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diff --git a/38356.txt b/38356.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4dfec0f --- /dev/null +++ b/38356.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4110 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Speciation of the Wandering Shrew, by James S. Findley + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Speciation of the Wandering Shrew + +Author: James S. Findley + +Release Date: December 20, 2011 [EBook #38356] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SPECIATION OF THE WANDERING SHREW *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cosmas, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + ================================================================== + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS + MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + Volume 9, No. 1, pp. 1-68, figures 1-18 + -------------------- December 10, 1955 --------------------- + + + Speciation of the Wandering Shrew + + + BY + JAMES S. FINDLEY + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS + LAWRENCE + 1955 + + + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, + Robert W. Wilson + + Volume 9, No. 1, pp. 1-68, figures 1-18 + Published December 10, 1955 + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS + Lawrence, Kansas + + PRINTED BY + FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER + TOPEKA, KANSAS + 1955 + [Illustration: union label] + 25-7903 + + + + +Speciation of the Wandering Shrew + +BY + +JAMES S. FINDLEY + + + + +CONTENTS + + + PAGE + + INTRODUCTION 4 + + MATERIALS METHODS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 4 + + NON-GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION 7 + + CHARACTERS OF TAXONOMIC WORTH 8 + + PELAGE CHANGE 9 + + GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION 9 + Pacific Coastal Section 9 + Inland Montane Section 11 + Great Basin and Columbia Plateau Section 12 + Summary of Geographic Variation 13 + + ORIGIN OF THE _Sorex vagrans_ RASSENKREIS 16 + + RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER SPECIES 26 + + CONCLUSIONS 60 + + TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS 62 + + LITERATURE CITED 66 + + + + +FIGURES + + + FIGS. 1-2.--CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS 5 + + FIG. 3.--GRAPH ILLUSTRATING WEAR OF TEETH 8 + + FIG. 4.--GRAPH ILLUSTRATING HETEROGONIC GROWTH OF ROSTRUM 10 + + FIG. 5.--PRESENT GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF _Sorex vagrans_ 15 + + FIG. 6.--SKULLS OF _Sorex vagrans_ 17 + + FIGS. 7-10.--PAST GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF SHREWS 19-20-22-27 + + FIGS. 11, 12.--MEDIAL VIEW OF LOWER JAWS OF TWO SHREWS 30 + + FIGS. 13, 14.--SECOND UNICUSPID TEETH OF SHREWS 30 + + FIG. 15.--DIAGRAM OF PROBABLE PHYLOGENY OF SHREWS 32 + + FIGS. 16-18.--GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF SUBSPECIES 33-40-53 + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +The purpose of this report is to make clear the biological relationships +between the shrews of the _Sorex vagrans-obscurus_ "species group." This +group as defined by H. H. T. Jackson (1928:101) included the species +_Sorex vagrans_, _S. obscurus_, _S. pacificus_, _S. yaquinae_, and _S. +durangae_. The last mentioned species has been shown (Findley, 1955:617) +to belong to another species group. _Sorex milleri_, also assigned to +this group by Jackson (1947:131), seems to have its affinities with the +_cinereus_ group as will be explained beyond. The position of the +_vagrans_ group in relationship to other members of the genus will be +discussed. + +Of this group, the species that was named first was _Sorex vagrans_ +Baird, 1858. Subsequently many other names were based on members of +the group and these names were excellently organized by Jackson in his +1928 revision of the genus. Subsequent students of western mammals, +nevertheless, have been puzzled by such problems as the relationship of +(1) _Sorex vagrans monticola_ to _Sorex obscurus obscurus_ in the Rocky +Mountains, (2) _Sorex pacificus_, _S. yaquinae_, and _S. obscurus_ to +one another on the Pacific Coast, and (3) _S. o. obscurus_ to +_S. v. amoenus_ in California. Few studies have been made of these +relationships. Clothier (1950) studied _S. v. monticola_ and _S. o. +obscurus_ in western Montana and concluded that the two supposed kinds +actually were not separable in that area. Durrant (1952:33) was able to +separate the two kinds in Utah as was Hall (1946:119, 122) in Nevada. +Other mammalogists who worked within the range of the _vagrans-obscurus_ +groups have avoided the problems in one way or another. Recently Rudd +(1953) has examined the relationships of _S. vagrans_ to _S. ornatus_. + + + + +MATERIALS METHODS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS + + +Approximately 3,465 museum study skins and skulls were studied. Most +of these were assembled at the University of Kansas Museum of Natural +History, but some were examined in other institutions. + +Specimens were grouped by geographic origin, age, and sex. Studies of +the role of age and sex in variation were made. Because it was +discovered that secondary sexual variation was negligible, both males +and females, if of like age and pelage, were used in comparisons +designed to reveal geographic variation. + +External measurements used were total length, length of tail, and +length of hind foot. After studying a number of cranial dimensions I +chose those listed below as the most useful in showing differences in +size and proportions of the skull. Figures 1 and 2 show the points +between which those measurements were taken. + +_Condylobasal length._--From anteriormost projection of the +premaxillae to posteriormost projection of the occipital condyles +(a to a'). + +_Maxillary tooth-row._--From posteriormost extension of M3 to +anteriormost extension of first unicuspid (b to b'). + +_Palatal length._--From anteriormost projection of premaxillae to +posteriormost part of bony palate (c to c'). + +_Cranial breadth._--Greatest lateral diameter of braincase (d to d'). + +_Least interorbital breadth._--Distance between medialmost superior +edges of orbital fossae, measured between points immediately above and +behind posterior openings of infraorbital foramina (e to e'). + +_Maxillary breadth._--Distance between lateral tips of maxillary +processes (f to f'). + + [Illustration: FIGS. 1 AND 2. Showing where certain cranial + measurements were taken. x 3-1/2. (Based on _Sorex vagrans + obscurus_, from Stonehouse Creek, 5-1/2 mi., W junction of + Stonehouse Creek and Kelsall River, British Columbia, + [Female], 28545 KU.)] + +In descriptions of color, capitalized terms refer to those in Ridgway +(1912). In addition the numerical and alphabetical designations of +these terms are given since a knowledge of the arrangements of these +designations enables one quickly to evaluate differences between +stated colors. Color terms which are not capitalized do not refer to +any precise standard of color nomenclature. + +In the accounts of subspecies, descriptions, unless otherwise noted, +are of first year animals as herein defined. Descriptions of color are +based on fresh pelages. + +Unless otherwise indicated, specimens are in the University of Kansas +Museum of Natural History. Those in other collections are identified +by the following abbreviations: + + AMNH American Museum of Natural History + CM Carnegie Museum + ChM Chicago Museum of Natural History + CMNH Cleveland Museum of Natural History + FC Collection of James S. Findley + HC Collection of Robert Holdenreid + SGJ Collection of Stanley G. Jewett + CDS Collection of Charles D. Snow + AW Collection of Alex Walker + NMC National Museum of Canada + OSC Oregon State College + PMBC British Columbia Provincial Museum of Natural History + SD San Diego Natural History Museum + BS United States Biological Surveys Collection + USNM United States National Museum + UM University of Michigan Museum of Zoology + OU University of Oregon Museum of Natural History + UU University of Utah Museum of Zoology + WSC Washington State College, Charles R. Conner Museum + +In nature, the subspecies of _Sorex vagrans_ form a cline and are +distributed geographically in a chain which is bent back upon itself. +The subspecies in the following accounts are listed in order from the +southwestern end of the chain clockwise back to the zone of overlap. + +The synonymy of each subspecies includes the earliest available name +and other names in chronological order. These include the first usage +of the name combination employed by me and other name combinations +that have been applied to the subspecies concerned. + +In the lists of specimens examined, localities are arranged first by +state or province. These are listed in tiers from north to south and +in any given tier from west to east. Within a given state, localities +are grouped by counties, which are listed in the same geographic +sequence as were the states and provinces (N to S and W to E). Within +a given county, localities are arranged from north to south. If two or +more localities are at the same latitude the westernmost is listed +first. Marginal localities are listed in a separate paragraph at the +end of each account. The northernmost marginal locality is listed +first and the rest follow in clockwise order. Those records followed +by a citation to an authority are of specimens which I have not +personally examined. Marginal records are shown by dots on the range +maps. Marginal records which cannot be shown on the maps because of +undue crowding are listed in Italic type. + +To persons in charge of the collections listed above I am deeply +indebted. Without their generous cooperation in allowing me to examine +specimens in their care this study would not have been possible. +Appreciated suggestions in the course of the work have been received +from Professors Rollin H. Baker, A. Byron Leonard, R. C. Moore, Robert +W. Wilson, and H. B. Tordoff, and many of my fellow students. Mr. +Victor Hogg gave helpful suggestions on the preparation of the +illustrations. My wife, Muriel Findley, devoted many hours to +secretarial work and typing of manuscript. Finally I am grateful to +Professor E. Raymond Hall for guidance in the study and for assistance +in preparing the manuscript. During the course of the study I received +support from the University of Kansas Endowment Association, from the +Office of Naval Research, and from the National Science Foundation. + + + + +NON-GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION + + +Non-geographic variation, that is to say, variation within a single +population of shrews, consists of variation owing to age and normal +individual variation. In _Sorex_ I have detected no significant +secondary sexual differences between males and females; accordingly +the two sexes are here considered together. + +Variation with age must be considered in order to assemble comparable +samples of these shrews. Increased age results in wear on all teeth +and in particularly striking changes in the size and shape of the +first incisors. Skulls of older shrews develop sagittal and lambdoidal +ridges, and further differ from skulls of young animals in being +slightly broader and shorter, and in developing thicker bone, +particularly on the rostrum which thus seems to be, but is not always +in fact, more robust. Pruitt has recently (1954) noted these same +cranial differences in specimens of _Sorex cinereus_ of different +ages. + +Several students of American shrews, notably Pearson (1945) on +_Blarina_, Hamilton (1940) on _Sorex fumeus_, and Conaway (1952) on +_Sorex palustris_, have shown that young are born in spring and +summer, usually reach sexual maturity the following spring, and rarely +survive through, or even to, a second winter. The result is that +collections made, as most of them are, in spring and summer, contain +two age classes, first year and second year animals. These two age +classes are readily separable on the basis of differences in the skull +as well as on the decreased pubescence of the tail and the increased +weight of second year animals. My own examination of hundreds of +museum specimens confirms this for the _Sorex vagrans_ group. +Separation of the two age classes in an August-taken series of _Sorex +vagrans_ from coastal Washington is shown in figure 3, in which two +tooth-measurements that are dependent upon wear are plotted against +one another. + +First year animals are more abundant in collections than are second +year animals. Within the first year, that is to say from spring to +late fall, animals vary but little. Dental characters are best studied +in first year shews. For this reason I have used them as the basis for +the study of geographic variation, and descriptions are based on first +year animals unless otherwise noted. + + + + +CHARACTERS OF TAXONOMIC WORTH + + +Within the _Sorex vagrans_ complex, the only characters of taxonomic +significance that I have detected are in size and color. It is true +that cranial proportions, such as relative size of rostrum, may change +from population to population, but these proportions seem to me to be +dependent upon actual size of the individual shrew as I shall +elsewhere point out. Of the cranial measurements here employed, +palatal length and least interorbital breadth are the most significant +and useful. Color in the _S. vagrans_ group seems to be in Orange and +Cadmium Yellow, colors 15 and 17 of Ridgway (1912). No specimens +actually possess these pure colors, but most colors in these shrews +are seen to be derived from the two mentioned by admixture of black +and/or neutral gray. In color designations an increase in neutral gray +is indicated by an increased number of prime signs ('), whereas +increase in black is indicated by progressive characters of the Roman +alphabet (_i_, _k_, _m_). Thus, 17''_k_ is grayer than 17'_k_ and +17''_m_ is blacker than 17''_k_. In subspecific diagnoses in this +report, color and size, and sometimes relative size, are the +characters usually mentioned. + + [Illustration: FIG. 3. Two measurements (in millimeters) + reflecting tooth-wear plotted against one another. First year + and second year individuals of _Sorex vagrans vagrans_, all + taken in August at Willapa Bay, Washington, are completely + separated. Open circles represent teeth of second year shrews; + solid circles represent teeth of first year shrews.] + + + + +PELAGE CHANGE + + +In general, winter pelage is darker than summer pelage in these +shrews. Winter pelage comes in first on the rump and spreads caudad +and ventrad. The growth line of incoming hair is easily detected on +the fur side of the skin. Throughout the winter the color of the +pelage changes, often becoming somewhat browner, although no actual +molt takes place. This was noted by Dalquest (1944) who assumed that +the color change resulted from molt although he was unable to detect +actual replacement of hairs. Summer pelage usually comes in first on +the back or head and moves posteriorly and laterally. Time of molt +depends on latitude and altitude. Summer pelage may appear fairly late +in the season and may account for the anomalous midsummer molt noted +by Dalquest. Fresh pelages of summer and winter are best seen in first +year animals and are less variable than are worn pelages and hence are +used as the basis of color descriptions. + + + + +GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION + + +Pacific Coastal Section + +The largest shrews of the _vagrans_ group (large in all dimensions) +occur in the coastal forests of northern California and of Oregon. +Those shrews are reddish, large-skulled, large-toothed, and have +rostra that are large in proportion to the size of the skull as a +whole. The very largest of these shrews live along the coast of +northwestern California. To the southward they are somewhat smaller, +and at successively more northern localities, to as far as +southwestern British Columbia, they are likewise progressively smaller +and also somewhat less reddish. The relative size of the rostrum +decreases with the decrease in size of the skull; consequently smaller +shrews have relatively smaller rostra (see fig. 4). In addition the +zygomatic ridge of the squamosal decreases in relative size with +decrease in actual size of the skull. Thus, these features change in a +clinal fashion as one proceeds from, say, Humboldt County, California, +northward to Astoria, Oregon. + +Turning our attention now farther inland to the Cascade Mountains of +northern Oregon, the shrews there also are smaller and less reddish +(more brownish) than in northwestern California, and the trend to +smaller and darker shrews culminates in the northern Cascades of +Washington. Shrews from there, and from the southwestern coast of +British Columbia, compared with those from northwestern California, +are much smaller and have so great a suffusion of black that they +appear brown rather than red. At places along the coast successively +farther north of southwestern British Columbia the shrews become +larger again, the largest individuals being those from near Wrangell, +Alaska. From that place northwesterly along the coast of Alaska, size +decreases again. + + [Illustration: FIG. 4. Condylobasal length (in millimeters) + plotted against palatal index (palatal length/condylobasal + length x 100) in several subspecies of _Sorex vagrans_ to show + relative increase in size of rostrum with actual increase in + size of skull.] + +The shrews so far discussed inhabit forests in a region of high +rainfall and a minimum of seasonal fluctuation in temperature. Such a +habitat seems to be the optimum for shrews of the _vagrans_ group +since the largest individuals are found there. In addition, shrews +seem to be as common, or commoner, in this coastal belt, than they are +in other places. + +The large shrews of the _vagrans_ group on the Pacific coast were +divided into three species by H. H. T. Jackson in his revision of the +North American _Sorex_ in 1928. The large reddish shrews of the coast +of California and southern Oregon were called _S. pacificus_. The +somewhat smaller ones from the coast of central Oregon were called _S. +yaquinae_. Still smaller shrews from northwestern Oregon and from the +rest of the Pacific coast north into Alaska were called _S. obscurus_. +I find these kinds to intergrade continuously one with the next in the +manner described and conclude that all are of a single species. + + +Inland Montane Section + +Inland from the coasts of British Columbia and Alaska the size of the +_vagrans_ shrew decreases rapidly. Specimens from western Alaska, +central Alaska, and the interior of British Columbia are uniformly +smaller than coastal specimens. In addition the red of the hair is +masked more by neutral gray than by black with the result that the +pelage is grayish rather than brownish or reddish. Shrews of this +general appearance are found southward through the Rocky Mountain +chain to Colorado and New Mexico. On the more or less isolated +mountain ranges of Montana east of the continental divide the +_vagrans_ shrew is somewhat smaller still. On the Sacramento Mountains +of southeastern New Mexico the shrew is somewhat larger and slightly +darker. Southwestward from the Colorado Rockies this shrew becomes +smaller and slightly more reddish (less grayish). + +All of these montane populations of the _vagrans_ shrew are commonest +in hydrosere communities, that is to say, streamsides and marshy areas +where the predominant vegetation is grass, sedges, willows, and +alders. Since these animals are less common within the montane +forests, hydrosere communities, rather than the actual forest, seem to +be the positive feature important for the shrews. + +The shrews of the montane region just described were regarded by +Jackson as belonging to two species: _Sorex obscurus_, occupying all +the Rocky Mountains south to, and including, the Sacramento Mountains; +_S. vagrans_, made up of small individuals from various places in +Wyoming, Montana, and Colorado, and all the shrews of western New +Mexico and all of Arizona. My study of these animals has led me to +conclude that the smaller shrews of Arizona and New Mexico intergrade +in a clinal fashion with the shrews of Colorado and in fact represent +but one species. Since some individuals from Colorado are as small as +larger individuals from this southwestern population of small animals, +I conclude that such specimens are the basis for reports of _S. +vagrans_ from Colorado. The shrews of the Sacramento Mountains +resemble those of the Colorado Rockies more than they do the smaller +shrews of western New Mexico and Arizona, possibly because the climate +is similar in the Sacramento Mountains and the higher Colorado +Rockies. There is less precipitation in the more western mountain +ranges in New Mexico and in Arizona in April, May, and June than in +the Colorado Rockies. These months are critical for the reproduction +and growth of shrews. + +As mentioned above, the shrews from east of the continental divide in +Montana are smaller than those of the other mountains of the state, +and it is upon such small animals that the name _Sorex vagrans_ has +been based in this area. It is clear, however, that these smaller +animals intergrade with the larger shrews of the more western +mountains. The small size might be an adaptation to the lesser +precipitation and harsher continental climate east of the continental +divide in Montana. + + +Great Basin and Columbia Plateau Section + +The vagrant shrews of the Great Basin and adjoining Columbia Plateau +and Snake River Plains are smaller than their relatives in the Rocky +Mountains and, by virtue of less gray in their pelage, are reddish in +summer and blackish rather than grayish in winter. There is little +significant geographic variation in shrews throughout this region, +although owing to their restriction to the vicinity of water, the +populations of shrews are more or less isolated from one another and +each is somewhat different from the next. Those from nearest the +Rockies are sometimes slightly larger and those from some places in +Nevada are slightly paler than the average. This small reddish shrew +is found all the way to the Pacific coast of California, Oregon, and +Washington. In these coastal areas it is somewhat darker and sometimes +a trifle larger than elsewhere. It intergrades with a somewhat larger, +grayer shrew in the Sierra Nevada of California. Along the Wasatch +front in Utah, this Great Basin shrew intergrades with the larger, +grayer shrew of the Rockies. Owing to the abrupt change in elevation, +the zone of intergradation is rather narrow horizontally. In the +latitude of Salt Lake City, populations of intergrades occur at +between 8,700 and 9,000 feet elevation. The lowland shrew occurs in +the eastern part of the Snake River Plains, and along the valleys of +the Bear and Salt rivers into Wyoming. Along the northern edge of the +Snake River Plains and on the western edge of the mountains of central +Idaho the transition from lowland to montane habitats is abrupt and in +consequence the zone of contact between small and large shrews is +narrow. In northern Idaho and northwestern Montana the transition from +lowland to highland is more gradual. Tributaries of the Columbia River +system, especially the Clark Fork, provide a path for movement of +lowland forms into intermontane basins of western Montana. In +addition, the vegetational zones are found at lower elevations, and +there are boreal forests in the lowlands rather than only in the +mountains as is the case in Utah and Colorado. In this area, +therefore, the zone of intergradation between the smaller lowland +shrew and the larger montane shrew is more gradual and gradually +intergrading populations are found over a relatively large area. This +has been well demonstrated for northwestern Montana by Clothier +(1950). In southern British Columbia and northern Washington this +shrew in the mountains is large and in the intermontane valleys is +small. There is extensive interdigitation of valleys and mountain +ranges, and, consequently, of life-zones in this region. In a few +places, recognizably distinct populations of the vagrant shrew occur +within a few miles of one another, but in other places there are +populations of intergrades. West of the Cascades no evidence of +intergradation has been found and the two kinds occur almost side by +side and maintain their distinctness. + +These Great Basin shrews dwell in hydrosere communities as do their +Rocky Mountain counterparts. In this arid region such a habitat +obviously is the only one habitable for a shrew of the _vagrans_ +group. These shrews often maintain their predilection for such +habitats when they reach the Pacific coast, and are commonly found in +such places as coastal marshes, marshy meadows, and streamsides, while +the woodlands are inhabited by other species. + +These small shrews of the Great Basin and the small vagrant shrews of +the Pacific Coast were called _Sorex vagrans_ by Jackson. + + +Summary of Geographic Variation + +Large reddish shrews of the coast of California and southwestern +Oregon become smaller and darker to the north. From southwestern +British Columbia they again become larger as one proceeds northward +along the coast to Wrangell, Alaska, and north of that they again +become smaller. Moving inland from the coast the shrews become +markedly smaller in Alaska and British Columbia. The smaller inland +and montane form occurs south through the Rocky Mountains, becoming +slightly smaller in central Montana, slightly larger in southeastern +New Mexico, and slightly smaller in western New Mexico and in Arizona. +This montane form intergrades with a smaller more reddish Great Basin +shrew, the zone of intergradation roughly following the western slope +of the Rocky Mountains. The Great Basin shrew occurs westward to the +Pacific Coast; there the Great Basin shrew occurs with, although in +part it is ecologically separated from, the large reddish coastal +shrews. + +There seems to be an intergrading chain of subspecies of one species, +the end members of which (the small Great Basin form and the large +coastal form) are so different in size and ecological niche that they +are able to coexist without interbreeding. In southern British +Columbia the morphological differences are not so marked as farther +south along the Pacific Coast. There, in British Columbia, +reproductive isolation is not complete and occasional populations of +intergrades occur. In Montana extensive intergradation occurs in a +broad zone of transitional habitat. Along the western edge of the +Rockies from Idaho south to Utah the zone of transition from montane +to basin habitat is sharp and the zone of intergradation, although +present, is fairly narrow, perhaps because there is little +intermediate habitat which logically might be expected to be most +suitable for intergrading populations. + +The oldest name applied to a shrew of the group under consideration is +_Sorex vagrans_ Baird, 1858, the type locality of which is Willapa +Bay, Pacific County, Washington. The name applies to the small vagrant +shrew of this area, rather than to the larger forest dweller which has +been known as _Sorex obscurus_. The name _S. vagrans_, in the specific +sense, must therefore apply to all the shrews discussed which have +heretofore been known by the names _S. pacificus_, _S. yaquinae_, _S. +obscurus_, and _S. vagrans_. + +A situation such as the one here described where well differentiated +end members of a chain of subspecies overlap over an extensive +geographic range throughout the year without interbreeding--thus +reacting toward one another as do full species--so far as I know has +not previously been found to exist in mammals. The overlapping +end-members of the chain of subspecies of _Sorex vagrans_ really do +coexist; specimens of the overlapping subspecies have been taken +together at the same localities from California to British Columbia. +I have taken a specimen of _S. v. vagrans_ and several of _S. v. +setosus_ in the same woodlot at Fort Lewis, Pierce County, Washington. +Two subspecies of deer, _Odocoileus hemionus_, in the Sierra Nevada of +California, occur together over a sizeable area but for only a part of +each year that does not include the breeding season (Cowan, +1936:156-157). In the deer mouse, _Peromyscus maniculatus_, the +geographic ranges of several pairs of subspecies meet at certain +places without intergradation of the two kinds. In these instances +well marked ecological differences exist between the subspecies +involved. In western Washington, for example, the geographic range of +the lowland subspecies, _P. m. austerus_, interdigitates to the +east and west with the range of the montane and coniferous +forest-inhabiting subspecies, _P. m. oreas_, and the two kinds have +not been shown to intergrade. _Peromyscus maniculatus artemesiae_ and +_P. m. osgoodi_ come together without interbreeding in Glacier +National Park, Montana. _P. m. artemesiae_ is almost entirely a +forest-dwelling subspecies, whereas _osgoodi_ is an inhabitant of open +country. The two kinds do not actually occur together ecologically +although they occur together in buildings at the edge of the woods +(A. Murie, 1933:4-5). + + [Illustration: FIG. 5. Probable present geographic distribution + of _Sorex vagrans_. The range of _S. v. vagrans_ and its + derivatives _S. v. vancouverensis_, _S. v. halicoetes_, and + _S. v. paludivagus_, is shown by lines slanting in a different + direction than those which mark the range of all the other + subspecies of _S. vagrans_. The region in which _S. v. vagrans_ + occurs together with other subspecies of _S. vagrans_ is shown + by the superposition of one pattern upon the other.] + +Cases of sympatric existence of two subspecies of one species are +known in birds and in reptiles. Notable examples are in the gull, +_Larus argentatus_ (Mayr, 1940), in the Old World warbler, +_Phylloscopus trochiloides_ (Ticehurst, 1938), and in the great +titmouse, _Parus major_ (Rensch, 1933), of the Old World. In the first +species the two end-members, the herring gull and the lesser +black-backed gull, occur together over an extensive region from +northern Europe and the British Isles throughout Fennoscandia. Fitch +(1940) described a rassenkreis with overlapping subspecies in the +garter snake _Thamnophis ordinoides_. + +The geographic distribution of the species _Sorex vagrans_ is shown in +figure 5. The geographic range of the Great Basin subspecies is shown +by a different pattern of lines than the other subspecies of _S. +vagrans_. In the region in which the geographic range of the Great +Basin subspecies overlaps those of the subspecies of the Pacific +Coast, the pattern of shading for the Great Basin subspecies is +superimposed on the patterns for the other subspecies. + + + + +ORIGIN OF THE _SOREX VAGRANS_ RASSENKREIS + + +The distribution of the species _Sorex vagrans_ and that of its +immediate ancestors obviously has not always been the same; during +glacial ages much of the present range of the species in Canada and in +some of the higher mountains of the United States was covered with ice +and not available to the shrew. Furthermore, large areas that are now +too hot and dry to permit the existence of_ S. vagrans_ were at one +time habitable. If we are to speculate on the manner in which the +_Sorex vagrans_ rassenkreis originated we must inquire into the nature +and extent of these climatic changes. + +The most recent epoch of geological time, the Pleistocene, is known to +have been divided into a series of alternating glacial and +interglacial ages. During the glacial ages continental and montane +glaciers are judged to have covered much of Canada and the northern +United States. Concurrently the major storm tracks of the west +probably were shifted southward; in any event much of the now arid +intermontane west was much better watered than it is today. + +The increased precipitation, and probably glacial meltwater, formed +large lakes in the closed basins of the Great Basin. There were boreal +forests at lower elevations than there are today in comparable +latitudes and continuous boreal habitat probably connected many of the +isolated mountain ranges of the southwest. That probability is +supported by the presence of boreal animals and plants on many of +these isolated ranges today. A boreal tree squirrel, such as +_Tamiasciurus_, could hardly be suspected of crossing a treeless, +intermontane desert valley, miles wide. + + [Illustration: FIGS. 6_a_-6_f_. Fig. 6_a_. _Sorex vagrans + pacificus_, 1 mi. N Trinidad, Humboldt Co., California, + FC 1442. Fig. 6_b_. _S. v. yaquinae_, Newport, Lincoln Co., + Oregon, AW 707. Fig. 6_c_. _S. v. yaquinae_ (near _bairdi_), + McKenzie Bridge, Lane Co., Oregon, AW 82. Fig. 6_d_. _S. v. + setosus_, Reflection Lake, Jefferson Co., Washington, CMNH + 4275. Fig. 6_e_. _S. v. obscurus_, 10 mi. SSW Leadore, Lemhi + Co., Idaho, FC 1499. Fig. 6_f_. _S. v. vagrans_, Baker Creek, + White Pine Co., Nevada, 88042 (after Hall, 1946:113).] + +Interglacial ages were characterized by warmth and aridity as compared +to the glacial ages. Glaciers retreated or disappeared, boreal forests +became montane in much of the United States, and the lakes in the +Great Basin were reduced or disappeared. One can envision that during +such times boreal mammals were isolated, their geographic ranges were +restricted, and Sonoran mammals expanded their ranges. + +Evidence is more extensive concerning the number and extent of glacial +ages in the eastern than in the western part of North America. This +evidence suggests a division of the Pleistocene into four glacial ages +and four interglacial ages, the fourth interglacial age corresponding +to the present time. More information is available about the +Wisconsinan, or last, glacial age, than about the earlier ones, +because the last glaciation in many montane areas destroyed evidence +of earlier glaciations. The names of currently recognized glacial and +interglacial ages of the Pleistocene are listed below. The names of +interglacial ages are in Italic type. + + Wisconsinan + _Sangamonian_ + Illinoian + _Yarmouthian_ + Kansan + _Aftonian_ + Nebraskan + +We may think of these ages as an alternating series of cool moist and +warm dry periods during which boreal mammals, and other organisms, +alternately moved southward (disappearing in the glaciated regions) +and northward into previously glaciated areas (while disappearing from +southern areas except on isolated mountain ranges). _Sorex vagrans_ +probably followed this pattern of movement and now is restricted to +forested or well-watered places. + +One possible series of events culminating in the formation of the +_Sorex vagrans_ rassenkreis may be thought of as having begun during +the Illinoian age. With much of Canada, and perhaps also many areas in +the Rockies, Cascades, and the Sierra Nevada covered with glacial ice, +the shrew-stock ancestral to _Sorex vagrans_ may well have occupied a +more or less continuous range over the Colorado Plateau, the Columbian +Plateau, the Great Basin, and in the forests of the Pacific Coast (as +well as over part of eastern United States, as will be explained +beyond; see fig. 7). At that time the species probably was a +continuously interbreeding unit. + + [Illustration: FIG. 7. Possible distribution in Illinoian + (inset) and Sangamonian times of the ancestor of the _Sorex + vagrans-ornatus-longirostris-veraepacis_ complex. Approximate + southern boundary of Illinoian glaciation marked by heavy + line.] + +In the ensuing Sangamonian interglacial age all glaciers retreated or +disappeared thereby opening up extensive areas in the north and in the +higher mountains which were occupied by a boreal fauna, including _S. +vagrans_. Concurrently the Great Basin, and probably also much of the +Columbian Plateau, became dry, and desert conditions developed, +perhaps much as they are today. Increasing aridity eliminated shrew +habitat in most places between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra +Nevada-Cascade mountain chain with the result that the geographic +range of the species resembled an inverted "U", one arm lying along +the Rocky Mountains and the other along the Cascade-Sierra Nevada +axis; the connection between the two arms was in British Columbia (see +fig. 7). At present _Sorex vagrans_ does occur in isolated places in +the Great Basin, but its existence there is tenuous and seemingly +dependent upon the occurrence of permanent water such as Ruby Lake and +Reese River. With such an arrangement as this it can readily be seen +that gene flow between the eastern and western arms of the "U" would +be greatly reduced by distance; consequently differentiation between +the two might be expected. + + [Illustration: FIG. 8. Possible distribution of _Sorex vagrans_ + at two different times in the Wisconsinan Age. Left, early + Wisconsinan; right, mid-Wisconsinan.] + +Wisconsinan glaciation again rendered Canada uninhabitable, and it is +quite possible that extensive areas in the Rocky Mountains, the +Cascades and the Sierra Nevada were heavily glaciated. With the +elimination of the northern part of the "U", the eastern and western +arms became isolated, if not by the width of the Columbian Plateau at +least by the glaciated Cascade Mountains. At the same time extensive +areas on the Colorado Plateau and much of the area south to the +Mexican highlands were again occupied by the species. Finally the +Great Basin, again being well-watered, provided suitable habitat for, +and was reoccupied by, _Sorex vagrans_ (see fig. 8). This reoccupation +of the Great Basin took place probably from the Colorado Plateau and +mountains of Arizona and Utah, since the present day shrews of the +species _S. vagrans_ in the Great Basin closely resemble Rocky +Mountain shrews but differ markedly from the large endemic subspecies +of the Pacific Coast. + +Finally, with the waning of Wisconsinan ice, the species again was +able to occupy northern and montane areas as it had during Sangamonian +times. Again dessication of the Great Basin caused drastic restriction +of shrew habitat. The small, marsh-dwelling kind of wandering shrew +which had developed there around the lakes of Wisconsinan time +occupied suitable habitat all the way to the Pacific coast where its +range came into contact with that of the western arm of the +Sangamonian "U."-pattern of shrew distribution (see fig. 9). The +animals of this western segment and the new arrivals from the east +were by this time so different from one another that the two kinds +lived in the same areas without interbreeding. The descendants of the +original western arm now are known as _Sorex vagrans sonomae_, _S. v. +pacificus_, _S. v. yaquinae_, and _S. v. bairdi_. The newcomers from +the east are known as _S. v. vagrans_, _S. v. halicoetes_, _S. v. +paludivagus_ and _S. v. vancouverensis_. + +In addition to occupying the Pacific Coast from San Francisco Bay +north to the Fraser Delta, the Great Basin subspecies populated the +Columbia Plateau and the western foothills of the central and northern +Rockies. By so doing that subspecies came into secondary contact with +its own parent stock with which it was still in reproductive +continuity in Utah. In some places in British Columbia differentiation +between the two kinds had proceeded to such an extent that some +reproductive isolation was effected, but in many other places the two +interbred. The Rocky Mountain form spread north and west and occupied +the Cascades and coastal lowlands in southwestern British Columbia and +in Washington. Here the differentiation between the Rocky Mountain +subspecies and the Great Basin subspecies was great enough to cause +complete reproductive isolation. + + [Illustration: FIG. 9. Probable changes in the distribution of + _Sorex vagrans_ concurrent with and following the dissipation + of Wisconsinan ice. Dark arrows in Washington, Idaho, Oregon, + and California, shows_ S. v. vagrans_.] + +Deglaciation of the Sierra Nevada opened it up for reoccupation from +the east by _Sorex vagrans_ of the Great Basin. In response to the +montane environment the subspecies _obscuroides_, resembling the +subspecies _obscurus_ of the Rockies, developed. + +Desiccation of the intermontane parts of New Mexico, Arizona, and +Chihuahua, left "marooned" populations of _Sorex vagrans_ on suitable +mountain ranges. In this way _Sorex vagrans orizabae_ may have been +isolated in southern Mexico. The isolated populations of Arizona and +New Mexico differentiated _in situ_ into the subspecies _monticola_ +and _neomexicanus_. + +Western Canada and Alaska were populated by shrews which originated in +the habitable parts of the Rocky Mountains and Colorado Plateau during +Wisconsinan time (as opposed to shrews originating, as subspecies, in +the Great Basin or on the Pacific Coast). These shrews differentiated +into the currently recognized subspecies of the west coast and coastal +islands of British Columbia and Alaska in response to the different +environments in these places, many of which were isolated; the +subspecies _isolatus_, _mixtus_, _setosus_, _longicauda_, _elassodon_, +_prevostensis_, _malitiosus_, and _alaskensis_ are thought to have +originated in this fashion after the areas now occupied by them were +freed of Wisconsinan ice. + +This group of shrews from the Rocky Mountains probably came into +contact with the Pacific coastal segment of the species somewhere in +northwestern Oregon. The clinal decrease in size from _S. v. +pacificus_ to _S. v. setosus_ seems steepest in this area. Upon the +establishment of this contact reproductive continuity was resumed, +probably because the temporal separation of the two stocks involved +was not so great as, say, that between _S. v. vagrans_ and _S. v. +pacificus_, and in addition the morphological differentiation was not +so great. + +On the eastern side of the Rockies the montane stock moved +northeastward, occupying suitable territory opened up by the +dissolution of the Laurentide ice sheet. Still later changes in the +character of the northern plains owing to desiccation divided the +range of the species and isolated _S. v. soperi_ in Manitoba and +central Saskatchewan and a population of _S. v. obscurus_, in the +Cypress Hills. A number of semi-isolated stocks in central Montana +became differentiated as a recognizable subspecies there. + +A number of other boreal mammals have geographic ranges which resemble +that of _Sorex vagrans_, except that the geographic ranges of +subspecies do not overlap. Because of the general similarities of +these geographic ranges, it is pertinent to examine the reasons +suggested by students to account for the present geographic +distributions of some of these other boreal species. + +The red squirrel genus, _Tamiasciurus_, has a Rocky Mountain (and +northern coniferous forest) species, _T. hudsonicus_, that occurs all +along the Rocky Mountain chain and northward into Alaska. In the +Cascade Mountains of Washington and British Columbia this species +meets the range of a well marked western species, _T. douglasii_, with +no evidence of intergradation. Dalquest (1948:86) attributes the +divergence of the two species to separation in a glacial age but feels +that the degree of difference between the two is too great to have all +taken place during the Wisconsinan. Perhaps he has overemphasized the +importance of the differences between the two, but, be that as it may, +it seems that the two kinds differentiated during a glacial age when +they were isolated, perhaps by ice on the Cascades into a coastal +population and an inland population. One difference between the +distribution of the red squirrels and vagrant shrew is that the +squirrel of the Sierra Nevada is the species of the Pacific Coast, +whereas the vagrant shrew of the Sierra Nevada was derived from the +Great Basin population, which in turn was derived from the Rocky +Mountain kind. Red squirrels do not occur on any of the boreal montane +"islands" of Nevada. During the pluvial periods when hydrosere-loving +shrews populated the Great Basin, that region may have been a treeless +grassland. Vagrant shrews, then as now, probably depended on hydrosere +communities, while red squirrels required trees. Therefore the shrews +were able to traverse the Great Basin, while the Sierran red squirrels +were of necessity derived from the coastal population. + +The ecological requirements of jumping mice, genus _Zapus_, and the +subspecies of _Sorex vagrans_ that dwell in hydroseres are essentially +similar. The species _Zapus princeps_ lives in the Rocky Mountains, +the Great Basin, the Sierra Nevada, and north to Yukon (Krutzsch, +1954:395). Its geographic range is similar to that of the montane and +basin segments of _S. vagrans_. The species _Z. trinotatus_ occurs +along the Pacific coast and in the Cascades north to southwestern +British Columbia. Its distribution thus coincides in general with that +of the large red coastal subspecies of _S. vagrans_. Krutzsch +(1954:368-369) thought that these two kinds of jumping mice were first +separated by the formation of the Cascade Mountains and the Sierra +Nevada and finally by Pleistocene glaciation. The Sierran jumping +mouse (_Zapus princeps_), as is the Sierran vagrant shrew, is more +closely related to the jumping mouse of the Great Basin and of the +Rocky Mountains than it is to the jumping mouse (_Z. trinotatus_) of +the Pacific Coast, just as the Sierran vagrant shrew is related to the +shrew of the Great Basin and Rocky Mountains. The jumping mouse also +is limited in its distribution by hydrosere communities, not by +forests. + +In western North America there are two species of water or marsh +shrews: _Sorex palustris_ and _S. bendiri_. They have been placed in +separate subgenera, but, as pointed out beyond, are closely related +and here are placed in the same subgenus. The species _palustris_ is +found throughout the Rocky Mountains, north into Alaska, across the +Great Basin into the Sierra Nevada, and west to the Pacific coast in +Washington. The species _bendiri_ is found from northwestern +California north along the Pacific coast to southwestern British +Columbia and east to the Cascades. Where the ranges of the two species +overlap in western Washington they do not interbreed so far as is +known, and are somewhat different in their ecology, _bendiri_ being a +lowland, and _palustris_ being a montane, species. The two species +probably were separated in a glacial period as seems to have been the +case with the wandering shrews. Also, the water shrew of the Sierra +Nevada is derived from that of the Great Basin and Rocky Mountains. +_Sorex palustris_ is tied closely in its distribution to hydrosere +communities and is not dependent upon the presence of forests. + +Red-backed mice, genus _Clethrionomys_, occur throughout the Rocky +Mountains and west to the Cascades in Washington as the species _C. +gapperi_. The species _C. californicus_ is found along the Pacific +Coast from California north to the Olympic Peninsula. Where the ranges +of the two species meet in Washington they seem not to intergrade. In +some glacial interval these two species may have evolved in the same +manner as has been described for the species of _Zapus_ and those of +_Tamiasciurus_. No _Clethrionomys_ are found in the Sierra Nevada, nor +are red-backed mice found in the boreal islands of the Great Basin. It +is not known why _Clethrionomys californicus_ does not occur in the +Sierra Nevada. Some boreal birds have distributional patterns similar +to those of the mammalian examples cited above. One kind of sapsucker, +_Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis_, occurs in the Rocky Mountains north +into British Columbia and west to the Cascades and Sierra Nevada. A +related kind, _S. varius ruber_, occurs along the Pacific Coast from +California north into British Columbia. Recently Howell (1952) has +shown that some intergradation takes place between _ruber_ and +_nuchalis_ in Washington and British Columbia, although they do not +intergrade freely. Previously the two kinds were thought not to +intergrade and were regarded as two species. The two kinds intergrade +also in northeastern California, although in that state _S. v. +daggeti_, rather than _S. v. ruber_, is involved in the +intergradation. Howell considered the two kinds to be conspecific with +one another as well as with the eastern _S. varius_. He attributed a +measure of the distinctness of _nuchalis_ and _ruber_ to their +separation during a glacial period, but felt that the separation was +much older than Wisconsinan. Whatever the time of separation, the +pattern seems clear: _nuchalis_ and _ruber_ (as well as _varius_) were +separated into montane, coastal, and eastern segments respectively, +probably by glaciation (it seems to me in the Pleistocene), and have +since re-established contact with one another. + +The grouse genus _Dendrogapus_ is divided into a Great Basin species, +_D. obscurus_, which extends northward into British Columbia, and a +Rocky Mountain species, _D. fuliginosus_, that is found in the Sierra +Nevada and northward along the coast and Cascades into British +Columbia. Although the two kinds have at times been considered +conspecific, they differ in voice, hooting mechanism, and characters +of the downy young, and so far no actual intergradation between the +two has been shown (Grinnell and Miller, 1944:113). These grouse thus +seem to offer additional evidence for a Pleistocene, possibly +Wisconsinan, separation of the boreal fauna into a Rocky Mountain and +a Pacific coastal segment. + +A notable sidelight on these data is the frequency with which species +in the Sierra Nevada have their closest relatives in the Rocky +Mountains, rather than in the geographically nearer Cascades or +coastal areas. This similarity in fauna of the Sierra Nevada and the +Rockies was noted long ago by Merriam (1899:86). + + + + +RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER SPECIES + + +During the Sangamonian interval, isolated segments of the once +widespread ancestral _Sorex vagrans_ quite possibly persisted in such +places as the Sierra Nevada, coastal southern California, the +mountains of Arizona, New Mexico, and southern Mexico, and in the +Black Hills (see fig. 6). One might expect that by Wisconsinan time +these populations would have become reproductively isolated from their +parent stock. They would therefore have remained specifically distinct +when Wisconsinan _Sorex vagrans_, reoccupied these outlying areas, and +may still be found isolated in places peripheral to the range of the +ancestral species. + + [Illustration: FIG. 10. Probable distribution of + _S. veraepacis_, _S. longirostris_, and the _S. ornatus_ group + (stipple) and of their Wisconsinan ancestors (lines). Heavy + line indicates limits of Wisconsinan glaciation.] + +In fact, we do find species closely related to _Sorex vagrans_ in just +such places today (fig. 10). Probably _Sorex ornatus_, including +members of the _ornatus_ group such as _S. trigonirostris_, _S. +sinuosus_, _S. willeti_, _S. tenellus_, and _S. nanus_, and also _S. +veraepacis_, arose by separation from the ancestral _vagrans_ stock in +Sangamonian time. Probably the eastern _S. longirostris_ arose in a +like manner. The ancestor of _S. ornatus_ may have been isolated in +southwestern California during Sangamonian time, spread north and +south during the Wisconsinan age, and afterward given rise to _S. +trigonirostris_ and the modern _S. ornatus_ complex of California and +Baja California. In at least one place reproductive isolation between +_ornatus_ and the invading _S. vagrans_ has broken down (Rudd, 1953); +the place is a salt marsh along San Pablo Bay, where a hybrid +population between _S. vagrans_ and _S. sinuosus_, an _ornatus_ +derivative, has formed. _Sorex tenellus_ may have been isolated in the +Sierra Nevada in the Sangamonian interval, moved into the valleys +east of the mountains during the Wisconsinan age, and become +restricted to its present range since the retreat of the last ice. +_Sorex nanus_ may have occurred in the Black Hills and isolated +mountains of Arizona and New Mexico during the Sangamonian interval +and remained in these general areas during the Wisconsinan age. Its +present range is peripheral to the main body of the Rockies and the +Colorado Plateau. + +The eastern species _Sorex longirostris_ has many similarities with +shrews of the _ornatus-vagrans_ stock. _S. l. longirostris_ is close +in many ways to _S. nanus_. Indeed, the differences between the +species _S. nanus_, _S. ornatus_, and _S. longirostris_ seem to me to +be of the same magnitude and indicate a similar period of +differentiation from a common ancestor. The ancestor of _S. +longirostris_ may have gained access to the eastern United States in +the Illinoian Age _via_ the northern Great Plains south of the glacial +boundary (fig. 7). The ancestor of _Sorex veraepacis_ of southern +Mexico probably reached that area in Illinoian time as part of the +ancestral _vagrans_ stock and probably attained its differentiation +during the Sangamonian interval. + +All the kinds of shrews so far discussed, including the _S. vagrans_ +complex, might thus be thought of as having had a common ancestor in +the Illinoian Age. This entire group of shrews has the third unicuspid +smaller than the fourth, a pigmented ridge from the apex to the +cingulum of each upper unicuspid, and, in most individuals, lacks a +post-mandibular foramen in the lower jaw (Findley, 1953:636-637). The +pigment is not always prominent in _S. longirostris_. + +Two other species of North American shrews,_ Sorex palustris_, the +water shrew, and _Sorex bendiri_, the marsh shrew, show these three +characters to a greater or lesser degree, and it seems that these two +species and the _vagrans-ornatus-veraepacis_ group had a common +ancestor, probably before Illinoian time for reasons stated beyond. I +judge, however, that far from being subgenerically distinct as they +have been considered to be, _S. palustris_ and _S. bendiri_ are +actually closely related species of the same subgenus and may have +differentiated from one another because of separation into eastern +(_palustris_) and western (_bendiri_) segments in the Sangamonian +interval, much as has been postulated concerning the eastern and +western stocks of _Sorex vagrans_. Indeed, Jackson (1928:192) has +noted that in the Pacific northwest the characters of the two kinds +approach one another and become differences of degree only. + +The widespread species _Sorex cinereus_ resembles all the foregoing +species in the ridges on the unicuspid teeth and in the lack of a +post-mandibular foramen, but differs from those other species in +having the third upper unicuspid larger than the fourth. The +subspecies _S. cinereus ohionensis_, however, often has the sizes of +these teeth reversed. With _S. cinereus_ I include _S. preblei_ +(eastern Oregon) and _S. lyelli_ (Sierra Nevada), both obviously +closely related to _cinereus_ as Jackson (1928:37) recognized when he +included them in the _cinereus_ group. _Sorex milleri_ (Coahuila and +central western Nuevo Leon) seems to me to resemble _S. cinereus_ more +than it does other species of North American _Sorex_, and I judge that +it also belongs to the _cinereus_ group. _Sorex cinereus_ and its +close relatives seem more closely related to the species which have +thus far been discussed than they do to such other North American +species as _S. arcticus_, _S. fumeus_, _S. trowbridgii_, _S. merriami_, +and the members of the _S. saussurei_ group; most of these five +species last mentioned possess a post-mandibular foramen, lack +pigmented unicuspid ridges, and have the third unicuspid larger than +the fourth. Because of the morphological resemblances mentioned +above, it seems likely to me that _S. cinereus_ and the +_vagrans-ornatus-veraepacis-palustris_ complex had a common ancestor +in early Pleistocene time. _Sorex cinereus_ has recently been +considered to be conspecific with the Old World_ S. caecutiens_ +Laxmann (Van den Brink, 1953) which name, being the older, would apply +to the circumpolar species. + +Hibbard (1944:719) recovered _S. cinereus_ and a species of _Neosorex_ +(a name formerly applied to the water shrew) from the Pleistocene +(late Kansan) Cudahy Fauna. This indicates that the ancestors of the +modern _S. cinereus_ and of the water shrew had diverged from one +another before that time. Brown (1908:172) recorded _S. cinereus_ and +_S. obscurus_ from the Conard Fissure in Arkansas. These materials +were deposited probably at a later time than was the Cudahy Fauna. The +_S. obscurus_ from Conard Fissure probably represents the ancestral +_S. vagrans_ stock which I think reached eastern United States in +Illinoian time and gave rise to _S. longirostris_. The Conard Fissure +material was deposited at a time (Illinoian?) when northern faunas +extended farther south than they do today. + +All of the species mentioned as having structural characters in common +with _S. vagrans_ seem to have arisen from a common ancestor which had +already differentiated from the ancestor of such species as _S. +arcticus_, _S. saussurei_, and others. Consequently all are here +included in a single subgenus. The oldest generic name applied to a +shrew of this group, other than the name _Sorex_, is _Otisorex_ DeKay, +1842, type species _Otisorex platyrhinus_ DeKay, a synonym of _Sorex +cinereus_. The subgenus can be characterized as follows. + + +Subgenus =Otisorex= DeKay + +1842. _Otisorex_ DeKay, Zoology of New York, pt. 1, Mammalia, p. 22, +and pl. 5, fig. 1. Type, _Otisorex platyrhinus_ DeKay (= _Sorex +cinereus_ Kerr). + +Third unicuspid usually smaller than fourth; upper unicuspids usually +with pigmented ridge extending from apices medially to cingula, +uninterrupted by antero-posterior groove; post-mandibular foramen +usually absent. Includes the species _S. cinereus, S. longirostris, S. +vagrans, S. ornatus, S. tenellus, S. trigonirostris, S. nanus, S. +juncensis, S. willeti, S. sinuosus, S. veraepacis, S. palustris, S. +bendiri, S. alaskanus_, and _S. pribilofensis_. + + [Illustration: FIGS. 11-14. Characters of the subgenera _Sorex_ + and _Otisorex_. + + FIG. 11. Medial view of right ramus of _Sorex (Otisorex) + vagrans_. x 14. + + FIG. 12. Medial view of right ramus of _Sorex (Sorex) + arcticus_. x 14. + + FIG. 13. Anterior view of left second upper unicuspid of _Sorex + (Otisorex) vagrans_. x 45. + + FIG. 14. Anterior view of left second upper unicuspid of _Sorex + (Sorex) arcticus_. x 45.] + +Other species of _Sorex_ now occurring in North America differ from +_Otisorex_ in having the 3rd unicuspid usually larger than 4th, in +lacking a pigmented ridge from the apices to the cingula of the upper +unicuspids, and in usually possessing a well-developed post-mandibular +foramen. Exceptions to the last mentioned character are _S. fumeus_ +and _S. dispar_. The subgenus _Sorex_ in North America should include +only the following species: _S. jacksoni_, _S. tundrensis_, _S. +arcticus_, _S. gaspensis_, _S. dispar_, _S. fumeus_, _S. trowbridgii_, +_S. merriami_, and all the members of the Mexican _S. saussurei_ +group. + +The subgenera _Otisorex_ and _Sorex_ probably separated in early +Pleistocene or late Pliocene. _Sorex_ is unknown in North America +earlier than the late Pliocene (Simpson, 1945:51). + +In the genus _Microsorex_ the characters of the subgenus _Otisorex_ +are carried to an extreme; the unicuspid ridges are prominent and end +in distinct cusplets, and the 3rd unicuspid is not merely smaller than +the 4th, but is reduced almost to the vanishing point. In addition, +the post-mandibular foramen is absent. Although it is closer +structurally to _Otisorex_ than to _Sorex_, the recognition of +_Microsorex_ as a distinct genus seems warranted. + +Figure 15 is intended to represent graphically some of the +relationships discussed above. It must be re-emphasized that much of +it is purely speculative, especially as regards actual time when +various separations took place. It will be noted that I have indicated +most separations as having taken place in interglacial ages. They are +generally regarded as periods of warmth and aridity and, therefore, +probably are times of segmentation of the ranges of boreal mammals and +hence times exceptionally favorable to the process of speciation. +Glacial ages, characterized by extensive and continuous areas of +boreal habitat, probably were times of relatively unrestricted gene +flow between many populations of boreal mammals and hence not +favorable to rapid speciation. + + +=Sorex vagrans= + +Wandering Shrew + +The size of the wandering shrew varies from small in the subspecies +_monticola_ and _vagrans_ to large in the subspecies _pacificus_. The +tail makes up from a little more than a third to almost half of the +total length. The color pattern ranges from tricolored through +bicolored to almost monocolored. Color ranges from reddish (Sayal or +Snuff Brown) to grayish in summer pelage and from black to light gray +in winter. Diagnostic dental characters include: 3rd upper unicuspid +smaller than 4th, and unicuspids, except 5th, with a pigmented ridge +extending from near apex of each tooth medially to cingulum and +sometimes ending as internal cusplet. _S. vagrans_ differs from +members of the _ornatus_ group in less flattened skull, and in more +ventrally situated foramen magnum that encroaches more on the +basioccipital and less on the supraoccipital. The wandering shrew +differs from _S. trowbridgii_ and _S. saussurei_ in the dental +characters mentioned above. These dental characters also serve to +distinguish _S. vagrans_ readily from _S. cinereus_, _S. merriami_, +and _S. arcticus_ which may occur with _vagrans_. The large marsh +shrew and water shrew, _S. palustris_ and _S. bendiri_, can be +distinguished at a glance from _S. vagrans_ by larger size and darker +color. + + [Illustration: FIG. 15. Diagrammatic representation of the + probable phylogeny of _Sorex vagrans_ and its near relatives.] + +In the following treatment of the 29 subspecies of _Sorex vagrans_, +the subspecies are arranged in geographic sequence, beginning with the +southernmost large subspecies on the California coast and proceeding +clockwise, north, east, south, and then west back to the starting +point. + + +=Sorex vagrans sonomae= Jackson + + _Sorex pacificus sonomae_ Jackson, Jour. Mamm., 2:162, August + 19, 1921. + +_Type._--Adult female, skin and skull; No. 19658, Mus. Vert. +Zool.; obtained on July 2, 1913, by Alfred C. Shelton, from +Gualala, on the Sonoma County side of the Gualala River, Sonoma +Co., California. + +_Range._--Coastal California from Point Reyes north to Point Arena. + +_Diagnosis._--Size large; average and extreme measurements of 3 +topotypes are: total length, 141.7 (141-143); tail, 59 (54-63); hind +foot, 17 (17-17). Color reddish in summer, somewhat grayer in winter. + + [Illustration: FIG. 16. Probable geographic ranges of 16 + subspecies of _Sorex vagrans_. + + Guide to subspecies + + 1. _S. v. shumaginensis_ + 2. _S. v. obscurus_ + 3. _S. v. alascensis_ + 4. _S. v. soperi_ + 5. _S. v. isolatus_ + 6. _S. v. setosus_ + 7. _S. v. bairdi_ + 8. _S. v. permiliensis_ + 9. _S. v. yaquinae_ + 10. _S. v. pacificus_ + 11. _S. v. sonomae_ + 12. _S. v. longiquus_ + 13. _S. v. parvidens_ + 14. _S. v. monticola_ + 15. _S. v. neomexicanus_ + 16. _S. v. orizabae_ + ] + +_Comparisons._--Differs from _S. v. pacificus_, with which it +intergrades to the north, in average smaller size and somewhat darker +color; differs from the sympatric _S. v. vagrans_ in much larger size +and more reddish color in both summer and winter. + +_Remarks._--This subspecies inhabits the Transition Life-zone below +300 feet, and occurs on moist ground in forests and beneath dense +vegetation. + +_Marginal records._--CALIFORNIA: Point Arena (Grinnell, 1933:82); +Monte Rio (Jackson, 1928:144); Inverness (Grinnell, 1933:82). + + +=Sorex vagrans pacificus= Coues + + _Sorex pacificus_ Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. + Terr., 3 (3):650, May 15, 1877. + + _Sorex pacificus pacificus_, Jackson, Jour. Mamm., 2:162, + August 19, 1921. + +_Type._--Adult, sex unknown, skin and skull; No. 3266 U. S. Nat. Mus.; +date of capture unknown; received from E. P. Vollum and catalogued on +March 8, 1858; obtained at Ft. Umpqua, mouth of Umpqua River, Douglas +Co., Oregon. + +_Range._--Coast of California and Oregon from Mendocino north to +Gardiner. + +_Diagnosis._--Size large, largest of the species; average and extreme +measurements of 8 specimens from Orick, Humboldt Co., California, are: +total length, 143.1 (134-154); tail, 65.5 (59-72); hind foot, 17.5 +(16-19). Color reddish in summer, browner or grayer in winter. + +_Comparisons._--See account of _S. v. sonomae_ for comparison with +that subspecies; averaging larger in all dimensions than _S. v. +yaquinae_ with which it intergrades to the north; much larger and has +more reddish than the sympatric _S. v. vagrans_. + +_Remarks._--This subspecies occurs in the Canadian and Transition +life-zones below 1500 ft. where there is found moist ground in or +adjacent to heavy forests. + +_Specimens examined._--Total number, 76. + +OREGON: _Douglas Co._: Umpqua, 1 BS. _Coos Co._: Marshfield, 1 BS; +Myrtle Point, 1 BS. _Josephine Co._: Bolan Lake, 1 SGJ. + +CALIFORNIA: _Del Norte Co._: Smith River, 2 BS; Gasquet, 4 BS; +Crescent City, 17 BS. _Humboldt Co._: Orick, 13 BS; 1 mi. N Trinidad, +18 FC; Trinidad Head, 1 BS; Carson's Camp, Mad River, Humboldt Bay, 5 +BS; Arcata, 3 BS; Cape Mendocino, 2 BS; 5 mi. S Dyerville, 1 BS. +_Mendocino Co._: Mendocino, 6 BS. + +_Marginal Records._--OREGON: Marshfield; Umpqua. CALIFORNIA: Gasquet; +5 mi. S Dyerville; Mendocino, thence up coast to point of beginning. + + +=Sorex vagrans yaquinae= Jackson + + _Sorex yaquinae_ Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 31:127, + November 29, 1918. + + _Sorex pacificus yaquinae_, V. Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 55:364, + August 29, 1936. + +_Type._--Adult female, skin and skull; No. 73051 U. S. Biol. Surv. +Coll., obtained on July 18, 1895, by B. J. Bretherton, from Yaquina +Bay, Lincoln Co., Oregon. + +_Diagnosis._--Size large for the species; average and extreme external +measurements of 11 specimens from Oakridge, Lane Co., Oregon, are: +total length, 125.3 (11-136); tail, 55.1 (49-61); hind foot, 14.9 +(14-16). Color reddish in summer, browner or grayer in winter. + +_Comparisons._--See account of _S. v. pacificus_ for comparison with +that subspecies. Larger and more reddish than _S. v. bairdi_ with +which it intergrades to the north and east. Much larger and more +reddish than the sympatric _S. v. vagrans_. + +_Remarks._--The name _yaquinae_ actually applies to a population of +intergrades between _pacificus_ and _bairdi_. There is much variation +over the range of the subspecies, and individuals from the western and +southern parts are larger than those from the west slope of the +Cascades. Specimens from Vida and McKenzie Bridge are smaller than +those from Mapleton, Mercer, and the type locality but still seem +closer to _yaquinae_ than to topotypes of _bairdi_. Between Marshfield +and Umpqua on the one hand, and the Columbia River and the Cascade +Mountains on the other, the size of _Sorex vagrans_ decreases quite +rapidly from the large_ pacificus_ to the smaller _permiliensis_. Size +decreases less rapidly northward along the coast than it does eastward +toward the mountains; consequently, at any given latitude, coastal +shrews are larger than mountain shrews. In this area of rapid change +in size it is difficult to draw subspecific boundaries between +_pacificus_, _yaquinae_, and _bairdi_, and this must be done somewhat +arbitrarily. + +Jackson (1928:141) remarked upon the possibility that intergradation +between _pacificus_ and _yaquinae_ took place. He noted also the close +resemblance between _yaquinae_ and _bairdi_, and stated (_loc. cit._) +that specific affinity between the two might be demonstrated with more +specimens. He had a series of eight specimens from Vida, Oregon, seven +of which he assigned to _S. o. bairdi_ and one to _yaquinae_. I have +examined these specimens and find no more variation between the +largest and the smallest than would be expected in any normally +variable series of shrews. Vernon Bailey (1936:364) arranged +_yaquinae_ as a subspecies of _pacificus_ without giving his reasons +for so doing. + +_Specimens examined._--Total number, 65. OREGON: _Lincoln Co._: type +locality, 2 AW. _Benton Co._: Philomath, 2 BS. _Lane Co._: Mable, 1 +OU; Vida, 4 BS, 1 OSC, 3 OU; McKenzie Bridge, 8 OSC, 3 AW, 17 OU, 2 +SGJ; Mercer, 1 OSC, 1 OU; Mapleton, 3 BS; Oakridge, 11 OU. _Douglas +Co._: Gardiner, 2 BS; Elkhead, 1 BS. _Klamath Co._: Crescent Lake, 3 +OU. + +_Marginal Records._--OREGON: Yaquina Bay; _Philomath_; McKenzie +Bridge; Prospect (Jackson, 1928:140); Crescent Lake; Gardiner. + + +=Sorex vagrans bairdi= Merriam + + _Sorex bairdi_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10:77, December 31, + 1895. + + _Sorex obscurus bairdi_, Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, + 31:127, November 29, 1918. + +_Type._--Adult female, skin and skull; No. 17414/24318, U. S. Biol. +Surv. Coll.; obtained on August 2, 1889, by T. S. Palmer, from +Astoria, Clatsop Co., Oregon. + +_Range._--Northwestern Oregon, south to Otis and east to Portland. + +_Diagnosis._--Size medium for the species; average and extreme +external measurements of 6 specimens from the type locality are: total +length, 126.3 (124-130); tail, 55.0 (52-57); hind foot, 15.0 (14-15). +Color Fuscous to Sepia in summer, darker in winter, underparts buffy. + +_Comparisons._--For comparisons with _yaquinae_ see account of that +subspecies. More reddish and larger than _permiliensis_ with which +_bairdi_ intergrades to the east; specimens from Portland show +evidence of such intergradation. Some specimens from southern +Tillamook County show an approach to _yaquinae_. + +_Remarks._--_S. v. bairdi_ lives primarily in forests as do _yaquinae_ +and _pacificus_. + +_Specimens examined._--Total number, 39. OREGON: _Clatsop Co._: type +locality, 12 BS; Seaside, 3 BS. _Tillamook Co._: Netarts, 1 OU; +Tillamook, 2 OSC; Blaine, 1 AW; Hebo Lake, 1 SGJ; 5 mi. SW Cloverdale, +1 AW. _Multnomah Co._: Portland, 6 USNM. _Lincoln Co._: Otis, 7 USNM; +Delake, 1 KU. _Lane Co._: north slope Three Sisters, 6000 ft., 4 BS. + +_Marginal Records._--OREGON: type locality; Portland; north slope Three +Sisters; Taft (Macnab and Dirks, 1941:178). + + +=Sorex vagrans permiliensis= Jackson + + _Sorex obscurus permiliensis_ Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 31:128, November 29, 1918. + +_Type._--Adult male, skin and skull; No. 91048, U. S. Biol. Surv. +Coll.; obtained on October 2, 1897, by J. A. Loring from Permilia +Lake, W base Mt. Jefferson, Cascade Range, Marion Co., Oregon. + +_Range._--The Cascade Mountains of Oregon from Mt. Jefferson north to +the Columbia River. + +_Diagnosis._--Size medium for the species; average and extreme +measurements of 14 specimens from the type locality are: total length, +117.7 (110-124); tail, 51.9 (45-58); hind foot, 14.0 (14-15). Pale +reddish in summer, darker and brownish in winter. + +_Comparisons._--For comparison with _S. v. bairdi_ see account of that +subspecies. Larger than _S. v. setosus_ except tail relatively +shorter. More reddish in summer pelage than _setosus_. + +_Remarks._--_S. v. bairdi_ is larger in the southern part of its range +than elsewhere. Specimens from McKenzie Bridge, herein referred to +_yaquinae_, are intermediate in character between _yaquinae_ and +_bairdi_ or between _yaquinae_ and _permiliensis_. The transition +between _yaquinae_ and _bairdi_ is much more gradual than between +_yaquinae_ and _permiliensis_. + +_Specimens examined._--Total number, 21. OREGON: _Hood River Co._: Mt. +Hood, 2 BS. _Wasco Co._: Camas Prairie, E base Cascade Mts., SE Mt. +Hood, 1 BS. _Marion Co._: Detroit, 1 BS; type locality, 17 BS. + +_Marginal Records._--OREGON: Mt. Hood; type locality; Detroit. + + +=Sorex vagrans setosus= Elliott + + _Sorex setosus_ Elliott, Field Columb. Mus. Publ. 32, zool. + ser. 1:274, May 19, 1899. + + _Sorex obscurus setosus_, Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 31:127, November 29, 1918. + +_Type._--Adult male, skin and skull; No. 6213/238, Chicago Nat. Hist. +Mus.; obtained on August 18, 1898, by D. G. Elliott from Happy Lake, +Olympic Mts., Clallam Co., Washington. + +_Range._--Washington from the Cascades west; southwestern British +Columbia west of 120 deg. W Longitude north to Lund. + +_Diagnosis._--Size medium for the species; average and extreme +measurements of 20 specimens from the Olympic Mountains, Washington, +are: total length, 117.3 (107-125); tail, 49.8 (41-54); hind foot, +13.4 (12-14). Color dark in both summer and winter. + +_Comparisons._--For comparison with _permiliensis_ see account of that +subspecies. Darker, longer-tailed, and somewhat larger cranially than +_S. v. obscurus_ with which it intergrades in southwestern British +Columbia. Smaller in all dimensions, but much the same color as _S. v. +longicauda_ with which it intergrades along the British Columbian +coast north of Lund. Larger, darker, less reddish, and longer-tailed +than the sympatric _S. v. vagrans_. + +_Remarks._--_S. v. setosus_ lives mostly in forests. According to +Dalquest (1948:139) it is commonest at high altitudes in western +Washington. In the Hudsonian Life-zone where shrew habitat is more +restricted and marginal than it is at lower altitudes in the humid +part of Washington, _setosus_ might be expected to compete with _S. v. +vagrans_ and to supplant it. Records of occurrence in the Olympic +Mountains suggest a degree of such separation there. + +_Specimens examined._--Total number, 135. + +BRITISH COLUMBIA: Lund, Malaspina Inlet, 4 BS; Gibson's Landing, 10 +BS; Port Moody, 19 BS; Langley, 2 BS; Chilliwack, 1 BS; Manning Park, 2 +PMBC. + +WASHINGTON: _Whatcom Co._: Mt. Baker, 6 WSC; Barron, 1 BS. _Chelan +Co._: Clovay Pass, 1 WSC; Stehekin, 6 (4 WSC, 2 BS); Cascade Tunnel, 1 +WSC. _King Co._: Scenic, 1 WSC. _Kittitas Co._: Lake Kachess, 1 WSC; +Easton, 10 BS. _Clallam Co._: 8 mi. W Sekin River, 1 WSC; mouth of +Sekin River, 1 WSC; Clallam Bay, 1 CMNH; 7 mi. W Port Angeles, 1 WSC; +Ozette Lake, 1 CMNH; 12 mi. S Port Angeles, 4 WSC; Forks, 1 CMNH; Deer +Lake, 7 CMNH; Hoh Lake, 1 CMNH; Bogachiel Peak, 1 CMNH; Sol Duc Hot +Springs, 3 CMNH; Sol Duc Park, 1 CMNH; Canyon Creek, 1 WSC; Sol Duc +Divide, 2 WSC; Cat Creek, 2 WSC. _Jefferson Co._: Jackson Ranger +Station, 1 CMNH; Mt. Kimta, 2 CMNH; Reflection Lake, 6 CMNH; Blue +Glacier, 3 CMNH. _Gray's Harbor Co._: Westport, 1 WSC. _Pierce Co._: +Fort Lewis, 1 FC; Mt. Rainier, 19 (16 BS, 3 WSC). _Pacific Co._: +Tokeland, 2 BS. _Yakima Co._: Gotchen Creek, 3 WSC; Mt. Adams, 1 WSC. +_Skamania Co._: Mt. St. Helens, 1. + +OREGON: _Hood River Co._: 2 mi. W Parkdale, 2 BS. + +_Marginal Records._--BRITISH COLUMBIA: Rivers Inlet (Anderson, +1947:20); _Agassiz_ (Jackson, 1928:136); Chilliwack Lake. WASHINGTON: +Barron; Lyman Lake (Jackson, 1928:137); Mt. Stuart (Dalquest, +1948:141); Mt. Adams. OREGON: _2 mi. W Parkdale_. WASHINGTON: Ilwaco +(Jackson, 1928:137); Lund, Malaspina Inlet. + + +=Sorex vagrans longicauda= Merriam + + _Sorex obscurus longicauda_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10:74, + December 31, 1895. + +_Type._--Adult male, skin and skull; No. 74711, U. S. Biol. Surv. +Coll.; obtained on September 9, 1895 by C. P. Streator, from Wrangell, +Alaska. + +_Range._--The British Columbian and Alaskan coasts from Rivers Inlet +north to near Juneau and also certain islands including Etolin, +Gravina, Revillagigedo, Sergeif, and Wrangell. + +_Diagnosis._--Size medium for the species, tail relatively long; +average and extreme measurements of 17 specimens from the type +locality are: total length, 128.4 (122-138); tail, 57.8 (53-66); hind +foot, 15.1 (14-16). Color dark in summer and winter. + +_Comparisons._--For comparison with _S. v. setosus_ see account of +that subspecies. Larger and darker than _S. v. obscurus_ with which it +intergrades east of the humid coastal region; larger and darker than +_S. v. alascensis_ with which it intergrades in the Lynn Canal area; +larger and darker than _S. v. calvertensis_ which occurs on Calvert +Island and Banks Island, British Columbia; differs from _S. v. +insularis_ of Smythe, Townsend, and Reginald islands in larger size +and blackish rather than brown winter pelage; larger and relatively +longer-tailed than _S. v. elassodon_ which occurs on most of the +islands west of the range of _longicauda_; larger and relatively +longer-tailed than _S. v. isolatus_. + +_Specimens examined._--Total number, 151. + +ALASKA: Wrangell, 54 BS; 8 AMNH; Crittenden Creek, 1 BS; Ketchikan, 2 +BS; Loring, 11 BS. + +BRITISH COLUMBIA: Port Simpson, 25 BS; Inverness, 15 BS; head of +Rivers Inlet, 35 BS. + +_Marginal Records._--BRITISH COLUMBIA: Great Glacier, Stikine River +(Jackson, 1928:133). ALASKA: Burroughs Bay (_ibid._). BRITISH +COLUMBIA: Bella Coola region (Anderson, 1947:19); head of Rivers +Inlet; Spider Island (Cowan, 1941:101); Goose Island (Cowan, 1941:99); +Princess Royal Island (Cowan, 1941:98); Pitt Island (_ibid._); +Metlakatla (Jackson, 1928:133); Port Simpson. ALASKA: Gravina Island +(_ibid._); Helm Bay (_ibid._); Etolin Island (_ibid._); Sergeif +Island, mouth of Stikine River (_ibid._); Sumdum Village (_ibid._); +Port Snettisham (_ibid._). + + +=Sorex vagrans mixtus= Hall + + _Sorex obscurus mixtus_ Hall, American Nat., 72:462, September + 10, 1938. + +_Type._--Adult male, skin and skull; No. 70376, Mus. Vert. Zool.; +obtained on May 4, 1936, by R. A. Cumming, from Vanada, Texada Island, +Georgia Strait, British Columbia. + +_Range._--Known only from the type locality. + +_Diagnosis._--Size medium; average and extreme measurements of 5 +specimens from the type locality are: total length, 111 (108-117); +tail, 48 (44-49); hind foot, 12 (12-13) (Hall, 1938:463). + +_Comparisons._--Color much as in _S. v. setosus_ or _S. v. isolatus_; +palate longer than that of _isolatus_ or _setosus_; hind foot shorter +than either; smaller than _S. v. longicauda_. + + +=Sorex vagrans isolatus= Jackson + + _Sorex obscurus isolatus_ Jackson, Jour. Washington Acad. + Sci., 12:263, June 14, 1922. + +_Type._--Adult male, skin and skull; No. 177719, U. S. Biol. Surv. +Coll.; obtained on May 21, 1911, by Alexander Wetmore from mouth of +Millstone Creek, Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. + +_Range._--Vancouver Island. + +_Diagnosis._--Size medium; measurements of two from the type locality +are: total length, 113, 118; tail, 48, 49; hind foot, 14, 14. Dark in +summer and winter, underparts brownish. + +_Comparisons._--Smaller than _S. v. setosus_ but color much the same; +resembles _S. v. obscurus_ in size and cranial characters but darker +in all pelages; similar in color to _S. v. vancouverensis_ with which +_isolatus_ is sympatric but with longer tail, longer hind feet, +broader rostrum and larger teeth. For comparison with _S. v. mixtus_ +see account of that subspecies. + +_Remarks._--_S. v. isolatus_ and _S. v. vancouverensis_ seemingly +approach one another morphologically more closely than do any other +pair of sympatric subspecies of _Sorex vagrans_. The exceptions may be +_S. v. vagrans_ and _S. v. obscurus_ which are geographically +sympatric in a few places although they may be ecologically separated. + +_Specimens examined._--Total number, 9. BRITISH COLUMBIA, Vancouver +Island: Nanaimo, 3 BS; Barclay Sound, 1 AMNH; Goldstream, 5 BS. + +_Marginal Records._--BRITISH COLUMBIA, Vancouver Island. (Anderson, +1947:19): Cape Scott; Victoria. + + +=Sorex vagrans insularis= Cowan + + _Sorex obscurus insularis_ Cowan, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, + 54:103, July 31, 1941. + +_Type._--Adult female, skin and skull; No. 3110, Prov. Mus. British +Columbia; obtained on August 24, 1938, by T. T. and E. B. McCabe from +Smythe Island, Bardswell Group, British Columbia. + +_Range._--Smythe, Townsend, and Reginald islands, British Columbia. + +_Diagnosis._--Size medium; average and extreme measurements of 50 +specimens from within the range of the subspecies are: total length, +122.3 (111-134); tail 52.6 (46-58); hind foot, 14.6 (13-15) (Cowan, +1941:107). + +_Comparisons._--Smaller externally and cranially than _S. v. +longicauda_ and brown instead of blackish or grayish in winter pelage. +Skull broader than that of _S. v. calvertensis_ and color brown rather +than blackish or grayish in winter pelage. + +_Remarks._--_S. v. insularis_ occurs together with _S. cinereus_ on +Townsend and Smythe islands. _S. vagrans_ far outnumbered the cinereus +shrew (Cowan, 1941:96). + +_Records of occurrence._--BRITISH COLUMBIA (Cowan, 1941:104): Smythe +Island, Townsend Island, Reginald Island. + + +=Sorex vagrans calvertensis= Cowan + + _Sorex obscurus calvertensis_ Cowan, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 54:103, July 31, 1941. + +_Type._--Adult male, skin and skull; No. 1947, Prov. Mus. British +Columbia; obtained on July 14, 1937, by T. T. and E. T. McCabe from +Safety Cove, Calvert Island, British Columbia. + +_Diagnosis._--Size medium; average and extreme measurements of 13 +specimens from Calvert Island are: total length, 121.6 (109-129); +tail, 54.0 (52-58); hind foot, 14.7 (13-15) (Cowan, 1941:106). +Blackish or grayish in winter pelage. + +_Comparisons._--Smaller externally and cranially and paler in winter +and summer than _S. v. longicauda_; for comparisons with _S. v. +insularis_ see account of that subspecies. + +_Remarks_.--_S. v. calvertensis_ seems to be the only shrew on Calvert +and Banks islands. + +_Records of occurrence._--BRITISH COLUMBIA (Cowan, 1941:103): Safety +Cove, Calvert Island; Larson Harbor, Banks Island. + +_Marginal Records._--BRITISH COLUMBIA: Larson Harbor, Banks Island; +type locality. + + +=Sorex vagrans malitiosus= Jackson + + _Sorex obscurus malitiosus_ Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, + 32:23, April 11, 1919. + +_Type._--Adult female, skin and skull; No. 8401; Mus. Vert. Zool.; +obtained on May 21, 1909, by H. S. Swarth from east side of Warren +Island, Alaska. + +_Range._--Warren and Coronation islands, Alaska. + +_Diagnosis._--Size medium; average and extreme measurements of 5 +topotypes are: total length, 129.8 (126-135); tail, 56.4 (53-61); hind +foot, 15.4 (15-16). Color brownish in summer, brownish rather than +blackish in winter. + +_Comparisons._--Somewhat more brownish than _S. v. longicauda_ but +resembling it in size; skull slightly more flattened and rostrum +broader. Larger than _S. v. elassodon_. Larger and relatively +longer-tailed than _S. v. alascensis_. + +_Records of occurrence._--ALASKA (Jackson, 1928:130): Warren Island; +Coronation Island. + + +=Sorex vagrans elassodon= Osgood + + _Sorex longicauda elassodon_ Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 21:35, + September 26, 1901. + + _Sorex obscurus elassodon_, Elliott, Field Columb. Mus. Publ. + 105, zool. ser. 6:450, 1905. + +_Type._--Adult male, skin and skull; No. 100597, U. S. Biol. Surv. +Coll.; obtained on June 13, 1900, by W. H. Osgood from Cumshewa Inlet, +near old Indian village of Clew, Moresby Island, Queen Charlotte +Islands, British Columbia. + +_Range._--Alaskan and British Columbian islands from Admiralty Island +south to Moresby Island. + +_Diagnosis._--Size medium; average and extreme measurements of 4 from +the type locality are: total length, 126, (119-131); tail, 53.5 +(52-55); hind foot, 13.8 (13-14). Color dark. + + [Illustration: FIG. 17. Probable geographic ranges of the + subspecies of _Sorex vagrans_ on the coast of British Columbia + and southeastern Alaska. + + 1. _Sorex vagrans malitiosus_ + 2. _Sorex vagrans elassodon_ + 3. _Sorex vagrans prevostensis_ + 4. _Sorex vagrans calvertensis_ + 5. _Sorex vagrans insularis_ + 6. _Sorex vagrans longicauda_ + 7. _Sorex vagrans obscurus_ + ] + +_Comparisons._--Smaller with relatively smaller tail and hind feet +than _S. v. longicauda_, but resembling it in color. Smaller and paler +than _S. v. prevostensis_ with relatively narrower rostrum. Larger, +darker, and with relatively longer tail than _S. v. obscurus_. +Resembles _S. v. alascensis_ but hind foot smaller and skull +relatively narrower. Smaller than _S. v. malitiosus_. + +_Remarks._--In the northern part of its range _S. v. elassodon_ occurs +with _Sorex cinereus_. In the southern part it is the only shrew +present. + +_Specimens examined._--Total number 93. + +ALASKA: near Killisnoo, Admiralty Island, 2 BS; Kupreanof Island, 15 +BS; Petersburg, Mitkof Island, 10 BS; Woewodski Island, 4 AMNH; Kasaan +Bay, Prince of Wales Island, 18 BS. + +BRITISH COLUMBIA: Cumshewa Inlet, Moresby Island, 25 BS; Massett, +Graham Island, 6 BS; Queen Charlotte Islands, 13 AMNH. + +_Marginal Records._--ALASKA: Hawk Inlet, Admiralty Island (Jackson, +1928:131); Kupreanof Island; Mitkof Island; St. John Harbor, Zarembo +Island (Jackson, 1928:131); Kasaan Bay, Prince of Wales Island; Duke +Island (Jackson, 1928:131). BRITISH COLUMBIA: Massett, Graham Island, +Queen Charlotte Islands; type locality; Langara Island, Queen +Charlotte Islands (Jackson, 1928:131). ALASKA: Forrester Island +(_ibid._); Rocky Bay, Dall Island (_ibid._); Shakan (really on +Kosciusko Island) (_ibid._); Point Baker (_ibid._); Kuiu Island +(_ibid._); Port Conclusion, Baranof Island (_ibid._). + + +=Sorex vagrans prevostensis= Osgood + + _Sorex longicauda prevostensis_ Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 21:35, + September 26, 1901. + + _Sorex obscurus prevostensis_, Elliott, Field Columb. Mus. + Publ. 105, zool. ser. 6:450, 1905. + +_Type._--Adult male, skin and skull; No. 100618, U. S. Biol. Surv. +Coll.; obtained on July 3, 1900, by W. H. Osgood from north end of +Prevost Island (Kunghit Island on some maps) on coast of Houston +Stewart Channel, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. + +_Range._--Known only from the type locality. + +_Diagnosis._--Size medium; measurements of two specimens from the type +locality are: total length, 132, 142; tail, 53, 59; hind foot, 14, 15. +Color dark. + +_Comparisons._--Larger and darker than _S. v. elassodon_. Resembles +_S. v. longicauda_ but darker, tail relatively somewhat shorter on the +average and rostrum relatively slightly broader. + +_Specimens examined._--Total number, 14. BRITISH COLUMBIA: Prevost +Island, Queen Charlotte Group, 14 BS. + + +=Sorex vagrans alascensis= Merriam + + _Sorex obscurus alascensis_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10:76, + December 31, 1895. + + _Sorex glacialis_ Merriam, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 2:16, + March 14, 1900, type from Point Gustavus, east side of + entrance to Glacier Bay, Alaska. + + _S[orex]. alascensis_, Merriam, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., + 2:18, March 14, 1900. + + _[Sorex glacialis] alascensis_, Elliott, Field Columb. Mus. + Publ. 45, zool. ser. 2:372, 1901. + + _Sorex alascensis alascensis_, Miller, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., + 79:16, December 31, 1912. + +_Type._--Adult female, skin and skull; No. 73539, U. S. Biol. Surv. +Coll.; obtained on July 10, 1895, by C. P. Streator from Yakutat, +Alaska. + +_Range._--The coast of southern Alaska from the vicinity of Juneau +west to include eastern part of the Kenai Peninsula. + +_Diagnosis._--Size medium for the species; average and extreme +measurements of 9 specimens from 9 mi. W and 4 mi. N of Haines, +Alaska, are: total length, 110 (104-128); tail, 45.4 (41-52); hind +foot, 14 (14-14). Color grayish brown. + +_Comparisons._--For comparison with _S. v. longicauda_ and _S. v. +elassodon_ see accounts of those subspecies. Resembles _S. v. +obscurus_ in color but differs in larger skull, longer hind foot and +in somewhat darker color. Larger and darker than _S. v. +shumaginensis_; the two intergrade near the base of the Kenai +Peninsula. + +_Remarks._--This subspecies is transitional between the large, usually +dark subspecies of the southeastern Alaskan and British Columbian +coast and islands, and the smaller, paler subspecies of western and +interior Alaska. There seem to be no sharp breaks between _alascensis_ +and _shumaginesis_. North of Haines, Alaska, size of shrews decreases +in a short distance across a narrow intergradational zone between +_alascensis_ and _obscurus_. Throughout most of its range _S. v. +alascensis_ occurs with _Sorex cinereus_. + +_Specimens examined._--Total number, 88. + +ALASKA: Orca, 1 BS; Montague Island, Prince William Sound, 2 BS; +Yakutat, 8 BS; north shore Yakutat Bay, 2 BS; Yakutat Bay, 1 BS; E +side Chilkat River, 100 ft., 9 mi. W and 4 mi. N Haines, 12 KU; 1 mi. +S Haines, 5 ft., 10 KU; 7 mi. SSE Haines, 10 ft., 2 KU; N end Sullivan +Island, 10 ft., 6 KU; SE end Sullivan Island, 10 ft., 2 KU; Glacier +Bay, 3 BS; Mendenhall River, 1 BS; Juneau, 36 BS. + +BRITISH COLUMBIA: Sheslay River, 1 AMNH; headwaters Sheslay River, 1 +AMNH. + +_Marginal Records._--ALASKA: Valdez Narrows, Prince William Sound +(Jackson, 1928:128); north shore Yakutat Bay; east side Chilkat River, +100 ft., 9 mi. W and 4 mi. N Haines. BRITISH COLUMBIA: Sheslay River +(Jackson, 1928:128). ALASKA: Juneau; Glacier Bay; Montague Island, +Prince William Sound (ibid.); Port Nell Juan (ibid.). + + +=Sorex vagrans shumaginensis= Merriam + + _Sorex alascensis shumaginensis_ Merriam, Proc. Washington + Acad. Sci., 2:18, March 14, 1900. + + [_Sorex glacialis_] _shumaginensis_, Elliott, Field Columb. + Mus. Publ. 45, zool. ser. 2:373, 1901. + + _Sorex obscurus shumaginensis_, Allen, Bull. American Mus. + Nat. Hist., 16:228, July 12, 1902. + +_Type._--Adult male, skin and skull; No. 97993, U. S. Biol. Surv. +Coll.; obtained on July 17, 1899, by De Alton Saunders from Popof +Island, Shumagin Islands, Alaska. (Measured by C. Hart Merriam and +numbered 2210 in A. K. Fisher's catalog.) + +_Range._--Southwestern Alaska from Seward Peninsula southeasterly to +western part of Kenai Peninsula and southwesterly to the southwestern +end of the Alaskan Peninsula. + +_Diagnosis._--Size medium to small for the species; average and +extreme measurements of 6 specimens from King Cove, Alaska, are: total +length, 112.7 (107-118); tail, 48.3 (45-52); hind foot, 13.8 (13-14). +Tending toward the development of a tricolor pattern, the back +darkest, the sides buffy, and the venter paler. + +_Comparisons._--Paler and more definitely tricolored than _S. v. +obscurus_; also with relatively shorter palate, narrower rostrum and +smaller teeth. For comparison with _S. v. alascensis_ see account of +that subspecies. + +_Remarks._--_S. v. shumaginensis_ occurs together with _Sorex +cinereus_ over much of southwestern Alaska. Part of the range of +_shumaginensis_ falls within the tundra of the Arctic Life-zone. This +may be a partial explanation of the tricolored pattern of the animal. +_Sorex tundrensis_, _S. cinereus ugyunak_, and _S. cinereus haydeni_, +shrews which dwell mostly in treeless areas, are markedly tricolored, +or bicolored. _Sorex arcticus_, however, although tricolored, is found +in forested areas. + +_Specimens examined._--Total number, 340. ALASKA: Sawtooth Mts., Nome +River, 2 AMNH; Nulato, 5 BS; St. Michaels, 1 BS; Bethel, 7 BS; Aniak, +1 BS; Skeventna River, 1 BS; 6 mi. WSW Snowshoe Lake, 1 KU; 1 mi. NE +Anchorage, 1 KU; Tyonek River, 48 BS; Hope, 15 BS; Hope, Mts. near, 13 +BS; Moose Camp, 3 AMNH; Kenai Peninsula, 24 AMNH; Kakwok River, 80 mi. +up, 1 BS; Kakhtul River, 5 BS; Kakwok, 3 BS; Goodnews Bay, 1 BS; Lake +Aleknagik, 6 BS; Nushagak River, 25 mi. above Nushagak, 1 BS; +Dillingham, 1 BS; Nushagak Village, 15 BS; Homer, 1 AMNH; Kenai Mts., +37 AMNH; Seldovia, 24 AMNH; Barabor, 1 AMNH; Caribou Camp, 7 AMNH; +Ugagik River, 3 BS; Becharof Lake, 8 BS; Cold Bay, 14 BS; Kanatak, +Portgage Bay, 4 BS; Chignik, 6 BS; Moller Bay, 1 BS; Alaska Peninsula, +near Popof Island, 6 AMNH; Frosty Peak, 15 BS; Morzhovoi Bay, 7 BS; +Ungu Island, 3 BS; Sand Point, Popof Island, 45 AMNH; Popof Island, 3 +BS. + +_Marginal Records._--ALASKA: Nome River; Nulato; Kuskokwim River, 200 +mi. above Bethel, Crooked Creek (Jackson, 1928:126); 6 mi. WSW +Snowshoe Lake; Seldovia; mts. near Hope; Morhzovoi Bay; thence along +coast to St. Michael. + + +=Sorex vagrans obscurus= Merriam + + _Sorex vagrans similis_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 5:34, July + 31, 1891, _nec. S. similis_ Hensel, Zeitschr. der Deutsch. + Geolog. Gesellsch., 7:459, 1855 (= _Neomys similis_). + + _Sorex obscurus_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10:72, December 31, + 1895, new name for _Sorex vagrans similis_ Merriam. + + _Sorex obscurus obscurus_, Miller, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., + 79:15, December 31, 1912. + +_Type._--Adult female, skin and skull; No. 23525/30943, U. S. Biol. +Surv. Coll.; obtained on August 26, 1890, by Vernon Bailey and B. H. +Dutcher from near Timber Creek, 8200 ft., Lemhi Mts., 10 mi. SSW +Junction (now Leadore), Lemhi Co., Idaho. + +_Range._--Mountainous interior of western North America from central +Alaska east across Yukon and southwestern Northwest Territories to +northeastern Alberta, south in the mountains through north-central and +western Washington, Idaho, western Montana, Wyoming, Utah, and +Colorado, into northern New Mexico. + +_Diagnosis._--Size medium to small for the species; average and +extreme measurements of 9 topotypes are: total length, 110.3 +(105-117); tail, 46.4 (42-50); hind foot, 13.1 (12.5-13.5). Color +grayish or brownish gray in summer, light grayish in winter. + +_Comparisons._--For comparisons with _S. v. setosus_, _S. v. +longicauda_, _S. v. alascensis_ and _S. v. shumaginensis_ see accounts +of those subspecies. Paler and slightly larger than S. v. soperi. +Larger than the subspecies from central Montana herein described as +new. Smaller than _S. v. neomexicanus_. Averaging larger in all +dimensions than _S. v. monticola_ with which _obscurus_ intergrades in +northern New Mexico and northern Arizona. Larger than _S. v. vagrans_ +with more grayish rather than reddish fresh summer pelage and light +gray rather than dark grayish-black fresh winter pelage. + +_Remarks._--Intergradation of _S. v. obscurus_ with _S. v. setosus_, +_S. v. longicauda_, _S. v. alascensis_, and the new subspecies from +Montana takes place in the usual way with specimens from intermediate +localities being intermediate in size and color. However the +relationship of _S. v. obscurus_ and _S. v. vagrans_ (as the latter +subspecies is defined in this study) is rather complicated. In +southern British Columbia where the two subspecies come together a +situation of remarkable complexity prevails. Series from some +localities seem to represent intergrades between _obscurus_ and +_vagrans_; from other localities some specimens seem to be referable +to one and some to the other subspecies; from other localities all +specimens seem referable to one subspecies. A similar situation is +seen in specimens from northeastern Washington, northern and central +Idaho, and extreme western Montana. The region mentioned is one of +extensive interfingering of life-zones. In southern British Columbia +the main axes of the rivers, valleys and mountain ranges are north and +south. Most of the valleys are in the Transition Life-zone; the +forests are rather dry and of pine with more or less isolated +hydrosere communities about streams and ponds. These hydrosere +situations are the habitat of _Sorex vagrans_. Shrews from these +situations are usually referable to _vagrans_. The high ridges and +mountain ranges are usually in the Canadian Life-zone or higher and +most of the shrews referable to _obscurus_ come from such places. +Marginal localities with regard to life-zone produce most of the +populations which seem to represent intergrades between the two +subspecies. Isolated areas of Canadian Life-zone, even though +surrounded with Transition Life-zone, often harbor a population of +_obscurus_, whereas the streams in the nearby dry valleys harbor +populations of _vagrans_. Farther south in the Rocky Mountain chain, +_obscurus_ seemingly intergrades regularly with _vagrans_. This +intergradation is seen in populations from several localities in Utah. +There the lower elevations west of the Wasatch and Uinta mountains +are inhabited by _S. v. vagrans_, the higher elevations by _obscurus_ +and where the ranges of the two abut intergrading populations occur. +In these series of intergrades there are specimens which, using size +as a subspecific criterion, would unhesitatingly be assigned, as +individuals, to _obscurus_, and others would be assigned to _vagrans_, +but these individuals represent extremes of a normally variable +population. At Cuddy Mountain, Idaho, the two subspecies seemingly +abut without intergradation; anyhow the available specimens from this +locality are referable to one or the other subspecies and none is +intermediate. The situation just described understandably has been the +source of much anguish to students who sought to identify shrews from +the Rocky Mountains. The reason for the relationship just described +has been discussed at length in a previous section. + +In the Rocky Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado the subspecies _S. v. +obscurus_ ranges almost uninterruptedly over relatively large areas, +but southward in New Mexico and southwestward into Utah and Arizona, +suitable boreal habitat becomes insular in nature and obscurus there +is confined to the higher mountains. With one exception, once the +shrew populations become 'insular' in this region they become smaller +and show intergradation with _Sorex vagrans monticola_. The exception +is the population in the Sacramento Mountains of southeastern New +Mexico which is larger than _obscurus_ and has been rightly recognized +as a distinct subspecies, _neomexicanus_. + +Almost without exception the range of typical _Sorex vagrans obscurus_ +is sympatric with that of _Sorex cinereus_, usually the subspecies _S. +c. cinereus_. So close is this correspondence that the presence of _S. +cinereus_ comes near to being a useful aid in identifying _S. v. +obscurus_. In areas where individuals of _obscurus_ show +intergradation with _vagrans_, _Sorex cinereus_ is absent or rare. The +implication is that as the species _S. vagrans_ approaches the size of +the species S. cinereus, competition between the two increases with +resultant displacement of _cinereus_. + +_Specimens examined._--Total number, 982. + +ALASKA: Wahoo Lake, 69 deg. 08' N, 146 deg. 58' W, 2350 ft., 2 KU; Chandler Lake, +68 deg. 12' N, 152 deg. 45' W, 2900 ft., 1 KU; Bettles, 1 KU, 5 BS; Alatna, 1 BS; +Yukon River, 20 mi. above Circle, 1 BS; Tanana, 1 BS; Mountains near +Eagle, 18 BS; Richardson, 8 BS; head of Toklat River, 11 BS; Savage +River, 8 BS. + +YUKON: MacMillan Pass, Mile 282, Canol Road, 1 NMC; MacMillan River, +Mile 249, Canol Road, 1 NMC; S. fork MacMillan River, Mile 249, Canol +Road, 2 NMC; Sheldon Lake, Mile 222, Canol Road, 5 NMC; Rose River, +Mile 95, Canol Road, 1 NMC; McIntyre Creek, 3 mi. NW Whitehorse, 2250 +ft. 1 KU; Nisutlin River, Mile 40, Canol Road, 6 NMC; SW end Dezadeash +Lake, 2 KU; 3 mi. E and 1-1/2 mi. S Dalton Post, 2500 ft., 1 KU. + +MACKENZIE: Nahanni River Mtns., Mackenzie River, 1 BS; Fort Simpson, 3 +BS; Fort Resolution, Mission Island, 1 BS. + +BRITISH COLUMBIA: W. side Mt. Glave, 4000 ft., 14 mi. S and 2 mi. E +Kelsall Lake, 1 KU; Stonehouse Creek, 5-1/2 mi. W jct. Stonehouse Creek +and Kelsall River, 4 KU; Bennett City, 6 BS; Wilson Creek, Atlin, 1 +PMBC; McDame Post, Dease River, 6 BS; McDame Creek, 3 BS; Hot Springs, +3 mi. WNW jct. Trout River and Liard River, 1 KU; NW side Muncho Lake, +1 KU; Little Tahtlan River, 1 AMNH; Junction (4 mi. N Telegraph +Creek), 7 BS; Raspberry Creek, 16 AMNH; Klappan River Valley, 1 BS; +Chapa-atan River, 4 BS; Fort Grahame, 3 BS; Kispiox Valley, 23 mi. N +Hazleton, 1 BS; Bear Lake, site of Fort Connully, 2 BS; Tetana Lake, 1 +PMBC; Hudson Hope, 2 BS; Charlie Lake, 3 PMBC; Babine Mts., 6 mi. N +Babine Trail, 5200 ft., 1 BS; Big Salmon River (S branch near Canyon), +1 BS; Ootsa Lake, 2 PMBC; Indianpoint Lake, 4 PMBC; Barkerville, 7 BS; +Yellowhead Lake, 2 NMC, 1 PMBC; N. fork Moose River, 1 BS; Moose +Lake, 2 BS; Moose Pass, 1 BS; Glacier, 7 AMNH, 12 BS; Golden, 1 BS; +Field, 2 BS; Caribou Lake, near Kamloops, 2 BS; Sicamous, 1 BS; +Monashee Pass, 4 PMBC; Paradise Mine, 3 PMBC; Level Mtn., 4 AMNH; 6 +mi. S Nelson, 6 BS; Morrissey, 5 NMC; Wall Lake, 1 BS. + +ALBERTA: Hays Camp, Slave River, Wood Buffalo Park, 1 NMC; Kinuso, +Assineau River, 1920 ft., 2 KU; Athabaska River, 30 mi. above +Athabaska Landing, 8 BS; Smokey Valley, 50 mi. N Jasper House, 1 BS; +Sulfur Prairie, Grande Cache River, 3 BS; Stoney River, 35 mi. N +Jasper House, 1 BS; Moose Mtn., 1 NMC; Rodent Valley, 25 mi. W Henry +House, 1 BS; Henry House, 3 BS; Jasper, 2 NMC; Shovel Pass, 4 NMC; +mouth of Cavell Creek, Jasper Park, 1 NMC; 11 mi. S Henry House, 2 BS; +15 mi. S Henry House, 1 BS; Red Deer River, 1 AMNH; 27 mi. W Banff, 3 +NMC; 12 mi. WNW Banff, 4500 ft., 1 NMC; N. Fork Saskatchewan River, +5000 ft., 1 NMC; Cypress Hills, 1 NMC; Waterton Lakes Park, 53 NMC. + +SASKATCHEWAN: Cypress Hills, 21 NMC. + +WASHINGTON: _Okanogan Co._: Pasayten River, 1 BS; Bauerman Ridge, 1 +BS; Conconully, 2 BS. _Pend Oreille Co._: 2 mi. N Gypsy Meadows, 2 +WSC; Round Top Mtn., 1 WSC; head Pass Creek, 1. _Chelan Co._: +Stehekin, 4 BS; head Lake Chelan, 4 BS; Wenatchee, 1 BS. _Kittitas +Co._: Easton, 10 BS. + +IDAHO: _Boundary Co._: Cabinet Mtns., E Priest Lake, 2 BS. _Adams +Co._: 1/2 mi. E Black Lake, 1 KU; 1 mi. N Bear Creek R. S., SW slope +Smith Mtn., 2 KU. _Washington Co._: 1 mi. NE Heath, SW slope Cuddy +Mtn., 4000 ft., 4 KU. _Lemhi Co._: 10 mi. SSW Leadore (type locality), +4 BS; 5 FC. _Fremont Co._: 7 mi. W West Yellowstone, 4 KU. _Custer +Co._: head Pahsimeroi River, Pahsimeroi Mtns., 1 BS. _Blaine Co._: +Perkins Lake, 1 KU. _Bear Lake Co._:--_Caribou Co._ line: Preuss Mts., +1 BS. + +MONTANA: _Glacier Co._: Sherburne Lake, 3 UM; 2-1/2 mi. W and 1-1/2 mi. S +Babb, 1 KU; St. Mary's, 6 UM; St. Mary Lakes, 9 BS; Fish Creek, 2 BS; +Gunsight Lake, 2 BS. _Flathead Co._: Nyack, 3 UM, 1 BS; 1 mi. W and +2 mi. S Summit, 1 KU. _Ravalli Co._: 8 mi. NE Stevensville, 3 BS; +Sula, 1 BS. _Meagher Co._: Big Belt Mtns., Camas Creek, 4 mi. S Fort +Logan, 7 BS. _Gallatin Co._: West Gallatin River, 4 BS. _Park Co._: +Emmigrant Gulch, 3 mi. SE Chico, 2 BS; Beartooth Mtns., 2 BS; _Carbon +Co._: Pryor Mtns., 2 BS. + +WYOMING: _Yellowstone Nat'l Park_: Mammoth Hot Springs, 11 BS; Tower +Falls, 1 BS; Astringent Creek, 1 BS; Flat Mtn., 1 BS; Yellowstone +Park, 1 UM. _Park Co._: Beartooth Lake, 15 BS; SW slope Whirlwind +Peak, 1 KU; Pahaska Tepee, 6300 ft., 8 BS; Pahaska, mouth Grinnell +Creek, 15 BS; Pahaska, Grinnell Creek, 7000-7500 ft., 18 BS; 25 mi. S +and 28 mi. W Cody, 1 KU; Valley, Absaroka Mts., 14 BS; Needle Mtn., 2 +BS. _Big Horn Co._: 28 mi. E Lovell, 9000 ft., 12 KU; head Trapper's +Creek, W slope Bighorn Mtns., 7 BS; 17-1/2 mi. E and 4-1/2 mi. S Shell, 1 +KU. _Teton Co._: Two Ocean Lake, 6 FC; Emma Matilda Lake, 2 BS; 1 mi. +N Moran, 1 FC; 2-1/2 mi. E and 1/4 mi. N Moran, 6230 ft., 2 KU; Moran, 7 +FC, 1 KU; 2-1/2 mi. E Moran, 6220 ft., 1 KU; 1 mi. S Moran, 1 FC; 3-3/4 mi. +E and 1 mi. S Moran, 9 KU; 7 mi. S Moran, 3 FC; Timbered Island, 14 +mi. N Moose, 6750 ft., 3 KU; Bar BC Ranch, 2-1/2 mi. NE Moose, 6500 ft., +1 KU; Beaver Dick Lake, 1 UM; Teton Mtns., Moose Creek, 6800 ft., 9 +BS; Teton Mtns., S Moose Creek, 10,000 ft., 3 BS; Teton Pass, above +Fish Creek, 7200 ft., 15 BS; Whetstone Creek, 4 UM; Flat Creek-Gravel +Creek Divide, 2 UM; Flat Creek-Granite Creek Divide, 1 UM; Jackson, 3 +KU, 2 UM. _Fremont Co._: Togwotee Pass, 5 FC; Jackey's Creek, 3 mi. S +Dubois, 1 BS; Milford, 5400 ft., 2 KU; Mosquito Park R. S. 17-1/2 mi. W +and 2-1/2 mi. N Lander, 1 KU; 17 mi. S and 6-1/2 mi. W Lander, 9300 ft., 1 +KU; Mocassin Lake, 19 mi. W and 4 mi. N Lander, 10,000 ft., 1 KU; 23-1/2 +mi. S and 5 mi. W Lander, 8600 ft., 1 KU; Green Mts., 8 mi. E Rongis, +8000 ft., 4 BS. _Washakie Co._: 9 mi. E and 5 mi. N Tensleep, 7400 +ft., 2 KU; 9 mi. E and 4 mi. N Tensleep, 7000 ft., 2 KU. _Lincoln +Co._: Salt River Mtns., 10 mi. SE Afton, 5 BS; Labarge Creek, 9000 +ft., 1 BS. _Sublette Co._: 31 mi. N Pinedale, 8025 ft., 3 KU; +Surveyor's Park, 12 mi. NE Pinedale, 8000 ft., 2 BS; N. side Half Moon +Lake, 7900 ft., 1 KU; 2-1/2 mi. NE Pinedale, 7500 ft., 2 KU. _Natrona +Co._: Rattlesnake Mts., 7000-7500 ft., 18 BS; Casper Mts., 7 mi. S +Casper, 6 BS. _Converse Co._: 21-1/2 mi. S and 24-1/2 mi. W Douglas, 7600 +ft., 7 KU; 22 mi. S and 24-1/2 mi. W Douglas, 7600 ft., 4 KU; 22-1/2 mi. S +and 24-1/2 mi. W Douglas, 7600 ft., 2 KU. _Uinta Co._: 1 mi. N Fort +Bridger, 6650 ft., 1 KU; Fort Bridger, 3 KU; Evanston, 1 BS; 9 mi. S +Robertson, 8000 ft., 6 KU; 9 mi. S and 2-1/2 mi. E Robertson, 8600 ft., 1 +KU; 10 mi. S and 1 mi. W Robertson, 8700 ft., 3 KU; 10-1/2 mi. S and 2 +mi. E Robertson, 8900 ft., 1 KU; 13 mi. S and 1 mi. E Robertson, 9000 +ft., 1 KU; 13 mi. S and 2 mi E Robertson, 9200 ft., 1 KU. _Carbon +Co._: Ferris Mts., 7800 to 8500 ft., 13 BS; Shirley Mts., 7600 ft., 7 +BS; Bridget's Pass, 18 mi. SW Rawlins, 7500 ft., 2 KU; 10 mi. N and 12 +mi. E Encampment, 7200 ft., 1 KU; 10 mi. N and 14 mi. E Encampment, +8000 ft., 6 KU; 9-1/2 mi. N and 11-1/2 mi. E Encampment, 7200 ft., 2 KU; 9 +mi. N and 3 mi. E Encampment, 6500 ft., 1 KU; 9 mi. N and 8 mi. E +Encampment, 7000 ft., 1 KU; 8 mi. N and 14 mi. E Encampment, 8400 ft., +3 KU; 8 mi. N and 14-1/2 mi. E Encampment, 8100 ft., 2 KU; 8 mi. N and 16 +mi. E Encampment, 4 KU; 8 mi. N and 21-1/2 mi. E Encampment, 9400 ft., 2 +KU; S. base Bridger's Peak, 8800 ft., Sierra Madre Mts., 3 BS; 8 mi. N +and 19-1/2 mi. E Savery, 8800 ft., 2 KU; 7 mi. N and 17 mi. E Savery, +8300 ft., 1 KU; 6-1/2 mi. N and 16 mi. E Savery, 8300 ft., 1 KU; 6 mi. N +and 15 mi. E Savery, 8500 ft., 1 KU; 5 mi. N and 10-1/2 mi. E Savery, +8000 ft., 2 KU; 14 mi. E and 6 mi. S Saratoga, 8800 ft., 1 KU. _Albany +Co._: Springhill, 12 mi. N Laramie Peak, 6300 ft., 10 BS; Laramie +Peak, N. slope, 8000 to 8800 ft., 7 BS; Bear Creek, 3 mi. SW Laramie +Peak, 7500 ft., 6 BS; 2-1/2 mi. ESE Brown's Peak, 10,500 ft., 2 KU; 3 mi. +ESE Brown's Peak, 10,000 ft., 1 KU; 27 mi. N and 5 mi. E Laramie, 6960 +ft., 2 KU; 1 mi. SSE Pole Mtn., 8350 ft., 3 KU; 2 mi. SW Pole Mtn., 3 +KU; 3 mi. S Pole Mtn., 8100 ft., 2 KU; 8-3/4, mi. E and 6-1/2 mi. +S Laramie, 8200 ft., 2 KU; Woods P. O., 1 BS. _Laramie Co._: 5 mi. +W and 1 mi. N Horse Creek P. O., 7200 ft., 2 KU. + +UTAH: _Weber Co._: Mt. Willard, Weber-Box Elder Co. line, 9768 ft., 2 +UU. _Salt Lake Co._: Butterfield Canyon, 7000 ft., 1 UU; Brighton, +Silver Lake P. O., 8700 ft., 2 UU; Brighton, Silver Lake P. O., 8750 +ft., 8 UU; Brighton, Silver Lake P. O., 9000 ft., 2 UU; Brighton, +Silver Lake P. O., 9500 ft., 1 UU. _Summit Co._: Jct. Bear River and +East Fork, 2 CM; Smith and Morehouse Canyon, 7000 ft., 1 UU; Mirror +Lake, 10,000 ft., 1 UU. _Daggett Co._: Jct. Deep and Carter creeks, +7900 ft., 1 UU. _Utah Co._: Nebo Mtn., 1 mi. E Payson Lake, 8300 ft., +1 UU; Nebo Mts., 12 mi. SE Payson Lake, 1 UU. _Wasatch Co._: Current +Creek, Uinta Mts., 1 BS; Wasatch Mts., 1 BS. _Uintah Co._: Paradise +Park, 21 mi. W and 15 mi. N Vernal, Uinta Mts., 10,050 ft., 2 CM, 3 +KU; Paradise Park, Uinta Mts., 10,100 ft., 6 UU. _Sanpete Co._: Manti, +3 BS. _Sevier Co._: 7 mi. Creek, 20 mi. SE Salina, 5 CM; Fish Lake +Plateau, 2 BS. _Emery Co._: Lake Creek, 11 mi. E Mt. Pleasant, 4 CM. +_Grand Co._: Warner R. S., La Sal Mts., 9750 ft., 2 UU; La Sal Mts., +11,000 ft., 1 BS. _Beaver Co._: Puffer Lake, Beaver Mts., 2 BS. _Wayne +Co._: Elkhorn G. S., Fish Lake Plateau, 14 mi. N Torrey, 9400 ft., 3 +UU. _Garfield Co._: Wildcat R. S., Boulder Mtn., 8700 ft., 6 UU; 18 +mi. N Escalante, 9500 ft., 1 UU. _Washington Co._: Pine Valley Mts., 7 +BS. _San Juan Co._: Geyer Pass, 18 mi. SSE Moab, 3 CM; Cooley, 8 mi. W +Monticello, 3 CM. + +COLORADO: _Larimer Co._: Poudre River, 1 KU. _Rio Blanco Co._: 9-1/2 mi. +SW Pagoda Peak, 2 KU. _Grand Co._: Arapaho Pass, Rabbit Ears Mts., 2 +BS. _Boulder Co._: Willow Park, Rocky Mtn. Nat'l Park, 8 UM; Longs +Peak, 1 BS; 3/4 mi. N and 2 mi. W Allenspark, 8400 ft., 5 KU; Ward, 9500 +ft., 1 BS; Buchanan Pass, 1 BS; 3 mi. S Ward, 1 KU; 7 mi. NW +Nederland, 1 KU; 5 mi. W Boulder, 3 BS; Boulder, 3 BS, 1 ChM; +Nederland, 6 BS, 4 ChM; Eldora, 1 BS. _Garfield Co._: Baxter Pass, +8500 ft., 2 BS. _Eagle Co._: Gores Range, 1 BS. _Gilpen Co._: Black +Hawk, 1 BS. _Lake Co._: 3 mi. W Twin Lakes, 2 KU; 12 mi. S and 1 mi. W +Leadville, 1 KU. _Gunnison Co._: 2 mi. W Gothic, 2 FC; Copper Lake, 2 +FC; Gothic, 1 FC. _Chaffee Co._: St. Elmo, 10,100 ft., 2 BS; E side +Monarch Pass, 7 mi. W Salida, 2 ChM. _Teller Co._: Glen Core, Pikes +Peak, 2 UM. _El Paso Co._: Hunters Creek, a tributary of Bear Creek, +7250-7400 ft., 1 AMNH. _Montrose Co._: Uncomphagre Plateau, 8500 ft., +3 BS. _Saguache Co._: 3 mi. N and 16 mi. W Saguache, 8500 ft., 2 KU; +Cochetopa Pass, 10,000 ft., 4 KU; Monshower Meadows, 27 mi. W +Saguache, 2 BS. _San Juan Co._: Silverton, 4 BS. _Mineral Co._: 23 mi. +S and 11 mi. E Creede, 1 KU. _Costilla Co._: Fort Garland, 2 BS. +_Huerfano Co._: 5 mi. S and 1 mi. W Cuchara Camps, 8 KU. + +NEW MEXICO: _Taos Co._: 3 mi. N Red River, 2 BS; Taos, 1 BS. _Colfax +Co._: 1 mi. S and 2 mi. E Eagle Nest, 8100 ft., 2 KU. _Sandoval Co._: +Jemez Mts., 3 BS. _Santa Fe Co._: Hyde Park, 5 mi. NE Santa Fe, 2 HC; +Santa Fe Field Station, 1 HC; Santa Fe Ski Basin, 1 KU; Pecos Baldy, 4 +BS. _Torrance Co._: Manzano Mts., 2 BS. + +_Marginal Records._--ALASKA: Chandler Lake, 68 deg. 12' N, 152 deg. 45' W; Yukon +River, 20 mi. above Circle; Mountains near Eagle. MACKENZIE: Nahanni +River Mts.; Fort Simpson; Fort Resolution, Mission Island. ALBERTA: +Wood Buffalo Park; Athabaska River, 30 mi. above Athabaska Landing. +SASKATCHEWAN: Cypress Hills. MONTANA: St. Mary; 4 mi. S Fort Logan; +Pryor Mts. WYOMING: 1 mi. W and 1 mi. S Buffalo, 27424 KU; Springhill, +12 mi. N Laramie Peak; 5 mi. W and 1 mi. N Horse Creek PO. COLORADO: +Boulder; Hunters Creek; 5 mi. S and 1 mi. W Cuchara Camps. NEW MEXICO: +3 mi. N Red River, 10,700 ft.; Pecos Baldy; Manzano Mts.; Jemez Mts. +COLORADO: Navajo River (Jackson, 1928:120); Silverton. UTAH: La Sal +Mts., 11,000 ft. COLORADO: Baxter Pass. UTAH: junction Trout and +Ashley Creeks, 9700 ft. (Durrant, 1952:35); Mirror Lake, 10,000 ft.; +Mt. Baldy R. S. (Durrant, 1952:53); Wildcat R. S.; Pine Valley Mts.; +Puffer Lake; Butterfield Canyon. IDAHO: Preuss Mts.; 4 mi. S Trude +(Davis, 1939:104); head Pahsimeroi River, Pahsimeroi Mts.; Perkins +Lake; 1 mi. NE Heath; _1/2 mi. E Black Lake_. MONTANA: Sula; 8 mi. NE +Stevensville. WASHINGTON: head Pass Creek; Conconully; Wenatchee; +Easton; Stehekin; Pasayten River. BRITISH COLUMBIA: Second Summit, +Skagit River, 5000 ft., (Jackson, 1928:120); Babine Mts., 6 mi. N +Babine Trail, 5200 ft.; Hazleton (Jackson, 1928:120); 23 mi. N +Hazleton; Flood Glacier, Stikine River (Jackson, 1928:120); Cheonee +Mts. (_ibid._); Level Mtn.; west side Mt. Glave, 4000 ft., 14 mi. S +and 2 mi. E Kelsall Lake. ALASKA: head Toklat River; Tanana; Alatna; +Bettles. + + +=Sorex vagrans soperi= Anderson and Rand + + _Sorex obscurus soperi_ Anderson and Rand, Canadian + Field-Nat., 59:47, October 16, 1945. + +_Type._--Adult male, skin and skull; No. 18249, Nat. Mus. Canada; +obtained on September 21, 1940, by J. Dewey Soper, from 2-1/2 mi. NW Lake +Audy, Riding Mtn. Nat'l Park, Manitoba. + +_Range._--Southwestern Manitoba to central Saskatchewan. + +_Diagnosis._--Size medium to small for the species; measurements of +type and two topotypes are: total length, 107, 108, 117; tail, 45, 45, +45; hind foot, 12.1, 12.3, 12.5. Color dark brownish or fuscous in +summer pelage; winter pelage unknown. + +_Comparison._--Resembles _S. v. obscurus_ in size; darker than +_obscurus_ in summer pelage; cranium slightly higher and top more +nearly flat; larger and darker in summer pelage than the new +subspecies from central Montana. + +_Remarks._--In their description of this subspecies Anderson and Rand +pointed out that specimens from the type locality and from central +Saskatchewan represent the dark extreme in a color cline which begins +in south-central British Columbia with "pale, brownish-tinged +animals." These authors referred shrews from Cypress Hills, +southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta to _S. o. soperi_, +although they noted that these specimens, taken by themselves, are not +strikingly different from _S. o. obscurus_ from the Rocky Mountains. +The specimens from the Cypress Hills were included in _soperi_ because +the authors felt that the subspecific boundary should be drawn "where +specimens average about half way between the extremes (of the cline) +in characters." + +It is true, as Anderson and Rand say, that the shrews from Cypress +Hills are hardly separable from those from, say, Waterton Lakes Park. +The specimens from the Cypress Hills are noticeably different from +specimens from the Okanagan area, but some of the latter, in my +opinion may represent intergrades between _S. v. obscurus_ and the +more reddish _S. v. vagrans_ and are not, at any rate, typical +_obscurus_. In view of the similarity of shrews from Cypress Hills to +typical _S. v. obscurus_ and since the Cypress Hills are much nearer +to the range of _S. v. obscurus_ than to the record-stations of +occurrence in central Saskatchewan and Manitoba, I have chosen to +restrict the name _soperi_ to shrews from these latter two localities. +Seemingly _S. vagrans_ is absent from the plains separating the +Cypress Hills from the Rocky Mountains and from Riding Mountain +National Park. + +_Specimens examined._--none. + +_Marginal records._--SASKATCHEWAN: Prince Albert National Park, 1700 +ft. (Anderson and Rand, 1945:48). MANITOBA: Riding Mountain National +Park, 2-1/2 mi. NW Audy Lake (ibid.). + + +=Sorex vagrans longiquus= new subspecies + +_Type._--First year male, skin and skull; No. 87332, Univ. Michigan +Mus. Zool.; obtained on July 21, 1942, by Emmet T. Hooper from 25 mi. +ESE Big Sandy, Eagle Creek, Chouteau Co., Montana, original no. 2184. + +_Range._--Central Montana; marginal localities are: Bearpaw Mts., +Zortman, Big Snowy Mts., Buffalo, Little Belt Mts. + +_Diagnosis._--Size small for the species; measurements of three +topotypes are: total length, 101, 105, 108; tail, 39, 40, 42; hind +foot, 11.5, 11.5, 12. Color pale; summer pelage: back near (17'''_k_) +Olive Brown but hairs of dorsum with a pale, buffy band proximal from +the tips which imparts a pale over-all appearance; flanks near Wood +Brown; underparts Pale Smoke Gray, usually not with a buffy wash; +color of underparts often extending along margin of upper lip. Skull +small for species; rostrum relatively broad and heavy; relatively +broad interorbitally. + +_Comparisons._--From _S. v. obscurus_, _S. v. longiquus_ differs as +follows: size smaller; skull smaller in all dimensions although +similar in proportion. From _S. v. soperi_, _S. v. longiquus_ differs +in: size smaller; color paler in summer pelage. From _S. v. vagrans_, +_S. v. longiquus_ differs in: color paler in summer pelage, less +brownish; color of venter extending higher on flanks; venter Pale +Smoke Gray, rarely tinged with buffy rather than usually tinged with +buffy. From _S. v. monticola_, _S. v. longiquus_ differs in: summer +pelage slightly paler, venter Pale Smoke Gray rather than suffused +with buffy. + +_Remarks._--The subspecies _longiquus_ is obviously derived from the +neighboring _S. v. obscurus_ and differs from it mainly in size. Some +specimens of obscurus from western Montana show evidences of +intergradation with _S. v. vagrans_ in possessing a somewhat buffy +belly and these are thus more strikingly different from _longiquus_ +than are other specimens of _obscurus_. Many specimens of _obscurus_ +from the eastern slope of the Lewis and Clark Range in Montana show +the tricolored pattern seen in many specimens of _longiquus_. The +smallest individuals of longiquus are found on the Big Snowy +Mountains. Intergradation with _obscurus_ is seen in specimens here +referred to _S. v. obscurus_ from the Big Belt Mountains. + +_Specimens examined._--Total number, 45. MONTANA: _Hill Co._: Bearpaw +Mts., 5 UM, 2 BS. _Phillips Co._: Zortman, 1 BS. _Chouteau Co._: type +locality, 3 UM; Highwood Mts., 13 BS. _Cascade Co._: Neihart, Little +Belt Mts., 1 BS. _Judith Basin Co._: 3 mi. W Geyser, 4100 ft., 1 KU; +Otter Creek, 10 mi. SW Geyser, 1 BS; Dry Wolf Creek, 20 mi. SW +Stanford, 1 BS. Buffalo, 13 mi. W Buffalo Canyon, 2 BS. _Fergus Co._: +Moccasin Mts., 15 mi. NW Hilger, 3 BS; Judith Mts., 17 mi. NE +Lewiston, 1 BS; 15 mi. S Heath, N. fork Flat Willow Creek, Big Snowy +Mts., 1 BS; Timber Creek, Big Snowy Mts., 1 BS; Crystal Lake, 6000 +ft., Big Snowy Mts., 2 UM; Rocky Creek, 5600 ft., Big Snowy Mts., 3 +UM; Big Snowy Mts., 3 BS. _Meagher Co._: Sheep Creek, 16 mi. N White +Sulphur Springs, Little Belt Mts., 1 BS. + +_Marginal records._--MONTANA: Bearpaw Mts.; Zortman; Big Snowy Mts.; +16 mi. N White Sulphur Springs; Highwood Mts. + + +=Sorex vagrans neomexicanus= Bailey + + _Sorex obscurus neomexicanus_ Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 26:133, May 21, 1913. + +_Type._--Adult male, skin and skull; No. 100440, U. S. Biol. Surv. +Coll.; obtained on May 29, 1900, by Vernon Bailey, from Cloudcroft, +9000 ft., Otero Co., New Mexico. + +_Range._--Sacramento and Capitan Mountains of New Mexico. + +_Diagnosis._--Size medium for the species; average and extreme +measurements of 4 topotypes are: total length, 105.2 (103-107); tail, +41.0 (39-42); hind foot, 13.1 (12.5-14). Color near Olive Brown in +summer; winter pelage unknown; skull large and relatively broad; teeth +relatively large. + +_Comparisons._--Skull larger than that of _S. v. obscurus_ and +relatively somewhat broader; much larger in all cranial dimensions +than _S. v. monticola_. + +_Remarks._--_S. v. neomexicanus_ is a well-marked subspecies seemingly +limited to the mountains of southeastern New Mexico. It is the only +species of _Sorex_ thus far recorded from that area. + +_Specimens examined._--Total number, 12. NEW MEXICO: _Otero Co._: SW +slope Capitan Mts., 2 BS; 10 mi. NE Cloudcroft, 2 BS; Cloudcroft, 7 +BS, 1 UM. + +_Marginal records._--NEW MEXICO: SW slope Capitan Mts.; 10 mi. NE +Cloudcroft; type locality. + + +=Sorex vagrans monticola= Merriam + + _Sorex monticolus_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 3:43, September + 11, 1890. + + _Sorex vagrans monticola_, Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10:69, + December 31, 1895. + + _Sorex melanogenys_ Hall, Jour. Mamm., 13:260, August 9, 1932, + type from Marijilda Canyon, 8600 ft., Graham Mts. [= Pinaleno + Mts.] Graham Co., Arizona. + +_Type._--Adult male, skin and skull; No. 17599/24535, U. S. Biol. +Surv. Coll.; obtained on August 28, 1899, by C. Hart Merriam and +Vernon Bailey from San Francisco Mtn., 11,500 ft., Coconino Co., +Arizona. + +_Range._--Mountains of western New Mexico, eastern Arizona, and the +northern Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico. + +_Diagnosis._--Size small for the species; average and extreme +measurements of 12 specimens from the White Mountains, Arizona, are: +total length, 104.3 (98-112); tail, 41.2 (37-45); hind foot, 12.0 +(11-13). Summer pelage between (15'_m_) Proutts Brown and (15''_m_) +Bister, venter tinged with (15'_f_) Pale Ochraceous Buff; winter +pelage near (17'''_k_) Olive Brown; skull relatively broad. + +_Comparisons._--For comparisons with _S. v. obscurus_ and _S. v. +neomexicanus_ see accounts of those subspecies. Skull slightly larger +and relatively broader than that of _S. v. orizabae_, and color +slightly paler. Differs from _S. v. vagrans_ in: winter pelage +grayish (near 17'''_k_ Olive Brown) rather than blackish (17''''_k_ or +17''''_m_ Chaetura Drab or Chaetura Black); summer pelage slightly +grayer; skull relatively slightly broader rostrally and +interorbitally. + +_Remarks._--_S. v. monticola_ intergrades gradually with _S. v. +obscurus_ to the north and east; indeed the type locality is actually +in this area of intergradation. So far as I know, _monticola_ is not +in reproductive continuity with any other subspecies of _Sorex +vagrans_. Specimens from southeastern Arizona are the smallest and +seem to be the most "typical" in the sense that they are most +different from _S. v. obscurus_. Some specimens from the whole length +of the Rocky Mountain chain in the United States have for years been +referred to _monticola_. Some of these, as I have pointed out, belong +to _S. v. longiquus_, and others are intergrades between _S. v. +obscurus_ and _S. v. vagrans_. Since _vagrans_ and _monticola_ +resemble one another somewhat, and since topotypes of _S. v. +monticola_ actually show the influence of intergradation with +_obscurus_, it is easy to understand how intergrades between +_obscurus_ and _vagrans_ could have been assigned to _monticola_. + +Throughout most of its range, _S. v. monticola_ is the only _Sorex_ +present. In some places _monticola_ may occur with _S. nanus_ or _S. +merriami_. _S. v. monticola_ occurs with the water shrew in +southeastern Arizona. + +_Specimens examined._--Total number, 80. + +ARIZONA: _Coconino Co._: San Francisco Mtn., 3 BS, 6 CMNH. _Apache +Co._: Spruce Creek, Tunitcha Mts., 7 BS; Springerville, 1 BS; North +Fork White River, White Mts., 12 SD; White River, Horseshoe Cienega, +8300 ft., White Mts., 5 BS; Mt. Thomas, 9500 to 11,000 ft., White +Mts., 12 BS; Little Colorado River, White Mts., 4 BS; near head Burro +Creek, 9000 ft., White Mts., 1 BS. _Graham Co._: Graham Mts., 9200 +ft., 2 BS. _Greenlee Co._: Prieto Plateau, 9000 ft., S. end Blue +Range, 1 BS. _Pima Co._: Summerhaven, 7500 ft., Santa Catalina Mts., 3 +BS, 1 SD. _Cochise Co._: Fly Park, Chiricahua Mts., 4 BS; Rustler +Park, Chiricahua Mts., 1 SD; Long Park, Chiricahua Mts., 1 UM; +Huachuca Mts., 1 BS. _Santa Cruz Co._: Stone Cabin Canyon, 8500 ft., +Santa Rita Mts., 1 BS. + +NEW MEXICO: _San Juan Co._: Chusca Mts., 1 BS. _Catron Co._: Mogollon +Mts., 3 BS; 10 mi. E Mogollon, 1 KU. _Socorro Co._: Copper Canyon, +Magdalena Mts., 3 BS. _Sierra Co._: Mimbres Mts., near Kingston, 1 BS. + +CHIHUAHUA: Sierra Madre, near Guadalupe y Calvo, 5 BS. + +_Marginal records._--ARIZONA: Tunitcha Mts. NEW MEXICO: Chusca Mts.; +Copper Canyon, Magdalena Mts.; Mimbres Mts., near Kingston. CHIHUAHUA: +Guadalupe y Calvo. ARIZONA: Huachuca Mts.; Santa Catalina Mts.; White +River, Horseshoe Cienega, 8300 ft., White Mts.; San Francisco Mtn. + + +=Sorex vagrans orizabae= Merriam + + _Sorex orizabae_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10:71, December 31, + 1895. + + _Sorex vagrans orizabae_, Jackson, N. Amer. Fauna, 51:113, + July 24, 1928. + +_Type._--Adult female, skin and skull; No. 53633, U. S. Biol. Surv. +Coll.; obtained on April 24, 1893, by E. W. Nelson from W slope of Mt. +Orizaba, 9,500 ft., Puebla. + +_Range._--Transverse volcanic belt of mountains at the southern end of +the Mexican Plateau. + +_Diagnosis._--Size small for the species; measurements of 3 specimens +from Volcan Toluca, Mexico, are: total length, 98, 100, 108; tail, 35, +39, 40; hind foot, 13, 13, 14. Summer pelage Mummy Brown tending +toward Olive Brown; Fuscous to Fuscous-Black in winter; skull and +teeth relatively narrow. + +_Comparisons._--For comparison with _S. v. monticola_ see account of +that subspecies. + +_Remarks._--The range of _S. v. orizabae_ probably is not now in +contact with that of any other subspecies of _S. vagrans_, although +judging by the slight degree of difference between _orizabae_ and +_monticola_ the separation between the two has not been of great +duration. + +_Sorex vagrans orizabae_ occurs with _S. saussurei saussurei_ +throughout the transverse volcanic belt. + +_Specimens examined._--Total number, 23. + +MICHOACAN: Patamban, 1 BS; Nahuatzin, 3 BS; Mt. Tancitaro, 4 BS. + +MEXICO: Salazar, 2 BS, 1 KU; Volcan de Toluca, 3 BS. + +TLAXCALA: Mt. Malinche, 2 BS. + +PUEBLA: Mt. Orizaba, 6 BS. + +VERACRUZ: Cofre de Perote, 1 BS. + +_Marginal records._--MICHOACAN: _Patamban_. VERACRUZ: Cofre de Perote. +PUEBLA: _Mt. Orizaba_. MICHOACAN: Mt. Tancitaro. + + +=Sorex vagrans vagrans= Baird + + _Sorex vagrans_ Baird, Rep't Pacific R. R. Survey 8: pt. 1, + Mammals, p. 15, July 14, 1858. + + _Sorex suckleyi_ Baird, Rep't Pacific R. R. Survey 8: pt. 1, + Mammals, p. 18, July 14, 1858, type from Steilacoom, Pierce + Co., Washington. + + _Sorex dobsoni_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 5:33, July 30, 1891, + type from Alturas or Sawtooth Lake, altitude about 7200 ft., E + base Sawtooth Mts., Blaine Co., Idaho. + + _Sorex amoenus_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10:69, December 31, + 1895, type from near Mammoth, 8000 ft., head Owens River, E + slope Sierra Nevada, Mono Co., California. + + _Sorex nevadensis_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10:71, December + 31, 1895, type from Reese River, 6000 ft., Nye-Lander Co. + line, Nevada. + + _Sorex shastensis_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 16:87, October 28, + 1899, type from Wagon Camp, Mt. Shasta, 5700 ft., Siskiyou + Co., California. + +_Type._--Adult male, alcoholic; No. 1675, U. S. Nat. Mus.; obtained at +Shoalwater (Willapa) Bay, Pacific Co., Washington; received from J. G. +Cooper, and entered in Museum catalog on October 23, 1856. + +_Range._--The Great Basin, and Columbia Plateau west across the +mountains to the Pacific coast of northern California, Oregon, +Washington and southwestern British Columbia. + +_Diagnosis._--Size small for the species; average and extreme +measurements of 8 topotypes are: total length, 104.1 (99-109); tail, +43.3 (42-45); hind foot, 12.9 (12-14). Summer pelage ranging from +(15'_k_) Cinnamon Brown through (15'_m_) Proutt's Brown to (17'_m_) +Mummy Brown. Winter pelage (13''''_m_) Fuscous Black to (17''''_m_) +Chaetura Black. + +_Comparisons._--For comparison with _S. v. monticola_ see account of +that subspecies. Differs from _S. v. halicoetes_ in relatively +narrower and more attenuate rostrum and in less brownish underparts in +winter pelage; smaller and more brownish (less grayish) than _Sorex +vagrans_ from the southern Sierra Nevada. + + [Illustration: FIG. 18. Probable geographic ranges of _Sorex + vagrans vagrans_, its derivative subspecies, and _S. v. + mixtus_. + + 1. _S. v. vancouverensis_ + 2. _S. v. vagrans_ + 3. _S. v. halicoetes_ + 4. _S. v. paludivagus_ + 5. _S. v. obscuroides_ + 6. _S. v. mixtus_ + ] + +_Remarks._--Restriction of the range of _S. v. monticola_ to Arizona +and New Mexico leaves shrews that were formerly assigned to this +subspecies from Utah, Idaho, Washington and southern British Columbia +unassigned. Several names are available for consideration. The name +_Sorex vagrans dobsoni_ Merriam, 1891, type locality Alturas Lake, +Blaine Co., Idaho, was once applied to small shrews from Idaho, +Montana, Wyoming, and Utah, but was considered by Jackson to be +synonymous with _S. v. monticola_. The name _Sorex vagrans amoenus_ +Merriam, 1895, type locality near Mammoth, Mono Co., California, has +been applied to wandering shrews from western Nevada, northeastern +California and southern Oregon. _Sorex vagrans nevadensis_ Merriam, +1895, type locality Reese River on Nye-Lander Co. line, Nevada was +considered by Hall (1946:119) to be synonymous with _S. v. amoenus_. +Specimens of _Sorex vagrans_ west of the Cascade Mountains have long +been referred to the nominate subspecies which has its type locality +at Willapa Bay, Pacific Co., Washington. Over so wide an area it is +only to be expected that some geographic variation is to be found. +Thus specimens from central Nevada average slightly paler in summer +pelage than those from the Pacific Coast or from the foothills of the +Rocky Mountains. In addition there are slight average differences in +size from place to place. Topotypes of _S. v. vagrans_, however, show +a fair degree of variability and some are nearly as pale as the paler +Great Basin stocks. Furthermore topotypical individuals of _vagrans_ +can be lost in series of _S. v. amoenus_, although _amoenus_ is +shorter-tailed on the average. Specimens from the western foothills +of the Rocky Mountains show an amazing series of relationships with +the montane _S. v. obscurus_. In Utah, as previously pointed out, +complete intergradation occurs. At 1 mi. N Heath, Washington Co., +Idaho, the lowland and the highland forms approach each other within a +short distance and still maintain a degree of distinctness, especially +in size. In northwestern Montana intergradation is extensive +(Clothier, 1950). In northeastern Washington distinctly separable +populations occur within a few miles of one another. In southern +British Columbia some populations are clearly intergrades while at 6 +mi. S Yahk intergradation seemingly has not taken place. Where some +intergradation has occurred the result often has been increased size +of the lowland shrews, although they usually retain the reddish summer +pelage rather than acquiring the more grayish pelage of _obscurus_. +The name _dobsoni_ was based upon shrews from a place where lowland +and highland forms occur almost together with only a slight amount of +intergradation. Examples of "_dobsoni_" may not with certainty be +distinguished from typical _vagrans_ except that they are, as Merriam +(1895:68-69) points out, somewhat larger. Merriam (_loc. cit._) +further notes that _dobsoni_ is "intermediate in size and cranial +characters between _S. vagrans_ and _obscurus_;" a statement which +hits very close to the heart of the matter. I consider the name +_dobsoni_ to apply to intergrades. To attempt to apply the name to the +highly variable populations of intergrades from British Columbia to +southern Idaho seems inadvisable. I have examined the possibility of +using the name _amoenus_ for the animals from this region. The +characters which set _amoenus_ apart from _vagrans_, slightly shorter +tail and slightly darker summer pelage, however, are not universally +found in shrews from the Columbian Plateau and eastern Great Basin and +furthermore these differences between _amoenus_ and _vagrans_ do not +seem to me to be of great enough magnitude to warrant subspecific +recognition of the former. Thus the name _S. v. vagrans_ may apply to +shrews in the region under consideration. The subspecies, as thus +thought of, embraces several incipient subspecies, namely (1) the +populations on the isolated mountain ranges of Nevada, (2) the coastal +rain forest population and possibly (3) the population on the +Columbian Plateau. + +In western British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon no evidences of +intergradation between _S. v. vagrans_ and the races _setosus_, +_permiliensis_, _bairdi_, _yaquinae_, or _pacificus_ are seen. In this +region _S. v. vagrans_ occurs sympatrically with one or the other of +these subspecies. Different degrees of differentiation thus obtain +between the subspecies _vagrans_ as here defined and the surrounding +subspecies of _Sorex vagrans_ to wit: complete intergradation and +allopatry in Utah with _S. v. obscurus_; partial intergradation and +partial sympatry with _S. v. obscurus_ in the foothill region from +Idaho to British Columbia; no intergradation and complete sympatry +with all the other races of _Sorex vagrans_ from the Cascades to the +coast and south to San Francisco Bay. The relationship of _S. v. +vagrans_ to the wandering shrews of the high Sierra is discussed on +page 58. + +Throughout most of the Great Basin and Columbian Plateau _Sorex +vagrans_ is, with the exception of the rare _S. merriami_ and _S. +preblei_, the only small shrew. In the Cascades and in the coastal +lowlands it is the only small shrew except for _S. cinereus_ and _S. +trigonirostris_, both extremely rare and local in this region. _S. +vagrans_ seemingly competes to a certain extent with the larger _S. +trowbridgii_ in western Washington and seems to be partially dominant +to _trowbridgii_, at least in marshy habitats (Dalquest, 1941:171). + +_Specimens examined._--Total number, 1197. + +BRITISH COLUMBIA: _Osoyoos District_: Okanagan, 20 PMBC; Okanagan +Landing, 2 PMBC; Nahun Plateau, 2 PMBC. _Vancouver District_: +Vancouver, 2 PMBC. _New Westminister District_: Port Moody, 16 BS; +Westminster Jct., 4 AMNH; Langley, 1 BS; Vedder Crossing, 1 PMBC; +Huntingdon, 69 NMC; Sumas, 16 BS; Cultus Lake, 1 NMC. _Similkameen +District_: Princeton, 6 Mile Creek, 1 NMC. Hedley, Stirling Creek, +7 NMC; Fairview-Keremeos Summit, 5 NMC; Oliver, 1 NMC; Westbridge, +6 NMC; Osoyoos, 1 PMBC; Osoyoos-Bridesville Summit, 4 NMC; Cascade, +7 NMC. _Nelson District_: Kuskonook, 1 PMBC; Rossland, 14 NMC; Trail, +2 NMC; Creston, 4 PMBC, 4 NMC; near Creston, 7 NMC. _Cranbrook +District_: Cranbrook, 5 BS; Yahk, 2 NMC; Yahk Camp 6, 2 NMC; Goatfell, +2 NMC. _Fernie District_: Newgate, 3 NMC. + +WASHINGTON: _Whatcom Co._: Blaine, 1 BS; Beaver Creek, 5 WSC; Glacier, +1 BS; Mt. Baker Lodge, 1 WSC; Lake Whatcom, 1 BS; Barron, 2 BS. +_Okanogan Co._: Sheep Mtn., 3 BS; E. end Bauerman Ridge, 1 BS; +Oroville, 1 BS; Hidden Lakes, 1 BS; Loomis, 1 BS; Conconully, 1 BS; +Twisp, 1 BS. _Ferry Co._: 5 mi. W Curlew, 2 BS. _Stevens Co._: Marcus, +1 BS. _Pend Oreille Co._: Canyon, 1 WSC; Metaline, 2 BS; Sullivan +Lake, 1 BS. _San Juan Co._: East Sound, Orcas Island, 3 BS; Friday +Harbor, San Juan Island, 1 BS; San Juan Park, 2 WSC; Blakely Island, +1 KU; Richardson, 6 BS. _Skagit Co._: Cypress Island, 1 KU; Hamilton, +1 BS; Sauk, 1 BS; Avon, 3 BS; Mt. Vernon, 2 BS; La Conner, 5 BS. +_Island Co._: San de Fuca, Whidby Island, 3 BS; Greenbank, Whidby +Island, 2 BS; 3 mi. N Clinton, Whidby Island, 1 BS. _Snohomish Co._: +Oso, 2 BS; Hermosa Point, Tulalip Indian Reservation, 7 mi. W and 1/2 +mi. N Marysville, 3 KU. _Chelan Co._: Entiat, 2 BS. _Lincoln Co._: +6 mi. E Odessa, 4 BS. _Spokane Co._: Marshall, 7 BS. _Clallam Co._: +Neah Bay, 29 BS; 8 mi. W Sekin River, 1 WSC; mouth Sekin River, 1 WSC; +Dungeness, 1 BS; Port Townsend, 3 BS; Ozette Indian Reservation, +1 CMNH; Sequim, 4 BS; Tivoli Island, Ozette Lake, 1 CMNH; Garden Island, +Ozette Lake, 3 CMNH; Elwah, 1 WSC; Blyn, 1 BS; Soleduck River, 1 BS; +12 mi. S Port Angeles, 1 WSC; Forks, 9 CMNH, 1 BS; Cat Creek, 1 WSC; +Lapush, 5 BS. _Jefferson Co._: Jefferson Ranger Station, N Fork Hoh +River, 5 CMNH; Duckabush, 6 BS. _Kitsap Co._: Vashon Island, 2 BS. +_King Co._: Redmont, 2 BS; Kirkland, 20 BS; Seattle, 1 WSC, 3 KU; +Northbend, 2 BS: Lake Washington, near Renton, 2 BS; Kent, 1 BS; +Enumclaw, 1 BS. _Grays Harbor Co._: Lake Quinault, 9 BS; Aberdeen, +20 BS; Westport, 5 BS, 2 WSC; Oakville, 1 BS. _Mason Co._: Lake Cushman, +11 BS; Hoodsport, 1 BS; North Fork Skokomish River, 1 BS; Shelton, +2 BS. _Pierce Co._: Puyallup, 6 BS; Steilacoom, 1 BS; 6 mi. S Tacoma, +2 BS; Roy, 3 BS; Bear Prairie, Mt. Rainier, 1 BS; Reflection Lake, Mt. +Rainier, 1 WSC. _Kittitas Co._: Blewett Pass, 3 BS; Easton, 3 BS; +2 mi. E Cle Elum, 4 FC; Ellensburg, 2 BS. _Grant Co._: Moses Lake, 1 BS; +9 mi. S and 1 mi. W Neppel, 1 UM. _Whitman Co._: Hangman Creek, Tekoa, +1 WSC; 4 mi. ENE Pullman, 1 KU; 2 mi. N Pullman, 2 WSC; 2 mi. NW +Pullman, 1 WSC; 2 mi. W Pullman, 1 WSC; Pullman, 5 WSC; Armstrong, +1 WSC; 5 mi. NE Wawawai, 1 BS; Wawawai, 5 WSC. _Thurston Co._: Nisqually +Flats, 2 BS; Nisqually, 1 BS; 4 mi. S Olympia, 1 BS; Tenino, 4 BS. +_Pacific Co._: Tokeland, 4 BS; 1 mi. S Nemah, 2 FC; 1 mi. N Bear +River, Willapa Bay, 8 FC; 1/4 mi. N Bear River, 3 FC; 3-1/2 mi. E Seaview, +6 FC; Ilwaco, 1 BS. _Lewis Co._: 8 mi. W Chehallis, 2 BS; Chehallis, +2 BS; Toledo, 1 BS. _Yakima Co._: Selah, 7 KU; Wiley City, 4 BS. +_Wahkiakum Co._: Cathlamet, 1 BS. _Skamania Co._: 45 mi. SE Toledo, +2 BS; Carson, 1 BS; Stevenson, 1 BS; 15 mi. NW White Salmon, 1 BS. +_Klickitat Co._: Trout Lake, 15 mi. S Mt. Adams, 2 BS; 15 mi. N +Goldendale, 1 WSC; Goldendale, 1 BS. _Walla Walla Co._: College Place, +1 KU. _Columbia Co._: Starbuck, 3 BS. _Garfield Co._: 1 mi. E Pomeroy, +1 SGJ. _Asotin Co._: 21 mi. SE Dayton, 1 BS; Rogersburg, 1 BS. + +IDAHO: _Bonner Co._: 4 mi. S Sandpoint, 1 UM. _Kootenai Co._: Coeur +d'Alene, 2 BS. _Shoshone Co._: Osburry, 1 BS; Mullan, 2 BS. _Latah +Co._: Felton's Mills, 1 WSC; Cedar Mtn., 5 WSC. _Lewis Co._: Nezperce, +2 BS. _Idaho Co._: Seven Devils Mtn., 1 BS. _Adams Co._: Summit of +Smith Mtn., 7500 ft., 5 KU; New Meadows, 1 BS; Tamarack, 1 BS. +_Washington Co._: 1 mi. NE Heath, SW slope Cuddy Mtn., 4000 ft., 7 KU. +_Boise Co._: Bald Mtn. R. S., 10 mi. S Idaho City, 1 BS. _Elmore Co._: +Cayuse Creek, 10 mi. N Featherville, 1 BS. _Canyon Co._: Nampa, 5 BS. +_Blaine Co._: Sawtooth City, 5 BS; Alturas Lake, 1 BS. _Bonneville +Co._: 10 mi. SE Irwin, 5 BS. _Bannock Co._: Pocatello, 1 BS, 1 KU; +1 mi. W Bancroft, 1 KU; Swan Lake, 1 BS. _Owyhee Co._: Grasmere, 1 SGJ. +_Cassia Co._: 10 mi. S Albion, Mt. Harrison, 1 BS. + +MONTANA: _Sanders Co._: Prospect Creek, near Thomson Falls, 4 BS. +_Lake Co._: Flathead Lake, 5 BS. _Ravalli Co._: Bass Creek, NW +Stevensville, 2 BS; 2 mi. NE Stevensville, 1 UM; Corvallis, 4 BS; +6 mi. E Hamilton, 1 KU. + +OREGON: _Clatsop Co._: Seaside, 1 BS. _Washington Co._: 5 mi. SE +Hillsboro, 1 BS; Beaverton, 1 BS. _Multnomah Co._: Portland, 20 BS; +Portland, Switzler Lake, 5 BS. _Hood River Co._: 2 mi. W Parkdale, +1 BS; north slope Mt. Hood, 2 BS. _Umatilla Co._: 10 mi. W Meacham, +2 BS; Meacham, 3 BS. _Union Co._: Elgin, 2 BS; Kamela, 2 BS; Hot Lake, +2 BS. _Wallowa Co._: 25 mi. N. Enterprise, 4 BS; Wallowa Lake, 23 BS; +S Wallowa Lake, 1 BS. _Clackamas Co._: Estacada, 1 KU. _Marion Co._: +Salem, 8 BS; Permilia Lake, 2 BS. _Benton Co._: Corvallis, 2 BS; 5 mi. +SW Philomath, 5 BS. _Linn Co._: Shelburn, 1 BS. _Jefferson Co._: 20 +mi. W Warm Springs, 2 BS. _Grant Co._: Beech Creek, 6 BS; Austin, +1 BS; Strawberry Butte, 1 BS; Strawberry Mts., 12 BS. _Baker Co._: +Homestead, 1 BS; Cornucopia, 11 BS; Rock Creek, 1 BS; Bourne, 7 BS; +McEwen, 1 BS; Huntington, 1 BS; Anthony, 42 AMNH. _Lane Co._: north +slope Three Sisters, 3 BS; Vida, 1 BS; Mapleton, 1 BS; Eugene, 2 BS; +10 mi. S McKenzie Bridge, 1 BS; Florence, 1 BS. _Deschutes Co._: +Paulina Lake, 7 BS; Lapine, 8 BS. _Crook Co._: 1 SGJ. _Douglas Co._: +Winchester Bay, 1 SGJ; Scottsburg, 3 BS; Drain, 5 BS; Lookingglass, +1 BS; Diamond Lake, 6 BS. _Coos Co._: Empire, 5 BS. _Curry Co._: Port +Orford, 1 BS; Gold Beach, 4 BS. _Klamath Co._: Anna Creek, Mt. Mazama, +1 BS; Crater Lake, 14 BS; Upper Klamath Marsh, 2 BS; Ft. Klamath, +35 BS; Klamath Falls, 6 BS. _Lake Co._: 10 mi. SW Silver Lake, 3 BS; +west fork Silver Creek, Yamsay Mts., 4 BS; Plush, 1 BS; Warner Creek, +Warner Mts., 1 BS; Warner Mts., 3 BS; Gearhart Mts., 17 SGJ; _Harney +Co._: Diamond, 2 BS; Keiger Gorge, Steens Mts., 3 BS. _Malheur Co._: +8 mi. W Jordon Valley, 1 BS. + +WYOMING: _Lincoln Co._: 13 mi. N and 2 mi. W Afton, 6 KU; 10 mi. N +Afton, Salt River, 2 BS; 9 mi. N and 2 mi. W Afton, 6 KU; 7 mi. N and +1 mi. W Afton, 4 KU; Cokeville, 1 BS; 12 mi. N and 2 mi. E Sage, 2 KU; +6 mi. N and 2 mi. E Sage, 1 KU. + +CALIFORNIA: _Del Norte Co._: Smith River, 2 BS; Crescent City, 20 BS. +_Siskiyou Co._: Beswick, 1 BS; Hornbrook, 3 BS; Brownell, Klamath +Lake, 1 BS; Mayten, 2 BS; Squaw Creek, Mt. Shasta, 5 BS; Upper Ash +Creek, Mt. Shasta, 1 BS; upper Mud Creek, Mt. Shasta, 8 BS; Wagon +Camp, Mt. Shasta, 5 BS; Warmcastle Soda Springs, Squaw Creek Valley, 2 +BS; Sisson, 7 BS. _Modoc Co._: Davis Creek, Goose Lake, 1 BS. +_Humboldt Co._: _Humboldt Bay_, 10 BS. _Trinity Co._: Canyon Creek, 2 +BS. _Shasta Co._: Fort Crook, 11 BS; Dana, 17 BS; Fall Lake, Fall +River Valley, 3 BS; Cassel, 2 BS; 12 mi. E Burney, 1 BS; Lassen Peak, +13 BS; Kellys, Warner Creek, 1 KU; Drakes Hot Springs, Warner Creek, 2 +BS. _Mendocino Co._: Russian Gulch State Park, 2 FC. _Plumas Co._: 12 +mi. NE Prattville, 2 BS; Spring Garden Ranch, Grizzly Mts., 3 BS; +Sierra Valley, 1 BS. _Sierra Co._: Lincoln Creek, 1 BS. _Sonoma Co._: +Petaluma, 3 BS; Point Reyes, 7 BS. _Placer Co._: Donner, 3 BS. _El +Dorado Co._: Tallac, 3 BS. _Mono Co._: Mt. Conness, 1 BS; Mono Lake, 1 +BS; near Mammoth, 8000 ft., head of Owens River, 2 BS. _Inyo Co._: +Alvord, 1 BS. + +NEVADA: _Elko Co._: Mountain City, 1 BS; Three Lakes, 1 KU; west side +Ruby Lake, 3 mi. N White Pine Co. line, 8 KU; Ruby Mts., 9 BS; W side +Ruby Lake, 3 BS. _White Pine Co._: W side Ruby Lake, 3 mi. S Elko Co. +line, 1 KU. _Nye Co._: Cloverdale, Reese River, 3 BS. + +UTAH: _Weber Co._: Beaver Creek, S Fork Ogden River, 2 UU; Huntsville, +10 mi. E Ogden, 1 UU; Hooper Bay Refuge, 4200 ft., 1 UU; Riverdale, +4200 ft., 3 UU; Riverdale, 4250 ft., 1 UU; 3 mi. SE Ogden, 2 UU; Snow +Basin, 2 UU; Snow Basin, S part Wheeler Canyon, 1 UU; Uinta, 2 mi. W +Weber Canyon entrance, 4 UU; 2 mi. W Uinta, 1 UU. _Salt Lake Co._: +City Creek Canyon, 6 mi. NE Salt Lake City, 4700 ft., 2 UU; 1 mi. up +City Creek Canyon, 4600 ft., 1 UU; 3/4 mi. above Forks, City Creek +Canyon, 1 UU; The Firs, Millcreek Canyon, 1 UU; Olympus Water Box, 1 +UU; Salamander Lake, Lamb's Canyon, 9000 ft., 3 UU (near _obscurus_); +Salt Lake City, 7500 ft., 1 UU; 1 mi. W Draper, 4500 ft., 6 UU; +Draper, 4500 ft., 5 UU; 1-1/2 mi. SW Draper, 4500 ft., 1 UU; 3 mi. SW +Draper, 4400 ft., 2 UU; 3 mi. S Draper, 4400 ft., 2 UU; 1 mi. S +Draper, 4500 ft., 1 UU. _Juab Co._: W side Deep Creek Mts., Queen of +Sheba Canyon, 8000 ft., 3 UU. _Wasatch Co._: Midway Fish Hatchery, +5450 ft., 1 UU. + +_Marginal records._--BRITISH COLUMBIA: Okanagan; Westbridge; +Kuskonook; Cranbrook. MONTANA: Flathead Lake; 6 mi. E Hamilton; +Prospect Creek. IDAHO: Cedar Mtn.; New Meadows; Alturas Lake; 10 mi. +SE Irwin. WYOMING: 13 mi. N and 2 mi. W Afton; 6 mi. N and 2 mi. E +Sage. IDAHO: 1 mi. W Bancroft; Swan Lake. UTAH: Beaver Creek, South +Fork, Ogden River; Midway Fish Hatchery; west side Deep Creek Mts., +Queen of Sheba Canyon, 8000 ft. NEVADA: Baker Creek (Hall, 1946:120); +Reese River (_ibid._); 2 mi. S Hinds Hot Springs (_ibid._). +CALIFORNIA: Mono Lake (Jackson, 1928:110); near Mammoth; Alvord; Mount +Conness; Donner; Buck Ranch (Jackson, 1928:110); Warner Creek, Drake +Hot Springs (_ibid._); Canyon Creek; Cuddeback (Jackson, 1928:105); +Novato Point (_ibid._), thence northward along the coast to +WASHINGTON: Friday Harbor, San Juan Island. BRITISH COLUMBIA: Port +Moody. + + +=Sorex vagrans obscuroides= new subspecies + +_Type._--First year female, skin and skull; No. 30064/42074, U. S. +Biol. Surv. Coll.; obtained on August 9, 1891, by Frank Stephens from +Bishop Creek, 6600 ft., Inyo Co., California, original no. 811. + +_Range._--The Sierra Nevada of California, north at least to El Dorado +County, intergrading northerly with _S. v. vagrans_. + +_Diagnosis._--Size medium for the species; average and extreme +measurements of 5 topotypes are: total length, 107 (103-112); tail, 47 +(45-50); hind foot, 12.8 (12-13.5). Skull relatively broad +interorbitally; color of dorsum in summer pelage nearest (17'''_k_) +Olive Brown. + +_Comparisons._--Differs from _S. v. vagrans_, with which it +intergrades to the north, in: longer tail and total length; skull +larger and relatively broader interorbitally; color in summer grayer +(less reddish), the lighter subterminal color bands of the hair often +showing through the darker tips and imparting a grizzled appearance to +the dorsum. Differs from _S. v. parvidens_ to the south in: skull +relatively broader interorbitally and less flattened; teeth slightly +larger. + +_Remarks._--_S. v. obscuroides_ has long been called _S. v. obscurus_. +In fact, _obscuroides_ is separated from the range of _obscurus_ by +the intervening, smaller subspecies _S. v. vagrans_. _S. v. +obscuroides_ resembles _S. v. obscurus_ in color and size but the +skull is smaller, although relatively slightly broader. The +resemblance in color is possibly due to the fact that _obscuroides_, +like _obscurus_, is a high mountain form. _S. v. obscuroides_ +intergrades with _S. v. vagrans_ along the crest of the Sierra between +Yosemite National Park and Lassen Peak and on the eastern slope of the +Sierra from approximately Mammoth northward. Specimens from Donner are +intergrades but are closest to _S. v. vagrans_. Although all specimens +from Lassen Peak are referable to _S. v. vagrans_, some show cranial +characters of _obscuroides_. + +_Specimens examined._--Total number, 76. CALIFORNIA: _Mono Co._: Mt. +Dana, 6 BS; Mt. Lyell, 11 BS. _Mariposa Co._: Tuolumne Meadows, Muir +Meadow, 9300 ft., 1 BS; Tuolumne Meadows, Mt. Unicorn, 1 BS; Tuolumne +Meadows, N base Mt. Lyell, 8 BS; Tuolumne Meadows, Soda Springs, 4 BS; +Lake Tenaya, 5 BS. _Madera Co._: San Joaquin River, 8000 ft., 4 BS. +_Fresno Co._: Horse Corral Meadows, 3 BS. _Mono Co._: head of Owens +River near Mammoth, 2 BS. _Inyo Co._: Bishop Creek, 5 BS; Round +Valley, 1 BS. _Tulare Co._: E. Fork Kaweah River, 7 BS; Mt. Whitney, 5 +BS; Whitney Creek, Mt. Whitney, 4 ChM; Whitney Meadows, 9700 ft., 1 +BS; Mineralking, 2 BS; N. Fork Kern River, 9600 ft., 1 BS; S. Fork +Kern River, 4 BS; Kern Lakes, 1 BS. + +_Marginal records._--CALIFORNIA: Pyramid Peak; near Mammoth; _Round +Valley_; Bishop Creek; Mt. Whitney; Kern Lakes; Halstead Meadows; +Horse Corral Meadows; east fork Indian Canyon (Jackson, 1928:121). + + +=Sorex vagrans parvidens= Jackson + + _Sorex obscurus parvidens_ Jackson, Jour. Mamm., 2:161, August + 19, 1921. + +_Type._--Adult male, skin and skull; No. 56561, U. S. Biol. Surv. +Coll.; obtained on October 3, 1893, by J. E. McLellan from Thurmans +Camp, Bluff Lake, 7500 ft., San Bernardino Mts., California. + +_Range._--Confined, so far as known, to the San Bernardino and San +Gabriel mountains, San Bernardino Co., California. + +_Diagnosis._--Size medium for the species; measurements of two +specimens from the San Bernardino Mountains are: total length, 105, +106; tail, 41, 48; hind foot, 12, 14. Upper parts in summer +Olive-Brown to Buffy-Brown; cranium flattened and relatively narrow; +unicuspids and incisors relatively small. + +_Comparisons._--For comparison with _S. v. obscuroides_, the only +adjacent subspecies, see the account of that subspecies. + +_Remarks._--_S. v. parvidens_ is seemingly an uncommon mammal. I have +been informed by Terry Vaughan that repeated attempts by him to obtain +it in suitable habitat in the San Gabriel Mountains failed. This shrew +is probably no longer in reproductive continuity with _Sorex vagrans_ +of the Sierra Nevada. + +_Specimens examined._--Total number, 4. CALIFORNIA: _San Bernardino +Co._: type locality, 4 BS. + +_Marginal records._--CALIFORNIA: Camp Baldy, San Antonio Canyon +(Jackson, 1928:124); type locality. + + +=Sorex vagrans halicoetes= Grinnell + + _Sorex halicoetes_ Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., + 10:183, March 20, 1913. + + _Sorex vagrans halicoetes_, Jackson, N. Amer. Fauna, 51:108, + July 24, 1928. + +_Type._--Young adult male, skin and skull; No. 3638, Mus. Vert. Zool.; +obtained on May 6, 1908, by Joseph Dixon from salt marsh near Palo +Alto, Santa Clara Co., California. + +_Range._--Marshes in the southern part of San Francisco Bay, +California. + +_Diagnosis._--Size small for the species; measurements of two +topotypes are: total length, 105, 106; tail, 39, 40; hind foot, 12, +13. Upper parts in winter Chaetura Black or near Fuscous-Black; +underparts brownish; upper parts in summer near (17'_m_) Mummy Brown; +underparts with a decided buffy wash, near (15'_d_) Light Ochraceous +Buff; rostrum relatively large; maxillary tooth-row relatively long; +teeth relatively large. + +_Comparisons._--Darker ventrally, both summer and winter, than _S. v. +vagrans_; slightly more reddish dorsally in summer pelage than _S. v. +vagrans_, rostrum and teeth relatively larger; smaller externally than +_S. v. paludivagus_, paler; skull longer, narrower cranially and +broader rostrally. + +_Remarks._--This subspecies seems to be restricted to salt marshes +where it occurs with _Sorex ornatus_. + +_Specimens examined._--Total number, 12. CALIFORNIA: _San Francisco +Co._: San Francisco, 4 BS. _Alameda Co._: West Berkeley, 1 BS; +Berkeley, 1 BS; Dumbarton Point, 1 KU. _San Mateo Co._: San Mateo, 2 +BS. _Santa Clara Co._: Palo Alto, 3 BS. + +_Marginal records._--CALIFORNIA: Berkley, _Elmhurst_; _Palo Alto_; San +Mateo. + + +=Sorex vagrans paludivagus= von Bloeker + + _Sorex vagrans paludivagus_ von Bloeker, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 52:93, June 5, 1939. + +_Type._--Adult male, skin and skull; No. 5053, Los Angeles Museum of +History, Science and Art, obtained on November 3, 1938, by Jack C. von +Bloeker, Jr., from salt marsh at mouth of Elkhorn Slough, Moss +Landing, Monterey Co., California, original no. 9456. + +_Diagnosis._--Size medium for the species; average and extreme +measurements of 6 topotypes are: total length, 115 (113-118); tail, +46.5 (42-48); hind foot, 14.5 (14-15) (von Bloeker, 1939:94). In +winter nearly black dorsally, deep mouse gray ventrally; in summer +nearly as dark dorsally as in winter, hairs of venter tipped with +Clove Brown; skull short, relatively broad cranially and relatively +narrow rostrally. + +_Comparisons._--For comparison with _S. v. halicoetes_ see account of +that subspecies. + +_Remarks._--This subspecies, occurring at the limits of the range of +the species, is uncommon in most collections. Seven specimens were +available for the original description. The summer pelage is not +completely described in the original description, but is stated to be +darker than the winter pelage of _S. v. vagrans_, and must thus be +considerably darker than the summer pelage of _S. v. halicoetes_. Two +specimens in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, from San Gregario, +referred by Jackson to _S. v. halicoetes_, were included in the +present subspecies by von Bloeker. + +_Specimens examined._--None. + +_Records of occurrence_ (von Bloeker, 1939:94).--CALIFORNIA: _San +Mateo Co._: San Gregario. _Monterey Co._: Seaside; mouth of Salinas +River; Moss Landing. + +_Marginal records._--CALIFORNIA: San Gregario; Seaside. + + +=Sorex vagrans vancouverensis= Merriam + + _Sorex vancouverensis_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10:70, + December 31, 1895. + + _Sorex vagrans vancouverensis_, Jackson, N. Amer. Fauna, + 51:106, July, 1928. + +_Type._--Adult male, skin and skull; No. 71913, U. S. Biol. Surv. +Coll.; obtained on May 10, 1895, by Clark P. Streator, from +Goldstream, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. + +_Range._--Vancouver Island from Sayward south, and Bowen Island. + +_Diagnosis._--Size small for the species; average and extreme +measurements of 6 specimens from Alberni Valley, Vancouver Island, +are: total length, 106.5 (97-115); tail, 41.7 (40-43); hind foot, 12 +(11-13) (Jackson, 1928:107). Ventral parts brownish, winter pelage +reddish brown rather than grayish. + +_Comparisons._--Differs from _S. v. vagrans_ in more brownish ventral +parts and more brownish, rather than grayish, winter pelage; differs +from the sympatric _S. v. isolatus_ in shorter tail, shorter hind +foot, more narrow skull, and smaller teeth. + +_Remarks._--This is a poorly differentiated subspecies which is +closely related to _S. v. vagrans_. The differences in color noted are +average ones. Some individuals of this shrew might be difficult to +separate from _S. v. isolatus_. The slight degree of morphological +divergence is such that intergrades might be expected to occur. +Possibly some habitat separation occurs, but such has not been +reported. + +_Specimens examined._--Total number, 3. BRITISH COLUMBIA: Vancouver +Island: Mt. Washington, 1 KU; Nanaimo, 1 BS; type locality, 1 BS. + +_Marginal records._--BRITISH COLUMBIA: Sayward (Anderson, 1947:18); +Bowen Island (Hall, 1938:463); Alberni (Jackson, 1928:107). + + + + +CONCLUSIONS + + +1. _Sorex vagrans_, _S. obscurus_, _S. pacificus_, and _S. yaquinae_ +are conspecific with one another. Each is a valid subspecies but all +should bear the specific name _Sorex vagrans_ Baird, 1858. + +2. The subspecies of _Sorex vagrans_ form a cline from large +(_pacificus_) to small (_vagrans_). The cline is bent in such a manner +that the terminal subspecies occur together. Where the two subspecies +occur together, individuals of one subspecies do not crossbreed with +individuals of the other subspecies and therefore react toward one +another as do full species. _Sorex vagrans vagrans_ occurs +sympatrically with _S. v. sonomae_, _S. v. pacificus_, _S. v. +yaquinae_, _S. v. bairdi_, _S. v. permiliensis_, and _S. v. setosus_. +_S. v. vancouverensis_ occurs sympatrically with _S. v. isolatus_. + +3. The sympatric existence of the terminal subspecies of the _Sorex +vagrans_ rassenkreis is made possible by marked differences between +them in size and in ecological preference. + +4. The west-coast subspecies, _sonomae_, _pacificus_, _yaquinae_, +_bairdi_, and _permiliensis_ probably differentiated from the Great +Basin and Rocky Mountain subspecies, _vagrans_, _obscurus_ and +_monticola_, during a separation caused first by aridity in the Great +Basin, and secondly by glaciation of the Cascade Mountains and the +Sierra Nevada, possibly in the Sangamonian and Wisconsinan ages +respectively. + +5. _Sorex v. vagrans_ originated in the Great Basin and arrived on the +Pacific Coast after the last deglaciation of the Cascades and Sierra +Nevada. + +6. In _S. vagrans_, heterogonic growth is illustrated; the larger the +skull, the larger the rostrum in proportion to the skull as a whole. + +7. In the species _S. vagrans_, size and color vary geographically +more than do other features. + +8. The _S. ornatus_ group, _S. longirostris_, and _S. veraepacis_ had +a common ancestor with _S. vagrans_, possibly in the Illinoian Age. + +9. _S. vagrans_, the _S. ornatus_ group, _S. veraepacis_, _S. +longirostris_, _S. palustris_, _S. bendiri_, and the _S. cinereus_ +group, because of structural resemblances, should be placed in a +single subgenus, _Otisorex_. _S. trowbridgii_, the _S. arcticus_ group, +the _S. saussurei_ group, _S. merriami_, _S. fumeus_, and _S. dispar_, +should be included in the subgenus _Sorex_. + +10. _Sorex cinereus_ occurs with the medium-sized and large-sized _S. +vagrans_ in the Rocky Mountains and in Canada, but does not occur with +the smaller subspecies of _S. vagrans_, probably because competition +between two shrews of like size excludes _S. cinereus_. + + + + +TABLE 1--CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS OF SOREX VAGRANS + + + ========================================================================== + Catalog | | | | | | + number or | | | | | Least | + number of |Condylobasal|Palatal|Maxillary|Cranial|interorbital|Maxillary + individuals| length |length |tooth-row|breadth| breadth | breadth + averaged | | | | | | + ------------+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+--------- + | _Sorex vagrans pacificus_, Orick, California. + 8 av | 21.8 | 9.6 | 8.6 | 10.4 | 4.1 | 6.6 + Max | 22.8 | 10.2 | 9.0 | 11.1 | 4.3 | 6.8 + Min | 21.3 | 9.3 | 8.4 | 10.2 | 4.1 | 6.4 + +------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+--------- + | _Sorex vagrans yaquinae_, Newport, Oregon. + 707 AW | 20.1 | 8.9 | 7.6 | 9.3 | 3.7 | 5.7 + 706 AW | 19.3 | 8.8 | 7.3 | 9.3 | 4.0 | 5.8 + +------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+--------- + | Mapleton, Oregon. + 205273 USBS| 20.6 | 9.0 | 8.2 | 9.9 | 4.2 | 6.0 + 205270 USBS| 20.4 | 8.9 | 7.9 | 9.3 | 3.7 | 6.0 + 205272 USBS| | 9.2 | 8.3 | | 4.0 | 6.1 + +------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+--------- + | Vida, Oregon. + 4 av | 19.5 | 8.4 | 7.5 | 9.2 | 3.6 | 5.5 + Max | 20.3 | 8.8 | 7.9 | 9.5 | 3.7 | 5.7 + Min | 19.3 | 8.2 | 7.3 | 8.9 | 3.5 | 5.3 + +------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+--------- + | McKenzie Bridge, Oregon. + 6 av | 18.9 | 8.2 | 7.1 | 9.1(5)| 3.7 | 5.6 + Max | 19.5 | 8.6 | 7.6 | 9.4 | 3.8 | 5.7 + Min | 18.7 | 8.0 | 6.8 | 8.4 | 3.6 | 5.4 + +------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+--------- + | _Sorex vagrans bairdi_, Astoria, Oregon. + 6 av | 18.5 | 7.8 | 7.0 | 8.9(4)| 3.4 | 5.3 + Max | 19.2 | 8.1 | 7.4 | 9.0 | 3.5 | 5.5 + Min | 18.0 | 7.6 | 6.9 | 8.9 | 3.2 | 5.2 + +------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+--------- + | _Sorex vagrans permiliensis_, Mt. Jefferson, Oregon. + 14 av | 18.0 | 7.5 | 6.8 | 9.0 | 3.5 | 5.2 + Max | 18.9 | 7.9 | 7.2 | 9.4 | 3.7 | 5.3 + Min | 17.2 | 7.2 | 6.5 | 8.6 | 3.3 | 4.8 + +------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+--------- + | _Sorex vagrans setosus_, Olympic Mts., Washington. + 12 av | 17.2(9) | 7.1 | 6.5 | 8.5(8)| 3.3 | 5.0 + Max | 17.9 | 7.4 | 6.8 | 8.7 | 3.4 | 5.3 + Min | 16.7 | 6.9 | 6.2 | 8.3 | 3.0 | 4.8 + +------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+--------- + | Mt. Rainier, Washington. + 16 av | 17.2 | 7.1 | 6.5 |8.4(14)| 3.3 | 5.0 + Max | 17.6 | 7.3 | 6.7 |8.7 | 3.5 | 5.2 + Min | 16.4 | 6.5 | 6.1 |8.1 | 3.2 | 4.7 + +------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+--------- + | _Sorex vagrans longicauda_, head Rivers Inlet, B.C. + 15 av | 18.0 | 7.4 | 6.7 | 8.7 | 3.2 | 5.0 + Max | 18.4 | 7.6 | 6.9 | 8.9 | 3.3 | 5.2 + Min | 17.6 | 7.2 | 6.4 | 8.4 | 3.1 | 4.8 + +------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+--------- + | Port Simpson, British Columbia. + 10 av | 18.1(9) | 7.6 | 7.0 | 8.9 | 3.4 | 5.1 + Max | 18.8 | 7.8 | 7.2 | 9.2 | 3.6 | 5.4 + Min | 17.2 | 7.2 | 6.6 | 8.5 | 3.3 | 4.9 + +------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+--------- + | Fort Wrangell, Alaska. + 18 av | 18.5 |7.8(15)| 7.1 |9.0(15)| 3.3 | 5.1 + Max | 18.9 |8.0 | 7.3 |9.2 | 3.5 | 5.3 + Min | 17.8 |7.5 | 6.7 |8.6 | 3.2 | 5.0 + +------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+--------- + | _Sorex vagrans elassodon_, Woewodsky Is., Alaska. + 20550 AMNH | 18.0 | 7.5 | 6.7 | 8.7 | 3.3 | 5.0 + 20553 AMNH | 17.5 | 7.1 | 6.3 | 8.3 | 3.2 | 4.7 + +------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+--------- + | _Sorex vagrans alascensis_, + | 9 mi. W and 4 mi. N Haines, Alaska. + 10 av | 17.2 | 7.2 | 6.7 | 8.5 | 3.1 | 4.9 + Max | 17.6 | 7.4 | 6.9 | 8.8 | 3.3 | 5.0 + Min | 16.9 | 6.9 | 6.5 | 8.2 | 3.0 | 4.7 + +------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+--------- + | Yakutat Bay, Alaska. + 73543 USBS | 18.0 | 7.5 | 6.8 |... | 3.2 | 5.0 + 73536 USBS | 18.0 | 7.6 | 6.8 |8.8 | 3.4 | 5.3 + 73541 USBS | 17.9 | 7.4 | 6.7 |8.8 | 3.1 | 5.2 + +------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+--------- + | _Sorex vagrans shumaginensis_, Sandpoint, Popof Is., Alaska. + 9 av | 17.2(5) | 7.0 | 6.3 |8.3(7) | 3.1 | 4.8 + Max | 17.6 | 7.2 | 6.6 |8.5 | 3.2 | 5.1 + Min | 16.8 | 6.8 | 6.1 |8.0 | 3.0 | 4.7 + +------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+--------- + | _Sorex vagrans obscurus_, Barkerville, British Columbia. + 5 av | 17.1 | 7.1 | 6.5 |8.5(4) | 3.3 | 4.8 + Max | 17.3 | 7.3 | 6.6 |8.6 | 3.3 | 5.0 + Min | 16.6 | 6.7 | 6.4 |8.2 | 3.2 | 4.6 + +------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+--------- + | 10 mi. SSW Leadore, Idaho. + 7 av | 17.2(4) | 7.3(9)| 6.6 |8.6(4) | 3.3 | 5.0 + Max | 17.3 | 7.5 | 6.8 |8.9 | 3.4 | 5.1 + Min | 17.0 | 7.1 | 6.4 |8.3 | 3.2 | 4.7 + +------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+--------- + | Albany Co., Wyoming (several localities). + 20 av | 17.3 | 7.3 | 6.8 |8.7(19)| 3.2 | 5.2 + Max | 17.9 | 7.6 | 6.9 |9.0 | 3.4 | 5.5 + Min | 16.7 | 6.9 | 6.5 |8.4 | 3.1 | 5.0 + +------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+--------- + | _Sorex vagrans longiquus_, 25 mi. ESE Big Sandy, Montana. + 87332 UM | 16.4 | 6.8 | 6.2 |8.2 | 3.0 | 4.8 + 87334 UM | 16.8 | 7.1 | 6.3 |8.1 | 3.2 | 4.7 + 87335 UM | 15.8 | 6.7 | 6.0 |8.4 | 3.1 | 4.9 + +------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+--------- + | Highwood Mts., Montana. + 10 av | 16.3(9) | 6.7 | 6.2 |8.0(9) | 3.1 | 4.7 + Max | 16.9 | 6.9 | 6.4 |8.3 | 3.3 | 5.0 + Min | 15.6 | 6.5 | 6.0 |7.8 | 3.0 | 4.5 + +------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+--------- + | _Sorex vagrans neomexicanus_, Cloudcroft, New Mexico. + 4 av | 17.6(3) | 7.6 | 7.0 | 8.7 | 3.3 | 5.2 + Max | 17.7 | 7.7 | 7.1 | 8.8 | 3.4 | 5.4 + Min | 17.4 | 7.4 | 7.0 | 8.5 | 3.2 | 5.1 + +------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+--------- + | _Sorex vagrans monticola_, White Mts., Arizona. + 12 av | 16.1(9) | 6.6 | 5.9(9) | 8.2 | 3.1(11) | 4.7 + Max | 16.6 | 7.0 | 6.1 | 8.5 | 3.3 | 4.9 + Min | 15.5 | 6.5 | 5.6 | 8.1 | 3.0 | 4.6 + +------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+--------- + | _Sorex vagrans orizabae_, Volcan Toluca, Mexico. + 55900 USBS | 17.1 | 6.9 | 6.2 | 7.8 | 2.9 | 4.5 + 55898 USBS | 17.1 | 6.8 | 6.1 | 8.0 | 3.0 | 4.8 + 55897 USBS | 16.8 | 6.9 | 6.1 | 7.9 | 2.9 | 4.6 + +------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+--------- + | _Sorex vagrans vagrans_, Lincoln Co., Wyoming. + 7 av | 16.5(6) | 6.6 | 6.1 | 8.2 | 2.9 | 4.7 + Max | 17.1 | 7.0 | 6.4 | 8.5 | 3.1 | 4.9 + Min | 16.0 | 6.4 | 5.9 | 7.9 | 2.9 | 4.5 + +------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+--------- + | Gearhart Mtn., Lake Co., Oregon. + 17 av | 16.5(15) | 6.6 | 5.9 | 8.1 | 2.9 | 4.6 + Max | 17.1 | 7.0 | 6.6 | 8.5 | 3.1 | 4.9 + Min | 16.1 | 6.2 | 5.7 | 7.8 | 2.8 | 4.4 + +------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+--------- + | Willapa Bay, Washington. + 9 av | 16.6 | 6.8 | 6.2 | 8.1 | 2.8 | 4.7 + Max | 17.2 | 7.1 | 6.4 | 8.3 | 3.1 | 5.0 + Min | 16.2 | 6.6 | 5.9 | 7.9 | 2.7 | 4.6 + +------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+--------- + | _Sorex vagrans obscuroides_, Bishop Creek, California. + 4 av | 16.7 | 7.0 | 6.3 | 8.2 | 3.2 | 4.8 + Max | 16.8 | 7.1 | 6.4 | 8.3 | 3.4 | 4.9 + Min | 16.6 | 6.9 | 6.2 | 8.1 | 3.1 | 4.7 + +------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+--------- + | Mt. Whitney, California. + 4 av | 16.7(3) | 6.9 | 6.3 | 8.4 | 3.3 | 4.8 + Max | 16.7 | 7.0 | 6.4 | 8.5 | 3.4 | 5.0 + Min | 16.7 | 6.7 | 6.1 | 8.4 | 3.1 | 4.7 + +------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+--------- + | _Sorex vagrans parvidens_, San Bernardino Peak, California. + 56559 USBS | 17.1 | 7.0 | 6.1 | 8.0 | 2.9 | 4.8 + 56558 USBS | 16.4 | 6.8 | 6.1 | 8.0 | 3.0 | 4.8 + +------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+--------- + + + + +LITERATURE CITED + + + ANDERSON, R. M. + 1947. Catalogue of Canadian Recent mammals. Nat. Mus. Canada, + Bull. 102, Biol. ser. 31:i-v + 1-238, January 24. + + ANDERSON, R. M. and A. L. RAND + 1945. A new form of dusky shrew from the prairie provinces of + Canada. Canadian Field-Nat., 59:47-48, March-April. + + BAILEY, V. + 1936. The mammals and life zones of Oregon. N. Amer. Fauna, + 55:1-416, 52 pls., 102 figs. in text, August 29. + + BROWN, B. + 1908. The Conard Fissure, a Pleistocene bone deposit in northern + Arkansas: with descriptions of two new genera and twenty new + species of mammals. Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 9:157-208, + pls. 14-25, February. + + CLOTHIER, R. R. + 1950. Contribution to the taxonomy and life history of _Sorex + vagrans monticola_ and _Sorex obscurus obscurus_. Master's + thesis, Montana State University, Missoula, Montana--a + manuscript. + + CONAWAY, C. H. + 1952. Life history of the water shrew (Sorex palustris navigator). + Am. Midl. Nat., 48:219-248, 6 tables, 9 figs. in text, July. + + COWAN, I. MCT. + 1936. Distribution and variation in deer (_Genus Odocoileus_) of the + Pacific coastal region of North America. California Fish and + Game, 22(3):155-246, 13 figs., 3 graphs, 8 tables, July. + + 1941. Insularity in the genus Sorex on the north coast of British + Columbia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 54:95-108, July 31. + + DALQUEST, W. W. + 1941. Ecologic relationships of four small mammals in western + Washington. Jour. Mamm., 22:170-173, May 14. + + 1944. The molting of the wandering shrew. Jour. Mamm., 25:146-148, + one fig. in text, May 25. + + 1948. Mammals of Washington. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., + 2:1-444, 140 figs. in text, April 9. + + DAVIS, W. B. + 1939. The Recent Mammals of Idaho. The Caxton Printers, Ltd., + Caldwell, Idaho. Pp. 1-400, 33 figs. in text, 2 pls., April 5. + + DURRANT, S. D. + 1952. Mammals of Utah, taxonomy and distribution. Univ. Kansas + Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:1-549, 91 figs. in text, 30 tables, + August 10. + + FINDLEY, J. S. + 1953. Pleistocene Soricidae from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo Leon, + Mexico. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:633-639, + December 1. + + 1955. Taxonomy and distribution of some American shrews. Univ. + Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:613-618, June 10. + + FITCH, H. S. + 1940. A biogeographical study of the ordinoides artenkreis of garter + snakes (genus Thamnophis). Univ. California Publ. Zool., + 44:1-150, October 31. + + GRINNELL, J. + 1933. Review of the Recent mammal fauna of California. Univ. + California Publ. Zool., 40:71-234, September 26. + + GRINNELL, J., and A. H. MILLER. + 1944. The distribution of the birds of California. Pacific Coast + Avifauna, 27:1-608, 57 figs. in text, December 30. + + HALL, E. R. + 1938. Variation among insular mammals of Georgia Strait, British + Columbia. Amer. Nat., 72:453-463. + + 1946. Mammals of Nevada. University of California Press, Berkeley + and Los Angeles, pp. i-xi + 1-710, 11 pls., 485 figs. in text, + July 1. + + HAMILTON, W. J., JR. + 1940. The biology of the smoky shrew (_Sorex fumeus fumeus_ Miller). + Zoologica, 25:473-492, 4 pls., 1 fig. in text, 2 tables. + + HIBBARD, C. + 1944. Stratigraphy and vertebrate paleontology of Pleistocene + deposits of southwestern Kansas. Geol. Soc. America, Bull. + 55:707-754, 3 pls., 20 figs. in text, June. + + HOWELL, T. R. + 1952. Natural history and differentiation in the yellow-bellied + sapsucker. Condor, 54:237-282, September 22. + + JACKSON, H. H. T. + 1928. A taxonomic review of the American long-tailed shrews + (genera Sorex and Microsorex). N. Amer. Fauna, 51:i-vi + + 1-238, 13 pls., 24 figs. in text, July 24. + + 1947. A new shrew (genus Sorex) from Coahuila. Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 60:131-132, October 9. + + KRUTZSCH, P. H. + 1954. North American jumping mice (genus Zapus). Univ. Kansas Publ., + Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:349-472, 47 figs. in text, 4 tables, + April 21. + + MACNAB, J. A., and J. C. DIRKS. + 1941. The California red-backed mouse in the Oregon Coast Range. + Jour. Mamm., 22:174-180, May 14. + + MAYR, E. + 1940. Speciation phenomena in birds. Amer. Nat., 74:249-278. + + MERRIAM, C. H. + 1895. Synopsis of the American shrews of the genus Sorex. in + N. Amer. Fauna, 10:57-100, December 31. + + 1899. Results of a biological survey of Mt. Shasta, California. + N. Amer. Fauna, 16:1-179, 46 figs. in text, 5 pls., + October 28. + + MURIE, A. + 1933. The ecological relationship of two species of _Peromyscus_ + in the Glacier Park region, Montana. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., + Univ. Michigan, 270:1-17, 2 figs., 3 tables, July 1. + + PEARSON, O. P. + 1945. Longevity of the short-tailed shrew. Amer. Midl. Nat., + 34:531-546, 2 tables, 4 figs. in text, September. + + PRUITT, W. O., JR. + 1954. Aging in the masked shrew, _Sorex cinereus cinereus_ Kerr. + Jour. Mamm., 35:35-39, February 10. + + RENSCH, B. + 1933. Zoologische systematik und artbildungsproblem. Ver. deutsch. + zool. Gesellschaft, 1933:19-83. + + RIDGWAY, R. + 1912. Color standards and color nomenclature. Washington, D. C., + privately printed, i-iv + 1-44, 53 pls. + + RUDD, R. L. + 1953. Differentiation in shrews of the tidal marshes of the San + Francisco Bay region. Summary of the dissertation for the + degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of California + Graduate Division, 4 pages, unnumbered, June. + + SIMPSON, G. G. + 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of + mammals. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., 85:i-xvi + 1-350, + October 5. + + TICEHURST, CL. B. + 1938. A systematic review of the genus Phylloscopus. British Mus., + London, i-viii + 1-193, 8 maps, 2 pls., November 26. + + VAN DEN BRINK, F. H. + 1953. La musaraigne masquee, espece circum-boreale. Mammalia, + 17:96-125, 1 map, June. + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS + +MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + +Institutional libraries interested in publications exchange may obtain +this series by addressing the Exchange Librarian, University of Kansas +Library, Lawrence, Kansas. Copies for individuals, persons working in +a particular field of study, may be obtained by addressing instead the +Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. +There is no provision for sale of this series by the University +Library which meets institutional requests, or by the Museum of +Natural History which meets the requests of individuals. However, +when individuals request copies from the Museum, 25 cents should +be included, for each separate number that is 100 pages or more in +length, for the purpose of defraying the costs of wrapping and +mailing. + + + * An asterisk designates those numbers of which the Museum's + supply (not the Library's supply) is exhausted. Numbers published + to date, in this series, are as follows: + + Vol. 1, Nos. 1-26 and index. Pp. 1-638, 1946-1950. + + *Vol 2. (Complete) Mammals of Washington. By Walter W. Dalquest. + Pp. 1-444, 140 figures in text. April 9, 1948. + + Vol. 3. *1. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin, evolution, and + distribution. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 1-359, 16 figures + in text. June 12, 1951. + + *2. A quantitative study of the nocturnal migration of birds. + By George H. Lowery, Jr. Pp. 361-472, 47 figures in text. + June 29, 1951. + + 3. Phylogeny of the waxwings and allied birds. By M. Dale + Arvey. Pp. 473-530, 49 figures in text, 13 tables. + October 10, 1951. + + 4. Birds from the state of Veracruz, Mexico. By George H. + Lowery, Jr. and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 531-649, + 7 figures in text, 2 tables. October 10, 1951. + + Index. Pp. 651-681. + + *Vol. 4. (Complete) American weasels. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 1-466, + 41 plates, 31 figures in text. December 27, 1951. + + Vol. 5. 1. Preliminary survey of a Paleocene faunule from the + Angels Peak area, New Mexico. By Robert W. Wilson. + Pp. 1-11, 1 figure in text. February 24, 1951. + + 2. Two new moles (Genus Scalopus) from Mexico and Texas. + By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 17-24. February 28, 1951. + + 3. Two new pocket gophers from Wyoming and Colorado. + By E. Raymond Hall and H. Gordon Montague. Pp. 25-32. + February 28, 1951. + + 4. Mammals obtained by Dr. Curt von Wedel from the barrier + beach of Tamaulipas, Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall. + Pp. 33-47, 1 figure in text. October 1, 1951. + + 5. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of + some North American rabbits. By E. Raymond Hall and + Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 49-58. October 1, 1951. + + 6. Two new subspecies of Thomomys bottae from New Mexico + and Colorado. By Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 59-71, 1 figure in + text. October 1, 1951. + + 7. A new subspecies of Microtus montanus from Montana and + comments on Microtus canicaudus Miller. By E. Raymond + Hall and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 73-79. October 1, 1951. + + 8. A new pocket gopher (Genus Thomomys) from eastern + Colorado. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 81-85. October 1, 1951. + + 9. Mammals taken along the Alaskan Highway. By Rollin H. + Baker. Pp. 87-117, 1 figure in text. November 28, 1951. + + *10. A synopsis of the North American Lagomorpha. By E. + Raymond Hall. Pp. 119-202, 68 figures in text. + December 15, 1951. + + 11. A new pocket mouse (Genus Perognathus) from Kansas. + By E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 203-206. December 15, 1951. + + 12. Mammals from Tamaulipas, Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. + Pp. 207-218. December 15, 1951. + + 13. A new pocket gopher (Genus Thomomys) from Wyoming and + Colorado. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 219-222. + December 15, 1951. + + 14. A new name for the Mexican red bat. By E. Raymond Hall. + Pp. 223-226. December 15, 1951. + + 15. Taxonomic notes on Mexican bats of the Genus Rhogeessa. + By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 227-232. April 10, 1952. + + 16. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of + some North American woodrats (Genus Neotoma). By Keith R. + Kelson. Pp. 233-242. April 10, 1952. + + 17. The subspecies of the Mexican red-bellied squirrel, + Sciurus aureogaster. By Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 243-250, + 1 figure in text. April 10, 1952. + + 18. Geographic range of Peromyscus melanophrys, with + description of new subspecies. By Rollin H. Baker. + Pp. 251-258, 1 figure in text. May 10, 1952. + + 19. A new chipmunk (Genus Eutamias) from the Black Hills. + By John A. White. Pp. 259-262. April 10, 1952. + + 20. A new pinon mouse (Peromyscus truei) from Durango, + Mexico. By Robert B. Finley, Jr. Pp. 263-267. + May 23, 1952. + + 21. An annotated checklist of Nebraskan bats. By Olin L. + Webb and J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 269-279. May 31, 1952. + + 22. Geographic variation in red-backed mice (Genus + Clethrionomys) of the southern Rocky Mountain region. + By E. Lendell Cockrum and Kenneth L. Fitch. Pp. 281-292, + 1 figure in text. November 15, 1952. + + 23. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of + North American microtines. By E. Raymond Hall and + E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 293-312. November 17, 1952. + + 24. The subspecific status of two Central American sloths. + By E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 313-337. + November 21, 1952. + + 25. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of + some North American marsupials, insectivores, and + carnivores. By E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson. + Pp. 319-341. December 5, 1952. + + 26. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of + some North American rodents. By E. Raymond Hall and + Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 343-371. December 15, 1952. + + 27. A synopsis of the North American microtine rodents. + By E. Raymond Hall and E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 373-498, + 149 figures in text. January 15, 1953. + + 28. The pocket gophers (Genus Thomomys) of Coahuila, Mexico. + By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 499-514, 1 figure in text. + June 1, 1953. + + 29. Geographic distribution of the pocket mouse, Perognathus + fasciatus. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 515-526, 7 figures + in text. August 1, 1953. + + 30. A new subspecies of wood rat (Neotoma mexicana) from + Colorado. By Robert B. Finley, Jr. Pp. 527-534, 2 figures + in text. August 15, 1953. + + 31. Four new pocket gophers of the genus Cratogeomys from + Jalisco, Mexico. By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 535-542. + October 15, 1953. + + 32. Genera and subgenera of chipmunks. By John A. White. + Pp. 543-561, 12 figures in text. December 1, 1953. + + 33. Taxonomy of the chipmunks, Eutamias quadrivittatus and + Eutamias umbrinus. By John A. White. Pp. 563-582, + 6 figures in text. December 1, 1953. + + 34. Geographic distribution and taxonomy of the chipmunks of + Wyoming. By John A. White. Pp. 584-610, 3 figures in text. + December 1, 1953. + + 35. The baculum of the chipmunks of western North America. + By John A. White. Pp. 611-631, 19 figures in text. + December 1, 1953. + + 36. Pleistocene Soricidae from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo Leon, + Mexico. By James S. Findley. Pp. 633-639. December 1, 1953. + + 37. Seventeen species of bats recorded from Barro Colorado + Island, Panama Canal Zone. By E. Raymond Hall and + William B. Jackson. Pp. 641-646. December 1, 1953. + + Index. Pp. 647-676. + + *Vol. 6. (Complete) Mammals of Utah, _taxonomy and distribution_. + By Stephen D. Durrant. Pp. 1-549, 91 figures in text, + 30 tables. August 10, 1952. + + Vol. 7. *1. Mammals of Kansas. By E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 1-303, + 73 figures in text, 37 tables. August 25, 1952. + + 2. Ecology of the opossum on a natural area in northeastern + Kansas. By Henry S. Fitch and Lewis L. Sandidge. + Pp. 305-338, 5 figures in text. August 24, 1953. + + 3. The silky pocket mice (Perognathus flavus) of Mexico. + By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 339-347, 1 figure in text. + February 15, 1954. + + 4. North American jumping mice (Genus Zapus). By Philip H. + Krutzsch. Pp. 349-472, 47 figures in text, 4 tables. + April 21, 1954. + + 5. Mammals from Southeastern Alaska. By Rollin H. Baker and + James S. Findley. Pp. 473-477. April 21, 1954. + + 6. Distribution of Some Nebraskan Mammals. By J. Knox Jones, + Jr. Pp. 479-487. April 21, 1954. + + 7. Subspeciation in the montane meadow mouse, Microtus + montanus, in Wyoming and Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. + Pp. 489-506, 2 figures in text. July 23, 1954. + + 8. A new subspecies of bat (Myotis velifer) from + southeastern California and Arizona. By Terry A. Vaughan. + Pp. 507-512. July 23, 1954. + + 9. Mammals of the San Gabriel mountains of California. + By Terry A. Vaughan. Pp. 513-582, 1 figure in text, + 12 tables. November 15, 1954. + + 10. A new bat (Genus Pipistrellus) from northeastern Mexico. + By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 583-586. November 15, 1954. + + 11. A new subspecies of pocket mouse from Kansas. By + E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 587-590. November 15, 1954. + + 12. Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Cratogeomys + castanops, in Coahuila, Mexico. By Robert J. Russell and + Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 591-608. March 15, 1955. + + 13. A new cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) from + northeastern Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 609-612. + April 8, 1955. + + 14. Taxonomy and distribution of some American shrews. + By James S. Findley. Pp. 613-618. June 10, 1955. + + 15. The pigmy woodrat, Neotoma goldmani, its distribution + and systematic position. By Dennis G. Rainey and Rollin + H. Baker. Pp. 619-624, 2 figs. in text. June 10, 1955. + + Index. Pp. 625-651. + + Vol. 8. 1. Life history and ecology of the five-lined skink, + Eumeces fasciatus. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 1-156, 26 figs. + in text. September 1, 1954. + + 2. Myology and serology of the Avian Family Fringillidae, a + taxonomic study. By William B. Stallcup. Pp. 157-211, + 23 figures in text, 4 tables. November 15, 1954. + + More numbers will appear in volume 8. + + Vol. 9. 1. Speciation of the wandering shrew. By James S. Findley. + Pp. 1-68, 18 figures in text. December 10, 1955. + + More numbers will appear in volume 9. + + + + +TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES + + +Except for the movement of the list of publications to the end, the +typographical corrections noted below and a number of minor corrections +not detailed, the text is the same as the original printed version. + +Whole and fractional parts of numbers are displayed as follows: +8-3/4 = eight and three quarters; 10-1/2 = ten and one half; etc. + + +Typographical Corrections + + Page Correction + ==== ============================= + 13 predeliction => predilection + 36 Clallum => Clallam + 37 Mt. Ranier => Mt. Rainier + 39 Towsend => Townsend + 41 Admiraltry => Admiralty + 49 Okanagon => Okanagan + 57 Lookinglass => Lookingglass + 64 Popoff Is. => Popof Is. + ii Vaughn => Vaughan + + +Emphasis Notation + + _Text_ - Italics + + =Text= - Bold + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Speciation of the Wandering Shrew, by +James S. 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