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diff --git a/38398-h/38398-h.htm b/38398-h/38398-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..64813d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/38398-h/38398-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2941 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Amphibians and Reptiles of the Rainforests + of Southern El Petén, Guatemala, by William E. Duellman.</title> +<style type="text/css"> +body +{ + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +h1, h2, h3, h4, h5 +{ + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p +{ + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} +div.c7 { text-align: center } + +hr +{ + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; +} + +hr.chap { width: 65% } + +table +{ + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +.tdl { text-align: left; } + +.tdr { text-align: right; } + +.tdc { text-align: center; } + +.pagenum +{ /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; +}.blockquot +{ + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +.smcap { font-variant: small-caps; } + +.caption { font-weight: bold; } + +.figcenter +{ + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + +.footnote +{ + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + font-size: 0.9em; +} + +.footnote .label +{ + position: absolute; + right: 84%; + text-align: right; +} + +.fnanchor +{ + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: + none; +} + +</style> +</head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Amphibians and Reptiles of the Rainforests +of Southern El Peten, Guatemala, by William E. Duellman + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Amphibians and Reptiles of the Rainforests of Southern El Peten, Guatemala + +Author: William E. Duellman + +Release Date: December 24, 2011 [EBook #38398] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span></p> +<h2><img src="images/bar_double.png" alt="double bar" height="15" width="100%" /></h2> +<div class="smcap"> + <h2><span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications</span><br /> + <span class="smcap">Museum of Natural History</span></h2> +</div> +<h2>Volume 15, No. 5, pp. 205-249, pls. 7-10, 6 figs.</h2> +<div class="c7"> + <h2><img src="images/bar_single.png" title="bar" alt="bar" height="15" width="28%" /> October 4, 1963 <img src="images/bar_single.png" title="bar" alt="bar" height="15" width="28%" /></h2> +</div> +<p> </p> +<h1>Amphibians and Reptiles of the Rainforests + of Southern El Petén, Guatemala</h1> +<h3>BY</h3> +<h3>WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN </h3> +<p> </p> +<h2><span class="smcap">University of Kansas<br /> + Lawrence<br /> + </span>1963 </h2> +<hr class="chap" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span></p> +<h3> <span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span><br /> + <br /> + Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,<br /> + Theodore H. Eaton, Jr.</h3> +<p> </p> +<h4>Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 205-249, pls. 7-10, 6 figs.<br /> + Published October 4, 1963</h4> +<p> </p> +<h3><span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> + Lawrence, Kansas</h3> +<p> </p> +<h5>PRINTED BY<br /> + JEAN M. NEIBARGER, STATE PRINTER<br /> + TOPEKA, KANSAS<br /> + 1963<br /> + <br /> + <br /> + 29-5935<br /> +</h5> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span></p> +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2><a name="Amphibians_and_Reptiles_of_the_Rainforests" id="Amphibians_and_Reptiles_of_the_Rainforests"></a>Amphibians and Reptiles of the Rainforests + of Southern El Petén, Guatemala</h2> +<h3>BY</h3> +<h3>WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN</h3> +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> +<div class="c7"> + <table summary="toc" cellpadding="3" width="70%" + style="border-collapse: collapse"> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"></td> + <td class="tdl"></td> + <td + class="tdr"><small>PAGE</small></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Introduction</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#INTRODUCTION">207</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"></td> + <td class="tdl"> Acknowledgments</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Acknowledgments">208</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Description of Area</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#DESCRIPTION_OF_THE_AREA">208</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"></td> + <td class="tdl"> Physiography</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Physiography">209</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"></td> + <td class="tdl"> Climate</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"></td> + <td class="tdl"> Vegetation</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Vegetation">209</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Gazetteer</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#GAZETTEER">210</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="smcap">The Herpetofauna of the Rainforest</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_HERPETOFAUNA_OF_THE_RAINFOREST">211</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"></td> + <td class="tdl"> Composition of the Fauna</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Composition_of_the_Fauna">212</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"></td> + <td class="tdl"> Ecology of the Herpetofauna</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Ecology_of_the_Herpetofauna_">212</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"></td> + <td class="tdl"> Relationships of the Fauna</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Relationships_of_the_Fauna">217</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Accounts of Species</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#ACCOUNTS_OF_SPECIES">218</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Hypothetical List of Species</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#HYPOTHETICAL_LIST_OF_SPECIES">246</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Summary</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#SUMMARY">247</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Literature Cited</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#LITERATURE_CITED">247</a></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION</h2> +<p>Early in 1960 an unusual opportunity arose to carry on biological + field work in the midst of virgin rainforest in southern El Petén, + Guatemala. At that time the Ohio Oil Company of Guatemala had + an air strip and camp at Chinajá, from which place the company + was constructing a road northward through the forest. In mid-February, + 1960, J. Knox Jones, Jr. and I flew into El Petén to + collect and study mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. While enjoying + the comforts of the fine field camp at Chinajá, we worked + in the surrounding forest and availed ourselves of the opportunity + to be on hand when the road crews were cutting the tall trees in + the forest, thereby bringing to the ground many interesting specimens + of the arboreal fauna. We stayed at Chinajá until late March, + with the exception of a week spent at Toocog, another camp of the + Ohio Oil Company located 15 kilometers southeast of La Libertad + and on the edge of the savanna. Thus, at Toocog we were able<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span> to work both in the forest and on the savanna. In the summer of + 1960, John Wellman accompanied me to El Petén for two weeks + in June and July. Most of our time was spent at Chinajá, but a + few days were spent at Toocog and other localities in south-central + El Petén.</p> +<p>Many areas in Guatemala have been studied intensively by + L. C. Stuart, who has published on the herpetofauna of the forested + area of northeastern El Petén (1958), the savannas of central + El Petén (1935), and the humid mountainous region to the south + of El Petén in Alta Verapaz (1948 and 1950). The area studied + by me and my companions is covered with rainforest and lies to + the north of the highlands of Alta Verapaz and to the south of the + savannas of central El Petén. A few specimens of amphibians + and reptiles were obtained in this area in 1935 by C. L. Hubbs + and Henry van der Schalie; this collection, reported on by Stuart + (1937), contained only one species, <i>Cochranella fleischmanni</i>, not + present in our collection of 77 species and 617 specimens.</p> +<h3><a name="Acknowledgments" id="Acknowledgments">Acknowledgments</a></h3> +<p>I am grateful to L. C. Stuart of the University of Michigan, who made the + initial arrangements for our work in El Petén, aided me in the identification + of certain specimens, and helped in the preparation of this report. J. Knox + Jones, Jr. and John Wellman were able field companions, who added greatly + to the number of specimens in the collection. In Guatemala, Clark M. + Shimeall and Harold Hoopman of the Ohio Oil Company of Guatemala made + available to us the facilities of the company's camps at Chinajá and Toocog. + Alberto Alcain and Luis Escaler welcomed us at Chinajá and gave us every + possible assistance. Juan Monteras and Antonio Aldaña made our stay at + Toocog enjoyable and profitable. During our visits to southern El Petén, Julio + Bolón C. worked for us as a collector, and between March and June he collected + and saved many valuable specimens; his knowledge of the forest and + its inhabitants was a great asset to our work. Jorge A. Ibarra, Director of + the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural in Guatemala assisted us in obtaining + necessary permits and extended other kindnesses. To all of these people I + am indebted for the essential parts that they played in the completion of this + study.</p> +<p>Field work in the winter of 1960 was made possible by funds from the + American Heart Association for the purposes of collecting mammalian hearts. + My field work in the summer of 1960 was supported by a grant from the + Graduate Research Fund of the University of Kansas.</p> +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2><a name="DESCRIPTION_OF_THE_AREA" id="DESCRIPTION_OF_THE_AREA"></a>DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA</h2> +<p>A vast lowland region stretches northward for approximately + 700 kilometers from the highlands of Guatemala to the Gulf of + Mexico. The northern two-thirds of this low plain is bordered on + three sides by seas and forms the Yucatán Peninsula. The lowlands<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span> at the base of the Yucatán Peninsula make up the Departamento + El Petén of Guatemala. The area with which this report is concerned + consists of the south-central part of El Petén.</p> +<h3><a name="Physiography" id="Physiography">Physiography</a></h3> +<p>Immediately south of Chinajá is a range of hills, the Serrania de Chinajá, + having an almost due east-west axis and a crest of about 600 meters above + sea level. South of the Serrania de Chinajá are succeedingly higher ridges + building up to the Meseta de Cobán and Sierra de Pocolha and eventually + to the main Guatemalan highlands. The northern face of the Serrania de + Chinajá is a fault scarp dropping abruptly from about 650 meters at the crest + to about 140 meters at the base. From the base of the Serrania de Chinajá + northward to the Río de la Pasión at Sayaxché the terrain is gently rolling + and has a total relief of about 50 meters. North of the Río de la Pasión is + a low dome reaching an elevation of 170 meters at La Libertad; see Stuart + (1935:12) for further discussion of the physiography of central El Petén. + The rocks in southern El Petén are predominately Miocene marine limestones; + there are occasional pockets of Pliocene deposits. There is little evidence + of subterranean solution at Chinajá, but northward in central El Petén karsting + is common. The upper few inches of soil is humus rich in organic matter; + below this is clay.</p> +<h3><a name="Climate" id="Climate">Climate</a></h3> +<p>The climate of El Petén is tropical with equable temperatures throughout + the year. Temperatures at Chinajá varied between a night-time low of 65° F. + and a daytime high of 91° F. during the time of our visits. In the Köppen + system of classification the climate at Chinajá and Toocog is Af. Rain falls + throughout the year, but there is a noticeable dry season. To anyone who + has traveled from south to north in El Petén and the Yucatán Peninsula, it is + obvious from the changes in vegetation that there is a decrease in rainfall + from south to north. There is a noticeable difference between Chinajá and + Toocog. Although rainfall data are not available for Chinajá and Toocog, + there are records for nearby stations (Sapper, 1932). At Paso Caballos on + the Río San Pedro about 40 kilometers northwest of Toocog the average + annual rainfall amounts to 1620 mm.; the driest month is March (21 mm.), + and the wettest months are June (269 mm.) and September (265 mm.). At + Cubilquitz, Alta Verapaz, about 35 kilometers south-southwest of Chinajá + and at an elevation of 300 meters, the average annual rainfall is 4006 mm.; + the driest month is March (128 mm.), and the wettest months are July (488 + mm.) and October (634 mm.).</p> +<p>During the 18 days in February and March, 1960, that we kept records on + the weather at Chinajá moderate to heavy showers occurred on seven days. + During our stay there in June and July rain fell every day, as it did in Toocog. + However, during the week spent at Toocog in March no rain fell.</p> +<h3><a name="Vegetation" id="Vegetation">Vegetation</a></h3> +<p>The vegetation of northern and central El Petén has been studied by + Lundell (1937), who made only passing remarks concerning the plants of the + southern part of El Petén. No floristic studies have been made there. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[210]</a></span> following remarks are necessarily brief and are intended only to give the + reader a general picture of the forest. I have included names of a few of + the commoner trees that I recognized.</p> +<p>Chinajá is located in a vast expanse of unbroken rainforest. In this forest + there is a noticeable stratification of the vegetation. Three strata are apparent; + in the uppermost layer the tops of the trees are from 40 to 50 meters above + the ground. The spreading crowns of the trees and the interlacing vines form + a nearly continuous canopy over the lower layers. Among the common trees + in the upper stratum are <i>Calophyllum brasiliense</i>, <i>Castilla elastica</i>, <i>Cedrela + mexicana</i>, <i>Ceiba pentandra</i>, <i>Didalium guianense</i>, <i>Ficus</i> sp., <i>Sideroxylon lundelli</i>, <i>Swietenia macrophylla</i>, and <i>Vitex</i> sp. (Pl. 1, fig. 1). The middle layer of + trees have crowns about 25 meters above the ground; these trees in some + places where the upper canopy is missing form the tallest trees in the forest. This + is especially true on steep hillsides. Common trees in the middle layer include <i>Achras zapote</i>, <i>Bombax ellipticum</i>, <i>Cecropia mexicana</i>, <i>Orbignya cohune</i>, and <i>Sabal</i> sp. The lowermost layer reaches a height of about 10 meters; in many + places in the forest this layer is absent. Common trees in the lower stratum + include <i>Crysophila argentea</i>, <i>Cymbopetalum penduliflorum</i>, <i>Casearia</i> sp., and <i>Hasseltia dioica</i>.</p> +<p>The ground cover is sparce; apparently only a few small herbs and ferns + live on the heavily shaded forest floor. Important herpetological habitats + include the leaf litter, rotting stumps, and rotting tree trunks on the forest + floor and the buttresses of many of the gigantic trees, especially <i>Ceiba pentandra</i> (Pl. 2). Epiphytes, especially various kinds of bromeliads, are common. + Most frequently these are in the trees in the upper and middle strata.</p> +<p>At Toocog there is sharp break between savanna and forest (Pl. 7, fig. 2). + The forest is noticeably drier and more open than at Chinajá (Pl. 9). The + crowns of the trees are lower, and there is no nearly continuous canopy between + 40 and 50 meters above the ground. Although <i>Swietenia macrophylla</i> and + other large trees occur, they are less common than at Chinajá. Especially + common at Toocog are <i>Achras zapote</i>, <i>Brosimum alicastrum</i>, and various species + of <i>Ficus</i>.</p> +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2><a name="GAZETTEER" id="GAZETTEER"></a>GAZETTEER</h2> +<p>The localities from which specimens were obtained are cited below and + shown on the accompanying map (Fig. 1).</p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <img src="images/i009.jpg" width="600" height="539" alt=""/> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 1.</span> Map of El Petén, Guatemala, showing localities mentioned in text.</span> </div> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá.—Lat. 16° 02´, long. 90° 13´, elev. 140 m. Camp of the Ohio Oil + Company of Guatemala and formerly a small settlement. On some maps + Chinajá is located just to the north of the Alta Verapaz—El Petén boundary; + recent surveys place the location just to the south of the imaginary line + through the rainforest. Field work was conducted in the immediate vicinity + of the camp, on the lower slopes of the Serrania de Chinajá, and at several + sites to the northwest and north-northwest of Chinajá, where the forest + was being cleared. The entire area supports rainforest.</p> + <p>La Libertad.—Lat. 16° 47´, long. 90° 07´, elev., 170 m. A town on the + savannas in central El Petén; although we collected there in the rainy season, + the specimens obtained on the savannas are not included in this report.</p> + <p>Paso Subín.—Lat. 16° 38´, long. 90° 12´, elev. 90 m. A small settlement on + the Río Subín, a tributary of the Río de la Pasión. Specimens were obtained + in rainforest in the immediate vicinity of the settlement.</p> + <p>Río de la Pasión.—A large river flowing northward through southern El Petén + and thence westward into the Río Usumacinta. Specimens were obtained + along the river between the Río Subín and Sayaxché.</p> + <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span></p> + <p>Río San Román.—A river flowing northward in south-central El Petén to the + Río Salinas (Usumacinta). We collected along the river at a place about + 16 kilometers north-northwest of Chinajá, approximately at Lat. 16° 10´, + long. 90° 17´, elev. 110 m. In the dry season the river was clear; it is + surrounded by rainforest.</p> + <p>Sayaxché.—Lat. 16° 31´, long. 90° 09´, elev. 80 m. A town on the southern + bank of the Río de la Pasión. Specimens were obtained in the rainforest + and in cleared areas in the immediate vicinity of the town.</p> + <p>Toocog (formerly Sojío).—Lat. 16° 41´, long. 90° 02´, elev. 140 m. A camp + of the Ohio Oil Company of Guatemala located at the rainforest-savanna + edge, 15 kilometers southeast of La Libertad. Although we collected on + the savannas as well as in the forest, especially to the east of the camp, + only species obtained in the forest are considered in this report.</p> +</div> +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2><a name="THE_HERPETOFAUNA_OF_THE_RAINFOREST" id="THE_HERPETOFAUNA_OF_THE_RAINFOREST"></a>THE HERPETOFAUNA OF THE RAINFOREST</h2> +<p>In presenting an account of the herpetofauna of southern El Petén three + items need to be considered: (1) The composition of the fauna; (2) the + ecology of the fauna; (3) the relationships of the fauna. Each of these + topics is discussed briefly below. Logically a discussion of the origin of the + fauna should follow, but this is being withheld for inclusion in a report + on the herpetofauna of the entire El Petén by L. C. Stuart and the author; + at that time the above topics will be expanded to cover the herpetofauna of + the whole region.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[212]</a></span></p> +<h3><a name="Composition_of_the_Fauna" id="Composition_of_the_Fauna">Composition of the Fauna</a></h3> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Table 1.—Composition of the Herpetofauna in Southern + El Petén, Guatemala.</span></p> +<div class="c7"> + <table summary="Composition of the Herpetofauna in Southern + El Petén, Guatemala." cellpadding="2" width="80%" +style="border-collapse: collapse" > + <tr> + <td + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px"><p class="tdc">Group</p></td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px">Families</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px">Genera</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px">Species</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px">Gymnophiona</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px"> (1)<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px">(1)</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px">(1)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px">Caudata</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px">1</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px">1</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px">2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px">Salientia</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px">6</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px"> 10 (1)</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px"> 19 (1)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px">Crocodilia</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px">1</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px">1</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px">1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px">Testudines</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px">4</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px">7</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px">8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px">Sauria</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px">6</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px"> 13 (1)</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px"> 19 (1)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px">Serpentes</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px">4</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px"> 21 (7)</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px"> 29 (10)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px"><p class="tdc">Total</p></td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px">22 (1)</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px">53 (10)</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px">78 (13)</td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Numbers in parenthesis indicate the number of additional taxa that probably occur.</p> +</div> +<p>A total of 78 species of amphibians and reptiles has been found in the + rainforests in southern El Petén; a break down into families and genera is + given in table 1. Another 13 species probably occur in southern El Petén (see + Hypothetical List of Species). The fauna primarily is composed of typical + humid lowland forest inhabitants, such as:</p> +<div class="c7"> + <table summary="typical fauna of typical + humid lowland forest inhabitants" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" + width="80%"> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Hyla ebraccata</i></td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Eumeces sumichrasti</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Hyla loquax</i></td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Ameiva festiva edwardsi</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Phyllomedusa callidryas taylori </i></td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Imantodes cenchoa leucomelas</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Smilisca phaeota cyanosticta</i></td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Leptophis ahaetulla praestans</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Anolis biporcatus</i></td> + <td + class="tdl"><i>Xenodon rabdocephalus mexicanus</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Anolis capito</i></td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Bothrops nasutus</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Anolis humilis uniformis</i></td> + <td + class="tdl"><i>Bothrops schlegeli schlegeli</i></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p>Nevertheless, the region also provides at least a limited amount of habitat + suitable for some species that are more frequently found in open forest of + a drier nature; such species include:</p> +<div class="c7"> + <table summary="species that are more frequently found in open forest of + a drier nature" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="80%"> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Hyla microcephala martini</i></td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Anolis sericeus sericeus </i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Hyla staufferi</i></td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Eumeces schwartzei</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Hypopachus cuneus nigroreticulatus</i></td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Oxybelis aeneus aeneus</i></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p>Because of the absence of sufficiently open habitat or owing to the + presence of competitors, some conspicuous members of sub-humid forests are + not present in southern El Petén. Conspicuous absentees are the following:</p> +<div class="c7"> + <table summary="conspicuous members of sub-humid forests + not present in southern El Petén" cellpadding="4" width="80%" + style="border-collapse: collapse"> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Rhinophrynus dorsalis </i></td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Ameiva undulata</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Phrynohyas spilomma</i></td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Cnemidophorus angusticeps</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Triprion petasatus</i></td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Conophis lineatus</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Anolis tropidonotus</i></td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Masticophis mentovarius mentovarius</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Ctenosaura similis</i></td> + <td class="tdl"></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<h2>PLATE 7 </h2> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <img src="images/pl7-1.jpg" width="600" height="421" alt="Fig. 1. Edge of rainforest along airstrip at Chinajá, El Petén, Guatemala." /> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 1.</span> Edge of rainforest along airstrip at Chinajá, El Petén, Guatemala.</span></div> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <img src="images/pl7-2.jpg" width="600" height="421" alt="Fig. 2. Rainforest at edge of savanna at Toocog, El Petén, Guatemala." /> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 2.</span> Rainforest at edge of savanna at Toocog, El Petén, Guatemala.</span> </div> +<h2>PLATE 8</h2> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <img src="images/i012.jpg" width="600" height="954" alt="Interior of rainforest at Chinajá. Notice size of buttresses on large tree (Ceiba pentandra)."/> <span class="caption"> Interior of rainforest at Chinajá. Notice size of buttresses on large tree (<i>Ceiba + pentandra</i>). </span> </div> +<h2> PLATE 9 </h2> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <img src="images/i013.jpg" width="600" height="939" alt="Interior of rainforest at Toocog. Notice less dense vegetation as compared with Pl. 8."/> <span class="caption"> Interior of rainforest at Toocog. Notice less dense vegetation as compared + with Pl. 8. </span> </div> +<h2>PLATE 10 </h2> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <img src="images/pl10-1.jpg" width="600" height="419" alt="Fig. 1. Rainforest along Río San Román, 16 kilometers north-northwest of Chinajá."/> <span class="caption"> <span class="smcap">Fig. 1.</span> Rainforest along Río San Román, 16 kilometers north-northwest of + Chinajá. </span></div> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <img src="images/pl10-2.jpg" width="600" height="423" alt="Fig. 2. Rain pond in forest at Toocog. This was a breeding site for six species of frogs."/> <span class="caption"> <span class="smcap">Fig. 2.</span> Rain pond in forest at Toocog. This was a breeding site for six species + of frogs. </span> </div> +<h3><a name="Ecology_of_the_Herpetofauna_" id="Ecology_of_the_Herpetofauna_">Ecology of the Herpetofauna</a></h3> +<p>Our two visits to Chinajá and Toocog afforded the opportunity + to gather data on the ecology of the rainforests of southern El Petén + and to study the relationships between the environment and members + of the herpetofauna. Tropical rainforests present the optimum<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span> conditions for life, and it is in this environment that life + reaches its greatest diversity. Here, too, biological inter-relationships + are most complex. This complexity is illustrated by the + presence of many species of some genera, all of which are found + together in the same geographic region. In the rainforests of + southern El Petén there are six species of <i>Anolis</i>, five of <i>Hyla</i>, + four of <i>Bothrops</i>, and three of <i>Coniophanes</i>. Obviously, the diversity + of ecological niches in the rainforest is sufficient to support + a variety of related species. Of the examples mentioned above, + fairly adequate ecological data were obtained for most of the + species of <i>Anolis</i>, which will be used to show the ecological diversity + and vertical stratification of sympatric species in the rainforests.</p> +<p>Of the six species of <i>Anolis</i>, all except <i>A. sericeus</i> are typically + found in humid forests. <i>Anolis sericeus sericeus</i> is poorly represented + in the collections from southern El Petén, where it may be + in competition with <i>Anolis limifrons rodriguezi</i> that resembles <i>Anolis + s. sericeus</i> in size, coloration, and habits. Therefore, <i>Anolis sericeus + sericeus</i> is excluded from the following discussion. The common + terrestrial species is <i>Anolis humilis uniformis</i>; sometimes + this small species perches or suns on the bases of small trees or + buttresses of some large trees. When disturbed it takes to the + ground and seeks cover in the leaf litter or beneath logs or palm + fronds. <i>Anolis lemurinus bourgeaei</i> is about twice the size of <i>Anolis humilis uniformis</i> and is usually observed on buttresses of + large trees or on the lower two meters of tree trunks. Individuals + were seen foraging on the ground along with <i>Anolis humilis + uniformis</i>. At no time were <i>Anolis lemurinus bourgeaei</i> observed + to ascend the trunks of large trees; they always took refuge near + the bases of trees. <i>Anolis limifrons rodriguezi</i> is found on the + stems and branches of bushes. It is a small species that sometimes + is observed on the ground but was never seen ascending large + trees. <i>Anolis capito</i> is about the same size as <i>Anolis lemurinus + bourgeaei</i> and lives on the trunks of large trees. In the tops of + the trees lives a large green species, <i>Anolis biporcatus</i>.</p> +<p>Similar segregation habitatwise can be demonstrated for other + members of the herpetofauna. The avoidance of interspecific + competition in feeding is well illustrated by three species of snakes + that probably are the primary ophidian predators on frogs. <i>Drymobius margaritiferus margaritiferus</i> is diurnal and terrestrial; + it feeds on frogs at the edges of breeding ponds by day. Also + during the day <i>Leptophis mexicanus mexicanus</i> feeds on frogs in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[214]</a></span> bushes and trees. At night the activities of both of these species + is replaced by those of <i>Leptodeira septentrionalis polysticta</i>, which + not only feeds on the frogs in the trees and bushes, but descends + to the ground and even enters the water in search of food.</p> +<p>From the examples discussed above, the importance of the + three dimensional aspect of the rainforest is apparent. The + presence of a large and diverse habitat above the ground is of + great significance in the rainforest, for of the non-aquatic components + of the herpetofauna in the rainforests of southern El Petén, + 42 per cent of the species spend at least part of their lives in the + bushes and trees. Another important part of the forest is the + subterranean level—the rich mulch, underground tunnels, and + rotting subterranean vegetation. Of the 78 species of amphibians + and reptiles in southern El Petén, seven are primarily fossorial, and + half-a-dozen others are secondarily fossorial. Probably the fossorial + members of the fauna are the least well represented in the + collection, for such widespread species as <i>Dermophis mexicanus + mexicanus</i>, <i>Rhadinaea decorata decorata</i> and <i>Tantilla schistosa + schistosa</i> were expected, but not found.</p> +<p>In the following discussion of the ecological distribution of + amphibians and reptiles in the rainforest I have depended chiefly + on my observations made in southern El Petén, but have taken + into consideration observations made on the same species in other + regions, together with reports from other workers. The reader + should keep in mind that the evidence varies from species to species. + Of some species I have observed only one animal in the + field; of others, I have seen scores and sometimes hundreds of + individuals. For species on which I have few observations or + rather inconclusive evidence, the circumstance of inadequate + data is mentioned.</p> +<p>In analyzing the ecological distribution within the forest, it is + convenient to recognize five subdivisions (habitats); each is + treated below as a unit.</p> +<p>1. <span class="smcap">Aquatic.</span>—This habitat includes permanent streams and rivers + (Pl. 10, fig. 1), some of which are clear and others muddy. In + the rainy season temporary ponds form in depressions on the forest + floor (Pl. 10, fig. 2); these are important as breeding sites for + many species of amphibians. Aquatic members of the herpetofauna + are here considered to be those species that either spend + the greatest part of their lives in the water or usually retreat to + water for shelter. Seven species of turtles and one crocodilian are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a></span> aquatic. Of these, <i>Dermatemys mawi</i>, <i>Staurotypus triporcatus</i>, + and <i>Pseudemys scripta ornata</i> inhabit clear water, whereas <i>Chelydra + rossignoni</i>, <i>Claudius angustatus</i>, <i>Kinosternon acutum</i>, and <i>K. leucostomum</i> inhabit muddy water. <i>Crocodylus moreleti</i> apparently + inhabits both clear and muddy water, for in the dry season it + lives along the clear rivers, but in the rainy season inhabits flooded + areas in the forest as well.</p> +<p>2. <span class="smcap">Aquatic Margin.</span>—Extensive marshes were lacking in the + part of southern El Petén that I visited; consequently, the aquatic + margin habitat is there limited to the edges of rivers and borders + of temporary ponds. <i>Bufo marinus</i>, <i>Rana palmipes</i>, and <i>Rana + pipiens</i> are characteristic inhabitants of the aquatic margin, + although in the rainy reason <i>Bufo marinus</i> often is found away + from water. Observations indicate that <i>Tretanorhinus nigroluteus + lateralis</i> inhabits the margins of ponds and streams and actually + spends considerable time in the water. Although <i>Iguana iguana + rhinolopha</i> is arboreal, it lives in trees along rivers, into which it + plunges upon being disturbed. Species included in this category + are those that customarily spend most of their lives at the edge + of permanent water. Frogs and toads that migrate to the water + for breeding and the snakes that prey on the frogs at that time + are not assigned to the aquatic-margin habitat.</p> +<p>3. <span class="smcap">Fossorial.</span>—Characteristic inhabitants of the mulch on the + forest floor are <i>Bolitoglossa moreleti mulleri</i>, <i>Lepidophyma flavimaculatum + flavimaculatum</i>, <i>Scincella cherriei cherriei</i>, <i>Ninia sebae + sebae</i>, <i>Pliocercus euryzonus aequalis</i>, and <i>Micrurus affinis apiatus</i>. + Other species of snakes that spend most of their lives above ground + often forage in the mulch layer; among these are <i>Coniophanes + bipunctatus biserialis</i>, <i>Coniophanes fissidens fissidens</i>, <i>Coniophanes + imperialis clavatus</i>, <i>Lampropeltis doliata polyzona</i>, and <i>Stenorrhina + degenhardti</i>. Among the amphibians, at least <i>Hypopachus cuneus + nigroreticulatus</i>, <i>Eleutherodactylus rostralis</i>, and <i>Syrrhophus leprus</i> are known to seek shelter in the mulch.</p> +<p>4. <span class="smcap">Terrestrial.</span>—One turtle, <i>Geoemyda areolata</i>, is primarily + terrestrial. Among the lizards, conspicuous terrestrial species are <i>Anolis humilis uniformis</i> and <i>Ameiva festiva edwardsi</i>; <i>Anolis + lemurinus bourgeaei</i> and <i>Basiliscus vittatus</i> spend part of their + lives on the ground, but also live on trees and in bushes. <i>Eumeces + schwartzei</i> and <i>E. sumichrasti</i> apparently are terrestrial. The only + terrestrial lizard that is nocturnal is <i>Coleonyx elegans elegans</i>, which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span> by day hides in the leaf litter or below ground. Nocturnal amphibians + that are terrestrial include <i>Bufo marinus</i>, <i>Bufo valliceps + valliceps</i>, <i>Eleutherodactylus rugulosus rugulosus</i>, <i>Syrrhophus leprus</i>, + and <i>Hypopachus cuneus nigroreticulatus</i>. A large number of active + diurnal snakes are terrestrial; these include <i>Boa constrictor imperator</i>, <i>Clelia clelia clelia</i>, <i>Dryadophis melanolomus laevis</i>, <i>Drymarchon + corais melanurus</i>, <i>Drymobius margaritiferus margaritiferus</i>, <i>Pseustes poecilonotus poecilonotus</i>, and <i>Spilotes pullatus mexicanus</i>. + Nocturnal terrestrial snakes include three kinds of <i>Bothrops</i> (<i>B. + atrox asper</i>, <i>B. nasutus</i>, and <i>B. nummifer nummifer</i>), all of which + seem to be equally active by day.</p> +<p>5. <span class="smcap">Arboreal.</span>—In this habitat the third dimension (height) of + the rainforest probably is the most complex insofar as the inter-relationships + of species and ecological niches are concerned. I + have attempted to categorize species as to microhabitats within + the arboreal habitat; in so doing, I recognize four subdivisions—bushes, + tree trunks, tree tops, and epiphytes.</p> +<p>Bush inhabitants include several species of lizards and snakes, + all of which have rather elongate, slender bodies, and long tails. + Common bush-inhabitants in southern El Petén are <i>Anolis limifrons + rodriguezi</i>, <i>Basiliscus vittatus</i>, <i>Laemanctus deborrei</i>, <i>Leptophis + mexicanus mexicanus</i>, and <i>Oxybelis aeneus aeneus</i>. All of these + are diurnal, and all but <i>Laemanctus</i> have been observed sleeping + on bushes at night.</p> +<p>Tree-trunk inhabitants include five species of lizards. <i>Thecadactylus + rapicaudus</i> lives on the trunks of large trees; <i>Sphaerodactylus + lineolatus</i> lives beneath the bark on dead trees and on + corozo palms. <i>Anolis lemurinus bourgeaei</i> lives on the bases and + buttresses of large trees, from which it often descends to the ground. <i>Corythophanes cristatus</i> and <i>Anolis capito</i> were found only on tree + trunks and large vines.</p> +<p>The least information is available for the species living in the + tree tops. The following species were obtained from tops of trees + when they were felled, or have been observed living in the tree + tops: <i>Anolis biporcatus</i>, <i>Iguana iguana rhinolopha</i>, <i>Celestus rozellae</i>, <i>Leptodeira septentrionalis polysticta</i>, <i>Leptophis ahaetulla + praestans</i>, <i>Sibon dimidiata dimidiata</i>, and <i>Sibon nebulata nebulata</i>.</p> +<p>Epiphytes, especially the bromeliads, provide refuge for a variety + of tree frogs and small snakes. Of the tree frogs, <i>Hyla picta</i>, <i>Hyla + staufferi</i>, <i>Phyllomedusa callidryas taylori</i>, <i>Similisca baudini</i>, and <i>Similisca phaeota cyanosticta</i> have been found in bromeliads; other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span> species probably occur there. Among the snakes, <i>Imantodes + cenchoa leucomelas</i>, <i>Leptodeira frenata malleisi</i>, <i>Leptodeira + septentrionalis polysticta</i>, <i>Sibon dimidiata dimidiata</i>, and <i>Sibon + nebulata nebulata</i> are frequent inhabitants of bromeliads; all of + these snakes are nocturnal.</p> +<h3><a name="Relationships_of_the_Fauna" id="Relationships_of_the_Fauna">Relationships of the Fauna</a></h3> +<p>Most of the 78 species of amphibians and reptiles definitely + known from the rainforest in southern El Petén have extensive + ranges in the Atlantic lowlands of southern México and Central + America; many extend into South America. Sixty-two (80%) of the + species belong to this group having extensive ranges in Middle + America. Three species (<i>Syrrhophus leprus</i>, <i>Leptodeira frenata</i>, + and <i>Kinosternon acutum</i>) are at the southern limits of their distributions + in southern El Petén and northern Alta Verapaz, whereas <i>Eleutherodactylus rostralis</i> and <i>Thecadactylus rapicaudus</i> are at + the northern and western limits of their distributions in El Petén. + Nine (11%) species have the center of their distributions in El + Petén and the Yucatán Peninsula; representatives of this group + include <i>Claudius angustatus</i>, <i>Dermatemys mawi</i>, <i>Laemanctus + deborrei</i>, and <i>Eumeces schwartzei</i>.</p> +<p>In determining a measure of faunal resemblance, I have departed + from the formulae discussed by Simpson (1960) and have analyzed + the degree of resemblance by the following formula used to calculate + an index of faunal relationships:</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>C (2) / (N<sub>1</sub> + N<sub>2</sub>) = R, where</p> + <p>C = species common to both faunas.</p> + <p>N<sub>1</sub> = number of species in the first fauna.</p> + <p>N<sub>2</sub> = number of species in the second fauna.</p> + <p>R = degree of relationships (when R = 1.00, the faunas are identical; when R = 0, the faunas are completely different).</p> +</div> +<p>The herpetofauna of southern El Petén has been compared with + that in the Tikal-Uaxactún area (Stuart, 1958), that in the humid + lowlands of Alta Verapaz (Stuart, 1950, plus additional data), and + that in the Mexican state of Yucatán (Smith and Taylor, 1945, + 1948, and 1950). The herpetofaunas of lowland Alta Verapaz and + Yucatán are the largest, having respectively 94 and 91 species, + where as there are 78 species known from southern El Petén and + 64 from the Tikal-Uaxactún area. An analysis of faunal relationships + (Table 2) shows that the faunas of the rainforests of southern + El Petén and lowland Alta Verapaz are closely related. The relationships + between these two areas and the Tikal-Uaxactún area<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a></span> in northern El Petén is notably less. Apparently the biggest faunal + changes take place between southern El Petén and the Tikal-Uaxactún + area, and between the latter and Yucatán. As stated + by Stuart (1958:7) the Tikal-Uaxactún is transitional between the + humid rainforests to the south and the dry outer end of the Yucatán + Peninsula. The transitional nature of the environment is exemplified + by a rather depauperate herpetofauna consisting of some + species of both dry and humid environments and lacking a large + fauna typical of either. Contrariwise, the continuity of the environment + from southern El Petén to the lowlands of Alta Verapaz + is reflected in degree of resemblance of the herpetofaunas.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Table 2.—Index of Faunal Relationships Between Southern El Petén + and Other Regions.</span></p> +<div class="c7"> + <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Table 2.—Index of Faunal Relationships Between Southern El Petén and Other Regions."> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px"> </td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px"> Lowland<br /> + Alta<br /> + Verapaz</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px"> Southern<br /> + El<br /> + Petén</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px"> Tikal-<br /> + Uaxactún<br /> + Area</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px">Yucatán</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px"> Lowland Alta Verapaz</td> + <td + class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px"> </td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px"> .85</td> + <td + class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px"> .61</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px"> .43</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px"> Southern El Petén</td> + <td + class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px"> .85</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px"> </td> + <td + class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px"> .64</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px"> .41</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px"> Tikal-Uaxactún Area</td> + <td + class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px"> .61</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px"> .64</td> + <td + class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px"> </td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px"> .63</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px"> Yucatán</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px"> .43</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px"> .41</td> + <td class="tdc" + style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px"> .63</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px"> </td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p>Most of the species of amphibians and reptiles found in southern + El Petén are found in humid tropical forests from the Isthmus of + Tehuantepec southeastward on the Atlantic lowlands well into + Central America.</p> +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2><a name="ACCOUNTS_OF_SPECIES" id="ACCOUNTS_OF_SPECIES"></a>ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES</h2> +<p>In the following pages various aspects of the occurrence, life + histories, ecology, and variation of the species of amphibians and + reptiles known from southern El Petén are discussed. Only <i>Cochranella + fleischmanni</i> reported by Stuart (1937) from Río Subín + at Santa Teresa was not collected by us and is excluded. Because + more worthwhile information was gathered for some species than + others, the length and completeness of the accounts vary. All + specimens listed are in the Museum of Natural History at the + University of Kansas, to which institution all catalog numbers refer. + Preceding the discussion of each species is an alphabetical list of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span> localities from which specimens were obtained; numbers after a + locality indicate the number of specimens obtained at each locality.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Bolitoglossa dofleini</b> (Werner)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>An adult female having minute ovarian eggs has a snout-vent + length of 81 mm., a tail length of 59 mm., 13 costal grooves, two + intercostal spaces between adpressed toes, 38-35 vomerine teeth + in irregular rows forming a broad arch from a point posterolaterad + to the internal nares to a point near the anterior edge of the + parasphenoid teeth, and 43-44 maxilliary-premaxillary teeth. In + life the dorsum was rusty brown with irregular black and orange + spots and streaks. The flanks were bluish gray with black in the + costal grooves and creamy tan flecks along the ventral edge of + the flank. The belly and underside of the tail were yellowish tan + with dark brown spots laterally. The limbs were orange proximally + and black distally; the pads of the feet were bluish black. The + dorsal and lateral surfaces of the tail were yellowish orange with + black spots. The iris was grayish yellow.</p> +<p>Stuart (1943:17) reported this species from Finca Volcán, Alta + Verapaz. He diagnosed his specimens as having 13 costal grooves + and two or three intercostal spaces between adpressed toes. He + stated that the vomerine teeth were about 12 in number and that + in life the dorsum was mottled gray and black, the sides gray and + brown, and the undersurfaces uniformly dark gray. These specimens + differ noticeably from the individual from Chinajá in the + number of vomerine teeth and in coloration.</p> +<p>In August, 1961, I obtained a specimen of <i>Bolitoglossa dofleini</i> at Finca Los Alpes, Alta Verapaz, approximately 13 kilometers + airline south-southwest of Finca Volcán and at approximately the + same elevation. Although the salamander was dead when found, + it obviously was more heavily pigmented than the individual from + Chinajá. The belly was bluish gray with black spots laterally; + the dorsum was dull brownish gray with some brownish red streaks. + The specimen is a female having small ovarian eggs, a snout-vent + length of 90 mm., 13 costal grooves, and two intercostal spaces + between adpressed limbs. There are 28-29 vomerine teeth, more + than twice as many as in specimens from Finca Volcán (Stuart, + 1943:17), but noticeably fewer than in the specimen from Chinajá.</p> +<p>The presence of this species at Chinajá lends support to the idea + that the specimen from the Río de la Pasión listed by Brocchi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span> (1882:116) also is <i>Bolitoglossa dofleini</i>. Furthermore, the confirmed + presence of this species in the lowlands of El Petén suggests + that there may be genetic connection between <i>B. dofleini</i> in the + Alta Verapaz and <i>B. yucatana</i> in the Yucatán Peninsula. <i>Bolitoglossa + yucatana</i> differs from <i>B. dofleini</i> in having five intercostal + spaces between adpressed toes and in having a different color + pattern. Both are robust species having no close relationships to + other species of <i>Bolitoglossa</i> in northern Central America.</p> +<p>The specimen from Chinajá was found in water in the axil of + a large elephant-ear plant (<i>Xanthosoma</i>) by day in March. Its + stomach contained fragments of beetles and a large roach. The + natives did not know salamanders and had no name for them.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Bolitoglossa moreleti mulleri</b> (Brocchi)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 2; Río San Román, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>One specimen is a female having a snout-vent length of 80 mm., + a tail length of 82 mm., and a total length of 162 mm. It contains + 63 large eggs, the largest of which has a diameter of about three + millimeters. This specimen has 13 costal grooves, four intercostal + spaces between adpressed toes, and 12-13 vomerine teeth. A + juvenile having a snout-vent length of 39 mm. and a tail length + of 33 mm. has 12 costal grooves, three intercostal spaces between + adpressed toes, and 8-8 vomerine teeth. In life these salamanders + were uniformly dull brownish black above with a dull creamy + yellow irregular dorsal stripe beginning on the occiput and continuing + onto the tail. There are no yellow or orange streaks or + flecks on the head or limbs. The specimen from the Río San Román + was taken from the stomach of a <i>Pliocercus euryzonus aequalis</i> and has not been studied in detail, because of its poor condition.</p> +<p>The present specimens show no tendency for the development + of a broad irregular dorsal band that encloses black spots or forms + irregular dorsolateral stripes, as is characteristic of <i>B. moreleti + mexicanus</i>, a subspecies that has been reported from La Libertad + (Stuart, 1935:35) and Piedras Negras (Taylor and Smith, 1945:545) + in El Petén, and from Xunantunich, British Honduras (Neill and + Allen, 1959:20).</p> +<p>Schmidt (1936:151) and Stuart (1943:13) found <i>B. moreleti + mulleri</i> in bromeliads at Finca Samac, Alta Verapaz. Taylor and + Smith's (1945:545) and Neill and Allen's (1959:20) specimens of <i>B. moreleti mexicanus</i> were obtained from bromeliads, but Neill + and Allen (<i>loc. cit.</i>) stated that the natives in British Honduras<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></span> said that they had found salamanders beneath rubbish on the forest + floor. My specimens were obtained from beneath logs on the + forest floor in the rainy season. Possibly in drier environments the + species characteristically inhabits bromeliads, at least in the dry + season.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Bufo marinus</b> (Linnaeus)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 3; 10 km. NNW of Chinajá, 1; 11 km. NNW of Chinajá, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>During both visits to Chinajá this large toad was breeding in + a small permanent pond in the camp. During the day the toads + took refuge in crevices beneath the buildings or beneath large + boulders by the pond. At dusk from four to ten males congregated + at the pond and called. Tadpoles of this species were in the pond + in March and in July. One juvenile was found beneath a rock in + the forest, and another was on the forest floor by day.</p> +<p>The natives' name for this species and the following one is <i>sapo</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Bufo valliceps valliceps</b> Wiegmann</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 52; Río San Román, 8; Sayaxché, 2; Toocog, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>This is one of the most abundant, or at least conspicuous, + amphibians inhabiting the forest. Breeding congregations were + found on February 24, March 2, March 11, and June 27. At these + times the toads were congregated at temporary ponds in the forest + or along small sluggish streams. Throughout the duration of both + visits to Chinajá individual males called almost nightly at the + permanent pond at the camp.</p> +<p>The variation in snout-vent length of 20 males selected at + random is 56.7 to 72.5 mm. (average, 64.8 mm.). Two adult females + have snout-vent lengths of 80.4 and 87.6 mm. In all specimens + the parotid glands are somewhat elongated and not rounded as in <i>Bufo valliceps wilsoni</i> (see Baylor and Stuart, 1961:199). My + observations on the condition of the cranial crests of the toads in + El Petén agree with the findings of Baylor and Stuart (<i>op. cit.</i>:198) in + that hypertrophied crests are usual in large females. In the shape + of the parotids and nature of the cranial crests the specimens from + El Petén are like those from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in + México. As I pointed out (1960:53), the validity of the subspecies <i>Bufo valliceps macrocristatus</i>, described from northern Chiapas by + Firschein and Smith (1957:219) and supposedly characterized by + hypertrophied cranial crests, is highly doubtful.</p> +<p>In the toads from El Petén the greatest variation is in coloration. + The dorsal ground-color varies from orange and rusty tan to + brown, yellowish tan, and pale gray. In some individuals the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span> flanks and dorsum are one continuous color, whereas in others a + distinct dorsolateral pale colored band separates the dorsal color + from dark brown flanks. In some individuals the venter is + uniform cream color, in others it bears a few scattered black spots, + and in still others there are many spots, some of which are fused + to form a black blotch on the chest. In breeding males the vocal + sac is orange tan. All specimens have a coppery red iris.</p> +<p>Aside from the breeding congregations, active toads were found + on the forest floor at night; a few were there by day. Some + individuals were beneath logs during the day.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Eleutherodactylus rostralis</b> (Werner)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 10.</p> +</div> +<p>Because of the multiplicity of names and the variation in coloration, + the small terrestrial <i>Eleutherodactylus</i> in southern México and + northern Central America are in a state of taxonomic confusion. + Stuart (1934:7, 1935:37, and 1958:17) referred specimens from El + Petén to <i>Eleutherodactylus rhodopis</i> (Cope). Stuart (1941b:197) + described <i>Eleutherodactylus anzuetoi</i> from Alta Verapaz and El + Quiché, Guatemala, suggested that the new species was an upland + relative of <i>Eleutherodactylus rostralis</i> (Werner), and used that + name for the frogs that he earlier had referred to <i>Eleutherodactylus + rhodopis</i>. Dunn and Emlen (1932:24) placed <i>E. rostralis</i> in the + synonymy of <i>E. gollmeri</i> (Peters). Examination of series of these + frogs from southern México, Guatemala, and Costa Rica causes me + to think that there are four species; these can be distinguished as + follows:</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p><i>E. rhodopis.</i>—No web between toes; one tarsal tubercle; tibiotarsal articulation + reaches to nostril; iris bronze in life.</p> + <p><i>E. anzuetoi.</i>—No web between toes; a row of tarsal tubercles; tibiotarsal + articulation reaches to tip of snout; color of iris unknown.</p> + <p><i>E. rostralis.</i>—A vestige of web between toes; no tarsal tubercles; tibiotarsal + articulation reaches snout or slightly beyond; iris coppery red in life.</p> + <p><i>E. gollmeri.</i>—A vestige of web between toes; no tarsal tubercles; tibiotarsal + articulation reaches well beyond snout; iris coppery red in life.</p> +</div> +<p>The presence of webbing between the toes, the absence of tarsal + tubercles, and the coppery red iris distinguish <i>E. rostralis</i> and <i>E. + gollmeri</i> from the other species. Probably <i>E. rostralis</i> and <i>E. gollmeri</i> are conspecific, but additional specimens are needed from Nicaragua + and Honduras to prove conspecificity. On the other hand, the characters + of the frogs from Chinajá clearly show that they are related + to <i>E. gollmeri</i> to the south and not to <i>E. rhodopis</i> to the north in + México.</p> +<p>At Chinajá, <i>Eleutherodactylus rostralis</i> was more abundant than<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span> the few specimens indicate, for upon being approached the frogs + moved quickly and erratically, soon disappearing in the leaf litter + on the forest floor. Most of the specimens were seen actively moving + on the forest floor in the daytime; one was found beneath a rock, + and one was on the forest floor at night.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Eleutherodactylus rugulosus rugulosus</b> (Cope)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 2; 15 km. NW of Chinajá, 4.</p> +</div> +<p>These frogs were found on the forest floor by day. With the exception + of one female having a snout-vent length of 69.5 mm., all are + juveniles. The apparent rarity of this species at Chinajá may be + due to the absence of rocky streams, a favorite habitat of this frog. + The local name for this frog is <i>sapito</i>, meaning little toad.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Leptodactylus labialis</b> (Cope)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Toocog, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>One juvenile having a snout-vent length of 16.4 mm. was found + at night beside a pond in the forest. The scarcity of the species + of <i>Leptodactylus</i> in the southern part of El Petén probably is due + to the lack of permanent marshy ponds.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Leptodactylus melanonotus</b> (Hallowell)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Sayaxché, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>One individual was found beneath a rock beside a stream in + the forest. The local name is <i>ranita</i>, meaning little frog.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Syrrhophus leprus</b> Cope</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 2; 15 km NW of Chinajá, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>An adult female having a snout-vent length of 27.5 mm. was + found on the forest floor by day. Two juveniles having snout-vent + lengths of 15.5 and 19.0 mm. were beneath rocks on the forest floor. + The specimens are typical of the species as defined by Duellman + (1958:8).</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Hyla ebraccata</b> Cope</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Toocog, 66.</p> +</div> +<p>This small tree frog congregated in large numbers at a forest + pond at Toocog. Between June 30 and July 2 we collected specimens + and observed the breeding habits of this and other species + at the pond. Calling males were distributed around the pond, where + they called from low herbaceous vegetation at the edge of the pond + or from plants rising above the water. Calling commenced at dusk<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span> and continued at least into the early hours of the morning. On one + occasion a female was observed at a distance of about 50 centimeters + away from a calling male sitting on a blade of grass. The + female climbed another blade of grass until she was about eight + centimeters away from the male, at which time he saw her, stopped + calling, jumped to the blade of grass on which she was sitting and + clasped her. Clasping pairs were observed on blades of grass and + leaves of plants above the water; most pairs were less than 50 + centimeters above the surface of the pond.</p> +<p>The eggs are deposited on the dorsal surfaces of leaves above + the water. All eggs are in one plane (a single layer) on the leaf. External + membranes are barely visible, as the eggs consist of a single + coherent mass. Eggs in the yolk plug stage have diameters of 1.2 + to 1.4 mm. Seventeen eggs masses were found; these contained from + 24 to 76 (average 44) eggs. The jelly is extremely viscous and tacky + to the touch. At time of hatching the jelly becomes less viscous; + the tadpoles wriggle until they reach the edge of the leaf and drop + into the water.</p> +<p>Eleven tadpoles were preserved as they hatched; these have total + lengths of 4.5 to 5.0 (average 4.77) mm. Hatchling tadpoles are + active swimmers and have only a small amount of yolk. The largest + tadpoles preserved have total lengths of 13.0 and 13.5 mm. At + this size distinctive sword-tail and bright coloration have developed.</p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <img src="images/i026.jpg" width="600" height="204" alt="Fig. 2. Tadpole of Hyla ebraccata (KU 59986) from Toocog, El Petén, Guatemala."/> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 2.</span> Tadpole of <i>Hyla ebraccata</i> (KU 59986) from + Toocog, El Petén, Guatemala.</span> </div> +<p>Description of fully developed tadpole (KU 59986): Total + length, 13.5 mm.; tail-length, 8.4 mm., 62 per cent of total length. + Snout, in dorsal view, bluntly rounded; in lateral view less bluntly + rounded; body depressed; head flattened; mouth terminal; eye large, + its diameter 25 per cent of length of body; nostrils near tip of + snout and directed anteriorly; spiracle sinistral and situated postero-ventrad + to eye; cloaca median. Tail-fin thrice depth of tail-musculature, + which extends beyond posterior end of tail-fin giving + sword-tail appearance (Fig. 2). In life, black stripe on each side + of body and on top of head; black band on anterior part of tail<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></span> and another on the posterior part; body and anterior part of tail + creamy yellow; dark red band between black bands on tail. Mouth + terminal, small, its width about one-fifth width of body; fleshy ridge + dorsally and ventrally; row of small papillae on ventral lip; no lateral + indentations of lips; upper beak massive, convex, and finely serrate; + lower beak small and mostly concealed behind upper; no teeth + (Fig. 3).</p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <img src="images/i027.jpg" width="600" height="413" alt="Fig. 3. Mouthparts of larval Hyla ebraccata (KU 59986) from Toocog, El Petén, Guatemala."/> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 3.</span> Mouthparts of larval <i>Hyla ebraccata</i> (KU + 59986) from Toocog, El Petén, Guatemala.</span> </div> +<p> </p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Hyla loquax</b> Gaige and Stuart</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Toocog, 14.</p> +</div> +<p>These specimens were found at night when they were calling from + low vegetation in a forest pond. Most of the frogs were several + meters away from the edge of the pond. Although two clasping + pairs were found, we obtained no eggs or tadpoles referable to + this species.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Hyla microcephala martini</b> Smith</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 1; Toocog, 21.</p> +</div> +<p>The specimen from Chinajá was calling from a small bush at the + edge of a temporary grassy pond in a clearing in the forest. At + Toocog this species was closely associated with <i>Hyla ebraccata</i>; + males were calling from herbaceous vegetation in and around the + forest pond. These frogs were not so abundant in the forest at + Toocog as they were around ponds on the savanna at La Libertad.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Hyla picta</b> (Günther)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Toocog, 8.</p> +</div> +<p>This small tree frog was calling from herbs in a pond in the + forest on June 30 and July 2. The voice is weak; probably greater + numbers of males were present than are indicated by the few + specimens collected, for the din from the more vociferous species + made it impossible to hear <i>Hyla picta</i> unless one was calling + close by.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Hyla staufferi</b> Cope</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>This individual was calling from a low bush in the clearing at + Chinajá. None was found in the pond in the forest at Toocog. + Stuart (1935:38) and Duellman (1960:63) noted that <i>Hyla staufferi</i> breeds early in the rainy season. Nevertheless, I think early breeding + habits do not account for the near absence of this species in + our collections from southern El Petén. In early July, 1960, a few + individuals were heard at a pond on the savanna at La Libertad. In + mid-July of the same year they were calling sporadically from + temporary ponds in the lower Motagua Valley. Possibly the individual + collected at Chinajá was accidentally transported there in + cargo from Toocog, from which camp at the edge of the savanna + planes fly to Chinajá weekly. My observations on this species + throughout its range in México and Central America indicate that it + inhabits savannas and semi-arid forests and usually is absent + from heavy rainforest. Stuart (1948:34) obtained this species at + Cubilquitz in the lowlands of Alta Verapaz.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Phyllomedusa callidryas taylori</b> Funkhouser</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Toocog, 25.</p> +</div> +<p>Between June 30 and July 2 this species was abundant at a pond + in the forest at Toocog. Calling males were as high as five meters + in bushes and trees around the pond. At dusk males were observed + descending a vine-covered tree at the edge of the pond; this + strongly suggests that the frogs retreat to this tree and others like + it for diurnal seclusion. Clasping pairs were found on branches + and leaves above the water. The eggs are deposited in clumps + usually on vertical leaves, but sometimes on horizontal leaves or + on branches, vines, and aerial roots above the water. Twenty-six + clutches of eggs contained from 14 to 44 (average 29) eggs. In + a clutch in which the eggs are in yolk plug stage the average + diameter of the embryos is 2.3 mm. and that of the vitelline<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></span> membranes, 3.4 mm. Most of the eggs are in the external part + of the gelatinous mass; the jelly is clear. The yolk is pale green, + and the animal pole is brown. As development ensues, the yolk + becomes yellow and the embryo first dark brown and then pale + grayish tan. Upon hatching the tadpoles wriggle free of the + jelly and drop into the water. One clutch of 19 eggs was observed + to hatch in three minutes. Apparently, on dropping into the + water the hatchling tadpoles go to the bottom of the pond, for one + or two minutes pass from the time they enter the water until they + reappear near the surface. The average total length of seven + hatchling tadpoles is 7.4 mm. There is a moderate amount of + yolk, but this does not form a large ventral bulge. Large tadpoles + congregate in the sunny parts of the pond, where they were observed + just beneath the surface. Many had their mouths at the + surface. Except for constant fluttering of the tip of the tail, they + lie quietly with the axis of the body at an angle of about 45 degrees + with the surface of the water.</p> +<p>Description of tadpole (KU 60006): total length, 24.5 mm.; tail-length, + 15.4 mm.; body broader than deep; head moderately flattened; + snout viewed from above blunt; nostrils close to snout and + directed dorsally; eyes of moderate size and directed laterally; mouth + directed anteroventrally; anus median; spiracle ventral, its opening + just to left of midline slightly more than one-half distance from tip + of snout to vent. Tail-fin slightly more than twice as deep as tail + musculature, which curves upward posteriorly; tail-fin narrowly + extending to tip of tail (Fig. 4). Color in life pale gray; in preservative + white with scattered melanophores; tail-fin transparent.</p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <img src="images/i029.jpg" width="600" height="221" alt="Fig. 4. Tadpole of Phyllomedusa callidryas taylori (KU 60006) from Toocog, El Petén, Guatemala. "/> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 4.</span> Tadpole of <i>Phyllomedusa callidryas taylori</i> (KU 60006) from + Toocog, El Petén, Guatemala. </span> </div> +<p>Upper lip having single row of papillae laterally, but none + medially; lower lip having single row of papillae; no lateral + indentation of lips; two or more rows of papillae at lateral corners + of lips; tooth-rows 2/3; second upper tooth row as long as first, + interrupted medially; inner lower tooth-row as long as upper rows,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span> interrupted medially; second and third lower rows decreasingly + shorter; upper beak moderate in size and having long lateral projections; + lower beak moderate in size; both beaks finely serrate + (Fig. 5).</p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <img src="images/i030.jpg" width="600" height="346" alt=""/><span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 5.</span> Mouthparts of larval <i>Phyllomedusa callidryas taylori</i> (KU + 60006) from Toocog, El Petén, Guatemala. </span> + <p> </p> +</div> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Smilisca baudini</b> (Duméril and Bibron)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 9; 20 km. NNW of Chinajá, 42; Río de la Pasión, 1; Río San + Román, 5; Sayaxché; Toocog, 2.</p> +</div> +<p>Individuals of this species were found at night sitting on bushes + and small trees in the forest in February and March and again in + June and July. One was in the axil of a leaf of a <i>Xanthosoma</i>. In + June and July males were heard nearly every night. The series of + specimens from 20 kilometers north-northwest of Chinajá was taken + from a breeding congregation in a shallow muddy pool in the + forest. Tadpoles of this species were in small, often muddy pools + in the forest. To my knowledge <i>Smilisca baudini</i> is the only hylid + to breed in these pools at Chinajá, although perhaps <i>Smilisca + phaeota</i> also utilizes them. The only other amphibian at Chinajá + known to breed in the pools is <i>Bufo valliceps valliceps</i>. Although + two specimens were on bushes at night at Toocog, <i>Smilisca + baudini</i> was not present at the pond where five other species of + hylids were breeding. Nevertheless, <i>Smilisca baudini</i> was calling + from two ponds on the savannas near La Libertad. All of the + specimens from southern El Petén have yellow or yellowish white + flanks and ventrolateral surfaces.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Smilisca phaeota cyanosticta</b> (Smith)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 4; 10 km. NNW of Chinajá, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>All specimens were found in February and March. Those from + Chinajá were obtained from <i>Xanthosoma</i> and bromeliads; the + individual from 10 kilometers north-northwest of Chinajá is an + adult male that was calling from a puddle in a fallen tree on + March 13. A juvenile having a snout-vent length of 34.7 mm. lacks + the pale blue spots on the thighs; instead, the anterior and posterior + surfaces of the thighs are bright red.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Hypopachus cuneus nigroreticulatus</b> Taylor</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Toocog, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>An adult male having a snout-vent length of 41.7 mm. was found + at night on the forest floor at the edge of a temporary pond. In + life the dorsum was dark brown with chocolate brown markings; + the stripe on the side of the head was white; the middorsal stripe + was pale orange; the belly was black and white, and the iris was + a bronze color.</p> +<p>Characteristically this species inhabits savannas and open forest; + thus, its occurrence in the rainforest at Toocog is surprising. This is + the southernmost record for the species in El Petén; to the south in + the highlands it is replaced by the smaller <i>Hypopachus inguinalis</i>, + having rounded, instead of compressed, metatarsal tubercles.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Rana palmipes</b> Spix</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 11; 15 km. NW of Chinajá, 1; 20 km. NNW of Chinajá, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>With the exception of one recently metamorphosed juvenile having + a snout-vent length of 30.7 mm. that was found on the forest floor + by day on June 24, and one that was found beside a pool in a cave, + all individuals were found at temporary woodland pools or along + sluggish streams at night. The largest specimen is a female having + a snout-vent length of 107 mm.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Rana pipiens</b> Schreber</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 1; 20 km. NNW of Chinajá, 1; Río San Román, 1; Toocog, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>All specimens were found near water at night. The largest individual + is a female having a snout-vent length of 112.5 mm.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Crocodylus moreleti</b> Duméril and Duméril</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 1; Río San Román, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>One specimen was obtained from a quiet pool in the Río San<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span> Román at night; another was found in a small sluggish stream at + Chinajá. Two large individuals were seen in tributaries to the Río + San Román. On the savannas at Toocog two small individuals were + obtained in the dry season, at which time the crocodiles apparently + were migrating to water. The local name for this species is <i>lagarto</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Chelydra rossignoni</b> (Bocourt)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 1; 20 km. NNW of Chinajá, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>The paucity of specimens of <i>Chelydra</i> from Central America has + resulted in rather inadequate diagnoses of various populations. The + present specimens have carapace lengths of 250 and 238 mm. and + plastral lengths of 185 and 176 mm. The length of carapace/bridge + ratio is 6.0 and 6.1 per cent. Each individual has four barbels, the + median pair of which are extremely long. In KU 55977 the lateral + pair of barbels is forked at the base. The relative length of the + plastral bridge in these specimens compares favorable with the + ratio (.06-.08) given by Schmidt (1946:4) for five specimens from + Honduras. <i>Chelydra serpentina</i>, which may occur sympatrically + with <i>C. rossignoni</i> in some parts of Central America, has a narrower + plastral bridge and only two barbels beneath the chin. Furthermore, <i>C. rossignoni</i> and <i>C. osceola</i> in Florida have long, flat tubercles + on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the neck, whereas <i>C. + serpentina</i> has short, round tubercles.</p> +<p>The specimen from Chinajá was found in a small sluggish stream; + the other individual was in a muddy pool in the forest. The local + name is <i>sambodanga</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Claudius angustatus</b> Cope</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>20 km. NNW of Chinajá, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>One specimen was unearthed from the bank of a small muddy + stream by a bulldozer. This individual represents the second + record for the species in Guatemala; the first was provided by + specimens, likewise found in muddy waters, at Tikal (Stuart, + 1958:19). The local name is <i>caiman</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Kinosternon acutum</b> Gray</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>20 km. NNW of Chinajá, 4; 30 km. NNW of Chinajá, 2.</p> +</div> +<p>These turtles were found on the forest floor, in small sluggish + streams, and in pools in the forest. One adult male had, in life, + the top of the head yellow with black spots; the stripes on the + head and neck were red. Specimens were obtained both in the dry<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span> and rainy seasons. The local name for both species of <i>Kinosternon</i> is <i>pochitoque</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Kinosternon leucostomum</b> Duméril and Bibron</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 3; 15 km. NW of Chinajá, 1; 20 km. NNW of Chinajá, 2.</p> +</div> +<p>Individuals of this turtle were found on the forest floor and in + small sluggish streams. In life most specimens had a tan or + pale brown head with pinkish tan stripes on the head and neck. + All individuals were obtained in February and March. No ecological + differences between this species and <i>K. acutum</i> were evident.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Staurotypus triporcatus</b> (Wiegmann)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Paso Subín, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>This species is represented in the collection by one complete + shell found on the bank of the Río Subín. The carapace has a + length of 292 mm. The local name is <i>Guao</i>. Natives stated that + this turtle was not uncommon in clear rivers and lakes, a habitat + suggested for the species by Stuart (1958:19).</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Dermatemys mawi</b> Gray</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 1; Río San Román, 4.</p> +</div> +<p>The record from Chinajá is based on a carapace found in a + chiclero camp, where the turtle evidently had been brought for + food. The four specimens from the Río San Román were obtained + from edges of deep pools in clear water. In adult males the top + of the head was reddish orange in life. One of the specimens from + the Río San Román currently is living in the Philadelphia Zoological + Gardens. The local name for this turtle is <i>tortuga blanca</i>; it is + sought for its meat.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Geoemyda areolata</b> (Duméril and Bibron)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 2.</p> +</div> +<p>Two specimens were obtained from dense forest at Chinajá. + The local name is <i>mojina</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Pseudemys scripta ornata</b> (Gray)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Paso Subín, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>One subadult was obtained from clear water in the Río Subín. + The stripes on the head and neck were yellow; there was no red + "ear" on the side of the head. The stripes on the forelimbs were + orange, and the ocelli on the carapace were red. The local name + is <i>jicotea</i>.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Coleonyx elegans elegans</b> Gray</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Toocog, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>One adult male having a snout-vent length of 89 mm. was found + beneath a log in the forest. Locally this gecko is known as <i>escorpión</i>; the natives believe it to be deadly poisonous. The use + of the name <i>escorpión</i> seems to be restricted to lizards thought to + be venomous. Nearly everywhere in México and Central America + some species of lizard carries this appellation. In El Petén I heard + the name used only for <i>Coleonyx elegans</i> and <i>Thecadactylus rapicaudus</i>; + in the lowlands of Guerrero, México, the name is applied + to geckos of the genus <i>Phyllodactylus</i>. The venomous lizards of + the genus <i>Heloderma</i> in the lowlands of western México are called <i>escorpiónes</i>. In the mountains of southern México various skinks + of the genus <i>Eumeces</i>, as well as lizards of the genus <i>Xenosaurus</i>, + carry the same appellation. <i>Abronia</i> in the mountains of México + and <i>Gerrhonontus</i> throughout México and Central America likewise + are called <i>escorpiónes</i>. Although many people in various parts of + Middle America consider most lizards poisonous, there is a unanimity + of opinion concerning the venomous qualities of the various + kinds of <i>escorpiónes</i>. I know of only two other lizards in Middle + America that are so uniformly regarded in native beliefs; these + are <i>Enyaliosaurus clarki</i> in the Tepalcatepec Valley in Michoacán, + called <i>nopiche</i>, and <i>Phrynosoma asio</i> in western México, called <i>cameleón</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Sphaerodactylus lineolatus</b> Lichtenstein</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>15 km. NW of Chinajá, 1; Toocog, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>These small geckos were much more abundant than the few specimens + indicate. They frequently were seen on the trunks of corozo + palms, where they quickly took refuge in crevices at the bases of + the fronds. The specimen obtained at Toocog was under the bark + of a standing dead tree. In life the ventral surface of the tail was + orange. The individual from Chinajá was in the leaf litter on the + ground at the base of a dead tree.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Thecadactylus rapicaudus</b> (Houttuyn)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>15 km. NW of Chinajá, 1; 20 km. NNW of Chinajá, 2.</p> +</div> +<p>Two specimens were found beneath the bark of standing dead + trees; another was found in the crack in the trunk of a mahogany + tree about 13 meters above the ground. In life the dorsum was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span> yellowish tan with dark brown markings; the venter was yellowish + tan with brown flecks, and the iris was olive-tan. The largest specimen + is a male having a snout-vent length of 95 mm.; all specimens + have regenerated tails. Individuals when caught twisted their + bodies and attempted to bite; upon grabbing a finger they held + on with great tenacity.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Anolis biporcatus</b> (Wiegmann)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>14 km. NNW of Chinajá, 1; 17 km. NNW of Chinajá, 1; 20 km. NNW of + Chinajá, 3; 30 km. NNW of Chinajá, 1; Sayaxché, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>All specimens of this large anole were obtained from trees. + Some individuals were found in the tops of trees immediately after + they were felled. My limited observations on this anole suggest + that it is an inhabitant of the upper levels of the forest. In life an + adult male from 20 kilometers north-northwest of Chinajá was + brilliant green above; the eyelids were bright yellow; the belly was + white. The outer part of the dewlap was pale orange, and the + median part was pinkish blue. A juvenile having a snout-vent length + of 47 mm. and a tail length of 86 mm. was pale grayish green with + pale gray flecks on the dorsum. The largest male has a snout-vent + length of 98 mm. and a tail length of 217 mm.; the same measurements + of the largest female are 89 and 213 mm. This species, together + with all other anoles, is known locally as <i>toloque</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Anolis capito</b> Peters</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 2; 14 km. NNW of Chinajá, 1; Río de la Pasión, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>All individuals were observed on trunks of trees between heights + of three and ten meters above the ground. The largest male has a + snout-vent length of 81 mm. and a tail length of 155 mm.; the same + measurements of the largest female are 87 and 150 mm. The + streaked brown dorsum, combined with the lizards' habit of pressing + the body against the trunks of trees, make this anole especially difficult + to see.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Anolis humilis uniformis</b> Cope</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 24; 15 km. NW of Chinajá, 22; 20 km. NNW of Chinajá, 6; + Sayaxché, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>This small dull brown anole is a characteristic inhabitant of the + forest floor, where the lizards move about in a series of quick, + short hops and thus easily evade capture. Three individuals were + found on small bushes, and four were on the bases of trees; otherwise, + all were observed on the ground. Observations indicate that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[234]</a></span> this species is active throughout the day, except during and immediately + after heavy rains. The males have a deep red dewlap + with a dark blue median spot.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Anolis lemurinus bourgeaei</b> Bocourt</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 11; 20 km. NNW of Chinajá, 4; 30 km. NNW of Chinajá, 2; + Río de la Pasión, 1; Río San Román, 1; Sayaxché, 8; Toocog, 6.</p> +</div> +<p>This moderate-sized anole characteristically inhabits the low + bushes and bases of trees in the forest. Individuals were most + readily observed on the buttresses of some of the gigantic mahogany + and ceiba trees. When approached the lizards usually ran around + the tree or ducked to the other side of the buttress; if the observer + moved closer, they jumped to the ground and ran off. None was + observed to ascend large trees. Some individuals were observed + foraging on the forest floor; these took shelter on the bases of + trees. One individual was sleeping on a palm frond at night. The + adult males have a uniformly orange-red dewlap.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Anolis limifrons rodriguezi</b> Bocourt</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>15 km. NW of Chinajá, 2; 20 km. NNW of Chinajá, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>In dry forests and more open situations than occur at Chinajá + this little anole is abundant, but in the wet forests of southern El + Petén, only three specimens were found. Two were on palm + fronds about two meters above the ground; the other was on a low + bush. I suspect that ecologically this species overlaps <i>A. humilis + uniformis</i> and <i>A. lemurinus bourgeaei</i>, but too few observations are + recorded to justify a definite statement at this time.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Anolis sericeus sericeus</b> Hallowell</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 2; Sayaxché, 1; Toocog, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>This small anole is common and widespread in the Atlantic + lowlands of southern México and northern Central America; usually + it inhabits sub-humid regions. Consequently, its presence in the + wet forests of southern El Petén was unexpected. The specimens + from Chinajá were sleeping on low bushes at night, whereas the + others were found on bushes by day.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Basiliscus vittatus</b> Wiegmann</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 6; Río de la Pasión, 1; Río San Román, 1; Sayaxché, 3; Toocog, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>Individuals of this abundant species were most frequently seen in + dense bushes along the margins of rivers or small streams. None + was observed far from water. These lizards, like the anoles, are + known locally as <i>toloque</i>.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[235]</a></span></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Corythophanes cristatus</b> (Merrem)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 3; 20 km. NNW of Chinajá, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>Three individuals were found on tree trunks; the fourth was on + a thick vine about one meter above the ground. The two largest + males have snout-vent lengths of 121 and 115 mm. and tail lengths + of 265 and 243 mm. The largest female (KU 59603), obtained on + June 28, has a snout-vent length of 125 mm. and a tail length of + 247 mm. This individual contained eight ova varying in greatest + diameter from 10.6 to 12.2 (average 11.1) mm. Also present are + numerous ovarian eggs having diameters up to about 3.5 mm.</p> +<p>One of the large males displayed a defensive behavior prior to + capture. When first observed the lizard was clinging to a tree + trunk about one and one-half meters above the ground. When I + approached, the lizard turned its flanks towards me; then it flattened + the body laterally, extended the dewlap, opened its mouth, and + made short rushing motions. When touched it bit viciously. On + the ground these lizards have a rather awkward bipedal gait that + is much slower than in <i>Basiliscus vittatus</i>.</p> +<p>In life an adult male (KU 55804) was reddish brown dorsally + with dark chocolate brown markings; the venter was creamy white, + and the iris was dark red. The natives call this lizard <i>piende jente</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Iguana iguana rhinolopha</b> Wiegmann</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Río San Román, 2.</p> +</div> +<p>The <i>iguana</i>, as this lizard is called locally, seems to be uncommon + in the forested areas of southern El Petén. Possibly this is due to + the fact that the flesh of this lizard is relished as food by the natives. + My two specimens were in large trees at the edge of the river.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Laemanctus deborrei</b> Boulenger</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 1; Toocog, 5.</p> +</div> +<p>On June 26 a female having a snout-vent length of 129 mm. + and a tail length of 502 mm. was found on a bush in the forest. + The lizard, when approached, faced the collector and opened its + mouth. In life the dorsum was bright green; the lateral stripe + was white, and the iris was yellowish brown. This specimen contained + four ova having lengths of 13.4 to 14.2 (average 13.9) mm.</p> +<p>On June 30 at Toocog five white-shelled eggs were found in a + rotting log. Measurements of the eggs are—length, 23.5 to 25.0 + (average 24.2) mm.; width, 15.0 to 15.5 (average 15.4) mm. These + eggs hatched on August 30. The five young had snout-vent lengths<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[236]</a></span> of 43 to 45 (average 44) mm., and tail lengths of 137 to 140 (average + 138) mm. In life the hatchlings had a dull dark green dorsum, + pale bright green venter and stripes on head, and reddish brown + iris. In preservative the hatchlings are creamy tan above with + five or six square dark brown blotches middorsally.</p> +<p>The natives consider this lizard to be one of the anoles; consequently, + it is known as <i>toloque</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Lepidophyma flavimaculatum flavimaculatum</b> Duméril</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 8; 15 km. NW of Chinajá, 2.</p> +</div> +<p>Individuals were found beneath logs on the forest floor or moving + about in the litter on the forest floor. One was observed crawling + across a trail during a heavy rain. In some adults the tan dorsal + spots are large and distinct; in others the spots are small and indistinct. + Two juveniles, apparently recent hatchlings, were found + on June 28 and July 5. These specimens have snout-vent lengths + of 29 mm. and tail lengths of 38 and 41 mm.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Eumeces schwartzei</b> Fischer</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>One specimen (KU 59551) was found on the forest floor at midday; + it is an adult female having a snout-vent length of 125 mm. + and a tail length of 210 mm. This specimen is larger than those recorded + by Taylor (1936:99) and extends the known range of the + species south of Ramate, approximately 125 kilometers south-south-westward + to Chinajá.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Eumeces sumichrasti</b> (Cope)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>20 km. NNW of Chinajá, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>One adult male having a snout-vent length of 82 mm. was found + beneath a palm frond on the forest floor. In life the dorsum was + dull brown; the chin was cream; the belly was yellow, and the underside + of the tail was orange. A juvenile having a black body, yellow + dorsal stripes, and a bright blue tail was observed on the forest floor.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Scincella cherriei cherriei</b> (Cope)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 2; 30 km. NNW of Chinajá, 1; Toocog, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>All individuals of this lizard were found in the leaf litter on the + forest floor; many escaped capture. In life the tail is dull bluish + gray. The number of dorsal scales varies from 59 to 61 (average<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[237]</a></span> 60); thus, these specimens fall within the range of variation of <i>S. + cherriei cherriei</i>, and thereby differ from <i>S. cherriei stuarti</i> to the + west and <i>S. cherriei ixbaac</i> to the north.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Ameiva festiva edwardsi</b> Bocourt</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 16; 15 km. NW of Chinajá, 10; Sayaché, 4; Toocog, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>This abundant terrestrial lizard, locally called <i>lagartijo</i>, is found + throughout the forest. A juvenile obtained on March 14 at Sayaxché + has a snout-vent length of 42 mm. and a prominent umbilical scar. + Other juveniles were observed at Chinajá in February and March, + thereby indicating that the young probably hatch in the early part + of the year. Juveniles have bright blue tails.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Celestus rozellae</b> Smith</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>20 km. NNW of Chinajá, 2.</p> +</div> +<p>Two specimens were obtained from trees by workmen in + February. These lizards have snout-vent lengths of 70 and 83 mm. + and tail lengths of 133 and 135 mm. There are 21 and 23 lamellae + beneath the fourth toe; each has 31 longitudinal rows of scales + around the body.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Boa constrictor imperator</b> Daudin</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>15 km. NW of Chinajá, 1; 20 km. NNW of Chinajá, 2; Toocog, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>All specimens were found on the forest floor. One individual + was found in combat with a large <i>Drymarchon corais melanurus</i>. + Apparently, the <i>Drymarchon</i> was attempting to devour the <i>Boa</i>, + which had a total length of 1683 mm. Locally this snake is called <i>masacuata</i>; it is one of the few snakes believed by the local inhabitants + to be non-poisonous.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Clelia clelia clelia</b> Daudin</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>15 km. NW of Chinajá, 1; 20 km. NNW of Chinajá, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>One specimen is represented only by the head; the snake was + killed on the forest floor by workmen. Another individual was + found in a pool of water at the base of a limestone outcropping in + the forest; this specimen (KU 58167) is a female having a body + length of 2220 mm. and a total length of 2634 mm. This snake + contained 22 ova averaging 56 × 23 mm. Both specimens were + uniform shiny black above and cream-color below. The local name + is <i>sumbadora</i>.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[238]</a></span></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Coniophanes bipunctatus bipunctatus</b> (Günther)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>This snake was found on the forest floor by day; it is a male + having 130 ventrals, an incomplete tail; cream-colored belly, and a + pair of large brown spots on each ventral scute.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Coniophanes fissidens fissidens</b> (Günther)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Toocog, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>This male specimen was found beneath a rock in a sink hole. + It has 122 ventrals and 77 caudals. A narrow temporal stripe + extends along the upper edge of the anterior temporal and the + lower edge of the upper secondary temporal. The belly is ashy + white with a pair of small black spots on each ventral.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Coniophanes imperialis clavatus</b> (Peters)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 3.</p> +</div> +<p>All specimens were found on the forest floor by day. These small + snakes are capable of rapid movement and quickly disappear in + the litter on the ground. Two individuals evaded capture. The + belly is creamy white anteriorly and vermillion red posteriorly.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Dryadophis melanolomus laevis</b> (Fischer)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 3.</p> +</div> +<p>These snakes, locally known as <i>sumbadora</i>, were found on the + forest floor; two others were seen, but escaped. The variation in + coloration has been a source of confusion in this species in northern + Central America (see Stuart, 1941:86). All of the present specimens + are males: KU 55709 has 178 ventrals, 121 caudals, and a total + length of 914 mm.; the dorsum is olive-tan with six darker cross-bars + on the neck; the belly is creamy white. KU 58160 has 188 + ventrals, 123 caudals, and a total length of 1365 mm.; the dorsum is + uniform olive-brown, except that some dorsal scales at midbody + have black anterior borders like <i>D. melanolomus melanolomus</i> has + in the Yucatán Peninsula; the venter is pale yellow. KU 58158 has + 179 ventrals, 122 caudals, and a total length of 723 mm.; the dorsum + is rich chocolate brown with eight dark cross-bars on the neck; the + belly is bright orange.</p> +<p>Stuart (1941a:87) stated that in life two distinct color phases + were observed in specimens collected by him in Alta Verapaz, + Guatemala. One had an olive-brown dorsum and the other, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span> reddish orange dorsum. Stuart made no mention of variation in + the color of the venter. Similar variation is known in <i>D. melanolomus + alternatus</i> in Costa Rica, where some individuals have orange-red + venters. This color phase has been recognized as a distinct + species, <i>Dryadophis sanguiventris</i>, by Taylor (1954:722). Examination + of 18 specimens from Costa Rica shows no differences in + scutellation, nor geographic segregation of two populations. I am + convinced that the red-bellied <i>Dryadophis</i> in Costa Rica, like those + in Guatemala, represent a color phase of the subspecies inhabiting + those areas and that <i>Dryadophis sanguiventris</i> Taylor is a synonym + of <i>Dryadophis melanolomus alternatus</i> (Bocourt).</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Drymarchon corais melanurus</b> (Duméril, Bibron and Duméril)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>15 km. NW of Chinajá, 1; Sayaxché, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>The specimen from Sayaxché was found at the edge of a clearing + in the forest; that from 15 kilometers northwest of Chinajá was found + on the forest floor coiled with a <i>Boa constrictor imperator</i>, which + the <i>Drymarchon</i> apparently was trying to eat. The <i>Drymarchon</i> is + a giant specimen having a total length of 2950 mm. (see Duellman, + 1961:368). The <i>Boa</i> with which it was coiled has a total length + of 1683 mm. I was attracted to the snakes by a loud thrashing + noise. When I approached the writhing mass, the snakes separated, + but I was able to see that the <i>Drymarchon</i> had its teeth firmly imbedded + in the posterior part of the head of the <i>Boa</i>. From the <i>Drymarchon</i> I forced the regurgitation of a recently ingested <i>Bothrops nummifer nummifer</i> having a total length of 953 mm. + These observations show that the snake-eating capabilities of <i>Drymarchon</i> can hardly be over-estimated.</p> +<p>In both <i>Drymarchon</i> the anterior one-half of the body is olive-tan, + which changes to bluish black posteriorly. The local name is <i>sumbadora</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Drymobius margaritiferus margaritiferus</b> (Schlegel)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 3; Sayaxché, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>All individuals were obtained in clearings in the forest by day + in the rainy season. Two individuals each contained a <i>Similisca + baudini</i> and another contained a <i>Bufo valliceps valliceps</i>. Locally + this snake is known by the appropriate name of <i>ranera</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Imantodes cenchoa leucomelas</b> Cope</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 4.</p> +</div> +<p>With the exception of one that was found dead in camp, all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[240]</a></span> individuals were taken from low vegetation by day. The dorsum + is creamy tan with 28 to 35 (average 32) chocolate brown blotches, + and the venter is ashy white with small brown flecks. Three males + have 238 to 248 (average 244) ventrals and 148 to 154 (average + 151) caudals; one female has 239 ventrals and 142 caudals. The + largest specimen, a male, has a body length of 660 mm. and a total + length of 943 mm.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Lampropeltis doliata polyzona</b> Cope</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>One female (KU 57156) having 230 ventrals and 54 caudals + was found on the forest floor by day. This individual has a black + snout with a white bar across the nasals and prefrontals, a white + spot in the middle of the frontal, and a white band across the + temporals and parietals that is bordered posteriorly by a black + band. There are 28 white and 28 red rings on the body. The + tips of the red scales are darkened. The black rings between the + white and red rings are not so expanded as to interrupt the white + rings dorsally as in <i>L. doliata abnorma</i> as identified by Stuart + (1948:70). Locally this snake, like all red, black, and white or + yellow banded snakes, is called <i>coral</i> or <i>coralillo</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Leptodeira frenata malleisi</b> Dunn and Stuart</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Toocog, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>This specimen, a male having 173 ventrals and 69 caudals, was + found beneath the bark on a log in the forest. In life the dorsum + was pinkish tan with 36 chocolate brown blotches on the body; + the venter was rosy pink.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Leptodeira septentrionalis polysticta</b> Günther</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 3; Toocog, 11.</p> +</div> +<p>If numbers of specimens are indicative of abundance, this is the + most common snake in southern El Petén. All were found at night + in the rainy season. At a pond in the forest at Toocog these snakes + were observed on low vegetation, on the ground, and in the water. + Evidently they congregate at breeding choruses of frogs. One <i>Leptodeira</i> contained a <i>Smilisca baudini</i> and another contained + eggs of <i>Phyllomedusa callidryas taylori</i>. The natives call this snake <i>nahuyaca</i>.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[241]</a></span></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Leptophis ahaetulla praestans</b> (Cope)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>13 km. NNW of Chinajá, 1; 20 km. NNW of Chinajá, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>Both specimens were obtained from trees when they were felled. + One individual (KU 55716) has a body length of 1345 mm. and a + total length of 2035 mm. In life the entire snake was uniform bright + green; the eye was yellow. In preservative the dorsum is dark + blue, and the venter is green.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Leptophis mexicanus mexicanus</b> Duméril, Bibron and Duméril</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 1; 15 km. NW of Chinajá, 1; Sayaxché, 4.</p> +</div> +<p>All specimens came from low trees in the forest. The largest + specimen is a male having a body length of 724 mm. and a total + length of 1236 mm. In life the middorsum was a golden tan; the + top of the head was a vivid green. One individual had ingested a <i>Smilisca baudini</i>. The local name is <i>bejuquillo</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Ninia sebae sebae</b> (Duméril, Bibron and Duméril)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Toocog, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>This specimen, a male having 144 ventrals and 55 caudals, was + found beneath bark on a log in the forest. There is a black band + five scales in length on the nape followed posteriorly by a red + band six scales in length and then by a complete black band one + and one-half scales in length. The rest of the body is dull red with + 16 incomplete black bands one to one and one-half scales in length + on the anterior two-thirds of the body.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Oxybelis aeneus aeneus</b> (Wagler)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 1; 20 km. NNW of Chinajá, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>One individual was found in a low tree; the other was in a + bush. Both specimens are males; the largest has a body length + of 754 mm. and a total length of 1286 mm. Bogert and Oliver + (1945:388) distinguished <i>O. aeneus aeneus</i> in Central and South + America from <i>O. aeneus auratus</i> in México in that the diameter of + the eye is more than the length of the internasal, whereas in <i>O. + aeneus auratus</i> the diameter of the eye is less than the length of the + internasal. Stuart (1958:27) stated that on the basis of this + character three specimens from Tikal in northeastern El Petén + definitely were <i>O. aeneus aeneus</i>. Of the present specimens from + southern El Petén, one has an internasal:eye ratio of 1.08; the other + has a ratio of 0.87. A careful review of these snakes is needed to + verify the validity of the characters used to separate the subspecies<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[242]</a></span> and to determine areas of intergradation. The local name for the + vine-snake is <i>bejuquillo</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Pliocercus euryzonus aequalis</b> Salvin</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 1; Río San Román, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>These specimens are tentatively referred to <i>P. euryzonus</i>. KU + 57160 is a female having 130 ventrals, 87 caudals, and 23 black + rings on the body; KU 58150 is a juvenile having 128 ventrals, 79 + caudals, and 27 black rings on the body. In both specimens the + tip of the snout is yellow; a broad yellow band on the parietals and + temporals is bordered posteriorly by a black band on the nape. + The black rings on the body are not bordered by yellow, but + black rings on the tail have yellow borders ventrally. In the red + interspaces between the black rings, black flecks and spots, especially + posteriorly, tend to form secondary black rings (Fig. 6a). + According to Stuart (1948:71), <i>P. euryzonus aequalis</i> has 25 to 27 + black rings on the body, whereas <i>P. elapoides salvini</i>, which also + occurs in El Petén, has 15 to 23 black rings.</p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <img src="images/i044.jpg" width="600" height="362" alt="Fig. 6. Dorsal color patterns of Pliocercus euryzonus aequalis (A) and Micrurus affinis apiatus (B)."/> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 6.</span> Dorsal color patterns of <i>Pliocercus euryzonus aequalis</i> (A) and <i>Micrurus + affinis apiatus</i> (B).</span> + <p> </p> +</div> +<p>The specimen from the Río San Román contained a partly + digested <i>Bolitoglossa moreleti mulleri</i>. Locally <i>Piocercus</i> is called <i>coral</i> or <i>coralillo</i>.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Pseustes poecilonotus poecilonotus</b> (Günther)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 3; 20 km. NNW of Chinajá, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>Two juveniles were on the forest floor; one juvenile and an adult + were on low bushes. The juveniles have a tan dorsum with reddish + brown blotches; the belly is gray, and the iris is cream-color + above and brown below. The one adult is olive-brown above and + creamy white below on the anterior three-fourths of the body; + posteriorly it is black above and below. There are no paravertebral + dark stripes nor pale spots on the dorsal scales.</p> +<p>Two specimens (one juvenile and the adult) when encountered + compressed the anterior part of the body laterally and struck repeatedly. + Locally the adults are called <i>sumbadora</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Sibon dimidiata dimidiata</b> (Günther)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>20 km. NNW of Chinajá, 2.</p> +</div> +<p>Both snakes were obtained from trees when they were felled. + In life the dorsum was pinkish orange with dark chocolate brown + blotches narrowly edged with black.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Sibon nebulata nebulata</b> (Linnaeus)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>20 km. NW of Chinajá, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>This specimen, a male having a body length of 544 mm. and + a tail length of 198 mm., was found in a felled tree. In life the + belly was pink and black; the dorsal black blotches were narrowly + outlined with pink.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Spilotes pullatus mexicanus</b> (Laurenti)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 3; 20 km. NNW of Chinajá, 1; Sayaxché, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>This large snake, locally called <i>mica</i>, seems to be equally at + home on the ground and in low trees and bushes. It is fast moving + for a large snake; two individuals escaped capture. The natives + said that this snake eats other snakes, but examination of stomachs + revealed no supporting evidence.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Stenorrhina degenhardti</b> (Berthold)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>This specimen, a female having 158 ventrals, 37 caudals, and a + total length of 489 mm., was found on the forest floor. On the + olive-brown dorsum are 27 irregular, narrow, dark brown, transverse + bands. The head is uniform olive-brown; the chin and labials are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[244]</a></span> cream-color. The venter is cream-color with a row of brown spots + forming a midventral stripe. A large spider was found in the + stomach.</p> +<p>I have refrained from assigning a subspecific name to this snake. + Cursory examination of specimens from throughout México and + Central America reveals a bewildering array of variation in coloration + that suggests that the subspecies <i>mexicanus</i> is not recognizable, + or that two species occur sympatrically in parts of southern México + and northern Central America.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Tretanorhinus nigroluteus lateralis</b> Bocourt</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>A single male having 136 ventrals, 75 caudals, and a total length + of 407 mm. was found by a stream in camp. The dorsum is pale + grayish tan with 34 pairs of small chocolate brown spots, some of + the anterior ones of which are connected across the back. A cream-colored + lateral stripe is on the third and fourth dorsal scale-rows + anteriorly and the second and third rows posteriorly. The lower + dorsal scale rows are black. The venter is dark grayish brown with + cream-colored flecks anteriorly and creamy gray posteriorly where + the dark color is restricted to the midventral region and the lateral + edges of ventrals and first dorsal scale-row.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Xenodon rabdocephalus mexicanus</b> Smith</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Chinajá, 1; 20 km. NNW of Chinajá, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>Both individuals were found on the forest floor. An adult male + having a total length of 420 mm. has a cream-colored venter with + brown flecks. A juvenile having a total length of 172 mm. has a + creamy white belly with black crossbands.</p> +<p>At the suggestion of L. C. Stuart, I am following Schmidt + (1941:501) in placing <i>X. mexicanus</i> as a subspecies of <i>X. rabdocephalus</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Micrurus affinis apiatus</b> (Jan)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>20 km. NNW of Chinajá, 2; Sayaxché, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>All specimens were found beneath litter on the forest floor. + All are males having 202 to 211 (average 205) ventrals, 53 to 56 + (54.6) caudals, and 34 to 48 (41) primary black rings on the body. + There are no yellow rings, and black spots in the red interspaces + tend to form secondary black rings (Fig. 6b), the same as in <i>Pliocercus euryzonus aequalis</i>. The local name is <i>coral</i> or <i>coralillo</i>.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[245]</a></span></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Bothrops atrox asper</b> (Garman)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>15 km. NW of Chinajá, 1; Sayaxché, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>Although we found only two specimens, natives and workmen + at the camp at Chinajá stated that the <i>barba amarilla</i>, as this snake + is known locally, had been abundant when the camp had been + established less than two years before our visit.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Bothrops nasutus</b> Bocourt</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>12 km. NW of Chinajá, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>This specimen, a male having a total length of 415 mm., was + found on the forest floor. The dorsum is brown with dark brown + blotches separated middorsally by a narrow orange-tan stripe extending + from the nape to the base of the tail. The belly is grayish + tan with white flecks on the lateral edges of the ventrals. The local + name is <i>nahuyaca</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Bothrops nummifer nummifer</b> (Rüppell)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>15 km. NW of Chinajá, 2; Sayaxché, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>Two individuals were found on the forest floor, and one adult, + having a total length of 953 mm., was removed from the stomach + of a large <i>Drymarchon corais melanurus</i>. There is considerable + variation in color and pattern. A juvenile (KU 58104), having a + total length of 332 mm., has a tan dorsum with 19 interconnected + dark brown, diamond-shaped, middorsal blotches, the lateral extensions + of which are black; the belly is a cream-color with brown + squares. An adult female (KU 55706), having a total length of + 779 mm., has a dorsal coloration like the preceding specimen, except + that the lateral extensions of the dorsal blotches are brown; + the belly is a uniform cream-color. A second adult female (KU + 55707), having a total length of 953 mm., has a brown dorsum + with 21 interconnected black, diamond-shaped, middorsal blotches, + the lateral extensions of which are black; the belly is a cream-color + with black squares.</p> +<p>The local name for this species is <i>braza de piedra</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Bothrops schlegeli schlegeli</b> (Berthold)</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>Paso Subín, 1.</p> +</div> +<p>This specimen was taken from the thatched roof of a house at + the edge of the forest and contained the remains of a small mammal. + The local name is <i>nahuyaca</i>.</p> +<hr class="chap" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[246]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="HYPOTHETICAL_LIST_OF_SPECIES" id="HYPOTHETICAL_LIST_OF_SPECIES"></a>HYPOTHETICAL LIST OF SPECIES</h2> +<p>Listed below are thirteen species that have not been found in + southern El Petén but that probably occur there.</p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p><b><i>Dermophis mexicanus mexicanus</i></b> (Duméril and Bibron).—Natives at Chinajá + know caecilians, which they call <i>dos cabezas</i>. This species has been taken + in Tabasco and northern Chiapas. Its occurrence in southern El Petén is expected. + Less likely, the caecilian known to the natives at Chinajá is <i>Gymnopis + oligozona</i>, which is known from Finca Volcán on the southern slopes of the + valley of the Río Cahabón in Alta Verapaz.</p> + <p><b><i>Gastrophryne elegans</i></b> (Boulenger).—This small fossorial frog is known from + Piedras Negras (Taylor and Smith, 1945:604), 12 miles east of Yaxha + (Stuart, 1934:7), and Tikal (Stuart, 1958:18), all in northern and central + El Petén. Two specimens in the collection of the University of Kansas are + from 28 kilometers northeast of Campur, Alta Verapaz. Probably the species + ranges throughout the forested lowlands of northern Alta Verapaz and El + Petén.</p> + <p><b><i>Mabuya brachypoda</i></b> Taylor.—The absence of this widespread lizard in our + collections cannot be explained. Probably it occurs in southern El Petén, + for it is known in northern and central El Petén and in Alta Verapaz.</p> + <p><b><i>Dendrophidion vinitor</i></b> Smith.—This snake is known from Piedras Negras, + El Petén and from various localities in Alta Verapaz; it is an inhabitant of + humid forest and should occur in southern El Petén.</p> + <p><b><i>Elaphe triaspis mutabilis</i></b> (Cope).—The subspecies <i>E. triaspis mutabilis</i> is + known from Alta Verapaz and <i>E. triaspis triaspis</i> from the Yucatán Peninsula, + British Honduras, and Uaxactún in northern El Petén. Because of the + much higher degree of resemblance between the faunas of southern El Petén + and Alta Verapaz as compared with southern El Petén and Yucatán, <i>E. triaspis + mutabilis</i> would be expected to occur in southern El Petén.</p> + <p><b><i>Ninia diademata nietoi</i></b> Burger and Werler.—This snake is known from Tikal + and from Alta Verapaz; it is a small cryptophile that probably occurs in + southern El Petén.</p> + <p><b><i>Oxyrhophus petola aequifasciatus</i></b> Werner.—This snake, which probably + is conspecific with <i>Oxyrhophus baileyi</i> in southern Veracruz, México, is known + from Tikal, British Honduras, and Alta Verapaz; it is expected in southern + El Petén.</p> + <p><b><i>Pliocercus elapoides salvini</i></b> Müller.—This species is widespread in the Atlantic + lowlands of southern México and northern Central America; the subspecies <i>P. elapoides salvini</i> occurs in Alta Verapaz and probably in southern + El Petén.</p> + <p><b><i>Rhadinaea decorata decorata</i></b> (Günther).—This is another small cryptophile + that is widespread on the Atlantic lowlands from México to Panamá; it + definitely is expected at places like Chinajá in southern El Petén.</p> + <p><b><i>Scaphiodontophis annulatus</i></b> (Duméril and Bibron).—Three subspecies of <i>Scaphiodontophis annulatus</i> are recognized in northern Central America: <i>S. annulatus annulatus</i> from Alta Verapaz, <i>S. annulatus hondurensis</i> from + northern Honduras, and <i>S. annulatus carpicinctus</i> from Piedras Negras and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[247]</a></span> Tikal in El Petén and from British Honduras. This rare and highly variable + species probably occurs in southern El Petén.</p> + <p><b><i>Tantilla schistosa schistosa</i></b> (Bocourt).—This widespread species in Central + America is known from several localities in Alta Verapaz and almost certainly + occurs in southern El Petén.</p> + <p><b><i>Tropidodipsas sartori sartori</i></b> Cope.—This fossorial species has been collected + in northern El Petén and in Alta Verapaz. The natives at Chinajá described + to me a <i>coral</i> having orange rings on a black body that likely was this species.</p> + <p><b><i>Micrurus elegans veraepacis</i></b> Schmidt.—This species has been collected at + various localities in Alta Verapaz and in Chiapas, inhabits areas like those + in southern El Petén, and probably occurs there.</p> +</div> +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2><a name="SUMMARY" id="SUMMARY"></a>SUMMARY</h2> +<p>A study of the amphibians and reptiles in the rainforests of + southern El Petén, Guatemala, reveals the presence of 78 species; + an additional 13 species probably occur there. In this tropical area + having a high amount of rainfall most of the species of amphibians + and reptiles have extensive ranges in the wet forests on the Atlantic + lowlands of southern México and northern Central America; some + species that more frequently are found in sub-humid forests also + occur.</p> +<p>Ecologically the fauna is divided into five major habitats—aquatic, + aquatic margin, fossorial, terrestrial, and arboreal. Forty-two + per cent of the 78 species are wholly or partly arboreal. The + fauna is most closely related to that in Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, + but includes many species that occur in the Tikal-Uaxactún area in + northeastern Guatemala.</p> +<p><i>Eleutherodactylus rostralis</i> (Werner) and <i>E. rhodopis</i> (Cope) + are redefined and their relationships are suggested. The color + phases of <i>Dryadophis melanolomus laevis</i> and <i>D. m. alternatus</i> are + discussed; <i>Dryadophis sanguiventris</i> Taylor is synonymized with <i>Dryadophis melanolomus alternatus</i> (Bocourt).</p> +<p>The breeding habits, eggs, and tadpoles of the hylid frogs <i>Hyla + ebraccata</i> and <i>Phyllomedusa callidryas taylori</i> are described, as + are the eggs and juveniles of <i>Laemanctus deborrei</i>.</p> +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2><a name="LITERATURE_CITED" id="LITERATURE_CITED"></a>LITERATURE CITED</h2> +<p><span class="smcap">Baylor, E. R. and Stuart, L. C.</span></p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>1961. A new race of <i>Bufo valliceps</i> from Guatemala. Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 74:195-202, August 11.</p> +</div> +<p><span class="smcap">Bogert, C. M. and Oliver, J. A.</span></p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>1945. A preliminary analysis of the herpetofauna of Sonora. Bull. + Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 83:297-426, March 30.</p> +</div> +<p><span class="smcap">Brocchi, P.</span></p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>1881-1883 Étude des batraciens de l'Amerique Centrale. Mission scientifique + au Mexique. Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 3 (2):1-122, pls. 1-21.</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[248]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="smcap">Duellman, W. E.</span></p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>1958. A review of the frogs of the genus <i>Syrrhophus</i> in western Mexico. + Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 594:1-15, pls. 1-3, June 6.</p> + <p>1960. A distributional study of the amphibians of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, + México. Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 13:21-72, + August 16.</p> + <p>1961. A record size for <i>Drymarchon corais melanurus</i>. Copeia, 1960 + (4):367-368, January.</p> +</div> +<p><span class="smcap">Dunn, E. R. and Emlen, J. T.</span></p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>1932. Reptiles and amphibians from Honduras. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. + Philadelphia, 84:21-32, March 22.</p> +</div> +<p><span class="smcap">Firschein, I. L. and Smith, H. M.</span></p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>1957. A high-crested race of toad (<i>Bufo valliceps</i>) and other noteworthy + reptiles and amphibians from southern Mexico. Herpetologica, + 13:219-222, October 31.</p> +</div> +<p><span class="smcap">Lundell, C. L.</span></p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>1937. The vegetation of Petén. Carnegie Institute Washington Publ. + 178:1-244, pls. 1-39. June 16.</p> +</div> +<p><span class="smcap">Neill, W. T. and Allen, R.</span></p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>1959. Studies on the amphibians and reptiles of British Honduras. Publ. + Ross Allen's Reptile Inst., 2:1-76, November 10.</p> +</div> +<p><span class="smcap">Sapper, K.</span></p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>1932. Klimakunde von Mittelamerika. <i>In</i> Handbuch Klimakunde, 2:1-74, + Taf. 1-13.</p> +</div> +<p><span class="smcap">Schmidt, K. P.</span></p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>1936. Guatemalan salamanders of the genus <i>Oedipus</i>. Zool. Ser. Field + Mus. Nat. Hist., 20:135-166, October 31.</p> + <p>1941. The amphibians and reptiles of British Honduras. Zool. Ser. Field + Mus. Nat. Hist, 22:475-510, December 30.</p> + <p>1946. Turtles collected by the Smithsonian Biological Survey of the + Panamá Canal Zone. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 106 (8):1-9, pl. 1, + August 1.</p> +</div> +<p><span class="smcap">Simpson, G. G.</span></p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>1960. Notes on the measurement of faunal resemblance. Amer. Jour. + Sci., 258-A:300-311.</p> +</div> +<p><span class="smcap">Smith, H. M. and Taylor, E. H.</span></p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>1945. An annotated checklist and key to the snakes of Mexico. Bull. + U. S. Natl. Mus., 187: iv + 239 pp., October 5.</p> + <p>1948. An annotated checklist and key to the amphibia of Mexico. Bull. + U. S. Natl. Mus., 194: iv + 118 pp., June 17.</p> + <p>1950. An annotated checklist and key to the reptiles of Mexico exclusive + of the snakes. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., 199: v + 253 pp., October 26.</p> +</div> +<p><span class="smcap">Stuart, L. C.</span></p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>1934. A contribution to a knowledge of the herpetological fauna of El + Peten, Guatemala. Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, + 292:1-18, June 29.</p> + <p>1935. A contribution to a knowledge of the herpetology of a portion of + the savanna region of central Petén, Guatemala. Misc. Publ. Mus. + Zool. Univ. Michigan, 29:1-56, pls. 1-4, October 1.</p> + <p>1937. Some further notes on the amphibians and reptiles of the Peten + forest of northern Guatemala. Copeia, 1937 (1):67-70, April 10.</p> + <p>1941a. Studies of Neotropical Colubrinae VIII. A revision of the genus <i>Dryadophis</i> Stuart, 1939. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, + 49:1-105, pls. 1-4, March 19.</p> + <p>1941b. Two new species of <i>Eleutherodactylus</i> from Guatemala. Proc. + Biol. Soc. Washington, 54:197-200, December 8.</p> + <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[249]</a></span></p> + <p>1943. Taxonomic and geographic comments on Guatemalan salamanders + of the genus <i>Oedipus</i>. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, + 56:1-33, pls. 1-2, January 30.</p> + <p>1948. The amphibians and reptiles of Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Misc. + Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 69:1-109, June 12.</p> + <p>1950. A geographic study of the herpetofauna of Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. + Contr. Lab. Vert. Biol. Univ. Michigan, 45:1-77, pls. 1-9, + May.</p> + <p>1958. A study of the herpetofauna of the Uaxactun-Tikal area of northern + El Peten, Guatemala. Contr. Lab. Vert. Biol. Univ. Michigan, + 75:1-30, June.</p> +</div> +<p><span class="smcap">Taylor, E. H.</span></p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>1936. A taxonomic study of the cosmopolitan scincoid lizards of the + genus <i>Eumeces</i>. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 23:1-643, August 15.</p> + <p>1954. Further studies on the serpents of Costa Rica. Univ. Kansas Sci. + Bull., 36:673-801, July 15.</p> +</div> +<p><span class="smcap">Taylor, E. H. and Smith, H. M.</span></p> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>1945. Summary of collections of amphibians made in Mexico under + the Walter Rathbone Bacon Traveling Scholarship. Proc. U. S. + Natl. Mus., 95:521-613, June 30.</p> +</div> +<p><i>Transmitted November 29, 1962.</i></p> +<p>29-5935</p> +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2><a name="UNIVERSITY_OF_KANSAS_PUBLICATIONS" id="UNIVERSITY_OF_KANSAS_PUBLICATIONS"></a>UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS + MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY</h2> +<p>Institutional libraries interested in publications exchange may obtain this + series by addressing the Exchange Librarian, University of Kansas Library, + Lawrence, Kansas. Copies for individuals, persons working in a particular + field of study, may be obtained by addressing instead the Museum of Natural + History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. There is no provision for + sale of this series by the University Library, which meets institutional requests, + or by the Museum of Natural History, which meets the requests of individuals. + However, when individuals request copies from the Museum, 25 cents should + be included, for each separate number that is 100 pages or more in length, for + the purpose of defraying the costs of wrapping and mailing.</p> +<p>* An asterisk designates those numbers of which the Museum's supply (not the Library's + supply) is exhausted. Numbers published to date, in this series, are as follows:</p> +<p> <span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Vol. 1. Nos. 1-26 and index. Pp. 1-638, 1946-1950.</span><br /> + <br /> + *Vol. 2. (Complete) Mammals of Washington. By Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 1-444, 140<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">figures in text. April 9, 1948.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Vol. 3. *1. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin, evolution, and distribution. By Rollin</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">H. Baker. Pp. 1-359, 16 figures in text. June 19, 1951.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5em;">*2. A quantitative study of the nocturnal migration Of birds. By George H.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Lowery, Jr. Pp. 361-472, 47 figures in text. June 29, 1951.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">3. Phylogeny of the waxwings and allied birds. By M. Dale Arvey. Pp. 473-530,</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">49 figures in text, 13 tables. October 10, 1951.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5em;">*4. Birds from the state of Veracruz, Mexico. By George H. Lowery, Jr., and</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 531-649, 7 figures in text, 2 tables. October 10,</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">1951.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5em;">Index. Pp. 651-681.</span><br /> + <br /> + *Vol. 4. (Complete) American weasels. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 1-466, 41 plates, 31<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">figures in text. December 27, 1951.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Vol. 5. Nos. 1-37 and index. Pp. 1-676, 1951-1953.</span><br /> + <br /> + *Vol. 6. (Complete) Mammals of Utah, <i>taxonomy and distribution</i>. By Stephen D.<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Durrant. Pp. 1-549, 91 figures in text, 30 tables. August 10, 1952.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Vol. 7. Nos. 1-15 and index. Pp. 1-651, 1952-1955.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Vol. 8. Nos. 1-10 and index. Pp. 1-675. 1954-1956.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Vol. 9. *1. Speciation of the wandering shrew. By James S. Findley. Pp. 1-68, 18</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">figures in text. December 10, 1955.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">2. Additional records and extension of ranges of mammals from Utah. By</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Stephen D. Durrant, M. Raymond Lee, and Richard M. Hansen. Pp. 69-80.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">December 10, 1955.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">3. A new long-eared myotis (Myotis evotis) from northeastern Mexico. By Rollin</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">H. Baker and Howard J. Stains. Pp. 81-84. December 10, 1955.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">4. Subspeciation in the meadow mouse, Microtus pennsylvanicus, in Wyoming.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 85-104, 2 figures in text. May 10, 1956.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">5. The condylarth genus Ellipsodon. By Robert W. Wilson. Pp. 105-116, 6</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">figures in text. May 19, 1956.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">6. Additional remains of the multituberculate genus Eucosmodon. By Robert</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">W. Wilson. Pp. 117-123, 10 figures in text. May 19, 1956.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">7. Mammals of Coahuila, Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 125-335, 75 figures</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">in text. June 15, 1956.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">8. Comments on the taxonomic status of Apodemus peninsulae, with description</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">of a new subspecies from North China. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 337-346,</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">1 figure in text, 1 table. August 15, 1956.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">9. Extensions of known ranges of Mexican bats. By Sydney Anderson. Pp.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">347-351. August 15, 1956.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5em;">10. A new bat (Genus Leptonycteris) from Coahuila. By Howard J. Stains.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Pp. 353-356. January 21, 1957.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5em;">11. A new species of pocket gopher (Genus Pappogeomys) from Jalisco, Mexico.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 357-361. January 21, 1957.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5em;">12. Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Thomomys bottae, in Colorado.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">By Phillip M. Youngman. Pp. 363-387, 7 figures in text. February 21, 1958.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5em;">13. New bog lemming (genus Synaptomys) from Nebraska. By J. Knox Jones,</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Jr. Pp. 385-388. May 12, 1958.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5em;">14. Pleistocene bats from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo León, México. By J. Knox</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Jones, Jr. Pp. 389-396. December 19, 1958.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5em;">15. New subspecies of the rodent Baiomys from Central America. By Robert</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">L. Packard. Pp. 397-404. December 19, 1958.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5em;">16. Mammals of the Grand Mesa, Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 405-414,</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">1 figure in text. May 20, 1959.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5em;">17. Distribution, variation, and relationships of the montane vole, Microtus montanus.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 415-511, 12 figures in text, 2 tables.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">August 1, 1959.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5em;">18. Conspecificity of two pocket mice, Perognathus goldmani and P. artus. By</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">E. Raymond Hall and Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie. Pp. 513-518, 1 map. January</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">14, 1960.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5em;">19. Records of harvest mice, Reithrodontomys, from Central America, with description</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">of a new subspecies from Nicaragua. By Sydney Anderson and</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 519-529. January 14, 1960.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5em;">20. Small carnivores from San Josecito Cave (Pleistocene), Nuevo León, México.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 531-538, 1 figure in text. January 14, 1960.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5em;">21. Pleistocene pocket gophers from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo León, México.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 539-548, 1 figure in text. January 14, 1960.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5em;">22. Review of the insectivores of Korea. By J. Knox Jones, Jr., and David H.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Johnson. Pp. 549-578. February 23, 1960.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5em;">23. Speciation and evolution of the pygmy mice, genus Baiomys. By Robert L.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Packard. Pp. 579-670, 4 plates, 12 figures in text. June 16, 1960.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5em;">Index. Pp. 671-690</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Vol. 10. 1. Studies of birds killed in nocturnal migration. By Harrison B. Tordoff and</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Robert M. Mengel. Pp. 1-44, 6 figures in text, 2 tables. September 12, 1956.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">2. Comparative breeding behavior of Ammospiza caudacuta and A. maritima.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">By Glen E. Woolfenden. Pp. 45-75, 6 plates, 1 figure. December 20, 1956.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">3. The forest habitat of the University of Kansas Natural History Reservation.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">By Henry S. Fitch and Ronald R. McGregor. Pp. 77-127, 2 plates, 7 figures</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">in text, 4 tables. December 31, 1956.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">4. Aspects of reproduction and development in the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster).</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 129-161, 8 figures in text, 4 tables. December</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">19, 1957.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">5. Birds found on the Arctic slope of northern Alaska. By James W. Bee.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Pp. 163-211, plates 9-10, 1 figure in text. March 12, 1958.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5em;">*6. The wood rats of Colorado: distribution and ecology. By Robert B. Finley,</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Jr. Pp. 213-552, 34 plates, 8 figures in text, 35 tables. November 7, 1958.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">7. Home ranges and movements of the eastern cottontail in Kansas. By Donald</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">W. Janes. Pp. 553-572, 4 plates, 3 figures in text. May 4, 1959.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">8. Natural history of the salamander, Aneides hardyi. By Richard F. Johnston</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">and Gerhard A. Schad. Pp. 573-585. October 8, 1959.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">9. A new subspecies of lizard, Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoacán, México.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">By William E. Duellman. Pp. 587-598, 2 figures in text. May 2, 1960.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5em;">10. A taxonomic study of the middle-American snake, Pituophis deppei. By</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">William E. Duellman. Pp. 599-610, 1 plate, 1 figure in text. May 2, 1960.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5em;">Index. Pp. 611-626.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Vol. 11. Nos. 1-10 and index. Pp. 1-703, 1958-1960.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Vol. 12. 1. Functional morphology of three bats: Sumops, Myotis, Macrotus. By Terry</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">A. Vaughan. Pp. 1-153, 4 plates, 24 figures in text. July 8, 1959.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5em;">*2. The ancestry of modern Amphibia: a review of the evidence. By Theodore</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">H. Eaton, Jr. Pp. 155-180, 10 figures in text. July 10, 1959.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">3. The baculum in microtine rodents. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 181-216, 49</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">figures in text. February 19, 1960.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5em;">*4. A new order of fishlike Amphibia from the Pennsylvanian of Kansas. By</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Theodore H. Eaton, Jr., and Peggy Lou Stewart. Pp. 217-240, 12 figures in</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">text. May 2, 1960.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">5. Natural history of the bell vireo. By Jon C. Barlow. Pp. 241-296, 6 figures</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">in text. March 7, 1962.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">6. Two new pelycosaurs from the lower Permian of Oklahoma. By Richard C.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Fox. Pp. 297-307, 6 figures in text. May 21, 1962.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">7. Vertebrates from the barrier island of Tamaulipas, México. By Robert K.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Selander, Richard F. Johnston, B. J. Wilks, and Gerald G. Raun. Pp. 309-345,</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">pls. 5-8. June 18, 1962.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">8. Teeth of Edestid sharks. By Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Pp. 347-362, 10 figures</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">in text. October 1, 1962.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">More numbers will appear in volume 12.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Vol. 13. 1. Five natural hybrid combinations in minnows (Cyprinidae). By Frank B.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Cross and W. L. Minckley. Pp. 1-18. June 1, 1960.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">2. A distributional study of the amphibians of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec,</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">México. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 19-72, pls. 1-8, 3 figures in text.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">August 16, 1960.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">3. A new subspecies of the slider turtle (Pseudemys scripta) from Coahuila,</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">México. By John M. Legler. Pp. 73-84, pls. 9-12, 3 figures in text. August</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">16, 1960.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">4. Autecology of the copperhead. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 85-288, pls. 13-20,</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">26 figures in text. November 30, 1960.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">5. Occurrence of the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, in the Great Plains and</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Rocky Mountains. By Henry S. Fitch and T. Paul Maslin. Pp. 289-308,</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">4 figures in text. February 10, 1961.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">6. Fishes of the Wakarusa river in Kansas. By James E. Deacon and Artie L.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Metcalf. Pp. 309-322, 1 figure in text. February 10, 1961.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">7. Geographic variation in the North American cyprinid fish, Hybopsis gracilis.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">By Leonard J. Olund and Frank B. Cross. Pp. 323-348, pls. 21-24, 2 figures</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">in text. February 10, 1961.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">8. Descriptions of two species of frogs, genus Ptychohyla; studies of American</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">hylid frogs, V. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 349-357, pl. 25, 2 figures</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">in text. April 27, 1961.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">9. Fish populations, following a drought, in the Neosho and Marais des Cygnes</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">rivers of Kansas. By James Everett Deacon. Pp. 359-427, pls. 26-30, 3 figs.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">August 11, 1961.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5em;">10. Recent soft-shelled turtles of North America (family Trionychidae). By</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Robert G. Webb. Pp. 429-611, pls. 31-54, 24 figures in text. February</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">16, 1962.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5em;">Index. Pp. 613-624.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Vol. 14. 1. Neotropical bats from western México. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 1-8.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 6.5em;">October 24, 1960.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">2. Geographic variation in the harvest mouse. Reithrodontomys megalotis, on</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">the central Great Plains and in adjacent regions. By J. Knox Jones, Jr.,</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">and B. Mursaloglu. Pp. 9-27, 1 figure in text. July 24, 1961.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">3. Mammals of Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado. By Sydney Anderson.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Pp. 29-67, pls. 1 and 2, 3 figures in text. July 24, 1961.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">4. A new subspecies of the black myotis (bat) from eastern Mexico. By E.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Raymond Hall and Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 69-72, 1 figure in text. December</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">29, 1961.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">5. North American yellow bats, "Dasypterus," and a list of the named kinds</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">of the genus Lasiurus Gray. By E. Raymond Hall and J. Knox Jones, Jr.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Pp. 73-98, 4 figures in text. December 29, 1961.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">6. Natural history of the brush mouse (Peromyscus boylii) in Kansas with</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">description of a new subspecies. By Charles A. Long. Pp. 99-111, 1 figure</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">in text. December 29, 1961.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">7. Taxonomic status of some mice of the Peromyscus boylii group in eastern</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Mexico, with description of a new subspecies. By Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 113-120,</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">1 figure in text. December 29, 1961.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">8. A new subspecies of ground squirrel (Spermophilus spilosoma) from Tamaulipas,</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Mexico. By Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 121-124. March 7, 1962.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">9. Taxonomic status of the free-tailed bat, Tadarida yucatanica Miller. By J.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Knox Jones, Jr., and Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 125-133, 1 figure in text. March 7,</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">1962.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5em;">10. A new doglike carnivore, genus Cynaretus, from the Clarendonian Pliocene,</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">of Texas. By E. Raymond Hall and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 135-138,</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">2 figures in text. April 30, 1962.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5em;">11. A new subspecies of wood rat (Neotoma) from northeastern Mexico. By</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 139-143. April 30, 1962.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5em;">12. Noteworthy mammals from Sinaloa, Mexico. By J. Knox Jones, Jr., Ticul</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Alvarez, and M. Raymond Lee. Pp. 145-159, 1 figure in text. May 18,</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">1962.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5em;">13. A new bat (Myotis) from Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 161-164,</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">1 figure in text. May 21, 1962.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5em;">14. The mammals of Veracruz. By E. Raymond Hall and Walter W. Dalquest.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Pp. 165-362, 2 figures. May 20, 1963.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5em;">15. The recent mammals of Tamaulipas, México. By Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 363-473,</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">5 figures in text. May 20, 1963.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">More numbers will appear in volume 14.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Vol. 15. 1. The amphibians and reptiles of Michoacán, México. By William E. Duellman.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Pp. 1-148, pls. 1-6, 11 figures in text. December 20, 1961.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">2. Some reptiles and amphibians from Korea. By Robert G. Webb, J. Knox</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Jones, Jr., and George W. Byers. Pp. 149-173. January 31, 1962.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">3. A new species of frog (Genus Tomodactylus) from western México. By</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Robert G. Webb, Pp. 175-181, 1 figure in text. March 7, 1962.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">4. Type specimens of amphibians and reptiles in the Museum of Natural History,</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">the University of Kansas. By William E. Duellman and Barbara Berg.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">Pp. 183-204. October 26, 1962.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">5. Amphibians and Reptiles of the Rainforests of Southern El Petén, Guatemala.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">By William E. Duellman. Pp. 205-249, pls. 7-10, 6 figures in text. October</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">4, 1963.</span><br /> + <br /> + <span style="margin-left: 7em;">More numbers will appear in volume 15.</span><br /> +</p> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Amphibians and Reptiles of the +Rainforests of Southern El Peten, Guatemala, by William E. 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