, cannot +drag from the bottom; and to prevent the snare from being wafted out of its +proper place by the wind, it is secured to the stakes which form the opening, +with tender grass, which is easily broken. +</p><p> +This method, though it has the appearance of being very simple, is +nevertheless attended with much trouble, particularly when we consider the +smallness of their canoes, and the great inconveniency they labour under in +performing works of this kind in the water. Many of the stakes used on those +occasions are of a considerable length and size, and the small branches which +form the principal part of the hedges, are not arranged without much caution, +for fear of oversetting the canoes, particularly where the water is deep, as it is +in some of the lakes; and in many of the rivers the current is very swift, which +renders this business equally troublesome. When the lakes and rivers are +shallow, the natives are frequently at the pains to make fences from shore to +shore. +</p><p> +To snare those birds in their nests requires a considerable degree of art, +and, as the natives say, a great deal of cleanliness; for they have observed, +that when snares have been set by those whose hands were not clean, the birds +would not go into the nest. +</p><p> +Even the goose, though so simple a bird, is notoriously known to forsake +her eggs, if they are breathed on by the Indians. +</p><p> +The smaller species of birds which make their nest in the ground, are by +no means so delicate, of course less care is necessary to snare them. It has +been observed that all birds which build in the ground go into their nest at one +particular side, and out of it on the opposite. The Indians, thoroughly +convinced of this, always set the snares on the side on which the bird enters +the nest; and if care be taken in setting them, seldom fail of seizing their +object. For small birds, such as larks, and many others of equal size, the +Indians only use two or three hairs out of their head; but for larger birds, +particularly swans, geese, and ducks, they make snares of deer-sinews, twisted +like packthread, and occasionally of a small thong cut from a parchment +deer-skin.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_BJ_171" id="Footnote_BJ_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_BJ_171"><span class="label">[BJ]</span></a> The Indians, both Northern and Southern, have found by experience, that +by boiling the pesogan in water for a considerable time, the texture is so much +improved, that when thoroughly dried, some parts of it will be nearly as soft as +spunge. +</p><p> +Some of those funguses are as large as a man's head; the outside, which is +very hard and black, and much indented with deep cracks, being of no use, is +always chopped off with a hatchet. Besides the two sorts of touchwood already +mentioned, there is another kind of it in those parts, that I think is infinitely +preferable to either. This is found in old decayed poplars, and lies in flakes of +various sizes and thickness; some is not thicker than shammoy leather, others +are as thick as a shoe-sole. This, like the fungus of the birch-tree, is always +moist when taken from the tree, but when dry, it is very soft and flexible, and +takes fire readily from the spark of a steel; but it is much improved by being +kept dry in a bag that has contained gunpowder. It is rather surprising that +the Indians, whose mode of life I have just been describing, have never acquired +the method of making fire by friction, like the Esquimaux. It is also equally +surprising that they do not make use of the skin-canoes. Probably deer-skins +cannot be manufactured to withstand the water;<a name="FNanchor_110_172" id="FNanchor_110_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_172" class="fnanchor">[110]</a> for it is well known that the +Esquimaux use always seal-skins for that purpose, though they are in the habit +of killing great numbers of deer.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110_172" id="Footnote_110_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_172"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> The Eskimos met with on the banks of the Kasan River in 1894 make +their canoes entirely of deer-skin parchment.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111_173" id="Footnote_111_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_173"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> The positions of these two lakes are not exactly known, but they doubtless +lie near the regular Indian canoe route from the north Bay of Lake Athabasca +to Great Slave Lake. The latter lake lies fourteen miles W. or S.W. of +Noo-shetht Lake.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112_174" id="Footnote_112_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_174"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> On Hearne's map the position of Noo-shetht Whoie or Newstheth tooy +Lake in relation to the streams in the country is very indefinite, but on the +Pennant map it is shown on a stream which flows northward into Great Slave +Lake. In King's "Journey to the Shores of the Arctic Ocean," vol. ii. p. 289, +a copy of an Indian map of a canoe route northward from Lake Athabasca is +published. Most of this route is down the Copper Indian (Yellow Knife or +Rock) River, which flows into Great Slave Lake a short distance east of the +mouth of Slave River, and one of the lakes there shown is Tazennatooy or +Muddy Water Lake, while another is Newstheth tooy, the lake here referred to.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_BK_175" id="Footnote_BK_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_BK_175"><span class="label">[BK]</span></a> Though I was a swift runner in those days, I never accompanied the +Indians in one of those chaces, but have heard many of them say, that after +a long one, the moose, when killed, did not produce more than a quart of blood, +the remainder being all settled in the flesh; which, in that state, must be ten +times worse tasted, than the spleen or milt of a bacon hog.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113_176" id="Footnote_113_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_176"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> Thee-lee-aza River is called Theetinah River (Blue Fish River?) on +the Pennant map, and Petitot speaks of it as a tributary of T'ezus or +Snowdrift River, which also empties into the south side of Great Slave +Lake.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114_177" id="Footnote_114_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_177"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> The latitude of this lake had been determined by Hearne as 61° 30' north, +as previously stated on p. 127, and he had placed it on his map in latitude +61° 15' north. In making the journey to the Coppermine River and back to +the lake, he had occupied a little more than a year, having left it on April 18th, +1771, and returned to it on April 29th, 1772.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115_178" id="Footnote_115_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_178"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> On the 8th of March 1771 they "lay a little to the E.N.E. of Black Bear +Hill" (see p. 125), while now they are three quarters of a mile south of it. As +this hill is but a short distance (two days' journey) west of Wholdiah Lake, the +two routes laid down on the map are evidently incorrect, for the map shows his +route home at this place at least thirty-five miles north of the route out, instead +of south of it as indicated by the text.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_BL_179" id="Footnote_BL_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_BL_179"><span class="label">[BL]</span></a> As a proof of this assertion I take the liberty, though a little foreign to the +narrative of my journey, to insert one instance, out of many hundreds of the +kind that happen at the different Factories in Hudson's Bay, but perhaps no +where so frequently as at Churchill. In October 1776, my old guide, Matonabbee, +came at the head of a large gang of Northern Indians, to trade at Prince +of Wales's Fort; at which time I had the honour to command it. When the +usual ceremonies had passed, I dressed him out as a Captain of the first rank, +and also clothed his six wives from top to toe: after which, that is to say, during +his stay at the Factory, which was ten days, he begged seven lieutenants' coats, +fifteen common coats, eighteen hats, eighteen shirts, eight guns, one hundred +and forty pounds weight of gunpowder, with shot, ball, and flints in proportion; +together with many hatchets, ice chissels, files, bayonets, knives, and a great +quantity of tobacco, cloth, blankets, combs, looking-glasses, stockings, handkerchiefs, +&c. besides numberless small articles, such as awls, needles, paint, +steels, &c. in all to the amount of upwards of seven hundred beaver in the way +of trade, to give away among his followers. This was exclusive of his own +present, which consisted of a variety of goods to the value of four hundred +beaver more. But the most extraordinary of his demands was twelve pounds +of powder, twenty-eight pounds of shot and ball, four pounds of tobacco, some +articles of clothing, and several pieces of iron-work, &c. to give to two men who +had hauled his tent and other lumber the preceding Winter. This demand +was so very unreasonable, that I made some scruple, or at least hesitated to +comply with it, hinting that he was the person who ought to satisfy those men +for their services; but I was soon answered, that he did not expect to have +been <i>denied such a trifle as that was</i>; and for the future he would carry his +goods where he could get his own price for them. On my asking him where +that was? he replied, in a very insolent tone, "To the Canadian Traders." I +was glad to comply with his demands; and I here insert the anecdote, as a +specimen of an Indian's conscience.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116_180" id="Footnote_116_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_180"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> The river down which the party was travelling at this time would appear +to have been a tributary of the Dubawnt River from the west. Unfortunately +when I descended the Dubawnt River there were no Chipewyan Indians in the +party, so that I was not able to learn the local names of the various lakes and +natural features encountered, nor anything of the geography of the country +beyond the range of vision, so that doubtless many streams joined the main +river without being noticed by me. This is probably one of them.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117_181" id="Footnote_117_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_181"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> The +north end of Wholdiah Lake of the present maps is in latitude 60° 49' +north, whereas the part crossed by Hearne, which he calls A Naw-nee-tha'd +Whoie, is placed by him in latitude 61° 50' north. It remains for some future +explorer to account for this discrepancy, and give the exact situation of this +place. That Hearne's position is much too far north is clear, for they were then +in the woods, and the northern limit of the woods crosses the Dubawnt River +about latitude 61° 30' N., twenty-three miles south of Hearne's course as +indicated on his map.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_BM_182" id="Footnote_BM_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_BM_182"><span class="label">[BM]</span></a> All the furrs thus left were properly secured in caves and crevices of the +rocks, so as to withstand any attempt that might be made on them by beasts of +prey, and were well shielded from the weather; so that, in all probability, few +of them were lost.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118_183" id="Footnote_118_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_183"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> As they were then on the barren lands, they probably crossed the Kazan +River, somewhere about the north end of Ennadai Lake. There is a lake marked +on the Mackenzie map as Nipach Lake which may possibly be intended to represent +this latter lake. Although there are a few groves of spruce along the banks of +this stream, north of the limit of the forest, no attempts seem to have been made +by Hearne or his party to camp at them. The date here given is interesting as +naming a time when one, at least, of the streams through the barren lands breaks +up in spring.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_119_184" id="Footnote_119_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_184"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> In the text no indication is given of the course which he followed after +crossing Kazan River, but his map shows that he followed the route of his +journey outwards, crossing Fat, Island, Whiskey Jack, and Baralzoa Lakes. +The Cook map, however, shows that he went round to the north of Island +Lake, and doubtless he also went round the largest of the other lakes, for he +would hardly dare to cross them in the little canoes which he and the Indians +were using for crossing the streams.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_BN_185" id="Footnote_BN_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_BN_185"><span class="label">[BN]</span></a> Mr. Jérémie is very incorrect in his account of the situation of this +River, and its course. It is not easy to guess, whether the Copper or Dog-ribbed +Indians be the nation he calls <i>Platscotez de Chiens</i>: if it be the former, +he is much mistaken; for they have abundance of beaver, and other animals +of the furr kind, in their country: and if the latter, he is equally wrong to +assert that they have copper-mines in their country; for neither copper nor +any other kind of metal is in use among them. +</p><p> +Mr. Jérémie was not too modest when he said, (see Dobb's Account of +Hudson's Bay, p. 19,) "he could not say any thing positively in going farther +North;" for in my opinion he never was so far North or West as he +pretends, otherwise he would have been more correct in his description of +those parts. +</p><p> +The Strait he mentions is undoubtedly no other than what is now called +Chesterfield's Inlet, which, in some late and cold seasons, is not clear of ice +the whole Summer: for I will affirm, that no Indian, either Northern or +Southern, ever saw either Wager Water or Repulse Bay, except the two men +who accompanied Captain Middleton; and though those men were selected +from some hundreds for their universal knowledge of those parts, yet they +knew nothing of the coast so far North as Marble Island. +</p><p> +As a farther proof, that no Indians, except the Esquimaux, ever frequent +such high latitudes, unless at a great distance from the sea, I must here +mention, that so late as the year 1763, when Captain Christopher went to +survey Chesterfield's Inlet, though he was furnished with the most intelligent +and experienced Northern Indians that could be found, they did not know an +inch of the land to the North of Whale Cove. +</p><p> +Mr. Jérémie is also as much mistaken in what he says concerning Churchill +River, as he was in the direction of Seal River; for he says that no woods were +found but in some islands which lie about ten or twelve miles up the river. At +the time he wrote, which was long before a settlement was made there, wood +was in great plenty on both sides the river; and that within five miles of where +Prince of Wales's Fort now stands. But as to the islands of which he speaks, +if they ever existed, they have of late years most assuredly disappeared; for +since the Company have had a settlement on that river, no one ever saw +an island in it that produced timber, or wood of any description, within forty +miles of the Fort. But the great number of stumps now remaining, from +which, in all probability, the trees have been cut for firing, are sufficient +to prove that when Churchill River was first settled, wood was then in great +plenty; but in the course of seventy-six years residence in one place, it is +natural to suppose it was much thinned near the Settlement. Indeed for some +years past common fewel is so scarce near that Factory, that it is the chief +employment of most of the servants for upward of seven months in the year, +to procure as much wood as will supply the fires for a Winter, and a little +timber for necessary repairs.<a name="FNanchor_120_186" id="FNanchor_120_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_186" class="fnanchor">[120]</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120_186" id="Footnote_120_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_186"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> Mr. Jérémie was in charge of York Factory for six years, from 1708 to +1714, while it was in the hands of the French. His reference to the presence +of native copper among the <i>Plascôtez de Chiens</i>, or Dog Rib Indians, who +inhabit the country between the mouth of the Mackenzie and the Coppermine +River, is particularly interesting:— +</p><p> +"Ils ont dans leur Pays une <i>Mine de Cuivre rouge</i>, si abondante & si +pure, que, sans le passer par la forge, tel qu'ils le ramassent à la Mine, ils ne +font que le frapper entre deux pièrres, & en font tout ce qu'ils veulent. J'en +ai vû fort souvent, parce que nos Sauvages en apportoient toutes les fois qu'ils +alloient en guerre de ces côtez là." (<i>Jérémie.</i> "Relation du Detroit et de la +Baie de Hudson," in "Recueil de Voyages au Nord." Par J. F. Bernard. +10 vols. 12mo. Amsterdam. 1724. Tom. v. p. 404.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121_187" id="Footnote_121_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_187"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> Of the life at Fort Prince of Wales under Moses Norton in 1771, during +the year of Hearne's absence on the Coppermine River, we have the following +interesting account by Andrew Graham, one of the factors of the Hudson's +Bay Company:— +</p><p> +"Prince of Wales Fort. On a peninsula at the entrance of the Churchill +River. Most northern settlement of the Company. A stone fort, mounting +forty-two cannon [an error, as there are embrasures for only forty cannon +in the parapet of the fort], from six to twenty-four pounders. Opposite, on the +south side of the river, Cape Merry Battery, mounting six twenty-four pounders, +with lodge-house and powder magazine. The river 1006 yards wide. A ship +can anchor six miles above the fort. Tides carry salt water twelve miles up +the river. No springs near; drink snow water nine months of the year. In +summer keep three draught horses to haul water and draw stones to finish +building the forts. +</p><p> +"Staff:—A chief factor and officers, with sixty servants and tradesmen. +The council, with discretionary power, consists of chief factor, second factor, +surgeon, sloop and brig masters, and captain of Company's ship when in port. +These answer and sign the general letter, sent yearly to directors. The others +are accountant, trader, steward, armourer, ship-wright, carpenter, cooper, +blacksmith, mason, tailor, and labourers. These must not trade with natives, +under penalties for so doing. Council mess together, also servants. Called +by bell to duty, work from six to six in summer, eight to four in winter. Two +watch in winter, three in summer. In emergencies, tradesmen must work at +anything. Killing of partridges the most pleasant duty. +</p><p> +"Company signs contract with servants for three or five years, with the +remarkable clause: 'Company may recall them home at any time without +satisfaction for the remaining time. Contract may be renewed, if servants or +labourers wish, at expiry of term. Salary advanced forty shillings, if men have +behaved well in first term. The land and sea officers' and tradesmen's salaries +do not vary, but seamen's are raised in time of war.' +</p><p> +"A ship of 200 tons burden, bearing provisions, arrives yearly in August or +early September. Sails again in ten days, wind permitting, with cargo and +those returning. Sailors alone get pay when at home. +</p><p> +"The annual trade sent home from this fort is from ten to four thousand +made beaver, in furs, pelts, castorum, goose feathers, and quills, and a small +quantity of train oil and whale bone, part of which they receive from the +Eskimos, and the rest from the white whale fishery. A black whale fishery is +in hand, but it shows no progress." ("The Remarkable History of the +Hudson's Bay Company." By George Bryce, 1900, pp. 108-9.)</p></div> + +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[297]</a></span></p> +<h2>{304} CHAP. IX.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>A short Description of the Northern Indians, also a farther +Account of their Country, Manufactures, Customs, &c.</p> + +<p><i>An account of the persons and tempers of the Northern Indians—They possess +a great deal of art and cunning—Are very guilty of fraud when in their +power, and generally exact more for their furrs than any other tribe of +Indians,—Always dissatisfied, yet have their good qualities—The men in +general jealous of their wives—Their marriages—Girls always betrothed +when children, and their reasons for it—Great care and confinement +of young girls from the age of eight or nine years old—Divorces common +among those people—The women are less prolific than in warmer countries—Remarkable +piece of superstition observed by the women at +particular periods—Their art in making it an excuse for a temporary +separation from their husbands on any little quarrel—Reckoned very +unclean on those occasions—The Northern Indians frequently, for the +want of firing, are obliged to eat their meat raw—Some through necessity +obliged to boil it in vessels made of the rind of the birch-tree—A +remarkable dish among those people—The young animals always cut +out of their dams eaten, and accounted a great delicacy—The parts of +generation of all animals eat by the men and boys—Manner of passing +their time, and method of killing deer in Summer with bows and +arrows—Their tents, dogs, sledges, &c.—Snow-shoes—Their partiality +to domestic vermin—Utmost extent of the Northern Indian country—Face +of the country—Species of fish—A peculiar kind of moss useful for +the support of man—Northern Indian method of catching fish, either +with hooks or nets—Ceremony observed when two parties of those people +meet—Diversions in common use—A singular disorder which attacks +some of those people—Their {305} superstition with respect to the death +of their friends—Ceremony observed on those occasions—Their ideas of +the first inhabitants of the world—No form of religion among them—Remarks +on that circumstance—The extreme misery to which old age</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[298]</a></span> +<i>is exposed—Their opinion of the Aurora Borealis, &c.—Some Account +of Matonabbee, and his services to his country, as well as to the +Hudson's Bay Company.</i></p></div> + + +<p>As to the persons of the Northern Indians, they are +in general above the middle size; well-proportioned, +strong, and robust, but not corpulent. They do +not possess that activity of body, and liveliness of disposition, +which are so commonly met with among the other tribes of +Indians who inhabit the West coast of Hudson's Bay.</p> + +<p>Their complexion is somewhat of the copper cast, inclining +rather toward a dingy brown; and their hair, like all the other +tribes in India, is black, strong, and straight.<a name="FNanchor_BO_188" id="FNanchor_BO_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_BO_188" class="fnanchor">[BO]</a> Few of the +men have any beard; this seldom makes its appearance till +they are arrived at middle-age, and then is by no means equal +in quantity to what is observed on the faces of the generality +of Europeans; the little they have, however, is exceedingly +strong and bristly. Some of them take but little pains to +eradicate their beards, though it is considered as very unbecoming; +and those {306} who do, have no other method than +that of pulling it out by the roots between their fingers and +the edge of a blunt knife. Neither sex have any hair under +their armpits, and very little on any other part of the body, +particularly the women; but on the place where Nature plants +the hair, I never knew them attempt to eradicate it.</p> + +<p>Their features are peculiar, and different from any other +tribe in those parts; for they have very low foreheads, small +eyes, high cheek-bones, Roman noses, full cheeks, and in +general long broad chins. Though few of either sex are +exempt from this national set of features, yet Nature seems +to be more strict in her observance of it among the females, +as they seldom vary so much as the men. Their skins are +soft, smooth, and polished; and when they are dressed in +clean clothing, they are as free from an offensive smell as any +of the human race.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[299]</a></span></p> +<p>Every tribe of Northern Indians, as well as the Copper and +Dog-ribbed Indians, have three or four parallel black strokes +marked on each cheek; which is performed by entering an +awl or needle under the skin, and, on drawing it out again, +immediately rubbing powdered charcoal into the wound.</p> + +<p>Their dispositions are in general morose and covetous, and +they seem to be entirely unacquainted even with the name of +gratitude. They are for ever pleading poverty, {307} even +among themselves; and when they visit the Factory, there is +not one of them who has not a thousand wants.</p> + +<p>When any real distressed objects present themselves at the +Company's Factory, they are always relieved with victuals, +clothes, medicines, and every other necessary, <i>gratis</i>; and in +return, they instruct every one of their countrymen how to +behave, in order to obtain the same charity. Thus it is very +common to see both men and women come to the Fort half-naked, +when either the severe cold in Winter, or the extreme +troublesomeness of the flies in Summer, make it necessary for +every part to be covered. On those occasions they are seldom +at a loss for a plausible story, which they relate as the occasion +of their distress (whether real or pretended), and never fail to +interlard their history with plenty of sighs, groans, and tears, +sometimes affecting to be lame, and even blind, in order to +excite pity. Indeed, I know of no people that have more +command of their passions on such occasions; and in this +respect the women exceed the men, as I can affirm with truth +I have seen some of them with one side of the face bathed in +tears, while the other has exhibited a significant smile. False +pretences for obtaining charity are so common among those +people, and so often detected, that the Governor is frequently +obliged to turn a deaf ear to many who apply for relief; for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[300]</a></span> +if he did not, he might give away the whole of the Company's +goods, and by degrees all the Northern {308} tribe would make +a trade of begging, instead of bringing furrs, to purchase what +they want. It may truly be said, that they possess a considerable +degree of deceit, and are very complete adepts in the art +of flattery, which they never spare as long as they find that it +conduces to their interest, but not a moment longer. They +take care always to seem attached to a new Governor, and +flatter his pride, by telling him that they look up to him as +the father of their tribe, on whom they can safely place their +dependance; and they never fail to depreciate the generosity +of his predecessor, however extensive that might have been, +however humane or disinterested his conduct; and if aspersing +the old, and flattering the new Governor, has not the desired +effect in a reasonable time, they represent him as the worst of +characters, and tell him to his face that he is one of the most +cruel of men; that he has no feeling for the distresses of their +tribe, and that many have perished for want of proper assistance, +(which, if it be true, is only owing to want of humanity +among themselves,) and then they boast of having received ten +times the favours and presents from his predecessor. It is +remarkable that those are most lavish in their praises, who +have never either deserved or received any favours from him. +In time, however, this language also ceases, and they are perfectly +reconciled to the man whom they would willingly have +made a fool, and say, "he is no child, and not to be deceived +by them."</p> + +<p>{309} They differ so much from the rest of mankind, that +harsh uncourteous usage seems to agree better with the generality +of them, particularly the lower class, than mild treatment; +for if the least respect be shown them, it makes them intolerably +insolent; and though some of their leaders may be +exempt from this imputation, yet there are but few even of +them who have sense enough to set a proper value on the +favours and indulgences which are granted to them while they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[301]</a></span> +remain at the Company's Factories, or elsewhere within their +territories. Experience has convinced me, that by keeping a +Northern Indian at a distance, he may be made serviceable +both to himself and the Company; but by giving him the +least indulgence at the Factory, he will grow indolent, inactive, +and troublesome, and only contrive methods to tax the +generosity of an European.</p> + +<p>The greatest part of these people never fail to defraud +Europeans whenever it is in their power, and take every +method to over-reach them in the way of trade. They will +disguise their persons and change their names, in order to +defraud them of their lawful debts, which they are sometimes +permitted to contract at the Company's Factory; and all +debts that are outstanding at the succession of a new Governor +are entirely lost, as they always declare, and bring plenty +of witnesses to prove, that they were paid long before, but +that their names had been forgotten to be struck out of the +book.</p> + +<p>{310} Notwithstanding all those bad qualities, they are the +mildest tribe of Indians that trade at any of the Company's +settlements; and as the greatest part of them are never heated +with liquor, are always in their senses, and never proceed to +riot, or any violence beyond bad language.</p> + +<p>The men are in general very jealous of their wives, and I +make no doubt but the same spirit reigns among the women; +but they are kept so much in awe of their husbands, that the +liberty of thinking is the greatest privilege they enjoy. The +presence of a Northern Indian man strikes a peculiar awe into +his wives, as he always assumes the same authority over them +that the master of a family in Europe usually does over his +domestic servants.</p> + +<p>Their marriages are not attended with any ceremony; all +matches are made by the parents, or next of kin. On those +occasions the women seem to have no choice, but implicitly +obey the will of their parents, who always endeavour to marry<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[302]</a></span> +their daughters to those that seem most likely to be capable +of maintaining them, let their age, person, or disposition be +ever so despicable.</p> + +<p>The girls are always betrothed when children, but never to +those of equal age, which is doubtless sound policy with people +in their situation, where the existence of a family {311} depends +entirely on the abilities and industry of a single man. +Children, as they justly observe, are so liable to alter in their +manners and disposition, that it is impossible to judge from +the actions of early youth what abilities they may possess +when they arrive at puberty. For this reason the girls are +often so disproportionably matched for age, that it is very +common to see men of thirty-five or forty years old have +young girls of no more than ten or twelve, and sometimes +much younger. From the early age of eight or nine years, +they are prohibited by custom from joining in the most innocent +amusements with children of the opposite sex; so that +when sitting in their tents, or even when travelling, they are +watched and guarded with such an unremitting attention as +cannot be exceeded by the most rigid discipline of an English +boarding-school. Custom, however, and constant example, +make such uncommon restraint and confinement sit light +and easy even on children, whose tender ages seem better +adapted to innocent and cheerful amusements, than to be +cooped up by the side of old women, and constantly employed +in scraping skins, mending shoes, and learning other domestic +duties necessary in the care of a family.</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding those uncommon restraints on the young +girls, the conduct of their parents is by no means uniform or +consistent with this plan; as they set no bounds to their conversation, +but talk before them, and even to them, on the most +indelicate subjects. As their ears are accustomed {312} to such +language from their earliest youth, this has by no means the +same effect on them, it would have on girls born and educated +in a civilized country, where every care is taken to prevent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[303]</a></span> +their morals from being contaminated by obscene conversation. +The Southern Indians are still less delicate in conversation, in +the presence of their children.</p> + +<p>The women among the Northern Indians are in general +more backward than the Southern Indian women; and though +it is well known that neither tribe lose any time, those early +connections are seldom productive of children for some years.</p> + +<p>Divorces are pretty common among the Northern Indians; +sometimes for incontinency, but more frequently for want of +what they deem necessary accomplishments or for bad behaviour. +This ceremony, in either case, consists of neither +more nor less than a good drubbing, and turning the woman +out of doors; telling her to go to her paramour, or relations, +according to the nature of her crime.</p> + +<p>Providence is very kind in causing these people to be less +prolific than the inhabitants of civilized nations; it is very +uncommon to see one woman have more than five or six +children; and these are always born at such a distance from +one another, that the youngest is generally two or {313} three +years old before another is brought into the world. Their +easy births, and the ceremonies which take place on those +occasions, have already been mentioned; I shall therefore +only observe here, that they make no use of cradles, like the +Southern Indians, but only tie a lump of moss between their +legs, and always carry their children at their backs, next the +skin, till they are able to walk. Though their method of +treating young children is in this respect the most uncouth +and awkward I ever saw, there are few among them that +can be called deformed, and not one in fifty who is not +bow-legged.</p> + +<p>There are certain periods at which they never permit the +women to abide in the same tent with their husbands. At +such times they are obliged to make a small hovel for themselves +at some distance from the other tents. As this is an +universal custom among all the tribes, it is also a piece of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[304]</a></span> +policy with the women, upon any difference with their husbands, +to make that an excuse for a temporary separation, +when, without any ceremony, they creep out (as is their usual +custom on those occasions) under the eves of that side of the +tent at which they happen to be sitting; for at those times +they are not permitted to go in or out through the door. +This custom is so generally prevalent among the women, that +I have frequently known some of the sulky dames leave their +husbands and tent for four or five days at a time, and repeat +the farce twice or thrice in a month, while the poor men have +never suspected the deceit, or if they {314} have, delicacy on +their part has not permitted them to enquire into the matter. +I have known Matonabbee's handsome wife, who eloped from +him in May one thousand seven hundred and seventy-one, +live thun-nardy, as they call it, (that is, alone,) for several +weeks together, under this pretence; but as a proof he had +some suspicion, she was always carefully watched, to prevent +her from giving her company to any other man. The +Southern Indians are also very delicate in this point; for +though they do not force their wives to build a separate tent, +they never lie under the same clothes during this period. It +is, however, equally true, that the young girls, when those +symptoms make their first appearance, generally go a little +distance from the other tents for four or five days, and at +their return wear a kind of veil or curtain, made of beads, for +some time after, as a mark of modesty; as they are then considered +marriageable, and of course are called women, though +some at those periods are not more than thirteen, while others +at the age of fifteen or sixteen have been reckoned as children, +though apparently arrived at nearly their full growth.</p> + +<p>On those occasions a remarkable piece of superstition +prevails among them; women in this situation are never permitted +to walk on the ice of rivers or lakes, or near the part +where the men are hunting beaver, or where a fishing-net is +set, for fear of averting their success. They are also prohibited<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[305]</a></span> +at those times from partaking of the {315} head of any +animal, and even from walking in, or crossing the track where +the head of a deer, moose, beaver, and many other animals, +have lately been carried, either on a sledge or on the back. To +be guilty of a violation of this custom is considered as of the +greatest importance; because they firmly believe that it would +be a means of preventing the hunter from having an equal +success in his future excursions.</p> + +<p>Those poor people live in such an inhospitable part of the +globe, that for want of firing, they are frequently obliged to +eat their victuals quite raw, particularly in the Summer season, +while on the barren ground; but early custom and frequent +necessity make this practice so familiar to them, that so far +from finding any inconvenience arise from it, or having the +least dislike to it, they frequently do it by choice, and particularly +in the article of fish; for when they do make a +pretence of dressing it, they seldom warm it through. I have +frequently made one of a party who has sat round a fresh-killed +deer, and assisted in picking the bones quite clean, when +I thought that the raw brains and many other parts were +exceedingly good; and, however strange it may appear, I +must bestow the same epithet on half-raw fish: even to this +day I give the preference to trout, salmon, and the brown +tittemeg, when they are not warm at the bone.</p> + +<p>{316} The extreme poverty of those Indians in general will +not permit one half of them to purchase brass kettles from the +Company; so that they are still under the necessity of continuing +their original mode of boiling their victuals in large +upright vessels made of birch-rind. As those vessels will not +admit of being exposed to the fire, the Indians, to supply the +defect, heat stones red-hot and put them into the water, which +soon occasions it to boil; and by having a constant succession +of hot stones, they may continue the process as long as it is +necessary. This method of cooking, though very expeditious, +is attended with one great evil; the victuals which are thus<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[306]</a></span> +prepared are full of sand: for the stones thus heated, and then +immerged in the water, are not only liable to shiver to pieces, +but many of them being of a coarse gritty nature, fall to a +mass of gravel in the kettle, which cannot be prevented from +mixing with the victuals which are boiled in it. Besides this, +they have several other methods of preparing their food, such +as roasting it by a string, broiling it, &c.; but these need no +farther description.</p> + +<p>The most remarkable dish among them, as well as all the +other tribes of Indians in those parts, both Northern and +Southern, is blood mixed with the half-digested food which is +found in the deer's stomach or paunch, and boiled up with a +sufficient quantity of water, to make it of the consistence of +pease-pottage. Some fat and scraps {317} of tender flesh are +also shred small and boiled with it. To render this dish more +palatable, they have a method of mixing the blood with the +contents of the stomach in the paunch itself, and hanging it +up in the heat and smoke of the fire for several days; which +puts the whole mass into a state of fermentation, and gives it +such an agreeable acid taste, that were it not for prejudice, it +might be eaten by those who have the nicest palates. It is +true, some people with delicate stomachs would not be easily +persuaded to partake of this dish, especially if they saw it +dressed; for most of the fat which is boiled in it is first +chewed by the men and boys, in order to break the globules +that contain the fat; by which means it all boils out, and +mixes with the broth: whereas, if it were permitted to remain +as it came from the knife, it would still be in lumps, like suet. +To do justice, however, to their cleanliness in this particular, +I must observe, that they are very careful that neither old +people with bad teeth, nor young children, have any hand in +preparing this dish. At first, I must acknowledge that I was +rather shy in partaking of this mess, but when I was sufficiently +convinced of the truth of the above remark, I no longer made +any scruple, but always thought it exceedingly good.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[307]</a></span></p> + +<p>The stomach of no other large animal beside the deer is +eaten by any of the Indians that border on Hudson's Bay. In +Winter, when the deer feed on fine white moss, the contents +of the stomach is so much esteemed by them, {318} that I have +often seen them sit round a deer where it was killed, and eat +it warm out of the paunch. In Summer the deer feed more +coarsely, and therefore this dish, if it deserve that appellation, +is then not so much in favour.</p> + +<p>The young calves, fawns, beaver, &c. taken out of the +bellies of their mothers, are reckoned most delicate food; and +I am not the only European who heartily joins in pronouncing +them the greatest dainties that can be eaten. Many gentlemen +who have served with me at Churchill, as well as at York +Fort, and the inland settlements, will readily agree with me in +asserting, that no one who ever got the better of prejudice so +far as to taste of those young animals, but has immediately +become excessively fond of them; and the same may be said +of young geese, ducks, &c. in the shell. In fact, it is almost +become a proverb in the Northern settlements, that whoever +wishes to know what is good, must live with the Indians.</p> + +<p>The parts of generation belonging to any beast they kill, +both male and female, are always eaten by the men and boys; +and though those parts, particularly in the males, are generally +very tough, they are not, on any account, to be cut with an +edge-tool, but torn to pieces with the teeth; and when any +part of them proves too tough to be masticated, it is thrown +into the fire and burnt. For the Indians believe firmly, that +if a dog should eat any part of them, it would have the same +effect on their {319} success in hunting, that a woman crossing +their hunting-track at an improper period would have. The +same ill-success is supposed also to attend them if a woman eat +any of those parts.</p> + +<p>They are also remarkably fond of the womb of the buffalo, +elk, deer, &c. which they eagerly devour without washing, or +any other process but barely stroking out the contents. This,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[308]</a></span> +in some of the larger animals, and especially when they are +some time gone with young, needs no description to make it +sufficiently disgusting; and yet I have known some in the +Company's service remarkably fond of the dish, though I am +not one of the number. The womb of the beaver and deer is +well enough, but that of the moose and buffalo is very rank, +and truly disgusting.<a name="FNanchor_BP_189" id="FNanchor_BP_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_BP_189" class="fnanchor">[BP]</a></p> + +<p>{320} Our Northern Indians who trade at the Factory, as +well as all the Copper tribe, pass their whole Summer on the +barren ground, where they generally find plenty of deer; and +in some of the rivers and lakes, a great abundance of fine fish.</p> + +<p>Their bows and arrows, though their original weapons, +are, since the introduction of fire-arms among them, become +of little use, except in killing deer as they walk or run through +a narrow pass prepared for their reception, where several Indians +lie concealed for that purpose. This method of hunting is +only practicable in Summer, and on the barren ground, where +they have an extensive prospect, and can see the herds of deer +at a great distance, as well as discover the nature of the +country, and make every {321} necessary arrangement for +driving them through the narrow defiles. This method of +hunting is performed in the following manner:</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[309]</a></span></p> +<p>When the Indians see a herd of deer, and intend to hunt +them with bows and arrows, they observe which way the wind +blows, and always get to leeward, for fear of being smelled by +the deer. The next thing to which they attend, is to search +for a convenient place to conceal those who are appointed to +shoot. This being done, a large bundle of sticks, like large +ramrods, (which they carry with them the whole Summer for +the purpose,) are ranged in two ranks, so as to form the two +sides of a very acute angle, and the sticks placed at the +distance of fifteen or twenty yards from each other. When +those necessary arrangements are completed, the women and +boys separate into two parties, and go round on both sides, till +they form a crescent at the back of the deer, which are drove +right forward; and as each of the sticks has a small flag, or +more properly a pendant, fastened to it, which is easily waved +to and fro by the wind, and a lump of moss stuck on each of +their tops, the poor timorous deer, probably taking them for +ranks of people, generally run straight forward between the +two ranges of sticks, till they get among the Indians, who lie +concealed in small circular fences, made with loose stones, +moss, &c. When the deer approach very near, the Indians +who are thus concealed start up and shoot; but as the deer +generally pass along at {322} full speed, few Indians have +time to shoot more than one or two arrows, unless the herd +be very large.</p> + +<p>This method of hunting is not always attended with equal +success; for sometimes after the Indians have been at the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[310]</a></span> +trouble of making places of shelter, and arranging the flag-sticks, +&c. the deer will make off another way, before the +women and children can surround them. At other times I +have seen eleven or twelve of them killed with one volley of +arrows; and if any gun-men attend on those occasions, they +are always placed behind the other Indians, in order to pick +up the deer that escape the bow-men. By these means I +have seen upwards of twenty fine deer killed at one broadside, +as it may be termed.</p> + +<p>Though the Northern Indians may be said to kill a great +number of deer in this manner during the Summer, yet they +have so far lost the art of shooting with bows and arrows, +that I never knew any of them who could take those +weapons only, and kill either deer, moose, or buffalo, in the +common, wandering, and promiscuous method of hunting. +The Southern Indians, though they have been much longer +used to fire-arms, are far more expert with the bow and arrow, +their original weapons.</p> + +<p>The tents made use of by those Indians, both in Summer +and Winter, are generally composed of deer-skins in the hair; +and for convenience of carriage, are always {323} made in small +pieces, seldom exceeding five buck-skins in one piece. These +tents, as also their kettles, and some other lumber, are always +carried by dogs, which are trained to that service, and are very +docile and tractable. Those animals are of various sizes and +colours, but all of the fox and wolf breed, with sharp noses, +full brushy tails, and sharp ears standing erect. They are +of great courage when attacked, and bite so sharp, that the +smallest cur among them will keep several of our largest +English dogs at bay, if he can get up in a corner. These dogs +are equally willing to haul in a sledge, but as few of the men +will be at the trouble of making sledges for them, the poor +women are obliged to content themselves with lessening the +bulk of their load, more than the weight, by making the dogs +carry these articles only, which are always lashed on their +backs, much after the same manner as packs are, or used +formerly to be, on pack-horses.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a href="images/i361.jpg"><img src="images/i361-t.jpg" width="183" height="250" alt="INDIAN IMPLEMENTS" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />INDIAN IMPLEMENTS<br /> +A Bow<br />An Arrow<br />A left foot Snowshoe 4½ foot long<br />& 13 Inches broad<br /> +A Sledge<br />A kettle made of Burch rinde +</span> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[311]</a></span></p> +<p>In the fall of the year, and as the Winter advances, those +people sew the skins of the deer's legs together in the shape +of long portmanteaus, which, when hauled on the snow as the +hair lies, are as slippery as an otter, and serve them as temporary +sledges while on the barren ground; but when they +arrive at any woods, they then make proper sledges, with thin +boards of the larch-tree, generally known in Hudson's Bay by +the name of Juniper.<a name="FNanchor_122_190" id="FNanchor_122_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_190" class="fnanchor">[122]</a></p> + +<p>{324} Those sledges are of various sizes, according to the +strength of the persons who are to haul them: some I have +seen were not less than twelve or fourteen feet long, and fifteen +or sixteen inches wide, but in general they do not exceed eight +or nine feet in length, and twelve or fourteen inches in breadth.</p> + +<p>The boards of which those sledges are composed are not +more than a quarter of an inch thick, and seldom exceed five +or six inches in width; as broader would be very unhandy for +the Indians to work, who have no other tools than an ordinary +knife, turned up a little at the point, from which it acquires +the name of Bafe-hoth among the Northern Indians, but +among the Southern tribes it is called Mo-co-toggan. The +boards are sewed together with thongs of parchment deer-skin, +and several cross bars of wood are sewed on the upper +side, which serves both to strengthen the sledge and secure +the ground-lashing, to which the load is always fastened by +other smaller thongs, or stripes of leather. The head or fore-part +of the sledge is turned up so as to form a semi-circle, +of at least fifteen or twenty inches diameter. This prevents +the carriage from diving into light snow, and enables it to +slide over the inequalities and hard drifts of snow which are +constantly met with on the open plains and barren grounds. +The trace or draught-line to those sledges is a double string, +or slip of leather, made fast to the head; and the bight is put +across the shoulders of the person who {325} hauls the sledge, +so as to rest against the breast. This contrivance, though so +simple, cannot be improved by the most ingenious collar-maker +in the world.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[312]</a></span></p> +<p>Their snow-shoes differ from all others made use of in +those parts; for though they are of the galley kind, that is, +sharp-pointed before, yet they are always to be worn on one +foot, and cannot be shifted from side to side, like other snow-shoes; +for this reason the inner-side of the frames are almost +straight, and the outer-side has a very large sweep. The +frames are generally made of birch-wood, and the netting is +composed of thongs of deer-skin; but their mode of filling +that compartment where the foot rests, is quite different from +that used among the Southern Indians.</p> + +<p>Their clothing, which chiefly consists of deer-skins in the +hair, makes them very subject to be lousy; but that is so far +from being thought a disgrace, that the best among them +amuse themselves with catching and eating these vermin; of +which they are so fond, that the produce of a lousy head or +garment affords them not only pleasing amusement, but a +delicious repast. My old guide, Matonabbee, was so remarkably +fond of those little vermin, that he frequently set five or +six of his strapping wives to work to louse their hairy deer-skin +shifts, the produce of which being always very considerable, +he eagerly received with both hands, and licked them +in as fast, and with as good a grace, as {326} any European +epicure would the mites in a cheese. He often assured me +that such amusement was not only very pleasing, but that the +objects of the search were very good; for which I gave him +credit, telling him at the same time, that though I endeavoured +to habituate myself to every other part of their diet, yet as +I was but a sojourner among them, I had no inclination to +accustom myself to such dainties as I could not procure in +that part of the world where I was most inclined to reside.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[313]</a></span></p> + +<p>The Southern Indians and Esquimaux are equally fond of +those vermin, which are so detestable in the eyes of an European; +nay, the latter have many other dainties of a similar +kind, for beside making use of train-oil as a cordial and as +sauce to their meat, I have frequently seen them eat a whole +handful of maggots that were produced in meat by fly-blows. +It is their constant custom to eat the filth that comes from the +nose; and when their noses bleed by accident, they always +lick the blood into their mouths, and swallow it.</p> + +<p>The tract of land inhabited by the Northern Indians is +very extensive, reaching from the fifty-ninth to the sixty-eighth +degree of North latitude; and from East to West is +upward of five hundred miles wide. It is bounded by Churchill +River on the South; the Athapuscow Indians' Country on the +West; the Dog-ribbed and Copper Indians' Country on the +North; and by Hudson's Bay on the East. {327} The land +throughout that whole tract of country is scarcely anything +but one solid mass of rocks and stones, and in most parts very +hilly, particularly to the Westward among the woods. The +surface, it is very true, is in most places covered with a thin +sod of moss, intermixed with the roots of the Wee-sa-ca-pucca, +cranberries, and a few other insignificant shrubs and herbage; +but under it there is in general a total want of soil, capable of +producing anything except what is peculiar to the climate. +Some of the marshes, indeed, produce several kinds of grass, +the growth of which is amazingly rapid; but this is dealt out +with so sparing a hand as to be barely sufficient to serve the +geese, swans, and other birds of passage, during their migrations +in the Spring and Fall, while they remain in a moulting +state.</p> + +<p>The many lakes and rivers with which this part of the +country abounds, though they do not furnish the natives with +water-carriage, are yet of infinite advantage to them; as they +afford great numbers of fish, both in Summer and Winter. +The only species caught in those parts are trout, tittameg, (or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[314]</a></span> +tickomeg,) tench, two sorts of barble, (called by the Southern +Indians Na-may-pith,) burbot, pike, and a few perch. The +four former are caught in all parts of this country, as well the +woody as the barren; but the three latter are only caught to +the Westward, in such lakes and rivers as are situated among +the woods; and though some of those rivers lead to the +barren ground, yet the {328} three last mentioned species of +fish are seldom caught beyond the edge of the woods, not +even in the Summer season.</p> + +<p>There is a black, hard, crumply moss, that grows on the +rocks and large stones in those parts, which is of infinite +service to the natives, as it sometimes furnishes them with a +temporary subsistence, when no animal food can be procured. +This moss, when boiled, turns to a gummy consistence, and is +more clammy in the mouth than sago; it may, by adding +either moss or water, be made to almost any consistence. It +is so palatable, that all who taste it generally grow fond of it. +It is remarkably good and pleasing when used to thicken any +kind of broth, but it is generally most esteemed when boiled +in fish-liquor.</p> + +<p>The only method practised by those people to catch fish +either in Winter or Summer, is by angling and setting nets; +both of which methods is attended with much superstition, +ceremony, and unnecessary trouble; but I will endeavour to +describe them in as plain and brief a manner as possible.</p> + +<p>When they make a new fishing-net, which is always composed +of small thongs cut from raw deer-skins, they take a +number of birds bills and feet, and tie them, a little apart from +each other, to the head and foot rope of the net, and at the four +corners generally fasten some of the toes and jaws of the otters +and jackashes. The birds feet {329} and bills made choice +of on such occasions are generally those of the laughing goose, +wavey, (or white goose,) gulls, loons, and black-heads<a name="FNanchor_123_191" id="FNanchor_123_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_191" class="fnanchor">[123]</a>; and +unless some or all of these be fastened to the net, they will not +attempt to put it into the water, as they firmly believe it would +not catch a single fish.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[315]</a></span></p> +<p>A net thus accoutred is fit for setting whenever occasion +requires, and opportunity offers; but the first fish of whatever +species caught in it, are not to be sodden in the water, but +broiled whole on the fire, and the flesh carefully taken from +the bones without dislocating one joint; after which the bones +are laid on the fire at full length and burnt. A strict observance +of these rules is supposed to be of the utmost importance +in promoting the future success of the new net; and a neglect +of them would render it not worth a farthing.<a name="FNanchor_BQ_192" id="FNanchor_BQ_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_BQ_192" class="fnanchor">[BQ]</a></p> + +<p>When they fish in rivers, or narrow channels that join two +lakes together, they could frequently, by tying two, three, or +more nets together, spread over the whole breadth of the +channel, and intercept every sizable fish that passed; but +instead of that, they scatter the nets at a considerable distance +from each other, from a {330} superstitious notion, that were +they kept close together, one net would be jealous of its +neighbour, and by that means not one of them would catch +a single fish.</p> + +<p>The methods used, and strictly observed, when angling, +are equally absurd as those I have mentioned; for when they +bait a hook, a composition of four, five, or six articles, by way +of charm, is concealed under the bait, which is always sewed +round the hook. In fact, the only bait used by those people +is in their opinion a composition of charms, inclosed within a +bit of fish skin, so as in some measure to resemble a small fish. +The things used by way of charm, are bits of beavers tails and +fat, otter's vents and teeth, musk-rat's guts and tails, loon's +vents, squirrel's testicles, the cruddled milk taken out of the +stomach of sucking fawns and calves, human hair, and numberless +other articles equally absurd.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[316]</a></span></p> +<p>Every master of a family, and indeed almost every other +person, particularly the men, have a small bundle of such +trash, which they always carry with them, both in Summer +and Winter; and without some of those articles to put under +their bait, few of them could be prevailed upon to put a hook +into the water, being fully persuaded that they may as well sit +in the tent, as attempt to angle without such assistance. They +have also a notion that fish of the same species inhabiting +different parts of the country, are fond of different things; so +that almost every {331} lake and river they arrive at, obliges +them to alter the composition of the charm. The same rule is +observed on broiling the first fruits of a new hook that is used +for a new net; an old hook that has already been successful +in catching large fish is esteemed of more value, than a handful +of new ones which have never been tried.</p> + +<p>Deer also, as well as fish, are very numerous in many parts +of this country; particularly to the North of the sixtieth +degree of latitude. Alpine hares are in some parts of the +barren ground pretty plentiful, where also some herds of +musk-oxen are to be met with; and to the Westward, among +the woods, there are some rabbits and partridges. With all +those seeming sources of plenty, however, one half of the +inhabitants, and perhaps the other half also, are frequently in +danger of being starved to death, owing partly to their want +of œconomy; and most of these scenes of distress happen +during their journies to and from Prince of Wales's Fort, the +only place at which they trade.</p> + +<p>When Northern Indians are at the Factory, they are very +liable to steal any thing they think will be serviceable; particularly +iron hoops, small bolts, spikes, carpenters tools, and, in +short, all small pieces of iron-work which they can turn to +advantage, either for their own use, or for the purpose of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[317]</a></span> +trading with such of their countrymen as seldom visit the +Company's Settlement: {332} among themselves, however, the +crime of theft is seldom heard of.</p> + +<p>When two parties of those Indians meet, the ceremonies +which pass between them are quite different from those made +use of in Europe on similar occasions; for when they advance +within twenty or thirty yards of each other, they make a full +halt, and in general sit or lie down on the ground, and do not +speak for some minutes. At length one of them, generally +an elderly man, if any be in company, breaks silence, by +acquainting the other party with every misfortune that has +befallen him and his companions from the last time they +had seen or heard of each other; and also of all deaths +and other calamities that have befallen any other Indians +during the same period, at least as many particulars as have +come to his knowledge.</p> + +<p>When the first has finished his oration, another aged +orator, (if there be any) belonging to the other party relates, +in like manner, all the bad news that has come to his knowledge; +and both parties never fail to plead poverty and famine +on all occasions. If those orations contain any news that in +the least affect the other party, it is not long before some of +them begin to sigh and sob, and soon after break out into a +loud cry, which is generally accompanied by most of the +grown persons of both sexes; and sometimes it is common to +see them all, men, women, and children, in one universal howl. +The young girls, in {333} particular, are often very obliging on +those occasions; for I never remember to have seen a crying +match (as I called it) but the greatest part of the company +assisted, although some of them had no other reason for it, but +that of seeing their companions do the same. When the first +transports of grief subside, they advance by degrees, and both +parties mix with each other, the men always associating with +the men, and the women with the women. If they have any +tobacco among them, the pipes are passed round pretty freely,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[318]</a></span> +and the conversation soon becomes general. As they are on +their first meeting acquainted with all the bad news, they have +by this time nothing left but good, which in general has so far +the predominance over the former, that in less than half an +hour nothing but smiles and cheerfulness are to be seen in +every face; and if they be not really in want, small presents of +provisions, ammunition, and other articles, often take place; +sometimes merely as a gift, but more frequently by way of +trying whether they cannot get a greater present.</p> + +<p>They have but few diversions; the chief is shooting at a +mark with bow and arrows; and another out-door game, +called Holl, which in some measure resembles playing with +quoits; only it is done with short clubs sharp at one end. +They also amuse themselves at times with dancing, which is +always performed in the night. It is remarkable that those +people, though a distinct nation, have never adopted any mode +of dancing of their own, or any songs to which {334} they +can dance; so that when anything of this kind is attempted, +which is but seldom, they always endeavour to imitate either +the Dog-ribbed or Southern Indians, but more commonly the +former, as few of them are sufficiently acquainted either with the +Southern Indian language, or their manner of dancing. The +Dog-ribbed method is not very difficult to learn, as it only +consists in lifting the feet alternately from the ground in a +very quick succession, and as high as possible, without moving +the body, which should be kept quite still and motionless; +the hands at the same time being closed, and held close to the +breast, and the head inclining forward. This diversion is +always performed quite naked, except the breech-cloth, and +at times that is also thrown off; and the dancers, who seldom +exceed three or four at a time, always stand close to the music. +The music may, by straining a point, be called both vocal and +instrumental, though both are sufficiently humble. The former +is no more than a frequent repetition of the words, hee, +hee, hee, ho, ho, ho, &c. which, by a more or less frequent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[319]</a></span> +repetition, dwelling longer on one word and shorter on another, +and raising and lowering the voice, produce something like a +tune, and has the desired effect. This is always accompanied +by a drum or tabor; and sometimes a kind of rattle is added, +made with a piece of dried buffalo skin, in shape exactly like +an oil-flask, into which they put a few shot or pebbles, which, +when shook about, produces music little inferior to the drum, +though not so loud.</p> + +<p>{335} This mode of dancing naked is performed only by +the men; for when the women are ordered to dance, they always +exhibit without the tent, to music which is played within it; +and though their method of dancing is perfectly decent, yet +it has still less meaning and action than that of the men: for +a whole heap of them crowd together in a straight line, and +just shuffle themselves a little from right to left, and back +again in the same line, without lifting their feet from the +ground; and when the music stops, they all give a little bend +of the body and knee, somewhat like an awkward curtsey, and +pronounce, in a little shrill tone, h-e-e, h-o-o-o-e.</p> + +<p>Beside these diversions, they have another simple in-door +game, which is that of taking a bit of wood, a button, or any +other small thing, and after shifting it from hand to hand +several times, asking their antagonist, which hand it is in? +When playing at this game, which only admits of two persons, +each of them have ten, fifteen, or twenty small chips of wood, +like matches; and when one of the players guesses right, he +takes one of his antagonist's sticks, and lays it to his own; +and he that first gets all the sticks from the other in that +manner, is said to win the game, which is generally for a single +load of powder and shot, an arrow, or some other thing of +inconsiderable value.</p> + +<p>The women never mix in any of their diversions, not even in +dancing; for when that is required of them, they {336} always +exhibit without the tent, as has been already observed; nor +are they allowed to be present at a feast. Indeed, the whole<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[320]</a></span> +course of their lives is one continued scene of drudgery, <i>viz.</i> +carrying and hauling heavy loads, dressing skins for clothing, +curing their provisions, and practising other necessary domestic +duties which are required in a family, without enjoying the +least diversion of any kind, or relaxation, on any occasion +whatever; and except in the execution of those homely duties, +in which they are always instructed from their infancy, their +senses seem almost as dull and frigid as the zone they inhabit. +There are indeed some exceptions to be met with among them, +and I suppose it only requires indulgence and precept to make +some of them as lofty and insolent as any women in the world. +Though they wear their hair at full length, and never tie it +up, like the Southern Indians; and though not one in fifty of +them is ever possessed of a comb, yet by a wonderful dexterity +of the fingers, and a good deal of patience, they make shift to +stroke it out so as not to leave two hairs entangled; but when +their heads are infested with vermin, from which very few of +either sex are free, they mutually assist each other in keeping +them under.</p> + +<p>A scorbutic disorder, resembling the worst stage of the itch, +consumptions, and fluxes, are their chief disorders. The first +of these, though very troublesome, is never known to prove +fatal, unless it be accompanied with some inward complaint; +but the two latter, with a few {337} accidents, carries off great +numbers of both sexes and all ages: indeed few of them live +to any great age, probably owing to the great fatigue they +undergo from their youth up, in procuring a subsistence for +themselves and their offspring.</p> + +<p>Though the scorbutic disorder above mentioned does appear +to be infectious, it is rare to see one have it without the whole +tent's crew being more or less affected with it; but this is by +no means a proof of its being contagious; I rather attribute +it to the effects of some bad water, or the unwholesomeness +of some fish they may catch in particular places, in the course +of their wandering manner of life. Were it otherwise, a single<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[321]</a></span> +family would in a short time communicate it to the whole +tribe; but, on the contrary, the disease is never known to +spread. In the younger sort it always attacks the hands and +feet, not even sparing the palms and soles. Those of riper +years generally have it about the wrists, insteps, and posteriors; +and in the latter particularly, the blotches, or boils as they +may justly be called, are often as large as the top of a man's +thumb. This disorder most frequently makes its appearance +in the Summer, while the Indians are out on the barren ground; +and though it is by no means reckoned dangerous, yet it is so +obstinate, as not to yield to any medicine that has ever been +applied to it while at the Company's Factory. And as the +natives themselves never make use of any medicines of their +own preparing, Nature alone works the cure, which is never +performed in {338} less than twelve or eighteen months; and +some of them are troubled with this disagreeable and loathsome +disorder for years before they are perfectly cured, and then a +dark livid mark remains on those parts of the skin which have +been affected, for many years afterwards, and in some during life.</p> + +<p>When any of the principal Northern Indians die, it is +generally believed that they are conjured to death, either by +some of their own countrymen, by some of the Southern +Indians, or by some of the Esquimaux: too frequently the +suspicion falls on the latter tribe, which is the grand reason +of their never being at peace with those poor and distressed +people. For some time past, however, those Esquimaux who +trade with our sloops at Knapp's Bay, Navel's Bay, and Whale +Cove, are in perfect peace and friendship with the Northern +Indians; which is entirely owing to the protection they have +for several years past received from the Chiefs at the Company's +Fort at Churchill River.<a name="FNanchor_BR_193" id="FNanchor_BR_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_BR_193" class="fnanchor">[BR]</a> But those of that tribe who live so +far to the {339} North, as not to have any intercourse with our +vessels, very often fall a sacrifice to the fury and superstition of +the {340} Northern Indians; who are by no means a bold or +warlike people; nor can I think from experience, that they are +particularly guilty of committing acts of wanton cruelty on any +other part of the human race beside the Esquimaux. Their +hearts, however, are in general so unsusceptible of tenderness, +that they can view the deepest distress in those who are not +immediately related to them, without the least emotion; not +even half so much as the generality of mankind feel for the +sufferings of the meanest of the brute creation. I have been +present when one of them, imitating the groans, distorted +features, and contracted position, of a {341} man who had +died in the most excruciating pain, put the whole company, +except myself, into the most violent fit of laughter.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[323]</a></span></p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[322]</a></span></p> +<p>The Northern Indians never bury their dead, but always +leave the bodies where they die, so that they are supposed to +be devoured by beasts and birds of prey; for which reason +they will not eat foxes, wolves, ravens, &c. unless it be through +mere necessity.</p> + +<p>The death of a near relation affects them so sensibly, that +they rend all their cloths from their backs, and go naked, till +some persons less afflicted relieve them. After the death of a +father, mother, husband, wife, son, or brother, they mourn, as +it may be called, for a whole year, which they measure by the +moons and seasons. Those mournful periods are not distinguished +by any particular dress, except that of cutting off +the hair; and the ceremony consists in almost perpetually +crying. Even when walking, as well as at all other intervals +from sleep, eating, and conversation, they make an odd<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[324]</a></span> +howling noise, often repeating the relationship of the deceased. +But as this is in a great measure mere form and +custom, some of them have a method of softening the harshness +of the notes, and bringing them out in a more musical +tone than that in which they sing their songs. When they +reflect seriously on the loss of a good friend, however, it has +such an effect on them for the present, that they give an +{342} uncommon loose to their grief. At those times they +seem to sympathise (through custom) with each other's afflictions +so much, that I have often seen several scores of them +crying in concert, when at the same time not above half a +dozen of them had any more reason for so doing than I had, +unless it was to preserve the old custom, and keep the others +in countenance. The women are remarkably obliging on +such occasions; and as no restriction is laid on them, they +may with truth be said to cry with all their might and main; +but in common conversation they are obliged to be very +moderate.</p> + +<p>They have a tradition among them, that the first person upon +earth was a woman, who, after having been some time alone, in +her researches for berries, which was then her only food, found +an animal like a dog, which followed her to the cave where +she lived, and soon grew fond and domestic. This dog, they +say, had the art of transforming itself into the shape of a +handsome young man, which it frequently did at night, but as +the day approached, always resumed its former shape; so that +the woman looked on all that passed on those occasions as +dreams and delusions. These transformations were soon productive +of the consequences which at present generally follow +such intimate connexions between the two sexes, and the +mother of the world began to advance in her pregnancy.</p> + +<p>{343} Not long after this happened, a man of such a surprising +height that his head reached up to the clouds, came to level +the land, which at that time was a very rude mass; and after +he had done this, by the help of his walking-stick he marked<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[325]</a></span> +out all the lakes, ponds, and rivers, and immediately caused +them to be filled with water. He then took the dog, and tore +it to pieces; the guts he threw into the lakes and rivers, commanding +them to become the different kinds of fish; the flesh he +dispersed over the land, commanding it to become different +kinds of beasts and land-animals; the skin he also tore in +small pieces, and threw it into the air, commanding it to +become all kinds of birds; after which he gave the woman +and her offspring full power to kill, eat, and never spare, for +that he had commanded them to multiply for her use in +abundance. After this injunction, he returned to the place +whence he came, and has not been heard of since.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Religion</span> has not as yet begun to dawn among the Northern +Indians; for though their conjurors do indeed sing +songs, and make long speeches, to some beasts and birds of +prey, as also to imaginary beings, which they say assist them +in performing cures on the sick, yet they, as well as their +credulous neighbours, are utterly destitute of every idea of +practical religion. It is true, some of them will reprimand +their youth for talking {344} disrespectfully of particular beasts +and birds; but it is done with so little energy, as to be often +retorted back in derision. Neither is this, nor their custom +of not killing wolves and quiquehatches, universally observed, +and those who do it can only be viewed with more pity and +contempt than the others; for I always found it arose merely +from the greater degree of confidence which they had in the +supernatural power of their conjurors, which induced them to +believe, that talking lightly or disrespectfully of any thing +they seemed to approve, would materially affect their health +and happiness in this world: and I never found any of them +that had the least idea of futurity. Matonabbee, without one +exception, was a man of as clear ideas in other matters as any +that I ever saw: he was not only a perfect master of the +Southern Indian language, and their belief, but could tell a +better story of our Saviour's birth and life, than one half of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[326]</a></span> +those who call themselves Christians; yet he always declared +to me, that neither he, nor any of his countrymen, had an +idea of a future state. Though he had been taught to look +on things of this kind as useless, his own good sense had +taught him to be an advocate for universal toleration; and I +have seen him several times assist at some of the most sacred +rites performed by the Southern Indians, apparently with as +much zeal, as if he had given as much credit to them as they +did: and with the same liberality of sentiment he would, I am +persuaded, have assisted at the altar {345} of a Christian +church, or in a Jewish synagogue; not with a view to reap +any advantage himself, but merely, as he observed, to assist +others who believed in such ceremonies.</p> + +<p>Being thus destitute of all religious control, these people +have, to use Matonabbee's own words, "nothing to do but +consult their own interest, inclinations, and passions; and to +pass through this world with as much ease and contentment +as possible, without any hopes of reward, or painful fear of +punishment, in the next." In this state of mind they are, +when in prosperity, the happiest of mortals; for nothing but +personal or family calamities can disturb their tranquillity, +while misfortunes of the lesser kind sit light on them. Like +most other uncivilized people, they bear bodily pain with great +fortitude, though in that respect I cannot think them equal to +the Southern Indians.</p> + +<p>Old age is the greatest calamity that can befal a Northern +Indian; for when he is past labour, he is neglected, and +treated with great disrespect, even by his own children. They +not only serve him last at meals, but generally give him the +coarsest and worst of the victuals: and such of the skins as +they do not chuse to wear, are made up in the clumsiest +manner into clothing for their aged parents; who, as they had, +in all probability, treated their fathers and mothers with the +same neglect, in {346} their turns, submitted patiently to their +lot, even without a murmur, knowing it to be the common<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[327]</a></span> +misfortune attendant on old age; so that they may be said to +wait patiently for the melancholy hour when, being no longer +capable of walking, they are to be left alone, to starve, and +perish for want. This, however shocking and unnatural it +may appear, is nevertheless so common, that, among those +people, one half at least of the aged persons of both sexes +absolutely die in this miserable condition.</p> + +<p>The Northern Indians call the <i>Aurora Borealis</i>, Ed-thin; +that is, Deer:<a name="FNanchor_BS_194" id="FNanchor_BS_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_BS_194" class="fnanchor">[BS]</a> and when that meteor is very bright, they say +that deer is plentiful in that part of the atmosphere; but they +have never yet extended their ideas so far as to entertain hopes +of tasting those celestial animals.</p> + +<p>Beside this silly notion, they are very superstitious with +respect to the existence of several kinds of fairies, called by +them Nant-e-na, whom they frequently say they see, and who +are supposed by them to inhabit the different elements {347} of +earth, sea, and air, according to their several qualities. To +one or other of those fairies they usually attribute any change +in their circumstances, either for the better or worse; and as +they are led into this way of thinking entirely by the art of +the conjurors, there is no such thing as any general mode of +belief; for those jugglers differ so much from each other in +their accounts of these beings, that those who believe any thing +they say, have little to do but change their opinions according +to the will and caprice of the conjuror, who is almost daily +relating some new whim, or extraordinary event, which, he +says, has been revealed to him in a dream, or by some of his +favourite fairies, when on a hunting excursion.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[328]</a></span></p> +<div class="blockquot"><p>{348} <i>Some Account of</i> <span class="smcap">Matonabbee</span>, <i>and of the eminent Services +which he rendered to his Country, as well as to the Hudson's +Bay Company.</i></p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Matonabbee</span> was the son of a Northern Indian by a slave +woman, who was formerly bought from some Southern Indians +who came to Prince of Wales's Fort with furrs, &c. This +match was made by Mr. Richard Norton, then Governor, who +detained them at and near the Fort, for the same purpose as he +did those Indians called Home-guard. As to Matonabbee's +real age, it is impossible to be particular; for the natives of +those parts being utterly unacquainted with letters, or the use +of hieroglyphics, though their memories are not less retentive +than those of other nations, cannot preserve and transmit to +posterity the exact time when any particular event happens. +Indeed, the utmost extent of their chronology reaches no +farther, than to say, My son, or my daughter, was born in +such a Governor's time, and such an event happened during +such a person's life-time (though, perhaps, he or she has been +dead many years). However, according to appearance, and +some corroborating circumstances, Matonabbee was born about +the year one thousand seven hundred and thirty-six, or one +thousand seven hundred and thirty-seven; and his father +dying while he was young, the Governor took the {349} boy, +and, according to the Indian custom, adopted him as his +son.</p> + +<p>Soon after the death of Matonabbee's father, Mr. Norton +went to England, and as the boy did not experience from his +successor the same regard and attention which he had been +accustomed to receive from Mr. Norton, he was soon taken +from the Factory by some of his father's relations, and continued +with the Northern Indians till Mr. Ferdinand Jacobs +succeeded to the command of Prince of Wales's Fort, in the +year one thousand seven hundred and fifty-two; when out of +regard to old Mr. Norton, (who was then dead,) Mr. Jacobs +took the first opportunity that offered to detain Matonabbee at +the Factory, where he was for several years employed in the +hunting-service with some of the Company's servants, particularly +with the late Mr. Moses Norton,<a name="FNanchor_BT_195" id="FNanchor_BT_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_BT_195" class="fnanchor">[BT]</a> (son of the late +Governor,) and Mr. Magnus Johnston.<a name="FNanchor_BU_196" id="FNanchor_BU_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_BU_196" class="fnanchor">[BU]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a href="images/i381a.jpg"><img src="images/i381a-t.jpg" width="200" height="152" alt="Photo: J. W. Tyrrell, 1905. +GATEWAY OF FORT PRINCE OF WALES" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />Photo: J. W. Tyrrell, 1905.<br /> +GATEWAY OF FORT PRINCE OF WALES</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><br /> +<a href="images/i381b.jpg"><img src="images/i381b-t.jpg" width="200" height="137" alt="Photo: J. W. Tyrrell, October 1894. +INTERIOR OF FORT PRINCE OF WALES, SHOWING WALLS +OF OLD DWELLING-HOUSE" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />Photo: J. W. Tyrrell, October 1894.<br /> +INTERIOR OF FORT PRINCE OF WALES, SHOWING WALLS<br /> +OF OLD DWELLING-HOUSE</span> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[329]</a></span></p> +<p>In the course of his long stay at and near the Fort, it is +no wonder that he should have become perfect master of the +Southern Indian language, and made some progress in the +English. It was during this period, that he gained a knowledge +of the Christian faith; and he always declared, that it +was too deep and intricate for his comprehension. Though +he was a perfect bigot with respect to {350} the arts and tricks +of Indian jugglers, yet he could by no means be impressed with +a belief of any part of our religion, nor of the religion of the +Southern Indians, who have as firm a belief in a future state as +any people under the Sun. He had so much natural good +sense and liberality of sentiment, however, as not to think that +he had a right to ridicule any particular sect on account of their +religious opinions. On the contrary, he declared, that he held +them all equally in esteem, but was determined, as he came +into the world, so he would go out of it, without professing +any religion at all. Notwithstanding his aversion from religion, +I have met with few Christians who possessed more good +moral qualities, or fewer bad ones.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[330]</a></span></p><p>It is impossible for any man to have been more punctual +in the performance of a promise than he was; his scrupulous +adherence to truth and honesty would have done honour to +the most enlightened and devout Christian, while his benevolence +and universal humanity to all the human race,<a name="FNanchor_BV_197" id="FNanchor_BV_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_BV_197" class="fnanchor">[BV]</a> according +to his abilities and manner of life, could {351} not be +exceeded by the most illustrious personage now on record; +and to add to his other good qualities, he was the only Indian +that I ever saw, except one, who was not guilty of backbiting +and slandering his neighbours.</p> + +<p>In stature, Matonabbee was above the common size, being +nearly six feet high<a name="FNanchor_BW_198" id="FNanchor_BW_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_BW_198" class="fnanchor">[BW]</a>; and, except that his neck was rather +(though not much) too short, he was one of the finest and +best proportioned men that I ever saw. In complexion he was +dark, like the other Northern Indians, but his face was not +disfigured by that ridiculous custom of marking the cheeks +with three or four black lines. His features were regular and +agreeable, and yet so strongly marked and expressive, that they +formed a complete index of his mind; which, as he never +intended to deceive or dissemble, he never wished to conceal. +In conversation he was easy, lively, and agreeable, but exceedingly +modest; and at table, the nobleness and elegance of his +manners might have been admired by the first personages +in the world; for to the vivacity of a Frenchman, and the +{352} sincerity of an Englishman, he added the gravity and +nobleness of a Turk; all so happily blended, as to render +his company and conversation universally pleasing to those +who understood either the Northern or Southern Indian +languages, the only languages in which he could converse.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[331]</a></span></p><p>He was remarkably fond of Spanish wines, though he +never drank to excess; and as he would not partake of +spirituous liquors, however fine in quality or plainly mixed, +he was always master of himself. As no man is exempt from +frailties, it is natural to suppose that as a man he had his +share; but the greatest with which I can charge him, is +jealousy, and that sometimes carried him beyond the bounds +of humanity.</p> + +<p>In his early youth he discovered talents equal to the +greatest task that could possibly be expected from an Indian. +Accordingly Mr. Jacobs, then Governor at Prince of Wales's +Fort, engaged him, when but a youth, as an Ambassador and +Mediator between the Northern Indians and the Athapuscow +Tribe, who till then had always been at war with each other. +In the course of this embassy Matonabbee not only discovered +the most brilliant and solid parts, but shewed an extensive +knowledge of every advantage that could arise to both nations +from a total suppression of hostilities; and at times he displayed +such instances of personal courage and magnanimity, as +are rarely to be found among persons of superior condition +and rank.</p> + +<p>{353} He had not penetrated far into the country of the +Athapuscow Indians, before he came to several tents with +inhabitants; and there, to his great surprise, he found Captain +Keelshies, (a person frequently mentioned in this Journal,<a name="FNanchor_BX_199" id="FNanchor_BX_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_BX_199" class="fnanchor">[BX]</a>) +who was then a prisoner, with all his family and some of his +friends, the fate of whom was then undetermined; but +through the means of Matonabbee, though young enough +to have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[332]</a></span> been his son, Keelshies and a few others were released, +with the loss of his effects and all his wives, which were +six in number. Matonabbee not only kept his ground after +Keelshies and his small party had been permitted to return, +but made his way into the very heart of the Athapuscow +country, in order to have a personal conference with all or +most of the principal inhabitants. The farther he advanced, +the more occasion he had for intrepidity. At one time he +came to five tents of those savages, which in the whole +contained sixteen men, besides their wives, children, and +servants, while he himself was entirely alone, except one +wife and a servant boy. The Southern Indians, ever treacherous, +and apparently the more kind when they are premeditating +mischief, seemed to give him a hearty welcome, +accepted the tenders of peace and reconciliation with apparent +satisfaction, and, as a mark of their approbation, each tent in +rotation made a feast, or entertainment, the {354} same night, +and invited him to partake; at the last of which they had +concerted a scheme to murder him. He was, however, so +perfect a master of the Southern Indian language, that he +soon discovered their design, and told them, he was not come +in a hostile manner, but if they attempted any thing of the +kind he was determined to sell his life as dear as possible. +On hearing this, some of them ordered that his servant, gun, +and snow-shoes, (for it was winter,) should be brought into +the tent and secured; but he sprung from his seat, seized his +gun and snow-shoes, and went out of the tent, telling them, +if they had an intention to molest him, that was the proper +place where he could see his enemy, and be under no apprehensions +of being shot cowardly through the back. "I am +sure (said he) of killing two or three of you, and if you +chuse to purchase my life at that price, now is the time; but +if otherwise, let me depart without any farther molestation." +They then told him he was at liberty to go, on condition of +leaving his servant; but to this he would not consent. He +then rushed into the tent and took his servant by force from +two men; when finding there was no appearance of farther +danger, he set out on his return to the frontiers of his own +country, and from thence to the Factory.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[333]</a></span></p> +<p>The year following he again visited the Athapuscow country, +accompanied by a considerable number of chosen {355} men of +his own nation, who were so far superior to such small parties +of the Southern Indians as they had met, that they commanded +respect wherever they came; and having traversed +the whole country, and conversed with all the principal men, +peace and friendship were apparently re-established. Accordingly, +when the Spring advanced the Northern Indians +began to disperse, and draw out to the Eastward on the +barren ground; but Matonabbee, and a few others, chose to +pass the Summer in the Athapuscow country. As soon as +the Southern Indians were acquainted with this design, and +found the number of the Northern Indians so reduced, a +superior number of them dogged and harassed them the +whole Summer, with a view to surprise and kill them when +asleep; and with that view twice actually approached so near +their tents as fifty yards. But Matonabbee told them, as +he had done when alone, that though there were but few +of them, they were all determined to sell their lives as +dear as possible: on which the Southern Indians, without +making any reply, retired; for no Indians in this country +have the courage to face their enemies when they find them +apprized of their approach, and on their guard to receive +them.</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding all these discouragements and great +dangers, Matonabbee persevered with courage and resolution +to visit the Athapuscow Indians for several years successively; +and at length, by an uniform display of his pacific disposition, +and by rendering a long train of good {356} offices to those +Indians, in return for their treachery and perfidy, he was so +happy as to be the sole instrument of not only bringing about<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[334]</a></span> +a lasting peace, but also of establishing a trade and reciprocal +interest between the two nations.</p> + +<p>After having performed this great work, he was prevailed +upon to visit the Copper-mine River, in company with a +famous leader, called I-dat-le-aza; and it was from the report +of those two men, that a journey to that part was proposed to +the Hudson's Bay Company by the late Mr. Moses Norton, +in one thousand seven hundred and sixty-nine. In one +thousand seven hundred and seventy he was engaged as +the principal guide on that expedition; which he performed +with greater punctuality, and more to my satisfaction, than +perhaps any other Indian in all that country would have done. +At his return to the Fort in one thousand seven hundred and +seventy-two, he was made head of all the Northern Indian +nation; and continued to render great services to the Company +during his life, by bringing a greater quantity of furrs to +their Factory at Churchill River, than any other Indian ever +did, or ever will do. His last visit to Prince of Wales's Fort +was in the Spring of one thousand seven hundred and eighty-two, +and he intended to have repeated it in the Winter +following; but when he heard that the French had destroyed +the Fort, and carried off all the Company's servants, he never +afterwards reared his head, but took an opportunity, when no +one {357} suspected his intention, to hang himself. This is +the more to be wondered at, as he is the only Northern Indian +who, that I ever heard, put an end to his own existence. The +death of this man was a great loss to the Hudson's Bay +Company, and was attended with a most melancholy scene; +no less than the death of six of his wives, and four children, +all of whom were starved to death the same Winter, in one +thousand seven hundred and eighty-three.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_BO_188" id="Footnote_BO_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_BO_188"><span class="label">[BO]</span></a> I have seen several of the Southern Indian men who were near six feet +high, preserve a single lock of their hair, that, when let down, would trail on the +ground as they walked. This, however, is but seldom seen; and some have +suspected it to be false: but I have examined the hair of several of them, and +found it to be real.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_BP_189" id="Footnote_BP_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_BP_189"><span class="label">[BP]</span></a> The Indian method of preparing this unaccountable dish is by throwing +the filthy bag across a pole directly over the fire, the smoke of which, they say, +much improves it, by taking off the original flavour; and when any of it is to +be cooked, a large flake, like as much tripe, is cut off and boiled for a few +minutes; but the many large nodes with which the inside of the womb is +studded, make it abominable. These nodes are as incapable of being divested +of moisture as the skin of a live eel; but when boiled, much resemble, both in +shape and colour, the yolk of an egg, and are so called by the natives, and as +eagerly devoured by them. +</p><p> +The tripe of the buffalo is exceedingly good, and the Indian method of +cooking it infinitely superior to that practised in Europe. When opportunity will +permit, they wash it tolerably clean in cold water, strip off all the honey-comb, +and only boil it about half, or three-quarters of an hour: in that time it is +sufficiently done for eating; and though rather tougher than what is prepared +in England, yet is exceedingly pleasant to the taste, and must be much more +nourishing than tripe that has been soaked and scrubbed in many hot waters, +and then boiled for ten or twelve hours. +</p><p> +The lesser stomach, or, as some call it, the many-folds, either of buffalo, +moose, or deer, are usually eat raw, and are very good; but that of the moose, +unless great care be taken in washing it, is rather bitter, owing to the nature of +their food. +</p><p> +The kidneys of both moose and buffalo are usually eat raw by the Southern +Indians; for no sooner is one of those beasts killed, than the hunter rips up its +belly, thrusts in his arm, snatches out the kidneys, and eats them warm, before +the animal is quite dead. They also at times put their mouths to the wound the +ball has made, and suck the blood; which they say quenches thirst, and is very +nourishing.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122_190" id="Footnote_122_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_190"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> <i>Larix laricina</i> (Du Roi.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123_191" id="Footnote_123_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_191"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> For fuller reference to these birds see pp. 396-405.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_BQ_192" id="Footnote_BQ_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_BQ_192"><span class="label">[BQ]</span></a> They frequently sell new nets, which have not been wet more than once +or twice, because they have not been successful. Those nets, when soaked in +water, are easily opened, and then make most excellent heel and toe netting for +snow-shoes. In general it is far superior to the netting cut by the Southern +Indian women, and is not larger than common net-twine.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_BR_193" id="Footnote_BR_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_BR_193"><span class="label">[BR]</span></a> In the Summer of 1756, a party of Northern Indians lay in wait at +Knapp's Bay till the sloop had sailed out of the harbour, when they fell on +the poor Esquimaux, and killed every soul. Mr. John Bean, then Master of the +sloop, and since Master of the Trinity yacht, with all his crew, heard the guns +very plain; but did not know the meaning or reason of it till the Summer +following, when he found the shocking remains of more than forty Esquimaux, +who had been murdered in that cowardly manner; and for no other reason but +because two principal Northern Indians had died in the preceding Winter. +</p><p> +No Esquimaux were seen at Knapp's Bay for several years after; and those +who trade there at present have undoubtedly been drawn from the Northward, +since the above unhappy transaction; for the convenience of being nearer the +woods, as well as being in the way of trading with the sloop that calls there +annually. It is to be hoped that the measures taken by the Governors at +Prince of Wales's Fort of late years, will effectually prevent any such calamities +happening in future, and by degrees be the means of bringing about a lasting, +friendly, and reciprocal interest between the two nations. +</p><p> +Notwithstanding the pacific and friendly terms which begin to dawn between +those two tribes at Knapp's Bay, Navel's Bay, and Whale Cove, farther North +hostilities continue, and most barbarous murders are perpetrated: and the only +protection the Esquimaux have from the fury of their enemies, is their remote +situation in the Winter, and their residing chiefly on islands and peninsulas in +Summer, which renders them less liable to be surprised during that Season. +But even this secluded life does not prevent the Northern Indians from harassing +them greatly, and at times they are so closely pursued as to be obliged to leave +most of their goods and utensils to be destroyed by their enemy; which must +be a great loss, as these cannot be replaced but at the expence of much time +and labour; and the want of them in the meantime must create much distress +both to themselves and their families, as they can seldom procure any part of +their livelihood without the assistance of a considerable apparatus. +</p><p> +In 1756, the Esquimaux at Knapp's Bay sent two of their youths to Prince +of Wales's Fort in the sloop, and the Summer following they were carried back +to their friends, loaded with presents, and much pleased with the treatment they +received while at the Fort. In 1767, they again sent one from Knapp's Bay +and one from Whale Cove; and though during their stay at the Fort they made +a considerable progress both in the Southern Indian and the English languages, +yet those intercourses have not been any ways advantageous to the +Company, by increasing the trade from that quarter. In fact, the only satisfaction +they have found for the great expence they have from time to time +incurred, by introducing those strangers, is, that through the good conduct of +their upper servants at Churchill River, they have at length so far humanized +the hearts of those two tribes, that at present they can meet each other in a +friendly manner; whereas, a few years since, whenever they met, each party +premeditated the destruction of the other; and what made their war more shocking +was, they never gave quarter: so that the strongest party always killed the +weakest, without sparing either man, woman, or child. +</p><p> +It is but a few years ago that the sloop's crew who annually carried them all +their wants, durst not venture on shore among the Esquimaux unarmed, for fear +of being murdered; but latterly they are so civilized, that the Company's servants +visit their tents with the greatest freedom and safety, are always welcome, +and desired to partake of such provisions as they have: and knowing now our +aversion from train-oil, they take every means in their power to convince our +people that the victuals prepared for them is entirely free from it. But the +smell of their tents, cooking-utensils, and other furniture, is scarcely less offensive +than Greenland Dock. However, I have eaten both fish and venison cooked +by them in so cleanly a manner, that I have relished them very much, and partaken +of them with a good appetite.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_BS_194" id="Footnote_BS_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_BS_194"><span class="label">[BS]</span></a> Their ideas in this respect are founded on a principle one would not imagine. +Experience has shewn them, that when a hairy deer-skin is briskly stroked +with the hand in a dark night, it will emit many sparks of electrical fire, as the +back of a cat will. The idea which the Southern Indians have of this meteor +is equally romantic, though more pleasing, as they believe it to be the spirits of +their departed friends dancing in the clouds; and when the <i>Aurora Borealis</i> is +remarkably bright, at which time they vary most in colour, form, and situation, +they say, their deceased friends are very merry.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_BT_195" id="Footnote_BT_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_BT_195"><span class="label">[BT]</span></a> Afterwards Governor.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_BU_196" id="Footnote_BU_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_BU_196"><span class="label">[BU]</span></a> Master of the Churchill sloop.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_BV_197" id="Footnote_BV_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_BV_197"><span class="label">[BV]</span></a> I must here observe, that when we went to war with the Esquimaux at the +Copper River in July 1771, it was by no means his proposal: on the contrary, +he was forced into it by his countrymen. For I have heard him say, that when +he first visited that river, in company with I-dot-le-aza, they met with several +Esquimaux; and so far from killing them, were very friendly to them, and made +them small presents of such articles as they could best spare, and that would be +of most use to them. It is more than probable that the two bits of iron found +among the plunder while I was there, were part of those presents. There were +also a few long beads found among those people, but quite different from any that +the Hudson's Bay Company had ever sent to the Bay; so that the only probable +way they could have come by them, must have been by an intercourse with some +of their tribe, who had dealings with the Danes in Davis's Straits. It is very +probable, however, they might have passed through many hands before they +reached this remote place. Had they had an immediate intercourse with the +Esquimaux in Davis's Straits, it is natural to suppose that iron would not have +been so scarce among them as it seemed to be; indeed the distance is too great +to admit of it.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_BW_198" id="Footnote_BW_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_BW_198"><span class="label">[BW]</span></a> I have seen two Northern Indians who measured six feet three inches; +and one, six feet four inches.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_BX_199" id="Footnote_BX_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_BX_199"><span class="label">[BX]</span></a> The same person was at Prince of Wales's Fort when the French arrived +on the 8th of August 1782, and saw them demolish the Fort.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[335]</a></span></p> + +<h2>{358} CHAP. X.<a name="FNanchor_124_200" id="FNanchor_124_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_200" class="fnanchor">[124]</a></h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>An Account of the principal Quadrupeds found in the Northern Parts of +Hudson's Bay.—The Buffalo, Moose, Musk-ox, Deer, and Beaver—A +capital Mistake cleared up respecting the We-was-kish.</i></p> + +<p><i>Animals with Canine Teeth.—The Wolf—Foxes of various colours—Lynx, +or Wild Cat—Polar, or White Bear—Black Bear—Brown +Bear—Wolverene—Otter—Jackash—Wejack—Skunk—Pine Martin—Ermine, +or Stote.</i></p> + +<p><i>Animals with cutting Teeth.—The Musk Beaver—Porcupine—Varying +Hare—American Hare—Common Squirrel—Ground Squirrel—Mice +of various Kinds,—and the Castor Beaver.</i></p> + +<p><i>The Pinnated Quadrupeds with finlike Feet, found in Hudson's Bay, +are but three in number,</i> viz. <i>the Walrus, or Sea-Horse,—Seal,—and +Sea-Unicorn.</i></p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><i>The Species of Fish found in the Salt Water of Hudson's Bay are also few +in number; being the Black Whale—White Whale—Salmon—and +Kepling.</i></p> + +<p><i>Shell-fish, and empty Shells of several kinds, found on the Sea Coast +near Churchill River.</i></p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><i>Frogs of various sizes and colours; also a great variety of Grubbs, and other +Insects, always found in a frozen state during Winter, but when exposed +to the heat of a slow fire, are soon re-animated.</i></p> + +<p><i>An Account of some of the principal Birds found in the Northern Parts of +Hudson's Bay; as well those that only migrate there in Summer, as those +that are known to brave the coldest Winters:—Eagles of various</i> {359} +<i>kinds—Hawks of various sizes and plumage—White or Snowy Owl—Grey +or mottled Owl—Cob-a-dee-cooch—Raven—Cinerious Crow—Wood +Pecker—Ruffed Grouse—Pheasant—Wood Partridge—Willow +Partridge—Rock Partridge—Pigeon—Red-breasted Thrush—Grosbeak—Snow</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[336]</a></span> +<i>Bunting—White-crowned Bunting—Lapland Finch, +two sorts—Lark—Titmouse—Swallow—Martin—Hopping Crane—Brown +Crane—Bitron—Carlow, two sorts—Jack Snipe—Red Godwart—Plover—Black +Gullemet—Northern Diver—Black-throated +Diver—Red-throated Diver—White Gull—Grey Gull—Black-head—Pellican—Goosander—Swans +of two species—Common Grey Goose—Canada +Goose—White or Snow Goose—Blue Goose—Horned Wavy—Laughing +Goose—Barren Goose—Brent Goose—Dunter Goose—Bean +Goose.</i></p> + +<p><i>The Species of Water-Fowl usually called Duck, that resort to those +Parts annually, are in great variety; but those that are most esteemed +are, the Mallard Duck,—Long-tailed Duck,—Wigeon, and Teal.</i></p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><i>Of the Vegetable Productions as far North as Churchill River, particularly +the most useful; such as the Berry-bearing Bushes, &c.—Gooseberry—Cranberry—Heathberry—Dewater-berry—Black +Currans—Juniper-berry—Partridge-berry—Strawberry—Eye-berry—Blue-Berry—and +a small species of Hips.</i></p> + +<p><i>Burridge—Coltsfoot—Sorrel—Dandelion.</i></p> + +<p><i>Wish-a-capucca—Jackashey-puck—Moss of various sorts—Grass of +several kinds—and Vetches.</i></p> + +<p><i>The Trees found so far North near the Sea, consist only of Pines—Juniper—Small +Poplar—Bush-willows—and Creeping Birch.</i></p></div> + +<p>Before I conclude this work, it may not be improper +to give a short account of the principal Animals that +frequent the high Northern latitudes, though most +of them are found also far to the Southward, and +consequently {360} in much milder climates. The buffalo, +musk-ox, deer, and the moose,<a name="FNanchor_125_201" id="FNanchor_125_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_201" class="fnanchor">[125]</a> have been already described in +this Journal. I shall therefore only make a few remarks on the +latter, in order to rectify a mistake, which, from wrong information, +has crept into Mr. Pennant's Arctic Zoology. In +page 21 of that elegant work, he classes the Moose with +the We-was-kish, though it certainly has not any affinity +to it.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[337]</a></span></p> +<p>The We-was-kish,<a name="FNanchor_126_202" id="FNanchor_126_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_202" class="fnanchor">[126]</a> or as some (though improperly) call +it, the Waskesse, is quite a different animal from the moose, +being by no means so large in size. The horns of the We-was-kish +are something similar to those of the common deer, +but are not palmated in any part. They stand more upright, +have fewer branches, and want the brow-antler. The +head of this animal is so far from being like that of the +Moose, that the nose is sharp, like the nose of a sheep: +indeed, the whole external appearance of the head is not very +unlike that of an ass. The hair is usually of a sandy red; +and they are frequently called by the English who visit +the interior parts of the country, red deer. Their flesh is +tolerable eating; but the fat is as hard as tallow, and if eaten +as hot as possible, will yet chill in so short a time, that it +clogs the teeth, and sticks to the roof of the mouth, in such a +manner as to render it very disagreeable. In the Spring of +one thousand seven hundred and seventy-five, I had thirteen +sledge-loads of this meat brought to Cumberland House in +one day, and also two of the heads of this animal unskinned, +but the horns {361} were chopped off; a proof of their +wearing them the whole Winter. They are the most stupid +of all the deer kind, and frequently make a shrill whistling, +and quivering noise, not very unlike the braying of an ass, +which directs the hunter to the very spot where they are. +They generally keep in large herds, and when they find +plenty of pasture, remain a long time in one place. Those +deer are seldom an object of chace with the Indians bordering +on Basquiau, except when moose and other game fail. Their +skins, when dressed, very much resemble that of the moose, +though they are much thinner, and have this peculiar quality, +that they will wash as well as shamoy leather; whereas all the +other leathers and pelts dressed by the Indians, if they get +wet, turn quite hard, unless great care be taken to keep constantly +rubbing them while drying.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[338]</a></span></p> +<p>The person who informed Mr. Pennant that the we-was-kish +and the moose are the same animal, never saw one of them; and +the only reason he had to suppose it, was the great resemblance +of their skins: yet it is rather strange, that so indefatigable a +collector of Natural History as the late Mr. Andrew Graham, +should have omitted making particular enquiry about them: +for any foreign Indian, particularly those that reside near +Basquiau, could easily have convinced him to the contrary.</p> + + +<div class="center">{362} <i>Animals with Canine Teeth.</i></div> + +<div class="sidenote">Wolves.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Wolves</span><a name="FNanchor_127_203" id="FNanchor_127_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_203" class="fnanchor">[127]</a> are frequently met with in the countries West +of Hudson's Bay, both on the barren grounds and among the +woods, but they are not numerous; it is very uncommon to +see more than three or four of them in a herd. Those that +keep to the Westward, among the woods, are generally of the +usual colour, but the greatest part of those that are killed by +the Esquimaux are perfectly white. All the wolves in Hudson's +Bay are very shy of the human race, yet when sharp set, +they frequently follow the Indians for several days, but always +keep at a distance. They are great enemies to the Indian +dogs, and frequently kill and eat those that are heavy loaded, +and cannot keep up with the main body. The Northern +Indians have formed strange ideas of this animal, as they think +it does not eat its victuals raw; but by a singular and wonderful +sagacity, peculiar to itself, has a method of cooking them +without fire. The females are much swifter than the males; +for which reason the Indians, both Northern and Southern, +are of opinion that they kill the greatest part of the game.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[339]</a></span></p> +<p>This cannot, however, always be the case; for to the North +of Churchill they, in general, live a forlorn life all the Winter, +and are seldom seen in pairs till the Spring, when they begin +to couple; and generally keep in pairs all the Summer. They +always burrow under-ground to bring forth their young; and +though it is natural {363} to suppose them very fierce at +those times, yet I have frequently seen the Indians go to their +dens, and take out the young ones and play with them. I +never knew a Northern Indian hurt one of them: on the +contrary, they always put them carefully into the den again; +and I have sometimes seen them paint the faces of the young +Wolves with vermillion, or red ochre.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Foxes of +various +colours.</div> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Arctic Foxes</span><a name="FNanchor_128_204" id="FNanchor_128_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_204" class="fnanchor">[128]</a> are in some years remarkably +plentiful, but generally most so on the barren ground, near +the sea-coast. Notwithstanding what has been said of this +animal only visiting the settlements once in five or seven +years,<a name="FNanchor_129_205" id="FNanchor_129_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_205" class="fnanchor">[129]</a> I can affirm there is not one year in twenty that they +are not caught in greater or less numbers at Churchill; and I +have known that for three years running, not less than from +two hundred to four hundred have been caught each year +within thirty miles of the Fort. They always come from the +North along the coast, and generally make their appearance at +Churchill about the middle of October, but their skins are +seldom in season till November; during that time they are +never molested, but permitted to feed round the Fort, till by +degrees they become almost domestic. The great numbers of +those animals that visit Churchill River in some years do not +all come in a body, as it would be impossible for the fourth +part of them to find subsistence by the way; but when they +come near the Fort, the carcasses of dead whales lying along +the shores, and the skin and other offal, after boiling the oil, +{364} afford them a plentiful repast, and prove the means of +keeping them about the Fort till, by frequent reinforcements +from the Northward, their numbers are so far increased as +almost to exceed credibility.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[340]</a></span></p><p>When their skins are in season, a number of traps and +guns are set, and the greatest part of them are caught in one +month, though some few are found during the whole Winter. +I have frequently known near forty killed in one night within +half a mile of Prince of Wales's Fort; but this seldom +happens after the first or second night. When Churchill +River is frozen over near the mouth, the greatest part of the +surviving white Foxes cross the river, and direct their course +to the Southward, and in some years assemble in considerable +numbers at York Fort and Severn River. Whether they are +all killed, or what becomes of those which escape, is very +uncertain; but it is well known that none of them ever +migrate again to the Northward. Besides taking a trap so +freely, they are otherwise so simple, that I have seen them +shot off-hand while feeding, the same as sparrows in a heap of +chaff, sometimes two or three at a shot. This sport is always +most successful in moon-light nights; for in the daytime +they generally keep in their holes among the rocks, and under +the hollow ice at high-water-mark.</p> + +<p>These animals will prey on each other as readily as on any +other animals they find dead in a trap, or wounded by gun; +which renders them so destructive, that I have known upwards +of one hundred and twenty Foxes of different {365} colours +eaten, and destroyed in their traps by their comrades in the +course of one Winter, within half a mile of the Fort.</p> + +<p>The Naturalists seem still at a loss to know their breeding-places, +which are doubtless in every part of the coast they +frequent. Several of them breed near Churchill, and I have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[341]</a></span> +seen them in considerable numbers all along the West coast +of Hudson's Bay, particularly at Cape Esquimaux, Navel's +Bay, and Whale Cove, also on Marble Island; so that with +some degree of confidence we may affirm, that they breed on +every part of the coast they inhabit during the Summer season. +They generally have from three to five young at a litter; +more I never saw with one old one. When young they are +all over almost of a sooty black, but as the fall advances, the +belly, sides, and tail turn to a light ash-colour; the back, legs, +some part of the face, and the tip of the tail, changes to a +lead colour; but when the Winter sets in they become perfectly +white: the ridge of the back and the tip of the tail are +the last places that change to that colour; and there are few +of them which have not a few dark hairs at the tip of the tail +all the Winter. If taken young, they are easily domesticated +in some degree, but I never saw one that was fond of being +caressed; and they are always impatient of confinement.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The White +Fox.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">White Foxes</span>, when killed at any considerable distance +from the sea coast, (where they cannot possibly get any {366} +thing to prey upon, except rabbits, mice, and partridges,) are +far from being disagreeable eating. And on Marble Island +I have shot them when they were equal in flavour to a +rabbit; probably owing to their feeding entirely on eggs +and young birds; but near Churchill River they are as rank +as train-oil.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The Lynx, or +Wild Cat.</div> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Lynx</span>, or <span class="smcap">Wild Cat</span>,<a name="FNanchor_130_206" id="FNanchor_130_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_206" class="fnanchor">[130]</a> is very scarce to the North of +Churchill; but is exactly the same as those which are found +in great plenty to the South West. I have observed the tracks +of this animal at Churchill, and seen them killed, and have +eaten of their flesh in the neighbourhood of York Fort. The +flesh is white, and nearly as good as that of a rabbit. They +are, I think, much larger than that which is described in the +Arctic Zoology; they never approach near the settlements in +Hudson's Bay, and are very destructive to rabbits; they seldom +leave a place which is frequented by rabbits till they have +nearly killed them all.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[342]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">The Polar or +White Bear.</div> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Polar</span> or <span class="smcap">White Bear</span>,<a name="FNanchor_131_207" id="FNanchor_131_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_207" class="fnanchor">[131]</a> though common on the +sea-coast, is seldom found in its Winter retreats by any of our +Northern Indians, except near Churchill River; nor do I +suppose that the Esquimaux see or kill any of them more +frequently during that season; for in the course of many +years residence at Churchill River, I scarcely ever saw a +Winter skin brought from the Northward by the sloop. +Probably the Esquimaux, if they kill any, may {367} reserve +the skins for their own use; for at that season their hair is +very long, with a thick bed of wool at the bottom, and they +are remarkably clean and white. The Winter is the only +season that so oily a skin as the Bear's can possibly be cleaned +and dressed by those people, without greasing the hair, which +is very unpleasant to them; for though they eat train-oil, +<i>&c.</i> yet they are as careful as possible to keep their clothes +from being greased with it. To dress one of those greasy +skins in Winter, as soon as taken from the beast, it is stretched +out on a smooth patch of snow, and there staked down, where +it soon freezes as hard as a board: while in that state, the +women scrape off all the fat, till they come to the very roots of +the hair. It is sometimes permitted to remain in that position +for a considerable time; and when taken from the snow, +is hung up in the open air. The more intense the frost, the +greater is its drying quality; and by being wafted about by +the wind, with a little scraping, it in time becomes perfectly +supple, and both pelt and hair beautifully white. Drying +deer, beaver, and otter skins, in this manner render their pelts +very white, but not supple; probably owing to the close +texture and thickness of their skins; whereas the skin of the +bear, though so large an animal, is remarkably thin and +spungy.<a name="FNanchor_BY_208" id="FNanchor_BY_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_BY_208" class="fnanchor">[BY]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[343]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">The Black +Bear.</div> + +<p>{368} <span class="smcap">Black Bears</span><a name="FNanchor_132_209" id="FNanchor_132_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_209" class="fnanchor">[132]</a> are not very numerous to the North +West of Churchill. Their manner of life is the same as the +rest of the species, though the face of the country they {369} +inhabit, differs widely from the more mild climates. In +Summer they proul about in search of berries, <i>&c.</i> and as the +Winter approaches, retire to their dens, which are always +under-ground; and generally, if not always, on the side of a +small hillock. The Bears that inhabit the Southern parts of +America are said to take up their Winter abode in hollow trees; +but I never saw any trees in my Northern travels, that could +afford any such shelter.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[344]</a></span></p> +<p>The places of retreat of those Bears that burrow under-ground +are easily discovered in Winter, by the rime that hangs +about the mouth of the den; for let the snow be ever so deep, +the heat and breath of the animal prevents the mouth of +the den from being entirely closed up. They generally retire +to their Winter quarters before the snow is of any considerable +depth, and never come abroad again (unless disturbed) till +the thaws are considerable, which in those high latitudes is +seldom till the latter end of March, or the beginning of April; +so that the few Black Bears that inhabit those cold regions +may be said to subsist for four months at least without food. +I have been present at the killing [of] two of them in Winter; +and the Northern Indian method is similar to that said to be +in use among the Kamtschatkans; for they always blocked up +the mouth of the den with logs of wood, then broke open the +top of it, and killed the animal either with a spear or a gun; +but the latter method is reckoned both cowardly and wasteful, +as it is not possible for the Bear either to make its escape, or +to do the Indians the least injury. {370} Sometimes they put +a snare about the Bear's neck, and draw up his head close to +the hole, and kill him with a hatchet. Though those animals +are but scarce to the North of Churchill, yet they are so +numerous between York Fort and Cumberland House, that in +one thousand seven hundred and seventy-four I saw eleven +killed in the course of one day's journey, but their flesh was +abominable. This was in the month of June, long before any +fruit was ripe, for the want of which they then fed entirely on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[345]</a></span> +water insects, which in some of the lakes we crossed that day +were in astonishing multitudes.<a name="FNanchor_BZ_210" id="FNanchor_BZ_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_BZ_210" class="fnanchor">[BZ]</a><a name="FNanchor_133_211" id="FNanchor_133_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_211" class="fnanchor">[133]</a></p> + +<p>The method by which the Bears catch those insects is by +swimming with their mouths open, in the same manner as the +whales do, when feeding on the sea-spider. There was not +one of the Bears killed that day, which had not its stomach +as full of those insects (only) as ever a hog's was with grains, +and when cut open, the stench from them was intolerable. I +have, however, eaten of some killed at that early season which +were very good; {371} but they were found among the +woods, far from the places where those insects haunt, and +had fed on grass and other herbage. After the middle of +July, when the berries begin to ripen, they are excellent +eating, and so continue till January or February following; +but late in the Spring they are, by long fasting, very poor +and dry eating.</p> + +<p>The Southern Indians kill great numbers of those Bears +at all seasons of the year; but no encouragement can prevent +them from singeing almost every one that is in good condition: +so that the few skins they do save and bring to the +market, are only of those which are so poor that their flesh +is not worth eating.<a name="FNanchor_CA_212" id="FNanchor_CA_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_CA_212" class="fnanchor">[CA]</a> In fact, the skinning of a Bear spoils +the meat thereof, as much as it would do to skin a young +porker, or a roasting pig. The same may be said of swans +(the skins of which the Company have lately made an article +of trade); otherwise thousands of their skins might be brought +to market annually, by the Indians that trade with the Hudson's +Bay Company's servants at the different settlements +about the Bay.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[346]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">The Brown +Bear.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Brown Bears</span><a name="FNanchor_134_213" id="FNanchor_134_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_213" class="fnanchor">[134]</a> are, I believe, never found in the North-Indian +territories: but I saw the skin of an enormous {372} +grizzled Bear at the tents of the Esquimaux at the Copper +River;<a name="FNanchor_135_214" id="FNanchor_135_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_214" class="fnanchor">[135]</a> and many of them are said to breed not very remote +from that part.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The Wolverene.</div> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Wolverene</span><a name="FNanchor_136_215" id="FNanchor_136_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_215" class="fnanchor">[136]</a> is common in the Northern regions, +as far North as the Copper River, and perhaps farther. They +are equally the inhabitants of woods and barren grounds; for +the Esquimaux to the North of Churchill kill many of them +when their skins are in excellent season: a proof of their +being capable of braving the severest cold. They are very +slow in their pace, but their wonderful sagacity, strength, and +acute scent, make ample amends for that defect; for they are +seldom killed at any season when they do not prove very fat: +a great proof of their being excellent providers. With respect +to the fierceness of this animal which some assert, I can say +little, but I know them to be beasts of great courage and +resolution, for I once saw one of them take possession of +a deer that an Indian had killed, and though the Indian +advanced within twenty yards, he would not relinquish his +claim to it, but suffered himself to be shot standing on the +deer. I once saw a similar instance of a lynx, or wild cat, +which also suffered itself to be killed, before it would +relinquish the prize. The Wolverenes have also frequently +been seen to take a deer from a wolf before the latter had +time to begin his repast after killing it. Indeed their amazing +strength, and the length and sharpness of their claws, +render them capable of making a strong resistance against +{373} any other animal in those parts, the Bear not excepted. +As a proof of their amazing strength, there was one at Churchill +some years since, that overset the greatest part of a large pile +of wood, (containing a whole Winter's firing, that measured +upwards of seventy yards round,) to get at some provisions +that had been hid there by the Company's servants, when +going to the Factory to spend the Christmas holidays. The +fact was, this animal had been lurking about in the neighbourhood +of their tent (which was about eight miles from the +Factory) for some weeks, and had committed many depredations +on the game caught in their traps and snares, as well +as eaten many foxes that were killed by guns set for that +purpose: but the Wolverene was too cunning to take either +trap or gun himself. The people knowing the mischievous +disposition of those animals, took (as they thought) the most +effectual method to secure the remains of their provisions, +which they did not chuse to carry home, and accordingly +tied it up in bundles and placed it on the top of the wood-pile, +(about two miles from their tent,) little thinking the +Wolverene would find it out; but to their great surprise, +when they returned to their tent after the holidays, they +found the pile of wood in the state already mentioned, +though some of the trees that composed it were as much +as two men could carry. The only reason the people could +give for the animal doing so much mischief was, that in his +attempting to carry off the booty, some of the small parcels +of provisions had fallen down into the heart of the pile, +and {374} sooner than lose half his prize, he pursued the +above method till he had accomplished his ends. The bags +of flour, oatmeal, and pease, though of no use to him, he tore +all to pieces, and scattered the contents about on the snow; +but every bit of animal food, consisting of beef, pork, bacon, +venison, salt geese, partridges, <i>&c.</i> to a considerable amount, +he carried away. These animals are great enemies to the +Beaver, but the manner of life of the latter prevents them +from falling into their clutches so frequently as many other +animals; they commit vast depredations on the foxes during +the Summer, while the young ones are small; their quick +scent directs them to their dens, and if the entrance be too +small, their strength enables them to widen it, and go in +and kill the mother and all her cubs. In fact, they are the +most destructive animals in this country.<a name="FNanchor_CB_216" id="FNanchor_CB_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_CB_216" class="fnanchor">[CB]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[348]</a></span></p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[347]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">The Otter.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Otters</span><a name="FNanchor_137_217" id="FNanchor_137_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_217" class="fnanchor">[137]</a> are pretty plentiful in the rivers to the North +of Churchill, as far as latitude 62°; farther North I do not +recollect to have seen any. In Winter they generally frequent +those parts of rivers where there are falls or rapids, which do +not freeze in the coldest Winters; because in {375} such +situations they are most likely to find plenty of fish, and +the open water gives them a free admission to the shore, +where they sometimes go to eat the fish they have caught; +but most commonly sit on the ice, or get on a great stone +in the river. They are frequently seen in the very depth +of Winter at a considerable distance from any known open +water, both in woods and on open plains, as well as on the +ice of large lakes; but it is not known what has led them +to such places: perhaps merely for amusement, for they are +not known to kill any game on the land during that season. +If pursued when among the woods in Winter, (where the +snow is always light and deep,) they immediately dive, and +make considerable way under it, but are easily traced by the +motion of the snow above them, and soon overtaken. The +Indians kill numbers of them with clubs, by tracing them in +the snow; but some of the old ones are so fierce when close +pursued, that they turn and fly at their pursuer, and their +bite is so severe that it is much dreaded by the Indians. +Besides this method of killing them, the Indians have +another, which is equally successful; namely, by concealing +themselves within a reasonable gun-shot of the Otters +usual landing-places, and waiting their coming out of the +water. This method is more generally practised in moon-light +nights. They also shoot many of them as they +are sporting in the water, and some few are caught in +traps.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[349]</a></span></p> +<p>The Otters in this, as well as every other part of the bay, +vary in size and colour, according to age and season. +{376} In Summer, when the hair is very short, they are almost +black, but as the Winter advances, they turn to a beautiful +dark auburn, except a small spot under the chin, which is +of a silver gray. This colour they retain all the Winter; +but late in the Spring (though long before they shed their +coat) they turn to a dull rusty brown; so that a person who +is acquainted with those changes can tell to a great nicety, by +looking at the skins, (when offered for sale,) the very time +they were killed, and pay for them according to their +value. The number of their young is various, from three +to five or six. They unite in copulation the same as a +dog, and so do every other animal that has a bone in the +<i>penis</i>. I will here enumerate all of that description that I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[350]</a></span> +know of in those parts, <i>viz.</i> bears of all sorts, wolves, wolvereens, +foxes, martins, otters, wejacks, jackashes, skunks, and +ermines.<a name="FNanchor_CC_218" id="FNanchor_CC_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_CC_218" class="fnanchor">[CC]</a></p> + +<div class="sidenote">The Jackash.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jackash.</span><a name="FNanchor_138_219" id="FNanchor_138_219"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_219" class="fnanchor">[138]</a> This animal is certainly no other than the lesser +Otter of Canada, as its colour, size, and manner of life entirely +correspond with the description of that animal in Mr. Pennant's +Arctic Zoology. They, like the larger Otter, are +frequently found in Winter several miles from any water, +and are often caught in traps built for martins. They are +supposed to prey on mice and partridges, the same as the +martin; but when by the side of rivers or {377} creeks, they +generally feed on fish. They vary so much in size and colour, +that it was very easy for Mr. Pennant to have mistaken the +specimen sent home for another animal. They are the easiest +to tame and domesticate of any animal I know, except a large +species of field-mice, called the Hair-tailed Mouse; for in a +very short time they are so fond, that it is scarcely possible to +keep them from climbing up one's legs and body, and they +never feel themselves happier than when sitting on the +shoulder; but when angry, or frightened, (like the skunk,) +they emit a very disagreeable smell. They sleep very much +in the day, but prowl about and feed in the night; they are +very fierce when at their meals, not suffering those to +whom they are most attached to take it from them. I have +kept several of them, but their over-fondness made them +troublesome, as they were always in the way; and their +so frequently emitting a disagreeable smell, rendered them +quite disgusting.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[351]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">The Wejack, +and Skunk.</div> + +<p>Though the <span class="smcap">Wejack</span><a name="FNanchor_139_220" id="FNanchor_139_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_220" class="fnanchor">[139]</a><a name="FNanchor_CD_221" id="FNanchor_CD_221"></a><a href="#Footnote_CD_221" class="fnanchor">[CD]</a> and <span class="smcap">Skunk</span><a name="FNanchor_140_222" id="FNanchor_140_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_222" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> are never found in +the Northern Indian country, yet I cannot help observing that +fœtid smell of the latter has not been much exaggerated +by any Author. When I was at Cumberland {378} House, +in the Fall of one thousand seven hundred and seventy-four, +some Indians that were tenting on the plantation killed two +of those animals, and made a feast of them; when the spot +where they were singed and gutted was so impregnated with +that nauseous smell which they emit, that after a whole +Winter had elapsed, and the snow had thawed away in the +Spring, the smell was still intolerable. I am told, however, +that the flesh is by no means tainted with the smell, if care be +taken in gutting, and taking out the bag that contains this +surprising effluvia, and which they have the power of emitting +at pleasure; but I rather doubt their being capable of ejecting +their urine so far as is reported; I do not think it is their +urine which contains that pestilential effluvia, for if that was +the case, all the country where they frequent would be so +scented with it, that neither man nor beast could live there +with any degree of comfort.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The Pine +Martin.</div> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Common Pine Martin</span><a name="FNanchor_141_223" id="FNanchor_141_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_223" class="fnanchor">[141]</a> is found in most parts of +this country, and though very scarce in what is absolutely +called the Northern Indian territory, yet by the Indians strolling +toward the borders of the Southern Indian country, are +killed in great numbers, and annually traded for at Churchill +Factory.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[352]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">The Ermine, +or Stote.</div> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Ermine</span>, or <span class="smcap">Stote</span>,<a name="FNanchor_142_224" id="FNanchor_142_224"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_224" class="fnanchor">[142]</a> is common in those parts, but +generally more plentiful on the barren ground, and open +plains or marshes, than in the woods; probably owing to +{379} the mice being more numerous in the former situations +than in the latter. In Summer they are of a tawney brown, +but in Winter of a delicate white all over, except the tip of +the tail, which is of a glossy black. They are, for their size, +the strongest and most courageous animal I know: as they +not only kill partridges, but even attack rabbits with great +success. They sometimes take up their abode in the out-offices +and provision-sheds belonging to the Factories; and +though they commit some depredations, make ample amends by +killing great numbers of mice, which are very numerous and +destructive at most of the settlements in the Bay. I have +taken much pains to tame and domesticate this beautiful +animal, but never could succeed; for the longer I kept it the +more restless and impatient it became.</p> + + +<div class="center"><i>Animals with Cutting Teeth.</i></div> + +<div class="sidenote">The Musk +Rat.</div> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Musk Rat</span>,<a name="FNanchor_143_225" id="FNanchor_143_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_225" class="fnanchor">[143]</a> or <span class="smcap">Musquash</span>; or, as Naturalists call +it, the <span class="smcap">Musk Beaver</span>; is common in those parts; generally +frequenting ponds and deep swamps that do not freeze dry +in Winter. The manner of life of this species of animals is +peculiar, and resembles that of the Beaver, as they are in some +respects provident, and build houses to shelter themselves +from the inclemency of the cold in Winter; but instead of +making those houses on the banks of ponds or swamps, like +the Beaver, they generally build them on the ice as soon as it +is skinned over, and at a considerable {380} distance from the +shore; always taking care to keep a hole open in the ice to +admit them to dive for their food, which chiefly consists of +the roots of grass: in the Southern parts of the country they +feed much on a well-known root, called <i>Calamus Aromaticus</i>.<a name="FNanchor_144_226" id="FNanchor_144_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_226" class="fnanchor">[144]</a> +The materials made use of in building their houses are mud +and grass, which they fetch up from the bottom. It sometimes +happens in very cold Winters, that the holes in their +houses freeze over, in spite of all their efforts to keep them +open. When that is the case, and they have no provisions +left in the house, the strongest preys on the weakest, till by +degrees only one is left out of a whole lodge. I have seen +several instances sufficient to confirm the truth of this assertion; +for when their houses were broke open, the skeletons of +seven or eight have been found, and only one entire animal. +Though they occasionally eat fish and other animal food, yet +in general they feed very clean, and when fat are good eating, +particularly when nicely singed, scalded, and boiled. They +are easily tamed, and soon grow fond; are very cleanly and +playful, and smell exceedingly pleasant of musk; but their +resemblance to a Rat is so great that few are partial to them. +Indeed the only difference between them and a common Rat, +exclusive of their superior size, is, that their hind-feet are +large and webbed, and the tail, instead of being round, is flat +and scaly.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[353]</a></span></p><p>Though I have before said, that the Musk Beaver generally +build their houses on the ice, it is not always the case; +for in the Southern parts of the country, particularly {381} +about Cumberland House, I have seen, in some of the deep +swamps that were over-run with rushes and long grass, many +small islands that have been raised by the industry of those +animals; on the tops of which they had built their houses, +like the beaver, some of which were very large. The tops of +those houses are favourite breeding-places for the geese, which +bring forth their young brood there, without the fear of being +molested by foxes, or any other destructive animal, except the +Eagle.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[354]</a></span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">The Porcupine.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Porcupines</span><a name="FNanchor_145_227" id="FNanchor_145_227"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_227" class="fnanchor">[145]</a> are so scarce to the North of Churchill +River, and I do not recollect to have seen more than six during +almost three years' residence among the Northern Indians. +Mr. Pennant observes in his Arctic Zoology,<a name="FNanchor_146_228" id="FNanchor_146_228"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_228" class="fnanchor">[146]</a> that they always +have two at a time; one brought forth alive and the other +still-born;<a name="FNanchor_CE_229" id="FNanchor_CE_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_CE_229" class="fnanchor">[CE]</a> but I never saw an instance of this kind, though +in different parts of the country I have seen them killed in +all stages of pregnancy. The flesh of the porcupine is very +delicious, and so much esteemed by the Indians, that they +think it the greatest luxury that their country affords. The +quills are in great request among the women; who make +them into a variety of ornaments, such as shot-bags, belts, +garters, bracelets, <i>&c.</i> Their mode of copulation is singular, +for their {382} quills will not permit them to perform that +office in the usual mode, like other quadrupeds. To remedy +this inconvenience, they sometimes lie on their sides, and meet +in that manner; but the usual mode is for the male to lie on +his back, and the female to walk over him, (beginning at his +head,) till the parts of generation come in contact. They are +the most forlorn animal I know; for in those parts of Hudson's +Bay where they are most numerous, it is not common to +see more than one in a place. They are so remarkably slow +and stupid, that our Indians going with packets from Fort to +Fort often see them in the trees, but not having occasion for +them at that time, leave them till their return; and should +their absence be a week or ten days, they are sure to find +them within a mile of the place where they had seen them +before.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[355]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Foxes of +various +Colours.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Foxes</span><a name="FNanchor_147_230" id="FNanchor_147_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_230" class="fnanchor">[147]</a> of various colours are not scarce in those parts; +but the natives living such a wandering life, seldom kill many. +It is rather strange that no other species of Fox, except the +white, are found at any distance from the woods on the barren +ground; for so long as the trade has been established with the +Esquimaux to the North of Churchill, I do not recollect that +Foxes of any other colour than white were ever received from +them.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Varying +Hares.</div> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Varying Hares</span><a name="FNanchor_148_231" id="FNanchor_148_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_231" class="fnanchor">[148]</a> are numerous to the North of +Churchill River, and extend as far as latitude 72°, probably +farther. They delight most in rocky and stony {383} +places, near the borders of woods; though many of them +brave the coldest Winters on entire barren ground. In +Summer they are nearly the colour of our English wild +rabbit; but in Winter assume a most delicate white all over, +except the tips of the ears, which are black. They are, when +full grown and in good condition, very large, many of them +weighing fourteen or fifteen pounds; and if not too old, are +good eating. In Winter they feed on long rye-grass and the +tops of dwarf willows, but in Summer eat berries, and different +sorts of small herbage. They are frequently killed on the +South-side of Churchill River, and several have been known +to breed near the settlement at that place. They must +multiply very fast, for when we evacuated Prince of Wales's +Fort in one thousand seven hundred and eighty-two, it was +rare to see one of them within twenty or thirty miles of that +place; but at our return, in one thousand seven hundred and +eighty-three, we found them in such numbers, that it was +common for one man to kill two or three in a day within +half a mile of the new settlement. But partly, perhaps, from +so many being killed, and partly from the survivors being so +frequently disturbed, they have shifted their situation, and are +at present as scarce near the settlement as ever. The Northern +Indians pursue a singular method in shooting those Hares; +finding by long experience that these animals will not bear a +direct approach, when the Indians see a hare sitting, they walk +round it in circles, always drawing nearer at every revolution, +till by degrees they get within gun-shot. The {384} middle +of the day, if it be clear weather, is the best time to kill them +in this manner; for before and after noon, the Sun's altitude +being so small, makes a man's shadow so long on the snow, +as to frighten the Hare before he can approach near enough +to kill it. The same may be said of deer when on open +plains, who are frequently more frightened at the long shadow +than at the man himself.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[357]</a></span></p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[356]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">The American +Hare.</div> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">American Hares</span>,<a name="FNanchor_149_232" id="FNanchor_149_232"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_232" class="fnanchor">[149]</a> or, as they are called in Hudson's +Bay, <span class="smcap">Rabbits</span>, are not plentiful in the Eastern parts of the +Northern Indian country, not even in those parts that are +situated among the woods; but to the Westward, bordering +on the Southern Indian country, they are in some places +pretty numerous, though by no means equal to what has been +reported of them at York Fort, and some other settlements in +the Bay.</p> + +<p>The furr of those animals, when killed in the best part +of the season, was for many years entirely neglected by the +furriers; for some time past the Company have ordered as +many of their skins to be sent home as can be procured; they +are but of small value.</p> + +<p>The flesh of those Hares is generally more esteemed than +that of the former. They are in season all the Winter; and +though they generally feed on the brush of pine and fir during +that season, yet many of the Northern Indians eat the contents +of the stomach. They are seldom sought after in +Summer, as in that season they are not esteemed {385} good +eating; but as the Fall advances they are, by feeding on +berries, <i>&c.</i> most excellent. In Spring they shed their Winter +coat, and during the Summer are nearly the colour of the +English wild rabbit, but as the Winter advances they become +nearly white. In thick weather they are easily shot with the +gun; but the most usual method of killing them is by snares, +set nearly in the manner described by Dragge in the First +Volume of his North West Passage.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The Common +Squirrel.</div> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Common Squirrels</span><a name="FNanchor_150_233" id="FNanchor_150_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_233" class="fnanchor">[150]</a> are plentiful in the woody +parts of this country, and are caught by the natives in considerable +numbers with snares, while the boys kill many of +them with blunt-headed arrows. The method of snaring +them is rather curious, though very simple, as it consists of +nothing more than setting a number of snares all round the +body of the tree in which they are seen, and arranging them +in such a manner that it is scarcely possible for the squirrels +to descend without being entangled in one of them. This +is generally the amusement of the boys. Though small, and +seldom fat, yet they are good eating.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[358]</a></span></p><p>The beauty and delicacy of this animal induced me to +attempt taming and domesticating some of them, but without +success; for though several of them were so familiar as to +take any thing out of my hand, and sit on the table where I +was writing, and play with the pens, <i>&c.</i> yet they never would +bear to be handled, and were very mischievous; gnawing the +chair-bottoms, window-curtains, sashes, <i>&c.</i> to pieces. They +are an article of trade in the {386} Company's standard, but +the greatest part of their skins, being killed in Summer, are of +very little value.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The Ground +Squirrel.</div> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Ground Squirrels</span><a name="FNanchor_151_234" id="FNanchor_151_234"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_234" class="fnanchor">[151]</a> are never found in the woody +parts of North America, but are very plentiful on the barren +ground, to the North of Churchill River, as far as the latitude +71°, and probably much farther. In size they are equal to +the American Grey Squirrel, though more beautiful in colour. +They generally burrow among the rocks and under great +stones, but sometimes on the sides of sandy ridges; and are so +provident in laying up a Winter's stock during the Summer, +that they are seldom seen on the surface of the snow in +Winter. They generally feed on the tufts of grass, the tender +tops of dwarf willows, <i>&c.</i> and are for the most part exceedingly +fat, and good eating. They are easily tamed, and soon +grow fond; by degrees they will bear handling as well as a +cat; are exceeding cleanly, very playful, and by no means so +restless and impatient of confinement as the Common Squirrel.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[359]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">Mice of +various kinds.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mice</span> are in great plenty and variety in all parts of +Hudson's Bay; the marshes being inhabited by one species, +and the dry ridges by another. The Shrew Mouse<a name="FNanchor_152_235" id="FNanchor_152_235"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_235" class="fnanchor">[152]</a> is +frequently found in Beaver houses during Winter, where they +not only find a warm habitation, but also pick up a comfortable +livelihood from the scraps left by the Beaver. Most of +the other species build or make nests of dry grass, {387} of +such a size and thickness, that when covered with snow, they +must be sufficiently warm. They all feed on grass in general, +but will also eat animal food when they can get it. The +Hair-tailed Mouse<a name="FNanchor_153_236" id="FNanchor_153_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_236" class="fnanchor">[153]</a> is the largest in the Northern parts of the +Bay, being little inferior in size to a common rat. They +always burrow under stones, on dry ridges; are very inoffensive, +and so easily tamed, that if taken when full-grown, some +of them will in a day or two be perfectly reconciled, and are +so fond of being handled, that they will creep about your +neck, or into your bosom. In Summer they are grey, and in +Winter change to white, but are by no means so beautiful as +a white ermine. At that season they are infested with multitudes +of small lice, not a sixth part so large as the mites in a +cheese; in fact, they are so small, that at first sight they only +appear like reddish-brown dust, but on closer examination are +all perceived in motion. In one large and beautiful animal of +this kind, caught in the depth of Winter, I found those little +vermin so numerous about it, that almost every hair was +covered with them as thick as ropes with onions, and when +they approached near the ends of the hair they may be said to +change the mouse from white to a faint brown. At that time +I had an excellent microscope, and endeavoured to examine +them, and to ascertain their form, but the weather was so +exceedingly cold, that the glasses became damp with the moisture +of my breath before I could get a single sight. The +hind-feet of these Mice are exactly like those of a Bear, and +the {388} fore-feet are armed with a horny substance, (that I +never saw in any other species of the Mouse,) which is wonderfully +adapted for scraping away the ground where they wish +to take up their abode. They are plentiful on some of the +stony ridges near Churchill Factory, but never approach the +house, or any of the out-offices. From appearances they are +very local, and seldom stray far from their habitations even in +Summer, and in Winter they are seldom seen on the surface of +the snow; a great proof of their being provident in Summer +to lay by a stock for that season.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[360]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"><i>Pinnated Quadrupeds.</i></div> + +<p>With respect to the Pinnated Quadrupeds with finlike +feet, there are but few species in Hudson's Bay. The Walrus, +or Sea-Horse, and Seals, are the only ones that I know.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The Walrus.</div> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Walrus</span><a name="FNanchor_154_237" id="FNanchor_154_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_237" class="fnanchor">[154]</a> are numerous about Merry and Jones's +Islands, but more so on a small island called Sea-Horse +Island, that lies in the fair way going to Whale Cove. In +July one thousand seven hundred and sixty-seven, when on +my voyage to the North of Churchill River, in passing Sea-Horse +Island, we saw such numbers of those animals lying +on the shore, that when some swivel guns loaded with ball +were fired among them, the whole beach seemed to be in +motion. The greatest part of them plunged into the water, +and many of them swam round {389} the vessel within +musket-shot. Every one on board exerted their skill in +killing them, but it was attended with so little success, that +the few which were killed sunk to the bottom, and those which +were mortally wounded made off out of our reach.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[361]</a></span></p> +<p>With what propriety those animals are called Horses, +I cannot see; for there is not the least resemblance in any +one part. Their bodies, fins, <i>&c.</i> are exactly like those of +an enormous Seal, and the head is not very unlike that animal, +except that the nose is much broader, to give room for the two +large tusks that project from the upper jaw. Those tusks, +and their red sparkling eyes, make them have a very fierce +and formidable appearance.</p> + +<p>They are generally found in considerable numbers, which +indicate their love of society; and their affection for each +other is very apparent, as they always flock round those that +are wounded, and when they sink, accompany them to the +bottom, but soon rise to the surface, and make a hideous +roaring, and of all amphibious animals, they are at times the +least sensible of danger from man that I know.</p> + +<p>They often attack small boats merely through wantonness, +and not only put the people in great confusion, but +subject them to great danger; for they always aim at staving +the boat with their tusks, or endeavour to get in, but are never +known to hurt the people. In the year one thousand seven +hundred and sixty-six some of the sloop's {390} crew, who +annually sail to the North to trade with the Esquimaux, +were attacked by a great number of those animals; and +notwithstanding their utmost endeavours to keep them off, +one more daring than the rest, though a small one, got in +over the stern, and after sitting and looking at the people +some time, he again plunged into the water to his companions.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[362]</a></span> +At that instant another, of an enormous size, was getting in +over the bow; and every other means proving ineffectual to +prevent such an unwelcome visit, the bowman took up a gun, +loaded with goose-shot, put the muzzle into the Horse's +mouth, and shot him dead; he immediately sunk, and was +followed by all his companions. The people then made the +best of their way to the vessel, and just arrived before the Sea-Horses +were ready to make their second attack, which in all +probability might have been worse than the first, as they seemed +much enraged at the loss of their companion.</p> + +<p>Those animals are of various sizes, according to age and +other circumstances; some are not larger than an old Seal +but there are those among them that are not less than +two ton weight.</p> + +<p>The skin and teeth are the most valuable parts to the +natives; for the fat is hard and grisly, and the flesh coarse, +black, and tough.</p> + +<p>Those animals are seldom found on the continent which +borders on Hudson's Bay, or far up, in bays, rivers, or inlets, +but usually frequent small islands, and sea-girt {391} shoals, +at some distance from the main land; but as those places are +frozen over for many miles during Winter, it is natural to +think they keep at the edge of the water among the driving +ice during that season. They are supposed to feed chiefly on +marine plants, and perhaps on shell-fish, for their excrement +is exceedingly offensive.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Seals.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Seals</span> of various sizes and colours are common in most +parts of Hudson's Bay, but most numerous to the North. +Some of those animals are beautifully speckled, black and +white;<a name="FNanchor_155_238" id="FNanchor_155_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_238" class="fnanchor">[155]</a> others are of a dirty grey. The former are generally +small, but some of the latter arrive at an amazing size, and +their skins are of great use to the Esquimaux; as it is of them +they cover their canoes, make all their boot-legs and shoes, +besides many other parts of their clothing. The Seal-skins +are also of great use to those people as a substitute for casks, +to preserve oil, <i>&c.</i> for Winter use; they are also blown full +of wind and dried, and then used as buoys on the whale-fishery. +The flesh and fat of the Seal is also more esteemed by the +Esquimaux than those of any other marine animal, salmon +not excepted.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[363]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">Sea Unicorn.</div> + +<p>Besides these, the <span class="smcap">Sea-Unicorn</span><a name="FNanchor_156_239" id="FNanchor_156_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_239" class="fnanchor">[156]</a> is known to frequent +Hudson's Bay and Straits, but I never saw one of them. Their +horns are frequently purchased from our friendly Esquimaux, +who probably get them in the way of barter from those tribes +that reside more to the North; but I {392} never could be +informed by the natives whether their skins are like those +of the Whale, or hairy like those of the Seal; I suppose the +former.</p> + + +<div class="center"><i>Species of Fish.</i></div> + +<p>The Fish that inhabit the salt water of Hudson's Bay +are but few:—the Black Whale, White Whale, Salmon, and +a small fish called Kepling, are the only species of sea-fish +in those parts.<a name="FNanchor_CF_240" id="FNanchor_CF_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_CF_240" class="fnanchor">[CF]</a></p> + +<div class="sidenote">Black Whale.</div> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Black Whale</span><a name="FNanchor_157_241" id="FNanchor_157_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_241" class="fnanchor">[157]</a> is sometimes found as far South +as Churchill River, and I was present at the killing of three +there; but this was in the course of twenty years. To the +Northward, particularly near Marble Island, they are more +plentiful; but notwithstanding the Company carried on a +fishery in that quarter, from the year one thousand seven +hundred and sixty-five till one thousand seven hundred and +seventy-two, they were so far from making it answer their +expectations, that they sunk upwards of twenty thousand +pounds; which is the less to be wondered at, when we +consider the great inconveniencies and expences {393} they +laboured under in such an undertaking. For as it was +impossible to prosecute it from England, all the people +employed on that service were obliged to reside at their +settlement all the year at extravagant wages, exclusive of +their maintenance. The harpooners had no less than fifty +pounds <i>per annum</i> standing wages, and none of the crew +less than from fifteen to twenty-five pounds; which, together +with the Captains' salaries, wear and tear of their vessels, +and other contingent expences, made it appear on calculation, +that if there were a certainty of loading the vessels +every year, the Company could not clear themselves. +On the contrary, during the seven years they persevered +in that undertaking, only four Black Whales were taken +near Marble Island; and, except one, they were so small, +that they would not have been deemed payable fish in +the Greenland service.<a name="FNanchor_CG_242" id="FNanchor_CG_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_CG_242" class="fnanchor">[CG]</a> But the Hudson's Bay Company, +with a liberality that does honour to them, though perfectly +acquainted with the rules observed in the Greenland +service, gave the same premium for a sucking fish, as for +one of the greatest magnitude.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[365]</a></span></p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[364]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">White Whale.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">White Whales</span><a name="FNanchor_158_243" id="FNanchor_158_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_243" class="fnanchor">[158]</a> are very plentiful in those parts, particularly +from Chesterfield's Inlet to York Fort, or Hay's {394} +River, on the West side of the Bay; and from Cape Smith to +Slude River on the East side. On the West coast they are +generally found in the greatest numbers at the mouths of the +principal rivers; such as Seal River, Churchill, Port Nelson, +and Hay's Rivers. But the East side of the Bay not being so +well known, Whale River is the only part they are known to +frequent in very considerable numbers. Some years ago the +Company had a settlement at this river, called Richmond +Fort; but all their endeavours to establish a profitable fishery +here proved ineffectual, and the few Indians who resorted to +it with furrs proving very inadequate to the expences, the +Company determined to evacuate it. Accordingly, after +keeping up this settlement for upward of twelve years, and +sinking many thousands of pounds, they ordered it to be +burnt, for the more easily getting the spikes and other iron-work. +This was in the year one thousand seven hundred and +fifty-eight.</p> + +<p>At the old established Factories on the West side of the +Bay, the Company have been more successful in the White +Whale fishery, particularly at Churchill, where such of the +Company's servants as cannot be employed during that season +to more benefit for the Company, are sent on that duty, and in +some successful years they send home from eight to thirteen +tons of fine oil. To encourage a spirit of industry among +those employed on this service, the Company allows a gratuity, +not only to the harpooners, but to every man that sails in the +boats; and this {395} gratuity is so ample as to inspire them +with emulation, as they well know that the more they kill, the +greater will be their emolument.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[366]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">Salmon.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Salmon</span><a name="FNanchor_159_244" id="FNanchor_159_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_159_244" class="fnanchor">[159]</a> are in some seasons very numerous on the North +West side of Hudson's Bay, particularly at Knapp's Bay and +Whale Cove. At the latter I once found them so plentiful, +that had we been provided with a sufficient number of nets, +casks, and salt, we might soon have loaded the vessel with +them. But this is seldom the case, for in some years they are +so scarce, that it is with difficulty a few meals of them can +be procured during our stay at those harbours. They are in +some years so plentiful near Churchill River, that I have +known upward of two hundred fine fish taken out of four +small nets in one tide within a quarter of a mile of the Fort; +but in other years they are so scarce, that barely that number +have been taken in upward of twenty nets during the whole +season, which generally begins the latter end of June, and ends +about the middle or latter end of August.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Kepling.</div> + +<p>Beside the fish already mentioned, I know of no other that +inhabits the salt water except the <span class="smcap">Kepling</span>,<a name="FNanchor_160_245" id="FNanchor_160_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_245" class="fnanchor">[160]</a> which is a small +fish about the size of a smelt, but most excellent eating. In +some years they resort to the shores near Churchill River in +such multitudes to spawn, and such numbers of them are +left dry among the rocks, as at times to be {396} quite +offensive. In other seasons they are so scarce, that hardly +a meal can be procured.</p> + +<p>The same remark may be made on almost every species of +game, which constitutes the greatest part of the fare of the people +residing in those parts. For instance, in some years, hundreds +of deer may easily be killed within a mile of York Fort; and +in others, there is not one to be seen within twenty or thirty +miles. One day thousands and tens of thousands of geese are +seen, but the next they all raise flight, and go to the North to +breed. Salmon, as I have lately observed, is so plentiful in +some years at Churchill River, that it might be procured in +any quantity; at others, so scarce as to be thought a great +delicacy.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[367]</a></span></p><p>In fact, after twenty years residence in this country, I am +persuaded that whoever relies much on the produce of the +different seasons, will frequently be deceived, and occasionally +expose himself and men to great want.</p> + +<p>To remedy this evil, it is most prudent for those in +command to avail themselves of plentiful seasons, and cure a +sufficient quantity of the least perishable food, particularly +geese.</p> + +<div class="center"><i>Shell Fish.</i></div> + +<div class="sidenote">Shell Fish.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Shell Fish</span> of a variety of kinds are also found in some +parts of Hudson's Bay. Muscles<a name="FNanchor_161_246" id="FNanchor_161_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_161_246" class="fnanchor">[161]</a> in particular are in great +abundance on the rocky shores near Churchill River, and what +is vulgarly called the Periwinkle are very plentiful {397} on +the rocks which dry at low-water. Small Crabs<a name="FNanchor_162_247" id="FNanchor_162_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_162_247" class="fnanchor">[162]</a> and Starfish<a name="FNanchor_163_248" id="FNanchor_163_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_163_248" class="fnanchor">[163]</a> +are frequently thrown on the shore by the surf in heavy gales +of wind; and the empty shells of Wilks, small Scallops, +Cockles, and many other kinds, are to be found on the beaches +in great plenty. The same may be said of the interior parts +of the country, where the banks of the lakes and rivers abound +with empty shells of various kinds; but the fish themselves +have never been discovered by the natives.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[368]</a></span></p><p><i>Frogs, Grubs, and other Insects.</i></p> + +<div class="sidenote">Frogs.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Spiders and +Grubs.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Frogs</span><a name="FNanchor_164_249" id="FNanchor_164_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_249" class="fnanchor">[164]</a> of various colours are numerous in those parts as +far North as the latitude 61°. They always frequent the +margins of lakes, ponds, rivers, and swamps: and as the +Winter approaches, they burrow under the moss, at a considerable +distance from the water, where they remain in a +frozen state till the Spring. I have frequently seen them dug +up with the moss, (when pitching tents in Winter,) frozen as +hard as ice; in which state the legs are as easily broken off +as a pipe-stem, without giving the least sensation to the +animal; but by wrapping them up in warm skins, and exposing +them to a slow fire, they soon recover life, and the +mutilated animal gains its usual activity; but if they are +permitted to freeze again, they are past all recovery, and are +never more known to come to life. The same may be said +of the various species of {398} Spiders, and all the Grub kind, +which are very numerous in those parts. I have seen thousands +of them dug up with the moss, when we were pitching our +tents in the Winter; all of which were invariably enclosed in +a thick web, which Nature teaches them to spin on those occasions; +yet they were apparently all frozen as hard as ice. +The Spiders, if let fall from any height on a hard substance, +would rebound like a grey pea; and all the Grub kind are so +hard frozen as to be as easily broken as a piece of ice of the +same size; yet when exposed to a slow heat, even in the depth +of Winter, they will soon come to life, and in a short time +recover their usual motions.</p> + +<div class="center"><i>Birds.</i></div> + +<p>The feathered creation that resort to those parts in the +different seasons are numerous, but such as brave the severe +Winter are but few in number, and shall be particularly +noticed in their proper places.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[369]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">Eagles.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eagles</span> of several sorts are found in the country bordering +on Hudson's Bay during the Summer; but none, except the +common brown Fishing Eagle,<a name="FNanchor_165_250" id="FNanchor_165_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_250" class="fnanchor">[165]</a> ever frequent the Northern +parts. They always make their appearance in those dreary +regions about the latter end of March or beginning of April, +and build their nests in lofty trees, in the crevices of inaccessible +rocks near the {399} banks of rivers. They lay but +two eggs, (which are white,) and frequently bring but one +young. They generally feed on fish, which they catch as +they are swimming near the surface; but they are very destructive +to the musk rat and hares, as also to geese and +ducks, when in a moulting state, and frequently kill young +beaver. Their nests are very large, frequently six feet in +diameter; and before their young can fly, are so provident, +that the Indians frequently take a most excellent meal of fish, +flesh, and fowl from their larder. Though they bring forth +their young so early as the latter end of May, or the beginning +of June, yet they never fly till September; a little after which +they migrate to the Southward. They are the most ravenous +of any bird I know; for when kept in confinement or in a +tame state as it may be called, I have known two of them eat +more than a bushel of fish in a day. They are never known +to breed on the barren grounds to the North of Churchill +River, though many of the lakes and rivers in those parts +abound with variety of fish. This is probably owing to the +want of trees or high rocks to build in. The Northern +Indians are very partial to the quill-feathers of the Eagle, as +well as to those of the hawk, to wing or plume their arrows +with, out of a superstitious notion that they have a greater +effect than if winged with the feathers of geese, cranes, crows, +or other birds, that in fact would do equally as well. The +flesh of the Eagle is usually eaten by most of the Indians, but +is always black, hard, and fishy; even the {400} young ones, +when in a callow state, though the flesh is delicate white, are +so rank as to render them very unpleasant to some persons, +except in times of necessity.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[370]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">Hawks of +various sizes.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hawks</span> of various sizes and plumage frequent the different +parts of the country round Hudson's Bay during Summer. +Some of those Hawks are so large as to weigh three pounds, +and others so small as not to exceed five or six ounces. But +the weight of those, as well as every other species of Birds, +is no standard for the Naturalist to go by; for at different +seasons, and when in want of food, they are often scarcely half +the weight they are when fat and in good order. Notwithstanding +the variety of Hawks that resort to those parts in +Summer, I know but one species that brave the intense cold of +the long Winters to the North of Churchill River; and that +is what Mr. Pennant calls the Sacre Falcon.<a name="FNanchor_166_251" id="FNanchor_166_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_166_251" class="fnanchor">[166]</a> They, like the +other large species of Hawks, prey much on the white grouse +or partridge, and also on the American hare, usually called +here Rabbits. They are always found to frequent those parts +where partridges are plentiful, and are detested by the sportsmen, +as they generally drive all the game off the ground near +their tents; but, in return, they often drive thither fresh flocks +of some hundreds. Notwithstanding this, they so frequently +baulk those who are employed on the hunting service, that the +Governors generally give a reward of a quart of brandy for +each of their heads. Their flesh is always eaten by the Indians, +and sometimes by the {401} English; but it is always black, +hard, and tough, and sometimes has a bitter taste.</p> + +<p>The Indians are fond of taming those birds, and frequently +keep them the whole Summer; but as the Winter approaches +they generally take flight, and provide for themselves. When +at Cumberland House I had one of them, of which my people +were remarkably fond; and as it never wanted for food, would +in all probability have remained with us all the Winter, had +it not been killed by an Indian who did not know it to be +tame.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[371]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">White or +Snowy Owl.</div> + +<p>The beautiful species of <span class="smcap">White</span> or <span class="smcap">Snowy Owl</span><a name="FNanchor_167_252" id="FNanchor_167_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_252" class="fnanchor">[167]</a> is common +in all parts of Hudson's Bay, as far North as the Copper-mine +River. These birds, when flying or sitting, appear very large, +but when killed, seldom weigh more than three and a half, or +four pounds, and sometimes scarcely half that weight. They +generally feed on mice and partridges, and are at times known +to kill rabbits. They are, like the hawk, very troublesome to +the sportsmen; and, contrary to any other bird that I know, +have a great propensity to follow the report of a gun, and +frequently follow the hunters (as they are usually called in +Hudson's Bay) the whole day. On those occasions they usually +perch on high trees, and watch till a bird is killed, when they +skim down and carry it off before the hunter can get near it; +but in return, the hunters, when they see them on the watch, +frequently decoy them within gun-shot, by throwing up a +dead bird, which {402} the Owl seldom refuses to accept; +but the sportsman being fully provided for this visit, and +on his guard, generally shoots them before they can carry +off the partridge. They are, however, so great a hindrance +to those employed on the hunting service, that the +same premium is given for one of their heads as for that +of a hawk.</p> + +<p>In Winter they are frequently very fat, their flesh delicately +white, and generally esteemed good eating, both by English +and Indians. Those Owls always make their nests on the +ground, generally lay from three to four eggs, but seldom +hatch more than two; and in the extreme North the young ones +do not fly till September. They never migrate, but brave the +coldest Winters, even on the barren ground, far remote from +any woods; and in those situations perch on high rocks and +stones, and watch for their prey.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[372]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">Grey or +Mottled Owl.</div> + +<p>The species of <span class="smcap">Grey</span> or <span class="smcap">Mottled Owl</span><a name="FNanchor_168_253" id="FNanchor_168_253"></a><a href="#Footnote_168_253" class="fnanchor">[168]</a> are by no means +so numerous as the former, are something inferior in size, and +always frequent the woods. They never go in search of their +prey in the day time, but perch on the tops of lofty pines, +and are easily approached and shot. Their food is generally +known to be mice and small birds, yet their flesh is delicately +white, and nearly as good as a barn-door fowl; of course it +is much esteemed both by the English and Indians. This +species of Owl is called by the Southern Indians Ho-ho, and +the former Wap-a-kee-thow.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Cob-a-dee-cooch.</div> + +<p>{403} Besides those two species of Owls, there is another +that remains in Hudson's Bay all the year, and is called by +the Indians <span class="smcap">Cob-a-dee-cooch</span>.<a name="FNanchor_169_254" id="FNanchor_169_254"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_254" class="fnanchor">[169]</a> It is so far inferior in size to +the two former, that it seldom weighs half a pound; is of a +mottled brown, the feathers long, and of a most delicate soft +and silky quality. In general this species feed on mice, and +birds they find dead; and are so impudent at times, that they +light on a partridge when killed by the hunter, but not being +able to carry it off, are often obliged to relinquish the prize. +Like the White Owl, at times, though but seldom, they follow +the report of a gun, and by so frequently skimming round the +sportsmen, frighten the game nearly as much as the hawk. +They seldom go far from the woods, build in trees, and lay +from two to four eggs. They are never fat, and their flesh is +eaten only by the Indians.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[373]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Ravens.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ravens</span><a name="FNanchor_170_255" id="FNanchor_170_255"></a><a href="#Footnote_170_255" class="fnanchor">[170]</a> of a most beautiful glossy black, richly tinged +with purple and violet colour, are the constant inhabitants of +Hudson's Bay; but are so far inferior in size to the English +Raven, that they are usually called Crows. They build their +nests in lofty pine-trees, and generally lay four speckled eggs; +they bring forth their young so early as the latter end of May, +or the beginning of June. In Summer many of them frequent +the barren grounds, several hundred miles from any woods; +probably invited there by the multitudes of deer and musk-oxen +that are killed by the Northern Indians during that season, +merely for their {404} skins, and who leave their flesh to rot, +or be devoured by beasts or birds of prey. At those times +they are very fat, and the flesh of the young ones is delicately +white, and good eating. But in Winter they are, through +necessity, obliged to feed on a black moss that grows on the +pine-trees, also on deer's dung, and excrements of other animals. +It is true, they kill some mice, which they find in the surface +of the snow, and catch many wounded partridges and hares; +in some parts of the country they are a great nuisance to the +hunter, by eating the game that is either caught in snares or +traps. With all this assistance, they are in general so poor +during the severe cold in Winter, as to excite wonder how they +possibly can exist.</p> + +<p>Their faculty of scent must be very acute; for in the +coldest days in Winter, when every kind of effluvia is almost +instantaneously destroyed by the frost, I have frequently +known buffaloes and other beasts killed where not one of +those birds were seen; but in a few hours scores of them +would gather about the spot to pick up the dung, blood, and +other offal. An unarmed man may approach them very near +when feeding, but they are shy of those that have a gun; +a great proof that they smell the gunpowder. They are, +however, frequently shot by guns set for foxes; and sometimes +caught in traps built for martins. Though, on the +whole, they may be called a shy bird, yet their necessities in +Winter are so great, that, like the White Owl, they frequently +follow the report of a gun, keep prudently at a distance from +the sportsman, and frequently {405} carry off many wounded +birds. Their quills make most excellent pens for drawing, or +for ladies to write with.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[374]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">Cinereous +Crow.</div> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Cinereous Crow</span>,<a name="FNanchor_171_256" id="FNanchor_171_256"></a><a href="#Footnote_171_256" class="fnanchor">[171]</a> or, as it is called by the Southern +Indians, Whisk-e-jonish, by the English Whiskey-jack, and +by the Northern Indians Gee-za, but as some pronounce it, and +that with more propriety, Jee-za, though classed among the +Crows, is in reality so small, as seldom to weigh three ounces; +the plumage grey, the feathers very long, soft, and silky, and +in general entirely unwebbed, and in some parts much resembles +hair. This bird is very familiar, and fond of frequenting +habitations, either houses or tents; and so much given to +pilfering, that no kind of provisions it can come at, either +fresh or salt, is safe from its depredation. It is so bold as to +come into tents, and sit on the edge of the kettle when hanging +over the fire, and steal victuals out of the dishes. It is +very troublesome to the hunters, both English and Indian, +frequently following them a whole day; it will perch on a +tree while the hunter is baiting his martin-traps, and as soon +as his back is turned go and eat the baits. It is a kind of +mock bird, and of course has a variety of notes; it is easily +tamed, but never lives long in confinement. It is well known +to be a provident bird, laying up great quantities of berries +in Summer for a Winter stock; but its natural propensity to +pilfer at all seasons makes it much detested both by the {406} +English and Indians. It builds its nest in trees, exactly like +that of the blackbird and thrush; lays four blue eggs, but +seldom brings more than three young ones.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[375]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">Wood-pecker.</div> + +<p>I know of only one sort of <span class="smcap">Wood-pecker</span> that frequents +the remote Northern parts of Hudson's Bay; and this is +distinguished by Mr. Pennant by the name of the Golden +Winged Bird;<a name="FNanchor_172_257" id="FNanchor_172_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_257" class="fnanchor">[172]</a> but to the South West that beautiful species +of Wood-pecker with a scarlet crown is very frequent.<a name="FNanchor_173_258" id="FNanchor_173_258"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_258" class="fnanchor">[173]</a> The +manner of life of this species is nearly alike, always building +their nests in holes in trees, and feeding on worms and insects. +They generally have from four to six young at a time. They +are said to be very destructive to fruit-trees that are raised in +gardens in the more Southern parts of America; but the want +of those luxuries in Hudson's Bay renders them very harmless +and inoffensive birds. The red feathers of the larger sort, +which frequent the interior and Southern parts of the Bay, +are much valued by some of the Indians, who ornament their +pipe-stems with them, and at times use them as ornaments +to their children's clothing. Neither of the two species here +mentioned ever migrate,<a name="FNanchor_174_259" id="FNanchor_174_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_174_259" class="fnanchor">[174]</a> but are constant inhabitants of the +different climates in which they are found.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Grouse.</div> + +<p>There are several species of <span class="smcap">Grouse</span> in the different parts +of Hudson's Bay; but two of the largest, and one of them +the most beautiful, never reach so far North {407} as the +latitude 59°: but as I have seen them in great plenty near +Cumberland House, I shall take the liberty to describe them.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The Ruffed +Grouse.</div> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Ruffed Grouse</span>.<a name="FNanchor_175_260" id="FNanchor_175_260"></a><a href="#Footnote_175_260" class="fnanchor">[175]</a> This is the most beautiful of all +that are classed under that name. They are of a delicate +brown, prettily variegated with black and white: tail large +and long, like that of a hawk, which is usually of an orange-colour, +beautifully barred with black, chocolate, and white; +and the tail is frequently expanded like a fan. To add to +their beauty, they have a ruff of glossy black feathers, richly +tinged with purple round the neck, which they can erect at +pleasure: this they frequently do, but more particularly so +when they spread their long tail, which gives them a noble +appearance. In size they exceed a partridge, but are inferior +to a pheasant. In Winter they are usually found perched on +the branches of the pine-trees; and in that season are so tame +as to be easily approached, and of course readily shot.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[376]</a></span></p><p>They always make their nests on the ground, generally at +the root of a tree, and lay to the number of twelve or fourteen +eggs. In some of the Southern parts of America several +attempts have been made to tame those beautiful birds, by +taking their eggs and hatching them under domestic hens, but +it was never crowned with success; for when but a few days +old, they always make their escape into the woods, where +they probably pick up a subsistence. Their flesh is delicately +white and firm, and {408} though they are seldom fat, +they are always good eating, and are generally esteemed +best when larded and roasted, or nicely boiled with a bit +of bacon.</p> + +<p>There is something very remarkable in those birds, and I +believe peculiar to themselves, which is that of clapping their +wings with such a force, that at half a mile distance it resembles +thunder. I have frequently heard them make that noise near +Cumberland House in the month of May, but it was always +before Sun-rise, and a little after Sun-set. It is said by Mr. +Barton and Le Hontan, that they never clap in this manner +but in the Spring and Fall, and I must acknowledge that I +never heard them in Winter, though I have killed many of +them in that season. The Indians informed me they never +make that noise but when feeding, which is very probable; +for it is notoriously known that all the species of Grouse +feed very early in the mornings, and late in the afternoons.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[377]</a></span> +This species is called by some of the Indians bordering on +Hudson's Bay, Pus-pus-kee, and by others Pus-pus-cue.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Sharp-tailed +Grouse.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sharp-tailed Grouse</span>,<a name="FNanchor_176_261" id="FNanchor_176_261"></a><a href="#Footnote_176_261" class="fnanchor">[176]</a> or as they are called in Hudson's +Bay, Pheasant. Those birds are always found in the Southern +parts of the Bay, are very plentiful in the interior parts of the +country, and in some Winters a few of them are shot at York +Fort, but never reach so far North as Churchill. In colour +they are not very unlike that of the English hen pheasant; +but the tail is short and pointed, like that of the common +duck; and there is no perceivable {409} difference in plumage +between the male and female. When full-grown, and in good +condition, they frequently weigh two pounds, and though the +flesh is dark, yet it is juicy, and always esteemed good eating, +particularly when larded and roasted. In Summer they feed +on berries, and in Winter on the tops of the dwarf birch, and +the buds of the poplar. In the Fall they are tolerably tame, +but in the severe cold more shy; frequently perch on the tops +of the highest poplars, out of moderate gun-shot, and will not +suffer a near approach. They sometimes, when disturbed in +this situation, dive into the snow; but the sportsman is +equally baulked in his expectations, as they force their way +so fast under it as to raise flight many yards distant from the +place they entered, and very frequently in a different direction +to that from which the sportsman expects.<a name="FNanchor_CH_262" id="FNanchor_CH_262"></a><a href="#Footnote_CH_262" class="fnanchor">[CH]</a> They, like the +other species of grouse, make their nests on the ground, and +lay from ten to thirteen eggs. Like the Ruffed Grouse, they +are not to be tamed, as many trials have been made at +York Fort, but without success; for though they never made +their escape, yet they always died, probably for the want of +proper food; for the hens that hatched them were equally +fond of them, as they could possibly have been had they +been the produce of their own eggs. This species of Grouse +is called by the Southern Indians Aw-kis-cow.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[378]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Wood Partridge.</div> + +<p>{410} The <span class="smcap">Wood Partridges</span><a name="FNanchor_177_263" id="FNanchor_177_263"></a><a href="#Footnote_177_263" class="fnanchor">[177]</a> have acquired that name +in Hudson's Bay from their always frequenting the forests +of pines and fir; and in Winter feeding on the brush of those +trees, though they are fondest of the latter. This species of +Grouse is inferior in size and beauty to the Ruffed, yet may +be called a handsome bird; the plumage being of a handsome +brown, elegantly spotted with white and black. The tail is +long, and tipped with orange; and the legs are warmly +covered with short feathers, but the feet are naked. They +are generally in the extreme with respect to shyness; sometimes +not suffering a man to come within two gun-shots, and +at others so tame that the sportsman may kill five or six +out of one tree without shifting his station. They are seen +in some years in considerable numbers near York Fort. They +are very scarce at Churchill, though numerous in the interior +parts, particularly on the borders of the Athapuscow Indians +country, where I have seen my Indian companions kill many +of them with blunt-headed arrows. In Winter their flesh is +black, hard and bitter, probably owing to the resinous quality +of their food during that season; but this is not observed in +the rabbits, though they feed exactly in the same manner in +Winter: on the contrary, their flesh is esteemed more delicate +than that of the English rabbit. The Southern Indians call +this species of Partridge, Mistick-a-pethow; and the Northern +Indians call it, Day.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[379]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">Willow Partridge.</div> + +<p>{411} The <span class="smcap">Willow Partridges</span><a name="FNanchor_178_264" id="FNanchor_178_264"></a><a href="#Footnote_178_264" class="fnanchor">[178]</a> have a strong black +bill, with scarlet eye-brows, very large and beautiful in the +male, but less conspicuous in the female. In Summer they +are brown, elegantly barred and mottled with orange, white, +and black; and at that season the males are very proud and +handsome, but the females are less beautiful, being of one +universal brown. As the Fall advances they change to a +delicate white, except fourteen black feathers in the tail, which +are also tipped with white; and their legs and feet, quite +down to the nails, are warmly covered with feathers. In the +latter end of September and beginning of October they gather +in flocks of some hundreds, and proceed from the open plains +and barren grounds, (where they usually breed,) to the woods +and brush-willows, where they hord together in a state of +society, till dispersed by their common enemies, the hawks, or +hunters. They are by far the most numerous of any of the +Grouse species that are found in Hudson's Bay; and in some +places when permitted to remain undisturbed for a considerable +time, their number is frequently so great, as almost to +exceed credibility. I shall by no means exceed truth, if I +assert that I have seen upward of four hundred in one flock +near Churchill River; but the greatest number I ever saw was +on the North side of Port Nelson River, when returning with +a packet in March one thousand seven hundred and sixty-eight: +at that time I saw thousands flying to the North, and +the whole surface of the snow seemed to be in motion by +those that were feeding on the tops of the short willows. Sir +{412} Thomas Button mentions, that when he wintered in +Port Nelson River in one thousand six hundred and twelve, +his crew killed eighteen hundred dozen of those birds, which +I have no reason to doubt; and Mr. Jérémie, formerly +Governor at York Fort, when that place was in the possession +of the French, and then called Fort Bourbon, asserts, that he +and seventy-nine others eat no less than ninety thousand partridges +and twenty-five thousand hares in the course of one +Winter; which, considering the quantity of venison, geese, +ducks, <i>&c.</i> enumerated in his account, that were killed that +year, makes the number so great, that it is scarcely possible to +conceive what eighty men could do with them; for on calculation, +ninety thousand partridges and twenty-five thousand +hares divided by eighty, amounts to no less than one thousand +one hundred and twenty-five partridges, and three hundred and +twelve hares per man. This is by far too great a quantity, +particularly when it is considered that neither partridges nor +hares are in season, or can be procured in any numbers, more +than seven months in the year. Forty thousand partridges +and five thousand hares would, I think, be much nearer the +truth, and will be found, on calculation, to be ample provision +for eighty men for seven months, exclusive of any change. +The common weight of those birds is from eighteen to +twenty-two ounces when first killed; there are some few that +are nearly that weight when fit for the spit, but they are so +scarce as by no means to serve as a standard; and as they +always hord with the common {413} size, there is no room to +suspect them of another species. As all those over-grown +partridges are notoriously known to be males, it is more than +probable that they are imperfect, and grow large and fat like +capons; and every one that has had an opportunity of tasting +those large partridges, will readily allow that they excel the +common sort as much in flavour as they do in size. It is remarked +in those birds, as well as the Rock Partridge, that they +are provided with additional clothing, as it may be called; for +every feather, from the largest to the smallest, except the +quills and tail, are all double. The under-feather is soft and +downy, shooting from the shaft of the larger; and is wonderfully +adapted to their situation, as they not only brave the +coldest Winters, but the species now under consideration +always burrow under the snow at nights, and at day-light +come forth to feed. In Winter they are always found to +frequent the banks of rivers and creeks, the sides of lakes and +ponds, and the plains which abound with dwarf willows; for +it is on the buds and tops of that tree they always feed during +the Winter. In summer they eat berries and small herbage. +Their food in Winter being so dry and harsh, makes it +necessary for them to swallow a considerable quantity of +gravel to promote digestion; but the great depth of snow +renders it very scarce during that season. The Indians having +considered this point, invented the method now in use among +the English, of catching them in nets by means of that simple +allurement, a heap of gravel. The nets for this purpose are +from eight {414} to twelve feet square, and are stretched in a +frame of wood, and usually set on the ice of rivers, creeks, +ponds, and lakes, about one hundred yards from the willows, +but in some situations not half that distance. Under the +center of the net a heap of snow is thrown up to the size of +one or two bushels, and when well packed is covered with +gravel. To set the nets, when thus prepared, requires no +other trouble than lifting up one side of the frame, and +supporting it with two small props, about four feet long: a +line is fastened to those props, and the other end being conveyed +to the neighbouring willows, is always so contrived that a man +can get to it without being seen by the birds under the net. +When every thing is thus prepared, the hunters have nothing +to do but go into the adjacent willows and woods, and when +they start game, endeavour to drive them into the net, which +at times is no hard task, as they frequently run before them +like chickens; and sometimes require no driving, for as soon +as they see the black heap of gravel on the white snow +they fly straight towards it. The hunter then goes to the +end of the line to watch their motions, and when he sees +there are as many about the gravel as the net can cover, or +as many as are likely to go under at that time, with a +sudden pull he hauls down the stakes, and the net falls +horizontally on the snow, and encloses the greatest part of the +birds that are under it. The hunter then runs to the net as +soon as possible, and kills all the birds by biting them at +the back of the head. He then sets up the net, {415} takes +away all the dead game, and repeats the operation as often as +he pleases, or as long as the birds are in good humour. By +this simple contrivance I have known upwards of three +hundred partridges caught in one morning by three persons; +and a much greater number might have been procured had it +been thought necessary. Early in the morning, just at break +of day, and early in the afternoon, is the best time for this +sport. It is common to get from thirty to seventy at one +hawl; and in the Winter of one thousand seven hundred and +eighty-six, Mr. Prince, then Master of a sloop at Churchill +River, actually caught two hundred and four at two hawls. +They are by no means equally plentiful every year; for in +some Winters I have known them so scarce, that it was impossible +to catch any in nets, and all that could be procured +with the gun would hardly afford one day's allowance per +week to the men during the season; but in the Winter one +thousand seven hundred and eighty-five, they were so plentiful +near Churchill, and such numbers were brought to the +Factory, that I gave upward of two thousand to the hogs. +In the latter end of March, or the beginning of April, those +birds begin to change from white to their beautiful Summer +plumage, and the first brown feathers make their appearance +on the neck,<a name="FNanchor_CI_265" id="FNanchor_CI_265"></a><a href="#Footnote_CI_265" class="fnanchor">[CI]</a> and by degrees {416} spread over the whole +body; but their Summer dress is seldom complete till July. +The feathers of those birds make excellent beds, and as they +are the perquisite of the hunters, are usually sold to the +Captains and Mates of the Company's ships, at the easy rate +of three pence per pound.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[383]</a></span></p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[382]</a></span></p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[381]</a></span></p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[380]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Rock Partridges.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rock Partridges.</span><a name="FNanchor_179_266" id="FNanchor_179_266"></a><a href="#Footnote_179_266" class="fnanchor">[179]</a> This species of Grouse are in Winter +of the same colour as the former, but inferior in size; being +in general not more than two-thirds of the weight. They +have a black line from the bill to the eye, and differ in nature +and manner from the Willow Partridge. They never frequent +the woods or willows, but brave the severest cold on the open +plains. They always feed on the buds and tops of the dwarf +birch, and after this repast, generally sit on the high ridges of +snow, with their heads to windward. They are never caught +in nets, like the Willow Partridge; for when in want of +gravel, their bills are of such an amazing strength, that they +pick a sufficient quantity out of the rocks. Beside, being so +much inferior in size to the former species, their flesh is by +no means so good, being black, hard, and bitter. They are +in general, like the Wood Partridge, either exceeding wild +or very tame; and when in the latter humour, I have {417} +known one man kill one hundred and twenty in a few hours; +for as they usually keep in large flocks, the sportsmen can +frequently kill six or eight at a shot. These, like the Willow +Partridge, change their plumage in Summer to a beautiful +speckled brown; and at that season are so hardy, that, unless +shot in the head or vitals, they will fly away with the greatest +quantity of shot of any bird I know. They discover great +fondness for their young; for during the time of incubation, +they will frequently suffer themselves to be taken by hand +off their eggs.<a name="FNanchor_CJ_267" id="FNanchor_CJ_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_CJ_267" class="fnanchor">[CJ]</a> Pigeons<a name="FNanchor_180_268" id="FNanchor_180_268"></a><a href="#Footnote_180_268" class="fnanchor">[180]</a> of a small size, not larger than +a thrush, are in some Summers found as far North as +Churchill River. The bill is of a flesh-colour, legs red, +and the greatest part of the plumage of a light lilac or +blush. In the interior parts of the country they fly in large +flocks, and perch on the poplar trees in such numbers that +I have seen twelve of them killed at one shot. They usually +feed on {418} poplar buds, and are good eating, though seldom +fat. They build their nests in trees, the same as the Wood +Pigeons do; never lay but two eggs, and are very scarce near +the sea-coast in the Northern parts of Hudson's Bay.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[384]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Red-breasted +Thrush.</div> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Red-breasted Thrushes</span>, commonly called in Hudson's +Bay the Red Birds,<a name="FNanchor_181_269" id="FNanchor_181_269"></a><a href="#Footnote_181_269" class="fnanchor">[181]</a> but by some the Black Birds, on +account of their note, and by others the American Fieldfares +usually make their appearance at Churchill River about the +middle of May, build their nests of mud, like the English +Thrush, and lay four beautiful blue eggs. They have a very +loud and pleasing note, which they generally exercise most in +the mornings and evenings, when perched on some lofty tree +near their nest; but when the young can fly they are silent, +and migrate to the South early in the Fall. They are by no +means numerous, and are generally seen in pairs; they are +never sought after as an article of food, but when killed by +the Indian boys, are esteemed good eating, though they always +feed on worms and insects.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[385]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">Grosbeak.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Grosbeak.</span><a name="FNanchor_182_270" id="FNanchor_182_270"></a><a href="#Footnote_182_270" class="fnanchor">[182]</a> These gay birds visit Churchill River in +some years so early as the latter end of March, but are by +no means plentiful; they are always seen in pairs, and +generally feed on the buds of the poplar and willow. The +male is in most parts of its plumage of a beautiful crimson, +but the female of a dull dirty green. In form they much +resemble the English bullfinch, but are near {419} double +their size. They build their nests in trees, sometimes not +far from the ground; lay four white eggs, and always hatch +them in June. They are said to have a pleasing note in +Spring, though I never heard it, and are known to retire to +the South early in the Fall. The English residing in Hudson's +Bay generally call this bird the American Red Bird.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Snow +Bunting.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Snow Buntings</span>,<a name="FNanchor_183_271" id="FNanchor_183_271"></a><a href="#Footnote_183_271" class="fnanchor">[183]</a> universally known in Hudson's Bay +by the name of the Snow Birds, and in the Isles of Orkney by +the name of Snow Flakes, from their visiting those parts +in such numbers as to devour the grain as soon as sown, in +some years are so destructive as to oblige the farmer to sow +his fields a second, and occasionally a third time. These +birds make their appearance at the Northern settlements in +the Bay about the latter end of May, or beginning of April, +[<i>sic</i>] when they are very fat, and not inferior in flavour to an +ortolan. On their first arrival they generally feed on grass-seeds, +and are fond of frequenting dunghills. At that time +they are easily caught in great numbers under a net baited +with groats or oatmeal; but as the Summer advances, they +feed much on worms, and are then not so much esteemed. +They sometimes fly in such large flocks, that I have killed +upwards of twenty at one shot, and have known others who +have killed double that number. In the Spring their plumage +is prettily variegated, black and white; but their Summer +dress may be called elegant, though not gay. They live {420} +long in confinement, have naturally a pleasing note, and when +in company with Canary birds soon imitate their song. I have +kept many of them in cages in the same room with Canary +birds, and always found they sung in Winter as well as in +Summer; but even in confinement they change their plumage +according to the season, the same as in a wild state. This +species of bird seem fond of the coldest regions, for as the +Spring advances they fly so far North that their breeding-places +are not known to the inhabitants of Hudson's Bay. +In Autumn they return to the South in large flocks, and are +frequently shot in considerable numbers merely as a delicacy; +at that season, however, they are by no means so good as when +they first make their appearance in Spring.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[386]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">White-crowned +Bunting.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">White-crowned Bunting.</span><a name="FNanchor_184_272" id="FNanchor_184_272"></a><a href="#Footnote_184_272" class="fnanchor">[184]</a> This species is inferior in +size to the former, and seldom make their appearance till +June. They breed in most parts of the Bay, always make +their nests on the ground, at the root of a dwarf willow or +a gooseberry-bush. During the time their young are in a +callow state they have a delightful note, but as soon as +they are fledged they become silent, and retire to the South +early in September.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[387]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">Lapland +Finch.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lapland Finch.</span><a name="FNanchor_185_273" id="FNanchor_185_273"></a><a href="#Footnote_185_273" class="fnanchor">[185]</a> This bird is common on Hudson's +Bay, and never migrates Southward in the coldest Winters. +During that season it generally frequents the juniper plains, +and feeds on the small buds of that tree, also on grass-seeds; {421} +but at the approach of Summer it flies still farther +North to breed. A variety of this bird is also common, and +is beautifully marked with a red forehead and breast.<a name="FNanchor_186_274" id="FNanchor_186_274"></a><a href="#Footnote_186_274" class="fnanchor">[186]</a> It is +most common in the Spring, and frequently caught in nets +set for the Snow Bunting; and when kept in cages has a +pleasing note, but seldom lives long in confinement, though +it generally dies very fat.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Larks.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Larks</span><a name="FNanchor_187_275" id="FNanchor_187_275"></a><a href="#Footnote_187_275" class="fnanchor">[187]</a> of a pretty variegated colour frequent those parts +in Summer, and always make their appearance in May; build +their nests on the ground, usually by the side of a stone at the +root of a small bush, lay four speckled eggs, and bring forth +their young in June. At their first arrival, and till the young +can fly, the male is in full song; and, like the sky-lark, soars +to a great height, and generally descends in a perpendicular +direction near their nest. Their note is loud and agreeable, +but consists of little variety, and as soon as the young can fly +they become silent, and retire to the Southward early in the +Fall. They are impatient of confinement, never sing in that +state, and seldom live long.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Titmouse.</div> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Titmouse</span><a name="FNanchor_188_276" id="FNanchor_188_276"></a><a href="#Footnote_188_276" class="fnanchor">[188]</a> is usually called in Hudson's Bay, +Blackcap. This diminutive bird braves the coldest Winter, +and during that season feeds on the seeds of long rye-grass, +but in Summer on insects and berries. The Southern Indians +call this bird Kiss-kiss-heshis, from a twittering noise they +make, which much resembles that word in sound.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[388]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Swallows.</div> + +<p>{422} <span class="smcap">Swallows</span><a name="FNanchor_189_277" id="FNanchor_189_277"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_277" class="fnanchor">[189]</a> visit these parts in considerable numbers +in Summer, and are very domestic; building their nests in +necessaries, stables, and other out-offices that are much frequented. +They seldom make their appearance at Churchill +River till June, and retire South early in August. They, like +the European Swallow, gather in large flocks on the day of +their departure, make several revolutions round the breeding-places, +and then take their leave till the next year. I do not +recollect to have seen any of those birds to the North of Seal +River.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Martins.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Martins</span><a name="FNanchor_190_278" id="FNanchor_190_278"></a><a href="#Footnote_190_278" class="fnanchor">[190]</a> also visit Hudson's Bay in great numbers, but +seldom so far North as Churchill River. They usually make +their nests in holes formed in the steep banks of rivers; and, +like the Swallow, lay four or five speckled eggs; and retire +Southward in August. At the Northern settlements they are +by no means so domestic as the Swallow.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Hooping +Crane.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hooping Crane.</span><a name="FNanchor_191_279" id="FNanchor_191_279"></a><a href="#Footnote_191_279" class="fnanchor">[191]</a> This bird visits Hudson's Bay in the +Spring, though not in great numbers. They are generally +seen only in pairs, and that not very often. It is a bird of +considerable size, often equal to that of a good turkey, and +the great length of the bill, neck, and legs, makes it measure, +from the bill to the toes, near six feet in common, and some +much more. Its plumage is of a pure white, except the quill-feathers, +which are black; the crown is covered with a red +skin, {423} thinly beset with black bristles, and the legs are +large and black. It usually frequents open swamps, the sides +of rivers, and the margins of lakes and ponds, feeds on frogs +and small fish, and esteemed good eating. The wing-bones +of this bird are so long and large, that I have known them +made into flutes with tolerable success. It seldom has more +than two young, and retires Southward early in the fall.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[389]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Brown Crane.</div> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Brown Crane</span>.<a name="FNanchor_192_280" id="FNanchor_192_280"></a><a href="#Footnote_192_280" class="fnanchor">[192]</a> This species is far inferior in size to +the former, being seldom three feet and a half in length, and +on an average not weighing seven pounds. Their haunts and +manner of life are nearly the same as that of the Hooping +Crane, and they never have more than two young, and those +seldom fly till September. They are found farther North +than the former, for I have killed several of them on Marble +Island, and have seen them on the Continent as high as the +latitude 65°. They are generally esteemed good eating, and, +from the form of the body when fit for the spit, they +acquire the name of the North West Turkey. There is a +circumstance respecting this bird that is very peculiar; +which is, that the gizzard is larger than that of a swan, and +remarkably so in the young birds. The Brown Cranes are +frequently seen in hot calm days to soar to an amazing height, +always flying in circles, till by degrees they are almost out of +sight, yet their note is so loud, that the sportsman, before he +sees their situation, often fancies they are very near him. +They visit {424} Hudson's Bay in far greater numbers than +the former, and are very good eating.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Bitterns.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bitterns</span><a name="FNanchor_193_281" id="FNanchor_193_281"></a><a href="#Footnote_193_281" class="fnanchor">[193]</a> are common at York Fort in Summer, but are +seldom found so far North as Churchill River. I have seen +two species of this bird; some having ash-coloured legs, +others with beautiful grass-green legs, and very gay plumage. +They always frequent marshes and swamps, also the banks of +rivers that abound with reeds and long grass. They generally +feed on insects that are bred in the water, and probably on +small frogs; and though seldom fat, they are generally good +eating. They are by no means numerous even at York Fort, +nor in fact in the most Southern parts of the Bay that I have +visited.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[390]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Curlew.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Curlews.</span><a name="FNanchor_194_282" id="FNanchor_194_282"></a><a href="#Footnote_194_282" class="fnanchor">[194]</a> There are two species of this bird which +frequent the coasts of Hudson's Bay in great numbers during +Summer, and breed in all parts of it as far North as the +latitude 72°; the largest of this species is distinguished by +that great Naturalist Mr. Pennant, by the name of the +Esquimaux Curlew. They always keep near the sea coast; +attend the ebbing of the tide, and are frequently found at +low-water-mark in great numbers, where they feed on marine +insects, which they find by the sides of stones in great plenty; +but at high-water they retire to the dry ridges and wait the +receding of the tide. They fly as steady as a woodcock, answer +to a whistle that resembles their note; lay long on their wings, +and are a {425} most excellent shot, and at times are delicious +eating. The other species of Curlew are in colour and shape +exactly like the former, though inferior in size, and differ in +their manner of life, as they never frequent the water's-edge, +but always keep among the rocks and dry ridges, and feed +on berries and small insects. The flesh of this bird is generally +more esteemed than that of the former, but they are by no +means so numerous. This species of Curlew are seldom found +farther North than Egg River.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[391]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">Jack Snipe.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jack Snipes.</span><a name="FNanchor_195_283" id="FNanchor_195_283"></a><a href="#Footnote_195_283" class="fnanchor">[195]</a> Those birds visit Hudson's Bay in +Summer in considerable numbers, but are seldom seen to the +North of Whale Cove. They do not arrive till the ice of the +rivers is broke up, and they retire to the South early in the +Fall. During their stay, they always frequent marshes near +the sea coast, and the shores of great rivers. In manner and +flight they exactly resemble the European Jack Snipe; and +when on the wing, fly at such a distance from each other, that +it is but seldom the best sportsman can get more than one or +two at a shot. Their flesh is by no means so delicate as that +of the English Snipe.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Red Godwait.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Red Godwaits</span>,<a name="FNanchor_196_284" id="FNanchor_196_284"></a><a href="#Footnote_196_284" class="fnanchor">[196]</a> usually called at the Northern settlements +in Hudson's Bay, Plovers. Those birds visit the shores of +that part in very large flocks, and usually frequent the marshes +and the margins of ponds. They also frequently attend the +tide, like the Esquimaux Curlews; fly down to low-water-mark, +and feed on a small fish, {426} not much unlike a +shrimp; but as the tide flows, they retire to the marshes. +They fly in such large flocks, and so close to each other, that +I have often killed upwards of twelve at one shot; and Mr. +Atkinson, long resident at York Fort, actually killed seventy-two +at one shot; but that was when the birds were sitting. +Near Churchill River they are seldom fat, though tolerably +fleshy, and are generally good eating. They usually weigh +from ten to thirteen ounces; the female is always larger than +the male, and differs in colour, being of a much lighter brown. +They retire to the South long before the frost commences; +yet I have seen this bird as far North as the latitude 71° 50'.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Spotted Godwait.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Spotted Godwait</span>,<a name="FNanchor_197_285" id="FNanchor_197_285"></a><a href="#Footnote_197_285" class="fnanchor">[197]</a> known in Hudson's Bay by the name of +Yellow Legs. This bird also visits that country in considerable +numbers, but more so in the interior parts; and +usually frequents the flat muddy banks of rivers. In summer +it is generally very poor, but late in the Fall is, as it may be +called, one lump of fat. This bird, with many others of the +migratory tribe, I saw in considerable numbers as far North +as the latitude 71° 54'; and at York Fort I have known +them shot so late as the latter end of October: at which +time they are in the greatest perfection, and most delicious +eating, more particularly so when put into a bit of paste, +and boiled like an apple-dumpling; for in fact they are +generally too fat at that season to be eaten either roasted +or boiled.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[392]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Hebridal +Sandpipers.</div> + +<p>{427} <span class="smcap">Hebridal Sandpipers</span>,<a name="FNanchor_198_286" id="FNanchor_198_286"></a><a href="#Footnote_198_286" class="fnanchor">[198]</a> but more commonly known +in Hudson's Bay by the Name of Whale Birds, on account of +their feeding on the carcases of those animals which frequently +lie on the shores, also on maggots that are produced in them +by fly-blows. These birds frequent those parts in considerable +numbers, and always keep near the margin of the sea. They +may, in fact, be called beautiful birds, though not gay in their +plumage; they are usually very fat, but even when first killed +they smell and taste so much like train-oil as to render them +by no means pleasing to the palate, yet they are frequently +eaten by the Company's servants. As the Summer advances +they fly so far North of Churchill River, that their breeding-places +are not known, though they remain at that part till the +beginning of July, and return early in the Fall. They are by +no means large birds, as they seldom weigh four ounces. The +bill is black, plumage prettily variegated black and white, and +the legs and feet are of a beautiful orange colour.<a name="FNanchor_CK_287" id="FNanchor_CK_287"></a><a href="#Footnote_CK_287" class="fnanchor">[CK]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[393]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Plover.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Plovers</span>,<a name="FNanchor_199_288" id="FNanchor_199_288"></a><a href="#Footnote_199_288" class="fnanchor">[199]</a> commonly called Hawk's Eyes, from their +watchfulness to prevent a near approach when sitting. When +these birds are on the wing, they fly very swift and irregular, +particularly when single or in small flocks. At Churchill River +they are by no means numerous, but I have seen them in such +large flocks at York Fort in the Fall of one {428} thousand +seven hundred and seventy-three, that Mr. Ferdinand Jacobs +then Governor, Mr. Robert Body Surgeon, and myself, killed in +one afternoon as many as two men could conveniently carry. +They generally feed on insects, and are at all times good eating, +but late in the Fall are most excellent. They are by no +means equally plentiful in all years; and at the Northern +settlements in the Bay they are not classed with those species +of game that add to the general stock of provisions, being +only killed as a luxury; but I am informed that at Albany +Fort, several barrels of them are annually salted for Winter +use, and are esteemed good eating. This bird during Summer +resorts to the remotest Northern parts; for I have seen them +at the Copper River, though in those dreary regions only in +pairs. The young of those birds always leave their nests as +soon as hatched, and when but a few days old run very fast; +at night, or in rainy weather, the old ones call them together, +and cover them with their wings, in the same manner as a hen +does her chickens.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Black Gullemots.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Black Gullemots</span>,<a name="FNanchor_200_289" id="FNanchor_200_289"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_289" class="fnanchor">[200]</a> known in Hudson's Bay by the name +of Sea Pigeons. Those birds frequent the shores of Hudson's +Bay and Straits in considerable numbers; but more particularly +the Northern parts, where they fly in large flocks; to the +Southward they are only seen in pairs. They are of a fine +black, but not glossy, with scarlet legs and feet; and the +coverets of the wings are marked with white. They are in +weight equal to a Widgeon, {429} though to appearance not +so large. They usually make their nests in the holes of +rocks, and lay two white eggs, which are delicate eating, +but not proportionably large for the size of the bird. My +friend Mr. Pennant says, they brave the coldest Winters in +those parts, by keeping at the edge of the ice near the open +water; but as the sea at that season is frozen over for several +miles from the shore, I believe no one's curiosity ever tempted +him to confirm the truth of this; and it is well known they +never make their appearance near the land after the frost +becomes severe.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[394]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Northern +Divers.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Northern Divers.</span><a name="FNanchor_201_290" id="FNanchor_201_290"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_290" class="fnanchor">[201]</a> These birds, though common in +Hudson's Bay, are by no means plentiful; they are seldom +found near the sea coast, but more frequently in fresh water +lakes, and usually in pairs. They build their nests at the +edge of small islands, or the margins of lakes or ponds; they +lay only two eggs, and it is very common to find only one +pair and their young in one sheet of water; a great proof of +their aversion to society. They are known in Hudson's Bay +by the name of Loons. They differ in species from the +Black and Red throated Divers, having a large black bill +near four inches long; plumage on the back of a glossy +black, elegantly barred with white; the belly of a silver +white; and they are so large as at times to weigh fifteen or +sixteen pounds. Their flesh is always black, hard, and fishy, +yet it is generally eaten by the Indians.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Black-throated +Divers.</div> + +<p>{430} <span class="smcap">Black-throated Divers.</span><a name="FNanchor_202_291" id="FNanchor_202_291"></a><a href="#Footnote_202_291" class="fnanchor">[202]</a> This species are more +beautiful than the former; having a long white bill, plumage +on the back and wings black, elegantly tinged with purple +and green, and prettily marked with white spots. In size +they are equal to the former; but are so watchful as to dive +at the flash of a gun, and of course are seldom killed +but when on the wing. Their flesh is equally black and +fishy with the former, but it is always eaten by the Indians. +The skins of those birds are very thick and strong, and they +are frequently dressed with the feathers on, and made into +caps for the Indian men. The skins of the Eagle and Raven, +with their plumage complete, are also applied to that use, and +are far from being an unbecoming head-dress for a savage.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[395]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Red-throated +Divers.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Red-throated Divers.</span><a name="FNanchor_203_292" id="FNanchor_203_292"></a><a href="#Footnote_203_292" class="fnanchor">[203]</a> This species are also called +Loons in Hudson's Bay; but they are so far inferior to the +two former, that they seldom weigh more than three or four +pounds. They, like the other species of Loon, are excellent +divers; they always feed on fish, and when in pursuit of their +prey, are frequently entangled in fishing-nets, set at the mouths +of creeks and small rivers. They are more numerous than +either of the former, as they frequently fly in flocks; but like +them make their nests at the edge of the water, and only +lay two eggs, which, though very rank and fishy, are always +eaten by Indians and English. The legs of those three +species of Loon are placed so near {431} the rump as to +be of no service to them on the land, as they are perfectly incapable +of walking; and when found in that situation (which +is but seldom) they are easily taken, though they make a +strong resistance with their bill, which is very hard and sharp.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">White Gulls.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">White Gulls.</span><a name="FNanchor_204_293" id="FNanchor_204_293"></a><a href="#Footnote_204_293" class="fnanchor">[204]</a> These birds visit Hudson's Bay in great +numbers, both on the sea coasts and in the interior parts, and +probably extend quite across the continent of America. They +generally make their appearance at Churchill River about the +middle of May; build their nests on the islands in lakes and +rivers; lay two speckled eggs, and bring forth their young in +June. Their eggs are generally esteemed good eating, as well +as the flesh of those in the interior parts of the country, though +they feed on fish and carrion. They make their stay on +Hudson's Bay as long in the Fall as the frost will permit +them to procure a livelihood.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[396]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Grey Gulls.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Grey Gulls.</span> These birds, though common, are by no +means plentiful; and I never knew their breeding-places, as +they seldom make their appearance at Churchill River till the +Fall of the year, and remain there only till the ice begins to +be formed about the shores. They seldom frequent the interior +parts of the country. They are not inferior in size to the +former, and in the Fall of the year are generally fat. The +flesh is white and very good eating; and, like {432} most +other Gulls, they are a most excellent shot when on the wing.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Black Gulls.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Black Gulls</span>,<a name="FNanchor_205_294" id="FNanchor_205_294"></a><a href="#Footnote_205_294" class="fnanchor">[205]</a> usually called in Hudson's Bay, Men of +War, from their pursuing and taking the prey from a lesser +species of Gull, known in that country by the name of Black-head. +In size they are much inferior to the two former +species; but, like them, always make their nests on islands, +or at the margins of lakes or ponds; they lay only two eggs, +and are found at a considerable distance from the sea coast. +The length of their wings is very great in proportion to the +body; the tail is uniform, and the two middle feathers are +four or five inches longer than the rest. Their eggs are +always eaten, both by the Indians and English; but the bird +itself is generally rejected, except when other provisions are +very scarce.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[397]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">Black-heads.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Black-heads.</span><a name="FNanchor_206_295" id="FNanchor_206_295"></a><a href="#Footnote_206_295" class="fnanchor">[206]</a> These are the smallest species of Gull +that I know. They visit the sea coast of Hudson's Bay in +such vast numbers, that they are frequently seen in flocks +of several hundreds; and I have known bushels of their eggs +taken on an island of very small circumference. These eggs +are very delicate eating, the yolks being equal to that of a +young pullet, and the whites of a semi-transparent azure, but +the bird itself is always fishy. Their affection for their young +is so strong, that when any person attempts to rob their nests, +they fly at him, and sometimes {433} approach so near as to +touch him with their pinions; and when they find their loss, +will frequently follow the plunderer to a considerable distance, +and express their grief by making an unusual screaming +noise.</p> + +<p>This bird may be ranked with the elegant part of the +feathered creation, though it is by no means gay. The bill, +legs, and feet are of a rich scarlet; crown black, and the +remainder of the plumage of a light ash-colour, except the +quill feathers, which are prettily barred, and tipped with black, +and the tail much forked. The flight, or extent of wing, in +this bird, is very great, in proportion to the body. They are +found as far North as has hitherto been visited, but retire to +the South early in the Fall.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Pelicans.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pelicans.</span><a name="FNanchor_207_296" id="FNanchor_207_296"></a><a href="#Footnote_207_296" class="fnanchor">[207]</a> Those birds are numerous in the interior +parts of the country, but never appear near the sea-coast. +They generally frequent large lakes, and always make their +nests on islands. They are so provident for their young, that +great quantities of fish lie rotting near their nests, and emit +such a horrid stench as to be smelt at a considerable distance. +The flesh of the young Pelican is frequently eaten by the +Indians; and as they are always very fat, great quantities of it +is melted down, and preserved in bladders for Winter use,<a name="FNanchor_CL_297" id="FNanchor_CL_297"></a><a href="#Footnote_CL_297" class="fnanchor">[CL]</a> +to mix with pounded {434} flesh; but by keeping, it grows +very rank. The Pelicans in those parts are about the size of +a common goose; their plumage is of a delicate white, except +the quill-feathers, which are black. The bill is near a foot +long; and the bag, which reaches from the outer-end of the +under-mandible to the breast, is capable of containing upwards +of three quarts. The skins of those birds are thick and +tough, and are frequently dressed by the Indians and converted +into bags, but are never made into clothing, though their +feathers are as hard, close, and durable, as those of a Loon.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[398]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Goosanders.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Goosanders</span>,<a name="FNanchor_208_298" id="FNanchor_208_298"></a><a href="#Footnote_208_298" class="fnanchor">[208]</a> usually called in Hudson's Bay, Shell-drakes. +Those birds are very common on the sea-coast, but +in the interior parts fly in very large flocks. The bill is long +and narrow, and toothed like a saw; and they have a tuft of +feathers at the back of the head, which they can erect at +pleasure. They are most excellent divers, and such great +destroyers of fish, that they are frequently obliged to vomit +some of them before they can take flight. Though not much +larger than the Mallard Duck, they frequently swallow fish +of six or seven inches {435} long and proportionably thick. +Those that frequent the interior parts of the country prey +much on crawfish, which are very numerous in some of the +shallow stony rivers. In the Fall of the year they are very +fat, and though they always feed on fish, yet their flesh at +that season is very good; and they remain in those parts as +long as the frost will permit them to procure a subsistence.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[399]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">Swans.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Swans.</span><a name="FNanchor_209_299" id="FNanchor_209_299"></a><a href="#Footnote_209_299" class="fnanchor">[209]</a> There are two species of this bird that visit +Hudson's Bay in summer; and only differ in size, as the +plumage of both are perfectly white, with black bill and legs. +The smaller sort are more frequent near the sea-coast, but by +no means plentiful, and are most frequently seen in pairs, but +sometimes single, probably owing to their mates having been +killed on their passage North. Both species usually breed on +the islands which are in lakes; and the eggs of the larger +species are so big, that one of them is a sufficient meal for a +moderate man, without bread, or any other addition. In the +interior parts of the country the larger Swan precedes every +other species of water-fowl, and in some years arrive so early +as the month of March, long before the ice of the rivers is +broken up. At those times they always frequent the open +waters of falls and rapids, where they are frequently shot +by the Indians in considerable numbers. They usually weigh +upwards of thirty pounds, and the lesser species from eighteen +to twenty-four. The flesh of both are excellent {436} eating, +and when roasted, is equal in flavour to young heifer-beef, and +the cygnets are very delicate.</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding the size of this bird, they are so swift on +the wing as to make them the most difficult to shoot of any +bird I know, it being frequently necessary to take sight ten or +twelve feet before their bills. This, however, is only when +flying before the wind in a brisk gale, at which time they +cannot fly at a less rate than an hundred miles an hour; but +when flying across the wind, or against it, they make but a +slow progress, and are then a noble shot. In their moulting +state they are not easily taken, as their large feet, with the +assistance of their wings, enables them to run on the surface +of the water as fast as an Indian canoe can be paddled, and +therefore they are always obliged to be shot; for by diving +and other manœuvres they render it impossible to take them +by hand. It has been said that the swans whistle or sing +before their death, and I have read some elegant descriptions +of it in some of the poets; but I have never heard any thing +of the kind, though I have been at the deaths of several. It +is true, in serene evenings, after Sun-set, I have heard them +make a noise not very unlike that of a French-horn, but +entirely divested of every note that constituted melody, and +have often been sorry to find it did not forebode their death. +Mr. Lawson, who, as Mr. Pennant justly remarks, was no +inaccurate observer, properly enough calls the largest species +Trumpeters, and the lesser, Hoopers. Some years ago, when +I built Cumberland House, the Indians killed those {437} +birds in such numbers, that the down and quills might have +been procured in considerable quantities at a trifling expence; +but since the depopulation of the natives by the small-pox, +which has also driven the few survivors to frequent other parts +of the country, no advantage can be made of those articles, +though of considerable value in England.<a name="FNanchor_CM_300" id="FNanchor_CM_300"></a><a href="#Footnote_CM_300" class="fnanchor">[CM]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[400]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Geese.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Geese.</span> There are no less than ten different species of +Geese that frequent the various parts of Hudson's Bay during +Summer, and are as follow: First, The Common Grey Goose.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[401]</a></span> +Second, The Canada Goose. Third, The White, or Snow +Goose. Fifth, The Blue Goose. Sixth, The Laughing Goose. +Seventh, The Barren Goose. Eighth, The Brent Goose. +Ninth, The Dunter; and Tenth, the Bean Goose.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Common +Grey Goose.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Common Grey Goose.</span><a name="FNanchor_210_301" id="FNanchor_210_301"></a><a href="#Footnote_210_301" class="fnanchor">[210]</a> This bird precedes every other +species of Goose in those parts, and in some forward Springs +arrives at Churchill River so early as the latter {438} end of +April, but more commonly from the eleventh to the sixteenth +of May; and in one year it was the twenty-sixth of May +before any Geese made their appearance. At their first arrival +they generally come in pairs, and are so fond of society, that +they fly straight to the call that imitates their note; by which +means they are easily shot. They breed in great numbers in +the plains and marshes near Churchill River; and in some +years the young ones can be taken in considerable numbers, +and are easily tamed; but will never learn to eat corn, unless +some of the old ones are taken with them, which is easily +done when in a moulting state. On the ninth of August one +thousand seven hundred and eighty-one, when I resided at +Prince of Wales's Fort, I sent some Indians up Churchill +River in canoes to procure some of those Geese, and in the +afternoon they were seen coming down the river with a large +flock before them; the young ones not more than half-grown, +and the old ones so far in a moulting state as not to be +capable of flying; so that, with the assistance of the English +and the Indians then residing on the plantation, the whole +flock, to the amount of forty-one, was drove within the +stockade which incloses the Fort, where they were fed and +fattened for Winter use. Wild Geese taken and fattened in +this manner are much preferable to any tame Geese in the +world. When this species of Geese are full-grown, and in +good condition, they often weigh twelve pounds, but more +frequently much less.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[402]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">Canada +Goose.</div> + +<p>{439} <span class="smcap">Canada Goose</span>,<a name="FNanchor_211_302" id="FNanchor_211_302"></a><a href="#Footnote_211_302" class="fnanchor">[211]</a> or Pisk-a-sish, as it is called by the +Indians, as well as the English in Hudson's Bay. This species +do not differ in plumage from the former, but are inferior +in size; the bill is much smaller in proportion, and the flesh +being much whiter, of course is more esteemed. They are by +no means so numerous as the former, and generally fly far +North to breed; but some few of their eggs are found near +Churchill River. It is seldom that either of these species lay +more than four eggs; but if not robbed, they usually bring +them all forth.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">White or +Snow Goose.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">White</span> or <span class="smcap">Snow Goose</span>.<a name="FNanchor_212_303" id="FNanchor_212_303"></a><a href="#Footnote_212_303" class="fnanchor">[212]</a> These are the most numerous +of all the species of birds that frequent the Northern +parts of the Bay, and generally make their appearance +about a week or ten days after the Common Grey Goose. +In the first part of the season they come in small parties, +but in the middle, and toward the latter end, they +fly in such amazing flocks, that when they settle in the +marshes to feed, the ground for a considerable distance +appears like a field of snow. When feeding in the same +marsh with the Grey Geese, they never mix. Like the Grey +Geese, they fly to the call that resembles their note; and in +some years are killed and salted in great numbers for Winter +provision; they are almost universally thought good eating, +and will, if proper care be taken in curing them, continue +good for eighteen months or two years. The Indians are far +more expert in killing Geese, as well as every other species +of game, than any European I ever saw in Hudson's Bay; +{440} for some of them frequently kill upward of a hundred +Geese in a day, whereas the most expert of the English think +it a good day's work to kill thirty. Some years back it was +common for an Indian to kill from a thousand to twelve +hundred Geese in one season; but latterly he is reckoned a +good hunter that kills three hundred. This is by no means +owing to the degeneracy of the natives; for the Geese of late +years do not frequent those parts in such numbers as formerly. +The general breeding-place of this bird is not known to any +Indian in Hudson's Bay, not even to the Esquimaux who +frequent the remotest North. The general route they take +in their return to the South in the Fall of the year, is equally +unknown; for though such multitudes of them are seen at +Churchill River in the Spring, and are frequently killed to +the amount of five or six thousand; yet in the Fall of the +year, seven or eight hundred is considered a good hunt. At +York Fort, though only two degrees South of Churchill +River, the Geese seasons fluctuate so much, that in some +Springs they have salted forty hogsheads, and in others not +more than one or two: and at Albany Fort, the Spring season +is by no means to be depended on; but in the fall they frequently +salt sixty hogsheads of Geese, besides great quantities +of Plover. The retreat of those birds in Winter is equally +unknown, as that of their breeding-places. I observe in Mr. +Pennant's Arctic Zoology, that about Jakutz, and other parts +of Siberia, they are caught in great numbers, both in nets, and +by decoying them into hovels; but if {441} these are the +same birds, they must at times vary as much in manner as +they do in situation, for in Hudson's Bay they are the shyest +and most watchful of all the species of Geese, never suffering +an open approach, not even within two or three gun-shots: +yet in some of the rivers near Cumberland House, and at +Basquiau, the Indians frequently kill twenty at one shot; but +this is only done in moon-light nights, when the Geese are +sitting on the mud, and the sportsmen are perfectly concealed +from their view. Though the plumage of those Geese +are perfectly white, except the quill-feathers, which are black, +the skin is of a dark lead-colour, and the flesh is excellent +eating, either fresh or salt. They are much inferior in size to +the Common Grey Geese, but equal to the Canada Geese.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[404]</a></span></p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[403]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Blue Geese.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Blue Geese.</span><a name="FNanchor_213_304" id="FNanchor_213_304"></a><a href="#Footnote_213_304" class="fnanchor">[213]</a> This species are of the same size as the +Snow Geese; and, like them, the bill and legs are of a deep +flesh-colour, but the whole plumage is of a dirty blue, +resembling old lead. The skin, when stripped of its feathers, +is of the same colour as the Snow Goose, and they are equally +good eating. This species of Geese are seldom seen to the +North of Churchill River, and not very common at York +Fort; but at Albany Fort they are more plentiful than the +White or Snow Geese. Their breeding-places are as little +known to the most accurate observer as those of the Snow +Geese; for I never knew any of their eggs taken, and their +Winter haunts have {442} hitherto been undiscovered. Those +birds are frequently seen to lead a flock of the White ones; +and, as they generally fly in angles, it is far from unpleasant +to see a bird of a different colour leading the van. The leader +is generally the object of the first sportsman who fires, which +throws the whole flock into such confusion, that some of the +other hunters frequently kill six or seven at a shot.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Horned +Wavey.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Horned Wavey.</span><a name="FNanchor_214_305" id="FNanchor_214_305"></a><a href="#Footnote_214_305" class="fnanchor">[214]</a> This delicate and diminutive species +of the Goose is not much larger than the Mallard Duck. +Its plumage is delicately white, except the quill-feathers, +which are black. The bill is not more than an inch long, +and at the base is studded round with little knobs about the +size of peas, but more remarkably so in the males. Both the +bill and feet are of the same colour with those of the Snow +Goose. This species is very scarce at Churchill River, and I +believe are never found at any of the Southern settlements; +but about two or three hundred miles to the North West +of Churchill, I have seen them in as large flocks as the +Common Wavey, or Snow Goose. The flesh of this bird +is exceedingly delicate; but they are so small, that when I +was on my journey to the North I eat two of them one night +for supper. I do not find this bird described by my worthy +friend Mr. Pennant in his Arctic Zoology. Probably a +specimen of it was not sent home, for the person that commanded +at Prince of Wales's Fort<a name="FNanchor_CN_306" id="FNanchor_CN_306"></a><a href="#Footnote_CN_306" class="fnanchor">[CN]</a> at {443} the time the +collection was making, did not pay any attention to it.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[405]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Laughing +Goose.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Laughing Goose.</span><a name="FNanchor_215_307" id="FNanchor_215_307"></a><a href="#Footnote_215_307" class="fnanchor">[215]</a> This elegant species has a white +bill, and the legs and feet are of a fine yellow colour; the +upper part of the plumage is brown, the breast and belly +white, the former prettily blotched with black. In size they +are equal to the Snow Goose, and their skins, when stripped of +their feathers, are delicately white, and the flesh excellent. +They visit Churchill River in very small numbers; but about +two hundred miles to the North West of that river I have +seen them fly in large flocks, like the Common Waveys, +or Snow Geese; and near Cumberland House and Basquiau +they are found in such numbers, that the Indians in moon-light +nights frequently kill upwards of twenty at a shot. +Like the Horned Wavey, they never fly with the lead of +the coast, but are always seen to come from the Westward. +Their general breeding-places are not known, though some +few of their eggs are occasionally found to the North of +Churchill; but I never heard any Indian say that he had seen +any eggs of the Horned Wavey: it is probable they retire to +North Greenland to breed; and their route in the Fall of the +year, as they return Southward, is equally unknown. They +are, I believe, seldom seen on the coast of Hudson's Bay to +the Southward of latitude 59° North.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[406]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">Barren Geese.</div> + +<p>{444} <span class="smcap">Barren Geese.</span><a name="FNanchor_216_308" id="FNanchor_216_308"></a><a href="#Footnote_216_308" class="fnanchor">[216]</a> These are the largest of all the +species of Geese that frequent Hudson's Bay, as they frequently +weigh sixteen or seventeen pounds. They differ from the +Common Grey Goose in nothing but in size, and in the head +and breast being tinged with a rusty brown. They never +make their appearance in the Spring till the greatest part +of the other species of Geese are flown Northward to breed, +and many of them remain near Churchill River the whole +Summer. This large species are generally found to be males, +and from the exceeding smallness of their testicles, they are, I +suppose, incapable of propagating their species. I believe I +can with truth say, that I was the first European who made +that remark, though they had always been distinguished by +the name of the Barren Geese; for no other reason than that +of their not being known to breed. Their flesh is by no +means unpleasant, though always hard and tough; and their +plumage is so thick before they begin to moult, that one bird +usually produces a pound of fine feathers and down, of a +surprising elasticity.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Brent Geese.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Brent Geese.</span><a name="FNanchor_217_309" id="FNanchor_217_309"></a><a href="#Footnote_217_309" class="fnanchor">[217]</a> This species certainly breed in the +remotest parts of the North, and seldom make their appearance +at Churchill River till late in August or September. +The route they take in Spring is unknown, and their breeding-places +have never been discovered by any Indian in Hudson's +Bay. When they make their appearance at {445} Churchill +River, they always come from the North, fly near the margin +of the coast, and are never seen in the interior parts of the +country. In size they are larger than a Mallard Duck, but +inferior to the Snow Goose; and though their flesh appears +delicate to the eye, it is not much esteemed. In some years +they pass the mouth of Churchill River in prodigious numbers, +and many of them are killed and served to the Company's +servants as provisions; but, as I have just observed, +they are not much relished. When migrating to the South, +they generally avail themselves of a strong North or North +Westerly wind, which makes them fly so swift, that when +I have killed four or five at a shot, not one of them fell less +than from twenty to fifty yards from the perpendicular spot +where they were killed. Like the White, or Snow Geese, +when in large flocks they fly in the shape of a wedge, and +make a great noise. Their flight is very irregular, sometimes +being forty or fifty yards above the water, and in an instant +after they skim close to the surface of it, and then rise again +to a considerable height; so that they may justly be said to fly +in festoons.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[407]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Dunter Geese.</div> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Dunter Geese</span>,<a name="FNanchor_218_310" id="FNanchor_218_310"></a><a href="#Footnote_218_310" class="fnanchor">[218]</a> as it is called in Hudson's Bay, +but which is certainly the Eider Duck. They are common +at the mouth of Churchill River as soon as the ice breaks +up, but generally fly far North to breed; and the few that +do remain near the settlement are so scattered among small +islands, and sea-girt rocks and shoals, as to {446} render it +not worth while to attempt gathering their down. Their +eggs, when found, are exceeding good eating; and in the +Fall of the year the flesh is by no means unpleasant, though +they are notoriously known to feed on fish.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Bean Goose.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bean Goose.</span><a name="FNanchor_219_311" id="FNanchor_219_311"></a><a href="#Footnote_219_311" class="fnanchor">[219]</a> This species is seldom found in any part +of Hudson's Bay, as in all my travels I have only seen three +that were killed. This bird never came under the inspection +of Mr. Graham, or the late Mr. Hutchins, though they +both contributed very largely to the collection sent home +to the Royal Society.<a name="FNanchor_CO_312" id="FNanchor_CO_312"></a><a href="#Footnote_CO_312" class="fnanchor">[CO]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[408]</a></span></p><p><i>Species of Water-Fowl.</i></p> + +<div class="sidenote">Ducks.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ducks</span> of various kinds are found in those parts during +Summer; some only frequenting the sea-coast, while others +visit the interior parts of the country in astonishing numbers. +The species of this bird which is found most commonly here are, +the King Duck,<a name="FNanchor_220_313" id="FNanchor_220_313"></a><a href="#Footnote_220_313" class="fnanchor">[220]</a> Black Duck,<a name="FNanchor_221_314" id="FNanchor_221_314"></a><a href="#Footnote_221_314" class="fnanchor">[221]</a> Mallard {447} Duck,<a name="FNanchor_222_315" id="FNanchor_222_315"></a><a href="#Footnote_222_315" class="fnanchor">[222]</a> Long-tailed +Duck,<a name="FNanchor_223_316" id="FNanchor_223_316"></a><a href="#Footnote_223_316" class="fnanchor">[223]</a> Widgeon,<a name="FNanchor_224_317" id="FNanchor_224_317"></a><a href="#Footnote_224_317" class="fnanchor">[224]</a> and Teal.<a name="FNanchor_225_318" id="FNanchor_225_318"></a><a href="#Footnote_225_318" class="fnanchor">[225]</a> The two first only visit +the sea-coast, feed on fish and fish-spawn; and their flesh +is by no means esteemed good, though their eggs are not +disagreeable. The Mallard and Long-tailed Duck visit Hudson's +Bay in great numbers, and extend from the sea-coast, +to the remotest Western parts, and near Cumberland House +are found in vast multitudes. At their first arrival on the +sea-coast, they are exceeding good eating; but when in +a moulting state, though very fat, they are in general so +rank that few Europeans are fond of them. At those +seasons the difference in flavour is easily known by the colour +of the fat; for when that is white, the flesh is most assuredly +good; but when it is yellow, or of an orange colour, it is very +rank and fishy. This difference is only peculiar to those that +frequent and breed near the sea-coast; for in the interior parts +I never knew them killed but their flesh was very good; and +the young Mallard Duck before it can fly is very fat, and +most delicate eating. The same may be said of the Long-tailed +Duck. Neither of those species lay more than six or +eight eggs in common, and frequently bring them all forth.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[409]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Widgeon.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Widgeon.</span><a name="FNanchor_226_319" id="FNanchor_226_319"></a><a href="#Footnote_226_319" class="fnanchor">[226]</a> This species of Duck is very uncommon in +Hudson's Bay; usually keeping in pairs, and being seldom +seen in flocks. They are by no means so numerous as the +two former, and are most frequently seen in rivers and +marshes near the sea-coast. Their flesh is generally esteemed; +and the down of those I have examined is little inferior in +elasticity to that of the Eider, though much {448} shorter. +The same may be said of several other species of Ducks that +frequent those parts; but the impossibility of collecting the +down in any quantity, prevents it from becoming an article +of trade.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Teal.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Teal.</span><a name="FNanchor_227_320" id="FNanchor_227_320"></a><a href="#Footnote_227_320" class="fnanchor">[227]</a> Like the Mallard, they are found in considerable +numbers near the sea-coast; but are more plentiful in the +interior parts of the country, and fly in such large flocks +that I have often killed twelve or fourteen at one shot, and +have seen both English and Indians kill a much greater +number. At their first arrival they are but poor, though +generally esteemed good eating. This diminutive Duck is +by far the most prolific of any I know that resorts to Hudson's +Bay; for I have often seen the old ones swimming at +the head of seventeen young, when not much larger than +walnuts. This bird remains in those parts as long as the +season will permit; for in the year one thousand seven +hundred and seventy-five, in my passage from Cumberland +House to York Fort, I, as well as my Indian companions, +killed them in the rivers we passed through as late as the +twentieth of October. At those times they are entirely +involved in fat, but delicately white, and may truly be called +a great luxury.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[410]</a></span></p><p>Besides the birds already described, there is a great variety +of others, both of land and water fowl, that frequent those +parts in Summer; but these came not so immediately under +my inspection as those I have already described.</p> + +<div class="center">{449} <i>Of the Vegetable Productions.</i></div> + +<p>The vegetable productions of this country by no means +engaged my attention so much as the animal creation; which +is the less to be wondered at, as so few of them are useful for +the support of man. Yet I will endeavour to enumerate as +many of them as I think are worth notice.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Gooseberries.</div> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Gooseberries</span><a name="FNanchor_228_321" id="FNanchor_228_321"></a><a href="#Footnote_228_321" class="fnanchor">[228]</a> thrive best in stony and rocky ground, +which lies open and much exposed to the Sun. But in those +situations few of the bushes grow to any height, and spread +along the ground like vines. The fruit is always most plentiful +and the finest on the under-side of the branches, probably +owing to the reflected heat from the stones and gravel, and +from being sheltered from all cold winds and fog by the +leaves. I never saw more than one species of Gooseberry +in any part of Hudson's Bay, which is the red one. When +green, they make excellent pies or tarts; and when ripe are +very pleasant eating, though by no means so large as those +produced in England.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[411]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">Cranberries.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cranberries</span><a name="FNanchor_229_322" id="FNanchor_229_322"></a><a href="#Footnote_229_322" class="fnanchor">[229]</a> grow in great abundance near Churchill, +and are not confined to any particular situation, for they {450} +are as common on open bleak plains and high rocks as among +the woods. When carefully gathered in the Fall, in dry +weather, and as carefully packed in casks with moist sugar, +they will keep for years, and are annually sent to England +in considerable quantities as presents, where they are much +esteemed. When the ships have remained in the Bay so late +that the Cranberries are ripe, some of the Captains have carried +them home in water with great success.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Heathberries.</div> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Heathberries</span><a name="FNanchor_230_323" id="FNanchor_230_323"></a><a href="#Footnote_230_323" class="fnanchor">[230]</a> are in some years so plentiful near +Churchill, that it is impossible to walk in many places without +treading on thousands and millions of them. They grow close +to the ground, and are a favourite repast of many birds that +migrate to those parts in Summer, particularly the Grey +Goose; on which account the Indians distinguish them by +the name of Nishca-minnick, or the Grey Gooseberry. The +juice of this berry makes an exceeding pleasant beverage, and +the fruit itself would be more pleasing were it not for the +number of small seeds it contains.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Bethago-tominick.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bethago-tominick</span>,<a name="FNanchor_231_324" id="FNanchor_231_324"></a><a href="#Footnote_231_324" class="fnanchor">[231]</a> as it is called by the Indians, or the +Dewater-berry of Mr. Dragge. I have seen this berry as far +North as Marble Island, and that in great abundance. It +flourishes best, and is most productive, in swampy boggy +ground covered with moss, and is seldom found {451} +among grass. The plant itself is not very unlike that of +a Strawberry, but the leaves are larger. Out of the center +of the plant shoots a single stalk, sometimes to the height +of seven or eight inches, and each plant only produces one +berry, which at some distance resembles a Strawberry; but +on examination they have not that conical form; and many +of them are only composed of three or four lobes, while +others consist of nearly twenty. The flavour of this berry +is far from unpleasing, and it is eaten by our people in considerable +quantities during the season, (which is August,) +and, like all the other fruits in those parts, is supposed to +be wholesome, and a great antiscorbutic.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[412]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Currans.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Currans</span>,<a name="FNanchor_232_325" id="FNanchor_232_325"></a><a href="#Footnote_232_325" class="fnanchor">[232]</a> both red and black, are common about +Churchill River, but the latter are far more plentiful than +the former, and are very large and fine. The bushes on +which those currans grow, frequently exceed three feet in +height, and generally thrive best in those parts that are moist +but not swampy. Small vallies between the rocks, at some +little distance from the woods, are very favourable to them; +and I have frequently observed that the fruit produced in +those situations is larger and finer than that which is found +in the woods. Those berries have a very great effect on some +people if eaten in any considerable quantities, by acting as +a very powerful purgative, and in some as an emetic at the +same {452} time; but if mixed with Cranberries, they never +have that effect.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Juniper-berries.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Juniper-berries</span><a name="FNanchor_233_326" id="FNanchor_233_326"></a><a href="#Footnote_233_326" class="fnanchor">[233]</a> are frequently found near the new +settlement at Churchill River, but by no means in such plenty +as in the more Southern and interior parts of the country. +The bush they grew on is so similar to the creeping pine, that +one half of the Company's servants residing in Hudson's Bay +do not know one from the other. Like the Gooseberry +bushes in those parts, the fruit is always most plentiful on the +under side of the branches. They are not much esteemed +either by the Indians or English, so that the few that are +made use of are generally infused in brandy, by way of making +a cordial, which is far from unpleasant.<a name="FNanchor_CP_327" id="FNanchor_CP_327"></a><a href="#Footnote_CP_327" class="fnanchor">[CP]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">[413]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Strawberries.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Strawberries</span>,<a name="FNanchor_CQ_328" id="FNanchor_CQ_328"></a><a href="#Footnote_CQ_328" class="fnanchor">[CQ]</a><a name="FNanchor_234_329" id="FNanchor_234_329"></a><a href="#Footnote_234_329" class="fnanchor">[234]</a> and those of a considerable size and +excellent flavour, are found as far North as Churchill River; +and what is most remarkable, they are frequently known to be +more plentiful in such places as have formerly been set on +fire. This is not peculiar to the Strawberry, but it is well +known that in the interior parts of the country, as well as +at Albany and Moose Forts, that after {453} the ground, +or more properly the under-wood and moss, have been set on +fire, that Raspberry-bushes and Hips have shot up in great +numbers on spots where nothing of the kind had ever been +seen before. This is a phænomenon that is not easily +accounted for; but it is more than probable that Nature +wanted some assistance, and the moss being all burnt away, +not only admits the sun to act with more power, but the heat +of the fire must, in some measure, loosen the texture of the +soil, so as to admit the plants to shoot up, after having been +deep-rooted for many years without being able to force their +way to the surface.</p> + +<p>Besides the Berries already mentioned, there are three +others found as far North as Churchill; namely, what the +Indians call the Eye-berry, and the other two are termed +Blue-berry and Partridge-berry by the English.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Eye-berry.</div> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Eye-berry</span><a name="FNanchor_235_330" id="FNanchor_235_330"></a><a href="#Footnote_235_330" class="fnanchor">[235]</a> grows much in the same manner as the +Strawberry, and though smaller, is infinitely superior in +flavour. This berry is found in various situations; but near +Churchill River they are most plentiful in small hollows +among the rocks, which are situated some distance from the +woods; but they are never known to grow in swampy ground, +and I never saw them so plentiful in any part of Hudson's +Bay as about Churchill River.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">[414]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Blue-berry.</div> + +<p>{454} The <span class="smcap">Blue-berry</span><a name="FNanchor_236_331" id="FNanchor_236_331"></a><a href="#Footnote_236_331" class="fnanchor">[236]</a> is about the size of a Hurtle-berry, +and grows on bushes which rise to eighteen inches +or two feet, but in general are much lower. They are seldom +ripe till September, at which time the leaves turn to a beautiful +red; and the fruit, though small, have as fine a bloom as +any plum, and are much esteemed for the pleasantness of their +flavour.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Partridge-berry.</div> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Partridge-berry</span><a name="FNanchor_237_332" id="FNanchor_237_332"></a><a href="#Footnote_237_332" class="fnanchor">[237]</a> is nearly as large as the Cranberry +imported from Newfoundland, and though of a beautiful +transparent red, yet has a disagreeable taste. These berries +are seldom taken, either by the Indians or English; and many +of the latter call them Poison-berries, but several birds are +fond of them. They grow close to the ground, like the +Cranberry, and the plant that produces them is not very +unlike small sage, either in shape or colour, but has none of +its virtues.</p> + +<p>I had nearly forgotten another species of Berry,<a name="FNanchor_238_333" id="FNanchor_238_333"></a><a href="#Footnote_238_333" class="fnanchor">[238]</a> which is +found on the dry ridges at Churchill in considerable numbers. +In size and colour they much resemble the Red Curran, and +grow on bushes so much like the Creeping Willow, that +people of little observation scarcely know the difference; +particularly as all the fruit is on the under-side of the branches, +and entirely hid by the leaves. I never knew this Berry eaten +but by a frolicksome Indian girl; and as it had no ill effect, +it is a proof it is {455} not unwholesome, though exceedingly +unpleasant to the palate, and not much less so to the smell.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Hips.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hips</span><a name="FNanchor_239_334" id="FNanchor_239_334"></a><a href="#Footnote_239_334" class="fnanchor">[239]</a> of a small size, though but few in number, are also +found on the banks of Churchill River, at some distance from +the sea. But in the interior parts of the country they are +frequently found in such vast quantities, that at a distance +they make the spots they grow on appear perfectly red. In +the interior parts of Hudson's Bay they are as large as any I +ever remember to have seen, and when ripe, have a most +delightful bloom; but at that season there is scarcely one +in ten which has not a worm in it; and they frequently act as +a strong purgative.</p> + +<p>With<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">[415]</a></span> respect to the smaller productions of the vegetable +world, I am obliged to be in a great measure silent, as +the nature of my various occupations during my residence +in this country gave me little leisure, and being unacquainted +with botany, I viewed with inattention things that were not of +immediate use: the few which follow are all that particularly +engaged my attention.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Wish-a-ca-pucca.</div> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Wish-a-ca-pucca</span>,<a name="FNanchor_240_335" id="FNanchor_240_335"></a><a href="#Footnote_240_335" class="fnanchor">[240]</a> which grows in most parts of +this country, is said by some Authors to have great medical +virtues, applied, either inwardly as an alterative, or outwardly +dried and pulverised, to old sores and gangrenes. +The truth of this I much doubt, and could {456} never +think it had the least medical quality. It is, however, much +used by the lower class of the Company's servants as tea; +and by some is thought very pleasant. But the flower is +by far the most delicate, and if gathered at a proper time, and +carefully dried in the shade, will retain its flavour for many +years, and make a far more pleasant beverage than the leaves. +There are several species of this plant, of which some of +the leaves are nearly as large as that of the Creeping Willow, +while others are as small and narrow as that of the Rosemary, +and much resembles it in colour; but all the species have the +same smell and flavour.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">[416]</a></span></p> +<div class="sidenote">Jackashey-puck.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jackashey-puck.</span><a name="FNanchor_241_336" id="FNanchor_241_336"></a><a href="#Footnote_241_336" class="fnanchor">[241]</a> This herb much resembles Creeping +Box; and is only used, either by the Indians or English, +to mix with tobacco, which makes it smoke mild and pleasant; +and would, I am persuaded, be very acceptable to many +smokers in England.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Moss.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Moss</span> of various sorts and colours is plentiful enough +in most parts of this country, and is what the deer usually +feed on.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Grass.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Grass</span> of several kinds is also found in those parts, +and some of it amazingly rapid of growth, particularly that +which is there called Rye-grass, and which, in our short +Summer at Churchill, frequently grows to the height {457} +of three feet. Another species of Grass, which is produced +in marshes, and on the margins of lakes, ponds, and rivers, +is particularly adapted for the support of the multitudes +of the feathered creation which resort to those parts in +Summer. The Marsh Grass at Churchill is of that peculiar +nature, that where it is mowed one year, no crop can be +procured the next Summer; whereas at York Fort, though +the climate is not very different, they can get two crops, +or harvests, from the same spot in one Summer. Vetches +are plentiful in some parts as far North as Churchill River; +and Burrage, Sorrel, and Coltsfoot, may be ranked among +the useful plants. Dandelion is also plentiful at Churchill, +and makes an early salad, long before any thing can be +produced in the gardens.</p> + +<p>In fact, notwithstanding the length of the Winter, the +severity of the cold, and the great scarcity of vegetables at +this Northern settlement, by proper attention to cleanliness, +and keeping the people at reasonable exercise, I never had one +man under me who had the least symptoms of the scurvy; +whereas at York Fort, Albany, and Moose River, there were +almost annual complaints that one half of the people were +rendered incapable of duty by that dreadful disorder.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">[417]</a></span></p> +<p>I do not wish to lay claim to any merit on this occasion, +but I cannot help observing that, during ten years I had +{458} the command at Churchill River, only two men died of +that distemper, though my complement at times amounted +in number to fifty-three.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Trees.</div> + +<p>The Forest Trees that grow on this inhospitable spot +are very few indeed; Pine,<a name="FNanchor_242_337" id="FNanchor_242_337"></a><a href="#Footnote_242_337" class="fnanchor">[242]</a> Juniper,<a name="FNanchor_243_338" id="FNanchor_243_338"></a><a href="#Footnote_243_338" class="fnanchor">[243]</a> small scraggy Poplar,<a name="FNanchor_244_339" id="FNanchor_244_339"></a><a href="#Footnote_244_339" class="fnanchor">[244]</a> +Creeping Birch,<a name="FNanchor_245_340" id="FNanchor_245_340"></a><a href="#Footnote_245_340" class="fnanchor">[245]</a> and Dwarf Willows,<a name="FNanchor_246_341" id="FNanchor_246_341"></a><a href="#Footnote_246_341" class="fnanchor">[246]</a> compose the whole +catalogue. Farther Westward the Birch Tree<a name="FNanchor_247_342" id="FNanchor_247_342"></a><a href="#Footnote_247_342" class="fnanchor">[247]</a> is very plentiful; +and in the Athapuscow country, the Pines, Larch, +Poplar, and Birch, grow to a great size; the Alder<a name="FNanchor_248_343" id="FNanchor_248_343"></a><a href="#Footnote_248_343" class="fnanchor">[248]</a> is also +found there.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">[418]</a></span> +<br /><br /></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124_200" id="Footnote_124_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_200"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> The notes to this chapter within brackets are by Mr. Edward A. Preble +of the United States Biological Survey.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_125_201" id="Footnote_125_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_201"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> +See pages <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, and <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_126_202" id="Footnote_126_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_202"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> This is the so-called elk or wapiti, <i>Cervus canadensis</i> Erx., formerly +abundant from the west side of Lake Winnipeg north-westward to the Peace +River region.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_127_203" id="Footnote_127_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_203"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> The wolves of the wooded country belong to the species to which the +name <i>Canis occidentalis</i> of Richardson seems applicable; those of the Barren +Grounds, which are frequently white, may be considered as subspecifically +separable under the name <i>Canis o. albus</i> Sabine (type locality, Fort Enterprise, +North-West Territory).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_128_204" id="Footnote_128_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_204"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> <i>Vulpes lagopus innuitus</i> Merriam. This name is applicable to the +Arctic foxes of the American mainland. They are larger than and differ in +cranial characters from the typical animal of Lapland.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_129_205" id="Footnote_129_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_205"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> See Pennant, "Arct. Zool.," i. p. 43, 1784, where this statement is credited to +Mr. Graham. While Hearne is probably right about the foxes appearing every +season, yet at intervals of a few years there is an incursion of more than ordinary +numbers, and on these occasions the species reaches farther south than +usual.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_130_206" id="Footnote_130_206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_206"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> The Canada Lynx, <i>Lynx canadensis</i> Kerr, is of general distribution +throughout the wooded country, and occasionally in summer extends its +wanderings for a short distance into the Barren Grounds.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_131_207" id="Footnote_131_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_207"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> <i>Thalarctos maritimus</i> (Phipps). This species, of circumpolar distribution, +keeps closely to the sea-coasts, and reaches the southern extremity of Hudson +Bay, probably the most southern point of its present distribution.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_BY_208" id="Footnote_BY_208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_BY_208"><span class="label">[BY]</span></a> It is rather singular that the Polar Bears are seldom found on the land +during the Winter, on which account it is supposed they go out on the ice, and +keep near the edge of the water during that season, while the females that are +pregnant seek shelter at the skirts of the woods, and dig themselves dens in +the deepest drifts of snow they can find, where they remain in a state of inactivity, +and without food, from the latter end of December or January, till the +latter end of March; at which time they leave their dens, and bend their course +towards the sea with their cubs; which, in general, are two in number. Notwithstanding +the great magnitude of those animals when full grown, yet their +young are not larger than rabbits, and when they leave their dens, in March, I +have frequently seen them not larger than a white fox, and their steps on the +snow not bigger than a crown-piece, when those of their dam measure near +fifteen inches long and nine inches broad. They propagate when young, or at +least before they are half-grown; for I have killed young females not larger +than a London calf, with milk in their teats; whereas some of the full grown +ones are heavier than the largest of our common oxen. Indeed I was once at +the killing of one, when one of its hind feet being cut off at the ankle, weighed +fifty-four pounds. The males have a bone in their <i>penis</i>, as a dog has, and of +course unite in copulation; but the time of their courtship is, I believe, not +exactly known: probably it may be in July or August, for at those times I have +often been at the killing of them, when the males were so attached to their mistresses, +that after the female was killed, the male would put his two fore-paws +over, and suffer himself to be shot before he would quit her. I have frequently +seen and killed those animals near twelve leagues from the land; but as the +Fall of the year advances, they are taught by instinct to seek the shore. +Though such a tremendous animal, they are very shy of coming near a man; +but when closely pursued in the water, they frequently attack the boat, seize +the oars, and wrest them from the hands of the strongest man, seeming +desirous to get on board; but the people on those occasions are always provided +with fire-arms and hatchets, to prevent such an unwelcome visit. The flesh of +this animal, when killed in Winter, (if not too old,) is far from being unpleasant +eating; and the young cubs, in the Spring, are rather delicate than otherwise. +The teats of the female are only two in number, and are placed between the +fore-legs. The best Drawing of this Animal I have seen, is that done by Mr. +Webber, among the Plates of Cook's last Voyage.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_132_209" id="Footnote_132_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_209"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> <i>Ursus americanus</i> Pallas. This species inhabits all the region west of +Hudson Bay nearly or quite to the limit of trees, though it is rare near the +border of the woods.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_BZ_210" id="Footnote_BZ_210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_BZ_210"><span class="label">[BZ]</span></a> The insects here spoken of are of two kinds; the one is nearly black, its +skin hard like a beetle, and not very unlike a grasshopper, and darts through +the water with great ease, and with some degree of velocity. The other sort +is brown, has wings, and is as soft as the common cleg-fly. The latter are the +most numerous; and in some of the lakes such quantities of them are forced +into the bays in gales of wind, and there pressed together in such multitudes, +that they are killed, and remain there a great nuisance; for I have several +times, in my inland voyages from York Fort, found it scarcely possible to land +in some of those bays for the intolerable stench of those insects, which in some +places were lying in putrid masses to the depth of two or three feet. It is more +than probable, that the Bears occasionally feed on these dead insects.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_133_211" id="Footnote_133_211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_211"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> The insects here referred to are mainly May-flies (Ephemeridæ), which are +washed up along the shores of the lakes in this region in incredible quantities, +and are eaten by the bears, as Hearne says.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_CA_212" id="Footnote_CA_212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_CA_212"><span class="label">[CA]</span></a> It is common for the Southern Indians to tame and domesticate the young +cubs; and they are frequently taken so young that they cannot eat. On those +occasions the Indians oblige their wives who have milk in their breasts to suckle +them. And one of the Company's servants, whose name is Isaac Batt, willing +to be as great a brute as his Indian companions, absolutely forced one of his +wives, who had recently lost her infant, to suckle a young Bear.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_134_213" id="Footnote_134_213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_213"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> By brown bears, Hearne probably refers to the brown or cinnamon phase +of the black bear. This colour phase, which is often spoken of as if constituting +a distinct species, is rare near the northern border of the range of the animal.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_135_214" id="Footnote_135_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_214"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> <i>Ursus richardsoni</i> Swainson. See <i>ante</i>, p. 181.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_136_215" id="Footnote_136_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_215"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> <i>Gulo luscus</i> (Linn.). This powerful freebooter ranges north to the +extremity of the continent, and has been detected in a few instances on +the islands of the Arctic Sea.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_CB_216" id="Footnote_CB_216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_CB_216"><span class="label">[CB]</span></a> Mr. Graham says they take their lodging in the clefts of rocks, or in +hollow trees. The former I acknowledge, but I believe that neither Mr. +Graham nor any of the Company's servants ever saw an instance of the latter. +In fact, during all my travels in the interior parts of Hudson's Bay, I never saw +a hollow tree that was capable of affording shelter to any larger animal than +martins, jackashes, or wejacks; much less the quiquehatch or Bear, as some +have asserted. +</p><p> +[This statement is from Pennant, "Arct. Zool.," i. p. 68, 1784, and given on +the authority of Mr. Graham.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_137_217" id="Footnote_137_217"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_217"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> <i>Lutra canadensis</i> (Schreber). This valuable fur-bearer is found throughout +the wooded country, but is rare near the borders of the forest.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_CC_218" id="Footnote_CC_218"></a><a href="#FNanchor_CC_218"><span class="label">[CC]</span></a> The Otter is very fond of play; and one of their favourite pastimes is, +to get on a high ridge of snow, bend their fore-feet backward, and slide down +the side of it, sometimes to the distance of twenty yards.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_138_219" id="Footnote_138_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_219"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> <i>Lutreola vison lacustris</i> (Preble, North Am. Fauna, No. 22, p. 66, 1902). +This race differs from the typical race of Eastern Canada in its larger size and +some minor cranial characters. It inhabits the region west of Hudson Bay, +north to the limit of trees.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_139_220" id="Footnote_139_220"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_220"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> <i>Mustela pennanti</i> Erxleben. As far as known, this fur-bearer reaches +its northern limit on the coast of Hudson Bay near Cape Tatnam.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_CD_221" id="Footnote_CD_221"></a><a href="#FNanchor_CD_221"><span class="label">[CD]</span></a> Mr. Graham asserts that this animal frequents the banks of creeks, and +feeds on fish; but these are by no means their usual haunts. I have, however, +no doubt, but when they find fish on the land, that they may eat it, like other +carnivorous animals; but they are as shy of taking the water as a domestic cat. +They climb trees, and catch partridges, mice, and rabbits, with as much ease as +a martin. They are easily tamed and domesticated, are very fond of tea-leaves, +have a pleasant musky smell, and are very playful. +</p><p> +[This statement is apparently from Pennant ("Arct. Zool.," i. p. 82, 1784), +who gives Mr. Graham as authority.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_140_222" id="Footnote_140_222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_222"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> The Skunk, <i>Mephitis mephitis</i> (Schreber), has not been detected on the +coast of Hudson Bay north of Fort Albany, but farther westward it reaches +Oxford House and Great Slave Lake. The animal of the Cumberland House +region is the Northern Plains Skunk, <i>Mephitis hudsonica</i> Richardson.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_141_223" id="Footnote_141_223"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_223"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> <i>Mustela americana abieticola</i> Preble. A much larger race than typical +<i>M. americana</i> of Eastern Canada is the form inhabiting the country west of +Hudson Bay.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_142_224" id="Footnote_142_224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_224"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> The common weasel of the wooded parts of the Hudson Bay region is +<i>Putorius richardsoni</i> (Bonaparte). North of the tree-limit is found a larger +species, <i>P. arcticus</i> Merriam, which ranges north of the continent over the +Arctic islands. Both species turn white in winter and are then known as +ermine.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_143_225" id="Footnote_143_225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_225"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> <i>Fiber zibethicus hudsonius</i> Preble (North Am. Fauna, No. 22, p. 53, 1902; +type locality, Fort Churchill). This race, which differs from the typical animal +of Eastern Canada in smaller size and in cranial characters, inhabits the region +west of Hudson Bay, north to the limit of trees.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_144_226" id="Footnote_144_226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_226"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> <i>Acorus calamus</i> Linn. A widely diffused herb abundant in the southern +part of the Hudson Bay region. The Crees are said to style it <i>Wachusk +mitsu-in</i>, i.e. that which the musk-rats eat.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_145_227" id="Footnote_145_227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_227"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> <i>Erethizon dorsatum</i> (Linn.). In Hearne's time the porcupine was rather +common throughout the southern part of the Hudson Bay region, and ranged +nearly or quite to the limit of trees. Hearne's journey to the Coppermine +River was mainly through the Barren Grounds, or near the edge of the timber, +where of course the animal was scarce, which accounts for the small number +seen by him. +</p><p> +Now, throughout the region, constant persecution has reduced this species +almost to the verge of extinction, so that a person may travel hundreds of miles +through its range without encountering one.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_146_228" id="Footnote_146_228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_228"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> "Arctic Zool.," i. p. 110, 1784.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_CE_229" id="Footnote_CE_229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_CE_229"><span class="label">[CE]</span></a> This information was given to Mr. Pennant from the authority of Mr. +Graham; but the before-mentioned account of seeing them killed in all stages +of pregnancy, when no symptoms of that kind appeared, will, I hope, be +sufficient to clear up that mistake.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_147_230" id="Footnote_147_230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_230"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> By foxes of various colours, Hearne refers to the different colour-phases of +the red fox, <i>Vulpes fulvus</i> (Desmarest). These are the cross-fox, in which there +is a darkening of the colour, and a more or less plainly marked cross indicated on +the back; the silver, in which the red tinge is nearly or wholly lost, the general +colour being black, with many of the hairs showing a white subterminal zone; +and the black, in which the white is absent, or very nearly so. In all these +phases, now generally admitted to be varying degrees of melanism, the tip of +the tail is white, as in the normal red phase. A perfect black fox is one of the +most valuable furs known.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_148_231" id="Footnote_148_231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_231"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> <i>Lepus arcticus canus</i> Preble. Arctic hares are still found regularly as +far south as Fort Churchill, and in winter reach still farther south, while to the +north-west they occupy suitable localities throughout the Barren Grounds.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_149_232" id="Footnote_149_232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_232"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> <i>Lepus americanus</i> (Erxleben), based mainly on specimens from Churchill +River and Severn River, which last place may be considered the type locality.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_150_233" id="Footnote_150_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_233"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> <i>Sciurus hudsonicus</i> Erxleben. Common throughout the Hudson Bay +region north to the tree-limit. The name was based on specimens from Hudson +Bay, probably from the west coast, although no definite type locality has been +assigned.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_151_234" id="Footnote_151_234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_234"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> <i>Citellus parryi</i> (Richardson). This species at the time of Hearne's writing +was undescribed, but was later characterised by Richardson (App. to Parry's +Second Voyage, p. 316, 1827), from specimens taken at Five Hawser Bay, +Melville Peninsula. It inhabits the Barren Grounds from Hudson Bay north-westward +to the Mackenzie, and is represented by related and intergrading +forms nearly throughout Alaska, and southward in the Rocky Mountains to the +northern United States.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_152_235" id="Footnote_152_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_235"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> The shrew most often found in the beaver houses is the marsh shrew, +<i>Neosorex palustris</i> (Rich.), whose aquatic habits admirably fit it for such situations. +Two or three smaller shrews, less aquatic in habits, also inhabit the +Hudson Bay region.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_153_236" id="Footnote_153_236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_236"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> <i>Dicrostonyx richardsoni</i> Merriam. This lemming, which is closely related +to <i>D. hudsonius</i> of Labrador, was described from specimens taken at Fort +Churchill, where it is abundant. Farther to the north it is represented by +closely related forms whose ranges are among the most northerly of all land +animals. Hearne's excellent account of this species has been confirmed in +almost every particular by later observers.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_154_237" id="Footnote_154_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_237"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> <i>Odobænus rosmarus</i> (Linn.). This animal was formerly abundant in +Hudson Bay, but is now far from common, and is confined to the northern +and north-eastern parts.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_155_238" id="Footnote_155_238"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_238"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> <i>Phoca vitulina</i> Linn. is one of the commonest seals about the Bay, while +the ringed seal, <i>Phoca hispida</i> Schreber, is perhaps equally abundant about its +northern shores. The grey species mentioned is the bearded seal, <i>Erignathus +barbatus</i> (Erxleben), which is abundant in most parts of Hudson Bay.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_156_239" id="Footnote_156_239"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_239"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> The narwhal, <i>Monodon monoceros</i> Linn., is still a rare inhabitant of +Hudson Strait and the extreme northern part of the Bay.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_CF_240" id="Footnote_CF_240"></a><a href="#FNanchor_CF_240"><span class="label">[CF]</span></a> In the Fall of the year 1768, a fine rock cod was drove on shore in a high +gale of wind, and was eaten at the Governor's table; Messrs. William Wales +and Joseph Dymond, who went out to observe the transit of Venus which +happened on the 3d of June 1769, partook of it; but I never heard of one +being caught with a hook, nor ever saw an entire fish of that description in those +parts: their jaw-bones are, however, frequently found on the shores. +</p><p> +[The common cod, <i>Gadus callarius</i> Linn., enters Hudson Strait, and is +economically important in Ungava Bay. An occasional one is reported in +Hudson Bay, but whether or not the fish is abundant there is not known.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_157_241" id="Footnote_157_241"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_241"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> <i>Balæna mysticetus</i> Linn. This species, the principal object of pursuit +by the northern whalers, was originally fairly common in the northern part of +Hudson Bay, but is now rare there.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_CG_242" id="Footnote_CG_242"></a><a href="#FNanchor_CG_242"><span class="label">[CG]</span></a> I have heard that no Whale caught by our Greenland ships is called +a Pay-fish; that is, that no emolument arises to the harpooner that strikes it; +unless the longest blade of the bone, usually called Whale-bone, measures six +feet; whereas those killed in Hudson's Bay seldom measured more than four +feet and an half.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_158_243" id="Footnote_158_243"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_243"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> <i>Delphinapterus catodon</i> (Linn.). This toothed whale is still common in +nearly all parts of Hudson Bay, and considerable numbers are taken by means +of nets at Fort Churchill. The oil is exported and the meat utilized for food +for dogs.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_159_244" id="Footnote_159_244"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_244"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> The "Salmon" here spoken of is evidently some form of the widely distributed +<i>Salvelinus alpinus</i> (Linn.), several supposed forms of which have been +described from different parts of Arctic North America. The ordinary method +of taking it on the coast of Hudson Bay is by stretching a net between stakes +at low tide at right angles to the shore. The net being immersed at high tide +intercepts the fish, which apparently follow the line of the shore. When the +tide falls the catch is of course easily retrieved.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_160_245" id="Footnote_160_245"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_245"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> <i>Mallotus villosus</i> (Müller). This is a kind of smelt of wide distribution +in northern waters.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_161_246" id="Footnote_161_246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_246"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> Apparently referring to <i>Mytilus edulis</i> (Linn.), which is very abundant +on the shore of Hudson Bay.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_162_247" id="Footnote_162_247"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162_247"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> <i>Hyas coarctatus</i> Leach, occurs on the west coast of Hudson Bay. Probably +other species inhabit its waters.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_163_248" id="Footnote_163_248"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_248"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> A common starfish on the west coast of Hudson Bay is a six-armed +species, <i>Asterias polaris</i> (Müller and Troschel).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_164_249" id="Footnote_164_249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_249"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> The common frog of the Hudson Bay region is the northern wood frog, +<i>Rana cantabrigensis latiremis</i> Cope, which is abundant north to the tree-limit. +A smaller species, <i>Chorophilus septentrionalis</i> Boulenger, is abundant on the +coast as far north at least as York Factory.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_165_250" id="Footnote_165_250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_250"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> From Hearne's description of its habits he evidently refers to the white-headed +eagle, <i>Haliaetus leucocephalus alascanus</i> Townsend, which is the +commoner of the two species of that region. The golden eagle, <i>Aquila chrysætos</i> +(Linn.), is rare near the Bay, but in places in the interior, where rocky +ledges occur, is sometimes rather common.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_166_251" id="Footnote_166_251"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166_251"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> The Sacre Falcon of Pennant is generally identified as <i>Falco rusticolus +gyrfalco</i> Linn.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_167_252" id="Footnote_167_252"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_252"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> <i>Nyctea nyctea</i> (Linn.). This beautiful owl is common throughout the +region, breeding on the Barren Grounds, and in winter moving southward into +the wooded country. Occasionally a pair will nest far south of the normal +range.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_168_253" id="Footnote_168_253"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_253"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> The great horned owl, <i>Bubo virginianus subarcticus</i> (Hoy), found throughout +the region north nearly to the limit of trees.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_169_254" id="Footnote_169_254"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_254"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> This is the hawk owl, <i>Surnia ulula caparoch</i> (Müller). It is fairly abundant +throughout the region north to the limit of trees.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_170_255" id="Footnote_170_255"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170_255"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> <i>Corvus corax principalis</i> (Ridgway). The raven is rare on the coast of +Hudson Bay, but is rather common in the interior.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_171_256" id="Footnote_171_256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_256"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> <i>Perisoreus canadensis</i> (Linn.). Very abundant throughout the region north +to the limit of trees. It nests in late winter, laying three or four bluish-grey +eggs spotted with brownish.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_172_257" id="Footnote_172_257"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_257"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> Besides the "Golden-winged Bird," <i>Colaptes auratus luteus</i> (Bangs), +which reaches the limit of trees, several other woodpeckers inhabit that +region.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_173_258" id="Footnote_173_258"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_258"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> Referring to the pileated woodpecker, <i>Phlœotomus pileatus abieticola</i> +(Bangs), which is found about the southern parts of Hudson Bay, and inland +toward the south-west.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_174_259" id="Footnote_174_259"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_259"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> Hearne is mistaken here, as the golden-winged woodpecker is well known +to leave the northern parts of its summer habitat for several months.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_175_260" id="Footnote_175_260"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_260"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> <i>Bonasa umbellus togata</i> (Linn.). Found about the southern shores of +Hudson Bay, as far north as about 57°, and inland much farther north.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_176_261" id="Footnote_176_261"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_261"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> <i>Pediœcetes phasianellus</i> (Linn.). Hearne's remarks on its range in this +region are well founded, and agree with what is known of its present distribution.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_CH_262" id="Footnote_CH_262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_CH_262"><span class="label">[CH]</span></a> This I assert from my own experience when at Cumberland House.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_177_263" id="Footnote_177_263"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_263"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> <i>Canachites canadensis</i> (Linn.). This grouse inhabits all the region west of +Hudson Bay north nearly to the limit of trees, but is scarce near the northern +border of its range.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_178_264" id="Footnote_178_264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178_264"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> <i>Lagopus lagopus</i> (Linn.) This beautiful ptarmigan is still abundant on +the shores of Hudson Bay. It breeds abundantly throughout the Barren +Grounds and in considerable numbers on the treeless areas which form an +almost continuous fringe along the west coast of the Bay nearly to its southern +extremity.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_CI_265" id="Footnote_CI_265"></a><a href="#FNanchor_CI_265"><span class="label">[CI]</span></a> Mr. Dragge observes, in his North West Passage, that when the partridges +begin to change colour, the first brown feathers appear in the rump; +but this is so far from being a general rule, that an experienced Hudsonian +must smile at the idea. That Mr. Dragge never saw an instance of this +kind I will not say, but when Nature deviates so far from its usual course, +it is undoubtedly owing to some accident; and nothing is more likely +than that the feathers of the bird Mr. Dragge had examined, had been +struck off by a hawk; and as the usual season for changing their plumage +was near, the Summer feathers supplied their place; for out of the many +hundreds of thousands that I have seen killed, I never saw or heard of a +similar instance.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_179_266" id="Footnote_179_266"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_266"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> <i>Lagopus rupestris</i> (Gmel.). This species, first described from specimens +sent from Hudson Bay, is more northern in its range than the willow +ptarmigan.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_CJ_267" id="Footnote_CJ_267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_CJ_267"><span class="label">[CJ]</span></a> Besides the birds already mentioned, which form a constant dish at our +tables in Hudson's Bay, during their respective seasons, Mr. Jérémie asserts, +that during the time he was Governor at York Fort, the bustard was common. +But since that Fort was delivered up to the English at the peace of Utrecht +in 1713, none of the Company's servants have ever seen one of those birds: nor +does it appear by all the Journals now in the possession of the Hudson's Bay +Company, that any such bird was ever seen in the most Southern parts of the +Bay, much less at York Fort, which is in the latitude 57° North; so that +a capital error, or a wilful design to mislead, must have taken place. Indeed, +his account of the country immediately where he resided, and the productions +of it, are so erroneously stated as to deserve no notice. His colleague, +De le Potries, asserts the existence of the bustard in those parts, and with +an equal regard to truth. +</p><p> +[This is explained by the fact that the early French writers referred to the +Canada goose under the name <i>Outarde</i>.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_180_268" id="Footnote_180_268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180_268"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> <i>Ectopistes migratorius</i> (Linn.). This short account of the habits is +evidently founded on Hearne's experience with the species in the Cumberland +House region, where at that time it was doubtless abundant. The present +record for Fort Churchill, as well as other early notices of its occurrence at +York Factory, probably represent the northward wandering of flocks after the +breeding season.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_181_269" id="Footnote_181_269"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_269"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> <i>Planesticus migratorius</i> (Linn.). The American robin is rather common +in the Hudson Bay region north to the tree-limit. At Fort Churchill, in late +July 1900, I saw flocks composed of old birds and young just from the nests.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_182_270" id="Footnote_182_270"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182_270"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> <i>Pinicola enucleator leucura</i> (Müller). Found throughout the region north +to the limit of trees, but, as Hearne intimates, not abundant.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_183_271" id="Footnote_183_271"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183_271"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> <i>Plectrophenax nivalis</i> (Linn.). This name was based on a Hudson Bay +specimen. The bird is abundant throughout the region in migration, and +breeds from the vicinity of Neville Bay (near lat. 62°), northward.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_184_272" id="Footnote_184_272"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184_272"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> <i>Zonotrichia leucophrys</i> (Forster). First described from specimens taken at +Severn River, Hudson Bay. An abundant species throughout the region north +to the limit of trees.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_185_273" id="Footnote_185_273"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185_273"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> <i>Calcarius lapponica</i> (Linn.). A common species, as Hearne says. It +breeds from the tree-limit northward.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_186_274" id="Footnote_186_274"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_274"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> Apparently referring to the Redpoll, <i>Acanthis linaria</i> (Linn.), which is, +of course, not closely related to the Lapland longspur.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_187_275" id="Footnote_187_275"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187_275"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> Hearne apparently refers to the Shore Lark, <i>Otocoris alpestris hoyti</i> +Bishop, which breeds abundantly on the small barrens along the west coast of +Hudson Bay as well as on the main area of the Barren Grounds.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_188_276" id="Footnote_188_276"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188_276"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> <i>Penthestes hudsonicus</i>; first described by Forster from specimens taken +at Severn River, Hudson Bay. It inhabits the region north to the limit of +trees.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_189_277" id="Footnote_189_277"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_277"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> This account of the nesting habits seems to refer to the Barn Swallow, +<i>Hirundo erythrogastra</i> (Bodd). I am not aware that this bird now nests at +Fort Churchill, though it is not unlikely that it did so formerly. The cliffs in +the vicinity would afford ideal natural nesting sites.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_190_278" id="Footnote_190_278"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_278"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> Here Hearne undoubtedly refers to the Bank Swallow, <i>Riparia riparia</i> +(Linn.), which inhabits the region in myriads. As it nests only in banks of +clay or sand its local abundance is dependent on their presence. The eggs are +unspotted.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_191_279" id="Footnote_191_279"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_279"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> <i>Grus americana</i> (Linn.). Though specimens from Hudson Bay figured +in the original description of this magnificent species, it was rare even in +Hearne's time, and is now probably extirpated in that region.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_192_280" id="Footnote_192_280"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_280"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> The Brown Crane (<i>Grus canadensis</i>), was described by Linnæus from +Hudson Bay specimens, and is still rather common on its marshy plains, and +on the Barren Grounds.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_193_281" id="Footnote_193_281"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193_281"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> The American Bittern, <i>Botaurus lentiginosus</i> (Montagu), is fairly common +in the marshes about Hudson Bay north to the vicinity of York Factory.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_194_282" id="Footnote_194_282"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194_282"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> The Esquimaux Curlew of Pennant ("Arct. Zool.," ii. p. 461, 1785) is +really the Hudsonian Curlew, <i>Numenius hudsonicus</i> (Latham), and Hearne of +course follows Pennant in this error. It is still a common species on the west +coast of Hudson Bay. The smaller one, which is the real Eskimo Curlew, +<i>Numenius borealis</i> (Forster), was formerly very abundant, but is now, unhappily, +nearly or quite extinct.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_195_283" id="Footnote_195_283"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195_283"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> Apparently the common Snipe, <i>Gallinago delicata</i> (Ord.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_196_284" id="Footnote_196_284"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196_284"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> The Hudsonian Godwit, <i>Limosa hæmastica</i> (Linn.). This name was based +on the drawing of a specimen from Hudson Bay. It breeds in the marshes on +the west coast of the Bay, probably nearly throughout its length.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_197_285" id="Footnote_197_285"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197_285"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> The Spotted Godwit of Pennant ("Arct. Zool.," ii. p. 467, 1785) is the +Greater Yellowlegs, <i>Totanus melanoleucus</i> (Gmel.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_198_286" id="Footnote_198_286"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198_286"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> <i>Arenaria morinella</i> (Linn.). The Turnstone is abundant along the west +coast of Hudson Bay in migration, and doubtless breeds about its northern +shores, though I am not aware that its nest has actually been discovered +there.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_CK_287" id="Footnote_CK_287"></a><a href="#FNanchor_CK_287"><span class="label">[CK]</span></a> They exactly correspond with the bird described by Mr. Pennant, except +that they are much longer.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_199_288" id="Footnote_199_288"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199_288"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> <i>Charadrius dominicus</i> Müller. Formerly very abundant, as Hearne +intimates, but now very much reduced in numbers. It breeds about the +northern shores of Hudson Bay.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_200_289" id="Footnote_200_289"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_289"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> <i>Cepphus mandti</i> (Mandt). This Guillemot is abundant on Hudson Bay +and the neighbouring waters to the northward.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_201_290" id="Footnote_201_290"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_290"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> <i>Gavia immer</i> (Brünn.). This is perhaps the least abundant of the Loons +found on Hudson Bay, though common in the lakes of the interior.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_202_291" id="Footnote_202_291"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202_291"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> <i>Gavia adamsi</i> (Gray). Hearne's statement that the bird has a white bill +shows that he refers to the present species, though a Black-throated Loon, <i>Gavia +pacifica</i> (Lawrence), is common there. Perhaps he confuses the two. At any +rate, <i>G. adamsi</i> is abundant over much of the country traversed by him on his +Coppermine journey, but I am not aware that it has been detected as far east +as Hudson Bay.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_203_292" id="Footnote_203_292"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203_292"><span class="label">[203]</span></a> <i>Gavia stellata</i> (Pontoppidan). Abundant in the lake-studded country +bordering Hudson Bay.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_204_293" id="Footnote_204_293"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204_293"><span class="label">[204]</span></a> Though in all probability several species are included under this heading, +the commonest is the widely distributed Herring Gull, <i>Larus argentatus</i> +Pontoppidan. The "Grey Gull" following is undoubtedly the young of the +same species.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_205_294" id="Footnote_205_294"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205_294"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> Jaegers, <i>Stercorarius</i>, of which perhaps the commonest, and the one +suggested by Hearne's description, is <i>S. pomarinus</i>. It is probable, however, +that both <i>S. parasiticus</i> and <i>S. longicaudus</i> (the former of which is the more +abundant) also came under his observation.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_206_295" id="Footnote_206_295"></a><a href="#FNanchor_206_295"><span class="label">[206]</span></a> Plainly referring to the Arctic Tern, <i>Sterna paradisæa</i> Brünn. An +excessively abundant species on the west coast of Hudson Bay.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_207_296" id="Footnote_207_296"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207_296"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> <i>Pelecanus erythrorhynchos</i> Gmel., has been taken on Hudson Bay only +as a rare straggler, but is abundant in the Cumberland House region.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_CL_297" id="Footnote_CL_297"></a><a href="#FNanchor_CL_297"><span class="label">[CL]</span></a> In the Fall of 1774, when I first settled at Cumberland House, the Indians +imposed on me and my people very much, by selling us Pelican fat for the +fat of the black bear. Our knowledge of the delicacy of the latter induced us +to reserve this fat for particular purposes; but when we came to open the +bladders, it was little superior to train oil, and was only eatable by a few of my +crew, which at that time consisted only of eight Englishmen and two of the +home Indians from York Fort. +</p><p> +Cumberland House was the first inland settlement the Company made from +Hudson's Fort; and though begun on so small a scale, yet upon it and Hudson's +House, which is situated beyond it, upwards of seventy men were now +employed.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_208_298" id="Footnote_208_298"></a><a href="#FNanchor_208_298"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> <i>Mergus serrator</i> Linn. This species is still very abundant on the coast +of Hudson Bay, as well as in the interior.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_209_299" id="Footnote_209_299"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209_299"><span class="label">[209]</span></a> The smaller Swan is <i>Olor columbianus</i> (Ord.), formerly very abundant +on Hudson Bay, and still occurring in some numbers during migrations. It +breeds on the islands in the northern parts of the Bay, and in other parts of the +far North. +</p><p> +The larger Whooping Swan, <i>Olor buccinator</i> (Richardson), formerly bred +about the southern part of the Hudson Bay region, and also far northward. In +the wholesale destruction of these magnificent birds, this species has suffered +most.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_CM_300" id="Footnote_CM_300"></a><a href="#FNanchor_CM_300"><span class="label">[CM]</span></a> Mr. Pennant, in treating of the Whistling Swan, takes notice of the formation +of the Windpipe; but on examination, the windpipes of both the species +which frequent Hudson's Bay are found to be exactly alike, though their note +is quite different. The breast-bone of this bird is different from any other +I have seen; for instead of being sharp and solid, like that of a goose, it is +broad and hollow. Into this cavity the windpipe passes from the valve, and +reaching quite down to the abdomen, returns into the chest, and joins the lungs. +Neither of the species of Swan that frequent Hudson's Bay are mute: but the +note of the larger is much louder and harsher than that of the smaller.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_210_301" id="Footnote_210_301"></a><a href="#FNanchor_210_301"><span class="label">[210]</span></a> <i>Branta canadensis</i> (Linn.). This large goose is the earliest to arrive in +spring, and is the most southern breeder, nesting throughout the wooded country.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_211_302" id="Footnote_211_302"></a><a href="#FNanchor_211_302"><span class="label">[211]</span></a> <i>Branta canadensis hutchinsi</i> (Richardson). This smaller form of the +Canada Goose was named in honour of Thomas Hutchins, a Hudson's Bay +Company officer who made natural history collections on Hudson Bay, and was +the first to call attention to this race. It breeds on the Barren Grounds.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_212_303" id="Footnote_212_303"></a><a href="#FNanchor_212_303"><span class="label">[212]</span></a> <i>Chen hyperboreus nivalis</i> (Forster). This larger form of <i>C. hyperboreus</i> was +first described from Severn River specimens. Though much reduced in numbers, +it still breeds about the northern part of Hudson Bay, and is an important +food species in the region.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_213_304" id="Footnote_213_304"></a><a href="#FNanchor_213_304"><span class="label">[213]</span></a> <i>Chen cærulescens</i> (Linn.). First described from a Hudson Bay specimen. +According to the natives it breeds in the interior of northern Ungava; west of +Hudson Bay, it is known only as a straggler. It winters in the Mississippi +valley and on the Atlantic coast.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_214_305" id="Footnote_214_305"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214_305"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> This is the first account of <i>Chen rossi</i>, formally described by Cassin in +1861 from specimens taken on Great Slave Lake. It is almost unknown on +Hudson Bay, but is abundant in migrations about Great Slave and Athabaska +lakes. It breeds somewhere to the northward of this region, but its summer +home is unknown.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_CN_306" id="Footnote_CN_306"></a><a href="#FNanchor_CN_306"><span class="label">[CN]</span></a> Mr. Moses Norton.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_215_307" id="Footnote_215_307"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215_307"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> <i>Anser albifrons gambeli</i> Hartl. An inhabitant of the west coast of +Hudson Bay, but more common in the Mackenzie valley.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_216_308" id="Footnote_216_308"></a><a href="#FNanchor_216_308"><span class="label">[216]</span></a> Probably referring, as Hearne suggests, to abnormally large and perhaps +barren individuals of the Canada Goose (<i>Branta canadensis</i>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_217_309" id="Footnote_217_309"></a><a href="#FNanchor_217_309"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> <i>Branta bernicla glaucogastra</i> (Brehm). Still occurring in some numbers +along the west coast of Hudson Bay, in migrations, and breeding about its +northern shores.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_218_310" id="Footnote_218_310"></a><a href="#FNanchor_218_310"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> Both <i>Somateria mollissima borealis</i> (Brehm), and <i>S. dresseri</i> Sharpe, +occur about the north-west coast of Hudson Bay in summer, and doubtless +both breed there. The King Eider also, <i>S. spectabilis</i> (Linn.), migrates down +the coast, but probably breeds farther to the north.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_219_311" id="Footnote_219_311"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219_311"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> The Bean Goose, <i>Anser fabalis</i> (Latham), is of very doubtful occurrence +in the Hudson Bay region.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_CO_312" id="Footnote_CO_312"></a><a href="#FNanchor_CO_312"><span class="label">[CO]</span></a> It is, however, no less true, that the late Mr. Humphry Martin, many +years Governor of Albany Fort, sent home several hundred specimens of animals +and plants to complete that collection; but by some mistake, nothing of the kind +was placed to the credit of his account. Even my respected friend Mr. Pennant, +who with a candour that does him honour, has so generously acknowledged his +obligations to all to whom he thought he was indebted for information when he +was writing his Arctic Zoology, (see the Advertisement,) has not mentioned his +name; but I am fully persuaded that it entirely proceeded from a want of knowing +the person; and as Mr. Hutchins succeeded him at Albany in the year +1774, every thing that has been sent over from that part has been placed to +his account.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_220_313" id="Footnote_220_313"></a><a href="#FNanchor_220_313"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> <i>Somateria spectabilis</i> (Linn.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_221_314" id="Footnote_221_314"></a><a href="#FNanchor_221_314"><span class="label">[221]</span></a> Probably <i>Anas rubripes</i> Brewster.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_222_315" id="Footnote_222_315"></a><a href="#FNanchor_222_315"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> <i>Anas platyrhynchos</i> Linn.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_223_316" id="Footnote_223_316"></a><a href="#FNanchor_223_316"><span class="label">[223]</span></a> <i>Dafila acuta</i> (Linn.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_224_317" id="Footnote_224_317"></a><a href="#FNanchor_224_317"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> <i>Mareca americana</i> (Gmel.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_225_318" id="Footnote_225_318"></a><a href="#FNanchor_225_318"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> <i>Nettion carolinense</i> (Gmel.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_226_319" id="Footnote_226_319"></a><a href="#FNanchor_226_319"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> <i>Mareca americana</i> (Gmel.). The American Widgeon occurs on the west +coast of Hudson Bay north to the tree-limit, but is not common there.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_227_320" id="Footnote_227_320"></a><a href="#FNanchor_227_320"><span class="label">[227]</span></a> The Common Teal of the west coast of Hudson Bay is <i>Nettion carolinense</i> +(Gmel.), which occurs in numbers well into the Barren Grounds. The Blue-winged +Teal, <i>Querquedula discors</i> (Linn.), has been taken there, but is excessively +rare.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_228_321" id="Footnote_228_321"></a><a href="#FNanchor_228_321"><span class="label">[228]</span></a> <i>Ribes oxyacanthoides</i> Linn. A species of very wide distribution in the +north. It is usually common about the trading posts.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_229_322" id="Footnote_229_322"></a><a href="#FNanchor_229_322"><span class="label">[229]</span></a> <i>Vaccinium vitisidæa</i> Linn. An abundant species; reaches its greatest +perfection near the northern border of the forest.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_230_323" id="Footnote_230_323"></a><a href="#FNanchor_230_323"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> <i>Empetrum nigrum</i> Linn. The crowberry is very abundant about Fort +Churchill and northward.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_231_324" id="Footnote_231_324"></a><a href="#FNanchor_231_324"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> <i>Rubus chamæmorus</i> Linn. The cloudberry or baked-apple berry is +abundant throughout the country treated by Hearne.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_232_325" id="Footnote_232_325"></a><a href="#FNanchor_232_325"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> The northern red currant, <i>Ribes rubrum</i> Linn., and the black currant, +<i>Ribes hudsonianum</i> Richardson, are species of wide distribution in the north.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_233_326" id="Footnote_233_326"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233_326"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> Apparently Hearne refers to <i>Juniperus nana</i> Willd., the dwarf juniper, +since Richardson gives the same Indian name as applied by the Crees to this +shrub. Granting this, Hearne's creeping pine is <i>Juniperus sabina</i> Linn., +shrubby red cedar. Both species extend northward to the tree-limit.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_CP_327" id="Footnote_CP_327"></a><a href="#FNanchor_CP_327"><span class="label">[CP]</span></a> The Indians call the Juniper-berry Caw-caw-cue-minick, or the Crowberry.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_CQ_328" id="Footnote_CQ_328"></a><a href="#FNanchor_CQ_328"><span class="label">[CQ]</span></a> The Oteagh-minick of the Indians, is so called, because it in some +measure resembles a heart.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_234_329" id="Footnote_234_329"></a><a href="#FNanchor_234_329"><span class="label">[234]</span></a> Probably <i>Fragaria canadensis</i> Michx.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_235_330" id="Footnote_235_330"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235_330"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> Probably <i>Rubus arcticus</i> Linn. A pretty little plant, similar in distribution +to the cloudberry.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_236_331" id="Footnote_236_331"></a><a href="#FNanchor_236_331"><span class="label">[236]</span></a> <i>Vaccinium uliginosum</i> Linn. A low blueberry of wide distribution. The +fruit is excellent.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_237_332" id="Footnote_237_332"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237_332"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> Probably <i>Comandra livida</i> Rich.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_238_333" id="Footnote_238_333"></a><a href="#FNanchor_238_333"><span class="label">[238]</span></a> Evidently, from his description, Hearne here refers to the Alpine bearberry, +<i>Arctous alpina</i> (Linn.). It is abundant throughout the region.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_239_334" id="Footnote_239_334"></a><a href="#FNanchor_239_334"><span class="label">[239]</span></a> Apparently referring to the common rose of the region, <i>Rosa acicularis</i> +Lindl. An abundant and very beautiful species.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_240_335" id="Footnote_240_335"></a><a href="#FNanchor_240_335"><span class="label">[240]</span></a> Hearne refers here to the two species of <i>Ledum. L. grœnlandicum</i> Œder +is the broad-leaved sort, generally distributed through the wooded country, +and extending a little into the Barren Grounds. <i>L. palustre</i> Linn. is a smaller +narrow-leaved species, which overlaps the range of the larger sort, and extends +much farther north.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_241_336" id="Footnote_241_336"></a><a href="#FNanchor_241_336"><span class="label">[241]</span></a> This refers to the common bearberry, <i>Arctostaphylos uva-ursi</i> (Linn.). +Its leaves are smoked both by the Indians and the Eskimo, and also by the +white residents.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_242_337" id="Footnote_242_337"></a><a href="#FNanchor_242_337"><span class="label">[242]</span></a> <i>Picea alba</i> (Ait.) and <i>P. mariana</i> (Mill.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_243_338" id="Footnote_243_338"></a><a href="#FNanchor_243_338"><span class="label">[243]</span></a> <i>Larix laricina</i> (Du Roi).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_244_339" id="Footnote_244_339"></a><a href="#FNanchor_244_339"><span class="label">[244]</span></a> <i>Populus balsamifera</i> Linn., and <i>P. tremuloides</i> Michx.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_245_340" id="Footnote_245_340"></a><a href="#FNanchor_245_340"><span class="label">[245]</span></a> <i>Betula nana</i> Linn.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_246_341" id="Footnote_246_341"></a><a href="#FNanchor_246_341"><span class="label">[246]</span></a> A number of dwarf willows, including <i>Salix anglorum</i> Cham., <i>S. phylicifolia</i> +Linn., and <i>S. reticulata</i> Linn., grow on the coast of Hudson Bay to +the northward of Fort Churchill.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_247_342" id="Footnote_247_342"></a><a href="#FNanchor_247_342"><span class="label">[247]</span></a> <i>Betula papyrifera</i> Marsh, from whose bark the Indians make their +canoes.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_248_343" id="Footnote_248_343"></a><a href="#FNanchor_248_343"><span class="label">[248]</span></a> The common alder of the interior is <i>Alnus alnobetula</i> (Ehrh.).</p></div> + +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">[419]</a></span></p> + +<h2>BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Anderson, James.</span> Letters from Chief Factor James Anderson to +Sir George Simpson, Governor in chief of Rupert Land. Communicated +by the Hudson's Bay Company. <i>Jour. Roy. Geog. +Soc.</i>, vol. 26 (1856), pp. 18-25.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Anderson, James.</span> Extracts from Chief Factor James Anderson's +Journal. Communicated by Sir John Richardson. <i>Jour. Roy. +Geog. Soc.</i>, vol. 27 (1857), pp. 321-328.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Arrowsmith, A.</span> Map exhibiting all the new discoveries in the +interior parts of North America, Jan. 1, 1795, with additions +to 1811.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Back, Captain (Sir George).</span> Narrative of the Arctic Land Expedition +to the mouth of the Great Fish River, &c., in the years 1833, +1834, and 1835. London, 1836. 8vo. Maps and plates. <span class="smcap">X.</span>, 663.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bryce, George.</span> The Remarkable History of the Hudson's Bay +Company. Toronto, 1900. 8vo. <span class="smcap">XXI.</span>, 501.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Burpee, Lawrence J.</span> The Search for the Western Sea. Toronto, +1908. 8vo. Maps and illustrations, <span class="smcap">IX.</span>, 651.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cluny, Alexander.</span> The American Traveller; or, Observations on +the Present State, Culture and Commerce of the British Colonies +in America, &c. By an Old and Experienced Trader. London, +1769. 4to. Map and plate, 122. Another edition. 12mo. +New York, 1770.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dawson, George M.</span> The Larger Unexplored Regions of Canada. +<i>Ott. Nat.</i>, 1890, pp. 29-40, with map.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dawson, George M.</span> Notes to accompany a geological map of the +Northern portion of the Dominion of Canada, east of the Rocky +Mountains. <i>Ann. Rep. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Can.</i>, 1886. +Pt. R. Montreal, 1887. 8vo, Map, 62.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dobbs, Arthur.</span> An Account of the Countries adjoining to Hudson's +Bay, in the North-West Part of America. London, 1744. 4to. +Map. <span class="smcap">II.</span>, 211.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">[420]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="smcap">Douglas, Dr. John</span> (Bishop of Salisbury). Introduction to "A Voyage +to the Pacific Ocean, &c., performed under the direction of +Captains Cook, Clerke and Gore." (Cook's 3rd Voyage.) 3 vols. +and Atlas. London, 1784. 4to. Introduction, xcvi.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dragge, T. S.</span> An Account of a Voyage for the Discovery of a +North-West Passage by Hudson's Streights to the Western and +Southern Ocean of America. Performed in the year 1746 and +1747, in the ship <i>California</i>, Capt. <i>Francis Smith</i>, Commander. +<i>By the</i> <span class="smcap">Clerk</span> <i>of the</i> <span class="smcap">California</span> (T. S. Dragge). London, +1748-9. 2 vols. 12mo. Charts and plates, <span class="smcap">VII.</span>, 237 and 326, +with Index.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dymond, Joseph, and Wales, William.</span> Observations on the state of +the Air, Winds, Weather, &c., made at Prince of Wales Fort, on +the North-West Coast of Hudson's Bay, in the years 1768 and +1769. <i>Phil. Trans.</i>, vol. lx. for the year 1770. London, 1771. +pp. 137-178.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ellis, Henry.</span> A Voyage to Hudson's Bay. By the <i>Dobbs Galley</i> +and <i>California</i>, in the years 1746 and 1747. London, 1748. +8vo. <span class="smcap">XXVIII.</span>, 336.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Forster, J. R.</span> Account of several quadrupeds sent from Hudson's +Bay. <i>Phil. Trans.</i> (London), vol. lxii. 1772. pp. 370-381.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Forster, J. R.</span> An account of the Birds sent from Hudson's Bay; +with Observations relative to their Natural History, and Latin +descriptions of some of the most uncommon. <i>Phil. Trans.</i> +(London), vol. lxii. 1772. pp. 382-433.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Franklin, Sir John.</span> Narrative of a Journey to the shores of The +Polar Sea in the years 1819, 20, 21 and 22, with Appendix. +London, 1823. 4to. Maps and plates. <span class="smcap">XV.</span>, 783. Another +edition. 2 vols. 8vo, without Appendix. London, 1824. <span class="smcap">XIX.</span>, +370 and <span class="smcap">IV.</span> 397.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Franklin, Sir John.</span> Narrative of a Second Expedition to the shores +of The Polar Sea, in the years 1825, 1826 and 1827, with +Appendix. London, 1728. 4to. Maps and plates. <span class="smcap">XXIV.</span>, +319, clvii.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hanbury, D. T.</span> A Journey from Chesterfield Inlet to Great Slave +Lake, 1898-9. <i>Geog. Jour.</i>, vol. xvi. pp. 63-77. London, +1900.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">[421]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="smcap">Hanbury, D. T.</span> Through the Barren Ground of North-Eastern +Canada to the Arctic Coast. <i>Geog. Jour.</i>, vol. xxi. pp. 178-191. +London, 1903.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hanbury, David T.</span> Sport and Travel in the Northland of Canada. +New York, 1904. 8vo. Maps and plates. <span class="smcap">XXXII.</span>, 319.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hearne, Samuel.</span> A Journey from Prince of Wales's Fort in Hudson's +Bay, to the Northern Ocean. London, 1795. 4to. Maps and +plates. <span class="smcap">XLIV.</span>, 458. Another edition. Dublin, 1796. 8vo. +A French translation was published in Paris in 1799 in 1 vol. +4to and 2 vols. 12mo.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hearne, Samuel.</span> Obituary. (Anon.) <i>European Magazine and London +Review</i>, June 1797. 2 plates. pp. 371-2.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Isbister, A. K.</span> On the Geology of the Hudson's Bay Territories, +and of portions of the Arctic and North-Western Regions of +America. <i>Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc.</i> (London), May 1855, vol. xi. +pp. 497-520.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jérémie, M.</span> Relation du Detroit et de la baye d'Hudson. In +Bernard's <i>Recueil de Voiages au Nord</i>. 12mo. Amsterdam, 1724.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jones, C. J. (Colonel "Buffalo" Jones).</span> Buffalo Jones' Forty +Years of Adventure, compiled by Colonel Henry Inman. +Topeka, 1899. 8vo. <span class="smcap">XII.</span>, 469.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">King, Richard.</span> Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Arctic +Ocean, in 1833, 1834 and 1835; under the Command of Capt. +Back, R.N. London, 1836. 2 vols. 12mo. Map and plates. +<span class="smcap">XV.</span>, 312 and <span class="smcap">VIII.</span>, 321.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">King, Richard.</span> Temperature of Quadrupeds, Birds, Fishes, Plants, +Trees, and Earth, as ascertained at different times and places in +Arctic America during Captain Back's Expedition. <i>Edinb. New +Philos. Journal</i>, xxi. pp. 150, 151. 1836.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Kirby, William.</span> Fauna Boreali—Americana. Part Fourth. The +Insects, pp. xxxix., 325. 4to. London, 1837.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">La Pérouse, Comte de.</span> Expedition de la Baie d'Hudson. Extrait du +Journal de Pierre-Bruno-Jean de la Mouneraye. <i>Bull. de la +Société de Géographie.</i> 7th Ser. T. G. 1888.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">[422]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="smcap">La Pérouse.</span> A Voyage around the World performed in the Years +1785, 1786, 1787 and 1788. London, 1799. 4to. 2 vols, and +Atlas. Translated from the French. (French edition published +in 1797.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Laut, Agnes.</span> Pathfinders of the West. Toronto, 1904. 8vo. +<span class="smcap">XVII.</span>, 380.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Laut, Agnes.</span> Conquest of the Great North-West. New York, +1908. 8vo. 2 vols. <span class="smcap">XXI.</span>, 409 and <span class="smcap">IX.</span>, 415.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lofthouse, J.</span> A Trip on the Tha-anné River, Hudson Bay. <i>The +Geographical Journal</i>, vol. xiii. pp. 274-277. March 1899.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Low, A. P.</span> Cruise of the <i>Neptune</i>. Report on the Dominion +Government Expedition to Hudson Bay and the Arctic Islands, +on board the D.G.S. <i>Neptune</i>, 1903-1904. Ottawa, 1906. Maps +and plates. <span class="smcap">XVII.</span>, 355.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">MacFarlane, R. R.</span> Land and Sea Birds nesting within the Arctic +Circle in the Lower Mackenzie District. <i>Hist. and Sci. Soc. Man. +Trans.</i> 39. Winnipeg, 1890.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">MacFarlane, R.</span> Notes on Mammals collected and observed in the +Northern Mackenzie River District, North-West Territories of +Canada, &c. <i>Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.</i>, vol. xxviii. pp. 673-764. +June 1905.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mackenzie, Alexander.</span> Voyages from Montreal, on the River +St. Lawrence, through the Continent of North America, to the +Frozen and Pacific Oceans; in the years 1789 and 1793. London, +1801. 4to. Maps and plates. <span class="smcap">VIII.</span>, cxxxii., 412.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">M'Kinlay, James.</span> Narrative of a Journey in 1890, from Great Slave +Lake to Beechy Lake, on the Great Fish River. (Edited by +D. B. Dowling.) <i>Ott. Nat.</i>, 1893, pp. 85-92, and 101-114.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pelletier, E. A.</span> Patrol Report Inspector E. A. Pelletier, Fort +Saskatchewan, Alberta, to Chesterfield Inlet and Fullerton, Hudson +Bay, and return to Regina, <i>viâ</i> Churchill, Hudson Bay. <i>Report +of the R.N.W. Mounted Police</i>, 1909. pp. 141-168. App. O. +Ottawa, 1909.</p> + +<p><i>Pennant, Thomas.</i> Vol. i., Quadrupeds. Advertisements, 6 pp.; +Introduction, pp. cc. List of Quadrupeds, p. 185. London, +1784. Vol. ii., Birds, pp. 187-586. London, 1785.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[423]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="smcap">Pennant, Thomas.</span> Supplement to the Arctic Zoology. London, +1787. 4to. Maps. <span class="smcap">VIII.</span>, 163.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Petitot, L'Abbé E.</span> Géographie de L'Athabaskaw-Mackenzie. +2 Maps. <i>Bulletin de la Société de Géographie</i>, July, August and +September 1875, pp. 5-42, 126-183, 242-290.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pike, Warburton.</span> The Barren Ground of Northern Canada. 8vo. +pp. 300. London and New York, 1892.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pond, Peter.</span> Map in Burpee's "Search for the Western Sea," p. 182.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Preble, Edward A.</span> A biological Investigation of the Hudson Bay +Region. North American Fauna, No. 22. Washington, 1902. +U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Divn. of Biological Survey. 8vo. +Map and plates, 140.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Preble, Edward A.</span> A biological Investigation of the Athabaska-Mackenzie +Region. North American Fauna, No. 27. Washington, +1908. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Divn. of Biological Survey. +8vo. Maps and plates, 574.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rae, John.</span> Journey from Great Bear Lake to Wollaston Land. +<i>Jour. Roy. Geog. Soc.</i>, vol. 22 (1852), pp. 73-96.</p> + +<p>Report from the Committee appointed to inquire into the state and +condition of the Countries adjoining to Hudson's Bay, and of the +Trade carried on there. London, Government, 1749. Fol. +pp. 215-286.</p> + +<p>Report from the Select Committee on the Hudson's Bay Company. +London, Government, 1857. Fol. Maps. <span class="smcap">XVIII.</span>, 547.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Richardson, John.</span> Appendix to Captain Parry's Journal of a Second +Voyage. 4to. London, 1825. (Contains many notes on +Natural History of Coppermine region.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Richardson, John.</span> Short characters of a few Quadrupeds procured +on Captain Franklin's late Expedition. <i>The Zool. Journal</i>, iii. +No. 12. pp. 516-520. 1828.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Richardson, John.</span> Fauna Boreali—Americana. Part First. Quadrupeds. +pp. xlii, 300. 4to. London, 1829.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424">[424]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="smcap">Richardson, John.</span> Fauna Boreali—Americana. Part Third. The +Fishes. 4to. London, 1836.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Richardson, Sir John.</span> Arctic Searching Expedition; A Journey +of a Boat-Voyage through Rupert's Land and the Arctic Sea. +London, 1851. 8vo. 2 vols. Map, plates and woodcuts. +<span class="smcap">VIII.</span>, 413 and <span class="smcap">VII.</span>, 426. Another edition. New York, 1854. +1 vol. 8vo, without plates. <span class="smcap">XI.</span>, 516.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Richardson, Sir John.</span> The Polar Regions. Edinburgh, 1861. 8vo. +Map. <span class="smcap">IX.</span>, 400.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Robson, Joseph.</span> An Account of Six years Residence in Hudson's +Bay from 1733 to 1736, and 1744 to 1747. London, 1752. +12mo. Charts and plans. 84-95.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Russell, Frank.</span> Explorations in the Far North, being the Report +of an expedition under the auspices of the University of Iowa +during the years 1892, '93 and '94. (Des Moines), 1898. 8vo. +Map and plates, <span class="smcap">IX.</span>, 290.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Seton, Ernest Thompson.</span> The Arctic Prairies. <i>Scribner's Magazine</i>, +vol. xlviii., Nov. 1910, pp. 513-532; Dec. 1910, pp. 725-734; +vol. xlix., Jan. 1911, pp. 61-72; Feb. 1911, pp. 207-223.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Simpson, Thomas.</span> Narrative of the Discoveries on the North Coast +of America; effected by the Officers of the Hudson's Bay Company +during the years 1836-39. London, 1843. 8vo. Map. +<span class="smcap">XIX.</span>, 419.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Swainson, William</span>, and <span class="smcap">Richardson, John</span>. Fauna Boreali—Americana. +Part Second. The Birds. pp. lxvi, 524. 4to. +London, 1831.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tyrrell, J. B.</span> Explorations in 1893 and 1894. <i>Ann. Rep. Geol. +Sur. Can.</i>, 1894, vol. vii., Part A., pp. 38-48.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tyrrell, J. B.</span> Notes on the Pleistocene of the North-West Territories +of Canada, north-west and west of Hudson's Bay. <i>Geol. +Mag.</i> (London), Sept. 1894, pp. 394-399.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tyrrell, J. B.</span> An Expedition through the Barren Lands of Northern +Canada. <i>Geog. Jour.</i> (London), vol. iv., Nov. 1894, pp. 437-450, +and map.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425">[425]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="smcap">Tyrrell, J. B.</span> The Barren Lands. <i>The Ott. Nat.</i>, vol. x., Feb. 1897, +pp. 203-207.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tyrrell, J. B.</span> A second Expedition through the Barren Lands of +Northern Canada. <i>Geog. Jour.</i> (London), vol. vi., Nov. 1895, +pp. 438-448, and map.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tyrrell, J. B.</span> Report on the Doobaunt, Kazan and Ferguson Rivers, +and the North-West Coast of Hudson Bay, and on two overland +routes from Hudson Bay to Lake Winnipeg. <i>Ann. Rep. Geol. +Sur. Can.</i>, vol. ix., 1895, Pt. F. Ottawa, 1897. 8vo. Maps and +plates, 218.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tyrrell, J. B.</span> The Glaciation of North-Central Canada. <i>Journal of +Geology</i>, Feb. 1898, pp. 147-160.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tyrrell, J. B.</span> Natural Resources of the Barren Lands of Canada. +<i>Scot. Geog. Mag.</i>, Mch. 1899, pp. 126-138.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tyrrell, J. B.</span> Minerals and Ores of Northern Canada. <i>Jour. Can. +Min. Inst.</i>, vol. xi., 1908, pp. 348-365.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tyrrell, J. W.</span> Across the Sub-Arctics of Canada. A Journey of +3200 miles by canoe and snowshoe through the Barren Lands. +Toronto, 1897. 8vo. Map and illustrations, 280.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tyrrell, J. W.</span> Report on an Exploratory Survey between Great +Slave Lake and Hudson Bay. Ottawa, 1901. Annual Report, +Dept. of Interior (Canada), App. 26, Part III. 23 maps and +plates, 60.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Umfreville, Edward.</span> The Present State of Hudson's Bay, containing +a full description of that settlement, and the adjacent +country; and likewise of the Fur Trade. London, 1790. +12mo. <span class="smcap">VII.</span>, 230.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Wales, William.</span> Journal of a voyage made by order of the Royal +Society, to Churchill River, on the North-West coast of Hudson's +Bay; of Thirteen months residence in that country; and of +the voyage back to England; in the years 1768 and 1769. +<i>Phil. Trans.</i>, vol. ix., for the year 1770. London, 1771, +pp. 100-136.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Whitney, Caspar.</span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426">[426]</a></span> On Snow-shoes to the Barren Grounds. New +York, 1896. 8vo. Maps and illustrations. <span class="smcap">x.</span>, 324.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Willson, Beckles.</span> The Great Company. London, 1899. 8vo. +Maps and plates. <span class="smcap">XXII.</span>, 541.</p></div> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><i>For fuller bibliographies of Explorations in Hudson Bay and the North-West +Territories of Canada, see Low's "Cruise of the</i> Neptune," <i>and +Burpee's "Search for the Western Sea."</i></p> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427">[427]</a></span></p> + +<h2>INDEX</h2> + + +<p> +Aberdeen Lake, <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br /> +<br /> +"Account of the Countries adjoining to Hudson's Bay, An," by Arthur Dobbs, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a><br /> +<br /> +"Account of a Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage Performed in the Years 1746 and 1747, An," by T. S. Dragge, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Acres, ——, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /> +<br /> +Alarm Bird, <a href="#Page_193">193</a><br /> +<br /> +Albany Fort, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Albany</i> Frigate, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> +<br /> +Albany River, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> +<br /> +Alder, <a href="#Page_417">417</a><br /> +<br /> +Alpine bearberry, <a href="#Page_414">414</a><br /> +<br /> +America, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a><br /> +—— North, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a><br /> +—— North-Western, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> +<br /> +American Traveller (A. Cluny), <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a><br /> +<br /> +Anaw'd Whoie (Lake of the Enemy), <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a><br /> +<br /> +Anderson River, <a href="#Page_254">254</a><br /> +<br /> +Angikuni Lake (Titmeg Lake), <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /> +<br /> +"Annual Report, Department of the Interior, Canada," 1901, App. 26, Pt. 3, by J. W. Tyrrell, <a href="#Page_272">272</a><br /> +<br /> +Arctic Circle, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a><br /> +—— Islands, <a href="#Page_352">352</a><br /> +—— North America, <a href="#Page_366">366</a><br /> +—— Ocean, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a><br /> +<br /> +Artillery Lake (Atachothua = Caribou-crossing-in-the-middle-of-the-lake Lake), <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a><br /> +<br /> +Assiniboine River, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Athabasca Lake (Arabasca Lake), <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">River, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Athapuscow Country, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a><br /> +—— Indians. <i>See under</i> Indian<br /> +—— Lake (Arathapescow Lake, Great Slave Lake, or Slave Lake), <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a><br /> +<br /> +Athapuscow River, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a><br /> +<br /> +Atkinson (Mr.), <a href="#Page_391">391</a><br /> +<br /> +Aurora Borealis (Ed-thin), <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a><br /> +<br /> +Aylmer Lake (Chlueatathua = Caribou-swimming-among-the-ice Lake), <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Back, Sir George, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a><br /> +<br /> +Baker's Lake, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a><br /> +<br /> +Barble, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a><br /> +<br /> +Barlow, Captain George, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>-<a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> +<br /> +Barren Grounds, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a><br /> +<br /> +Barton (Mr.), <a href="#Page_376">376</a><br /> +<br /> +Basquiau, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a><br /> +<br /> +Batt, Isaac, <a href="#Page_346">346</a><br /> +<br /> +Bean, John, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a><br /> +<br /> +Bear, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>-<a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a><br /> +—— Black, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>. <i>See also</i> Bear<br /> +—— Brown, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>. <i>See also</i> Bear<br /> +—— Grizzled, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>. <i>See also</i> Bear<br /> +—— Polar (White), <a href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>. <i>See also</i> Bear<br /> +<br /> +Beaver, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>-<a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a><br /> +<br /> +Bedodid Lake, <a href="#Page_278">278</a><br /> +<br /> +Beralzone (Beralzoa, Shoal Lake), <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a><br /> +<br /> +Berens, Herman, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> +<br /> +Berries, <a href="#Page_413">413</a><br /> +<br /> +Bethago-Tominick (Dewater-berry), <a href="#Page_411">411</a><br /> +<br /> +Bimmester, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> +<br /> +"Biological Investigation of the Athabaska-Mackenzie Region, A," by E. A. Preble, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> +<br /> +"—— —— of the Hudson Bay Region, A," by E. A. Preble, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> +<br /> +Birch, <a href="#Page_417">417</a><br /> +—— Creeping, <a href="#Page_417">417</a><br /> +<br /> +Bitterns (American Bittern), <a href="#Page_389">389</a><br /> +<br /> +Black Bear Hill, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a><br /> +<br /> +Blackfeet Indians. <i>See under</i> Indian<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428">[428]</a></span><br /> +Black-heads (Arctic Tern), <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a><br /> +<br /> +Bloody Falls, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br /> +<br /> +Blue-berry, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a><br /> +<br /> +Body, Robert, <a href="#Page_393">393</a><br /> +<br /> +Browne, Alexander, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> +<br /> +Buffalo, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>-<a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a><br /> +—— (Musk-Ox) Lake, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br /> +<br /> +Bunting, Snow (Snow Bird, Snow Flake), <a href="#Page_385">385</a><br /> +—— White-crowned, <a href="#Page_386">386</a><br /> +<br /> +Burbut, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a><br /> +<br /> +Burpee, L. J., <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a><br /> +<br /> +Burrage, <a href="#Page_416">416</a><br /> +<br /> +Bustard, <a href="#Page_384">384</a><br /> +<br /> +Button, Sir Thomas, <a href="#Page_379">379</a><br /> +<br /> +Button's Bay, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +California, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>California</i> (ship), <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> +<br /> +Calimut, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> +<br /> +Canada, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a><br /> +<br /> +—— Northern, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> +<br /> +Canadian Indians. <i>See</i> Indian<br /> +—— traders, <a href="#Page_285">285</a><br /> +<br /> +Canadians, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a><br /> +<br /> +Cape Esquimaux, <a href="#Page_341">341</a><br /> +—— Merry Battery, <a href="#Page_295">295</a><br /> +—— Smith, <a href="#Page_365">365</a><br /> +—— Tatnam, <a href="#Page_351">351</a><br /> +<br /> +Caribou, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /> +<br /> +Carruthers, Captain, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> +<br /> +Cascathry, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /> +<br /> +Cassin, <a href="#Page_404">404</a><br /> +<br /> +Cat (Peshew) Lake, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> +<br /> +Catesby (Mr.), <a href="#Page_256">256</a><br /> +<br /> +Cathawhachaga, <a href="#Page_285">285</a><br /> +—— (Kazan) River, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>-<a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Charlotte</i> (ship), <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> +<br /> +Chawchinahaw, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a><br /> +<br /> +Cheesadawd Lake (Tchizè-ta, Gîte-du-Lynx, or Home-of-the-Wild-Cat Lake), <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /> +<br /> +Chesterfield Inlet (Bowden's), <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a><br /> +<br /> +Chipewyan, Fort, <a href="#Page_198">198</a><br /> +—— Indians (Northern Indians). <i>See under</i> Indian<br /> +<br /> +Christie Bay, <a href="#Page_132">132</a><br /> +<br /> +Christmas, <a href="#Page_112">112</a><br /> +<br /> +Christopher, Captain, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a><br /> +<br /> +Churchill, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>-<a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>-<a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>-<a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a><br /> +—— River ('Tsan dézé, Iron or Metal River), <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>-<a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>-<a href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>-<a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>-<a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>-<a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>-<a href="#Page_407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>-<a href="#Page_417">417</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Churchill</i> (sloop), <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a><br /> +<br /> +Clinton-Colden Lake, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> +<br /> +Cloudberry (Baked-Appleberry), <a href="#Page_411">411</a><br /> +<br /> +Clowey, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>-<a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a><br /> +—— River, <a href="#Page_132">132</a><br /> +<br /> +Cluny, Alexander, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a><br /> +<br /> +Cobadekoock, <a href="#Page_193">193</a><br /> +<br /> +Cockles, <a href="#Page_367">367</a><br /> +<br /> +Cod, Common, <a href="#Page_363">363</a><br /> +—— Rock, <a href="#Page_363">363</a><br /> +<br /> +Cogead Lake (Contwoy-to or Rum Lake), <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> +<br /> +Coltsfoot, <a href="#Page_416">416</a><br /> +<br /> +Conge-cathawhachaga, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>-<a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a><br /> +<br /> +Conjurers, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a><br /> +<br /> +Conne-e-quese (Conreaquefé), <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +Contwoy-to or Rum Lake (Ko-ă-kă-tcai-tĭ, Cogead Lake), <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br /> +<br /> +Cook, Captain, <a href="#Page_4">4</a><br /> +<br /> +"Cook's Third Voyage," <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> +<br /> +Copper Indian (Yellow Knife or Rock) River, <a href="#Page_279">279</a><br /> +—— Indians (Red Knives). <i>See under</i> Indian<br /> +—— mine, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a><br /> +—— Mountains, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>-<a href="#Page_196">196</a><br /> +—— River, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>. <i>See also</i> Coppermine River<br /> +<br /> +Coppermine River (Tson-té, Sanka taza, Copper River), <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>. <i>See also</i> Copper River<br /> +<br /> +Corbett's Inlet, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_429" id="Page_429">[429]</a></span><br /> +Cos-abyagh (Rock Partridge), <a href="#Page_232">232</a><br /> +<br /> +Cossadgath (Cassandgath) Lake, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +Crabs, <a href="#Page_367">367</a><br /> +<br /> +Cranberry, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a><br /> +<br /> +Crane, Brown (North-West turkey), <a href="#Page_389">389</a><br /> +—— Hooping, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a><br /> +<br /> +Crantz (Mr.), <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a><br /> +<br /> +Crawfish, <a href="#Page_398">398</a><br /> +<br /> +Cree. <i>See under</i> Indian<br /> +<br /> +Crow, Cinereous (Whisk-e-jonish)<br /> +—— (Whiskey-jack) (Geeza), <a href="#Page_374">374</a><br /> +<br /> +Crowberry, <a href="#Page_411">411</a><br /> +<br /> +Cumberland House, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>-<a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a><br /> +<br /> +Curlew, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a><br /> +—— Esquimaux (Hudsonian Curlew), <a href="#Page_390">390</a><br /> +<br /> +Currant, Black, <a href="#Page_412">412</a><br /> +—— Red, <a href="#Page_412">412</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Dalrymple (Mr.), <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> +<br /> +Dandelion, <a href="#Page_416">416</a><br /> +<br /> +Davis's Straits, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a><br /> +<br /> +Dawson (City), <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br /> +<br /> +Deer (Caribou), <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>-<a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>-<a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>-<a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>-<a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>-<a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a><br /> +<br /> +De le Potries, <a href="#Page_384">384</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Discovery</i> (ship), <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> +<br /> +Divers, Black-throated, <a href="#Page_394">394</a><br /> +—— Northern (Loons), <a href="#Page_394">394</a><br /> +—— Red-throated (Loons), <a href="#Page_395">395</a><br /> +<br /> +Dobbs, Arthur, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Dobbs</i> (ship), <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> +<br /> +Dogribbed Indians. <i>See under</i> Indian<br /> +<br /> +Dogs, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a><br /> +<br /> +Doughty, Dr. Arthur G. (Archivist of the Dominion of Canada), <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +Douglas, Dr. John (Bishop of Salisbury), <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a><br /> +<br /> +Dragge, T. S., <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a><br /> +<br /> +Dubawnt Lake (Doo-baunt Lake), <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a><br /> +<br /> +Dubawnt River (Doo-baunt River), <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a><br /> +<br /> +Duck, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a><br /> +—— Black, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>. <i>See also</i> Duck<br /> +—— Blue-winged Teal, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>. <i>See also</i> Duck<br /> +—— Common Teal, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>. <i>See also</i> Duck<br /> +—— Eider, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>. <i>See also</i> Duck<br /> +—— King, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>. <i>See also</i> Duck<br /> +—— Long-tailed, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>. <i>See also</i> Duck<br /> +—— Mallard, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>. <i>See also</i> Duck<br /> +—— Teal, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>. <i>See also</i> Duck<br /> +—— Widgeon, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>. <i>See also</i> Duck<br /> +<br /> +Duncan, Captain, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /> +<br /> +Dupetit-Thouars, ——, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> +<br /> +Du Pratz (M.), <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a><br /> +<br /> +Dymond, Joseph, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Eagle, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a><br /> +—— Fishing, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>. <i>See also</i> Eagle<br /> +—— Golden, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>. <i>See also</i> Eagle<br /> +—— White-headed, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>. <i>See also</i> Eagle<br /> +<br /> +E-arch-e-thinnew Indians (Blackfeet Indians). <i>See under</i> Indian<br /> +<br /> +Edlande Lake, <a href="#Page_226">226</a><br /> +<br /> +Egg River, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a><br /> +<br /> +Elk, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a><br /> +<br /> +Ellis, Henry, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a><br /> +<br /> +"English Chief," <a href="#Page_201">201</a><br /> +<br /> +Ennadai Lake (Nipach Lake), <a href="#Page_289">289</a><br /> +<br /> +Ermin (Stote), <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a><br /> +<br /> +Eskimo Point, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> +<br /> +Eskimos, or Esquimaux, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>-<a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>-<a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>-<a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>-<a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>European Magazine and London Review</i>, <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br /> +<br /> +"Explorations in the Far North," by Frank Russell, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a><br /> +<br /> +Eye-berry, <a href="#Page_413">413</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Fairchild, ——, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /> +<br /> +Fairies, <a href="#Page_327">327</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_430" id="Page_430">[430]</a></span><br /> +Far Off Metal River, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> +<br /> +Fatt (Twal-kai-tua or Fat-fish) Lake (Wiethen Lake), <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a><br /> +<br /> +"First Journey," by Sir John Franklin, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a><br /> +<br /> +Fish, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-<a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>-<a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a><br /> +<br /> +Fitz Gerald, James, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a><br /> +<br /> +Five Hawser Bay, Melville Peninsula, <a href="#Page_358">358</a><br /> +<br /> +Forest trees, <a href="#Page_417">417</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Albany, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Chipewyan, <a href="#Page_198">198</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Churchill (<i>see</i> Fort Prince of Wales), <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Cumberland, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>-<a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Enterprise, <a href="#Page_338">338</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Hudson's, <a href="#Page_398">398</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Moose, <a href="#Page_413">413</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Prince of Wales (<i>see</i> Fort Churchill), <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>-<a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Resolution, <a href="#Page_225">225</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Richmond, <a href="#Page_365">365</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Severn, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Smith, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort York, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a><br /> +<br /> +Fowler, Capt. John, <a href="#Page_222">222</a><br /> +<br /> +Fox, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a><br /> +—— Arctic, <a href="#Page_339">339</a><br /> +—— White, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a><br /> +<br /> +Franklin, Sir John, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a><br /> +<br /> +Frobisher, Joseph, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> +<br /> +Frogs, <a href="#Page_368">368</a><br /> +<br /> +Fullarton (Mr.), <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Furnace</i>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Garbet (Mr.), <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> +<br /> +"Géographie de L'Athabaskaw Mackenzie," by A. Petitot, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a><br /> +<br /> +Geological Survey of Canada, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> +<br /> +Godwait, Red (Plovers) (Hudsonian Godwit), <a href="#Page_391">391</a><br /> +—— Spotted (Yellow Legs), <a href="#Page_391">391</a><br /> +<br /> +Godwit, Spotted (Greater Yellow Legs), <a href="#Page_391">391</a><br /> +<br /> +Goosanders (Shell-drakes), <a href="#Page_398">398</a><br /> +<br /> +Goose, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a><br /> +—— Barren, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>. <i>See also</i> Goose<br /> +—— Bean, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>. <i>See also</i> Goose<br /> +—— Blue, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>. <i>See also</i> Goose<br /> +—— Brent, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>. <i>See also</i> Goose<br /> +—— Canada (Pick-a-sish), <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>. <i>See also</i> Goose<br /> +—— Common Grey, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>. <i>See also</i> Goose<br /> +—— Common Wavey, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>. <i>See also</i> Goose<br /> +—— Dunter, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>. <i>See also</i> Goose<br /> +—— Horned Wavey, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>. <i>See also</i> Goose<br /> +—— Laughing, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>. <i>See also</i> Goose<br /> +—— White (Snow Goose), <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>. <i>See also</i> Goose<br /> +<br /> +Gooseberry, <a href="#Page_410">410</a><br /> +<br /> +Goose-hunting Islands, <a href="#Page_294">294</a><br /> +<br /> +"Governor, The, and Company of Adventurers of England," <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /> +<br /> +Graham, A., <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a><br /> +<br /> +Grant, Cuthbert, <a href="#Page_200">200</a><br /> +<br /> +Grass, <a href="#Page_416">416</a><br /> +—— Marsh, <a href="#Page_416">416</a><br /> +—— Rye, <a href="#Page_416">416</a><br /> +<br /> +"Great Company, The," <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> +<br /> +Great Slave Lake (Athapuscow Lake) ("Thu-tué" or "Lake of the Breasts"), <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a><br /> +<br /> +Grizzled Bear Hill, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +Grosbeak (American Red Bird), <a href="#Page_385">385</a><br /> +<br /> +Ground-squirrels, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a><br /> +<br /> +Grouse, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a><br /> +—— Ruffed (Pus-pus-kee) (Pus-pus-cue), <a href="#Page_375">375</a>. <i>See also</i> Grouse<br /> +—— Sharp-Tailed (Pheasant) (Aw-kis-cow), <a href="#Page_377">377</a>. <i>See also</i> Grouse<br /> +—— White, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>. <i>See also</i> Grouse<br /> +<br /> +Grubs, <a href="#Page_368">368</a><br /> +<br /> +Gull, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_431" id="Page_431">[431]</a></span><br /> +Gull, Arctic, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>. <i>See also</i> Gull<br /> +—— Black (Men of War), <a href="#Page_396">396</a>. <i>See also</i> Gull<br /> +—— Grey, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>. <i>See also</i> Gull<br /> +—— White (Herring Gull), <a href="#Page_395">395</a>. <i>See also</i> Gull<br /> +<br /> +Gullemots, Black (Sea Pigeons), <a href="#Page_393">393</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Ha-ha-wie, <a href="#Page_192">192</a><br /> +<br /> +Hanbury River, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a><br /> +<br /> +Harding, C., <a href="#Page_224">224</a><br /> +<br /> +Hare, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a><br /> +—— Alpine, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>. <i>See also</i> Hare<br /> +—— American, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>. <i>See also</i> Hare<br /> +—— Varying, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>. <i>See also</i> Hare<br /> +<br /> +Hawks, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a><br /> +<br /> +Hawks-eyes, <a href="#Page_192">192</a><br /> +<br /> +Hay's River, <a href="#Page_365">365</a><br /> +<br /> +Hearne, Samuel, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>-<a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>-<a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>-<a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a><br /> +—— (Mr.) (father of Samuel), <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br /> +—— (Mrs.) (mother of Samuel), <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br /> +<br /> +Hearne's Journal, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a><br /> +<br /> +Heathberry (Nishca-minnick) (Grey Gooseberry), <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a><br /> +<br /> +Hebridal Sandpipers (Whale Birds), <a href="#Page_392">392</a><br /> +<br /> +Hendry, Anthony, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> +<br /> +Hill Island Lake, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Hips, <a href="#Page_413">413</a><br /> +<br /> +"History of Greenland," <a href="#Page_189">189</a><br /> +<br /> +Hoarfrost River, <a href="#Page_226">226</a><br /> +<br /> +Holmes, Prof. W. H., <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Hood, Lord, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Hudson's Bay, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>-<a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>-<a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>-<a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>-<a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>-<a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>-<a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>-<a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>-<a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>-<a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>-<a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a><br /> +—— —— Committee, <a href="#Page_191">191</a><br /> +—— —— Company, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a><br /> +—— —— Report, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> +—— House, or Fort, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a><br /> +—— Straits, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a><br /> +<br /> +Hutchins, Thomas, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +I-dot-le-ezey (I-dot-le-aza), <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian encampments, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian, or Indians, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>-<a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>-<a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>-<a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>-<a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>-<a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>-<a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>-<a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>-<a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>-<a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>-<a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>-<a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>-<a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>-<a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>-<a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>-<a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>-<a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>-<a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>-<a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>-<a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>-<a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>-<a href="#Page_414">414</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a><br /> +—— Athapuscow, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>. <i>See also</i> Indian<br /> +—— Blackfeet, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>. <i>See also</i> Indian<br /> +—— Canadian, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>. <i>See also</i> Indian<br /> +—— Chipewyan (Northern), <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>. <i>See also</i> Indian and Northern Indian<br /> +—— Copper (Red Knives), <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>-<a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>-<a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>-<a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>. <i>See also</i> Indian<br /> +—— Cree, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>. <i>See also</i> Indian<br /> +—— Dogribbed, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>. <i>See also</i> Indian<br /> +—— E-arch-e-thinnew (Blackfeet), <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>. <i>See also</i> Indian and Blackfeet Indians<br /> +—— Homeguard. <i>See also</i> Indian and Southern Indian<br /> +—— Mandan, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>. <i>See also</i> Indian<br /> +—— Neheaway, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>. <i>See also</i> Indian<br /> +—— Northern (Chipewyan), <a href="#Page_9">9</a>-<a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>-<a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-<a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>-<a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>-<a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>-<a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>-<a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>-<a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>. <i>See also</i> Indian and Chipewyan Indian<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_432" id="Page_432">[432]</a></span><br /> +Indian, Southern (Homeguard), <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>-<a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>-<a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>-<a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>. <i>See also</i> Indian<br /> +<br /> +Isbester, William, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a><br /> +<br /> +Island Lake, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>-<a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Jack Snipe, <a href="#Page_391">391</a><br /> +<br /> +Jackashes, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a><br /> +<br /> +Jackasheypuck (Common bearberry), <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a><br /> +<br /> +Jacobs, Ferdinand, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a><br /> +<br /> +Jefferson, William, <a href="#Page_233">233</a><br /> +<br /> +Jérémie (Mr.), <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a><br /> +<br /> +Johnston, Magnus, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a><br /> +<br /> +Jones Island, <a href="#Page_360">360</a><br /> +<br /> +"Journey to the Shores of the Arctic Ocean," by Richard King, <a href="#Page_279">279</a><br /> +<br /> +Juniper, <a href="#Page_417">417</a><br /> +<br /> +Juniper-berry (Caw-caw-cue-minick) (Crowberry), <a href="#Page_412">412</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Kamtschatkans, <a href="#Page_344">344</a><br /> +<br /> +Kasba Lake (Cossed Whoie, Partridge Lake), <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>-<a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /> +<br /> +Kazan River (Cathawhachaga), <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a><br /> +<br /> +Keelshies, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a><br /> +<br /> +Kelsey, Henry, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Kepling, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a><br /> +<br /> +King or Grizzly Bear Lake, <a href="#Page_224">224</a><br /> +<br /> +King, Richard, "Journey to the Shores of the Arctic Ocean," <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a><br /> +<br /> +King William Island, <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br /> +<br /> +Knapp's Bay, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>-<a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a><br /> +<br /> +Knight, Capt. James, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>-<a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Labradore, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a><br /> +<br /> +Lake, Bibye (Dep. Gov.), <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> +<br /> +Lake, James Winter, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> +<br /> +Lakes—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aberdeen, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anaw'd Whoie (Lake of the Enemy), <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Angikuni (Titmeg), <a href="#Page_105">105</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Artillery (Atacho thua = Caribou-crossing-in-the-middle-of-the-lake Lake), <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Athabasca (Arabasca), <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Athapuscow (Arathapescow, Great Slave, or Slave), <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aylmer (Chlueata thua = Caribou-swimming-among-the-ice Lake), <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baker's, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bedodid, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beralzone (Beralzoa = Shoal Lake), <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Buffalo (Musk-Ox), <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cat (Peshew), <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cheesadawd (Tchizè-ta, Gîte-du-Lynx, or Home-of-the-Wild-Cat Lake), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clinton-Colden, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cogead (Contwoy-to or Rum Lake), <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Contwoy-to or Rum Lake (Ko-ă-kă-tcai-tĭ) (Cogead), <a href="#Page_152">152</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cossadgath (Cassandgath), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dubawnt (Doo-baunt), <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edlande, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ennadai (Nipach), <a href="#Page_289">289</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fatt (Twal-kai-tua = Fat-fish Lake) (Wiethen), <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Great Slave (Athapuscow) ("Thu-tué" or "Lake of the Breasts"), <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hill Island, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Island, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>-<a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kasba (Cossed Whoie = Partridge Lake), <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>-<a href="#Page_119">119</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King or Grizzly Bear, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Large Pike (Wholdyeah-chuck'd Whoie), <a href="#Page_278">278</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Large White Stone, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Le Gras (A ka thua = Fat Lake), <a href="#Page_225">225</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mackay (Clayki thua = White Sand Lake), <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Magnus, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Methy (Cook), <a href="#Page_226">226</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Muddy Water (Tazennatooy), <a href="#Page_279">279</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Napashish (Nutarawit), <a href="#Page_91">91</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">No Name, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Noo-shetht (Newstheth tooy = Hill Island Lake), <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nueltin (Frozen Island, North Lined, Menishtick, Island), <a href="#Page_112">112</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Partridge (Kasba), <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peshew (Cat, No Name), <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_433" id="Page_433">[433]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike (Whooldyah'd Whoie or Pelican Lake), <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Point (Ecka tua = Fat-water Lake, Ek-a Tooh), <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Providence, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reindeer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scartack, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shethnanei (She-than-nee), <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Snow-bird (The-whole-kyed Whoie = Thel-wel-ky Lake), <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sussex, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thaolintoa, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thaye-chuck-gyed Whoie (Large Whitestone Lake), <a href="#Page_213">213</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thoy-coy-lyned, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thoy-noy-kyed (Tha-na-koi = Sand Hill Mount, Aylmer Lake), <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tittameg, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Walmsley, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Whiskey Jack, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">White Stone, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wholdiah (Wholdyah'd Lake or A Naw-nee-tha'd Whoie), <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wild Cat, or Lynx (Seeza-tua), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Winnipeg, <a href="#Page_337">337</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yath-kyed (White Snow, Haecoliguah), <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Lallemant, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> +<br /> +La Pérouse, Admiral, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a><br /> +<br /> +Lapland Finch, <a href="#Page_387">387</a><br /> +<br /> +Larch, <a href="#Page_417">417</a><br /> +<br /> +Large Pike Lake (Wholdyeah-chuck'd Whoie), <a href="#Page_278">278</a><br /> +<br /> +Large White Stone Lake, <a href="#Page_188">188</a><br /> +<br /> +Larks (Shore Lark), <a href="#Page_387">387</a><br /> +<br /> +Lawson (Mr.), <a href="#Page_400">400</a><br /> +<br /> +Lefranc, Joseph, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a><br /> +<br /> +Le Gras Lake (A ka thua = Fat Lake), <a href="#Page_225">225</a><br /> +<br /> +Le Hontan, <a href="#Page_376">376</a><br /> +<br /> +Leroux, Laurent, <a href="#Page_200">200</a><br /> +<br /> +Lice, <a href="#Page_359">359</a><br /> +<br /> +Linnæus, <a href="#Page_389">389</a><br /> +<br /> +Little Fish River (Nemace-a-seepee-a = fish), <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br /> +<br /> +Lofthouse, Rt. Rev. J., Bishop, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /> +<br /> +Loons, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a><br /> +<br /> +Luc la Corne, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Lynx (Wild Cat), <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Mackachy, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> +<br /> +Mackay Lake (Clayki thua = White Sand Lake), <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a><br /> +<br /> +Mackenzie, <a href="#Page_254">254</a><br /> +—— River, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a><br /> +—— Valley, <a href="#Page_405">405</a><br /> +<br /> +Mackenzie, Sir Alexander, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a><br /> +<br /> +Magnus Lake, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /> +<br /> +Mandan Indians. <i>See under</i> Indian<br /> +<br /> +Marble Island, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>-<a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a><br /> +<br /> +Marley (Mr.), <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> +<br /> +Martin (Bank Swallow), <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a><br /> +<br /> +Martin, Humphrey, <a href="#Page_408">408</a><br /> +<br /> +Matonabbee, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>-<a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>-<a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-<a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>-<a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>-<a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>-<a href="#Page_333">333</a><br /> +<br /> +May-flies (Ephemeridæ), <a href="#Page_345">345</a><br /> +<br /> +McLeod Bay, <a href="#Page_226">226</a><br /> +<br /> +Merle, John Anthony, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> +<br /> +Merriman, Thos., <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Merry Island, <a href="#Page_360">360</a><br /> +<br /> +Merry, Robert, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> +<br /> +Methy, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a><br /> +—— Lake (Cook Lake), <a href="#Page_226">226</a><br /> +<br /> +Middleton, Captain, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> +<br /> +Monk, Captain, <a href="#Page_198">198</a><br /> +<br /> +Montreal, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a><br /> +<br /> +Moor, Captain, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> +<br /> +Moos River, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a><br /> +<br /> +Moose, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>-<a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>-<a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>-<a href="#Page_338">338</a><br /> +<br /> +Moose Fort, <a href="#Page_413">413</a><br /> +<br /> +Moss, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a><br /> +<br /> +Mouse, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a><br /> +—— Hair-tailed, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>. <i>See also</i> Mouse<br /> +—— Shrew, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>. <i>See also</i> Mouse<br /> +<br /> +Muddy Water Lake (Tazennatooy), <a href="#Page_279">279</a><br /> +<br /> +Muscles, <a href="#Page_367">367</a><br /> +<br /> +Muskettoes, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a><br /> +<br /> +Musk-ox, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>-<a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a><br /> +<br /> +Musk Ox Mountain (Edegadaniyatha), <a href="#Page_225">225</a><br /> +<br /> +Musk Rat (Musquash) (Musk Beaver), <a href="#Page_352">352</a><br /> +<br /> +Musquash (Musk Rat) (Musk Beaver), <a href="#Page_352">352</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_434" id="Page_434">[434]</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Nabyah, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> +<br /> +Napashish (Nutarawit), Lake, <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br /> +<br /> +"Narrative of Discoveries," by Thomas Simpson, <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Navel's Bay, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a><br /> +<br /> +"Naywatamee Poets" (Mandan Indians), <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Neetha-san-san-dazey River, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> +<br /> +Neheaway Indians. <i>See under</i> Indian<br /> +<br /> +Nelson River, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /> +<br /> +Neville Bay, <a href="#Page_385">385</a><br /> +<br /> +No Name Lake, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a><br /> +<br /> +Noo-shetht Lake (Newstheth tooy Lake = Hill Island Lake), <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a><br /> +<br /> +"North American Fauna," by E. A. Preble, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a><br /> +<br /> +North Saskatchewan River, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Northern Indians (Chipewyan). <i>See under</i> Indian<br /> +<br /> +North-West Company, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a><br /> +—— Passage, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a><br /> +<br /> +"North-West Passage," by T. S. Dragge, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a><br /> +<br /> +Norton, Mary, <a href="#Page_158">158</a><br /> +—— Moses, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>-<a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a><br /> +—— Richard, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a><br /> +<br /> +Nueltin (Frozen Island) Lake or North Lined Lake, or Menishtick Lake (Island Lake), <a href="#Page_112">112</a><br /> +<br /> +Nutarawit River, <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Old-wives, <a href="#Page_192">192</a><br /> +<br /> +"On Snowshoes to the Barren Grounds," by Caspar Whitney, <a href="#Page_218">218</a><br /> +<br /> +Otter, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>-<a href="#Page_350">350</a><br /> +<br /> +Oule-eye, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +Owl, Cob-a-dee-cooch (Hawk Owl), <a href="#Page_372">372</a><br /> +—— Grey or Mottled (Ho-ho) (Great Horned Owl), <a href="#Page_372">372</a><br /> +—— White (Snowy) (Wap-a-kee-thow), <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a><br /> +<br /> +Oxford House, <a href="#Page_351">351</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Pacific Ocean, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> +<br /> +Paleluah, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a><br /> +<br /> +"Parry's Second Voyage," App. to, <a href="#Page_358">358</a><br /> +<br /> +Partridge, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>-<a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>-<a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a><br /> +—— Rock, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>. <i>See also</i> Partridge<br /> +<br /> +Partridge Willow, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>. <i>See also</i> Partridge<br /> +—— Wood (Mistick-a-pethow) (Day), <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>. <i>See also</i> Partridge<br /> +<br /> +Partridge-berry (Poison-berries), <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a><br /> +<br /> +Partridge Lake (Kasba Lake), <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /> +<br /> +Peace River, <a href="#Page_337">337</a><br /> +<br /> +Pelican, <a href="#Page_397">397</a><br /> +<br /> +Pemican, <a href="#Page_89">89</a><br /> +<br /> +Pennant (Mr.), <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>-<a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a><br /> +<br /> +"Pennant's Arctic Zoology," <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a><br /> +<br /> +"Pennant's Supplement to Arctic Zoology," <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a><br /> +<br /> +Perch, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a><br /> +<br /> +Periwinkle, <a href="#Page_367">367</a><br /> +<br /> +Peshew Lake (Cat Lake) (No Name Lake), <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br /> +<br /> +Petitot, L'Abbé, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a><br /> +<br /> +Pheasant, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a><br /> +<br /> +Pigeon, <a href="#Page_384">384</a><br /> +<br /> +Pike, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a><br /> +<br /> +Pike Lake (Whooldyah'd Whoie or Pelican Lake), <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Pike, Warburton, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a><br /> +<br /> +Pine, <a href="#Page_372">372</a><br /> +—— Creeping (Shrubby red cedar), <a href="#Page_412">412</a><br /> +<br /> +Pine Martin, <a href="#Page_351">351</a><br /> +<br /> +Platscotez de Chiens, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a><br /> +<br /> +Plover (Hawk's Eyes), <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a><br /> +<br /> +Po-co-ree-kis-co (Pauk-athakuskow, Beskai dézé or Knife) River (North River), <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a><br /> +<br /> +Point Lake (Ecka tua) (Fat-Water Lake) (Ek-a Tooh), <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a><br /> +<br /> +"Polar Regions," by Sir John Richardson, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /> +<br /> +Pond, Peter, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a><br /> +<br /> +Poplar, <a href="#Page_417">417</a><br /> +<br /> +Porcupine, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a><br /> +<br /> +Port Nelson River, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a><br /> +<br /> +Postlethwayt, <a href="#Page_157">157</a><br /> +<br /> +Preble, Edward A., <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>-<a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a><br /> +<br /> +"Present State of Hudson's Bay, The," by E. Umfreville, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> +<br /> +Prince (Mr.), <a href="#Page_382">382</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_435" id="Page_435">[435]</a></span><br /> +Prince of Wales Fort (<i>see</i> Fort Churchill), <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a><br /> +<br /> +Providence Lake, <a href="#Page_224">224</a><br /> +<br /> +Ptarmigan, Willow, <a href="#Page_383">383</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Quadrant, Elton's, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /> +—— Hadley's, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a><br /> +<br /> +Quadrupeds, Pinnated, <a href="#Page_360">360</a><br /> +<br /> +Quiquehatch, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Rabbit, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a><br /> +<br /> +"Rabbit's Head," <a href="#Page_198">198</a><br /> +<br /> +Rankin Inlet, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /> +<br /> +Raspberry-bushes, <a href="#Page_413">413</a><br /> +<br /> +Ravens, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a><br /> +<br /> +Red Deer, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>. <i>See also</i> Wewaskish<br /> +—— —— River, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Reindeer Lake, <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br /> +<br /> +"Relation du Detroit et de la Baie de Hudson," by M. Jérémie, <a href="#Page_294">294</a><br /> +<br /> +Religion, <a href="#Page_325">325</a><br /> +<br /> +"Remarkable History of the Hudson's Bay Company, The," by George Bryce, <a href="#Page_296">296</a><br /> +<br /> +"Report on the Dubawnt, Kazan, and Ferguson Rivers," by J. B. Tyrrell, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> +<br /> +Repulse Bay, <a href="#Page_293">293</a><br /> +<br /> +Richardson, Sir John, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>-<a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a><br /> +<br /> +Richmond Fort, <a href="#Page_365">365</a><br /> +<br /> +Rivers—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Albany, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anderson, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Assiniboine, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Athabasca, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Athapuscow, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Churchill(Tsandézé=Iron or Metal River), <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>-<a href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>-<a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>-<a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>-<a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>-<a href="#Page_407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clowey, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Copper, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>. <i>See also</i> Coppermine</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Copper Indians (Yellow Knife or Rock), <a href="#Page_279">279</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Coppermine (Tson-té) (Sanka taza=Copper River), <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>. <i>See also</i> Copper</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dubawnt (Doo-baunt), <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Egg, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Far Off Metal, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hanbury, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hay's, <a href="#Page_365">365</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hoarfrost, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kazan (Cathawhachaga), <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Little Fish (Nemace-a-seepee-a-fish), <a href="#Page_115">115</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mackenzie, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moos, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Neetha-san-san-dazey, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nelson, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">North Saskatchewan, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nutarawit, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peace, <a href="#Page_337">337</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Po-co-ree-kis-co (Pauk-athakuskow, Beskai dézé or Knife River, North River), <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Port Nelson, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Red Deer, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saskatchewan, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seal, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Severn, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Slave (Athapuscow), <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Slude, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">South Saskatchewan, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">T'ézus-dèssé or Poudrerie (Snowdrift), <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thee-lee-aza (Theetinah, or Blue Fish?), <a href="#Page_281">281</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Theley-aza, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thelon, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thlewey-chuck (Great-fish River), <a href="#Page_151">151</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thlewiaza, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Whale, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a></span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_436" id="Page_436">[436]</a></span><br /> +Roberts, Henry, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> +<br /> +Robin, American, <a href="#Page_384">384</a><br /> +<br /> +Robson, Joseph, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a><br /> +<br /> +Rocky Defile, <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br /> +—— Mountains, <a href="#Page_358">358</a><br /> +<br /> +Royal Geographical Society, <a href="#Page_235">235</a><br /> +—— Society, <a href="#Page_408">408</a><br /> +<br /> +Russell Frank, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Sacre Falcon, <a href="#Page_370">370</a><br /> +<br /> +Salmon, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>-<a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a><br /> +<br /> +Sandstone Rapids, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Saskatchewan River, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> +<br /> +Scallops, <a href="#Page_367">367</a><br /> +<br /> +Scartack Lake, <a href="#Page_132">132</a><br /> +<br /> +Scatlif, Daniel, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> +<br /> +Scroggs, Captain John, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> +<br /> +Sea-horse (Walrus), <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a><br /> +<br /> +Sea-horse Island, <a href="#Page_360">360</a><br /> +<br /> +Seal, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a><br /> +<br /> +Seal River, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a><br /> +<br /> +"Search for the Western Sea," by L. J. Burpee, <a href="#Page_253">253</a><br /> +<br /> +Sea-unicorn, <a href="#Page_363">363</a><br /> +<br /> +Severn River, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a><br /> +<br /> +Sheep, <a href="#Page_251">251</a><br /> +<br /> +Shees, <a href="#Page_254">254</a><br /> +<br /> +Shell-fish, <a href="#Page_367">367</a><br /> +<br /> +Shethnanei Lake (She-than-nee), <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /> +<br /> +Simpson Islands, <a href="#Page_253">253</a><br /> +<br /> +Simpson, Thomas, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a><br /> +<br /> +"Six Years' Residence in Hudson's Bay, An account of," by J. Robson, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> +<br /> +Skunks, <a href="#Page_351">351</a><br /> +<br /> +Skylark, <a href="#Page_387">387</a><br /> +<br /> +Slave River (Athapuscow River), <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a><br /> +<br /> +Sloops Cove, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br /> +<br /> +Slude River, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a><br /> +<br /> +Smith, Captain, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> +<br /> +Snow-bird Lake (The-whole-kyed Whoie or Thel-wel-ky Lake), <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a><br /> +<br /> +Sorrel, <a href="#Page_416">416</a><br /> +<br /> +Sossop (Saw-sop-o-kishac), <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> +<br /> +South Saskatchewan River, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Southern (Homeguard) Indians. <i>See under</i> Indian<br /> +<br /> +<i>Speedwell</i>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> +<br /> +Spiders, <a href="#Page_368">368</a><br /> +<br /> +Spurrel, Joseph, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> +<br /> +Squirrel, Common, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a><br /> +<br /> +Squirrel, Ground, <a href="#Page_358">358</a><br /> +<br /> +Starfish, <a href="#Page_367">367</a><br /> +<br /> +Stephens, Joseph, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> +<br /> +Stony Mountains, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>-<a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br /> +<br /> +Stote (Ermine), <a href="#Page_352">352</a><br /> +<br /> +Straits of Anian, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> +<br /> +Strawberry (Oteagh-minick), <a href="#Page_413">413</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Success</i> (ship), <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> +<br /> +Suckers, <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br /> +<br /> +Sussex Lake, <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br /> +<br /> +Swallows (Barn Swallow), <a href="#Page_388">388</a><br /> +<br /> +Swan, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a><br /> +—— Smaller (Hoopers), <a href="#Page_399">399</a>. <i>See also</i> Swan<br /> +—— Whistling, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>. <i>See also</i> Swan<br /> +—— Whooping (Trumpeters), <a href="#Page_399">399</a>. <i>See also</i> Swan<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Tench, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a><br /> +<br /> +T'ézus-dèssé or Poudrerie (Snowdrift) River, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a><br /> +<br /> +Thaolintoa Lake, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /> +<br /> +Thaye-chuck-gyed Whoie (Large Whitestone Lake), <a href="#Page_213">213</a><br /> +<br /> +Thee-lee-aza River (Theetinah River, or Blue Fish River?), <a href="#Page_281">281</a><br /> +<br /> +Theley-aza River, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /> +<br /> +Thelon River, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a><br /> +<br /> +Thelwey-aza-yeth (Little Fish Hill), <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a><br /> +<br /> +Thlewey-chuck (Great-fish River), <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br /> +<br /> +Thlewiaza River, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a><br /> +<br /> +Thlew-sa-nell-ie, <a href="#Page_270">270</a><br /> +<br /> +Thompson, David, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> +<br /> +Thoy-coy-lyned Lake, <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br /> +<br /> +Thoy-noy-kyed Lake (Tha-na-koi or Sand Hill Mount or Aylmer Lake), <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br /> +<br /> +Thrush, Red-Breasted (Red Birds) (Black Birds) (American Fieldfares), <a href="#Page_384">384</a><br /> +<br /> +Titmouse (Blackcap) (Kiss-kiss-heshis), <a href="#Page_387">387</a><br /> +<br /> +Tittameg Lake, <a href="#Page_132">132</a><br /> +<br /> +Tittemeg (Tickomeg), <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a><br /> +<br /> +Trout, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a><br /> +<br /> +Turnstone, <a href="#Page_392">392</a><br /> +<br /> +Tyrrell, J. B., <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>-<a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> +—— J. W., <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Umfreville, Edward, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a><br /> +<br /> +Ungava, <a href="#Page_404">404</a><br /> +—— Bay, <a href="#Page_363">363</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_437" id="Page_437">[437]</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Vaughan, Captain David, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> +<br /> +Venison, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a><br /> +<br /> +Venus, <a href="#Page_4">4</a><br /> +<br /> +Vetches, <a href="#Page_416">416</a><br /> +<br /> +"Voyage" (Cook's), <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> +<br /> +"Voyage of La Pérouse," <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +"Voyage to Hudson's Bay by the <i>Dobbs</i> Galley and <i>California</i> in the Years 1746 and 1747, A," by Henry Ellis, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +"Voyages" (Alexander Mackenzie's), <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Wager Strait, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> +—— Water, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a><br /> +<br /> +Wales, William, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a><br /> +<br /> +Waller, <a href="#Page_160">160</a><br /> +<br /> +Walmsley Lake, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br /> +<br /> +Walrus (Sea-horse), <a href="#Page_360">360</a><br /> +<br /> +Wapoos, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br /> +<br /> +Wapping, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> +<br /> +Warbles, <a href="#Page_215">215</a><br /> +<br /> +Water insects, <a href="#Page_345">345</a><br /> +<br /> +Weasel, <a href="#Page_352">352</a><br /> +<br /> +Webber (Mr.), <a href="#Page_343">343</a><br /> +<br /> +Wee-sa-ca-pucca, <a href="#Page_313">313</a><br /> +<br /> +Wegg, Samuel, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> +<br /> +Wejacks, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a><br /> +<br /> +Wewaskish (Canadian Elk), <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>-<a href="#Page_338">338</a><br /> +<br /> +Whale, <a href="#Page_340">340</a><br /> +—— Black, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>. <i>See also</i> Whale<br /> +—— White, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>. <i>See also</i> Whale<br /> +<br /> +Whale Cove, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>-<a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a><br /> +<br /> +Whale River, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Whale-Bone</i> (sloop), <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> +<br /> +Whiskey Jack Lake, <a href="#Page_292">292</a><br /> +<br /> +White Stone Lake, <a href="#Page_218">218</a><br /> +<br /> +Whitefish, <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br /> +<br /> +Whitney, Caspar, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a><br /> +<br /> +Wholdiah Lake (Wholdyah'd Lake or A Naw-nee-tha'd Whoie), <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a><br /> +<br /> +Wild Cat (Lynx), <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a><br /> +<br /> +Wild Cat or Lynx Lake (Seeza-tua), <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /> +<br /> +Wilks, <a href="#Page_367">367</a><br /> +<br /> +Willicks, <a href="#Page_192">192</a><br /> +<br /> +Willow, Creeping, <a href="#Page_414">414</a><br /> +—— Dwarf, <a href="#Page_417">417</a><br /> +<br /> +Willson, Beckles, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a><br /> +<br /> +Winnipeg, Lake, <a href="#Page_337">337</a><br /> +<br /> +Wish-a-capucca (Labrador Tea = Wishacumpuckey), <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a><br /> +<br /> +Wolf, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a><br /> +<br /> +Wolvarine (Wolverene), <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a><br /> +<br /> +Wood-pecker (Golden-winged Bird), <a href="#Page_375">375</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Yath-kyed Lake (White Snow Lake, Haecoliguah), <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br /> +<br /> +Yellow-legs, <a href="#Page_192">192</a><br /> +<br /> +York Factory, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a><br /> +—— Fort (Fort Bourbon), <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>-<a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a><br /> +<br /> +Young, Dr., <a href="#Page_94">94</a> +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_438" id="Page_438">[438]</a></span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum">[i]</span></p> + +<h2>THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE<br /> +CHAMPLAIN SOCIETY</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>1. THE HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE. By <span class="smcap">Marc +Lescarbot</span>. With an English Translation, Notes and Appendices +by Professor <span class="smcap">W. L. Grant</span> of Queen's University, and an Introduction +by <span class="smcap">H. P. Biggar</span>. Vol. I., pp. xxi-331. (To be completed +in Three Volumes.)</p> + +<p>2. THE DESCRIPTION AND NATURAL HISTORY +OF NORTH AMERICA (ACADIA). By <span class="smcap">Nicolas Denys</span>. +Translated and Edited, with a Memoir of the Author, Collateral +Documents, and a Reprint of the Original, by Professor <span class="smcap">William +F. Ganong</span>. Pp. xvi-625.</p> + +<p>3. DOCUMENTS RELATING TO THE SEIGNIORIAL +TENURE IN CANADA, 1598-1854. Edited, with a Historical +Introduction and Explanatory Notes, by Professor <span class="smcap">William Bennett +Munro</span> of Harvard University. Pp. cxxiii-380.</p> + +<p>4. THE LOGS OF THE CONQUEST OF CANADA. +Edited, with a Historical Introduction, by Colonel <span class="smcap">William Wood</span>. +Author of "The Fight for Canada." Pp. xxvi-335.</p> + +<p>5. NOUVELLE RELATION DE LA GASPÉSIE. Pa. +<span class="smcap">Chrestien Le Clercq</span>. An English Translation with the French +Text, edited, with Notes, by Professor <span class="smcap">W. F. Ganong</span>. Pp. xvi-452.</p> + +<p>6. JOURNEY FROM PRINCE OF WALES FORT IN +HUDSON BAY TO THE NORTHERN OCEAN, 1769-1772. +By <span class="smcap">Samuel Hearne</span>. A New Edition, edited, with Notes, by +<span class="smcap">J. B. Tyrrell</span>.</p> + +<p>7. THE HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE. By <span class="smcap">Marc +Lescarbot</span>. Edited by <span class="smcap">W. L. Grant</span> and <span class="smcap">H. P. Biggar</span>. Vol. II.</p> + +<div class="right">[<i>In the Press.</i></div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[ii]</span></p> + +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum">[iii]</span></p> +<h2>The Champlain Society</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<div class="center">President</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span> EDMUND WALKER, C.V.O., D.C.L., LL.D., President of The +Canadian Bank of Commerce</p> + +<div class="center">Vice-Presidents</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span> LOUIS JETTÉ, K.C.M.G., LL.D., Chief Justice of Quebec</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span> D. H. McMILLAN, K.C.M.G., Lieut.-Governor of the Province of +Manitoba</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Hon.</span> RICHARD McBRIDE, K.C., Prime Minister of the Province +of British Columbia</p> + +<p>R. A. FALCONER, LL.D., President of the University of Toronto</p> + +<p>C. W. COLBY, M.A., Professor of History in McGill University</p> + +<div class="center">Honorary Secretaries</div> + +<p>GEORGE M. WRONG, M.A., Professor of History in the University of Toronto</p> + +<p>ERIC N. ARMOUR, B.A.</p> + +<div class="center">Honorary Treasurer</div> + +<p>H. H. LANGTON, M.A., Librarian of the University of Toronto</p> + +<div class="center">Councillors</div> + +<p>A. G. DOUGHTY, C.M.G., LL.D., Dominion Archivist, Ottawa</p> + +<p>ADAM SHORTT, M.A., Civil Service Commissioner, Ottawa</p> + +<p>JAMES H. COYNE, M.A., LL.D., Registrar of the County of Elgin, St. +Thomas, Ontario</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">His Honour</span> L. W. SICOTTE, Stipendiary Magistrate, Montreal</p> + +<p>A. H. U. COLQUHOUN, LL.D., Deputy Minister of Education for Ontario</p> + +<div class="center">Assistant Secretary-Treasurer</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Miss</span> ELEANOR CREIGHTON</p> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<div class="center"> +<span class="smcap">Note.</span>—<i>Correspondence should be addressed in care of The Canadian Bank of<br /> +Commerce, Toronto, Canada.</i> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum">[iv]</span></p> + +<h2>LIST OF MEMBERS</h2> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Abbott, H.</span></td><td align="left">Vancouver</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Adams, F. D.</span></td><td align="left">Montreal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Aird, John</span></td><td align="left">Winnipeg</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Ardagh, H. H.</span></td><td align="left">Barrie</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Armour, Eric N.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Armstrong, G. E.</span></td><td align="left">Montreal</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Bain, J. Watson</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Baird</span>, Rev. Dr.</td><td align="left">Winnipeg</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Barker, Samuel, M.P.</span></td><td align="left">Hamilton</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Barnett, J. D.</span></td><td align="left">Stratford</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Beck</span>, Mr. Justice</td><td align="left">Edmonton</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Bell, Charles N.</span></td><td align="left">Winnipeg</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Bell, A. J.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Bennett, R. B.</span></td><td align="left">Calgary</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Bicknell, James</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Biggar, O. M.</span></td><td align="left">Edmonton</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Birks, W. M.</span></td><td align="left">Montreal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Black, J. C.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Blake, Hume</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Blake, W. H.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Bonar, James</span></td><td align="left">Ottawa</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Bonner, G. T.</span></td><td align="left">New York</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Borden</span>, Sir F. W.</td><td align="left">Ottawa</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Borden, R. L., M.P.</span></td><td align="left">Ottawa</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Boyce, A. C., M.P.</span></td><td align="left">{Sault Ste. Marie,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">{ Ont.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Boyd</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">John A.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Boyd, Mossom M.</span></td><td align="left">Bobcaygeon</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Boys</span>, His Honour Judge</td><td align="left">Barrie</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Brebner, James</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Breithaupt, W. H.</span></td><td align="left">Berlin, Ont.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Britnell, Albert</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Brouse, W. H.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Brown, Adam</span></td><td align="left">Hamilton</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Bruce, Alexander D.</span></td><td align="left">Gormley, Ont.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Bruce, Herbert A.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Bryce</span>, Rev. <span class="smcap">George</span></td><td align="left">Winnipeg</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Buchanan, A. W. P.</span></td><td align="left">Montreal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Burke</span>, Rev. A. E.</td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Burland</span>, Lieut.-Col. J. H.</td><td align="left">Montreal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Burpee, Lawrence J.</span></td><td align="left">Ottawa</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Buscombe, Frederick</span></td><td align="left">Vancouver</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Cameron, D. A.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Campbell, Graham</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Cameron, I. H.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Cantley, Thomas</span></td><td align="left">New Glasgow</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Carstairs, J. S.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Cartwright, A. D.</span></td><td align="left">Ottawa</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Casselman, A. C.</span></td><td align="left">North Bay</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Cassels, Hamilton</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Caven, John</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Caven, W. P.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Chambers, E. T. D.</span></td><td align="left">Quebec</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Chipman, C. C.</span></td><td align="left">Winnipeg</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Clark, A. H., M.P.</span></td><td align="left">Windsor, Ont.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Clark, J. M.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Clarke, C. K.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Clarke, John M.</span></td><td align="left">Albany, N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Clouston</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">Edward</span>,</td><td align="left">} Montreal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bart.</span></td><td align="left">}</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Cockburn, F. J.</span></td><td align="left">Quebec</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Colby, Charles W.</span></td><td align="left">Montreal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Coldwell</span>, Hon. <span class="smcap">Geo. R.</span></td><td align="left">Brandon</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Colquhoun, A. H. U.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Conolly, R. G. W.</span></td><td align="left">St. Catharines</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Corbet, J. B.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Cox</span>, Hon. <span class="smcap">George A.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Coyne, James H.</span></td><td align="left">St. Thomas</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Craick, W. A.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Cronyn, Edward</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Cronyn, V.</span></td><td align="left">London, Ont.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Crossley, Fielden</span></td><td align="left">Woodstock</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Crowe, W.</span></td><td align="left">Sydney</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Cumberland, F. Barlow</span></td><td align="left">Port Hope</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Dampier, L. H.</span></td><td align="left">Strathroy</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Darling, Frank</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Davidson, William</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Davies, William</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Dennis, J. S.</span></td><td align="left">Calgary</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Dewar, D. B.</span></td><td align="left">Hamilton</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Dewart, H. H.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">De Witt, Jacob</span></td><td align="left">Montreal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Dingman, W. S.</span></td><td align="left">Stratford</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Donaldson, A. G.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Douglas, James</span></td><td align="left">New York</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Douglas, W. M.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Drummond, G. E.</span></td><td align="left">Montreal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Drummond, Guy M.</span></td><td align="left">Montreal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Dwight, H. P.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Dyment, A. E.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Eakins, W. G.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Eaton</span>, Mrs. T.</td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Eccles, F. R.</span></td><td align="left">London, Ont</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Egerton, Hugh E.</span></td><td align="left">Oxford, Eng.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Englehart, J. L.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Ewart, John S.</span></td><td align="left">Ottawa</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Fairclough, H. R.</span></td><td align="left">Palo Alto, Cal. +<span class="pagenum">[v]</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Falconer, R. A.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Fish, J. N.</span></td><td align="left">Regina</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Fitton, H. W.</span></td><td align="left">Brantford</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Flavelle, J. W.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Fleck, A. W.</span></td><td align="left">Ottawa</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Fleming</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">Sandford</span>,</td><td align="left">} Ottawa</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">K.C.M.G.</span></td><td align="left">}</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Forget</span>, Hon. <span class="smcap">A. E.</span></td><td align="left">Regina</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Foster, F. Apthorp</span></td><td align="left">Boston, Mass.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Fotheringham, J. T.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Fraser, Alexander</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Fulton, J. H.</span></td><td align="left">New Orleans</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Galt, George F.</span></td><td align="left">Winnipeg</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Garneau</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">George</span></td><td align="left">Quebec</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Garneau, Hector</span></td><td align="left">Montreal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Gaudet, Placide</span></td><td align="left">Ottawa</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Gay, Frederick Lewis</span></td><td align="left">Brookline, Mass.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Gill, Robert</span></td><td align="left">Ottawa</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Gooderham, George H.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Gordon</span>, Rev. <span class="smcap">Daniel M.</span></td><td align="left">Kingston</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Gould, C. H.</span></td><td align="left">Montreal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Gow, George</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Grant, W. L.</span></td><td align="left">Kingston</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Greenshields, E. B.</span></td><td align="left">Montreal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Grey</span>, His Excellency Earl</td><td align="left">Ottawa</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Gundy, W. P.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Hamilton, John</span></td><td align="left">Quebec</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Hanna, D. B.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Hanna</span>, Hon. <span class="smcap">W. J.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Hannah, I. C.</span></td><td align="left">{ Forest Row,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">{ Sussex, Eng.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Harcourt, F. W.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Hart, John S.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Harvey</span>, Mr. Justice</td><td align="left">Edmonton</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Heaton, F. R.</span></td><td align="left">Montreal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Hebden, E. F.</span></td><td align="left">Montreal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Henry, W. A.</span></td><td align="left">Halifax</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Hille, F.</span></td><td align="left">Port Arthur</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Hobson, R.</span></td><td align="left">Hamilton</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Hogg, William</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Horning, L. E.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Hoskin, John</span></td><td align="left">{ Tunbridge</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">{ Wells, Eng.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Howland, Peleg</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Hunter, A. F.</span></td><td align="left">Barrie</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Hunter</span>, Mr. Justice</td><td align="left">Victoria, B.C.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Huycke</span>, His Honour Judge</td><td align="left">Peterborough</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Ingersoll, J. H.</span></td><td align="left">St. Catherines</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Jaffray</span>, Hon. <span class="smcap">Robert</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">James, C. C.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Jarvis, Aemilius</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Jemmett, F. G.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Jennings, C. A. C.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Jetté</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">Louis A.</span>,</td><td align="left">} Quebec</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">K.C.M.G.</span></td><td align="left">}</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Jones, F. C. L.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Jones, H. V. F.</span></td><td align="left">London, Eng.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Jones</span>, Hon. L. <span class="smcap">Melvin</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Jost, A. C.</span></td><td align="left">Guysboro, N.S.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Kains, Archibald</span></td><td align="left">San Francisco</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Keefer, Frank H.</span></td><td align="left">Port Arthur</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Keefer T. C.</span></td><td align="left">{ Rockliffe,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">{ Ottawa</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Kemp, A. E.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Kennedy, George</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Kennedy, T. J.</span></td><td align="left">Sault Ste. Marie</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Kerallain, Réné de</span></td><td align="left">Quimper, France</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Kerr</span>, Hon. <span class="smcap">J. K.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Kilgour, Joseph</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Kilgour, Robert</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">King</span>, Hon. <span class="smcap">W. L. Mackenzie</span> </td><td align="left">Ottawa</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Kingman, Abner</span></td><td align="left">Montreal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Kylie, Edward J.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Lafleur, Eugène</span></td><td align="left">Montreal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Laird, Alexander</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Lang, A. E.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Langlois, H.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Langton, H. H.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Langton, Thomas</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Lash, J. F.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Lash, Miller</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Lash, Z. A.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Laurier</span>, Rt. Hon. Sir</td><td align="left">} Ottawa</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;"> </span><span class="smcap">Wilfrid</span></td><td align="left">}</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Laut</span>, Miss <span class="smcap">Agnes C.</span></td><td align="left">Wassaic, N.Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Learmont, J. B.</span></td><td align="left">Montreal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Lee, John T.</span></td><td align="left">Madison, Wis.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Lefroy, H. B.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Lefroy, W.</span></td><td align="left">London, Eng.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Leggat, William</span></td><td align="left">Montreal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Leonard, R. W.</span></td><td align="left">St. Catherines</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Le Sueur, W. D.</span></td><td align="left">Ottawa</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Levy, G. H.</span></td><td align="left">Hamilton</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Lighthall, W. D.</span></td><td align="left">Montreal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Lindsay, G. G. S.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Little, H. A.</span></td><td align="left">Woodstock, Ont.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Little</span>, Lieut.-Col. <span class="smcap">J. W.</span></td><td align="left">London, Ont.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Lotbinière, E. G. Joly de</span></td><td align="left">Quebec</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">McArthur, D. A.</span></td><td align="left">Ottawa</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">McBride</span>, Hon. <span class="smcap">Richard</span></td><td align="left">Victoria, B.C.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">McCorkell</span>, Hon. <span class="smcap">J. C.</span></td><td align="left">{ Cowansville,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">{ P.Q.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Macdonald, J. Bruce</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Macdonald, W. Campbell</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">McDougall, John A.</span></td><td align="left">Edmonton</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Macfarlane, W. G.</span></td><td align="left">{ Grand Rapids,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">{ Mich.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Macgillivray, D.</span></td><td align="left">Halifax</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Machar</span>, Miss <span class="smcap">Agnes</span> M.</td><td align="left">Kingston</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Machum, E. R.</span></td><td align="left">St. John, N.B.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">McInnes, Hector</span></td><td align="left">Halifax</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Mackenzie</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">William</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">McLaughlin, J. F.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum">[vi]</span><span class="smcap">McLennan, Francis</span></td><td align="left">Montreal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">McLennan, John S.</span></td><td align="left">Sydney, N.S.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">MacMechan, A.</span></td><td align="left">Halifax</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">McMillan</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">D. H.</span></td><td align="left">Winnipeg</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">MacMurchy, Angus</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">MacPherson, W. M.</span></td><td align="left">Quebec</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">McPhillips, L. G.</span></td><td align="left">Vancouver</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">MacWatt</span>, His Hon. Judge</td><td align="left">Sarnia</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Manning, P. A.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Mason, J. A. C.</span></td><td align="left">{ New Orleans,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">{ La.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Massey, Chester D.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Massey, John</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Massey, Vincent</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Masten, C. A.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Meredith</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">William</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Merrett, T. E.</span></td><td align="left">Montreal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Miller</span>, Rev. <span class="smcap">J. O.</span></td><td align="left">St. Catharines</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Mills</span>, Lieut.-Col. <span class="smcap">D.</span></td><td align="left">London, Eng.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Millichamp, R.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Morang, George N.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Morris, H. H.</span></td><td align="left">Vancouver</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Moss</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">Charles</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Moxon, A. E.</span></td><td align="left">London, Eng.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Mulvey, Thomas</span></td><td align="left">Ottawa</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Murray, William</span></td><td align="left">Vancouver</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Murray, Walter C.</span></td><td align="left">Saskatoon</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Mussen, R. T.</span></td><td align="left">{ Summerside,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">{ P.E.I.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Murton</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">Walter</span></td><td align="left">{ Langton, Kent,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">{ Eng.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Needler, G. H.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Northrup, W. B.</span>, M.P.</td><td align="left">Belleville</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Noyes, Charles William</span></td><td align="left">Castine, Maine</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">O'Brian, J. B.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">O'Brien, A. H.</span></td><td align="left">Ottawa</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Oliver, E. H.</span></td><td align="left">Saskatoon</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Osborne, W. W.</span></td><td align="left">Hamilton</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Osler, E. B.</span>, M.P.</td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Osler</span>, Hon. <span class="smcap">F.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Osler, F. G.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Parker</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">Gilbert</span></td><td align="left">London, Eng.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Patterson, E. G.</span></td><td align="left">Peterborough</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Patterson, George</span></td><td align="left">{ New Glasgow,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">{ N.S.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Peacock, E. R.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pearce, William</span></td><td align="left">Calgary</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pell, S. H. P.</span></td><td align="left">New York</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Phipps, A. R.</span></td><td align="left">London, Eng.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Ponton</span>, Lieut.-Col. <span class="smcap">W. N.</span></td><td align="left">Belleville</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Price, H. M.</span></td><td align="left">Quebec</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Primrose, A.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Reade, John</span></td><td align="left">Montreal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Reeve, R. A.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Rennie, George W.</span></td><td align="left">Stratford</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Riddell</span>, Mr. Justice</td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Robarts, A. W.</span></td><td align="left">Port Arthur</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Robertson, James F.</span></td><td align="left">St. John, N.B.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Robertson, W. J.</span></td><td align="left">St. Catherines</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Ross</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">George W.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Ross, J. F. W.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Rowell, N. W.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Rowley, C. W.</span></td><td align="left">Calgary</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Rundle, W. E.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Russell, J. A.</span></td><td align="left">Windsor, N.S.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Saul, John C.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Savary</span>, His Honour Judge</td><td align="left">Annapolis Royal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Scott, C. S.</span></td><td align="left">Hamilton</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Scott, H. P.</span></td><td align="left">Windsor, N.S.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Sewell, Fane</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Short, William</span></td><td align="left">Edmonton</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Shortt, Adam</span></td><td align="left">Ottawa</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Sicotte</span>, His Honour Judge</td><td align="left">Montreal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Silcox, Sidney</span></td><td align="left">Stratford</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Silver, H. R.</span></td><td align="left">Halifax</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Skelton, C. D.</span></td><td align="left">Kingston</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Somerville, C. R.</span></td><td align="left">London, Ont.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Squair, John</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Starr, F. N. G.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Steele, J. J.</span></td><td align="left">Dundas</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Stephenson, R. H.</span></td><td align="left">Leicester, Eng.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Stone, William</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Strathy, G. B.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Strathy, H. S.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Sutherland</span>, Mr. Justice</td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Sweny</span>, Colonel <span class="smcap">G.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Symon</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">J. H.</span></td><td align="left">{ Adelaide, South</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">{ Australia</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Taylor, H. C.</span></td><td align="left">Edmonton</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Tiffany, E. H.</span></td><td align="left">Alexandria, Ont.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Todd, J. L.</span></td><td align="left">{ Macdonald College,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">{ P.Q.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Trigge, A. St. L.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Tunstall, Simon J.</span></td><td align="left">Vancouver</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Tupper</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">C. Hibbert</span></td><td align="left">Vancouver</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Van Horne</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">William</span></td><td align="left">Montreal</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wade, F. C.</span></td><td align="left">Vancouver</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Walker</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">Edmund</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Walker, E. Chandler</span></td><td align="left">Walkerville</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Walker, H. B.</span></td><td align="left">Montreal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Warner, C. M.</span></td><td align="left">Napanee</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wetherell, J. E.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">White, E. N.</span></td><td align="left">Winnipeg</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">White, James</span></td><td align="left">Ottawa</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">White, W. T.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wilkie, D. R.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Willison, J. S.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Witton, H. B.</span></td><td align="left">Hamilton</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wood, E. R.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wood, Frank P.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wrong, George M.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Young, A. H.</span></td><td align="left">Toronto</td></tr> +</table> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum">[vii]</span></p> + +<h2>SUBSCRIBING LIBRARIES</h2> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">Adelaide, S. Australia</td><td align="left">Public Library of South Australia</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Albany, N.Y.</td><td align="left">State Library</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ann Arbor, Mich.</td><td align="left">University of Michigan</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Baltimore, Md.</td><td align="left">Enoch Pratt Free Library</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">Johns Hopkins University</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Boston, Mass.</td><td align="left">Athenæum Library</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">Public Library</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Brampton, Ont.</td><td align="left">Public Library</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Brooklyn, N.Y.</td><td align="left">Public Library</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Buffalo, N.Y.</td><td align="left">Buffalo Historical Society</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Calgary, Alberta</td><td align="left">Western Canada College</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cambridge, Eng.</td><td align="left">University Library</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cambridge, Mass.</td><td align="left">Harvard University</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chicago, Ill.</td><td align="left">Newberry Library</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">Public Library</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">The John Crerar Library</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">University of Chicago</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cincinnati, Ohio</td><td align="left">Public Library</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Detroit, Mich.</td><td align="left">Public Library</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dublin, Ireland</td><td align="left">Trinity College</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Edmonton, Alberta</td><td align="left">Alberta Provincial Library</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Fort William, Ont.</td><td align="left">The Women's Canadian Club</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Glasgow, Scotland</td><td align="left">Mitchell Library</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">University of Glasgow</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Halifax, N.S.</td><td align="left">Presbyterian College</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">Nova Scotia Legislative Library</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hamilton, Ont.</td><td align="left">Public Library</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hanover, N.H.</td><td align="left">Dartmouth College</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Kingston, Ont.</td><td align="left">Queen's University</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lansing, Mich.</td><td align="left">Michigan State Library</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lawrence, Kan.</td><td align="left">University of Kansas</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">London, England</td><td align="left">Royal Colonial Institute</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">Royal Geographical Society</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">The Colonial Office Library</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">London, Ont.</td><td align="left">Public Library</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lynn, Mass.</td><td align="left">Public Library</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Madison, Wis.</td><td align="left">State Historical Library of Wisconsin</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Minneapolis, Minn.</td><td align="left">Minneapolis Athenæum</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Montpelier, Vt.</td><td align="left">Vermont Historical Society</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum">[viii]</span>Montreal, P.Q.</td><td align="left">Fraser Institute</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">Montreal College</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">Normal School Library</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">New Haven, Conn.</td><td align="left">Yale University</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England </td><td align="left">Public Library</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">New York, N.Y.</td><td align="left">Public Library</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">New York Historical Society</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Northampton, Mass.</td><td align="left">The Forbes Library</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ottawa, Ont.</td><td align="left">Dominion Archives</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">Library of Parliament, Canada</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Oxford, England</td><td align="left">Bodleian Library</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Paris, France</td><td align="left">Bibliothèque de l'Université de Paris</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">Bibliothèque Nationale</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Philadelphia, Pa.</td><td align="left">The Library Company of Philadelphia</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Poughkeepsie, N.Y.</td><td align="left">Vassar College</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Providence, R.I.</td><td align="left">Brown University</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">The John Carter Brown Library</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Quebec, P.Q.</td><td align="left">Legislative Library of Quebec</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">Quebec Literary and Historical Society</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Salem, Mass.</td><td align="left">The Essex Institute</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sacramento, Cal.</td><td align="left">State Library of California</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">St. John, N.B.</td><td align="left">Free Public Library</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">St. Louis, Mo.</td><td align="left">St. Louis Mercantile Library Association</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">St. Paul, Minn.</td><td align="left">Minnesota Historical Society</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">St. Thomas, Ont.</td><td align="left">Elgin Historical and Scientific Institute</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Stratford, Ont.</td><td align="left">Public Library</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Toronto, Ont.</td><td align="left">The Canadian Bank of Commerce</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">Department of Education, Ontario</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">Legislative Library, Ontario</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">Osgoode Hall</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">Provincial Archives</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">Public Library</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">University of Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">Victoria University</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Urbana, Ill.</td><td align="left">University of Illinois</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Victoria, B.C.</td><td align="left">Legislative Library of British Columbia</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Washington, D.C.</td><td align="left">{ Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">{ Institution</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">Library of Congress</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">West Point, N.Y.</td><td align="left">United States Military Academy</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Winnipeg, Man.</td><td align="left">Alpine Club of Canada</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">Women's Canadian Club</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Worcester, Mass.</td><td align="left">Free Public Library</td></tr> +</table> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a href="images/i501.png"><img src="images/i501-t.png" width="300" height="220" alt="A Map +exhibiting M^R. HEARNE'S TRACKS in his +two Journies for the discovery of the +Copper Mine River +in the Years 1770, 1771 and 1772 +under the direction of the +Hudson's Bay Company" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />A Map<br /> +exhibiting M^R. HEARNE'S TRACKS in his<br /> +two Journies for the discovery of the<br /> +Copper Mine River<br /> +in the Years 1770, 1771 and 1772<br /> +under the direction of the<br /> +Hudson's Bay Company +</span> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a href="images/i503.png"><img src="images/i503-t.png" width="300" height="147" alt="A +Plan +of the +Copper-Mine River +Surveyed by +Samuel Hearne +July 1771" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />A<br /> +Plan<br /> +of the<br /> +Copper-Mine River<br /> +Surveyed by<br /> +Samuel Hearne<br /> +July 1771 +</span> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a href="images/i505.png"><img src="images/i505-t.png" width="300" height="240" alt="A Plan of +ALBANY RIVER +in Hudson's Bay +Latitude 52°.12'.0" North +Longitude 82°.40'.0" W. from London +by S.H. 1774 +Plan is laid down by Magnetical Compass. The three +hummocks of Wood on Sawpit Island can be seen in clear weather +over the Factory Island, in 3 fathom Water, and is a good +Mark. Saddle-back hummock bears due West from Albany +Roads and is a good Mark for laying the Buoys." title="" /></a> +<div class="left"> +<span class="caption"><br />A Plan of<br /> +ALBANY RIVER<br /> +in Hudson's Bay<br /> +Latitude 52°.12'.0" North<br /> +Longitude 82°.40'.0" W. from London<br /> +<br /> +by S.H. 1774<br /> +<br /> +Plan is laid down by Magnetical Compass. The three<br /> +hummocks of Wood on Sawpit Island can be seen in clear weather<br /> +over the Factory Island, in 3 fathom Water, and is a good<br /> +Mark. Saddle-back hummock bears due West from Albany<br /> +Roads and is a good Mark for laying the Buoys. +</span> +</div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a href="images/i507.png"><img src="images/i507-t.png" width="300" height="177" alt="Plan +of +Moos River +in +Hudsons Bay, North America +Lat. 53°N. Lon. 83°W. from London +by S.H. 1774." title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />Plan<br /> +of<br /> +Moos River<br /> +in<br /> +Hudsons Bay, North America<br /> +Lat. 53°N. Lon. 83°W. from London<br /> +by S.H. 1774. +</span> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a href="images/i509.png"><img src="images/i509-t.png" width="244" height="300" alt="Plan +of +Slude River. +Lat. 52°.15' N. Lon. 83°.20' W. +by S.H." title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />Plan<br /> +of<br /> +Slude River.<br /> +Lat. 52°.15' N. Lon. 83°.20' W.<br /> +by S.H. +</span> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> +<a href="images/i511.png"><img src="images/i511-t.png" width="300" height="248" alt="A MAP EXHIBITING MR. HEARNE'S TRACKS IN HIS TWO JOURNEYS FOR THE DISCOVERY OF THE COPPERMINE RIVER IN THE YEARS 1770, 1771, AND 1772 +Adjusted, as far as possible, in accordance with the latest maps by J. B. Tyrrell, 1909" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />A MAP EXHIBITING MR. HEARNE'S TRACKS IN HIS TWO JOURNEYS FOR THE DISCOVERY OF THE COPPERMINE RIVER IN THE YEARS 1770, 1771, AND 1772<br /> +Adjusted, as far as possible, in accordance with the latest maps by J. B. Tyrrell, 1909 +</span> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> +<a href="images/i513.png"><img src="images/i513-t.png" width="191" height="300" alt="MAP OF COPPERMINE RIVER as surveyed by SIR JOHN FRANKLIN IN 1821 +Scale—14½ miles in 1 inch +References—t Observation for Latitude. O Observation for Longitude. Y Variation. T Dip. +From Franklin's "Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea"" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><br />MAP OF COPPERMINE RIVER as surveyed by SIR JOHN FRANKLIN IN 1821<br /> +Scale—14½ miles in 1 inch<br /> +References—t Observation for Latitude. O Observation for Longitude. Y Variation. T Dip.<br /> +From Franklin's "Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea" +</span> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class='tnote'> +<h3>Transcriber's Notes:</h3> + +<p>Except for the inline drawings on page 229, the maps and photos are low-resolution +"thumbnails". Click on a thumbnail to display a high-resolution image.</p> + +<p>The editor retained the page numbering of the original book in brackets [143]. +These have been changed to braces {143} so as not to conflict with footnotes in +the text version. In a few cases, page numbers within words have been moved to the +following interword space.</p> + +<p>Errors in punctuation and diacritical marks in French were fixed.</p> + +<p>The following words appear in alternate spellings +and have not been changed: +"buffalos" / "buffaloes", +"carcases" / "carcasses", +"chisel" / "chissel", +"dependence" / "dependance", +"eat" / "eaten" / "ate", +"fur" / "furr", +"Prince of Wales Fort" / "Prince of Wales's Fort", +"snowshoe(s)" / "snow-shoe(s)", +"Stony" / "Stoney", +"tittymeg" / "tittimeg" / "tittameg" / "tittemeg", +"wolvarine" / "wolverene" / "wolvereen".</p> + +<p>Inconsistent hyphenation and diacritics of place names +and native names have not been changed.</p> + +<p>Hyphen removed: "a[-]cross" (p. 129), "bear[-]berry" (p. 427), "day[-]break" (p. 94), +"fin[-]like" (p. 360).</p> + +<p>Hyphen added: "a[-]head" (pp. 181, 204), "fire[-]arms" (p. 86), "fire[-]wood" (p. 72), +"gun[-]shot" (p. 181), "iron[-]work" (p. 285), "land[-]side" (p. 179), +"sea[-]side" (p. 54), "tent[-]poles" (pp. 104, 163), "wood[-]work" (p. 191).</p> + +<p>"Cheif" changed to "Chief" in the caption of the portrait of Hearne +facing the original title page.</p> + +<p>p. 56 (footnote): "exploded" changed to "explored" (it has so long been explored).</p> + +<p>p. 64: duplicate "of" removed (one of which was).</p> + +<p>p. 75: "eves" changed to "eaves" (over which the eaves of the tent).</p> + +<p>p. 82: "aukwardness" changed to "awkwardness" (The awkwardness of my load).</p> + +<p>p. 121: "of" inserted (on each side of the door).</p> + +<p>p. 157: "haunts" changed to "hunt" (Their annual haunts).</p> + +<p>p. 167: "scowring" changed to "scouring" (scouring the blade).</p> + +<p>p. 168, Index: "Quequehatch" changed to "Quiquehatch".</p> + +<p>p. 176: "differents" changed to "different" (inhabitants of the different elements).</p> + +<p>p. 180: added "of" (on the East side the river).</p> + +<p>p. 195: "oar" changed to "ore" (ballasted with the ore).</p> + +<p>p. 246: "eight" changed to "eighth" (The eighth is the Mittain Beaver).</p> + +<p>p. 246: "Joseph la France" changed to "Joseph Lefranc".</p> + +<p>p. 258: "aukward" changed to "awkward" (very awkward appearance).</p> + +<p>p. 292: added "a" (Deer was so plentiful a great part of the way).</p> + +<p>p. 308, 315: "soked" changed to "soaked" (has been soaked and scrubbed, +when soaked in water).</p> + +<p>p. 313: "track" changed to "tract" (The track of land, that whole +tract of country).</p> + +<p>p. 343 (footnote [BY]): added "of" (often been at the killing of +them).</p> + +<p>p. 351: "patridges" changed to "partridges" (catch partridges, mice, and rabbits).</p> + +<p>p. 373: "voilet" changed to "violet" (purple and violet colour).</p> + +<p>p. 391 (sidenote): "Jacks Snipe" changed to "Jack Snipe).</p> + +<p>p. 401: "streight" changed to "straight" (they fly straight to the call).</p> + +<p>p. 406: "rout" changed to "route" (The route they take in Spring).</p> + +<p>p. 423: "Sociétié de Géographie" changed to "Société de Géographie".</p> +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Journey from Prince of Wales's Fort +in Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean in the Years 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, by Samuel Hearne + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A JOURNEY FROM PRINCE OF *** + +***** This file should be named 38404-h.htm or 38404-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/8/4/0/38404/ + +Produced by Moti Ben-Ari and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net. (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + +</body> +</html> diff --git a/38404-h/images/i003-t.jpg b/38404-h/images/i003-t.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c86b95d --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i003-t.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i003.jpg b/38404-h/images/i003.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4aeba74 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i003.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i021-t.jpg b/38404-h/images/i021-t.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3ca6b47 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i021-t.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i021.jpg b/38404-h/images/i021.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c2a49c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i021.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i037-t.jpg b/38404-h/images/i037-t.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a519253 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i037-t.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i037.jpg b/38404-h/images/i037.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..dd5d264 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i037.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i039-t.png b/38404-h/images/i039-t.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..89d0ab4 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i039-t.png diff --git a/38404-h/images/i039.png b/38404-h/images/i039.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..785562a --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i039.png diff --git a/38404-h/images/i044-t.png b/38404-h/images/i044-t.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8a4aba6 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i044-t.png diff --git a/38404-h/images/i044.png b/38404-h/images/i044.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..abc6020 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i044.png diff --git a/38404-h/images/i048-t.jpg b/38404-h/images/i048-t.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..63dc503 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i048-t.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i048.jpg b/38404-h/images/i048.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f18d5ef --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i048.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i086-t.jpg b/38404-h/images/i086-t.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..92583e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i086-t.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i086.jpg b/38404-h/images/i086.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3b0dd3d --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i086.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i113-t.png b/38404-h/images/i113-t.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..fead865 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i113-t.png diff --git a/38404-h/images/i113.png b/38404-h/images/i113.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..df9cd1c --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i113.png diff --git a/38404-h/images/i119-t.png b/38404-h/images/i119-t.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..cf9d571 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i119-t.png diff --git a/38404-h/images/i119.png b/38404-h/images/i119.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..68ab644 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i119.png diff --git a/38404-h/images/i127a-t.jpg b/38404-h/images/i127a-t.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..aa468bf --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i127a-t.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i127a.jpg b/38404-h/images/i127a.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a5d9dc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i127a.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i127b-t.jpg b/38404-h/images/i127b-t.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a5fd4a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i127b-t.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i127b.jpg b/38404-h/images/i127b.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c96e9e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i127b.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i139-t.jpg b/38404-h/images/i139-t.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..dc43ed4 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i139-t.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i139.jpg b/38404-h/images/i139.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b40a637 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i139.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i155a-t.jpg b/38404-h/images/i155a-t.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3a48b11 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i155a-t.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i155a.jpg b/38404-h/images/i155a.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ffee8dc --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i155a.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i155b-t.jpg b/38404-h/images/i155b-t.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c9368f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i155b-t.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i155b.jpg b/38404-h/images/i155b.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0e6465a --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i155b.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i171-t.jpg b/38404-h/images/i171-t.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a3e3ea5 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i171-t.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i171.jpg b/38404-h/images/i171.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c5cb34c --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i171.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i177a-t.jpg b/38404-h/images/i177a-t.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..80746db --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i177a-t.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i177a.jpg b/38404-h/images/i177a.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f4d121f --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i177a.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i177b-t.jpg b/38404-h/images/i177b-t.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..18f2515 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i177b-t.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i177b.jpg b/38404-h/images/i177b.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b33c995 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i177b.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i219a-t.jpg b/38404-h/images/i219a-t.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ebdf3a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i219a-t.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i219a.jpg b/38404-h/images/i219a.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b79e283 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i219a.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i219b-t.jpg b/38404-h/images/i219b-t.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6991b76 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i219b-t.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i219b.jpg b/38404-h/images/i219b.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..94df16d --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i219b.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i271a.jpg b/38404-h/images/i271a.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7bfe97d --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i271a.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i271b.jpg b/38404-h/images/i271b.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..bb95157 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i271b.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i275-t.jpg b/38404-h/images/i275-t.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0e0bbd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i275-t.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i275.jpg b/38404-h/images/i275.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..03e636f --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i275.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i279a-t.jpg b/38404-h/images/i279a-t.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c4a3607 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i279a-t.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i279a.jpg b/38404-h/images/i279a.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a6a3365 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i279a.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i279b-t.jpg b/38404-h/images/i279b-t.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4f2084f --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i279b-t.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i279b.jpg b/38404-h/images/i279b.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3a8abb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i279b.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i335a-t.jpg b/38404-h/images/i335a-t.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9121c03 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i335a-t.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i335a.jpg b/38404-h/images/i335a.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1cdedae --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i335a.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i335b-t.jpg b/38404-h/images/i335b-t.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..39157e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i335b-t.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i335b.jpg b/38404-h/images/i335b.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..44269aa --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i335b.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i345a-t.jpg b/38404-h/images/i345a-t.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3c1a59d --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i345a-t.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i345a.jpg b/38404-h/images/i345a.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..236d66b --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i345a.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i345b-t.jpg b/38404-h/images/i345b-t.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..94f4f7c --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i345b-t.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i345b.jpg b/38404-h/images/i345b.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c28922d --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i345b.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i361-t.jpg b/38404-h/images/i361-t.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..bde5b7c --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i361-t.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i361.jpg b/38404-h/images/i361.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e034ae9 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i361.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i381a-t.jpg b/38404-h/images/i381a-t.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ff664b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i381a-t.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i381a.jpg b/38404-h/images/i381a.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e3ba5e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i381a.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i381b-t.jpg b/38404-h/images/i381b-t.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d2587d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i381b-t.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i381b.jpg b/38404-h/images/i381b.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9ca4236 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i381b.jpg diff --git a/38404-h/images/i501-t.png b/38404-h/images/i501-t.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e081d98 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i501-t.png diff --git a/38404-h/images/i501.png b/38404-h/images/i501.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..59454a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i501.png diff --git a/38404-h/images/i503-t.png b/38404-h/images/i503-t.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a79afc4 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i503-t.png diff --git a/38404-h/images/i503.png b/38404-h/images/i503.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5318f87 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i503.png diff --git a/38404-h/images/i505-t.png b/38404-h/images/i505-t.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9925f5b --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i505-t.png diff --git a/38404-h/images/i505.png b/38404-h/images/i505.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..801de1f --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i505.png diff --git a/38404-h/images/i507-t.png b/38404-h/images/i507-t.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7ebd0da --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i507-t.png diff --git a/38404-h/images/i507.png b/38404-h/images/i507.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4c8eadd --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i507.png diff --git a/38404-h/images/i509-t.png b/38404-h/images/i509-t.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0955f3f --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i509-t.png diff --git a/38404-h/images/i509.png b/38404-h/images/i509.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8f552f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i509.png diff --git a/38404-h/images/i511-t.png b/38404-h/images/i511-t.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3f4324a --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i511-t.png diff --git a/38404-h/images/i511.png b/38404-h/images/i511.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b66ac85 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i511.png diff --git a/38404-h/images/i513-t.png b/38404-h/images/i513-t.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d6930e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i513-t.png diff --git a/38404-h/images/i513.png b/38404-h/images/i513.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..16f3d0b --- /dev/null +++ b/38404-h/images/i513.png |
